Forestry-geological review [Dec. 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN .

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., DECEMBER, 1934

No. 12

GUM PRODUCTS SURVEY

[ turpentine and rosin in their own names. OPPOSES FEDERAL PURCHASE

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA AREA This class handles 155,ooo acres, 5 per cent FOREST LANDS OF GEORGIA

of the area, and 291.6 crops, or 5 per cent

Advance Release of Data by U. S. of all crops.

T. G. Woolford, President Georgia

Forest Service Survey for Thirty- 5. Operator, Gum Buyer and Custom five Counties of Georgia-Work Distiller-An operator who is both a gum Done Under Capt. I. F. Eldredge buyer and a custom distiller. This class

Forestry Association, Defines Position-Wants Georgians to Profit from States Great Forest

handles 265,000 acres, or 9 per cent of the Resources

One of the first units selected for the fed- area and works 531.1 crops or 10 per cent

eral forest survey was 35 counties in southeast Georgia. Information in advance of the complete report has been released by Capt. I. F. Eldredge, in charge of the survey, with headquarters at the Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans.

of all crops. 6. Gwn Producer-Seller-A person who
does not maintain a still but who works his own or leased timber for crude gum, which he sells to stillers. This class handles 585,000 acres, or 19 per cent of the

The Georgia Forestry Association will oppose any effort to amend the state's .land purchase enabling act whereby the Federal Government would be allowed to buy forest land for commercial development, according to T. G. Woolford, president of the

The counties included are Screven, Ef- area, and works 993.4 crops or 18 per cent Georgia Forestry Association, executive

fingham, Chatham, Bryan, Liberty, Mcin- of all crops.

head of the Retail Credit Company, and a

tosh, Glynn, Camden, Charlton, Brantley, 7. Gum Producer-Shipper- A person Vice President of the United States Cham-

Wayne, Long, Bulloch, Jenkins, Candler, without a still who works his own or leased her of Commerce.

Evans, Tattnall, Appling, Bacon, Pierce, timber for crude gum which is custom- "The State," said Mr. Woolford, "has an

Ware, Clinch, Echols, Atkinson, Coffee, stilled and marketed in his own name. This enabling act under which the Federal Gov-

Jeff Davis, Telfair, Toombs, Montgomery, c:ass handles 231,000 acres, or 8 per cent ernment can purchase land in the northern

Wheeler, Treutlen, Emanuel, Johnson, of the area and works 511.4 crops, or 9 per part of the state to use as national forests,

Laurens, Dodge. The Okefenokee swamp cent.

primarily for watershed control purposes.

area in Charlton county, coastal islands and It is announced that the figures given This act was changed at the last session

marsh lands are not included.

out may be slightly modified in checking of the State Legislature to allow federal

According to the survey, 6,976,000 acres computations.

purchase of the Okefenokee swamp area in

of land in the area are covered with forest growth. Of this area 5,544,000 acres, or approximately 79 per cent, are included as turpentine forests and 3,032,000 acres, or 55 per cent, are being worked for naval stores.

The area treated in this report is a region of great naval stores production and a region of the most progressive methods.
In this area 8,955 operators are recorded, 175 being classed as "operators"; 11 as "operator-farmer"; 158 as "operator and

southern Georgia.
"It may be advisable to amend the act to meet the needs of further watershed control, or the purchase of limited areas for experimental and demonstrational forests."

Seven Kinds of Producers

gum buyer"; 52 as "operator and custom- "The Georgia Forestry Association," con-

1. Operator-A person who maintains a stillers"; 96 as "operator, gum-buyer and tinued Mr. Woolford, "has committad itself

turpentine still and processes crude gum custom distiller"; 7,854 as "gum-Inoducer- in a. set of resolutions to oppose federal ac-

from his own or leased timber exclusively. seller"; and 609 as "gum-producer-ship- quisition of forest lands in Georgia for

This class of producer works 1,099,000 per."

commercial development on the ground that

acres, or 36 per cent and 1,768.6 crops, or

it would remove lands from taxation and

32 per cent of all crops.
2. Operator and Farmer-An operator who combines farming with turpentining to the extent of at least half of his time. This class operates 24,000 acres, or 1 per cent

SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCES A GOOD CARDBOARD
The Mobile Paper Mills Company has

put the Federal Government in competition with private owners of forest lands. The association, however, does not oppose federal purchase o:f limited acreages of forest land for experimental and demonstrational purposes.

of the area and 55 crops, or 1 per cent of been purchasing from Sweden pulp for mak-

all crops.

ing cardboard. The discovery of Dr. Chas. "Georgia's forest lands have produced

3. Operator and Gum Buyer-An operator who, in addition to distilling gum from his own or leased timber, buys crude gum from producers, and, after processing sells it in his own name. This class works 673,000 acres, or 22 per cent of the area and 1,005.5 crops, or 25 per cent of all crops.
4. Operator and Custom Distiller-An operator who, in addition to distilling gum from his own or leased timber, processes

H. Herty that southern pines make good white pulp led R. E. Hartman, president of the Mobile concern, to try some of it. A supply was obtained from the Pulp and Paper Laboratory at Savannah, Georgia. It met every requirement. A fine grade of cardboard "liner" was made.
The outcome is that the Mobile Paper Company has purchased new machinery and is planning an expansion of the plant to

great wealth for Georgia, and are annually yielding an income second only to agriculture. The time seems to be rapidly approaching when southern pines will be the country's source of paper, pasteboard boxes and a variety of other cellulose products, to greatly enhance tree values of Georgia. My contention is that the citizens of Georgia are entitled to this wealth and should not now part with it for a song to

crude gum for producers who market the make cardboard from southern pine pulp.

(Continued on page 2)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

forest, a flexible but adequate and enforcible regulation of forest practice, including a universal balance of annual cut and annual increment, a mutual acceptance by the state and private owner of responsibilities of all land ownership, and a system of taxation appropriate to sustained yield forest management.

