Forestry-geological review [Oct. 1934]

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\'ol. 4

ATLA ~TA, GA., OCTOBER, 1934

No. 10

FORESTRY ASSOCIATION AGAINST FEDERAL ACQUISITION IN STATE
favors Forestry Remaining in U. S. Department of Agriculture Wants More CCC Camps on Private Lands in Georgia.
At a meeting of the executive committee of the Georgia Forestry Association in Atlanta September 14, attended by prominent citizens from various parts of the state, a resolution was passed opposing a proposed transfer of the federal bureau of forestry from the U. S. Department of Agriculture to the U. S. Department of Interior, on the grounds that most of the forest lands in this country are owned by farmers whom the Department of Agriculture is in better position to serve.

"WHEREAS, an agitation is now in progress over a proposal to remove the federal Bureau of Forestry from the U. S. Department of Agriculture to the Department of Interior; and
"WHEREAS, federal forestry work has made favorable progress for many years as a branch of the Department of Agriculture, in which body it is apparently happily and efficiently coordinated; and
"WHEREAS, the development of forest resources now concerns the farmer more than any other class of citizen, and since the modern conception of forestry is to grow trees as a crop with all that means of crop management, it seems that to make the proposed change would stress utilization of forest resources at the expense of tree production. As long as the greater part of timberlands are held by farmers and are not federal land domain, it logically follows that the U. S. Department of Agriculture with its established avenue:> of contact with farmers is the logical agency to handle forestry. Therefore,

VOCATIONAL FORESTERS USED AS RELIEF TEACHER'S
Assistants to Vocational Agricultural Teachers in Conducting Community Classes in Forestry Practices.
Among those employed in Georgia as Relief- Teachers with funds made available from federal sources, are young men who during the past four years have received certificates of Vocational Forester at the vocational forestry camps. They are acting as assistants to the vocatiqnal agricultural teachers in the rural high schools of the state and will be used largely in carrying on a program of community instruction in forestry practices.
Among the activities will be adult classes, where the vocational foresters will dis-

The association's opposition to federal acquisition of commercial forest lands in Georgia for commercial development was defined in a resolution that gave as rea:;ons for its position the removal of large areas of land from taxation, competition of federal government with private land owners, and the fact that Georgia has an efficient forest service with a well defined program of education, demonstration and protection, which is working harmoniously with federal authorities.
The Committee petitioned federal authorities by resolution to maintain a large number of CCC camps in Georgia, saying that this state has the largest timber acre-

"BE IT RESOLVED: That the Executive Committee of the Georgia Forestry Association expresses its preference for the present association of forestry with the U. S. Department of Agriculture rather than for its proposed incorporation into the U. S. Department of Interior."
Copy of the resolution on federal acqui-
sition of forest lands in Georgia is as fol-
lows:
"WHEREAS, the forestry policies of the State of Georgia have been advocated by the Georgia Forestry Association, an organization formed in 1922, with a membership composed of foresters and citizens from all walks of life interested in promoting commercial forestry, who are thoroughly posted as to the needs for developing forestry in the state; and

cuss the importance of forest fire protection and methods to be pursued. They will discuss and demonstrate thinning; consider local problems and methods of harvesting and marketing; teach timber owners how to estimate the volume of standing timber, the uses of various woods, the identification of various tree species, the gathering and marketing of tree seed, operation of tree seed beds for growing planting stock, tree planting, methods of turpentining in south Georgia, and how to obtain miscellaneous forest incomes.
A list of the vocational foresters already employed, that will probably be added to later is as follows:

age of any state in the union, and that CCC work with timber protective organizations on private lands is proving highly educational in promoting. forestry. The resolution deplored the tendency to move the camps from private to public owned forest lands.
Those attending the meeting were: T. G. Woolford, Atlanta; Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton; J. M. Mallory and George Butler, Sa\'annah; James Fowler and James Gillis, Soperton; Jack Williams, Waycross; Miss Emily Woodward, Vienna; Judge G. Ogden Persons, Forsyth; Dr. W. G. Lee, Macon; Mrs. Charles Center, College Park; Joseph McCord, B. M. Lufburrow, Edgar Center, Roland Turner, W. H. Barnwell and C. A. Whittle, Atlanta.
Copy of the resolution opposing transfer of federal bureau of forestry, is as follows:

