Forestry-geological review [Mar. 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEO L OG ICA L D E V E LOPM .......~~

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., MARCH, 1934

No. 3

SUMMARY C. C. C. WORK

tion assists in getting quick movement of CODE FIXES TIMBER CUTTING

OF TWENTY-SIX CAMPS fire fighting crews.

. FOR SUSTAINED YIELDS

The lookout towers, firebreaks and tele-

Large Forest Area Mapped, Useful In Planning F ire Protection and for lnJormation as to Timber Supply- Fire Fighting Record of Camps Given

phone lines are permanent equipment and are to be maintained in the future by the land owners belonging to timber protective organizations.
Extensive Area Mapped

Code Authorities now Have Authority to Enforce Selective Logg ing and Fire Prevention on Private Lands for Public W e lfare

A summary of six months of actual work done by 26 CCC camps under the direction of the Georgia Forest Service, as of February 1, is .as follows:

Miles of telephone lines ____________ Miles of firebreaks ____:_______________

158.3 1,490.4

Acres reduction of fire hazard along fixe breaks____________________________ :loQ, 854.

Number of lookout towers ________

7.

Number of lookout houses ________

3.

Miles of truck trails____________________

232.2

Miles of maintained truck trails

353.2

Miles of foot and horse trails ____

108.3

Acres of forest mapping ____________ 1,195,370.

Miles of lineal surveys ______________ 82,169.6

Number of bridges built.___________

514.

Man days fire fighting ____________ 13,236.

The telephone line construction centers around the lookout towers and is for the purpose of summoning fire fighting crews.
Firebreaks and truck trails are for the purpose of checking fires. In south Georgia the firebreaks are 25 to 30 foot strips, cleared of vegetation, and plowed. These are classed as primary firebreaks. Timber owners are obligated to construct secondary firebreaks. Truck trails in south Georgia are firebreaks on which bridges are constructed to facilitate the movement of trucks carrying fire fighting equipment into the forests.
In the mountains, the firebreaks are generally truck trails to make the forested regions accessible for fire fighting purposes.

State Forester Lufburrow is especially

pleased with the 1,195,370 acres of forest

mapping 'which has been accomplished.

These maps show not only the physical fea-

tures of the land, but the types of forest

land, whether pines or hardwoods or mix-

tures. It is the first information of this

sort ever obtained on so large an area in

Georgia.



These maps provide basic information on

which to develop future fire protection plans, giving as they do, the type of timber, fire hazards, streams and general information as to where to establish firebreaks and sources of water for fire fighting.

Woods practices designed to assure forest conservation and sustained yields on privately owned lands, are now a part of the Lumber Code with authority to enforce for local and national welfare. Announcement to this effect was made in Washington February 10, following a conservation conference held the latter part of January.
At the Conservation Conference committees representing the various regions of the country submitted rules that were declared inadequate. These committees were ordered to revise their rules, specific statements being made to indicate how they should be amended to meet the lumber

code requirements for promoting forest

conservation and sustained yields.

Following the revision of the regional

rules in line with the suggestions offered,

the code authority issued regulations that

have such legal status as will permit of

adequate enforcement.

It is apparent that the enforcement of the logging code will call for the services

of trained foresters, thus enlarging the

functions of forestry departments.

Speaking of the demand for specific

, rules governing timber conservation, F. A.

Wilcox, Chief of the U. S. Forest Service

says: "The demand for more specific rules of

practice is drastic, but indicative, I be-

lieve, of an attitude of good faith and de-

termination by leaders in the lumber industry to redeem the public responsibili-

ties to "which they are pledged by their

code. I believe, and I feel that leaders in the lumber industry recognize that public

The 10,854 acres from which fire haz-

opinion will no longer tolerate the 'cut-out

ards are removed are strips along firebreaks and truck trails where dead snags are removed to prevent embers that under

and-get-out' policy of forest exploitation which for decades has taken no account of local or national public welfare."

high winds would be carried across the

firebreaks.

If the price of recognizing Russia is the

The lookout towers serve for spotting fires over a radius of several miles during the fire season, and the telephone connec-

importation of Russian lumber, the forest

T wo-year olds-Georgia Peach and Georgia P ine. and lumber industry of this country will

Youn g

daught er

of Dist rict Forester J r., A lbany.

H.

D.

S tory,

I pay

t
I

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAl. REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

NAVAL STORES CODE

EROSION CONTROL PROJECT

SETS TREE LIMIT

PLANNED FOR CLARKE CO.

Effective February 19, Production to be Regulated Under Control
Committee and Prorated Annually

Special Project Under Soil Department of State College of Agriculture obtained from Department
of Interior

Forestry Division

Press dispatches announced in February Upon the approval of the United States the acceptance by the Soil Department of

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission_ Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ____Atlanta
H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____ Gainesville
C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome

Secretary of Agriculture, a naval stores production code became effective February 19. The primary object is to regulate production in line with the consumption demand. To this end processors are to be con-

the State College of Agriculture of a soil Those who enjoy the wild flowers, and
erosion project offered by the Department of Interior. The site of the demonstration is in Clarke county, north of Athens, on the drainage area of Sandy Creek. The project

Jack Thur_m___o_n__d__,__D___i_s_t_r__i_c_t__F__o__r_e__s__t_e_r_,Savannah
C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

trolled.
From the standpoint of forestry, an interesting ph~se of the regulations is that no trees under nine inches in diameter can be chipped, and only one face can be al-

is headed by Glenn Fuller, soil specialist of the college, with W. 0. Collins, head of the soils department, acting in an advisory capacity.
On the area is considerable eroded and sub-marginal land, which is to be recovered

lowed on trees under 14 inches in diame- for use by soil binding vegetation, includ-

Geological Division R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________ Atlanta G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A__s__s_t__.__S__t__a__t_e___G___e_o__l_o__g_Aisttl, anta

ter. These requirements are in keeping with good forestry practices, and, in fact, are supported by economic considerations in gum production. As in the case of straw

ing tree planting. Gullies will be dammed, terraces constructed, stream beds rendered less subject to overflow. Land utilization will be according to adaptability of soils.