FORESTS CONSERVE MOISTURE ON ADJOINING FIELDS
Some Considerations of Effect of Shelter Belt Forests on Agricultural Lands of Semi-Arid Regions

Forestry Division

"Regarding the basis of taxation, this significant statement of his report is 'For-

The proposed shelter belt in the semi-arid

E. M. Lufburrow, State Forester

est sites are classified and appraised for

and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta C. A. Whi-ttle, Educational Mgr.,____Atlanta

tax

purposes

in

relation,

not

to

the

vol-

H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta ume of stand, but solely in relation to the

Russell D. Franklin, Dist. Forester____Rome net income the property yields. We found

W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville ,valuations around $100 per acre for land

west is starting anew a discussion of the effect of forests on climate. A popular conception is that forests increase rainfall. This probably grows out of observations that the greatest precipitation is usually in

C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross to forest use. These values indicated that

Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester___ Savannah C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta

permanent

sustained

yield

fol'lestry

does

H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany pay.'"

W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus "If taxes based on net income allows of

Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

successful forestry on land worth $100 per acre in Germany, ought it not work on land

of much less value in Georgia? Would not

Geological Division

the Georgia land owner be able to hold

R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________ Atlanta timber land that he now loses under the

G. W. Crick__m___a__y__,___A__s__s__t_.__S___t_a__t_e____G__e__o__l_o__g_Aisttl,anta

land system of taxation and tax sales, if at least a greater portion of the taxes

Lane Mitchell, Asst. State Geol.____Atlanta were collected on yields? And would the

forested areas. For instance, the greatest precipitation anywhere in the United States is in the heavily wooded region of the southern Appalachian mountains.
Among scientists the prevailing opinion seems to be that forests do not affect the climate except in a limited way within the forest and in neighboring fields. It is true that humidity is greater in forests than in open area. It is also well established that the temperature in the forest is cooler than in open areas.

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta land owner not be encouraged by the yield Hot air of the neighboring fields rises and

tax system to develop his forest resources? cooler and moister air moves out of the

the Federal Government," said Mr. Wool- In fact, would the state and the county in nearby forest along the surface of the fields.

ford.

the long run not obtain larger revenues by The effect is to increase the humidity of the

"I am thoroughly convinced," continued this kind of taxation?

field surface and check moisture loss of the

Mr. Woolford, "that there is no place in the world where forestry can be practiced

"Yield tax is certainly one method of lightening the land tax burden of Georgia.

field through heat radiation. This conserves soil moisture.

with greater success than in the south. It would, in a measure, aid the private land Since soil moisture is a chief considera-

Think of the great variety of forestry in- owner to compete with the tax-free na- tion in semi-arid areas, adequate forested

comes-lumber, naval stores, pulp for paper tional forest lands already owned and op- areas would therefore appear to be a means

and other cellulose products, poles, piling, erated by the federal government, and in of checking a loss of moisture of nearby

crossties, veneer, etc. Then take into con- doing so it would remove in part one en- fields.

sideration_ the rapid growing species of forced disadvantage that has contributed In addition, trees break the force of winds

trees favored by climate and soil to pro- to the failure of many private land own- and reduce their toll of soil moisture. This

duce a short rotation of tree crops. Is Geor- ers in developing their timber resourc&s.'' is often heavy.

gia going to close its eyes to these advan- "What do you think of the CCC camps?" Other local influences of the forest which

tages and sell its birthright?"

Mr. Woolford was asked. "These have authorities have advanced are the effect of

"Those who advocate federal purchase of done a wonderfully constructive piece of forests on snow drifts in the forests and ad-

forest-lands claim that private owners have work in several ways; first, they have stim- joining fields. Snow is better distributed failed to care for and develop forest re- ulated activity in forest protection and pre- and on melting, the water is more evenly

sources. I have challenged advocates of servation, fire prevention, etc. They have distributed and absorbed than when left in

federal ownership of forest lands-and now provided work for the unemployed and drifts. Also. as a result, less erosion is ex-

repeat it-to show where federal forests while affording this relief have built up perienced from melted snow.

are being better handled than a number of strong bodies and active minds in a large Forest soil is quite absorptive, and not

private forests in Georgia.

group of worth while young men. We be- only the water of snow, but rainfall, finds

"T rue, , vate Iand

sa1"d Mr. owners h

W ave

oof aI1f.o1erdd,

t o" mrnaankye

pthn.e-

Jtlii.emvaebtlehavt atlhuies

CCC work has to the private

been of inesforest inter-

most of their forest lands. But is this the ests of the country, particularly of the

fault of the American l!ystem of private South.

ownership? Is it not due to conditions that "In this connection I would like to ex-

have compelled the land owners' course? press my appreciation of the army for the

fine work that it ha~ done in handling its "A commission was sent to Europe this part of the program and hope most sinyear by the Oberland Trust of the Carl cerely that in any continuation of this work Shurz Memorial Foundation to study indus- the army will be allowed to continue its trial forestry carried on for several gen- exceedingly efficient cooperation.'' erations on privately owned land with

marked success.

"In a report made by R. B. Goodman, a Donald R. Brewster, Memphis, has been

opportunity to percolate down into the forest soil to feed springs, wells, streams and lakes, and make more water available for irrigation. The fact that more water is absorbed by forest soil also helps to create greater humidity in the forest with all that means to crops of adjoining fields, as previously explained.
The above considerations leave no doubt about the value of the forest as a conserver of moisture in its immediate area and vicinity, which after all, is an important objective.

member of the committee, who went to Eu- appointed forest code examiner for the

rope as a believer in public ownership and Southern and Appalachian hardwood areas, In a report made in 1877, Franklin B.

came back an advocate of private owner- by Joseph C. Kircher, regional U. S. For- Hough expressed as a theory that prairies

ship, attention is directed to the plan of ester, Atlanta. Mr. Brewster's headquart- were made treeless by annual fires of In-

continuous employment between farm and ers will be at Memphis.

dians who desired grass to attract deer.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