"WHEREAS, the State of Georgia has an efficient forest service with a well defined forestry program of education, demonstration and protection, and is working harmoniously with federal authorities; and
"WHEREAS, the Georgia Forestry Association has recommended and approved the Enabling Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia whereby the federal government has acquired areas in the mountains of north Georgia for watershed control purposes, and is privileged to purchase the Okefenokee Swamp area; therefore,
"BE IT RESOLVED: By the Executive Committee of the Georgia Forestry Association, in session September 14, 1934, that it record its opposition to federal and state ownership of commercial forestry lands for commercial development, thereby withdrawing such lands from taxation and creating federal competition with private ownership; and approves federal or state purchase of only a limited acreage of land for research and demonstration purposes."

Ashley Whitehurst, Adel, Ga.; Delmas Galbreath, Vidalia; Edmond P. Dillard, Richland; Thomas Strickland, Dalton; J oseph L. Spence, Waresboro; Herman D. Tyson, Sycamore; I. J. Medders, Sylvester; Bill Crosby, Camilla; Shad Calloway, Hogansville; Robt. Radford, Adrian; Truett Drake, Adrian; Eugene Adams, Norman Park; Merrill Boyd, Fairburn; Charlie Jones, Coffee, Ga.
Naval Stores Committee Change
W. 0. Wingate, Ocilla, a member of the Naval Stores Control Committee of Georgia, having died, the Georgia producers were called upon to ballot to elect his successor. C. L. McCarthy, White Oak, Camden county, prominent in the industry, was chosen.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

GATHERING TREE SEED

take off all the winged part of longleaf

TIME NOW TO ACT seed, but as much should be rubbed off a'

practical.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND

Last year seed were very scarce. This After the seed are cleaned they may be

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

year they are comparatively abundant. The placed in tight containers and kept till

State Capitol, Atlanta

demand for tree seed is greater than ever planting time. If they are to be sold, they

C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

before, thanks to the tremendous planting may be offered at once to tree nurseries or program launched by the federal and r;tate to seed buyers.

Forestry Division

forest agencies.

In Georgia, state tree nurseries are op-

The greatest demand for tree planting erated by the Georgia Forest Service and

B M. Lufburrow, State Forester
c. and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta A. Whittle, Educational Mgr,, ____Atlanta
H M. Sebring-, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta
w.c.E~ B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____Gainesville B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross D. Young, District Forester____________ Rome
Jack. Thur_m___o__n__d__,___D___i_s_t__r_i_c__t___F__o__r__e_s__t_e__r_,Savannah
H:c N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany
w. G. Wallace, District Forester--Columbus
Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

stock ever created in the history of the world is involved in the plan to plant a shelter belt 100 miles wide and 1,000 miles long in the west. A large number of tree nurseries are being established to provide for this demand.
What species of trees will be used on shelter belt planting has not been made known at the time this is written, but the probabilities are that not many species indigenous to the south will be used.
For the south, the greatest demand for

are located at Albany and Blairsville. The School of Forestry at the State College of Agriculture, Athens, also operates a large tree nursery. This year the seed for the state nurseries will be gathered by CCC men.
What the prices for seed will be this year have not been announced. They have varied widely in the past, depending upon the available supply and quality of the seed, running from $1.00 to $2.00 per pound. A bushel of cones will produce

tree seed this year will be for carrying out about one pound of seed.

Geological Division

southern planting programs. This calls for If seed are winnowed well, so that not

R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________.Atlanta a large amount of pine seed, for the pine only trash but light and undeveloped seed

G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, ------------------------------------------Atlanta
Lane Mitchell, Asst. State Geol.____Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta

is by long odds the kind of tree most de sired for planting purposes in the south. Second to the pine is the black locust.
The seed from three species of pine -

are removed, the seed grade high and bring a better price.
Of course the seed must be pure. No mixture of species will be accepted. Unless one

slash, loblolly and longleaf - will be re- knows slash, longleaf I and loblolly pines,

