Forestry-geological review [May 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEO L OGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., MAY, 1934

No.5

NEW STAT E PARK-DONATION OF CATOR WOOLFORD-

PROGRAM GEORGIA FORESTRY

HISTORIC COASTAL AREA WITH SPANISH MISSION RUINS ASSOCIATION ANNUAL MEET

To be Known as San Domingo Pa rk, Commemmorating Heroism and Augusta Host-Program of Unus-

Achievement of a Hundred Years of the Earliest History of Georgia ual Interest May 10 and 11 -

- Old Spanish Mission to be Restored and A r ea to be- Converted in to one of the Most Beautiful Parks in Eastern United States-CCC Men to Begin W ork at Once

State-wide Attendance Urged for Formulating Forestry Development Program in Line with New Deal

The State of Georgia is indebted to Cator Woolford, Atlanta, for a 300-acre state park located on the Altamaha river, near its mouth. The generous gift of Mr. Woolford is a part of his extensive plant ation, and includes the ruins of an old

coast and Florida. It is the first state park to be established on the Georgia coast, and one of the main objectives sought is to stimulate greater interest in the 100 years of the earliest and much neglected history of Georgia.

The thirteenth annual meeting of the Georgia Forestry Association will be held at Augusta May 10 and 11. In many respects the meeting is expected to be outstanding. A list of speakers unexcelled by

Spanish mission and fortress, erected about Commission Accepts Gift with any previous program, the unusual inter-

the year 1600, and the ruins of buildings of

Gratitude

est created in forestry by CCC work, lum-

a typical coastal plantation occupied in the At its last meeting the Commission of ber code, new state parks, enlarged areas

early days by landed aristocracy of Geor- Forestry and Geological Development ac- of timber protective organizations-these

gia.

cepted Mr. Woolford's gift and authorized and other developments linked with the

The new state park is named the San its secretary, State Forester B. M. Luf- "New Deal" forestry is now receiving,

Domingo Park after the San Domingo Mis- burrow, to convey its sincere and deep ap- make the Augusta meeting one of unusual

sion. It is near the Coastal Plain highway preciation. A copy of the letter conveying import. and, therefore, easily accessible not only to this expression of appreciation is as fol- Forestry is moving forward rapidly in

Georgians, but to the great number of tour- lows:

ists who annually flock to the Georgia

(Continued on Page 2, Col. 1)

Georgia and it is important that there should be state-wide attendance at the Au-
gusta meeting so that a

program for forestry de-

velopment may be pro-

moted in every county.

The Georgia Forestry

Association, composed of

public spirited citizens,

not only developed public

sentiment and legislation

that created the Georgia

Forest Service, but has

zealously fostered and

promoted every important

forestry activity in the

State. Those who want

the forest resources of

their state developed can

do no better thing than to

attend the Augusta meet-

ing and join hands .with

the association in carry-

ing out its program.

Among the noted men

to address the meeting

are Robert Fechner,

Washington, head of CCC

work of the nation; Capt.

I. F. Eldredge, New Or-

leans, head of the fed-

Views of Ruins San Domingo M ission-Inset, Cator Woolfor d, Donor of 300-acre P ark

(Cont. on Page 3, Col. 1)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

missions were established in rapid succes- ing missions and forts. At first the mission sion on island and the mainland. The re- buildings and fortresses were made of gion was named Guale and designated a wood, so there are no remains of the ear-

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND province of Florida, the name being that liest Spanish structures. The remains of

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

of a friendly Indian chief on St. Catherine structures now found on the coast are of

State Capitol, Atlanta C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

island. Just how much territory was em- later tabby construction, probably erected

braced in the Guale province is not well between 1606 and 1610.

defined.

Close by each mission a fortress was

Forestry Division

General Mendez brought three Jesuit erected. It was the plan of Spanish settlers priests to Guale in 1568. Among them was to locate missions and fortresses a day's

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester

Domingo Augustin, a noted missionary who journey apart, so that travelers could find

and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta had rendered valuable service in Mexico. shelter and protection for the night. The

C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr,,____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____GainesviHe

particularly in translating the Catechism into native languages. One of the first

fortress was usually an structure and as coquina

octagon-shaped came into use,

C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross things he did was to translate the Cate- they were made of that durable material.

W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome ' chism into the Yamassee language, the first An authority states that the military and

Jack Thurmond, District Forester,

publication issued in this country. Domingo the missions were distinct organizations,

.---t-t----D---;--t--:--_t___F_________t________ SaAvagnunsatha

HC .

N D.

EllIO Story,

, IS ric ores er______ u Jr., District Forester____Albany

died within a year and other Jesuits were .
so harrassed by the Indians that they left

often at variance with each other. In some instances plantation

owners

W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus for Virginia and Gulf points. Whether the along the coast who had acquired estates

Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Jesuits conducted a mission at the Talaxe on which mission buildings and forts had Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta settlement, the site of San Domingo park, been erected, found the fortresses suitable

is not certain, though some writers seem to structures in which to grind cane and make

Geological Division R. W. Smith, State Geologist__________ Atlanta G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A___s_s__t_.__S___t_a__t_e____G__e__o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta

think they did. The Jesuits were succeeded by the Fran-
ciscans in 1595, and records show that they made rapid progress in establishing mis-

sugar. As a consequence, some of them were named "sugar houses", but apparently the fortress at San Domingo park was not used for sugar making, because the remains

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk_____________Atlanta sions on St. Catherine, St. Simon, J ekyl of a sugar house with its chimneys stand

island, Sapelo island, and on the mainland nearby.

Extension Foresters

at Espogoche, Tolmato, Tupiqui and prob- San Domingo mission was the last misably Talaxe. Then came an uprising of In- sion in Georgia to be given up by the

Bonnell Stone, Chairman, _______________Oxford dians in 1597 and the wiping out of the Spaniards. Others on islands were more

Dupre Barrett, __________________________________Athens missions. The Talaxe Indians had a part in accessible to ships and soldiers. San Do-

K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton the uprising, and were punished by Gover- mingo was hidden away and less vulner-

nor Canzo, of Florida. Their crops were de- able.

