Forestry-geological review [Nov. 1934]

DEPARTMENT Or FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM o-r.~==

ATLANTA, GA., NOVEMBER, 1934

No. 11

LAND USE REPORT

II NEW APPOINTEES NAMED FOR GEORGIA CCC CAMPS ON

PLANNED BY STATE

COMMISSION MEMBERSHIP

PRIVATELY OWNED LAND

Commissioner of Forestry and Geological Development Favors CCC Work on Private Land-Sum-

T. G. Woolford, Atlanta, and Perry Middleton, Brunswick, Selected By Governor Eugene Talmadge

Why the Number is Reduced and How They Can be Obtained, Explained by State Forester

mary of Work Given

for Commission of Forestry and Geological Development

The number of CCC camps working on privately owned lands in Georgia was fur-

At a meeting of the Commission of For-

ther reduced in October. Explaining why

estry and Geological Development, pres- Governor Eugene Talmadge has ap- the decrease has occurred and how CCC

ided over by Chairman Governor Eugene pointed T. G. Woolford, Atlanta, to fill the camps can be obtained for privately owned

Talmadge, held Friday, October 26, a com- unexpired term of the late Dan Byrd, and lands, State. Forester B. M. Lufburrow

mittee on land use of the state was ap- Perry Middleton, Brunswick, to succeed makes the following statement:

pointed. The purpose of the committee is Leonard Rountree, Summit, as members of "While the loss is deplored, it is a mat-

to make a study of the forest area of Geor- the Commission of the Department of For- ter beyond the control of the Georgia For-

gia and recommend to the commission the estry and Geological Development.

est Service. Every effort has been made

best use of such land and as to policies of Mr. Woolford has been president of the to continue camps on privately owned lands

private and public ownership.

Georgia Forestry Association for several and to increase the number.

The land use committee consists of T. G. years and is a recognized leader in forestry "CCC camps are federal and not state

Woolford, Atlanta; Perry Middleton, Bruns- matters in Georgia. He is chairman of the projects. While state agencies make rec-

wick, and Alex K. Sessons, Cogdell. The board of the Retail Credit Company, an ommendations, the final decision on where

first two named are newly appointed mem- international organization with headquar- camps are located and the number a state

hers attending the commission for the first ters in Atlanta. His ability as a business can have is made by federal agencies.

time.

leader has been recognized by the United "An important consideration in determin-

The commission passed a resolution ask- States Chamber of Commerce in which he ing the number and location of camps on

ing a fair share of CCC camps on privately holds the important position of director. privately owned land is the guarantee the

owned lands should the CCC work be con- Among his many unselfish activities in state can offer that the work of the CCC tinued after April 1, 1935. A resolution of pub~ic welfare are his l:adership in pro- camps will be maintained. The guarantee respect to Hon. Dan M. Byrd, deceased ; motm~ the Gul~-AtlantiC. cana~ t~rough must be adequate both as to state adminis-

member of the commission was passed. Bud- ' Georgia and Flonda and his service m con- tration and as to financial co-operation of

get for the last quarter was fixed.

nection with the Atlanta Comm~nity Chest. the private land owners benefited in main-

In his report to the commission, State Being president of the Georgia Forestry taining the CCC work.

Forester B. M. Lufburrow stated that there Association, an organization that has in- "When appropriations for forestry were

are now 2,068 land owners co-operating terested itself in state legislation affecting made by the State legislature early in 1933,

through 47 Timber Protective Organiza- forestry, Mr. Woolford has sponsored ex- no one anticipated the demands that would

tions, with 3,379,511 acres of timber land cursions of legislators into forested areas be made on the state for the administration

under fire protection.

of the state and to the pulp and paper plant o CCC work. The extra burden has been

Summarizing the CCC work carried on under state supervision, Mr. Lufburrow

in Savannah, that legislators might have ' carried the best that the limited funds and first hand information of the needs of for- personnel of the state forest service admit. estry. These trips are typical of the earn- "Georgia has a co-operative fire control

stated that 738 miles of telephone line had been constructed, 4,042 miles of firebreak cleared, stumped, grubbed and plowed; 67,903 acres cleared of fire hazards; 577 miles of truck trails made; 4 lookout houses and 37 lookout towers erected; 28,785 man days spent fighting fires; 24 permanent build-
.fncs constructed; 5,647 miles lineal surveys
run; type-mapped 3,321,048 acres of private land giving the members of the timber protective organizations definite instruc-

est and generous expressions of his great desire to render public service.
Mr. Middleton is a prominent citizen of South Georgia, owner of forest and farm lands, a naval stores operator, and vitally interested in promoting the development of the natural resources of the state. He is an honored member of the governor's staff and leader in public affairs in southeast Georgia. He is a native and continuous resident of Glynn county and has dealt first

system for private land owners, known as the timber protective organization, that ha1> been recognized by federal agencies since 1925. These organizations are considered well suited to back up state guarantees for the maintenance of CCC work. The areas controlled by these organizations have been the sites on which CCC labor has been employed on privately owned land. So much CCC work has been done on some of these areas that the private land owners have

tions for fire control; constructed 858 hand with many of the forestry and naval felt that they have reached the limit of

bridges and planted 248 acres to trees.

stores problems of the state.

their financial ability to maintain the im-

State Geologist Richard W. Smith re-

provements, and as a consequence, the

IIOrted co-operative work with the U. S. Geological Survey on kyanite, gold and bleaching clays in Georgia.