GEORGIA FOREST LAND CLASSIFICATION
Federal and state agencies have been engaged in a forest land classification of Georgia. The chief objectives are to find out how many people are depending upon the forests for a livelihood, how many more could be employed if forests were so managed as to produce a maximum yield of timber per acre; how much land could be used to grow trees that is now idle or too poor to grow agricultural crops profitably; what species of trees should be encquraged, the number of wood using industries,

quired by tree nurseries. Slash and longleaf are needed for plantings in the lower south because of their adaptability to naval stores production. In the upper south, loblolly pine is recommended for planting because it grows more rapidly than other pines native to the section.
Black locust is native to the upper south, but will grow in the lower south. It is in demand because it will grow rapidly on poor land since it is a legume and able to get nitrogen from the air.
Season to Gather Seed Now is the time to gather seed. It would be better not to postpone it longer than Oc-

they should not undertake to gather seed.
CCC CAMP CHANGES TPO WORK REDUCED
Only 14 Camps Under State Supervision now on Organized Private Land and 5 Camps on State Parks.
The number of CCC camps on private land of Timber Protective Organizations of Georgia, beginning October 1 or 15, is down to 14. The number of camps of this kind reached twice this number in early

their capacity, number of employees or de- tober 15, for shortly after that time pine stages of CCC work. Five camps are sched-

pendencies. In general, the effort is to as- burs will be opening and releasing their uled to remain on state parks. Efforts are

certain definite facts that will serve as a seed. Pine seed harvesting time is between being made at the time this is written,

guide to planning the future development September 15 and October 15.

which may result in a change of these

of timber resources in the state.

It is not necessary to wait until the burs figures. are thoroughly brown to gather them. They Not all the reduction in Georgia's pri-

PRIVATE FORESTRY SUCCESS may have a tinge of green and be ripe vate land quota of camps was made Octo-

FOR CENTURIES IN EUROPE enough to harvest.

ber first. In the first period there were 29

Wherever trees are being cut by sawmill camps; in the second period 26; third per-

Dr. Franz Heske, of Germany, in an address in this country, said among other things that private forestry in Germany and other European countries has been for more than a century a profitable self-sustaining industry, operating without government grant. Through generations .of experience, he said, funds invested and reinvested in the forests are far more secure than those put into. industries more subject to eco"nomic fluctuation.

men from September 15 to October 15, is the place to gather seed with the least trouble. Bushels of burs can be gathered from the fallen tree tops in a very short time.
Where one does not have logging operations, the best way is to equip a long stick with a blade of some kind with which to sever the bur from the twig.
After the .burs have been gathered, they should be spread out in a dry place to dry out. When thoroughly dry, they will have

iod, 17; fourth period, .14. The number of park camps has increased as follows: First period 1; second period 2; third period 6; fourth period 5.
A list of camps on privately owned, or TPO lands, as of October 1 or 15, is as follows:
Homerville, Hinesville, Fargo, Woodbine, Soperton, Baxley, McRae, Jesup, Bainbridge, Douglas, Nahunta, Bloomingdale, Reidsville, Folkston.
The list of state park camps, as of Octo-

The rule followed by private forestry, opened up their scales, and no trouble is ber 1, is as follows: Vogel Park, Blairs-

Dr. Heske said, is that reforestation be an experienced in beating out the seed.

ville; San Domingo Mission Park, Bruns-

integral part of harvesting and that" only Each seed has a wing attached. These wick; Alexander Sephens Memorial Park,

the increment of growth since a previous should be rubbed off and the wings win- Crawfordville; Fort Mountain Park, Elli-

cutting shall be harvested at any one time. nowed out. It will be almost impossible to jay; Pine Mountain Park, Warm Springs.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