SAN DOMINGO PARK

stroyed along with those of other rebellious tribes, but the Indians themselves es-

Beautification Plans

(Continued from Page 1)

caped death by fleeing into the swamps.

The ruins of the mission and fortress at

"As secretary to the commission of for- In 1601 the Indians sued for peace and San Domingo park are surrounded with a

estry and geological development, and in asked for missionaries. Early in 1606 the variety of vegetation. Clearing out the un-

behalf of the commission, it is with great friars came again to Guale. Among them desirable undergrowth, constructing a road,

pleasure and a deep sense of gratitude that was Fray Diego Delgado, who was stationed paths, bridges, will be among the first ac-

your magnificent gift pf San Domingo mis- at Talaxe, and also ministered to Indians tivities, according to the Georgia Forest

sion to the state of Georgia as a state park at Espogoche and St. Simon. Thus Talaxe, service. Mrs. M. E. Judd, member of the

is hereby acknowledged.

the site of the San Domingo mission came commission of forestry and geological de-

"The patriotic and unselfish service yo-q into prominence as a missionary center. velopment of the state, and park authority

have thus rendered will further endear In the same year came the bishop of has in mind making the fullest use of the

your name to thousands of Georgians and Cuba, who had jurisdiction over Spanish natural vegetation of the area in develop-

to posterity.

missions in Florida and the coast as far as ing the park.

"You have by your gift not only con- Port Royal, S. C. Thousands of Indians The vegetation of the area is typical of

tributed to the pleasure of a vast number were confirmed by the bishop, and among the coast. A great variety of trees and

of people far and near who will visit the the tribes visited was the one at Talaxe. shrubs are found. Gray moss draping the

park, but you will have revived interest in A list of missions in 1633 mentions "San- trees will add to the scenic beauty. A canal

the early history of the courageous pio- to Domingo de Talaxe." In 1675 Father once used to flood rice fields will be put in

neers of the south Atlantic coast whose San de Useda is reported in charge at San order, as well as a portion of the old rice

memory has been neglected as much as the Domingo de Talaxe. Available records fail field in the park area.

missions and forts they left.

to disclose the names of other friars who On the park area are the remains of an

"The area which you have donated prom- served at San Domingo. In 1680 open war- old plantation manor, slave quarters,

ises to be one of the most beautiful and in- fare by Indians, led by the English, started stables and other structures. Some of these

teresting in the entire country when the the slow and stubborn retreat of the Span- buildings will be restored and markers will

plans for its improvement have been com- ish from the Georgia coast. Spanish power be placed at others, the idea being to give

pleted and the state of Georgia will be in eastern United States ceased in 1819, visitors some conception of a typical coast

everlastingly indebted to you for it."

when Florida was ceded to the United plantation where landed aristocracy flour-

The gift of Mr. Woolford is only one of States.

ished in pre-Civil War days.

his generous contributions, among them being his gift to the Georgia Building at Warm Springs and to public relief work.
Historic Setting

Tabby Construction
In 1577 Governor Pedro Menedez Marques discovered that lime could be obtained by burning oyster shells, and coquina was

Since 70 per cent of pulp and newsprint used in the United States is from abroad, it follows that if the code restricts the es-

The first Spanish settlement in Georgia discovered on Antosia island, near St. Au- tablishment of paper mills, it is in the in-

was made by General Mendez at St. Cath- gustine, in 1580. These important discov- terest of foreign rather than domestic pro-

erine island in 1566. Other settlements and eries led to the use of coquina in construct- duction.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

FORESTRY ASS'N PROGRAM

dredge, U. S. Forest Service, New STAFF CHANGES, GEORGIA

(Continued from Page 1

Orleans

FOREST SERVICE MAY 1

Drive around city-4 :00 p. m. (Eastern

era! timber survey of the south now in progress; Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Savannah, director of the pulp and paper research laboratory at Savannah; Harry Brown, Athens, director of agricultural extension in Georgia; Dr. W. A. Hartman, Washing-

time) Barbecue-H. H. Duvall, prf?siding.
7:30p.m. (Eastern time)
MAY 11th Business Session, President Woolford,

By reason of the resignation of Everett B. Stone, Jr., district forester, Gainesville, to accept a position with the national park service, some changes in the staff of the Georgia Forest Service take place May 1.
W. D. Young, district forester at Rome,

ton, D. C., soils specialist; Mrs. R. H. Han-

presiding

is moved to Gainesville to succeed Mr.

kinson, McDonough, state president of 9:00 to 11:00 a. m. (Eastern time)

Stone and Russell Franklin, a new em-

Parent-Teachers Association; Dr. C. C. Morning session, E. George Butler, ployee, takes the place of Mr. Young at

Harold, Macon, noted archaeologist; Roland

presiding

Rome.

Turner, Atlanta.

11:00 to 12:00 M. (Eastern time)

The resignation of Mr. Stone removes

Vocational foresters and CCC men will 8. "Pulp and Paper from Georgia Pines" from the staff the oldest employee in point

appear on the program the afternoon of

Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Savannah

of service of the Georgia Forest Service

May 11. An extensive forestry exhibit will See Exhibits

except the State Forester, B. M. Lufbur-

be displayed. A visit will be made to the Luncheon, Thomas J. Hamilton, presiding row. The national park service offers a

Gwin-Nixon State Forest. Banquets and luncheons will present an array of interesting speakers. It bids fair to be the greatest forestry meeting ever held in Georgia.

1:00 p. m. (Eastern time) Afternoon session, B. M. Lufburrow,
presiding 2:15 p. m. (Eastern time)

larger field of usefulness for which Mr. Stone's education and training have well fitted him. A part of his time in recent years has been devoted to Indian Springs

The program as outlined up to the time this publication goes to press, is as follows:

9. General Subject, Vocational Forestry and Vogel Park, his work attracting fav"How I Won the Georgia Forestry orable attention of national park authori-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

Association Prize in 1933" - T. G. ties. His headquarters, it is understood,

GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Walters, vocational agricultural will be in Washington.