During the winter of 1933-34, Civilian Conservation Corps employment provided relief for more than one million people.

camps were moved. "In other instances, the timber protec-
tive organizations wanted camps continued, (Continued on page 2)

2

FORES~TRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological ReYiew
Published Monthly by the

IS CONTROL BURNING A

easier than the conflagration sweeping

SOUND FOREST PRACTICE? through the woods can be fought out.

Plowing or scraping to make a firebreak

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Burning V i o I a t e s Fundamental to c:;heck the approaching fire is also effecLaws of Forest Life-Those Who tive, especially in establishing a base for

State Capitol, Atlanta C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

Harvest Tree Products Find No back firing.

Worthwhile Profit Where Fire The advantages of not raking and burn-

Takes Annual Toll

ing are many. Fires kill seedlings and pre-

Forestry Division

vent natural reforestation. They injure The fire season is with us again. Some larger trees and slow up growth. Espe-

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission_Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ____ Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester,_Atla~ta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____ Gamesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross
W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome
Jack Thurmond, District Forester, ________________________________________ S a v a n n a h
C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany
W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary _____Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

will purposely burn off their woods as in the past for one alleged reason or another. Among them "control burning" is prominent because some intelligent people find it easy to believe that if it is "control burning" it is somehow less objectionable.
The practice of "control burning" is most generally pursued by some of the turpentine operators, and consists of raking around trees and burning off the ground cover, this to prevent fire from reaching the chipped faces of the trees. The one

cially among hardwoods, the fires scar the trunks and let decay and insects begin their work of destruction.
Fires destroy the ground cover and thereby reduce the fertility of the soil, decrease its water holding capacity and otherwise make the soil less efficient in providing for the growth needs of the trees. Whatever reduces the vigor of trees is bound to reduce the tree's products. The greatest need of southern soils is organic matter. Burn the organic matter and you have injured the

purpose of raking and burning is, of course, soil at its most vital point.

Geological Division R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________ Atlanta G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist,
_________________________________:________Atlanta

to protect the faces and the gum accumulated in the cups. Certainly it is important to protect the trees and the cups.
If this were the only way to protect the

So many people are fearful of "rough" in the forest. The ground cover of dead sedge grass, wire grass, briers and other annuals look like a terrible fire hazard.

Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoL__ Atlanta producing trees, there would be nothing The longer this material accumulates on the

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta further to be said. The verdict would be soil, the greater the hazard is considered to

in favor of burning. But there are other be. Therefore, some would use "control

but this has been denied by federal authorities on the ground that past and current expenditures of these organizations have not been sufficiently large to convince the federal agencies that more work would be adequately maintained.
"The funds that the state forest service have for supervising the maintenance of CCC work already done, and to be accomplished, also enter into the decision of the federal government as to the number of camps the state can have.
"In a word, the extent of CCC work on privately owned lands in Georgia depends on how far the state and private land owners are willing to back it up."

ways. One that has operated successfully and at lower cost than "control burning", is the method employed by the Timber Protective Organization of Georgia. Briefly, it is co-operation to prevent and control fires, in which firebreak construction, lookout towers, private telephone lines, fire fighting equipment and patrolmen are used. This system has proven more effective in protecting "faces" than control burning, for it is well known in the turpentine belt that in spite of control burning, fires do get out and burn the "faces" and the contents of cups. Pines have a habit of shedding their needles over several months, and no sooner does one rake and burn off the ground than needles cover the ground again.

burning" methods every two or three years to reduce the hazard.
But how much of the sedge grass and the wire grass, the two most combustible materials, are standing two and three years and are still combustible? It will be surprising to some to find that these materials have fallen to the ground and are in such state of decay as to create no fire hazard. To the contrary, they are creating humus for the improvement of the soil. The same is true of fallen leaves and twigs. The "rough" should be regarded with pride rather than with fear.
After all, the only way to deal with fire is to keep it out of the woods, and if it breaks out, fight it by every efficient

Rate Forest Checks Erosion

The T. P. 0. method is also far less ex- method. Burning off the woods violates pensive than the rake-and-burn method, fundamental laws of forest life. No method

Rainfall washes the soil from bare and since federal assistance is given on paying of control can keep fire from harming re-

cultivated lands in the loesial upland of the cost.

forestation and tree growth.

northern Mississippi 4,300 times as fast as I Many turpentine operators, however, are

I from forest covered lands in the same sec- not working trees within the bounds of
tion, according to U. S. Forest Service in- areas of Timber Protective Organizations.