PRUNING YOUNG FORESTS

trunk to check the lower limb growth and FUEL AND FARM TIMBER

ADDS TO TREE VALUES even though it may slow down the develop-

FOR GEORGIA HOMESTEADS

ment of the trunk, the loss is more than

Idle Farm Labor in Winter Months Can Be Gainfully Employed in Forest Thinning

made up in the quality of its wood. Both pruning and thinning, of course,
should be carried on in the dormant period

Eighteen Cords Per Family Annual Fuel Need-Full Timber 'Supply Calls for Nearly 30 Acres of For-

Does it pay to prune young pine trees? In an analysis by federal foresters of lumber cut from 4% acres in a 42 year old stand of loblolly pine in Louisiana in 1930, it was estimated that, had the trees been pruned of lateral branches for a height of 16 feet when they were 4 or 5 inches in diameter, the value of the lumber would have been increased about $100 per acre over the value of that actually cut. If this had been done, the percentage of lumber classed in the best grades would have

of fall and winter, else the pine beetle, attracted by the odor of fresh cut wood, will become a serious pest.
EFFECT OF FOREST FIRE ON LONG LEAF PINE GROWTH
Results of Forest Experiment Station in Longleaf Pine Studies-Marked Decrease Noted from Annual Burning

est Land Per Farm
The average farm family of Georgia uses 18 cords of fuel wood annually. Most forested lands of the state are not growing a cord of wood per acre annually, though on the average most wooded acres in Georgia could do so and even better.
Poor stands, fires and poor handling, slow growing species account .for the fact that Georgia farmers gather for fuel on the average, more wood than grows each year

been increased 2% per cent to 42 per cent. The increased value discounted at 6 per cent compound interest would have allowed an expenditure of $17 per acre 30 years earlier for pruning.
The actual cost of pruning will run well below $17 per acre. Of course, only trees that are to be left to grow to large size need be pruned. Thinning should therefore precede or accompany pruning.
Where trees grow close together, a process of natural pruning goes on. The lower limbs die and drop off. Is it worth while to prune where natural pruning is taking place? The sooner the limbs are cut, the smaller the knots left in the trunk will be. If they are left to die off, the ' knots will be larger than if the limbs are cut off while still alive.
It is a good practice to even cut off dead branches, because the longer they are left on the tree, the longer it will take for he scars to heal and the larger the knots will be.
In pruning limbs, cut them off as close as possible to the trunk. If a stub is left, the removal of the limb has served no good purpose until the stub decays, for the stub causes a knot as much as the limb. But when the limb is cut close, the tree immediately heals over and makes a minimum knot.
When should pruning begin, is a question frequently asked. If pruning is not too heavy, it can begin in the case of pines as a rule when the trees are 15 to 20 feet high. It would be an advantage to cut off dead limbs earlier. If the trees are not spaced closely enough to promote natural pruning, and are putting out large limbs near the ground, they should be pruned earlier.
Pruning will slow down tree growth for

A report of three years' results of annua1 on 18 acres. burning of a longleaf pine area, compared A fuel subsistence homestead in Georgia

with unburned trees is given by A. L. Me- should, therefore, average more than 18

Kinney of the Appalachian Experiment Sta- acres of woodland, perhaps 22 to 24 acres.

tion in the Journal of Forestry, issue of In most cases forests are needed for

November 1934.

more than fuel on a farmstead in Georgia.

The average age of the pines was 31 As a rule, it is the part of wisdom to grow

years. Previous to establishing the test, the at least sufficient timber for the construe-

area was not burned over for 12 years. On tion of fences, buildings, bridges, etc., on

1914 acres the forest was burned over an- the farm and for their upkeep. This calls

nually, and on a similar adjoining area, fire was kept out.
The two areas were not fully stocked, so that it was necessary in developing data, to divide up the area into 1-40 acre plots, according to the density of the stand.
Diameter measurements were made at 4% feet from the ground, at the beginning of the experiment and each year thereafter. Height measurements were also made.
Quoting from the report. "From the table it is evident that in every density class where comparisons could be made, the mean basal area growth (inside bark) per tree was materially less on the annually burned

for more forest acres to supplement that needed for fuel. In fact, one would not be on the safe side in meeting farm demands for forest products on much less than 30 acres per farm.
It needs no argument to convince most farmers that there are more than an average of 30 acres per farm that could be more profitably used for growing trees than anything else. A vast acreage of abandoned, eroded, and waste land can find no profitable use other than growing trees. The problem is to get these lands planted to trees before all the fertility is washed away.

sub-plots, the reduction ranging from 36 to

75 per cent of the growth on the unburned AEROPLANE TIMBER CRUISING

sub-plots. The reduction in height growth is not so striking, although seven of the eight

IN MISSISSIPPI DELTA

comparisons indicate apparent reduction

due to the fires."

Photographs of forests taken from an

Comparisons were also made on the basis of diameter classes. Trees of all diameters showed slower growth as a result of fire except the 8-inch diameter class where the

elevation of 12,000 feet have proven time and money saving as an adjunct to ground work, according to the Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans.

difference was not significant.

"If a given mapping job begins with

In height growth the effect of fire was aerial photography, nearly every succeed-

greater with small trees than with large. ing step in the preparation of the finished

map will be simplified and expedited," ac-

U. S. Erosion Toll

cording to a statement of the station. Another statement of the report is "Aer-

a time, and excessive pruning will produce

rial surveys at a cost of less than two-thirds

a shock from which some trees may not re- The toll of erosion to date amounts to 35 of a cent per acre show more detail than cover. In the case of pines, it is considered million acres o~ formerly cultivated land ground surveys at many times this cost."

advisable never to cut off more than one- ruined and abandoned, 125 million acres of Anyone interested may obtain a mimeo-

third of the leaf bearing surface at any one that now cultivated stripped of its own pro- graph circular entitled "The Use of Aerial

time.

ductive top soil, and 100 million acres more Photographs in Mapping Ground Conditions

While it is true that the greater the leaf of cultivated land approaching a soil de- and Cruising Timber in the Mississippi

surface, the faster a tree will grow, too nuded condition.-H. H. Bennett, Director, River Bottom Lands" by writing the Southmu~h of the growth may be going into limbs. Soil Erosion Service, U. S. Department of ern Forest Experiment Station, New Or-