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta timber, where a code regulates the size of As .a result of the work to be done, ty-

trees to be harvested in the interest of pical Piedmont soils rapidly deteriorating

Extension Foresters

conservation and sustained yields, chipping under present methods of handling, will of pines is so ordered as to perpetuate the provide a demonstration of what to do to

Bonnell Stone, Chairman, ______________ Oxford naval stores industry on a sustained yield restore such lands to their best possible

Dupre Barrett, --------------------------------- Athens basis.

uses.

K. S. Trowbridge, ------------------------------Tifton As is well known, trees less than 9

C. C. C. WORK CONTINUED FOR ANOTHER TWELVE MONTHS

inches in diameter are quite generally chipped, and the trees are so weakened that they blow over or die. 'frees under 14 inches in diameter are also often chipped

NATIONAL FOREST LAND DISTRIBUTION IN GEORGIA

The ECW projects, involving the employment of CCC workers on forest lands

with two faces and are so weakened as to blow over or suffer a severe setback in

The Nantahala and Cherokee national forests are partially located in Georgia. The annual report of the Commission on

has been extended twelve months. The enlistment of men will, however, be for six months periods, as heretofore.
In Georgia the number of camps will apparently be reduced as work is centered more on national forest and national parks. The southern states that obtained northern camps during the winter, will apparently find their quota reduced during the spring, summer and autumn.
The reenlistment of men every six months does not mean that the camp sup-

growth. The code covers not only production of
gum in the forests, but processing. It will be administered by a control committee of nine members, which at the time this is written, has not been named. An advisory committee, without vote, is to sit with the control committee and is to be made up of two persons selected by factors, two selected by dealers, and two selected by the Secretary of Agriculture to represent the public.

National Forest Reservation for the year ending 1931 shows that 260,489 acres have been acquired of tfie 336,954 acres approved for purchase in the State of Georgia. An average of $5.83 per acre has been paid, or $1,572,695.38 total.
National forest acreage acquired in each county of Georgia is as follows: Dawson county, 2,690 acres; Fannin, .38,134 acres; Gilmer, 301 acres; Habersham, 13,769 acres, Lumpkin, 48,148 acres; Rabun, 88,432 acres; Towns, 1,442 acres; Union 40,062

ervising personel is reemployed at the end By October 15 each year the control acres, White 36,232 acres.

of six months. Their employment is con- committee is to estimate the stock on hand Approval for the purchase of 17,286 a-

tinous as long as their service is satisfac- and consumptive demand, anllf on this basis cres in Murray county has been given, but

tory. Much more work is expected from fix a production quota for the year, which none has been acquired.

each unit in the coming six months peri- is allocated to processors according to their

ods, since experience has taught efficien- average production 1930 to 1933; provision

cy.

is also made for new producers. Applica- Where Wild Flowers

Believe It or Not

tions for allotments must be accompanied by payment of three cents per barrel of

Will Not Bloom

turpentine and one cent per 100 pounds of Wild flowers do not beautify the woods

The following item appeared in a Feb- rosin.

that have been burned over this season. In

ruary expense account: "For repairs to 2 Each package or container of gum, tur- their place are blackened tree trunks, pit-

fire pumps frozen while fighting fire". pentine or rosin shipped by the original iful dead seedlings and an air of desolation

These are hand pumps carried on the back processor, or distiller, must bear an iden- pervading the woods.

of fire fighters.

tifying stamp or metal tag, date of pro- Those who enjoy the wild flowers, and

duction and specification of contents. Tags tourists who enjoy the beauty of the way-

The spring smoke haze is sweet incense are to be provided by the control commit- side, will seek other places and other routes to Satan, arising from burnt sacrifices of tee according to the assigned quota of of travel to escape the depressing influence

forests.

production.

of a seared landscape.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

NATIONAL BENEFITS OF SIX SPRING FIELD FIRES THAT

TREE PLANTING PERIOD

MONTHS CCC FORESTRY WORK

BECOME FOREST FIRES

ENDS WITH MARCH

Report of Robert Fechner Shows Accomplishments of Hastily Organized and Quickly Planned Activities of Untrained Men in Forests
According to a report made by Robert Fechner, director of Emergency Conservation Work, covering a period of six months activities of hastily organized and quickly planned activities of an army of untrained men located in 1,522 forest camps, a service of real benefit to the nation has been rendered. The efficiency of the CCC men is increasing as well as the planning of the projects of work. A summary is as follows: 409,932 man days have been given to fighting forest fires; 25,750 acres have been planted to trees on national forests; 67,784 man days have been devoted' to collecting seed and establishing tree nurseries; inflammable fire hazards have been removed from 129,962 acres; 10,058 miles of truck trails have been constructed; 5,058 miles of telephone lines have been built; 3,197 miles of firebreaks have been established; 6,629 miles of roadsides have been cleared of fire hazards; 1,700 lookout towers, lookout houses and tool caches have been erected; 800,150 acres have been given insect pest control; 1,675,911 acres have been treated for the eradication of tree and plant diseases; rodent control has extended over 3,566,978 acres.
Forest stand improvement has been given to 205,159 acres; 4,299 bridges have been constructed.
Erosion preventative measures on 388,034 acres have been completed; 68,450 erosion control dams have been built.
Numerous smaller activities have been carried on.
Of the 1,522 camps in the United States 1,250 are under the general supervision of the U. S. Forest Service, 177 under National Park supervision, 71 under the Bureau of Indian Affairs, 28 under the U. S. Chief of Engineers, 3 under the Bureau of Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture, and 1 under the General Land Office.
EXPECTS PULPWOOD FROM FIVE-YEAR OLD PINE
Marion Renfroe, Quitman, Georgia, who has conducted an intercropping &xperiment of corn and pines for three growing seasons, is expecting to grow slash pine to pulpwood size in five years.
At the rate pines have been growing in spite of severe drouths the land has suffered, it looks as if the goal will be attained. Dr. Charles H. Herty, director of the pulp and paper laboratory at Savannah, has his eyes on these pines and expects to find them of pulpwood size at the end of the five-year growth period.