Partridge Inn

Augusta, Georgia

teacher, Moultrie

W. D. Young is one of the older district

May 10 and 11, 1934

"How I Won the Prize in 1933" -

Herty Student's Herman Braddy,

foresters in point of service, and his record at Rome has been excellent. Mr. Young's

MAY lOth
Morning Session, President Woolford, presiding
10:00 a.m. (Eastern time) Call to Order Invocation-Rev. Wi. A. Tyson, Pastor St.

Pavo

new territory in northeast Georgia will

"Vocational Agricultural Teacher's deal with problems with which he has al-

Views of Forestry in High Schools" --J. K. Callahan, Wrens; W. W.

ready become familiar in northwest Georgia.

Johnson, Washington; F. M. Young, Russell Franklin is a graduate of the

Fortsonia

School of Forestry at the University of

Georgia. His home is in Dodge county. He

John's M. E. Church

10. C. C. C. Work in Georgia:

comes to the Georgia Forest Service from

Welcome-Ron. Thomas Barrett, Jr., May-

"What CCC Camp Work Means to the the CCC camp in Seminole county where

or of Augusta

Enlisted Man"-Theron Davis.

he has made an excellent record.

Welcome-Ron. M. H. H. Duvall, President

of Camp P-61, Soperton

Augusta Chamber of Commerce

"Black Face Comedy"-Troup of CCC CAMPHOR INDEPENDENCE

Response-Mr. Roland Turner, General Ag-

Men, Soperton

DESIRED FOR U. S.

ricultural Agent, Southern Railway

Music by five-piece orchestra, Soperton

System, Atlanta

Camp

Artificial camphor is made from turpen-

1. "The Georgia Forestry Association"-

tine, but tree camphor, controlled by Japan,

Mr. T. G. Woolford, President, Atlanta 2. "The Need of Forestry in the Public

SOUTHERN PINE SOURCE OF CELLULOSE PRODUCTS

once selling at $1.00 per pound, is now down to 21 cents per pound. The producers of synthetic camphor are facing trouble

Schools"-Mrs. R. H. Hankinson,

with the 35 cents article they produce.

State President, PTA, McDonough Investigations have been started at the It is stated that if the camphor con-

3. "How State Agencies Can Help Farm Pulp and Paper Laboratory at Savannah sumed in this country were produced from

Forestry"-Mr. Harry Brown, Di- to determine the adaptability of southern southern turpentine, about three-quarters

rector Extension Service, Athens pine wood for the manufacture of cellulose of a million dollars worth of turpentine

Appointment of Committees, Announce- products such as rayon, celophane, arti- would be used and there would be developed

ments, See Exhibits

ficial leather, non-shatterable glass, films, that highly desirable camphor independence

Luncheon-Judge Ogden Persons,

photographic materials, etc.

this country needs.

presiding

As a step in this direction, a dispatch

1:00 p. m. (Eastern time)

from Savannah announces the appointment

Splitting Up Rosin

Afternoon Session-Ron. W. T. Anderson, of Royal H. Rasch, industrial chemist of

presiding

Berton, New Hampshire, to carry on re- Promising reports were made at the re-

2:15p.m. (Eastern time)

search relating to the cellulose uses of pine cent meeting of the American Chemical So-

4. "Indian mounds and Prehistoric Vii- fibre. Thus far the pulp of red spruce has ciety of work carried on by S. Palkin and

ages as State Park Sites in Georgia" been largely depended upon for making C. K. Clark of the United States Bureau

-Dr. C. C. H~rrold, president, So- rayon and other cellulose products. Dr. of Chemistry, in chemical studies of rosin,

ciety for Georgia Archaeology, Ma- Charles H. Herty, director of the labora- looking to an expansion of the industrial

con

tory, is hopeful of substituting southern uses of rosin gums.

5. "C. C. C. Camps"-Hon. Robert Fech- pine for red spruce as a source of cellulose. The resarch is still in the laboratory

ner, Director, Washington, D. C.

stage, but the chemists report having

6. "Land Utilization in Georgia" - Dr. "How did you break your leg?"

found a large number of different gums and

W. A. Hartman, U. S. Dept. of Ag- Woodsman-"1 threw a cigarette stub in some fine colors. Work of this nature is

riculture, Washington, D. C.

a manhole and stepped on it."-The Forest basic to a larger consumption of the naval

7. "Timber Survey"-Capt. I. F. El- Log.

stores products of southern pines.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FARM FORESTRY COURSE

VOCATIONAL FORESTRY

AT BALDWIN COLLEGE
A decision has been reached to intro-

FORESTRY QUESTION BOX

PRIZES OFFERED TO TEACHERS AND PUPILS

duce a practical farm forestry course at

Georgia Forestry Association Offers

the Abraham Baldwin College, Tifton, be- What plant food elements of the "Herty Prizes" in Honor of Dr.

ginning with the next session of that in- soil are destroyed by fire?
stitution. The course will be in keeping with other lines of work carried on at the Nitrogen, the element of plant food hav-

Charles H. Herty - Rules Governing Prizes

college, which in substance, is learning by doing. In this respect it will be similar to the vocational forestry work carried on successfully for the past four years at rural consolidated high schools having vocational agricultural teachers. The school and college work is to be correlated nicely according to plans now being worked out, so that when the student completes his

ing most to do with vegetative growth of plants, is released as a gas into the air when the organic matter of the forest floor is burned. Nitrogen exists in organic matter as protein and if allowed to decay much of the nitrogen is converted into compounds of ammonia and nitrates in which forms it can be absorbed by the roots of trees as plant food.