It Is then better for the sake of the tree the Interior.

leans, La.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FORESTRY

VIRGIN TIMBER RESERVES

PINE PULP FOR RAYON

NEEDED IN SOU. STATES

GA. TECH'S EXPERIMENT

QUESTION BOX

Some steps have been taken to establish The experimental laboratories of Georgia "Primitive Areas" and "Natural Areas" in Technological School, Atlanta, under the di-

the west, but nothing is being done to es- rection of Harry Vaughn, has been carryPine needles on my pines have died in un- tablish such areas in the south. Virgin tim- ing on studies of pine pulp for the manuusual numbers during the fall. Is there any ber areas in this region are all but gone. facture of rayon. Recently preliminary re-

disease attacking the trees?
The browning of needles is probably due to the natural shed after two years on the tree, and no disease may be involved. It is true that yellow needles seem more in evidence than usual the past fall, probably to be attributed to a season of prolific production of needles about two years ago.
Pine needles shed throughout the year. They do not turn loose on the dot after two years attachment; nor are all new needles, or leaves, grown in the spring as is the case of broadleaf trees, but they are developed throughout the growing season. This, of course, would tend to extend their period of dropping. Cold weather is not a factor.

Many important lessons are to be learned from virgin forests. The best specimens of timber grew in that environment. Second growth timber growing up on cut-over land is not producing the quality of wood of the natural forest. What makes the difference? How will we know unless there are primitive areas to study and find out?
The virgin forest can be made a useful laboratory, but if something is not done to retain these virgin forest areas, the opportunity will soon be gone beyond recall. They may hold the secret of greater success in forestry.
GORDONIA ALATAMAHA

sults were announced before a group of alumni, indicating that cellulose of pine fibre is suited to making artificial silk known as rayon, and for other common cellulose products. Further work is to be done to develop the full possibilities before the technique employed is published.
Rayon and other widely used cellulose products that have come into use in recent years have depended upon pulp of red spruce of the north.
The adaptation of pine cellulose to various products is also a project on which Dr. Chas. H. Herty, director of the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of Savannah, is engaged along with his studies of making various kinds of paper.

IS NOW PROPAGATED

What is the best way to store pine seed?

OCTOBER FOREST FIRES

After they have been threshed from cones The Franklinia, later changed to Gordo-

SUPPRESSED BY CCC CAMPS

they should be put in containers and placed nia Alatamaha, the "lost tree of Georgia",

where the temperature is fairly uniform found by John Bartram in the Altamaha Reports from CCC camps under state 'and cool. The containers should be rat proof, river swamps about 1794, is now propagat- supervision in Georgia show there were 813 or else the seed should be stored where rod- : ed for garden planting. But for Bertram's forest fires in October, with only 865 acres ents cannot get to them. Keep seed away specimens carried from Georgia and grown burned over, or slightly more than one acre from the rays of the sun. Cellars are usual- in Philadelphia, this tree species would have burned per fire. ly desirable as storage places. If cellars, or been completely lost, for no trace has ever This report indicates that the CCC men other storage places are quite damp, mold been found of the original stock on the Alta- are getting quick reports of fires and are

may set up, but on the other hand, a very dry atmosphere is not as good as one with a fair degree of moisture. A dry atmosphere around a stove or furnace will take too much moisture out of the seed.

maha. The present recognized name of the tree
given by later botanists changed the title from "Franklinia" to "Gordonia" and added the name "Alatamaha", which at the time

promptly getting to and suppressing them. The report shows the causes of fires as
follows: Smokers, 143; brush burners 95 purposely burned, 335; miscellaneous,' 240'.

was the spelling given the Altamaha river. The original spelling is, however, continued How far n01th can the tung oil tree grow? in the official nomenclature of the tree and

FIRE DESTROYS GAME

So far as experience with the varieties is now called "Gordonia Alatamaha".

A bulletin entitled "Georgia's Game and

now commonly grown in the south has de-

Fish" recently issued by the Georgia De-

veloped, it is considered that their fruiting
buds will not stand temperatures much WOOD PRESERVATION

partment of Game and Fish, carries a message on game for sport, food, recreation

further than 150 miles above the Gulf coast

TREATMENT APPLIED TO

and a money crop to the farmer, and asks

line. Experiments with hardier varieties of north China may reveal that the northern

STANDING TREES the pertinent question, "What are you go-
ing to do about it?"

limit may be extended.

Considerable interest has been created by The bulletin makes interesting reading

a successful method devised in Switzerland of a plain, practical sort.

Will pines grow faster in south Georgia than in north Georgia?
If soil and moisture conditions were similar, they should grow slightly faster in

for impregnating trees through sap channels with chemicals that give a preservative treatment costing less than half that of methods usually employed.

Concerning burning the woods, it says, "Don't" and adds, "Fire destroys game and game birds to the value of several million dollars a year, besides the destruction of young timber. Game will not stay where

south Georgia because of a longer growing Into th(! base of a living tree sloping holes there is no cover."

season in that section. Generally speaking, are bored by augers. Into these holes the

the soils of north Georgia are on the aver- preservative chemicals are placed. The

age a little better for trees, so that the sap takes them up and thoroughly impreg- The State of Washington led in total lum-

greater length of the growing season of nates the tree to make the wood resistant to ber production in 1933, Oregon second,

south Georgia may be offset by soil condi- decay and insects, including termites.

Loui~iana third, Mississippi fourth, Cali-

tions.

The chemical combination is a trade se- forma fifth.

The rapid growing slash pine in south cret, but is said to consist of a mixture of

Georgia and the loblolly in north Georgia dinitrophenol, sodium fluoride and an ar- The Harvard Medical School announces

are very close as to rate of growth, sur- senic compound. The trees are killed and that it has discovered electricity in the hu-

passing the slower growing longleaf pine of impregnated with the preservative in two man brain. Maybe that is why some of us

south Georgia and the shortleaf of north or three days and are ready to harvest and have such shocking ideas.-Southern Lum-

Oeorg-ia.

use as poles, posts, crossties, etc.

berman.

