Forestry-geological review [Feb. 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., FEBRUARY, 1934

No.2

WORK ACCOMPLISHED BY

DANIEL M. BYRD

HOW FOREST FIRES

CCC MEN IN GEORGIA

COMMISSION MEMBER

HARM FISH LIFE

Forest Fire Protection Measures Chief Objective In State Supervised Camps-State Property Improvements
The Georgia Forest Service now has 28 CCC camps under its supervision. Most of the work of these camps is on fire protection measures for lands of timber owners belonging to timber protective organizations. Other work is on state owned lands.
Because most of the timber protective organizations in existence at the time E. C. W. work was authorized were located in south Georgia, and since authority was given to do work on no private lands except those controlled by these organizations, it follows that the southern part of the state obtained the greater proportion of the camps.
Only fire protective work is permitted with CCC men on private lands, su ch work being the construction of primary firebreaks, truck trails, fire towers and telephone lines. The firebreaks are 25 to 30 feet wide and follow as nearly as possible straight through the organized forests. These breaks are cleared of all trees and stumps and then plowed. Some of them are converted into truck trails to faciliate the movement of fire fighting equipment in the forest. This means the construction of bridges on the firebreaks.
To add to the efficiency of the firebreak, all dead snags for several feet on either side that might be sources of embers which the wind co uld carry across the break, are removed.
The CCC men are permitted to construct fire towers of wood or steel, these being used as lookouts for detecting the appearance of fires over wide areas. Telephone lines radiating from these towers to residences of fire fighting crews are constructed as a part of the fire protection project.
The CCC men are a lso used for fire suppression in a given radius of the camps. A report of their activities will appear in a later issue.
Summary of Work Done
A summary of work done by the 28 CCC camps up to January 1 throughout the state is as follows:
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 1)

Daniel M. Byrd, Atlanta, Georgia, was appointed in January to membership in the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development to fill the position made vacant by the death of Robert

In burning Forest Organic Matter Fires Destroy Food for Minute Life of Water which in Turn is a Source of Food for Higher Life on Which Fish Feed

E. Price, of Kingsland.

The appointment was made by Governor Unburned forests are constantly drain-

Eugene Talmadge after carefully consider- ing into streams bits of organic matter

ing the situation and in conformity with co n aining carbonates and nitrates. These

the law which required that the vacancy elements are necessary food for a vast

be filled by appointment of a citizen of number of very small microscopic life in-

North Georgia.

habiting the water, so numerous that their

Mr. Byrd is a well known attorney and total weight in a body of water is seven to

official of the Atlanta Retail Credit Com- eight times that of all larger, visible animal

pa ny, being closely associated with T. G. life.

Woolford, President of the Georgia For- These minute forms in the streams are

estry Association.

sources of food for a higher order of life

Before t he reorganization of the state's easily visible to the eye. Then in turn

offices in 1929, Mr. Byrd was a member of these small animals are fed upon by a group

the Game and Fish Commission. His inter- of larger size, and these in t urn the fish

est in the natural resources of the state, feed upon. Thus it will be seen that the

long manifested in a constructive manner, organic matter coming from the woods to

is now centering in forestry and geology, the streams starts a train of life process

and all who know him realize that his new that feeds fish and man.

obligations will be ably met.

It has ofte!l been observed that clearing

up forest lands has reduced the number of

fish in the streams. The reason is that the

streams no longer get as much decomposed

vegetable matter or plankton, as formerly.

The same thing is true when the woods are

burned off annually. The fire destroys

and sends off into the air as gasses the

c.arbon and nitrogen. Otherwise these im-

portant food materials would have been

. co nveyed through different stage's of ani-

mal life to fish as food.

The better class of fish is starved out

fir st. Crayfish, suckers and minnows, which

are able to subsist on a lower form of life,

consume the available food b~fore it can

be converted into the higher forms such as

trout or bass feed upon.

In a sense, the unburned forests provide

material to enrich the streams and lakes

for growing fish food, and the more this

material is added, the greater will be the

numb er of fish. The conclusion is, keep

fires out of the forests and you will there-

by be feeding the fish.

It may be added that keeping fires from

the forest also preserves food for quail

and other wild life, so that the land owner

who wants fish and game on his place

Dan M . Byrd, N ew Member Commission Forestry and Geological Development

1sho!lld guard against and f ight forest fires.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAl. REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLSOtaGtIeCCAaLpiDtoEl,VAELtlOanPtMa ENT
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor
Foreatry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr,, ____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____Gainesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome Jack Thur_m___o__n_d__,___D__i_s__t_r_i__c_t___F__o__r_e__s_t_e__r_,Savannah C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester__ Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta
Geological Division R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________.Atlanta G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A__s__s_t__.__S__t__a_t__e___G___e_o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta
Extension Foresters Bonnell Stone, Chairman,________________Qxford Dupre Barrett, __________________________________Athens K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton
(Continued from Page 1, Col. 1)