fORESTRY IN RELATION TO EROSION PREVENTION
Sack to Trees only Hope for Redeeming Vast Acreage in South to Agricultural Usage- Best of Soil Binding Vegetation.
A great drive is on under the able leadaship of H. H. Bennett, of the U. S. De3rtment of Agriculture, to stem the tide :r tremendous losses of soil fertility through J~nd erosion. Never has the country been :nore thoroughly aroused over any agri:ultural program than erosion prevention 15 attention is drawn to the millions of ;:ullied acres and the continued gashing and bleeding away of the lands' life giving properties. A strong movement is on root to do something about it. Many community and county-wide cooperative terracing projects are active. The first con1ideration, naturally, is to save the lands !hat are still capable of growing crops or pasturage profitably.
But what is being done about the abandoned and gullied farms or portions of farms? Unless something is done to curb washing on such lands, a great deal of the most serious erosion losses will continue. It is not so much the damage that erosion is doing to these abandoned lands, as it is the damage the materials carried from them is doing to the better lands down stream. Gravel and sand pouring from the gullies fill up the stream beds, causing destructive overflows. This gravel and sand, impelled by flClod waters, scour away the fertile soils of lowlands, leaving swamps or infertile sand deposits. Therefore, erosion control, limited to holding soil in place on cultivated lands, is not adequate; there mu~t be protection of lowlands from devastat.ion coming down from the gullies of abandoned lands.
Wlherever else it may be wise to allow trees to retake the land, there can be no question that gullied lands should be re- forested. Only the deep and broad roots of trees and the accumulation of their droppings of leaves and twigs will salvage such lands. Only trees are likely to develop any income worth while in the process of re covery. Of course trees will not make rapid growth on lands of such low fertility, but the longer they grow the more rapid the growth, for the trees' improvement of the physical condition of the land renders the locked up plant food of the raw soil more available.
What to plant on depleted soils of the south is a question to be answered in facing the problem.
Two species of trees are generally reconunended for southern soils of low fertility, pines and black locust. In the northern half of Georgia the loblolly pine is recom~ended because of its rapid growing hab-
Its, but shortleaf is desirable where lob-
lolly cannot be obtained. In south Georgia

slash and longleaf are preferred. Slash, being more rapid growing than longleaf, may be given the preference.
Black locust is very desirable, since it is a legume and capable of improving the land more than the pines, and since it will grow successfully on poor lands.
From a consideration of returns, whether pines or black locust should be grown, the answer depends on the needs of the farm and upon the opportunities for marketing. Pine is more useful than black locust for fuel, poles, lumber, pulpwood, crossties, and certain species of pines are suited to producing naval stores. Black locust finds its largest use as fence posts for which no wood is better. It also finds a market as crossarms and wooden pegs in electric transmission, and for minor uses.
On raw soils it is advisable to put some fertile soil in the planting hole to give the trees a good start. In gullies, checkdams made of rock, tree branches or other material to hold the wash, should be placed below the planted tree.
The sooner the gullied lands are put to growing trees the better. The owner of gullied land should get ready to do some tree planting next spring.
USES OF NAVAL STORES
According to statistics compiled by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, turpentine and rosin were used in the United States in the following amounts and for the following purposes, in 1933:
Automobiles and wagons, 42,628 gallons turpentine, 1,505 barrels rosin.
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals, 37,394 gallons turpentine, 3,889 barrels rosin.
Foundries and foundry supplies, 10,284 gallons turpentine, 1,670 barrels rosin;
Linoleum, 110 gallons turpentine, 19,500 barrels rosin;
Matches, 3,160 barrels rosin; Miscellaneous, 41,511 gallons turpentine, 3,045 barrels rosin.
Oils and greases, 10,067 gallons turpentine, 30,634 barrels rosin.
Paper and paper size, 1,446 gallons turpentine, 320,940 barrels rosin.
Paint and varnish, 2,568,241 gallons turpentine, 168,640 barrels rosin.
Printing ink, 19,465 gallons turpentine, 11,677 barrels rosin.
Sealing wax, pitch, insulating and plastics, 31,266 gallons turpentine, 11,519 barrels rosin.
Shipyards, carshops, etc., 25,556 gallons turpentine, 39 barrels rosin.
Shoe Polish, 575,793 gallons turpentine, 850 barrels rosin.
Soap, 5,634 gallons turpentine, 264,173 barrels rosin.
The total consumption of turpentine in 1933 is estimated at 3,369,405 gallons of turpentine and 841,271 barrels (500 lbs. each) of rosin.