-
FIRST DISTRICT
Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester Rome

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
SECOND DISTRICT W. D. Young, Dist. Forester,
Gainesville

5
FOURTH DISTRICT W. G. Wallace, District Forester
Columbus

Fire Season Begins
Continued early morning frosts and dry weather have marked the beginning of the fall and fire season. The TPO's are increas ing their activities and are now beginning to line up their patrolmen and towermen. .Smoke from forest fires has been noticed on several occasions. The patrolman for the Gilmer county TPO reports no fires as yet, but that he is looking for things to "hum" any time now.
Fire Towers Planned
Two steel lookout towers are planned for the Gilmer county TPO and work on these is to be started as quickly as the materials arrive. These two towers, with one wooden
pne already completed, will serve the en-
tire county. Roads to these two tower locations have been surveyed and some construction work done.
School Forests Established
The majority of the new schools in this district have requested a survey of their school forest. It is a pleasure to note the interest shown by all the schools in their forest projects. The FFA of Lafayette high school in cooperation with the Georgia Forest Service put up a good forestry exhibit at the Walker county fair. Mr. J. P. Baker, county agent of Chattooga saw this exhibit and requested this district forester to put up a forestry exhibit at the Chattooga county fair. While putting up this exhibit, it was interesting to note that the exhibit of the Gore school contained many interesting forestry specimens. In fact, some of their specimens were borrowed to place in the Walker county fair prior to the fair in Chattooga county.
To Advertise Fort Mountain Park
Citizens of Gilmer and Murray counties are organizing into a Fort Mountain club or association to advertise and further the new state park now under construction on Fort Mountain. The Lions Club of Chatsworth is taking much interest in this and is sponsoring a program for the purpose of advertising and advancing this work.
Lightning causes more than half the forest fires in the national forests of Oregon .and Washington. The danger period is between 10 A. M. and 10 P. M. Needles and duff are the most important kindling materials with snags and trees next.
One-third of the lumber cut in 1933 was from southern pine. Alabama led with 637,f09,000 board feet of the total of 4,445,1122,000.

North Georgia Tree Nursery
All available nursery stock at both the North Georgia and South Georgia nurseries has been sold. Walnut and Black Locust seedlings are grown at the North Georgia Nursery while pine seedlings are grown at the South Georgia Nursery.
Walnut seed are being purchased and planting will be done before Christmas so that a large supply of these seedlings will be available next planting season. Ordinarily walnut seed take from 1 to 2 years to germinate. It has been found that by planting the seed in the fall most of them will germinate the following spring.
Real Co-operation
The Enotah TPO, and the two counties in which it is located, Union and Towns, have aided the two CCC camps, which were located one in Towns and one at Nee! Gap in Union, to the tune of some $14,000.00 in loans of tractors, graders, rock crushers, personal services, and lumber the largest item.
The camp in Towns has been abandoned but it is hoped that it will be remanned on April 1 provided the CCC work is continued.
School Demands Heavy
Several new vocational teachers have been provided in this district this year and ye district forester is having a time trying to get around and make surveys of the new school forests and visit the old ones. The new ones bring the total to 36 in District 2.
Vogel Park Lake to be Stocked With Trout
Construction of the dam at Nee! Gap is nearing completion. This dam when finished will impound 33 acres of water, which will add considerably to the state park at this point.
Two rearing pools have been constructed on the creek above the lake and 5,000 rainbow trout have been put in awaiting the time when they will be large enough to loose in the lake for fishing purposes.
The rearing pools are permanent and plans are to secure several thousand fish a year from the state fish hatchery for restocking the lake.
The "Moundville Anthropological Reservation" is being established in Alabama. How can one expect a tourist to inquire the way to it?
Lumber production in 1933 was 14,000,000,000 board feet, an increase of 37% per cent over the 1932 output the low record since 1869.

Chattahoochee Valley Exposition Enjoys Successful Forestry Exhibit
A sand table exhibit of large size prepared by the district forester illustrated the advantage of forest fire protection. The entire tab:e was made to represent mountains and valleys. Half of the table, representing protected forests, was made lifelike and educational by the presence of miniature log cabins, lookout tower, rustic bridges over streams, roads, etc. Roads were given a "paving" of corn meal which looked very much like a miniature crushed stone road. A green grass effect over the entire area was produced by a generous sprinkling of corn meal in which dry chrome-green kalsomine had previously been mixed. Small cedar branch tips made realistic looking trees. Light blue oil cloth n;tade a very good imitation of a clear, flowing stream.
In contrast to the "protected" area, was the other half of the table representing forest fire damage. A firebreak separated the contrasting burned and unburned areas.
A very desolate and realistic looking "burned" area was produced by a light sprinkling of corn meal on the dark soil base which gave the appearance of ashes following a forest fire. This was made more realistic by a liberal distribution of charred stumps, fallen trees, etc., prepared by partially burning small pieces of wood. The valleys of course were dry in this )8rea as compared to the clear, running streams on the "protected" area separated by the firebreak.
The whole exhibit was surrounded by a rustic framing made from pine poles and was given background by pine boughs. Several hundred leaflets were distributed, and suitable posters were displayed.
Marguerite Garden Club of Columbus 'Sponsors Conservation Meeting
November, the month set aside by the garden clubs of Georgia as "Conservation" month was the occasion for a meeting by the Marguerite Garden Club devoted to this subject.
There are thirteen garden clubs in Columbus with a membership devoted to worthwhile causes. Needless to say, the subject of the conservation of our natural resources, particularly our forests and the many things that go to make up a forest besides trees, is a subject dear to the hearts of the garden clubs.
The Marguerite Garden Club, with Mrs. Lawrence Murray as President, together with the invited guests of twelve other garden clubs was in attendance and heard a talk on the subject of "Conservation and

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

.-------------------a Recreation" given by the district forester.