' Summarized by Camps
SP-1, Indian Springs-Truck trail .3 mile; foot and bridle trails 3.5 miles; permanent buildings 3. A large amount of wall construction, terracing, forest improvement, planting, etc.
52, Homerville-67 miles firebreak; 508 man hours fire fighting; 44,157 acres mapped.
53, Hinesville-6.5 miles telephone line; 75 miles firebreaks; 1 lookout tower; 88 man hours fire fighting ; 29 miles truck trail; 98,000 acres mapped; 37 vehicle bridges.
54, Albany-9.3 miles telephone line ; 56.8 miles firebreak; 35 acres long firebreak and 7 miles along public roads cleared of fire hazards; 1,424 man hours fire fighting ; 1 building erected on state tree nursery.
55, Blairsville-10 miles telephone line; 1 mile firebreak; 90 acres along firebreak and 7 miles along roadside cleared of f ire hazards; 266 man hours fire fighting ; 9 miles of truck trail; 9.7 miles foot and bridle trails; 7 permanent buildings; 25 acres mapped; 47 vehicle bridges.
56, Warm Springs-22 miles of firebreaks; 1 mile roadside clearing; 332 man hours fire fighting; 5.5 miles truck trail.
57, Sylvania (new camp)-.4 mile firebreak; 219 man hours fire fightin~; 6 vehicle bridges.

hazards removed from firebreaks; 2 look out towers; 50 man hours fire fighting; 4 miles truck trail; 154,000 acres mapped; 4 vehicle bridges.
62, Baxley-58.9 miles firebreaks; 120 man hours fire f.ighlting; 22 ;000 1acres mapped.
63, McRae-45.4 miles firebreaks; 1 mile roadside clearing ; 43.5 man hours fire fighting; .3 mile truck trail; 20,000 acres mapped.
64, Crawfordville-30 acres along firebreaks cleared of fire hazards; 12 man hours fire fighting; 1 permanent building; 2 vehicle bridges; grading, terracing, planting.
65, Jesup-42 miles firebreak; 84 man hours fire fighting; 6,300 acres mapped.
67, Bainbridge---<10 3.2 miles of tirebreak; 643.5 man hours fire fighting; 2.2 miles truck trail; 56,000 acres mapped.
69, Commerce-610 fire hazard reductions; 21.4 miles roadside clearing; 15 man hours fire fighting; 20.5 miles truck trails; 7.3 miles foot and bridle trails; 1 permanent building; 7,000 acres mapped; 26 vehicle bridges.
71, St. George-10 miles telephone lines constructed; 64.3 miles firebreaks; 212 man hours fighting; 2 miles truck trail; 30,000 acres mapped; 12 vehicle bridges.
72, Waycross-17.5 miles telephone line; 92 .5 miles firebreak; 253 man hours fire fighting; 38,486 acres mapped.
73, Hiawassee-11.3 miles telephone

line; 1.5 miles firebreak; 130 man hours

Firebreaks constructed, 1,100 miles;

Acres cleared for fire hazards along

firebreaks, 9,550

Roadside strips cleared of fire haz-

ards, 102 miles;



Telephone lines constructed, 64.6

miles;

Number of lookout towers, 4;

Man hours spent on fighting fires, 8,-

306;

Miles of new truck trails, 116.5;

Miles of foot and horse trails, 94;

Number of permanent buildings, 18;

Acres of forest land mapped, 724,100;

Number of vehicle bridges, 383.

Work on State Lands

fire fighting; 9.2 miles truck trail; 14.5 miles foot and bridle trail; 6 permanent buildings; 46 bridges.
74. Toccoa Falls-4 miles of firebreaks ; 11.3 miles roadside fire hazard cleared; 1 lookout tower; 207 man hours fire fighting; 37.4 miles truck trail; 3.5 miles foot and bridle trail; 7,650 acres mapped; 52 vehicle bridges.
75, Fort Gaines-44.5 miles firebreak; 5 miles roadside clearing; 828 man hours fire fighting; 7 miles truck trail; 56,064 acres mapped; 25 vehicle bridges.
77, Tate-10 miles firebreak and 1 mile roadside fire hazard removed; 667.8 man hours fire fighting; 5 miles foot and bridle trails; 25 vehicle bridges.

CCC workers are used on a number of state projects where the character of work is broader than on T. P. 0. lands. The main activities of this class are at Indian Springs park in Butts county; Alexander H. Stephens Memorial park at Crawfordville in Taliaferro county; Vogel park at Neel Gap in Union county; the Gwinn-Nixon State forest at Augusta in Richmond county; the Hunt Estate of the University of Georgia in Hall county; the State Prison farm near Reidsville in Tattnall county.
On these areas roads, firebreaks, truck, foot and bridle trails, drainage, bridges, houses, plantings and forest improvement are permitted.

Robert Fechner (right) and Col. Thomas S. Moorman at Indian Springs
58, Ellijay-8 miles telephone line; 10 acres along firebreaks and 7 miles along roads cleared of fire hazards; 63 man hours fire fighting; 15 miles truck trail; 18 miles foot and bridle trail; 68 bridges.
59, Fargo-42.2 miles firebreaks; 492 man hours fire fighting; 15,000 acres mapped.
60. Woodbine-31.4 miles firebreak; 39 man hours fire fighting; 10,500 acres mapped.
61, Soperton-5 miles telephone line; 119 miles firebreak; 3,330 acres of fire

78, Butler-52 miles firebreaks; 448 man hours fire fighting.
79, Corneli~-2,525 acres of fire hazard removed along firebreaks and 15.7 miles along roadsides; 57 man hours fire fighting; 16 miles new truck trails; 15.5 miles foot and bridle trails; 21 bridges.
81, Bloomingdale (new camp)-1 mile firebreak; 111.6 acres of fire hazard removed along firebreaks; 89 man hours fire fighting; 3.5 miles truck trail; 7,486 acres mapped.
82, Reidsville (new camp) -2 miles firebreak; 1 mile roadside cleared; 5 man hours fire fighting.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