RADIO KILLS INSECTS

vestigations. The results are based on two-year deter-
mination of rain run-off at Hollywood, Mississippi. The forested land not only did not erode, but absorbed water at a rate that

What can they do? The answer is use less expensive and
equally, if not more, effective control measures, among them patrols. When the price of naval stores was so low, turpentine ope-

It may develop as the result of a recent discovery that in the future one may take a short wave radio set and go from tree to tree to kill injurious forest insects without killing the trees.

demonstrated the immense value of the for- rators felt they could not stand the expense This may come as the result of a discov-

est as a means of flood control.

of raking and burning, they resorted to ery by Dr. Thomas J. Headier, Entomol-

forest patrol. They generally obtained sat- ogist of the New Jersey Agricultural Ex-

Forests and Rehabilitation
"In this national program for social and economic reconstruction and rehabilitation, intelligent and planned use of our forest land must play an important part. \>nethird of the area of the continental United States is in forests, or land chiefly valuable for forest purposes."-F. A. Silcox, Chief Forester, U. S. Forest Service.

isfactory results, mainly by spotting fires and putting them out before they gained headway.
Back firing is a method of control burning to stop fires. Of course firebreaks are desirable as bases for back firing, but when these are not present, back firing will make a fire break, and properly manned, the fire that is started for back firing can be beaten out with pine tops and kept from advancing

periment Station, who has succeeded in killing insects in glass containers by simply passing a short wave through them; also by the same process, he has killed insects in liquids, minerals, earth, paper, wood, fruit, vegetables and leaves.
It is stated that the undertaking is still in the experimental stage and details for the practical application of the short-wave insecticide have to be worked out.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

APPLING COUNTY T. P. 0.

WARMING FIRES START

WESTERN SHELTER BELT

MAKES GOOD RECORD

FOREST DESTRUCTION AWAITS CONGRESSIONAL ACT

Appling county and surrounding terri- In this season when hunting is the pleas- The Comptroller General of the United

tory are very proud to state that they have ure of many people, it is the usual custom States denied $75,000,000 for use in plant-

bought the materials and h!lve now com- to gather twigs and fallen limbs to make ing a tree shelter belt from Canada to the

pleted two additional fire lookout towers to warming fires. An o'possum hunt at night pan handle of Texas, on the ground that

make an entire coverage of the area in- when a chill is in the air, is not complete relief funas for the drouth area, from

eluded in the local organization. With the without a warming fire, around which the which the t-r:ee planting funds were to be

original tower at Surrency and the ECW hunters gather and tell tales. No fault is taken, were not available for any purpose

tower, or Bouie tower, already in operation, to be found with the practice of making other than direct and immediate relief.

these new towers in Ten Mile Section and fires. The fault is in not suppressing the Congress will have to approve an expen-

the fourth district will be able to spot a fire when the hunters leave.

diture for the great "shelter belt" which is

fire anywhere in the county before great Warming fires left burning in the goods to be 1,000 'miles long and 100 miles wide.

damage can be done. The members of the by the hunters are often fanned by a breeze The Comptroller General has, however,

Appling TPO have co-operated in every and sparks are carried into leaves nearby. approved an expenditure of $1,000,000

way possible to prevent fire damage to the The immediate result is a raging forest fire, from drouth relief funds to be used for es-

second growth timber throughout the entire sometimes sweeping through hundreds and ts.blishing tree nurseries and for taking the

area and are very anxious to promote pres- thousands of acres. The moment of necessary preliminary steps in launching

ervation of the bountiful supply of seed on thoughtlessness and failure to douse the ing the undertaking.

the pine trees this year. This can only be fire with water, or to smother it with earth,

accomplished by keeping fire out of the is responsible for the needless destruction CCC CAMP RATING

woods during the coming winter.

of thousands of dollars of forest wealth.

THIRD PERIOD OF WORK

Members of Appling TPO have contrib- Sometimes the fires are made to smoke

uted their entire share of the cost of the out a 'possum or rabbit in a hollow tree. The standing of Georgia CCC camps un-

new towers which have been constructed at Succeeding or not, the fire is left to burn, der the supervision of the State Forest

a total cost of about $1,600. They have in- often spreading into the woods.

Service for the third period, based on quan-

stalled telephones in both towers which con- Another practice, especially of thought- tity and quality of work, and general effinect to the entire telephone system, whereby less boys, is the firing of a briar patch to ciency in camp administration is as follows: the entire area, as well as the CCC camp, get a rabbit out where it can be shot. The First, P-73, Towns county, C. J. Oliver,

can be immediately notified of a forest fire. fire is then left to burn and spread into superintendent;

The fire loss in this area was only about the forest.

Second, P-67, Seminole county, T. L.

6 per cent last winter and we hope to lower Hunters of quail are sometimes thought- Hughston, superintendent;

this during the coming winter, if not to less about tossing burning matches into the Third, P-63, Telfair county, W. F. What-

completely eliminate any loss whatever.

grass, or emptying the burning embers in ley, superintendent;

The CCC camp located in Appling county their pipes into the grass. Destructive fires Fourth, P-78, Taylor county, L. B. Bar-

has completed 188 miles of primary fire- sometimes follow in the hunter's wake.

rett, superintendent;

breaks and is now completing breaks at the Each year the forest fire reports of Gear- Fifth, P-72, w:are county, L. I. Martin,

rate of about 20 miles per month. The tim- ' gia show that a large number of destructive superintendent.

her protective organization, at a recent fires are started by careless hunters. Too

meeting of directors, approved a plan for many warnings and reminders to be canmaintaining the 30 per cent of these breaks, tious with fire can not be given by word,