The executive committee of the Georgia Forestry Association held a meeting in March 23 at Augusta and authorized two prizes to be known as "Herty Prizes" in honor of Dr. Chas. H. Herty. One of the prizes is for the vocational agricultural teacher doing the best work on the school forestry project and the other for the vocational student doing the best work in

college work he will be thoroughly ground- Nitrogen is very generally the scarcest forestry.

ed in the principles and practices of farm plant food element in the soil. The removal The schools eligible to compete for the

forestry. The need of such a course in an agricul-

of it by fire, means slowing down tree growth, for, as a rule, a tree can grow no

prizes are the schools having

rural consolidated high vocational agricultural

tural institution training men for the farm, has been apparent to the institution lead-

faster than the available nitrogen in the soil will allow.

teachers that have obtained school forests and are carrying on work in forestry out-

ers. Forests on school property and lands needing reforestation are available for the practice of forestry. The region is particularly adapted to growing slash and longleaf pine, the species suited to naval stores. One of the lines of work in farm forestry

Carbon is also destroyed by fire, but carbon is an element that the tree takes from the air as a gas, through stomata of the leaves. It is therefore, not a soil plant food. But the burning of the carbon of the organic matter of the forest floor does have

lined by the Georgia Forest Service and the heads of vocational agricultural teaching in the state.
The following rules governing the awards are:

to be developed is in growing pines, an indirect influence on the fertility of the

Teacher's Prize

chipping trees and marketing naval stores products. Growing pines and marketing them for pulpwood, saw logs, poles, crossties, etc., will also be taught.

soil. So long as carbon is on the ground in combination with other elements, it affords food for organisms of decay. These organisms in turn create chemical reactions that

Prize: A prize of $75.00 known as the "Herty Prize" is offered the vocational agricultural teacher for excellence in pre-

The forestry work in Abraham Baldwin make mineral plant food elements in the senting the subject of forestry.

College bids fair to meet an important soil more readily available to the roots of Eligibility: All teachers are eligible who

need.

growing plants.

carry on the forestry project.

Basis of award: In making the award

Forest fires, therefore, impoverish the consideration will be given to work done in

Pine Bond Paper Used For

soil of its nitrogen and render the soil less carrying out management plans of school

Printing Forestry Program efficient in supplying the tree with other forests; collection of tree seed; establish-

plant food elements.

ing a seed bed; planting of seedlings; re-

The program for the annual meeting of

cording and reporting diameter measure-

the Georgia Forestry Association at Augusta, May 10 and 11, has been printed

ments on the quarter acre sample plots;
Are not dead trees a fire menace making report of fires in the school com-

on bond paper produced from Georgia that should be removed from the munity; student home projects in forestry;

pines at the Pulp and Paper Laboratory forest?

and the promotion of forestry interest in

at Savannah.

school and community.

Last year at the meeting of the associa- A forest is always safer from fire when Awarding prizes: The prize will be

tion, those attending saw the Pulp and all the dead trees are removed. When a awarded on the closing night of the sum-

Paper Laboratory making newsprint paper. fire climbs a tree, a high wind can carry its mer forestry camp.

Since then, Dr. Chas. H. Herty and his co- burning embers a long distance. Ordinarily, workers have been experimenting with the removal of dead trees or snags 50 to

Prize for Students

southern pine in making bond paper, a high grade paper in which Georgia clay and rosin are used along with pine fibre. The program paper is of this kind.
Struck a Sap Gusher
A group from Airline School of Hart county were grouped around Extension

100 feet along the firebreaks is regarded as sufficient, but during a dry period and a high wind, embers may fly a quarter of a mile or more and start a new outbreak. In fighting a fire, the burning snags should be located and men stationed in line with the wind to watch for flying embers to put them out, leaving the firebreaks to take care of the fire at other places.

Prize: The sum of $50.00 will be awarded the student who has done the best work in forestry.
Eligibility: 1. Students eligible for the prize are those who have won vocational forestry camp scholarships and have completed six weeks of camp work.
Basis of Award: 2. The prize will be awarded the student who makes the best

Forester DuPre Barrett as he applied an increment borer to a river birch to determine its age. With the removal of the

Farmer (to son) :Josh, I wish if you
don't mind, you'd eat off to yourself instead of with the boarders.

grade in winning a camp scholarship; the best grades at two sessions of the school camp, and does the best work on his home

core, a stream of sap spouted forth, much

to the astonishment of the students. student didn't belieV'e it was .:sap

One even

Son: "Isn't my society good enough for the boarders?

forestry project. Awarding prize:

3.

The prize will be

though he tasted the water, and insisted Farmer: Your society is fine. But your given at the closing of the summer fares-

that there was a spring under the tree. appetite sets a terrible example.

try camp.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

FIRST DISTRICT
W. D. Young, District Forester Rome
CCC Items
Camp P-77, located in Pickens county, will be transferred around the 1st of May. The enrollees at Camp P-77 will go to Butler camp at Butler, Georgia, taking places of enrollees originally sent to Butler camp from Mississippi. The Mississippi boys will be transferred back to their home state.
Equipment of P-77 will be t~ansferred to Vicksburg National Military Park, Vicksburg, Mississippi, by truck.
Camp P-58 has been changed over to a Park camp, under direction of Department of Interior. This camp will continue at its present locaton at Ellijay, Georgia, and will work on the new Fort Mountain State Park as well as continue with forest activities .
On account of increased work in connection with CCC activities, the district forester has been unable to get around to all the vocational schools in his district ; however , by the 1st of May a visit will have been made to .all vocational schools and demonstrations will be held.

in improving the Gwinn-Nixon State Forest near Augusta, have been donated to the poor through the relief agencies of Richmond county. The relief agencies collected the wood and hauled it away. Most of the clearing consisted of black gum.
Crawfordville Camp Site Has Park-Like Appearance
The camp that is devoting itself to the Alexander Stephens Memorial Park at Crawfordville has beautified its camp site until it has a park-like appearance itself. It is believed to be one of the most beautiful camps in Georgia. The grounds are covered with a good, well-kept lawn grass, sown by the camp workers. An arched entrance made of greyish-white river birch, and the same type of wood for fences, give the grounds a picturesque, rustic appearance. Stones mark the borders of roads and foot paths. Well constructed log buildings
are used by the camp superintendent and
officers. Loblolly pines and cedars scattered
over the area add beauty to the scene.
Neatness and order pervade the park camp.
It is, therefore, no wonder that the Ala-
bamians who have made the camp and
have made it a home for .a year, do not
like to pull up and move to a new camp.