FORESTRY OUTLOOK BRIGHT have fallen off greatly since 1929, the pro- RESIN IN SLASH AND

IN SOUTHERN STATES portion coming from the South has increas-

LOBLOLLY PINE VARIES

ed for both softwoods and hardwoods, in

Authority Rates South First in Ad- quantity as well as in value. It is of interest Seasonal Differences in Resin Con-

vantages of Forestry Develop- to no e that for the South the value of ex- tent of Wood Discovered by Bish-

ment-Forest Industries to Take ports in proportion to their volume f,ar ex- op and Marckworth of Georgia

High Rank in South's Economic ceeds the ratio for the United States as a School of Forestry

Future

whole.

"Further evidence of the importance of

E L Demmon' Director of the Southern

the South's forests is the stands of the principal kinds of wood used in the manu-

It is considered desirable to harvest pine pulp wood when it contains the least resin.

Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, facture of pulp and paper in 1931. At that To determine whether there are seasonal

and leading authority on southern forestry, time the South had 42 per cent of the vol- variations, G. N. Bishop and G. D. Marck-

writing in Southern Lumberman on "The ume of all pulpwood species in the United worth of the Georgia School of Forestry

Forestry Outlook in the South", presents States. The importance of this factor of took borings of slash and loblolly pines

an optimistic view. Extracts from this ar- volume however is magnified by the monthly October 1931 to August 1932 and

ticle are reproduced herewith:

growth' potentiali~ies of the South, which analyzed the chips from these borings for

"As a field for forestry development, the as indicated previously far outweigh those resin content. The results are reported in

South has outstanding advantages, among of any other region. '

the December issue of the Journal of For-

I which are its great number of valuable and "There is good reason to believe that the estry.

fast-growing native timber species, its long South with its outstanding advantages for Borings were made at the base, midway

growing season, its abundant rainfall, the I forestry developments will continue to be in the trunk and in the crown of a number

comparatively easy logging conditions, the an outstanding region' from the standpoint of slash and loblolly pines.

relative ease and low cost at which forest of the production of timber and other for- Considerable seasonal variations in the

crops can be produced, and its proximity est crops and that the forest industry will resin content of the wood were discovered.

to great timber markets. As to area to for- take high rank in the South's economic This was found to be associated with the

est land, the South leads all other sections fu .ure as it has in the past. Southern land temperature. When the temperature drops

of the United States, with approximately owners are fortunate in having these op- below 40 degrees Fahrenheit, the resin con-

191 million acres, or 39 per cent of all the portunities and should be prepared to take tent of the wood is markedly less. For in-

commercial forest land in the country. When the total of all commercial and noncommercial forest land is taken into account, the South contains practically 217 million acres, or 35 per cent of the total for the United States. Forest land (in
many instances no longer forested, but

full advantage of them."
--------0-------ENORMOUS EROSION TOLL
REFORESTATION AN AID
More plan~ food is allowed to wash away

stance, in March, which was the coldest month in 1932, the resin in the loblolly pine wood was 2 per cent in the base, 1.15 per cent in the middle and 1.8 per cent in the crown, whereas in February, with higher temperature, the percentages lof resin were 3.9 for the base, 3.3 for the

originally in forest and not used primarily from the soil of the United States each middle and 3.7 for the crown.

for other purposes) makes up over 73 per cent of the land area of the South; commercia! forest land represents more than 64 per cent of the South's total land area.
"As the acreage of agricultural crops in the South declined over a million acres between 1920 and 1930, there is no reason to believe that any considerable area of forest land will be needed for agricultural development in the near future.
"The forest lands in the South are largely in private ownership. Less than 2 per cent of the forests are in federal ownership.
"Of the commercial forest land in the

year than is removed by the growing crops. In the south the losses from abandoned farm lands through unrestrained erosion and surface gullying are highly destructive not only to the sloping lands, but to the bottom lands upon which the washing rains deposit sand, gravel and raw soil from the upland gullies.
The only hope for recovering these washed lands for profitable use is to plant them to trees which will not only bind the soil and hold it in place, but produce an income while restoring the land to future agricultural use.

The conclusion is that the best time to secure wood of low resin content is immediately after a cold snap when the temperature has fallen below 40 degrees.
Another interesting finding is that the average resin content of the sapwood of second growth loblolly and slash pine is least in the base of the trunk, and increases going up the tree.
Investigations thus far indicate that the decrease in resin content is associated with an increase in moisture content and vice versa.

South in private ownership, over two-thirdg The U. S. Department of Agriculture The seasonal variation in resin content of

is in the hands of industrial owners, and I says:

1 slash and loblolly wood is practically the

the balance, about 30 per cent of the total, "On the basis of experiments at the 10 same, being around 3 per cent.

is in woodlands on farms. These combined regional stations, specialists of the De- Studies are in progress on longleaf, the

private holdings represent almost half of partment estimate that not less than one results of which will be reported when com-

all the privately-owned forest land in the and one-half billion tons of soil are washed pleted.