CRYSTALS IN DEAD WOOD

as required by the Forest Service. In addition to the above firebreaks, the
Forest Service at Camp P-62 with the CCC enrolees, has constructed 48 miles of telephone line that connect with the camp as headquarters. It has also made a comprehensive map of this county showing the timber types on all lands in the area. This map is of inestimable value in the proper preparation for stopping forest fires and preventing further spread. It is also of great value to prospective buyers of timber lands in that they can easily see the extent

by posted signs and the public press.
CCC Men Wage War on Tree Foe, Gypsy Moth
The western advance of the Gypsy Moth, a destructive tree enemy, is being effectively checked by CCC men and an eradication war is waging in Connecticut, Vermont and Massachusetts. According to Robert Fechner, Director of Emergency Conservation Work, the insect fighters have covered more than 250,000 acres of woodland, dis-

A curious specimen of wood brought to state forestry headquarters revealed mineral crystals throughout its cellular structure, mostly scattered, but in places clustered.
The specimen was taken from a standing, dead yellow poplar, now free from bark and decaying on the surface. The crystals were found in undecayed, as well as partially decayed parts of the structure.
The person who brought in the pieces of wood reported that the dead tree was luminous at night. This, of course, is to f>e at-

and type of young growth on the property patched the enemy on 629,000 trees, creo- tributed to phosphorus.

without making an intensive survey.

soted millions of the moth's caterpillars The particles of mineral may have cry-

People of this county are well pleased and scouted 1,440 miles of roadway to re- stalized out of the wood, the wood, of course

with the work accomplished by the CCC move infestations in overhanging trees so having taken up the minerals from the soil

camp in co-operation with the Forest Serv- that passing vehicles wou1d not carry the as plant food. It is also possible for the

ice and want the camp to remain here as falling insects to uninfected territory.

dead trunk to have taken up by capillary

long as the work is carried on by the gov-

action soluble minerals in the soil, perhaps

ernment and promises to give 100 per cent Forestry School Largely Attended some minerals that the. roots of a living
support to all projects undertaken.-N. A. The division of forestry of the State Col- tree would not have absorbed.

Conner, Secretary-Manager, Appling Coun- lege of Agriculture and of the University of In the state museum at the Capitol is a

ty T. P. 0.

Georgia at Athens, has the largest attend- tree trunk completely petrified, but in that

ance in its history. This is the oldest for- case, the trunk was submerged and soluble

A Large Layer of Mustard

estry school and has the largest faculty and minerals had infiltrated to completely fill

As a quick soil binder to restrain erosion best equipment of any in the South. Ef- the wood pores. The standing yellow pop-

on a recent burned area in the Angeles Na- forts directed to making it a regional lar with its shining crystals did not have

tional Forest, California, the federal forest school to serve all the southeast are meet- an opportunity to make its collection that

service ~as sown 3,000 acres to mustard.

ing success.

way.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

FORESTRY

Planting of black locust with other hard- man food in Europe before anyone knew woods, according to these authorities, makes the use of grain for food.

QUESTION BOX

for better growth of the black locust and the hardwoods and reduces damage of bor- The Life Tree of Jamaica bears leaves

ers, but conifers find the association with which continue to live after they have fal-

What are the water requirements for black locust detrimental. paper manufacture?

len from the tree. A portion of a leaf, if planted, will take root and grow.

I : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . Plenty of clear water. Freedom from or-
ganic matter is desirable. Most paper manufacturers use alum for removing organic matter from water of surface origin. Watet: carrying considerable clay is also treated to remove this objectionable material. Excessive lime is not desirable, but such a condition will hardly be confronted in Georgia.
Som.e people in the rnountains think burning off the woods increases the flow of sp1-ings. Is that possible?

Reduction in Lumber Cut
In the administration of the lumber code, I

FIRST DISTRICT

the total lumber cut for the last quarter is placed at 3,073,500,000 board feet, of which 2,596,300,000 is allotted to soft woods and

Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester Rome

477,300,000 to hardwoods. The seasonal decrease in demand and the existing surplus of 8,500,000,000 board feet has led to a reduction in the permissible cut. It is stated that it is now the policy of the lumber code authorities to adjust production to actual stocks on hand and consumption.

Walker County Forestry Exhibit
The future farmers of America co-operating with the Georgia Forest Service put up an exhibit at the Walker County Fair held at Lafayette October 18 to 20. The exhibit was decorated with fall leaves of varying colors and was a comparison of

To the contrary, burning off the woods decreases spring flow. Percolation of water

INTERESTING FORESTRY FACTS

an area that had been burned each year and an area that had not been burned for

into the ground is a slow process, and what the people you mention thought was the immediate result of woods burning was more likely the result of heavy fall and winter rains of a previous season.
The more woods mold a forest accumu-

(From Service Letter, Pennsylvania) Thirty-five species of pine are native to the United States, but the bulk of pine lumber is obtained from eight of them-two northern, three southern and three western.

several years. Posters outlining the difference between the two areas were put up at vantage points in the exhibit and several of the Georgia Forest Service signs were nailed to trees in the background. In the foreground of the exhibit, all the fire fight-

lates the more water it absorbs and feeds down into the springs. Fires destroy materials for making woods mold, reduce water absorption and thereby lessen spring flow.

Quassia tree of the West Indes produces a natural fever medicine. Carved cups of this wood are filled with water, which, on standing, is impregnated with medicinal qualities of the wood. Natives then drink

ing tools commonly used in fighting forest fires were placed so that everyone could have a close inspection of these tools. Samples of the common woods of North Georgia completed the exhibit.