I stored for drying in a tobacco warehouse in

Following this the meeting was given over

SIXTH DISTRICT

Vidalia.

to a round-table discussion of the manner in which the garden clubs of Columbus could

Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester

The seed was thoroughly cleaned by Camp P-82 Reidsville. They designed a cleaning

give active support to conservation and

Savannah

machine that not only separated the wings

recreation movements in Georgia.

and foreign matter from the seed from the

Pine Seed

Liberty T. P. 0.
The Liberty County T. P. 0. at a recent

good ones. The seed will be used at the state tree nursery at Albany.

SP-7, Warm Springs, and P-78, Butler, meeting voted to purchase a Hester, two-

overfulfilled the quota of pine cones for the way, fire break plow to use in the construeFourth District by several hundred bush- tion of secondary fire breaks. The Liberty

SEVENTH DISTRICT

els. Incomplete reports from SP-7 point to T. P. 0. has also provided for the purchase C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester

more than 100 bushels of loblolly pine cones, of three wall type telephones for use in the quota for that camp. P-78, not having the reporting of forest fires. The phones

Waycross

a quota at all, but always anxious to do are to be placed at points where the fire

ts share, gathered about 50 bushels of lob- hazard is greatest.

oily, and approximately 500 bushels of At the same meeting new officers wers
ongleaf pine cones at a total labor cost of I elected and instructions given to the Secre-

115 man days. It looks to me like the Geor- tary-Treasurer to hire and direct the work

gia Forest Service now has more pine seed of the lookouts and patrolmen. The T. P. 0.

"Than Carter had oats". At least that is the will hire two lookouts and one patrolman

way the caretaker at P-78 feels about it for the present fire season.

since he has the job of cleaning all the seed

---

at that camp.

Ogeechee T. P. 0.

___

Mr. Elliott Reed, Secretary-Treasurer of

Gordon Institute to Teach Vocational Forestry
The popular military school at Barnesville, Gordon Institute, has taken over the buildings former~y occupied by the Barnesville Georgia Industrial College where Mr.

the Ogeechee T. P. 0. of Chatham county, will purchase signs for distribution over the lands in the T. P. 0. calling to attention of the public that the land behind the signs is under protection. This will let the public know that no fire should be set on the land.

T. P. 0. Secretaries Meet
A conference of all permanent secretaries of the TPO's in District 7 was held at the district office, Waycross, on Saturday, November 10. Problems relating to the operation of the detection systems, organization of community fire suppression groups, individual pre-suppression activities of TPO members, methods and means of secondary firebreak construction and maintenance, dissemination of authoritative information on various phases of protection, obtaining proper financial support of T. P. 0. Members, and the keeping and filing of records and reports were discussed. It was unanimously agreed that legislation toward the enactment of a more adequate State fire

Felix B. White made such a good record in the teaching of vocational forestry and ag-

Long T. P. 0.

law and a fence law would be necessary be fore much headway can be made in con-

riculture. Mr. C. W. Mobley, the present vo- At a recent meeting of the Long T. P. 0. trolling and properly prosecuting cases of

cational teacher at Gordon Institute, .ap- the budget for this fiscal year was adopted incendiarism.



pears to have the ambition to do just what and plans perfected for hiring a lookout The following secretaries were present:

Mr. White accomplished while at Barnes- and patrolman.

S. N. Smith, Brantley TPO, Nahunta; J.

ville. This school has an exceptionally good Plans were also formulated for the co- M. DuPuis, Appling TPO, Baxley; L. F.

school forest, and, to make things more in- operative maintenance of several miles of Morey, Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO, Douglas; J.

teresting, they have on this forest a first primary fire breaks which will need rework- 0. Rodgers, Consolidated TPO, Homerville;

class log cabin furnished top notch. The ing in the early spring. Another meeting is P. B. Copeland, Hurricane Creek TPO, Al-

school plans a well rounded program of to be called later in the month.

ma; W. M. Oettmier, Suwanee TPO, Fargo.

forestry activity this school year which will The same officers of the T. P. 0. were

be observed with keen interest.

retained for another year. T. L. Howard,

President and J. E. Treasurer.

Parker,

Secretary-

Appling T. P. 0. Barbecue Attended by Hundreds

Term "Weed Tree" Undesirable

At a barbecue given by members of the

The word "weed" applied to less desirable trees is unfortunate, according to the Quarterly Journal of Forestry, which says: "The modern ecological view that a wood is a complex system in which the trees, shrubs, ground vegetation and th soil fauna and flora combine to preserve a healthy and stable condition leaves very little use for the word 'weed'".
Rubber Foresters
"Rubber Foresters" is the title of an article in the October issue of the Journal of Forestry, by J. S. Barnes who has had experience in Sumatra, in which he writes nterestingly of work in rubber plantations operated by tire manufacturers of this country. Young men of good constitution and adaptability to living conditions of the tropics, preferably unmarried, are recommended for this intersting field of forestry work.

E. C. W. Notes
Mr. David Dorward, of the Regional office, inspected all the work at all six of the camps in the Savannah district, during the past week. A:U types of work including truck trails, fire break construction, telephone line, tower erection and seed cleaning was inspected. T. P. 0. activities related to E. C. W. work were also gone into and plans for maintaining improvements put in by E. C. W. were discussed.
Mr. Dorward proceeded to Waycross Sunday, November 18th, after looking over forest work on Blythe Island, near Brunswick.
We have on hand in the Savannah district office over 1,100 pounds of Slash Pine seed and 200 pounds of Loblolly seed. About 400 pounds of Longleaf seed will be cleaned and ready .in a few more days. The cones from which the seed were extracted were gathered by the camps in the district and

Appling TPO at Baxley on October 25, approximately 2,000 timberland owners, farmers, business men, children and C. C. C. workers attended. A speaking program was conducted all day, with L. C. Walker, county agent and ":(,'ather of the Appling TPO", as chairman. In the morning, speeches were made by W. L. Veal, TPO President; the C. C. C. Chaplain; the C. C. C. Educational Advisor, Mr. Durden; the Camp Commander of P-62; the Camp Superintendent, H. C. Brown, and Camp Superintendent of P-68, R. E. Tittle.
In th afternoon, speeches were made by H. M. Sebring, Assistant State Forester, Atlanta, Congressman Braswell Deen of this Congressional District, and C. B. Beale, District Forester. The barbecue consisted of pork, beef, kid and fish, with of course, the stew, slaw, etc. A committee headed bY E. E. Miles, prominent landowner and TPO member, was in charge of the arrange ments. Members of the CCC, P-62, assist
(Continued on Page 8)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~~TJ=be=l=t=s=e=v=e=ra=l=l=o=d=e=s=m==a=y=b=e==d=ev=e=l=op=e=d==p=a=r=a=ll=el

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

to one another. They lie either roughly parallel to the belt or-as on Findley Ridge,

for example--at an angle to the belt. The

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's

position of the lodes is as a rule closely re-

Leading Minerals

lated to the cleavage, grain, or schistosity of the enclosing rock. Exceptions occur,

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

but commonly the lodes trend northeast and dip or slope southeast with the cleavage of

the formations.