Mr. A. F. Conradi, planting foreman in charge, made a detailed .and systematic report covering the entire operation. This report, too long to be printed in full here, gives some very pertinent information regarding the planting of pine seedlings. Of particular interest is the efficiency and speed of planting as affected by the weight and balance of home-made planting irons as against irons manufactured by the Council Tool Company, which we happened to be using.
The home-made irons were designed after the Council planting iron by the Camp blacksmith but were made heavier and more clumsy, weighing about 18 lbs. as compared to about 10 lbs. for the Council iron. The difference in weight and balance, and the fact that the home-made irons broke a number of times, caused us to form the opinion that the greater efficiency of the Council planting iron is much cheaper to the planter, both as to cost and better setting of seedlings, than the homemade iron. Of course with our newly acquired knowledge and experience we could greatly improve our home-made irons could possibly make them equal in efficiency to the bought iron, but the fact now stands out that on our initial experience at making and using home-made planting irons we were the losers thereby, both as to total planting cost and proper setting of seedlings.

Camp Superintendent's Quarters at Crawfordville-Entire Camp Site Given Park-like Treatment.

Among other factors affecting planting efficiency and planting cost were experience, interest, and aptitude of individuals doing the planting. I want to say here that the interest of the CCC personnel in this planting was all that could be desired of any planting crew. None had any previous planting experience of this nature, but almost without exception the men quickly. acquired a satisfactory degree of efficiency in executing their jobs. This was undoubtedly due to their intense interest and desire to learn this practical and popular forestry problem of planting and putting to proper use the unproductive idle lands of Georgia.

THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta
Green Firebreaks
Firebreaks on the Gwinn-Nixon State Forest near Augusta are now growing oats. The object of having planted firebreaks is to utilize the land of these strips. During the winter and spring the green firebreaks have served their purpose very effectively. A disastrous forest fire, intense enough to kill tall pines, stopped at the green barrier of oats and none of the trees on the state forest were damaged.
Fuel from State Forest Distributed Through Relief Agencies
About 100 cords of wood cut by CCC men

FOURTH DISTRICT W. G. Wallace, District Forester
Columbus
A Practical Planting Demonstration by the E. C. W.
During the planting season now ended the E. C. W. Camp at Warm Springs made a planting of approximately 100,000 pine chester, Georgia. This planting is the beseedlings on public property near Manginning of a demonstration forest of several hundred acres which will not only demonstrate the planting of idle land to forests, but is also to show the value of the forest in .arresting and preventing soil erosion. This planting is also l watershed demonstration problem in preventing rapid run-off of rain water and thereby conserving the water supply and preventing silting of streams.

Further study shows that it will pay to carefully plan the planting operation, not only as to planting irons and personnel, but as rega~ds weather, preparation of planting site, dampness of soil, heeling in and lifting of seedlings, proper loblolly of mud to keep roots of seedling in between plant bed and planting, equipment other than planting irons and other factors too numerous to mention here.
The cost of planting, spacing being 8 feet rows with seedlings 6 feet apart in rows, and not including cost of seedlings, varied from 1,4 to % cent per seedling of Longleaf, and 1-5 to 1-3 cent per seedling of Loblolly pine. The above variations in cost of planting per seedling were due principally to the wide variation in physical character of the soil and its influence on the number of seedlings that were planted per hour. The number of seedlings

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

planted per hour varied from 67 to 153 for longleaf; and 98 to 184 for loblolly pine.
I believe that by profiting from our previous experience we could reduce t his cost of planting possibly 25 per cent or more.
SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester
Savannah
Emanuel T. P. 0. Constructing Firebreaks
Members of Eman.uel County T. P. 0. have constructed approximately 300 miles of secondary firebreaks ~u ring the quarter from January to April, as their requests for reimbursement indicate.
Most of t he work was done with 2-horse turning plows, equipped with terrace wings, which makes the sod turn over more easily and leaves a cleaner break. This particular fire break is plowed solid to a width of 10 f eet and makes a very satisfactory place to fight fire from in back firing.
Firebreaks constructed in the above manner cost an average of $3 .00 per mile and one 2-horse team can build around a mile per day. They are a lso easy to maintain the following year at little cost by running over them with a mule drawn disc harrow. Maintenance of t his type costs $1.00 per mile and is very effective.
E. C. W. News
Camp P-57 located in Scre~en co unty will be moved at an early date. The equipment will be sent to Alabama for use on soil erosion control projects and the enrolees will occupy the camp at Baxley, Georgia.
This camp has just about finished work on the Brier Creek T. P . 0 . and constructed a very effective truck trail and fire break system used in preventing and suppressing forest fires.
The tower crew at Camp P -53, Hinesville, is now engaged in building tool hou ses at each tower site for use in storing fire fighting equipment.
The houses are made of Cypress logs, ranging from 10 feet to 12 feet in length. The f loors are pine boards 2 feet by 8 feet and the roof is cypress shingles.
The T . P. 0 . members gave the blocks and a mill man sawed ther: on halves for us. The houses were constructed very economically and are substantial for the use to which they will be put. Fire fighting eq uipment w hich will be stored in each house will consist of three fire p umps, three fire swatters and three axes, or enough equipment for a five man crew.
EIGHTH DISTRICT Albany
H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
State Nursery Planted
Although the supply of tree seed was scarce in 1933 and difficulty was experienced in getting them, the tree nursery beds at Albany have been planted and

seedlings are making their appearance. Germination has been excellent and the stand is good.
Flint River T. P. 0.
Members of the Flint River Timber Protective Organization had a business meeting April 2 at the camp in Decatur county. Protection measures were discussed; quarterly assessments were approved and arrangements were made to employ a competent ranger for educational work, as well as for fire patrolling and assisting the land owners on their protection problems. This organization promises to become a very active organization. The interest has grown with the esta~li shment of the camp.
Novel Corkscrew T ap Roots
Corkscrew Tap Root
A seedling lifted from the tree nursery at Albany is classified by the district forester as "Pinus alcoholus" from the fact that its tap root has a well defined cork screw arrangement. It is thought that it, too, has been up against the depression, or restricted opportunities, and being unwilling to give up, kept striving for a downward development, intent upon penetrating the stopper with a cork screw, as shown by the illustration.
Cartoonist Conservationist Head 'Biological Survey
Jan N. Darling, otherwise known as "Ding", the cartoonist and leader in movements to conserve wild life, is now Chief of the United States Biological Survey, succeeding Paul G. Redington, resigned.
A native of Michigan, but a long time resident of Iowa and newspaper cartoonist, hi s leadership in wild life conservation has led to his appointment to membership in the Presid~t's Committee on Wild Life Restorati on and Migratory Bird Conservation Commission of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. He is vice president of the American Forestry Association, national