Will a sprout fr01n an old stump make as good a tree as growth from seed?
Growth from a seedling is preferred mainly because a sprout from the stump is likely to acquire disease that killed the parent tree, or developed in the old stump, or in the stub of a companion sprout that was removed in thinning.

the liquid from the cup.
Teakwood of China and Burma contains an oily substance resistant to the penetration of water and is repellant to insects, therefore very durable.
Rosewood trees produce an oil with an odor so much like roses that many rose

New School Forests
Several new schools have been calling for a survey of their school forests and much interest has been aroused in certain sections. Several of the schools are in keen competition with each other as to which will have the best school forest and some of the students are working hard to get

When does CCC work end?

perfumes are made from it.

to go to the summer camp.

The original provisions were that CCC work would expire March 31, 1935. Strong efforts are, however, being made to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps on a permanent basis. In Georgia the Georgia

Seed from eighteen Anacarias (pine of Chili) are said to maintain one person for a whole year. Indians eat them fresh, boiled or toasted.

T. P. 0. Activities
The TPO'S are taking on new life with the advent of the fall season and the subsequent fire danger. The Ellijay TPO has

Forestry Association at its annual meeting in Augusta passed strong resolutions urg-

been undergoing quite a change since the Nine-tenths of the world's supply of death of their patrolman and the people are

ing the continuance of CCC work.

.clo.ves c?me . from Zanzibar and Pemba, waking up to the fact that they have a

neighbormg Islands o_ff the east coast of good TPO and are taking more interest in

1
Which is the better time to plant tree Africa. The tree will not grow on thhe ' these activities than formerly. Practically

seed, Fall O'r Spring?

mainland nor on other nearby islands. T e a11 t he TPO's are undergoing a slight

In South Georgia it does not matter, but clove is the dry bud of the tree.

change in management and the members are

in the upper half of the state where freezes

in hopes that this will serve to enlarge

are sometimes hard enough to heave the lit- Querebracho wood of Argentine and Para- their organizations.

tle seedlings out of the ground, it is better guay is so hiud that a strong nail cannot

to plant the seed in March.

I penetrate it under heavy hammer blows.

The same rule holds true as to planting "Querebracho" means axe-breaker.

,-----S-I_X_T_H--0-IS_T_R_I_C_T------:

seedlings. In South Georgia it is safe to

plant in the fall. In North Georgia, it is About 1100 species of trees are found in

better to wait till spring.

the United States.

Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester Savannah

In erosion work, would it be advisable to Plant a mixture 'of black locust and pines?
According to studies made by the Central States Forest Experiment Station, Columbus, Ohio, simultaneous plantings of black

The oldest living thing on earth is thought to be a yew tree in Chapultepec, Mexico. It is 119 feet around and 6,260 years old.

Tar City T, P. 0.
The Tar City TPO has assessed each member two cents per acre and will use the money to replow primary firebreaks during the fall and winter season.

locust and pines have shown "consistent

The TPO will use the tractor, driver

failure of the conifers."

Acorns from oak trees were used as hu- and plow that was used in the original

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

construction of the breaks by the camp at Camp P-5 3, Hinesville, will have com- I ye district forester could decide which trees

Reidsville, but the organization will pay pleted by the end of October, type mapping were to be chopped.

for all gasoline, oil and minor repairs and covering over 400,000 acres in Liberty and

labor necessary in the operation of the Long counties. They have already turned Camp P-68, Douglas, is "tearing up

machinery. They plan to also construct into the district office completed and col- ground" fast in Coffee and Jeff Davis coun-

enough secondary firebreaks to break the ored maps covering approximately all of ties. Building firebreaks up there is mere

blocks of timber land into areas not to the above amount of land.

child's play, though, to them, since they

exceed 100 acres.

were trained on the high palmetto and gall-

The side camp located in Swainsboro, berry lands of south Charlton county.

Ogeechee T. P. 0.

which uses Camp P-61 as a base camp re-

The Ogeechee TPO bought a 102 foot ports good progress in fire break construe- Camp P-65, Jesup, is toiling away in the

tower. The tower has arrived and will be tion for the first thirty days o operation Penholloway Creek region now. One vete-

erected at an early date by labor from the on lands listed in the Emanuel County ran recently remarked that he worked for

camp located at Bloomingdale.

TPO. With a crew of 45 men, they con- two weeks around Broadhurst way without

The TPO members agreed to donate structed 15 miles of firebreak in 22 work- being in sight of a house. Some woods!

enough heart cypress telephone poles to ing days. The firebreaks were plowed and

construct thirty or thirty-five miles of line were not thrown up by a grader.

Camp P-62, Baxley, is soon to be housed

connecting the tower with strategic points

in barracks, it is reported.

where fire fighters will be available.

I It seems that the Savannah District office

will be without the services of an ECW Camp P-60, Woodbine, is to remain at

Seed Collection

fores,ter for the remainder of the fourth Satilla Bluff for the winter.