Woods Suffer Heavy Damage in Nursery Stock Short of Demand-

Georgia as Result of Failure of Wild Stock can be used with Suc-

Farmers to Keep Debris Fires of cess if Simple Rules are Carefully

Fields from Spreading

Followed

March and April are seasons of heavy Tree planting should not be continued

forest fire losses in farming sections of beyond March and would be better if it Georgia, because many farmers clearing up fence rows, terraces and old land for ended by March 15 in Georgia. Those who

plowing set fires to the field litter and sought nursery grown planting stock, to

then do not guard the fires to keep them find that the supply had been sold out, in

from entering the woods.

many instances may find suitable planting

Fires in the woods when the sap is up do stock on their farms or in the neighbor-

more damage to trees than at other times. hood. Excellent results can be obtained

The fire toll in forest damage would pay from planting wild pine seedlings if a few

the taxes on the land several times over. simple rules are followed.

Those who think that forest fires do not Do not undertake to plant any but the

do much if any harm, have never given the small one-year old pine seedlings. If larger

matter much thought. If they had, they stock is planted the survival will be poor

would know that the seedlings are killed'; and the cost of digging up and preparing

that the bark of the trees is sc..orched, leav- planting places for the larger trees will be

ing scars in which rot enters; that forest unnecessarily heavy.

insects do more damage to trees that have These one-year old seedlings may be 3

suffered from fire than to other trees; to 10 inches in height and may be found

that fire reduces the fertility of the soil along old fields or in the open woods where

and slows up tree growth; that more water , fires have been kept out. Remove the seedruns off the burned-over forest floor and 11 lings from the ground with a spade, lifting

less seeps down in the soil to supply springs them so that their root system will remain

and wells; that heavier surface run-off of intact.
I rain increases soil washing; that the mater- , Place the seedlings in a bucket in water
ials washed from soil gullies fill up stream mixed with clay to a consistency of butter-

beds and "cause overflows that are damag- milk and keep them there until they are

ing the bottom lands.

planted. This is to prevent the roots from

Some farmers do not care if the woods 1 drying out. The clay in the water is to keep

do burn off, because they think boll weevils the seedlings from losing their sap or

are killed by the flames. But the boll weev- plant food content into the water.

ils do not hibernate in the leaves, there- Transplant the lifted seedlings as soon

fore, they are not killed. Some purposely as possible to the land to be reforested.

burn off the woods to improve woodland Wherever possible, plow furrows at

pastures, but in doing so they are killing eight feet apart. In the turpentine belt

out the best pasture grasses and allowing they may be plowed 10 feet apart.

only the poorest, such as sedge grass, to A dibble, or narrow spade, driven into

survive.

the soil and pushed back and forth will

Burning off the woods is burning up open a planting hole. Place the seedling up-

woodland profits. The woods will be a safe right in the hole and then firm the earth

savings bank if fires are kept out and the around it so that there will be no possibili-

trees let alone to make the growth that ty of air pockets remaining around the

nature can provide.

roots. Many acres have been planted with

Be careful with field fires.

pine wild stock in this way with nearly 100

per cent success.

Gard.en Club Stresses

Where there are raw gullies, it is well

Forest Fire Protection to put in the planting holes some top soil

or woods earth to help the seedlings get a

A meeting of eight garden clubs, held at Marietta, Georgia, stressed forest fire prevention, reforestation and preservation of natural beauty. Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, member of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development of Georgia, spoke to the clubs on the importance of forest fire prevention and how the state forest service has organized two million acres of timberland for intensive fire protec~ion measures.

start. In planting the bottoms of gullies, stones and grass or other material should be used to make dams, and good earth should be thrown in above the dams to give the seedlings a chance to establish themselves.
Georgia has a large area of abandoned farm land' that has eroded and is too poor to grow ,agricultural crops profitably. These lands can never be economically recovered for agricultural uses unless they
are set to trees. They are likely never to

bring in any income unless it is through

Too often the desire for a dime today tree products. These eroding lands, if left

rather than a dollar tomorrow has ruined a unforested, are a constant menace to the

fine young forest.-Page S. Bunker.

better lands. The sand and gravel carried

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

from the bare uplands fill up stream beds, MODEL COMMUNITY

cause overflow of bottom lands, often resulting in scouring away rich soil, or leaving a deposit of worthless sand and gravel where the rich soil was.
A good f,armer will utilize all his land, rich and poor, and the best way to use the poor is to let it grow trees.