United States.

out of the fields of the United States every

"From the standpoint of current growth, year. Results thus far indicate that in northe South exceeds all the remaining for- mal times the direct cost of this enormous

Mayor Bonnell Stone

ests of the nation. In total volume of saw- loss of soil amounts to not less than $4,000,-

timber and cordwood combined, the United 000,000 annually. The farmers pay this At. a January election of city officers of

States Forest Service estimates show the bill."

Oxford, Georgia, Bonnell Stone, the "Fath-

South's forests to be producing at the cur- The Year Book of the United States De- er of Forestry in Georgia", was chosen

rent growth rate of about 4.8 billion cubic partment of Agriculture says:

mayor. He represents the third generation

feet annually, or 54 per cent of that for "Erosion has practically destroyed for of the Stone family to serve the education-

the United States as a whole. In saw-timber American agriculture more than 20,000,- al t1own of Oxford in an official capacity.

growth alone, the forests of the South are 000 acres of land formerly in cultivation. Though reared in Oxford, Mr. Stone as a

growing currently 6.8 billion board feet All crops grown in the United States an- forester lived in Blairsville and had been in

per year, or 58 per cent of the total for the nually remove about six billion pounds of Oxford only about a year when his helpful

United States.

plant food from the soil. Erosion annually interest in civic affairs won the position of

"Although exports of forest products removes about 21 times as much."

mayor.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FORESTRY

LONGLEAF FIRE DAMAGE

REFORESTATION TO MAKE

OBSERVED IN SOUTHEAST

NORRIS DAM EFFECTIVE

QUESTION BOX

Recent studies of fire damage in even- CCC camps are employed on the wateraged second-growth longleaf pine on the shed above the proposed Norris Dam of the

Will the Slash Pine Grow in North Georgia?
While the slash pine is native of the lower part of Georgia, plantings of slash in the northern part of the state are making good growth. One of the severest tests of the slash pine outside of its habitat, is at Mount Berry at Rome, where it is doing well on the top of a mountain nearly two thousand feet high.

Osceola National Forest, Florida, have determined the extent of the close relationship between size of the trees and the killing effects of fire. One study was made of a severe fire that occurred during the dry period in the spring of 1932 following three years of protection. For every inch increase in diameter in trees between 1 inch and 8 inches d. b. h. an average increase of 16 per cent in the number of trees killed was found. For the trees in the 2 inch diameter class, mortality was 100 per cent; for the 4

Would the Market for the Gum of Red inch trees, 54 per cent; for the 6 inch trees,

Gum Trees now Justify Chipping These 22 per cent; and for the 8 inch trees, no

Trees?

per cent.

___

1 In uneven-aged stands in the southeast,

The price has been very low in the last two years, and foreign competition has been very severe. While some profit can now be obtained, unless some regulation of imports are made, domestic gum is not likely to be as profitable as formerly.

studies indicated that longleaf trees over
2 inches in diameter are not generally killed
except by fires severe enough to kill at least 20 per cent of the stand; and that trees over 4 inches in diameter breast high are
not killed except by fires severe enough to kill at least 40 per cent of the stand. In

Why Not Plant Black Locust Seed fires of greater severity, mortality occurs

Where You Want the Trees to Grow?

in all diameter classes.-Southern Forestry Experiment Station.

Birds, rats, mice and other animals eat the seed and a poor stand is likely to result. It is better, for this reason, to plant one-year old seedlings.
Should One Cut Back the Tap Roots of Seedlings -w>'>en Planting?
No, unless the root is broken or badly damaged. The planting hole should be deep enough to accomodate the tap root without cramping it. Pines especially must develop their tap roots first and should be given every oppor unity to grow straight down into the ground without loss of time.

-----<0------
GEORGJA, NEW HAMPSHIRE WHITE PINE GROWTH RATES
Comparing growth rate of white pine on Cooper creek in Union county, Georgia, with white pine growth on the Yale forest at Keene, New Hampshire, J. T. Kimberly presents in the December, 1933, issue of the Journal of Forestry his results, which confirm findings of J. A. Cope (Journal of Forestry, Vol. 30, pages 821-828).
In Kimberly's investigations 345 trees at Cooper creek and 345 at Keene were studied for age, diameter breast high and total height.

Tennessee Valley project, to prevent erosion which, if left unchecked, it is estimated will reduce the water storage capacity of Norris dam 25 per cent in 25 years.
C. M. Edwards, chief forester of the Tennessee Valley Authority, who made the above estimate, says there are 1,856,000 acres in the drainage basin above Norris dam, 60 percent of which is in forest. Of the remaining 742,000 acres, which now or sometime in the past have been cleared for cultivation, 60 per cent, to quote Mr. Edwards, "are absolutely destroyed for farming" by erosion.
Reforestation of 297,000 acres of abandoned farm land as a primary means of erosion control, perhaps also the reforestation of acres of submarginal land now being cultivated, and the terracing of farm lands that are to remain in cultivation, constitute the problem of making Norris Dam fully effective.
----0----
Bruno Huber, a German, has devised a method of measuring the movement of sap and has found that its rate is as high as 36 feet per hour for broadleaf trees and with vines up to 150 feet per hour.
A cargo of 4,000,000 feet of lumber recently reached this country from Russia. A tax of $4.60 per thousand board feet was charged at Providence, Rhode Island.
----0----
ADVOCATES TREE PLANTING IN COTTON LAND USE PLAN
J. Phil Campbell, for many years director of agricultural extension in Georgia, but temporarily assigned for duty with the AAA program to promote replacement crops wliere land is taken from cotton and

Alabama Forestry Division reports the The average diameter of the Cooper creek tobacco, advocates planting trees as one of

largest holly tree in that state on the high- tract was 15.3 inches; at Keene 11.9 inches. the measures, in the January issue of the

way between Andalusia and Brewton. It is The average height of trees at Cooper Progressive Farmer. He says:

60 feet high and 32 inches in diameter. creek was 78 feet; at Keene 55 feet.