The Savannah district was allotted 275 work period. Mr. Lattay, who was loaned

pounds of slash pine, 275 pounds of long- to Sp-5 temporarily will be held in the Way- Camp P-59, Fargo, will be prepared to

leaf pine and fifty of loblolly pine seed to cross district on type map work.

take care of fires this winter as fast as they

collect. The quantity of seed was reallotted to the camps in the district, and a tobacco

come. Four of the trucks have been equipped with radio receivers.

warehouse in the district at Vidalia was secured to store the cones during the curing, drying and extraction stages.
To date, over two thousand bushels of cones covering all species have been collected. After the seed have been extracted from the cones, they will be carried to Reidsville, where they will be cleaned and graded before they are ready to be turned over to the state nursery at Albany.
A machine two feet in diameter and three feet long, mounted with a crank, has been constructed to shake the seed from the cones. After this prcoess is over, the wings will be rubbed off and all this mass run through a home-made blower, which will separate the faulty seed and wings from

SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester
Waycross
T. P. 0. Expenditures
Expenditures were reported by the following TPO's for the quarter ending September 30: Consolidated TPO, $1,774.00; Kinderlou TPO. $150.00; Suwanee TPO, $7,922.00; Camden TPO, $359.00; Hurricane Creek TPO, $114.00; Brantley TPO, $486.00; Appling TPO, $711.00; Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO, $781.00; Wayne TPO, $1,464.00. A total of $13,761.00 was spent by nine TPO's in this district for fire control activities during the past quarter.

Camp P-52, Homerville, is building 30 more miles of telephone line, the materials being furnished by the C"onsolidated TPO. The Dupont tower is also in process of being moved from Dupont to Ryal's camp.
T.P.O.Items
L. F. Morey, secretary of the Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO, reports that the TPO has purchased a McCormick-Deering tractor and a Taylor 2-disc plow for constructing secondary firebreaks for TPO members at cost. This is a fine step forward and it is hoped other TPO's will fall in line with the same idea.

the good seed. The longleaf seed will retain their wings, as they will not readily

Firebreak Contracting

J. 0. Rodgers, secretary of the Consolidated TPO reports that the TPO has pur-

separate from the seed, besides there is Raulerson and McCain, firebreak con- chased 3 miles of wire and materials for ad-

possibility of the seed being crushed in the tractors of Foley, Fla., who did considerable ditional telephone line construction. All

process of wing removal.

secondary firebreak construction in this dis- members desiring secondary firebreak plow-

E. C. W. Notes
The five CCC camps and one side camp located in District Six will remain in their present location through the fourth work period. There is still much truck trail, fire break, telephone and tower work to be done during the next five months.
Camp P-82 received 154 men from Camp Dix in New Jersey, October 19th, which will bring the camp strength up to 264 men. The camp superintendent will have a problem to solve as to how he can haul all these

trict last winter, are in this territory again and expect to contract a considerable mileage for plowing this fall. Their rate is $3.00 per mile and they construct a firebreak 7 feet in width with a Hester plow and crawler type tractor. Anyone wishing to have any of this plowing done may get in touch with Messrs. Raulerson and McCain through the district office at Waycross.
C. C. C. Items
Camp P-72, Waycross, moved to Home-

ing should contact Mr. Rodgers.
J. M. DuPuis, formerly foreman at P-54 Albany, has taken up his duties as secretary of the Appling TPO, with headquarters at Baxley. The Appling TPO was to have had a barbecue on Thursday, October 25, preparations having been made for 4,000 lbs. of meat. Dr. Herty was invited to make an address but could not be there. An attendance of farmers, landowners, turpentine men and others aggregating 4,000 people was anticipated.

men on seven trucks.

land, near Folkston, the latter part of Oc-

tober. This camp is now known as P-84, E. L. Knight, secretary of the Wayne

Mr. C. F. Powers was glad to see all of Charlton.

TPO, in co-operation with County Agent

these men come in, as he is football coach,

Jack Chaffin and the district forester, held

in addition to being an up and coming for- Camp P-70, Nahunta has some cracker- fire prevention meetings at four schools in

est engineer. Charlie could use several jack tree-choppers, as was demonstrated Wayne county recently. Field demonstra-

more 190 pound backs and line men, in ad- recently in some thinning demonstrations tions of fire damage were also given.

dition to the ones he now has on the squad, put on by the Brantley county agent and Messrs. W. C. Rogers and A. J. Hopkins

and he hopes to be able to get them from the district forestel'. Verily, the boys attended and gave talks at the meetings on

the large list of new arrivals.

cpuld chop down the trees much faster than

(Continued on Page 8, Column 2)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

It may be that some of these old mines,

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

if reopened and properly explored, could be operated at a profit under present eco-

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

nomic conditions if modern methods of mining and milling were utilized. The geologic data indicate that exploration will

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

probably show low-grade ore bodies, with here and there a richer pocket. The profit

must ordinarily come from mining these

THE GOLD DEPOSITS

posits with the hope of finding profitable ore low-grade ore bodies. With very rare ex-

OF GEORGIA bodies. In areas having favorable geologic ceptions, the discovery of rich pockets of

conditions this is a definite possibility, but gold represents something unexpected and

By RoY A. WILSON

there is no present basis in fact for the unplanned for; they are the occasional

statement that the gold belt of Georgia con- "lucky finds" and should be so considered

(Published by pennission of the Di1ector, tains a second "Mother Lode."

in the proper valuation of the property.