TO STRESS FORESTRY
Chancellorville Project in Putnam and Jasper Counties Promoted by the University System with Federal Aid Plans Land Utilization

FORESTRY QUESTION BOX
Should black walnuts be planted on abandoned farm lands?
It is doubtful if much of the abandoned

NAVAL STORES DISPLAY IN STATE MUSEUM
Materials are being collected to make a display in the State Museum on the fourth floor of the State Capitol building in Atlanta. This display is being installed by order of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development to supplement the splendid displays of minerals, woods, fish and game, plant insects and diseases, indian relics, farm crops, etc., already in the museum.
The naval stores display will embrace methods of chipping, boxing, samples of rosin by grades, turpentine, and by-products.
Samples of chipped logs and cups are provided from the federal forestry experiment station .at Lake City, Florida; samples of gum by Harris King, state inspector of naval stores, Savannah; chipping tools by the Council Tool Company, of Wananish, North Carolina. The Georgia Forest Service presents placards and byproducts.
The exhibit will provide an illustrative picture of the naval stores industry in

The Chancellorville Homestead project sponsored by the University System with federal aid, involving 30,000 or more acres, including full utilization of the land in which reforestation and forest management will play a part. Eroded and submarginal lands are to be reforested. Slopes of 12 degrees and over will not be used for agricultural crops. Forests will be used as erosion and flood control me:asures.
It is the purpose to plant a species of trees best suited to the region and th~ needs of the community, as well as for commercial possibilities. A self sustained type of agriculture is a chief objective. From a forestry standpoint this means fuel, fence posts and building material as of primary forest planning. The commercial forest returns will include pulpwood, crossties, poles, sawlogs, etc.
Foresters will help plan the program of timber production and aside from selected species of trees to grow on the various sites, will make plans for managing not only the newly planted areas, b!-.!t the existing forests so as to promote the most rapid growth and the largest returns from the forests.

farm Land in Georgia is suited to growing walnuts which are particular in their requirements. Success cannot be expected except on fertile, well drained, friable soils. Very little soil of this type has been retired from cultivation in this state. Usually, it is better to plant walnuts :along fences, in fertile corners that cannot be cultivated, or along the more fertile borders of pastu:rjes, near buildlngs where they can be useful as shade, as well as for growing nuts and lumber.
Is it necessa.ry to plant walnut seedlings? No. Nuts can be planted in the spots where trees are desired, with good success. Some nurserymen are, however, growing improved varieties that yield large and superior quality nuts. If nuts are an objective in growing walnut trees, planting stock may be obtained from nurseries specializing on quality nuts.
What is causing my pines to die?
An inspection of the mixed hardwood and pine forest where the pines were dying, revealed that the trouble was the southern pine beetle. Some hardwoods had

which the State of Georgia leads. It will The lands being acquired are largely been cut in the forest when the sap was up. doubtless be interestingly educative to the of the Davidson soil type, a dark red soil of The odor of freshly-cut wood attracted the

thousands who annually view the exhibits excellent quality. Rapid tree growth will pine beetles. They went to work on the

in the State Capitol.

be obtained on these soils.

weaker pine trees, with the result that

many of them are dead.

The dead and infested trees were being

RED OAK SUITABLE FOR

cut out and removed in February. The re-

MAKING BEER BARRELS GEORGIA GROWN TUNG NUTS moval of the infested pines is the only

PRODUCE GOOD OIL YIELDS practical control measure.

White oak has been the standard mater-

These pines should of course not be cut

ial for beer barrels, but the Forest Pro-

except in the dormant period of fall and

ducts Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, Tung nuts of high average oil content winter when the pine beetle is not active.

has suggested means of using red oak.

c'an be grown in Georgia, according to the

The pores of red oak do not contain tyloses that clog the pores of white oak, hence the necessity of plugging the pores of red oak. This has been done by usiw ordinary brewers pitch with which all beer barrels are lined. The barrels are subjected to hot liquid pitch and calked at the groove

Georgia Experiment Station. Long time Is the honey locust as good as the black

experiments at Experiment, Georgia, leads locust for growing fence posts?

the station authorities, however, to say that

.

.

the suscept 1"b1"l1"ty of t ung 01"I t rees t o cold . No. The honey locust IS n.o.t m. the class

I nJ ury h as m d"1cat ed that the crop can on1y wi.th black .locust for durability .m contact

be profitably grown f urther south m. Geor- with the soiL. The black. locust will grow to

g1a than~Gn"ff"In.

I fence post size more qmckly.

of the barrel where the head is drawn in. So treated, the Forest Products Laboratory says, the red oak barrels hold both liquid and gas as well as white oak. Red oak barrels used by a Milwaukee brewery made five trips from the brewery without developing leakage.

A report of analyses made by the station chemical laboratory as to the oil content of nuts grown in Grady county, shows 58 to 68 per cent oil in the kernels.
Attention is called to the report of variations in oil content of nuts from different trees, indicating, it is claimed, that it would

CCC Men Fight Fires
According to the state forester, the CCC men have done good work in fire suppression. In south Georgia, where a long drouth prevailed and the fire hazard was great,

be worth while to select nuts from high numerous outbreaks were combatted. The

DuPre Barrett, extension forester of oil producing trees, for planting. A series 13,236 man days given to fire fighting

Georgia, has a black walnut tree on h:s of experiments are to be conducted at the represent fighting 190 fires up to January

farm near Athens that is growing an inch Coastal Plains Experiment Station at Tif- 1. But for the work done by the CCC men

in diameter annually. Mr. Barrett believes ton to see what can be accomplished by the area covered and damaged by these

this tree holds the record on rate growth of plant breeding methods to obtain high yields outbreaks would have been far greater

the walnut.

per tree of nuts with high oil content.

than it has been.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

FIRST DISTRICT
W. D. Young, District Forester Rome

and can be seen on display at the CCC I camps. A great many of these roads are already completed.
Visitors are'always warmly welcomed at

FOURTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, District Forester Columbus

Camp P-58, at Ellijay, boasts that it has a side-camp which they believe is located at a higher point than any other camp

the CCC Camps, and we hope to have a great many visitors this spring and show them what Uncle Sam's boys are doing.