THE GOLD DEPOSITS OF

of production largely lie. The recent sur-

GEORGIA

veys have therefore been largely confined

to such areas.

By Roy A. Wilson

Except for minor variations, the geologic

features of Lumpkin county as related to

(Published by permission of the Director, the mineralization are characteristic of the

United States Geological Survey)

gold belt as a whole, and the following dis-

cussion is based upon detailed studies in

ARTICLE 3-GEOLOGIC FEATURES that county.

It is probable that every part of Georgia The productive areas of this county con-

which has shown surface indications of ,taill narrow, elongated lodes, trending

gold has been prospected during the last northeast. The structure of the enclosing

100 years. Pits, trenches, old tunnels and formations has controlled to a notable de-

shafts, open cuts, and abandoned placers gree the development and mineralization of

are found in all the areas showing miner- the gold-bearing lodes. It is believed that

alization. It is doubtful if any large area an understanding of these structural fea-

exists that can be regarded as virgin terri- tures will materially aid in prospecting and

tory for prospecting. Parts of the gold belt developing the ore bodies, and for this rea-

where there is no such evidence of past son they have been studied in some detail.

prospecting were for some reason passed Contrary to common belief, the individual

over as unfavorable. Exceptions to this lodes do not extend for long distances. They

would be lands owned by individuals or average a few thousand feet or so in length

families who have not permitted prospect- and show local variations in width from

ing on their property by outsiders.

several feet to 100 feet. Greater widths

These lodes are termed "veins" by the prospectors and miners, but the true veins consist of the many small irregular-shaped masses and lenses of quartz that lie within the lodes. The typical veins range from an inch to several feet in thickness and from a few feet to several hundred feet in length. They swell and pinch sbruptly. Commonly, the veins are in the form of small stringers of quartz which lie parallel to the cleavage or schistosity of the enclosing rock. The veins are largely the result of a replacement of the country rock which forms part of the lode. The country rock is composed of schist or granite and is in general intricately mixed with the vein material. The mineralization has generally been confined to the veins, but it may have penetrated the altered country rock that forms part of the lode.
The gold is irregularly distributed through the vein material, barren masses of quartz and the enclosing rock occurring along with those that carry gold. Commonly, the higher tenor tends to be con-

centrated in localized ore bodies, which

N

vary in shape according to the local struc-

tural features of the rock. The deep-lying

granitic intrusions, now well exposed over

the region, probably formed the source of

the mineralizing solutions, which found a

more ready passage where such features as

rolls in the schistosity, shear planes, joint

planes or fissures, or more open cleavage

were present.

Technical details relative to the mineral-

ization will be considered more fully in a

forthcoming report by the United States

Geological Survey. The point emphasized

Figure 4. Sketch map showing relation of lodes of gold belt.

here is that in the area of mineralization

the structural features are significant. As

an illustration of this point, it is common
1
1 knowledge among the miners doing under-

ground work in the gold belt that in many

places the ore forms shoots or chimneys in

the lodes. These ore shoots are in the form

of ellipsoidal masses that average a few

feet in cross section and rarely exceed 100

feet in length. They generally plunge or

"rake" at fairly steep angles within the

lode and to the northeast. The data in hand

show that "rolls" (waves) in the schistose

cleavage of the country rock have deter-

mined the formation of such ore bodies.

Figure 5. Idealized cross section showing chatacter of lode and its rel8(tion to country rock

The reader can obtain a mental picture of this structural arrangement of an ore

shoot by comparing the lode with its many

Certain parts of the gold belt have been are exceptional. Some of the lodes lie end small, irregular veins to a house roof slop-

favored by extensive and locally intense to end, with barren areas between, and this ing southeast. If the roof had large cor-

mineralization. It is in these areas that arrangement probably explains the local rugations running at an angle down the

most of the mining has been done and that belief that the lodes extend for many miles slope and to the northeast, these corruga-

present activities and future possibilities without a break. At any point in the gold tions would represent the rolls in the schis-

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

I tosity. The ore shoots lie with their long GA. SOCIETY FOR

have timber for future consumption.

axes roughly parallel to these rolls or cor-

ARCHAEOLOGY HOLDS

CCC Items

rugations and at points along the length of

MEETING IN MACON W. W. Garwood, foreman P-59, Fargo, is

the lode where structural conditions have

installing lighting protection facilities to

been more favorable for the localization of The Georgia Society for Archaeology eleven steel and six wooden towers in the

gold deposition. Quartz stringers may be held its third meeting at the Dempsey District.

equally well developed between these ore Hotel, Macon, on Friday, November 16th. Camp P-84, formerly at Waycross, was

shoots but show much less mineralization. The banquet of the Society was preceeded Eafely moved to Homeland, near Folkston.

Other forms of ore bodies occur, but this by a business meeting at which the fol- Camp P-65, Jesup, has a fire whistle all

type seems especially characteristic of the lowing officers were elected: Dr. C. C. rigged up that can be heard all over Jesup.

Georgia gold belt.

Harrold, Macon, President; J. M. Mallory, Camp P-62, Baxley, did a noble job in

The present surveys indicate that the Savannah, 1st Vice President; Mrs. M. E. handling the Appling TPO barbecue in Oc-

above-outlined features of geology and min- Judd, Dalton, 2nd Vice President; Richard tober.