Unitecl States Geological Smvey)

In this connection it is important to note Too much emphasis should not be placed

that the lodes of the gold belt are charac- upon the past history of a mine. The richer

Article 2

terized by small, very irregularly distrib- ore may have been mined out. The charuted veins in which the small ore shoots are acter of the remaining ore is the all-im-

General Features (continued)

separated by much barren material (fig. 3). portant question. No mine is truly on a The difficulties of mining such a deposit paying basis until sufficient exploratory

Lode mining .-Lode mining gradually at- are appa_rent.

work has proved the presence of ore bodies

tracted more attention as the higher-grade placer and saprolite deposits along the gold belt of Georgia became exhausted. The total amount of underground development in the state is very small compared with that in other mining regions. Much of it has been "gophering"-the digging by hand in the oxidized and partly \veathered zone of the lodes for rich quartz stringers and pockets. Although a few mines have ope-

At the time of these studies none of the deeper mines in the state was accessible. Most of them had been abandoned for a long period. Reliable statistics of production either have not been kept or are not available. Underground maps are generalized and show little in the way of reliable geology. Word-of-mouth information must be carefully sifted for data that are accurate. The owners or past operators of

of sufficient size and value to guarantee a return of the capital investment, plus costs of operation, plus a reasonable margin of profit. Until that is established the mine is merely a prospect, subject to all the hazards attendant on the lack of knowledge a s to what lies below. The advice of competent mining engineers and geologists will reduce these hazards somewhat but by no means eliminate them.

rated on a fairly extensive scale and pene- these mines are prone to err on the side of . In addition to geologic data, sampling and

assaying of the explored ore bodies is im-

portant. Gold veins, especially, show wide

variations in value, even within a distance

of' a few feet, and the mean or average of

the assayed samples will generally be much

lower than the highest results obtained.

Emphasizing the highest assays obtained in

sampling gives an optimistic picture of the

property's value which is not warranted.

Selective or haphazard sampling of the ore

body is equally worthless. Proper sampling

requires the utmost caution and skill and is

very often an expensive procedure, costing

hundreds or even several thousand dollars,

tf the deposit sampled is of fairly large

size. It is obvious that until sufficient ex-

ploration has been carried on to open up

a considerable portion of the vein or lode,

che most accurate sampling gives only a
I partial picture of the true value of the ore

body. A detailed mine map showing the

exact locality of each sample in the shafts,

~rosscuts, drifts, etc., and an a ssay sheet

co accompany this map are absolutely es-

.;ential.

Figure 3.-View of lode exposed in Black shaft of Cherokee mine in Cherokee county. Shows typical arrangement of small quartz veins intermixed with altered country rock. Photl:o graph by R. A. Newton.
hated to depths of several hundred feet undue optimism or have forgotten essential below the oxidized zone into the sulphide details. A mine that can be operated at a ore bodies, the lode miners have generally profit, and especially one that still contains abandoned their efforts at depths of 100 exten sive bodies of rich ore, is not likely to feet or less. Increased difficulties of mining br abandoned. Litigation, accidental floodand depletion of richer ore are the two ing, etc., are exceptional causes. The ascommon factors behind such abandonment. sumption is reasonable that most of these
The limited mining of the quartz lodes deeper mines were abandoned because explains the widespread belief that the fu- they failed to yield a profit. Even if they ture of gold ."mining in Georgia lies in the were profitable at first, the ore probably exploration of the deeper parts of the de- became too lean to be workable at depths.

The question of the depth to which profit.tble ore bodies extend in the gold belt of Georgia is still an open one. The answer to this question lies largely in what future underground development will disclose. Present knowledge does not indicate extensive and rich ore bodies in the deeper portions of the lodes. The known facts show that in areas where conditions of mineralization have been favorable, ore bodies that may be profitably mined lie below the water table in the sulphide zone but that only very locally do they contain small rich pockets of gold.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Mining cannot be carried on at a profit everywhere in the Georgia gold belt. There are large areas which show very little or

T. P. 0. ITEMS
(Continued from Page 6, Column 3)

NATIONAL FORESTRY IMPORTANT SESSIONS

no mineralization. In other areas the gold, though widely distributed, is present in so small an amount that mining operations of any type cannot be profitable, regardless of the present price of gold or other favorable

screw worm control. Mr. W. C. Rogers recently purchased an International T-D40 tractor and Hester 5-disc plow for plowing secondary firebreaks.

The annual meetings of the National Association of State Foresters and the American Forestry Association, held at Knoxville, Tennessee, in October, were well attended and discussed many phases of new

economic factors.

deal forestry. Georgia had several dele-

It is frequently stated that certain mines J. H. Warren, secretary of the Brantley gates in attendance.

are not operating because of the difficulty TPO, Nahunta, with County Agent W. T. Public acquisition, both federal and state,

of treating the sulphide ores. There is no Clary and the district forester, gave a were urged by U. S. Chief Forester Silcox

difficulty in treating sulphide ores if the series of talks on fire prevention and thin- and others. Purchase of forest lands for

value is there. Modern metallurgical prac- nings at Hoboken, Hortense, Nahunta and state forests with federal funds was advo-

tices are readily available to any operator Waynesville. Mr. Clary arranged for the cated by state foresters. Federal Forestry

who is interested. The "free gold," or that demonstrations and Superintendent Rogers co-operation with states, only through state

which is not intimately associated with the of P-70, furnished CCC men for doing the forestry agencies, was recommended.