director of the Isaac Walton League of America, and member of the Iowa Game and Fish Commission.
NATIONAL FOREST QUARTERS . LOCATION AT ATLANTA
A new national forest district has been created with Atlanta as headquarters. Joseph C. Kircher, who has been supervisor of District Seven, with headquarters at Washington, D. C., will be in charge of District Eight, the new division, with his headquarters in Atlanta. Mr. Kircher has been administering national forests in the south as well as in the east. The growth of national forest area has made it advisable to divide the territory. National forest areas in Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas will be included in District Seven.
Mr. Kircher will be welcomed to the south to which he is already wedded by finding his wife at Albany, Georgia, as well as by his interest in promoting southern forestry.
How Long are Longest Longleaf Pine Needles
Botanists describe the longleaf pine (Pinus Palustris) as having needles 12 to 15 inches in length. Doubtless that describes the average length of needles, but bundles of needles 24 to 26 inches in length were sent to District Forester H. D. Story, J r ., by Professor Geo. I. Martin, vocational agricultural teacher at Sylvester, and in turn these were sent to the office of the Georgia Forest Service, where they are on exhibition.
Can anyone find bundles of needles longer than 24 to 26 inches ?
NEW NATIONAL FOREST UNITS AND EXTENSIONS
Thirteen new national forest units and enlargements of 13 existing units h ave been approved for purchase by the National Forest Reservation Commission. More than 7,300,000 acres are involved in the purchase proposals.
President Roosevelt allotted $20,000,000 for acquisition of 8,000,000 acres of forest lands as a conservation and relief measure.
Approvals for purchase involve four units in Texas with gross area of 1,400,000 acres; in Missouri, two new units and four enlarged new purchase areas total 1,677,840 acres; two in North Carolina and two in South Carolina with combined area of 1,500,000 acres; one new unit in Mississippi of 382,000 acres; one n ew unit in Louisiana of 333,572 acres; a new unit in Kentucky of 379,000 acres at Cumberland Falls.
Purchases in extensions of national forests partially locat ed in Georgia are 21,899 acres for Cherokee National Forest and 370 acres for Nantahala National Forest.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

lating or hardening oils so that it may be

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

used instead of aluminum stearate, and at the same time serve as a valuable lubricant.

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

The largest known deposit of vermiculite is near Libby, Montana. It is said to be in the form of a dike-like body, at least 100

Reported b! THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

feet wide and 1,000 feet long, and has been

extensively mined for several years. Other

deposits have been found in Colorado, Wy-

VERMICULITE, THE HEAT-INSULATOR OF TOMORROW
By RICHARD W. SMITH, State Geologist
Vermiculite, like kyanite, is another example of a mineral long known in mineral collections, but considered valueless until recent uses have brought it into commercial prominence. Bulletin 2, of the Georgia Geological Survey, published in 1893, describes this mineral as occuring in the corundum mines of Georgia.
Vermiculite is the name applied to a group of bronze-colored hydrous micas

The exfoliated vermiculite is an excellent heat insulator. It may be u sed loose or manufactured into insulating boards for use in refrigerators, ovens, fireless cookers, incubators, etc. When u sed to fill the hollow spaces in walls and over ceilings it is said to make houses warmer in winter and cooler in summer. It could be used between two sheets of metal in the manufacture of standard units for the pre-fabricated metal houses of the future that were predicted by the Century of Progress Exposition at Chicago. Similarly it can be used to insulate the air-conditioned Pullman cars.
Vermiculite can be used as an insulator and fireproofing material in safes and filing

oming, and Pennsylvania.
Deposits in Georgia Vermiculite was found in the old corundum mines of North Carolina and Georgia. At the Laurel Creek Mine in Rabun county, Georgia, the corundum occurred in a matrix of vermiculite, and advantage was taken of its exfoliation and consequent light weight to clean the corundum. The ore from the mine was fed through a crude furnace, the h eat of which expanded the vermiculite and the draft carried it out the stack, the corundum being discharged through the bottom of the furnace. R ecent prospecting has disclosed deposits of vermiculite in Macon and Clay counties, North Carolina,

which, when heated to red heat or above,

and in Rabun and Towns counties, Geor-

expand or exfoliate to a very lig1'ht, fluffy

gia. Commercial shipments have been made

material weighing only from 5 to 10 pounds

from Franklin and Hayesville, North Caro-

per cubic foot. It is this power of expan-

lina.

sion that has given the name of ve?micu-

The vermiculite of these deposits appears

lite, meaning "to breed worms", to the ma-

to be a product of hydrothermal alteration

terial. This exfoliation is probably due to

and usually ocurs in a zone or envelope of

the chemically-combined water being sud-

alteration product s surrounding an ultra-

denly turned to steam, forcing apart the

basic intrusion such as olivine or dunite.

microscopic flakes or plates of which the

The commercial vermiculite appears to be

mineral is composed. The expansion is al-

in discontinuous vertical layers or streaks

ways at right angles to the cleavage. During the exfoliation the bronze color of the

from a few inches to a few feet in thickness, smTou~ded by clayey vermiculite,

mineral usually brightens. The crude vermiculite appears as a mass

clay containing a small amount of vermiculite, chloritic material, and oth er alteration

of dark brown or dull bronze-colored mica-

products. Small pegmatite streaks and

ceous flakes or small sheets which lack the

veins are numerous and may have furnished

elasticity of muscovite or biotite mica. It is

the heated waters that altered the mica to

usually mined by pick and shovel, roughly

vermiculite.