Forest Fire Notes from P-56 and P-78

in the State. This side-camp is located on top of Rich Mountain, 4,000 feet elevation, and consists of fifteen men. Foreman Walter Crowe states that the boys are having a

THIRD DISTRICT
C. N. Elliott, District Forester Augusta

Here is the result of a little figuring based on the T. P. 0. forest fire report summary covering the period from July 1, 1933 to January 31, 1934 for the two CCC

good time, especially during the week end-

camps in this district, viz: P-56 at Warm

ing Saturday Feb. lOth, when they had A weekly paper is being issued from Springs, and P-78 at Butler.

about four inches of snow. This side-camp camp Liberty, CCC Camp No. P-64, at The total area signed up in the two

is located at this point for the purpose of Crawfordville. Although his name does not TPO's, and being protected by the two

constructing a lookout tower and quarters, appear on the paper, Charles Hinkle is CCC camps, amounts to about 202,000

and will continue for the remainder of the Editor-in-Chief of this new publication. acres of forest land. The report shows a

work period. Food and supplies for this The name of this paper is ALABAMA- total of 46 fires which burned over a to-
I side-camp are brought in by pack-mules, as GEORGIAN. Much information about the tal of 2227 acres, or about 1.1%. We do

the tower is located on an almost inacces- activities of the camp is contained in this not call this an outstanding record, nor do

sible point.

1 paper. The "cracks" in the column "Chips" we attempt to compare it to that of any

Mr. Jones, Inspector, U. S. Forest Serv- rates with the best of newspaper columns, other section of the state. It is, however,

ice, made a visit recently to camps P-58, and some of them may appear shortly in a very good record when considering the

Ellijay, and P-77, Tate, and commended "Topics in Brier in the Literary Digest. fact that 170,000 acres of the total now

the camp superintendents on the type of Mr. Hinkle is to be congratulated on the being protected was not under organized

truck trails which they have completed. skill with which this periodical is written fire protection prior to last July. This new

Also Mr. D. L. Dorward, of the Asheville and put together. Copies of it may be se- acreage has the disadvantage of not hav-
Office, U. S. Forest Service, recently made cured from Camp P-64, at Crawfordville. ing yet developed its presuppression activ-

an inspection trip to these two camps.

The subscription rates are: Weekly, 3c; ities, especially along the lines of forest

As a result of CCC activities, Pickens Monthly, 12c; Quarterly, 35c, and Semi-an- fire education, as much as the old TPO

County TPO has been increased from a- nually, 70c.

area has. We are led to believe that with

round 14,000 acres, to 50,000 acres under protection.

An item from "Chips" reads:

contmued protection the number of fires

"After dealing with an American law- 1 and acreage burned can be gradually les-

yer, a foreigner is apt to think this is the sened.

home of the fee".

Placing the damage by these fires at a

SECOND DISTRICT
E. B. Stone, Jr., Dist. Forester Gainesville

A camp has been recommended for the TPO's located in Jones and Jasper counties. These organizations, Falling Creek and

Much work has been accomplished by the CCC boys in the northeastern part of the State as a result of a comparatively mild winter, and with the opening up of spring, plans are being rushed with the contemplation of accomplishing even more work with milder weather.

Jasper County TPO's, embrace some 32,000 acres of wooded land, and are at present being protected from fire by the owners. Primary fire breaks have been recommended as work to be done. Citizens of
both counties are very much interested in this camp.

Many bautiful trails have been construc- Plantings of seedlings to date in the ted through the mountains, all of these be- Nixon State Forest near Augusta are: Cying well and fully marked with rustic signs press, 25,000; Longleaf Pine, 10,000; Slash so that any hiker can now find his way 1Pine, 7,000; Black Walnut, 20,000; Red through the mountains quite easily. Also I Cedar, 5,000; Black Locust, three pounds. the Georgia portion of the Appalachian The tool house, 18 by 24 feet long, of Trail which reaches from Maine to Georgia twelve inch Cypress logs, is under conhas been greatly improved and well marked. struction. The forest is set up as a model

normal figure of one dollar per acre, which is certainly too low, shows the following results: $2,227.00 ,actual estimated fire damage as against a minimum of $14,140.00 damage based on an estimate that at least 7 o/o of the area would have burned if not placed under organized protection. Even these conservative estimates show that organized fire protection pays. Double the low estimate of 7 o/o the probable area that would have burned if unprotected and you
will in all probability be nearer right. The normal figure of one dolLar per acre should only be applied towards actual damage. Actual and potential damage will come nearer tripling this amount. It is believed that during the past seven months these two camps have saved the landowners in these two TPO's not less than $75,000.00

Nature lovers all agree that the full beauty forest area for this section of the state.

of the mountains can be better enjoyed and appreciated by hiking over these trails than any other way. Fire lookout towers are being constructed on the highest peaks, and for sightseers who really want to see, these will prove a center of attraction.
The . improvement of numerous truck trails through the mountains will enable motorists to pierce them to the inner re-

The public is invited to inspect it at all times.
Plans for the renovation of the Alexander Stephens home in Crawfordville, have been approved. The home is located on the Alexander Stephens Memorial Park, and the work will be done by CCC Camp P-64 at Crawfordville. Stephens' home is

Concerning the effect of the lumber code on the price of lumber, Charles Green, Laurell, Miss., Administrator of the Southern Pine Division, says the average prices of today under the code are less than in 1929, though wages are 15 per cent more than
then.

gions where rainbow and speckled trout are found in abundance in the streams. Many other forms of wild life can be found in these mountains which many "City Fellers" have never looked on before. Some of these rare specimens have been mounted

located on State land.
A minister was aked: "Will people who chew tobacco go to heaven?"
He answered, "Yes, but they will have to go to hell to spit."