"Thousands of farms in the cotton belt

I Has Georgia as large, or larger holly tree? CompariRons were based on trees of do not yield sufficient wood and timber

----0----

equal ages on the two sites and all were I for their own use. No better use could be

COLLECTING LOCUST SEED

second growth. The investigator reports made of some of the land retired from that white pine on Cooper's creek were on cotton than to plant it to trees for farm

C. F. Olsen of the Southern Forest Experiment Station, made observations on collecting pods and threshing seed of black locus's in Mississippi. He found that an experienced laborer collected 21.44 pounds in an eight-hour day. An average of 3.62 pounds- of pods yield a pound of clean seed. His conclusion was that an inexperienced laborer could be expected to collect 6 pounds of seed per day.

the best sites, whereas at Keene it occurs on medium to poor sites.
-----o
Leaders in Lumbering
Yellow pine lumber is greatest in demand, and Alabama the leading producer. Tennessee leads in hardwood; South Carolina is first in red gum. Idaho takes first place in white pine production. Washing-

woodlots and for timber production to sell. In many sections natural reforestation will automatically take place on retired cotton
land in a few years, if forest fires are held in check."
----a----
Announcement has been made of the sixth annual Appalachian Trail Conference
to be held June 30 and July 1 at Long Trail Lodge, Rutland, Vermont.

Pods should be thoroughly sundried be- ton produces more laths and shingles than Among the visitors a the offices of the

fore they are flailed to remove the seed. any other state.

Georgia Forest Service was Samuel R.

Electric fans are used to clean the seed.

-----0-----

Broadbent, supervisor of the Cherokee

The average cost of harvesting, threshing Among the items of CCC camp equip- National Forest at Athens, Tennessee, and

and cleaning at CWA rate of wages was 31 ment are 16,285 fire extinguishers for camp Mr. Hemingway, also of the National For-

cents per pound.

protection.

est Service.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

WORK WITH TURPENTINE

ICE DAMAGE TO TREES OF NORTH GEORGIA MINERAL

DISTILLERS IN SOUTH GEORGIA SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS

RESOURCES INVESTIGATED

K. S. Trowbridge, extension forester, who has as his major project the installation of the modern government turpentine stills, reports 20 jobs of government still setting to be attended to, with two recently completed.
Mr. Trowbridge has a number of requests from county agricultural agents for service, but in view of the campaign for cotton and tobacco acreage reduction in progress, they are asking that forestry extension work be postponed until after the campaign is over.
The requests for forest service in south Georgia is giving Mr. Trowbridge all he can do, and considerable concern as to how he is to find time to do it. His headquarters are at Tifton.
---------0-------
w. H. Savage, field representative of the
American Tree Association, Washington, D. C., was a recent caller at tne offices of the Georgia F'orest Service in quest of information on the progress of CCC work and forestry in general in Georgia.

Chas. A. Abell of the Appalachian Experiment Station, Ashevil:e, reports in the January 1934 Journal of Forestry, the damage of glazed ice on southern Appalachian forests in December 1932 at Highland, N.
c.
Entire mountain sides were specked with bright spots where branches and tops had been torn away. Larger trees suffered mainly from loss of branches and breakage of main stems within the crown. Pole size trees in many instances were broken off below the crowns. Saplings were badly bent. Pole size stands with even canopies were apparantly damaged more than stands with irregular canopies.
White pine and hemlock suffered the least damage. Scarlet oak and black locust were damaged most. Red maple was among those suffering heavily, while white and black oak were intermediate.
--------0-------NATIONAL FOREST PROCEEDS
TO GEORGIA COUNTIES

The Tennessee Valley Authority is using three technically-trained men to study the mineral resources of Georgia under the supervision of State Geologist Richard W. Smith. These men are graduates of the Georgia School of Technology and are W. C. Hansard, J. S. Lewis and A. B. Johnson.
Work began at Cartersville on January 2 and will be carried on in other North Georgia counties. The information collected will be made available at the general office of the Tennessee Valley Authority at Knoxville, Tenn., and at the office of the State Geologist of Georgia at Atlanta.
State Geologist Smith advises owners of properties having mineral deposits in the region to avail themselves of the opportunity of having them examined and listed for prospective buyers, without cost.
Expenses of the men are paid from CWA funds, but their transportation to private property will have to be assumed by the property owners.
--------0--------
0idest Tree and Highest Fir

The Japanese walnut (Juglans sieboldiana) is credited with being the most r~pid growing walnut in the world. At Monte Alto, Pennsylvania a Japanese walnut seven years old is reported to have grown in one year, 1932, 7.85 feet in height.

The counties of North Georgia having national forests are to receive 25 per cent of the proceeds of timber sales in 1933. This amounts to $637.58, according to the U. S. Department of Agricul ure.
An additional 10 per cent, or $255.03

Robert Fechner Visits Georgia

goes to roads and trails on the national forest area in Georgia.