NAVAL STORES DATA FROM U. S. FOREST SURVEY
Prospect of Sustained Yields in 35 Georgia Counties Promising Chipping Trees Under Minimum Diameter in Evidence.
Thirty-five counties in southeast Georgia were among the first to be covered by the U. S. Forest Service in the forest survey now in progress. Some of the data has been released by Captain I. F. Eldredge, regional survey director, with headquarters at the Southern Forest Experiment Station at New Orleans. Other data is in process of compilation and all data will soon be available.
Important data concerns the present and prospective slash and longleaf pines available for naval stores production, and the first report on the Georgia area mentioned deals with this information, since there seemed to be an immediate need for it.
The preliminary report does not reveal the number of crops, but deals with percentages of trees of varying diameters, round and chipped. Practically half (49 per cent) of round slash and longl~af pines is under 5 inches in diameter (D.B.H.); 30 per cent is 3 to 4.9 inches; 15 per cent 7 to 8.9 inches; 4 per cent 7 to 8.9 inches; 1 per cent 9 to 10.9 inches; 1 per cent 11 to 12.9 inches; 1 per cent 13 inches and larger.
Trees having diameters 9 inches and above are the only ones, according to the best authorities, that can be turpentined profitably. Therefore, only 6 per cent of the round slash and longleaf pines in the area should be used. The remainder, or 94 per cent, is ito be considered poten1Jial. Judged by normal growth rates, 15 per cent will be available in three or four years, 30 per cent in 5 or 6 years, and 49 per cent in 7 to 9 years.
The data collected by the survey show some interesting facts about the size of trees now being worked for turpentine, and reveals that the naval stores industry does not confine itself to chipping a minimum of 9 inch diameter trees. Here is what was found: Trees 3 to 4.9 inch diameter are not chipped; 3 per cent of trees being worked are 5 to 6.9 inches in diameter; 33 per cent of trees being worked are 7 to 8.9 inches in diameter; 29 per cent of trees
being worked are 9 to 10.9 inches in diam-
eter; 19 per cent of chipped trees are 11 to 12.9 inches in diameter; 10 per cent of chipped trees are 13 to 14.9 inches in diameter; 6 per cent of chipped trees are 15 inches and larger in diameter.
These figures reveal 36 per cent of the trees now being worked are below 9 inches in diameter and too small to yield a profit.
A consolidation of the data of round and working trees shows 36 per cent of all trees 3 to 4.9 inches in diameter are round; 23 per cent of all trees are 5 to. 6.0 inches, of which 2 per cent are chipped, 1 per cent

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

resting and 1 per cent worked out; 19 per Mary Persons High-B. P. Thornton, AUTUMN FOLIAGE COLORS

cent of all trees are 7 to 8.9 inches, of Forsyth; Monroe High-Garland Bryant,

BRIL~IANT IN MOUNTA INS

which 26 per cent are working, 12 per cent Monroe; Montgomery High-C. L. Girt-

resting and 4 per cent are worked out; 11 man, KibbPc; Murray County High-G. I. Climatic conditions and varied species of

per cent of all trees are 9 to 10.9 inches in Maddox, Chat~worth.

trees make the coloring of tree foliage

diameter, of which 42 per cent are working, New Branch High-W. J. Culberson, Ly- most brilliant in the mountains of north

18 per cent are resting and 12 per cent ons.

Georgia. It is well worth while to make a

worked out; 6 per cent of all trees are 11 Oakwood High-J. J. Segars, Oakwood. long trip to see the glorious array of na.

to 12.9 inches in diameter, of which 47 per Pinehurst High-J. M. Thornton, Pine- ture's fall painting on the mountain sides

cent are working, 20 per cent are idle, and hurst.

and in the highland valley of Georgia.

17 per cent worked out; 11 per cent are Rossville High-J. F. Hawkins, Rossvilli!. One of the choicest trips in quest of fol-

above 11 inches in diameter, of which 45 Sandy Mount High-J. M. Thornton, iage beauty is to Vogel Park on the crest

per cent are working, 17 per cent idle, 19 Pinehurst; Sardis High-G. M. Smith, Sar- of the Blue Ridge, reached by the Appa-

per cent worked out.

dis; Swainsboro High-R. B. Burt, Swains- lachian Scenic Highway. The park has pic-

From this data, it will be seen that 22 boro.

nic grounds, or, if one does not find it con-

per cent of all trees are above 9 inches in Ty Ty High-J. H. Chapman, Ty Ty. venient to carry lunch, food can be ob-

diameter, and therefore of profitable tur- Valley Point High-W. M. Putney, Dal- tained in the dining room maintained by

pentining size, but only 6 per cent of all ton, Rt. 1.

the keeper.