A lady motorist was driving along a country road when she spied a couple of repair men climbing telephone poles. "Fools!" she exclaimed to her companions, "They must think I never drove a car before."

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester .
Savannah
Treutlen County T. P. 0.
In addition to the Primary Fire breaks constructed by Camp P-61, Soperton, Ga., the members of the Treutlen T. P. 0. have constructed 250 miles of secondary breaks.
They also have made an assessment on each member to cover cost of telephone service in the two tower system of detection, which was put in by the camp and consists of 10 phones and twenty-six miles of telephone line.
The secondary firebreaks are of the plowed and burned type, con sisting of two furrows plowed fifteen to twenty feet apart and burned out between. Fire breaks of this type are used to supplement the twenty-five foot cleared and plowed primary breaks which were constructed by Camp P-61. These breaks are put in to give landowners added protection and they are eligible for fifty per cent refund under the T. P. 0 . set up for this type of work. Plowed and burned secondary fire breaks of the above type cost three dollars per mile.

nah District. Two eighty-foot towers were co nstructed in Treutlen county by Camp P-61, and three one hundred foot towers in Liberty and Long counties by Camp P-53.
A fence of cypress poles has been built around each tower site and tool houses have also been constru cted at so me of the sites. These houses will be used to store fire fighting equipment for use in fighting forest fires.
Each tower is also equipped w ith. a telephone and later on when all the mapping has been completed, each tower will have a map mounted on a table for use in locating forest fires.
SEVENTH DISTRICT C. B. Beale, District Forester
Waycross
General ECW News
Down at Fargo on the edge of t he Okefenokee, where roads are still few and far

and Wnre counties; the Brantley County, and t he Appling County TP.Os were leaders in employing full-time secretaries, and now the Coffee County and Jeff Davis County TPO's have consolidated with renewed enthusiasm and will employ a fulltime man. The Wayne TPO is employing a paid manager.
With the activity of thf> secretaries, the protected area in thi s di strict should reach two million acres by summer. There are approximately 1,800,000 acres in the TPOs now.
With this issue, all nine of our 100 steel lookout towers will be completed and in service. The sup erintendents are busy connecting them with telephones now. In addition to the ECW towers, the W,a yne County . TPO is completing plans for two 100 ft. wooden towers; the Appling County TPO has made plans for two, and the CoffeeJeff Davis TPO will construct three. All of these towers will be put up by CCC labo r ; t h e TPO s furnishing all the materials. We already have plans and specifications for these towers.

Camp Superintendents Meeting

On February 17th, 1a meeting of a ll

Camp Superintendents in District Six, was

held in the Savannah District Office. Super-

intendents attending were C. J. Martin,

P-53, J. J. Walker, P-61, A. A. Simonton,

P-82, E. T. Gabriel P-81 , W. F. Whatley

P-63, and C. B. Ellington P -57. Several

items of importance were taken up co n- j

cerning the work.

Superintendents were given instructions

on strength reports, oas not enou gh men had

been getting into th woods. Other things

taken up were progress reports, gasoline and oil reports, care of tractors and trucks;

A bridge 859 feet long made by CCC boys at Fargo under Foreman E. C. Bailey

sick and annual leave were explained and how it should be handled. Each superintendent was urged not to use long distance telephone unless it was absolutely necessary, and hold the bills down to a minimum.

between, t he f ron tier of fire protection is pushing out into isolated places. Superintendent Myers, Camp 59, has constructed a bridge 859 feet long across J ones Creek, making some 20,000 acres of pineland 5

CCC News
P-60, Colesburg, has completed laying a cable across the Satilla river at Woodbine, connecting the northern portion of Camden county and the southern portion with tel-

Oconee T. P. 0.
Members of the Oconee T. P. 0. have constructed one hundred miles of fire breaks during the quarter ending January lOth. They are of the solid plowed type, twelve feet wide, constructed with mule teams and two horse turning plows. The Oconee T. P. 0. contains twenty-two thousand acres and is composed of sixteen members. A solid plowed fire break constructed in the above manner will cost four dollars per mile. The members of the Oconee T. P. 0. have already received their fifty per cent refund on their fire break work.
Tower Construction
Five steel lookout towers in this district have been constructed to date, which completes the quota of towers for the Savan-

miles nearer to Fargo, and an hour nearer for fighting fire.
The bridge is constructed of heart cypress, furnished by "Bill" Oettmier of the Superior Pine Products Company. Timber for the substructure was cut, dressed, haulP.d, to the site and cu t to fit by the CCC boys.
Notes on T. P. O.'s
At recent meetings of the various TPO's in this district, a new and more intensive sentiment towards better organizations for greater fire protection has come forward . The TPO's all have energetic and capable secretaries, the majority of them full time men, with regular salaries, and an office, elected by a board of directors and directly responsible to the board.
The Consolidated, of Clinch, Atkinson

ephone service. The three old TPO towers and the two new ECW towers are in operation in Camden County, giving that area 100 per cent tower service. The cable across Cumberland river to Cumberland Island will be completed at an early date, giving the island telephone connections with the other TPO members. Application has been made for a side camp on Cumberland island and Superintendent Dyal hopes to begin constructing fire breaks there at an early date.
Application for a side camp near Pearson, in Atkin1>on County from P 52, Homerville, has been submitted. The Hhmerville area consists of some 350,000 acres, part of which is in Atkinson County.
(Continued on Page 8, Col. 1)

f'ORtSTRY-CtOl..OCICAL REVIEW

7

clay, sticks it on for a handle, and with a

MlNERALS OF GEORGIA

wire cuts the finished jug from the wheel and lifts it off to a drying board. If you

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

were now to cut it open you would be amazed at the thinness and uniformity of the walls. Making the pots looks so easy to do,

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

but it really requires much skill.