screened to remove clayey impurities, and dried carefully at a low heat. It has been found that the best results are obtained by crushing, screening, and sizing the crude material before expansion. The expansion or exfoliation is accomplished in a rotary kiln or in a patented expansion furnace that instantly subjects the material to a temperature between 1800 degrees F. and 2000 degrees F., and then suddenly cools it.
Uses of Vermiculite
The uses to which exfoliated vermiculite has been put recently may be listed under two groups: first, those dependent on the bright bronze color of the material; and second, those dependent upon its extreme lightness and heat-insulating properties.
The brighter colors of ground and exfoliated vermiculite may be used in pigments and inks in place of powdered bronze. It is claimed that the bronze-colored background on the packages of a popular brand of cigarettes is printed with an ink made

Vermiculite Prospecting, Jethro Burrell Property, Towns County
cabinets. Heat-insulating bricks made by using a suitable binder with exfoliated vermiculite can be used with a fire brick lining in boiler settings and fumaces with a considerable reduction in the weight and thickness of the walls necessary. Plastic cements containing vermiculite have good insulating qualities. Pipe and boiler coverings containing expanded vermiculite are said to be lighter weight and more effective than with asbestos.
Exfoliated vermiculite, in the form of both wall board and wall plasters, is said to have excellent acoustic properties, making it of value in the construction of theaters, moving picture studios, apartments, etc.

The United States Geological Survey, by means of a direct grant from Public Works funds, will soon investigate the vermiculite deposits of Georgia. Although vermiculite has so far only been found in Rabun and Towns counties, it is possible for it to occur anywhere in the Piedmont Plateau and mountai n sections of the state. Deposits of olivine, an olive-green mineral; dunite, a rock composed of olivine and small amounts of chromite, magnetite, etc., and other bas ic rocks occur in a number of counties. They are especially abundant in a belt that enters the state from Alabama in Troup and Harris counties and extends northeastward, entering North Carolina from Towns and Rabun counties. The deposits of these basic rocks and their other alteration products-serpentine, soapstone, tal c, chlorite, a sbestos, and corundum- should be searched for vermiculite.
The cooperation of the people of these counties in locating all possible deposits is a sked. Any suspiciou s material should be

from vermiculite powder. It has been suc- The lubricating qualities of vermiculite tested to see if it expands on heating. A

cessfully applied to wall papers as a dec- are said to be comparable to those of flake thin flake of commercial vermiculite will

orative medium.

graphite. It also has the property of coagu-

(Continued on Page 8, Col. 3)

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

SUMMARY CCC WORK UNDER GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE
Work Concluded on Some AreasShifting of Several Camps by May First-Considerable Forestry Work Done in Year
With May 1, the Civilian Conservation
work starts on a new year. Several camps
are moved in Georgia, a few to other
states. The amount of work to be done for
the next six months period on private
lands, organized under Timber Protective
Organizations, will be less, the amount of
state parks and national forests more than
for the past six months.
The following summary of work accomp-
lished up to April 1 at each camp under
state supervision is as follows:
P-52, Homerville, Ga.-36 miles of tele- phone line; 123 miles firebreak; fire hazards removed from 3,253 acres; 3 lookout towers; 1,153 man days fighting fire; .4 mile truck trail; 53,165 acres type-mapped; 542 miles lineal survey; average workers per month 149.
P-53, Hinesville, Ga.-31 miles telephone; 112 miles firebreak; 3 lookout towers; 454 man hours fire fighting; 35 miles truck trail; 27 miles truck trail maintenance; 1 bridge; 232,000 acres type-mapped; 542 miles lineal survey; 40 bridges; average workers per month 134.
P-54, Albany, Ga.-30 miles telephone; 1.14.9 miles firebreak; 1,862 man days fighting fire; 35 miles truck trail; 98.7 miles maintenance truck trail; 102,000 acres type-mapped; 135 workers each month.
SP-1, Indian Springs-35 man days fire fig-hting; 8 miles truck trail; 3.5 miles foot and horse trail; 8 bridges; 5 acres landscaped; 2,600 square yards of earth removed; 22 plantings; workers per month 134.
SP-2, Blairsville - 19 miles telephone constructed; 215 acres fire hazard removed; 13.8 road and truck trail clearance; 1 fire tower; 355 man days fighting fire; 15.2 miles truck trail; 6 miles maintenance truck trail; 11.8 miles foot and horse trails; 4 miles foot and horse trails; 10 bridges; 50 acres type-mapped; 16 miles lineal survey; 20 acres landscaped; workers per
month 120. P-56 Warm Springs - 40 miles tele-
phone;' 22 miles firebrea~s; 29.5 miles side clearing of roads and trails; 3 lookout towers; 462 man days fire fighting; 40.7 miles truck trail; 3 bridges; 120 miles lineal survey; 100 plantings; workers per month 133.
P-57 Waynesboro--4.5 miles telephone; 31.1 ~iles firebreak; 28 miles road and trail side clearings; 905 man days fire fighting; 56.8 miles new truck trails; 18 bridges; 176,000 acres type-mapped; 105 miles lineal survey; 151 workers per month.
P-59, Fargo-15.5 miles telephone; 105.5 miles firebreaks; 1163 acres fire hazard reduction; 214 man days fire fighting; 24.6 miles truck trails; 24.6 miles maintenance truck trails; 28.3 miles foot and horse trails; 23.3 miles maintenance foot and horse trails; 139 bridges; 162 miles lineal survey; 116 workers per month.
P-60, Woodbine--62 miles telephone; 134 miles firebreak; 3216 acres reduction fire hazard; 2 lookout towers; 1076 man days fire fighting; 23,200 acres type-mapped; 178 miles lineal survey; 128 workers per month.
P-61, Soperton - 30.2 miles telephone; 254 miles firebreaks; 4789 acres reduction