Robert Fechner, head of ECW work in Washington, was a visitor at the office of the Georgia Forest Service on January 8.

0, _ _ _ _ _ __ _
California Flood Flow Burned and Unburned Land

Mr. Fechner is a resident of Savannah, and

while on a holiday visit took occasion to inspect CCC camps in a part of Georgia. He expressed himself as well pleased with the progress of work.
--------0--------
Eitel Bauer Joins South Carolina Foresters

Twelve inches rainfall resulting in disastrous floods in southern California recently afforded an extreme test of the value of unburned forest areas in flood control.
For several years the Forest Service has conducted water run-off experiments in

Eitel Bauer, formerly in charge of the State tree nursery at Albany, more recently a CCC camp superintendent at the same place, resigned effective January 20 to accept the position of district forester at Spartanburg in South Carolina. Mr. Bauer is a graduate of the School of Forestry of the University of Georgia, and obtained a master's degree from Harvard Universi'Y His service with the Georgia Forest Service has been of high order.
He is a native of Columbia, South Carolina.
--------0--------
The Southern Cypress Manufacturer's

San Dimas canyon. E. I. Kotok, director in charge, says:
"Roughly, more than thirty times as much water came off a burned area as came off an unburned area, which means that if the protective brush cover had been left intact, less than one-thirtieth of the run off would have occurred."
--------0--------
Prussia owns 6,167,050 acres of forest land which it has acquired at an average cost of $75 an acre. In 1928, Prussia obtained an income of $21,500,000, but in 1931, for the first time in history, there was a net loss of $3,648,000.

Association, Jacksonville, Florida, has been

designated code authority for all manu- Those who desire to vote for a national

facturers of red cypress lumber and cy- tree can send votes to the National Life

press timber products. Those who contem- Conservation Society, 2239 Trebout Ave-
I pia e sawing or marketing cypress products nue, New York City. More than 100,000

should receive authority from this associa- votes have been cast and the American elm

tion.

leads by a wide margin.

It is claimed that the oldest tree in the world is a cypress tree standing in an Indian village af Santa Maria Del Tule near the city of Oaxaca in Mexico. According to Dr. von Schrenk, the tree is at least 4,000 years old, the oldest living thing in existence. It is 140 feet high and 117 feet 40 inches around at the surface of the ground.
A recent item from Portland, Oregon, claims that the tallest fir tree believed to be in existence is near Ryerwood, Washington. The tree stands 324 feet and 4 inches in height, is 37 feet 1 inch in circumference and approximately 12 feet in diameter. Another fir near by is 311 feet high.
--------0
Lumber production jn 1933 for the United States totaled about 13 billion feet, being a gain of 30 per cent over 1932.
One ton of pine waste will yield from 15 to 25 gallons of 190-proof alcohol.
W. L. Moore, who has been inspector of CCC camp work in Georgia, was recently assigned to the CCC camp at. Albany as superintendent, succeeding Eitel Bauer, resigned.
-----01-----
Toll of Forest Fires
Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Tree Association, says:
"On the average, 50,000 000 acres of national, state and privately owned land are swept by forest fire each year. This loss alone averages $200,000 a day. We use in this country fourteen and one-half bill~on feet of wood a year, and yet fire, disease and insects destroy one and onefourth billion feet every year."

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FIRST DISTRICT
W. D. Young, District Forester Rome

"Trey Mountain", Level Land Mountain", "Blood", "Slaughter", "Yonah" and "Coosa Bald".
The following gaps are also plainly vis-

FOURTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, District Forester Columbus

Lookout Mountain Park Site Offered State
Several land owners on Lookout Mountain, near Cloudland, Georgia, are offering to the state 220 acres, or more, for a state park. This area includes part of the headwaters of Little river located on the mountain, and when improvements are completed, it will be a very unique park, having a lake and other facilities for visitors.

ible: "Dick's Creek", "Swag of \he Blue Ridge", "Indian Grave Gap", "Unicoi Gap", "Tesnatee Gap", "Nee! Gap", ''Slaughter Gap", "Wolf Pen Gap", and "Mulkey Gap".
Enotah Bald is covered with a mass of native ornamental shrubs, most abundant of which are purple rhododendron and a large variety and number of species of azalea. This mountain stands in the middle of the largest remaining virgin hardwood

PINE MOUNTAIN FIREBREAK AND SCENIC HIGHWAY OPEN TO PUBLIC
President Roosevelt, on his last visit to Warm Springs, finally managed one day to escape the eyes of the public and drive his car over the Pine Mountain Firebreak and Scenic Highway in Meriwether and Harris counties. We feel that Mr. Roose-

Notes on Camps

forest to be found anywhere in the Unit- velt certainly enjoyed the time taken in the

ed States.

woods where he could for a while banish

Work projects at camps in this district are progressing rapidly, and every effort is being made to push to completion the work as authorized during this second six months

Ample parking space and other facili ies are to be provided for those wishing to visit the mountain.

from his mind thoughts relative to the welf,are of the nation. We imagine he almost enjoyed it as much as a little boy playing hooky from school to go fishing.

period of operation. Plans are being made

--------0--------

Although this road along he ridge of the

for additional work projects at the present

camps to carry through the third period beginning in April.
SECOND DISTRICT

Iwork

E. B. Stone, Jr., Dist. Forester

THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta
Woodville T. P. 0.