trees 9 inches and above in diameter are The names, teachers and addresses of The visitor may ~take one of the numer-

not now being worked. If the naval stores new colored schools are as follows:

ous trails through th,e park and up the

industry confined itself to chipping only Brooks County High - R. A. Bryant, mountains and obtain views near and far,

trees 9 inches and larger in diai:Ueter, there Quitman; T. & A. College-!. S. Glover, and while in the park, take note of the de-

would be little room for increased produc- Forsyth; Mt. Mariah Jr. High - T. R. velopment and beautification work now be-

ccr tion in the territory in question during the Mayo, Climax; Moreland Public School-N. ing carried out by a

camp.

next few years.

P. Wilson, Newnan; Vienna H. & I.-R. R.

Kenon, Vienna; Wilkes County Training

NEW VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS School-R. T. Church, Washington. INTRODUCE FORESTRY WORK

E. LEE WORSHAM DIES

Georgia has 47 new white schools and 6

new colored schools with vocational agricultural teachers who are inaugurating forestrp in their courseK and have established, or plan to establish, school demor.stration forests of ten acres or more. In all there are now 146 vocational white schN>ls and 45 colored schools, a total of 191.

E. Lee Worsham, a pioneer in promoting forestry in Georgia, died suddenly September 9 at Alma, Ga., as the result of a skidding and overturning automobile. He died instantly.
Mr. Worsham was a native of Monroe county, graduate of the University of

The names of new schools, teachers and Georgia, taught at the University, took

the post office addresses of new white special work in Cornell University, and be-

schools are as follows:

came state entomologist of Georgia. At the

Ashton Junior High-C. H. McDaniel, time of his death he was attached to the

Fitzgerald; Alma High, J. H. Hatcher, Internal Revenue Department of the fed-

Alma.

eral government.

Bluffton High-J. A. Ariail, Fort Surviving Mr. Worsham are a son, Lee,

Gaines; Bridgeboro High-R. E. Fowler, a daughter, Louise, mother of Forsyth, and

Bridgeboro.

several brothers and sisters. He numbered

Chattanooga Valley High-J. F. Haw- his friends by the thousands in Georgia, kins, St. Elmo, Tenn.; Cleveland High - .possessed a delightful personality, and his J. D. Hulsey, Cleveland; Crawford County death is widely deplored.

High-I. E. Sanders, Roberta; Cusseta

High, G. E. Stancil, Cusseta.

According to E. L. Demmon, Director of

Eagle Grove-R. L. O'Kelly, Royston; Elmodel High-C. A. Nix, Elmodel.
Faceville High - R. H. Smalley, Faceville; Fannin County High-W. T. Ezzard, Morganton; Fort Gaines High - J. A. Ariail, Fort Gaines.

the Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, the south should plant in the next 20 years, 5,579,000 acres of land to trees. Up to 1932 the total area planted to trees in the southern states was only 73,248 acres.

Goldmine .Consol.-R. L. O'Kelly, Royston; Good Hope Consol.-Garland Bryant, Good Hope; Grayson High-H. L. Ariail, Grayson; Gray High-Ard Pulliam, Gray.
Ila High-C. L. Veatch, Ila. Jersey High-R. D. Stephen:~, Jersey.
Lafayette High-J. F. Cobb, Lafayette; Lakeland High-J. D. Lewis, Lakeland; Livingston High-H. G. Fleeman, Oxford; Logansville High-R. D. Stephens, Loganaville; Lynwood Jr. High-C. H. McDaniel, Fitzgerald.

Cutting out "cuss words" in national forest short wave broadcasting, is the subject of a special order from the U. S. Forest Service. The public finds tuning in on forest radios instructive, but woodsmen's cuss words, not being informative, are to find other channels than the radio.
It has been estimated that two nesting pairs of insect eating birds will consume approximately 6,000,000 saw fly or similar insect larvae a year.