'!llj

eralization are in general typical of the W. Smith, Atlanta, Secretary-Treasurer; Camp P-68, Douglas, recently held a car-

entire Georgia gold belt. In different por- W. A. Harris, Macon; Dr. A. V. Henry, nival put on by Educational Director Dur-

tions of the belt there are peculiar local Atlanta; Hon. Ogden Persons, Forsyth, and den. It is understood there was plenty of

features, some of which will be briefly men- R. R. Otis, Atlanta, members of the Execu- frolicking done.

tioned later in descriptions of the active tive Committee.

Camp P-60, Woodbine, is having plenty

properties.

Dr. J. R. Swanton, of the Bureau of of fun with the palmettos along the coast.

Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institute, They have a root on exhibit grubbed along

NEW DEPOSITS BLEACHING

Washington, D. C.; Dr. Frank M. Setzler, a break measuring 6 in. in diameter;

CLAY DISCOVERED IN GA. of the U. S. National Museum, Washing- length indeterminate.

An investigation of the bleaching clay ton, D. C., and Dr. Walter B. Jones, State Camp P-59, Fargo, is gradually "dig-

deposits of Georgia, including the fullers Geologist of Alabama and Director of the ging" its way toward Tarver, the western

earths of Southwest Georgia, certain clays Alabama State Museum, Tuscaloosa, Ala- boundary.

of Middle Georgia, and the bentonites of bama, were guests of honor at the banquet Camp P-52, Homerville, is being kept on

Northwest Georgia, has just been complet- at which Dr. C. C. Harrold was toastmas- the run helping out with fire fighting.

ed by the U. S. Geological Survey in coop- ter.

Camp P-70, Nahunta, does everything

eration with the Georgia Department of Following the banquet was an illustrated in a big way. Seven miles of break burn-

Forestry and Geological Development, ac- lecture by Dr. Setzler on "First Families ed in a day by a 50-man crew.

cording to State Geologist Richard W. of Georgia, their Ancestors and Their An-

T. P. 0. News

Smith. The investigation was conducted by tiquities." Dr. Setzler stated that in his S. N. Smith, formerly ECW foreman at

Dr. Harry Bay, assigned by U. S. Geological opinion the Indian mounds and village sites P-60, was appointed secretary of the Brant-

Survey, and financed by a direct grant from ; in Georgia will be found to contain the clue ley TPO, by the board of directors on Nov.

the Public Works Administration.

to the wanderings of the various tribes 6. Mr. Smith succeeds J. H. Warren. The

Fullers earth has long been mined in that were the ancestors of Indians found Brantley TPO is operating two towers and

Decatur County for use in refining petro- in the Southeast by the first white settlers. is having six fire trailers built, one to be

leum oils. Mr. Smith states that Dr. Bay Studies of pottery and ornaments found in placed in each community. A cooperative

collected samples for testing from deposits excavating the Indian mounds along the patrol is being maintained on about 50,000

in Grady and Thomas counties that appear Mississippi and Ohio rivers, he said, have acres.

to be of a similar grade, and in addition shown that they can be divided into several J. M. Du Puis, Secretary of the Appling

prospected promismg deposits in Crisp groups or cultures of varying antiquity ac- TPO at Baxley, reports that all four tow-

County. Extensions were also found of the cording to their designs. Several of these ers are now manned and fires in any part

deposits of bleaching clay south and east types have been found in Georgia.

of Appling county can be spotted promptly

of Macon that are used in clarifying vege- _Dr. Swanton and Dr. Setzler: together I and precisely.

table oils.

With several members of the Society, spent The Camden TPO has five towers in op-

Dr. Bay's tests of the bentonite deposits the week following the meeting visiting eration.

of Walker and Dade counties in Northwest known Indian localities in Georgia search- The Suwanee TPO in Southern Clinch

Georgia indicate that they have some pos- ing for clues to other cultures.

and Echols counties, has its radio fire dis-

sibilities as a bleaching clay if mining costs

patch system working nicely. Several pa-

ean be kept low enough. The complete re- Appling T. P. 0. Barbecue Attend- trol cars are in use on the area.

port of Dr. Bay, including the laboratory

ed by Hundreds

The Consolidated TPO has several tow-

tests on his samples, will later be pub

(Continued from Page 6)

ers manned and all were to be placed in

lished by the U. S. Geological Survey.

ed in cooking and serving. The speeches operation by December 1. Schools in four

A new use for Georgia's bleaching clays were varied, describing the religious and counties have been visited and talks made

is indicated, Mr. Smith states, as a result educational life of the CCC camp;; the re- on fire protection by the Secretary, J. 0.

of experiments now being conducted by sponsibility of camp authorities; the work Rodgers.

several Georgia city water works on the of the CCC camps in building up a fire P. B. Copeland, Secretary of the Hurri-

possibility of substituting the Georgia clay protection system; the activities of the TPO cane C':eek TPO, with headquarters ;at

for activated carbon now used to remove and need for response from a greater num- Alma, reports many members are plowing

organic odors from water.

ber of members in doing protection work secondary firebreaks.

State Forest Research

and rendering financial support to the The Charlton TPO has one tower in opTPO's cooperative program; the economic eration and two more being constructed.

"The State should carry on the research value and importance of forests and the Several members of the Wayne TPO are

necessary, both in forest products and sil- necessity for better fire protection. Prac- now constructing secondary firebreaks.

viculture, giving the forest owner the basic tically all speakers emphasized the need of The Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO firebreak plow

information for forest management in the effective fire control in order to have for- is being kept busy, reports L. F. Morey,

same way in which it undertakes agricul- ests properly reproducing and growing. secretary.

tural research, and including demonstra- Several TPO members testified as to their

tion forests which act as educational guides , success and value in keeping the woods Louisiana led in hardwood production in to private owners."-P. Z. Caverhill, Jour-~ "rough" and pointed out that only by keep- 1933, with Arkansas second and Mississippi

nal of Forestry.

ing the woods rough can we continue to third.