Gainesville

Robert I Calloway has been selected as

forest patrolman for 1934 on the Wood-

AUTOMOBILE ACCESS NOW

ville T. P. 0. This organization embraces

PROVIDED TO GEORGIA'S

approximately 35,000 acres and lies a-

HIGHEST PEAK, ENOTAH BALD round he town of Woodville, Georgia. The

Unsurpassed Scenery Brought to View in Hitherto Inaccessible Region - Center of Great Virgin Forest Area on the Crest of Blue Ridge Range of Mountains

operating expense will be estimated at two cents per acre. The primary work of constructing 25-foot firebreaks, the building of a lookout ower, and the erection of a telephone system with seven poles is being handled from Camp P-64, located at Craw-

mountain is yet unfinished it is daily traveled by many people interested in the beautiful scenery it affords. When put in good condition by the county road crews we look for this scenery to be very popular.
Precautions are being taken to preserve and develop the scenic beauty of this drive. Roadside placards and signs will be consideded particularly objectional. Wild flowers are abundant, especially wild woods violets. In early spring the violets have almost the appearence of a beautiful carpet so thick do they grow in places. The entire area is protected from forest fires by the Pine Mountain Timber Protective Organization which is expected to res.ult

Thanks to ECW funds and CCC boys, a fordville. Secondary fire breaks will be in increasingly beautiful mountain scenery

road has been completed to Georgia's highest peak, Enotah Bald in Towns and Un-

made by the land owners themselves under the direction of Mr. Calloway.

as well as more valuable timber and wild life.

ion counties, a mountain rising to an elevation of 4,768 feet. Heretofore it has been necessary to hike at least 5 miles over forest trails to reach the summit of this mountain.

Nixon State Forest
A side camp of 25 men has been approved for Nixon Sta e Forest. This side camp will originate from Camp P-57, located at Sylvania. It will be located on the Nixon

The new road which follows the back- Forest until the completion of the work

bone of the ridge north from Jack Gap, already begun there during the first six makes the mountain accessible both from months in which P-57 was located at Way-

the Unicoi Gap Highway No. 75 and the nesboro. The period of time in which

Appalachian Scenic Highway Sta~e Route this camp will be located on the Nixon

c No. 11. It is 7 miles from the Umcoi Gap ' F orest IS est'Imat ed a t 45 days. 25 ,000 y-
H. ighway . and . 13 miles from the Appalach- press seedlm' gs an d 10 ,000 1ong1eaf p1ne

Ian Scemc Highway. These r.oads .open up seedlings will be planted and approximate-

a large section of the North Georg.ia moun.- 1y t wo pounds of black 1ocust seed w111 be tains which heretofore has been maccess1- sowed broadcast.

--------01--------
"TRIPLE C" ACTIVITIES
Camp P-56 Warm Springs, boasts a visit from both President Roosevelt and E. C. W. Director Robert Fechner.
Mr. H. N. Wheeler of the U. S. Forest Service recently gave a lecture at the Warm Springs camp with illustrated lantern slides that was received most enthusiastically by the entire camp and the few outsiders present. Quarantine of the boys due to measles prevented the lecture being given in the Warm Springs school au-

ble for automobiles and was consequent-

ditorium with the public invited.

ly visited by only a few of the more ad- Captain F. F. Kienast, in military charge

venturous hikers.

of the CCC camp at Toccoa, died suddenly The camp P-56 "Triple C" boys are

The view of Enotah Bald is unsurpassed of a heart attack on December 29. He was planting 22,500 longleaf and loblolly pines

by that from any other mountain in the a captain of the marines and during his for the city of Manchester, Georgia. This

Southern Appalachians. Situated as it is long army service had campaigned in many planting is being made on idle lands which

inside the great loop made by the Blue parts of the world, particularly in the Phil- are a part of the watershed for he Man-

Ridge, it enables one to get a comprehen- lipines and Nicarauga. He was an inter- chester municipal water supply. 'The boys

sive picture of the entire mountain system esting character, in every sense a soldier, m;e very interested in this project as it

of northeast Georgia. From its summit and added much interest to the camp by seems more like forestry to them than

most of the prominent peaks of this re- relating his army experiences.

grubbing up blackjack oaks and moving

gion are plainly visible, as are the principal He was a native of California and serv- dirt.

gaps in the Blue Ridge. Among the moun- ed 30 years in the army. Burial took place

tains which can be seen are "Standing In- at Artlington National Cemetery in Vir- Since getting a good tractor Camp P-78,

dian", in North Carolina, "Rabun Bald", ginia.

(Continued on Page 8, Col. 1)

FORESTRY-CEOtOC.ICAL REVIEW

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8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

(Continued from Page 6, Col. 3)

I
The fences around the tower sites are POPLAR REPLACES CHESTNUT

Imade of cypress poles and the only cost in-
Butler, has completed a goodly number of ; volved is for nails and labor. Instead of

DIFFICULTIES OF PLANTING

miles of firebreaks that look mighty good. j having a gate at the entrance, a cattle According to the United States Forest

guard is used in order to allow cars to Service the yellow poplar is replacing the

The Butler camp boasts a fine basketball enter without having to stop to open the blight-killed chestnuts in the Appalachian

team. It seems they have victories over gate. When all of the towers are complet- region.

some of the best Ft. Benning teams as ed and manned, fires in the flat woods will Concerning planting this species the

well as over the highly reputed Vienna be much easier to spot.