The jug must now be dried for several

A VISIT TO JUGTOWN
By

days, first inside the little building, and
I a nd gives .body t o th e clay . Th ese clays are later out in the sun. Before it is ready to
' mixed in the proper proportions and "tem- be fired it should receive a coating of

RICHARD W. SMITH

pered" with just the right amount of water glaze. Two types of glazes are common in

State Geologist

in a large circular pit in the ground. A Georgia. One made from sand and lime,

circular stone or log is moved around in fires to a light greenish-gray to brown

One of the niost interesting mineral in- this pit by mule or horse power, thorough- color. The very rich dark-brown glaze often

dustries of Georgia is pottery or jug man- ly kneading the clay to the proper consis- used, is made from a very fine silt or mud

ufacturing, represented by small plants, tency. Several weeks' supply is usually from the bottom of the Hudson River north

scattered throughout the State. Using lo- mixed up at one time and stored in a damp of New York City. Whichever type is used,

cal clays, home-made equipment, and meth- place.

the glaze material is mixed with water to

ods that were old in the days of Omar All of the ware is made by hand on the the consistency of cream. The jugs are

Khayyam, they turn out "stone-ware" jugs, potter's wheel, a horizontal disk that can dipped in it and dried again before firing.

churns, pitchers, flower pots, vases and be r evolved by foot power, the s peed vary- The firing is usually in a crude rec-

urns desired for their artistic quality as ing to suit the potter's convenience. Let tangular kiln with an arched roof. A fire

well as for their usefulness. The industry is us observe the potter making a jug. The box is at one end, and a stack or chimney

in the hands of descendents (sometimes of proper amount of clay is weighed out on at the other, so arranged that the heat will

the third or fourth generation) of potters a crude scale, given a final kneading to go to the top of the kiln, down through the

who came over from the famous pottery remove air bubbles and placed on the cen- ware and out the stack. The pieces are

carefully placed in the furnace so that they

will not touch each 'other, and the door is

bricked up and sealed with mud. Wood

fires are used and the heat must be slowly

and carefully increased. The process takes

two to three days and a temperature of

about 1700 deg. F., to 2000 deg. F. is reach-

ed. An even longer time is necessary for

the kiln to cool off before the door can be

taken down and the finshed ware removed.

Too sudden cooling would result in break-

ing or cracking the ware that was so pains-

takingly made.

Unloading a kiln at one of the Georgia Potteries.
sections of England. They have been train- ~ t er of the potter's wh eel. Close to the ed from childhood to the work and take wheel are a pan of water for the potter to great pride in their craftmanship. Let us keep his hands wet, a sponge, and a gauge visit one of these potteries and assum e to show the height of the jug or a pattern that we can stay long enough to see every of the outside profile.

I want to urge the reader to visit the nearest "jugtown" and see the potter at work. You will be fascinated with his artistic products, beautiful in line as well as in the color of the glaze, and you will find them surprisingly cheap. You will find potteries near Cleveland in White county, at Acworth in Cobb county, on Paces. Ferry Road north of Atlanta and near Hapeviile, south of Pine Mountain in Upson county, at Alvaton in Meriweather county, near Lizella in Crawford county, near Chalker in Washington county, and at other places that do not come to mind. Treat yourself to the pleasure of a visit to one of these potteries.

step in the process.

He starts to revolve the wheel, first mak-

The first step is the preparation of the ing a hollow in the center of the lump of

clay. A mixture of a swamp or stream clay clay and then gradually shaping it with

.and a hillside clay is generally used. The his hands into a tall cylinder the size of the

blue-gray swamp clay has excellent plas- jug. It is fascinating to see the clay grow

ticity but usually has too high a shrink- upward and become thinner walled. When

age and will probably fire at too low a the proper height, thinness, and smoothness

temperature. The hillside clay may be an has been attained, the potter circles the top

impure kaolin if the pottery is in the with his two hands and starts to slowly

coastal plain section of the state, or narrow in the neck, finally finishing the in-
I a clay weathered from a granite or other side with his forefinger. The outside is then

feldspar-bearing rock in the piedmont and sponged off to smooth out the hand marks.

mountain sections. It redu ces the shrinkage He then stops the wheel, rolls out a piece of

An American passing through an English village stopped to talk to a farmer.
"Do you get much rain here?" he asked.
The farmer shook his head. "A little but not much," he said. "My neighbor over there gets more than me."
The American seemed puzzled. "Well, I surely don't see that, sir," he remarked. "Why your neighbor is only about a hundred yards away."
"Yes," said the farmer, "but he has more land than I have."

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

(Continued from Page 6, Col. 3)

1' The soil being sandy, a great deal of HEAVY TOLL PAID FOR

.

damage was done last year by heavy rains

T. ~ Browne, ~upermte~dent P-52, 1; which caused "sanding". In experimenting

Homerv1l~e, w~s married early m February. [to off-set this, a layer of straw was placed

He. a~d h1s bnde, formerly of Va~dosta, are over the beds and a layer of soil thrown on

r~s1dmg at the. Musgro:ve Hotel m Homer- top ranging in thickness from about one-

VIlle. Browne IS the fifth forester to get half inch on some beds to about 212 inches

married in this District since last summer. on others. The seed were planted on top.