Cottage erected by CCC labor at the State Tree Nursery, Albany.
Ninety-eight per cent of all forest land in the south is privately owned, which comprises nearly half of all privately owned forest land in the nation.
The hardest hardwoods such as ebony, lignum-vitae and teak grow in the tropics, while very soft woods such as aspen, white pine and fir grow in the Jar north.
FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS MEET OCTOBER 16-20 AT KNOXVILLE
The National Association of State Foresters will hold its annual meeting October 16-17 at Knoxville, Tenn. Immediately following, the American Forestry Association will meet at the same place, October 17-20.
Splendid programs are .to be presented and very interesting excursions are planned. The meetings of the American Forestry Association are open to the public and a large number of southerners interested in forestry should attend. The meeting affords an opportunity to hear and meet the nation's leading foresters.
Discussions will deal with measures for furthering national forestry movement& now in progress.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

;:----------F---I-R--S--T----D--I--S--T--R---I-C--T----------------,

Milledgeville Side Camp

The side camp at Milledgeville has been

Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester completed and 40 CCC boys from the park

-

Rome

M. E. Pinson Dies

camp at Crawfordville went to work on the property of the state hospital on September
I18. From six to ten months will be required

)Jr. M. E. Pinson, secretary-treasurer to complete the work planned.

weeks. Cones in the Columbus district will probably be ready for gathering the first to the middle of October. Remember, the cones don't wait on you.
SP-7 News A visit to the State park project on Pine

d patrolman for the Ellijay Timber Pro-
~~tive Organization died recently at his
tome in Ellijay. Mr. Pinson had been con-

FOURTH DISTRICT

Mountain will disclose a scene of much activity. Log cabins, lakes, and a Park Inn have been approved by the Department of

ccted with the Shippen Hardwood Co. for
~he past twenty years and was a pioneer

W. G. Wallace, District Forester Columbus

the Interior, and some construction is now under way. A site for a large lake has been

n forestry in that section. Mr. Pinson had,
~or many years prior to the organizing of
:he T. P. 0., advocated the prote~tion of the forest lands from fire, and It was through his untiring efforts that the T. P.
o. is a success.
.r Son Succeeds Father The Ellijay Timber Protective Organization has appointed Mr. Herrman Pinson, !OR of the decased, to take up the work left by his father. Mr. Herrman Pinson has also been connected with the Shippen Hard111ood Co., and has been appointed by this eompany to succeed his father as manager of their holdings in northwest Georgia.
THIRD DISTRICT
C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta
Plans Forest Development Landon Thomas, of Augusta, recently purchased 600 acres of land on the headwaters of Spirit Creek in Richmond county. Mr. Thomas plans to carry on intensive forestry developments on this property. He has cut fire breaks around the entire area

cleared. Gasoline shovels, tractors, and

Butler C. C. C. Camp Moves

other heavy machinery will be seen at work

The Butler C. C. C. Camp located in Tay- as well as the muscles of the darkly sun-

lor county and working on land listed in tanned backs of nearly200 boys.

the Taylqr-Talbot T. P. 0. is scheduled to The Pine Mountain park will be a show

move to a new project October 1, after place of Georgia in a few more months.

having been located near Butler since June The public is invited to come and see what

1933. This camp has done excellent work, is happening.

having built a system of firebreaks and

lookout towers capable of giving a good

protection system to this T. P. 0. if the T.

SIXTH DISTRICT

P. 0. officers and members will make proper Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester

use of and maintain this system.

Savannah

We are very sorry to see this camp go.

The business like and efficient manner in which Supt. Barrett has conducted the

T. P. 0. Meeting
On September 7th the Tar City T. P. 0.

work project, and the loyal and efficient covering timber lands in Tattnall county, support of the foremen and C. C. C. en- held a meeting and instructed the secre-

rollees is a credit to the entire personnel of tary-treasurer to purchase a 102-foot inthe camp. This camp has a very neat ap- side ladder steel lookout tower to supple-
pearance, and located on a paved highway. ment the one steel tower bought for this

This neat and orderly appearance is a T. P. 0. from ECW funds.

credit to the army officers in charge. This The Tar City T. P. 0. has approximate-

camp has been characterized by hard work ly 80,000 acres listed and two towers will including every man connected with it. The give adequate detection for forest fires on

Georgia Forest Service appreciates the loy- this area. The T. P. 0. members have do-

alty of every person connected with this nated enough heart cypress telephone poles
camp and we take this opportunity to wish to construct thirty miles of line, and each and every one of these men a success- enough poles for twenty miles have al-

ful future.

ready been cut, peeled and roofed by Camp P-82, Reidsville, Georgia.

and divided it up into several section.:;. Thinning and planting operations are included in the management plan. Mr. Thomas plans to plant 15,000 longleaf and 15,000 loblolly pine seedlings this fall and winter. The 600 acres are included in the organization of a TPO which is being organized on the headwaters of Spirit Creek.