fire hazard; 2 lookout towers; 534 man days fire fighting; 5 miles truck trails; 7 bridges; 197,000 acres type-mapped; 134 workers per month.
P-62, Baxley - 44 miles telephone; 116 miles firebreak; 2205 acres reduction fire hazard; 1 lookout tower; 747 man days fire fighting; 69,000 acres type-mapped; 312 miles lineal survey; 132 workers per month.
P-63, McRae-125 miles firebreaks; 82 days fire fighting; 3 miles truck trail; 77,000 acres type-mapped; 3 bridges; 113
workers per month. P-64, Crawfordville--12 miles telephone;
6.3 miles firebreaks; 70 acres fire reduction hazard; 15 miles road and trail side clearing; 143 man days fire fighting; 25 miles truck trails; 1.1 foot and horse trails; 36 bridges; _24,340 acres type-mapped; 3_8 miles lineal survey; 55 acres landscaped; 500 square yards dirt removed; 1 acre planted; 135 workers per month.
P-65, Jesup - 1.3 miles telephone; 79.5 miles firebreaks.; 1735 acres fire hazard removed; 723 man days fire fighting; 11,233 acres type mapped; 93 miles lineal survey; 111 workers per month.
P-66, Brooklet - 59.2 miles firebreaks; 2580 acres fire hazard removed; 17.3 miles roadside and trailside clearings; 73 man days fire fighting; 5 miles truck trails; 28.3 miles truck trails maintenance; 60,419 acres type mapped; 15 bridges; 110 workers per month.
P-67, Bainbridge - 20 miles telephone line; 200 miles firebreaks; 1014 man days fire fighting; 2.2 miles truck trails; 138,400 acres type mapped; 619 miles lineal survey; 137 workers per month.
P-68, Douglas-30 miles firebreaks; 9.8 miles maintenance road and trail sides; 100 man days fire fighting; 45 miles lineal survey; 104 workers per month.
P-69, Commerce - 27 miles telephone line; 1200 acres fire hazard reduction; 62 miles roadside clearing; 2 lookout towers; 32.8 man days fire fighting; 42 miles truck trails; 25 miles maintained truck trails; 20 miles foot and horse trails; 16,050 acres type mapped; 38 bridges; 140 workers.
P-70, Nahunta-26 miles telephone line; 124 miles firebreaks; 2 lookout towers; 2106 man days fire fighting; 1970 acres type mapped; 274 miles lineal survey; 12 bridges; 126 workers per month.
P-71, St. George - 34 miles telephone lines; 147.7 miles firebreaks; 3549 acres reduction fire hazard; 10 miles clearance road and trail sides; 1 lookout tower; 989 man days fire fighting; 2 miles truck trail; 70,000 acres type-mapped; 165 miles lineal survey; 114 workers per month.
P-72, Waycross - 21.7 miles telephone line; 154.6 miles firebreaks; 3750 acres cleared of fire hazard; 1 lookout tower; 1958 man days fire fighting; 73,970 acres type mapped; 385 miles lineal survey; 149 workers per month.
P-73, Hiawassee-16.8 miles telephone; 1.5 miles firebreak; 24.6 miles clearance of trail and roadsides; 209 man days fire fighting; 14.9 miles truck trails; 6 miles truck trail maintenance; 16 miles foot and horse trail; 60 bridges; 127 workers per month.
P-74, Toccoa Falls-5.6 miles firebreaks; 17.2 miles road and trail side clearing; 1 fire tower; 510 man days fire fighting; 47A miles truck trails; 47.5 miles truck trail maintained; 4.5 miles new foot and horse trails; 3.7 miles foot and horse trails maintained; 12,850 acres type mapped; 57.5 miles lineal survey; 84 bridges; 133 workers per month.
P-75, Fort Gaines-25 miles telephone
line; 85 miles firebreaks; 98 miles road and

trailside clearance; 1 lookout tower; 1172 man days fire fighting; 79 miles truck trails; 55 miles maintenance truck trails; 91,905 acres type mapped; 59 bridges; 138 workers per month.
P-76, Chula-34 miles firebreak; 152 man days fire fighting; 1 bridge; 135 workers per month.
P-77, Tttte--14 miles telephone line; 1 lookout tower; 829 man days fire fighting; 10.5 miles truck trails; maintenance 20 miles truck trail; 28.5 miles foot and horse trail; 132 bridges; 121 workers per month.
P-78, Butler - 171 miles firebreak; 1 lookout tower; 1017 man days fire fighting; 117,432 acres type mapped; 1 bridge; 114 workers per month.
P-79, Cornelia - 13.5 miles telephone line; .4 mile firebreak; 2525 acres fire reduction hazard; 36.9 miles road and trailside clearance; 2 lookout towers; 224 man days fire fighting; 22.9 miles truck trails; 68 miles truck trail maintenance; 13.9 miles foot and horse trails; 32 bridges; 137 workers per month.
P-80, Menlo - 2.8 miles firebreak; 324 acres fire reduction hazard; 14 miles road and trailside clearance; 100 man days fire fighting; 8 miles truck trail; 8 miles truck trail maintenance; 21 bridges; 98 workers per month.
P-81, Bloomingdale - 57.5 miles firebreak; 1834.2 acres fire hazard reduction; 176 man days fire fighting; 4.6 miles new truck trails ;8 miles truck trails maintained; 36,483 acres type-mapped; 84.8 miles lineal surveys; 3 bridges; 133 workers per month.
P-82, Reidsville--2.5 miles telephone line; 115 miles firebreaks; 2250 acres fire hazard reduction; 2 miles road and trailside clearance; 310 man days fire fighting; 2 miles new truck trails; 52,000 acres typemapped; 173 miles lineal surveys; 132 workmen per month.
Georgia Topographic Maps Obtainable from State Geologist
A supply of topographic maps of Georgia, made by th~ United States Geological Survey, is now available at the office of State Geologist Richard W. Smith, 425 State Capitol. They can be obtained at cost, which is about 10 cents each.
Most of north Georgia, and a considerable strip of eastern and southeastern Georgia have been mapped. Other parts of Georgia have never received a topographical survey for lack of state aid.
VERMICULITE
(Continued from Page 7)
start to expand when heated with a match, but the best test is to place a piece on a sheet of metal and heat it over coals to nearly red heat. Commercial vermiculite will expand to several times its original size. Samples that meet this test should be mailed to the State Geologist, 425 State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia, together with a description of the deposit and its location; or should be shown to the government geologist when he comes to look for deposits in that county.