FOREIGN WOOD FIBRE
In 1932, the United States paid $168,115,000 for foreign wood fibre products that could have been provided by this country. The records show that 54 per cent of wood fibre products come from

The purpose of this layer of straw under abroad. Most of this is newsprint paper

EIGHTH DISTRICT

the surface was to form a surface-mulch supplied by Canada, Norway, Sweden and after the seedlings had penetrated it with Finland.

H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester Albany

their roots and the rains had washed the As long as red spruce was considered

surface layer of soil off and left the straw the only source of pulp for newsprint

exposed, and to prevent sanding.

there was some reason for surrendering

P 75-Ft. Gaines Camp

On the beds where this straw was placed, to foreign countries, for the United States with a cover1ng of one-half inch of soil had cut out the red spruce supply in the

The Civilian Conservation Workers at the Cotton Hill Camp are getting their stride and are turning out fire breaks and truck trails in record time.

and less, the results were highly satisfactory as there was no loss from sanding; and where this layer of straw was placed 2 inches or more beneath the surface the

north; but now that there is no longer any doubt about southern pines and conifers of the west being well suited to the manu-

The Cemocheechobee Timber Protective results were quite unexpected and aston- facture of white newsprint, continued trib-

Organization comprises an area of approx- ishing.

ute to foreign countries is unnecessary.

imately 100,000 acres of which 70 per First, the beds treated in this manner President Garvin of the Chemical Foun-

cent is timber land and the greater portion when observed during the middle of dation, Inc., of New York, who has done of the remaining thirty per cent is aband- our hottest days were moist at the suroned farm land now restocking. The to- face, while the untreated beds were dry. much to support Dr. Chas. H. Herty in his

pographic features :are such that truck . This layer of straw did not serve as an successful research for developing paper

trails are necessary in order for crews to reach now inexcessable areas. To date a great many pole bridges have been constructed which are not only serviceable but are roughly artistic in construction.
The fire detection problem has been

insulator to break the capillary action of the water as would reasonably be expected but served as a sponge which kept the surface layer well supplied with moisture.
Another interesting fact noted was that longleaf seedlings did not develop a large

from southern pines, forcibly urged in an address in Savannah, initiative on the part of southern capital in organizing and financing paper mills. He presented cost figures to show that the south has un-

solved by the camp superintendent who tap root which made them hard to lift equalled advantages for making paper and

has erected a wood or pole tower 70 feet and transplant, but developed a reasonably for establishing the pulp and paper indehigh which makes it not only possible to short stocky tap root and here was a stim- pendence of this country. cover lands listed in the organization but ulated growth in the lateral root system

serves for observation over a greater part in this layer of straw beneath the surface.

of four counties.
Although the measles epidemic has caused the camps of the 8th District to be

The demonstration planting of the different varieties of pines at the nursery, although they have been planted only two years, show remarkable height growth and

HUNTING INSECT CARRIERS OF DREADED ELM DISEASE

quarantined, and although the boys have been denied the privilege of visiting public places, they have retained their highest spirit and are entering the field each day enthusiastically as shown by their monthly

will in a few years serve beautifully as a back ground for the log cabin being erected, which is well under way towards completion.

Trees forced by artificial means to put out leaves in December are helping in an intensive search for insects that spread the Dutch elm disease, which threatens the

progress report.

extinction of the American elm. Through

A fire reported at the close of the days work is no.t confronted with a lagging, spiritless crew but is met by a crew of determined workers wielding fire flaps and fire pumps, who realize that the harder the

PLANTS' STORED FOOD ADDS LENGTH ONLY
Food stored by a tree or shrub in its

the cooperation of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and the Boyce Thompson Institute, several small elms in full leaf in a greenhouse and growing as

fire is fought, the less acreage will be woody parts is subsequently used for in early summer were made available in

sacrificed, the greater the praise of their foreman and co-workers, and the sooner a warm supper and a soft bed.

growth, but only for growth in length the formation of new shoots and leaves. It is not used to increase the thickness of the

midwinter to United States Department o:
Agriculture entomologists who are trying to run down the culprit insects.

Albany Nursery
The State Nursery has been unable to meet the enormous demand for planting stock this year but has distributed many thousands of seedlings of high quality to landowners who are going to plant many acres of idle land.
The quality of the seedlings produced from this nursery is all that can be desired, having sturdy stems, well developed top

trunk or branches. Growth in thickness is accomplished only from food that has been made in the leaves a short time before.
This discovery was announced before the meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists by Dr. W. E. Loomis of Iowa State College at Ames. Woody plants do not grow thicker in spring until they have developed their leaves, Dr. Loomis said; and such growth in thickness can be stopped at

Special gas treatment developed in the Boyce Thompson Institute broke down the trees' dormancy. At the same time certain beetles which may be carriers of the disease emerged in large numbers from logs infected with Dutch elm disease. These insects-the smaller European elm bark beetle, the elm snout beetle and the elm borerhave been turned loose in cages containing

and stout, thrifty root system. An interesting fact was discovered in
the planting and cultivation of longleaf this year.

any time in the season by stripping off the the artificially-leafed trees to establish their

leaves or cutting off the lines of transport

.

of food from leaves to trunk. _ Science guilt, or innocence, in carrymg a dangerous

News Letter.

1 plant disease.