statement says:

High School team and others. The only

"It was long thought that yellow poplar

thing that can hold down this camp it

Tar City T. P. 0.

was too difficult to propagate to make re-

seems, regardless of whether it's work or Members of the Tar City T. P. 0., which forestation efforts profitable. Forest serv-

play, is measles quarantine. The Butler was formerly the Tar City Fire Fighting ice investigations, however, show that plant-

camp boys think heaven is a place, evi- Organization, are busily engaged in putting ing is practical under proper conditions.

dently, where you can't be quarantined and in their secondary fire breaks and fighting "In spite of extreme adaptability and

where measles is unknown.

fire. The primary breaks are being con- wide range over most of the Eastern and

structed by members of the CCC camp at Southern States, the yellow poplar or tulip

Supt. Barrett has lost the services of Reidsville.

tree is capricious in its refusal to grow un-

foreman W. R. Holden who accepted a job

der many conditions. Soil and moisture con-

with the Tennessee Valley Authority. The

Emergency Conservation

ditions must be good, but just enough and

whole camp, as well as the Georgia For-

Work Notes

not too much shade seems most important

es Service extends Mr. Holden their best The supervisory personnel and CCC boys to the survival of the seedling. The young

wishes.
--------0--------

at Camp P-81, Bloomingdale, wish that yellow poplar usually will not thrive well Lieutenant J. M. Evans, Camp Command- in close competition with other vigorous

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester

er, could have remained for the duration hardwoods. It should be planted in open

of the camp, but he was ordered back to spots, and some provision made for subse-

Fort Benning for army duty.

quent thinning of competing trees."

Savannah

Telephone foreman W. F. Sanders, Jr.,

has been transferred from Camp P-63, to

Telephone Line Construction
The construction of telephone lines on land covered by the Treutlen and LibertyLong T. P. O.'s is progressing rapidly, and the whole system which is to be used for fire protection work will be completed by
February 15. The poles for the lines were donated by
the members of the above T. P. O.'s. They are cypress, with at least 4 inches of heart at the top and about 30 feet long. The poles are placed 150 feet apart in holes 4 feet deep. A line so constructed should last

assist in telephone line and ower construction.

PINES FOR PULPWOOD
The waste involved in cutting small trees

It was so cold one morning recently at for pulpwood is shown in a recent study
Reidsville that one of the boys who is from I ~~ad~ by the Sou~hern Forest Experiment New York declared that while he was a- ;:;tat~on of the Umt~d States Department of

sleep, the camp had been moved back to the north.
--------0----
Slash Pine in Oregon

Agnculture. In thmning a second-growth stand of loblolly and shortleaf pines in north central Louisiana, the cutters found that trees 4 inches in diameter at breast height yielded an average of only 1 billet,

In the Peavy Arboretum at Corvallis, and 178 of these 4-inch trees were required Oregon, slash pine are growing at the rate to make a cord of pulpwood. In a 7-inch

around twenty years without any maintenance cost, barring accidental damage from storms.
Some twenty-five miles of line of the above type have been finished in district six and when all the lines that were approved are finished, we will tie in the three tower unit in Liberty and L<Jng with the two tower unit in Treutlen county, which will give adequate service to the three T. P. 0. areas.

of two feet a year, far from its native habitat in the deep south.
T. J. Starker of Oregon State College, reporting on slash pine's resistance to cold weather in the Journal of Forestry, tells of 9 degree temperatures and freezing weath er for 60 days in the winter of 1932-33 to which the slash pines were subjected. All the Pinus radiata and many other trees and shrubs were killed or suffered very heavy losses, but only about one-half of the small plantation of slash pine were killed.

tree there were 7 billets and only 18.7 trees were required to make a cord. A 2-man crew took more than twice the time to cut a cord from the 4-inch trees than it required to cut a cord from the 7-inch trees.
Waste of both material and time may be avoided if only trees which are at least 6 inches in diameter are utilized, the station reports. As a result of the removal of the larger trees, the smaller ones left will have

Fire Lookout Towers
The five steel lookout towers, three 100 foot and two 80 foot alloted to this district, are under construction. The two 80 foot towers for Treutlen county have been com-

Seed from the slash pine have the appearance of being fertile, and observation:;> are to be made to see if the progeny of locally grown seed show any increase in winter hardiness.

more room and their rate of growth will increase.
WOOD FLOUR

pleted and work on the tool house and fence for each tower is well toward com-
pletion. Two of the 100 foot towers for Liberty-
Long T. P. O.'s have been completed with fences around the tower areas and the No. 3 tower on this area should be finished by January 25, if good weather holds.
An area with a radius of 7 miles can

Fibre and wall boards which are widely used in construction work are merely pressed wood fibres. Recent experiments have revealed that wood impregnated with a certain metal composition results in a metallized wood which retains the good qualities of both of the original products.

Wood flour is a commodity which is comparatively little known to the general public. It is usually made of wood or low resinous content. It is ground to a fine powder or flour, as the name indicates, and is used in the manufacture of plastic wood and
artificial carving. In some places in Europe

normally be visualized from a 100-foot Timber is defined as sawed wood, 4 by 4 it is used to coat bread dough before baking

tower and an area with a six mile radius inches or more in dimension. Lumber is I to give a golden brown crisp crust.-Serv-

can be covered with an eighty-foot tower. timber sawed or split for use.

ice Letter (Pa.).