sulphides (iron pyrite, etc.), has been thinning. Four thinning plots will be Continuation of CCC work was advocated

largely mined in the past because the sim- made permanent demonstrations.

and several recommendations were made as

pler metallurgy and cheaper mining of the

to changes in the operation of the camps.

oxidized free-milling ore allow on the ave- At a recent meeting of the Board of Di- Among them was a plea for CCC camp work

rage a profit from a lower grade of material rectors of the Hurricane Creek TPO, at on privately owned lands with the federal

than can be worked in the sulphide zone. Alma, it is reported by Secretary P .B. agencies to set up requirements for the

Copeland, that plans were considered for states to meet in this type of work. Con-

the purchase of a plow and tractor by the stant enrollment for replacement of men in

GEORGIA'S BLEACHING CLAY INVESTIGATION UNDER WAY

TPO for plowing secondary breaks for camps to keep up the working force was

members. An oyster supper was served at advocated, also the employment of trained

the meeting.

'cooks.

The state foresters re-elected the old of-

Work was begun October 8th on an in- The board of directors of Grand Bay TPO ficers.

vestigation of the bleaching clay and fullers held a meeting at Valdosta Chamber of The American Forestry Association heard

earth deposits of Georgia by the United Commerce recently and voted to procure many noted speakers, including H. S.

States Geological Survey in co-operation another secretary to replace Paul Mims, Graves, dean of the Yale School of Forestry,

with the Division of Geology of Georgia De- nsigned. It was expected to have a new and president of the association; Dr. Arthur

partment of Forestry and Geological Devel- secretary on the job by November 1.

E. Morgan, Chairman, Tennessee Valley

opment. The study, which is made possible

Authority; Earle S. Draper, planning and

by a direct grant of Public Works fundsto D. L. Branyan, temporary secretary of housing director ofT. V. A.; Edward C. M.

the federal survey, is in charge of Dr. the Berrien-Cook TPO, reports that the Richards, forester, T. V. A.; James K. G.

Harry Bay, who has just finished similar Nashville Civic Club has engaged two men McClure, Jr., president North l:::arolina For-

investigations in South Carolina, Florida, to increase the membership of the TPO. estry Association; F. A. Silcox, Chief U. S.

Alabama, and Mississippi. Dr. Bay is a

Forest Service; Robert Fechner, Director E.

graduate of Iowa State University and has NAVAL STORES ALLOTMENT C. W.; James 0. Hazard, State Forester

had several years of experience in develop-

of Tennessee; J. N. Darling, Chief U. S.

ing deposits of bleaching clays.
Two types of fullers earths or bleaching clays, are now being commercially mined in Georgia. Those of the Attapulgus region in Decatur county in South Georgia are being used for the bleaching of petroleum oils. New deposits of this type have recently been discovered in the northern part of Thomas county. Another type of bleaching clay is being mined in Twiggs and Wilkinson counties of Middle Georgia for use in bleaching cotton seed oil and other types of vegetable oils. Other types of bleaching

A production of 450,000 barrels of gum

eBsitoelroguic.als.SuInr

vey; dian

Robert Marshall, Service Arno B.

ForCam-

turpentine and its equivalent in gum rosin merer, Director National P~rk Service.

ha.s bee~ set for 1935 by the Control C~m-~ The association made a trip to Norris

m1ttee m charge of .the. federal marketmg dam and the model city of Norris; inspected

agr~ement. ProductiOn m 1934 was on the CCC and forestry work in the region. An-

basis of 464,000 barrels.

other trip was to the Great Smoky Moun-

A meeting of the Control Committee No- tain National Park.

vember 1 will make individual allotments to The association meeting was well at-

processors, effective January 1, 1935.

tended and considered one of the best of the

I 29 held during the history of the organiza-

Appalachian Trail Club

tion.

clays in Georgia which will be studied by Dr. Bay are the bentonite deposits of Walker and Dade counties in northwest Georgia, and the fullers earth deposits of Stewart county and bleaching clays of Crisp county in middle Georgia. Samples of these
clays will be collected and tested in com-
parison with the bleaching clays now in

At the annual meeting of the Appalachian Trail Club of Georgia, held at Cloudland in October, a largely attended meeting was delighted with an address of Benton Mac Kaye, formerly of Washington, now with the T. V. A., Knoxville, Tenn. Warner Hall, Decatur, was re-elected president.

commercial use. The work will take about two months for completion.

To Try Australian Pines
The State Forest Service of Florida has

arranged to make several plantings of the

I F I.res

weaken

t rees.

an d

m. c. rease

m. sect

,

Avauns.otruaslipanartpsinoef

ttohetestsatteit,sm. adthaept

abilit hope

y to that

damage, and trees killed by msects make a very rapid growing species may be de-

Ford to Grow Tung Oil Trees Near Savannah, Georgia
On his 80,000 acres in Mcintosh county, near Savannah, Georgia, Henry Ford, the automobile manufacturer, is to grow tung oil trees. He is beginning by planting 200 acres this year.
Observations made at tree nurseries in Florida show much larger seedlings from seed gathered on hammock land in North Florida than those from seed gathered in

fire damage greater.

veloped as a source of wood pulp.

Southern Florida.