Vocational Forestry News At the writing of this article schools are nearly all open and busy getting set for a good years work. A good start goes a long way towards a successful end. The district fo.rester is now making plans to visit each vocational agriculture school in this district at the earliest possible date. I am anxious

Ogeechee T. P. 0. Buys Tower
The secretary-treasurer of Ogeechee T. P. 0., Chatham county, has collected the money and is ready to order a steel lookout tower for the T. P. 0. Mr. Elliott Reed, the secretary-treasurer, will order a 102foot inside ladder tower. The only advant-

to see every school do some outstanding age an inside ladder tower has over an

Woodville T. P. 0.
At a recent meeting of the Woodville TPO in Greene county, the organization planned to extend the telephone system several miles, erect a tower to overlook the area, and to extend the present boundaries of the area to include an additional 30,000 acres. Mr. M. M. Shaw, president of the organization, presided at the meeting.

forestry work this year and I stand ready inside stairway tower is it weighs less and 1
to give every possible assistance I can to the freight is consequently lower, and it

both teachers and students in accomplishing comes in 102-foot heights, while an inside

this objective.

stairway tower is 100 feet high. The ladder

type is somewhat cheaper than the stair-

Collecting Pine Seed

way type..

The Warm Springs C. C. C. camp is

scheduled to collect 100 bushels of loblolly

Superintendents Meeting

pine cones beginning shortly after October A camp superintendents' meeting was

1st. We have found the C. C. C. boys take held in Reidsville at Camp P-82 on Sep-

great interest in planting forest seedlings, tember 5th and superintendents from all

District Boundary Changed

and we predict they are going to take to five camps in district six were present.

Boundaries of the Augusta district were gathering pine like a duck takes to water.

The chief business of the meeting was

recently changed. The counties of Stephens, Vocational agriculture teachers will miss the allocation of seed to be collected by the

Hart, Elbert, Franklin and Madison were an excel1ent opportunity to instill a deeper various camps in this district to supply a

taken out from under the supervision of interest in forestry in their students if they pine seed for the state nursery.

the Augusta office and placed in the do not gather some pine cones and extract Reports of all kinds were explained and

Gainesville division of the department, and the seed this fall. A good crop of cones is this in turn was followed by an open dis-

'!alton, Newton, Rockdale, and Butts coun- reported over the state, but the season for cussion covering all phases of fire protec-

ties added.

gathering them only lasts for two or three I tion and pre-suppression work being car-

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

ried on at the camps in district six.

I erection men. Quite a few have also learn-

Hurricane Creek TPO

The men attending the meeting were: ed by this time how to dig up gallberry P. B. Copeland, formerly assistant COU':l

Superintendents C. J. Martin, P-53, Hines- roots.

ty agent at Alma, has been employed as sec-

ville; W. F. Whatley, P-63, McRae; J. J.

retary of the Hurricane Creek TPO. Mr.

Walker, P-61, Soperton; A. A. Simonton, Camp P-68, Douglas, is working in three Copeland is going after the work in earn-

P-82, Reidsville; E. T. Gabriel, P-81, different blocks of the Coffee-Jeff Davis est and hopes to induce the TPO to become

Bloomingdale, and J. B. Lattay, ECW For- area. Supt. Tittle has abandoned tractor immediately active. The Hurricane Creek

ester, Savannah.

stump-pulling and reports a "mile-a-day" TPO embraces Bacon, Pierce, and northern

by hand grubbing.

Ware counties.

J. B. Lattay at SP-5, Crawfordville
Mr. J. B. Lattay, E.C.W. forester, work- Camp P-70, Nahunta, has at last estab-
ing out of the Savannah district office for lished a side camp at Waynesville. Fifty the past year has been temporarily loaned enthusiastic boys are bivouacking there tv to SP-5 camp at Crawfordville, Georgia. try their hand at grubbing palmetto up
Mr. Lattay will be in SP-5 for about two Fendig and Browntown way. Under Fore-
months training a crew to do stripping and man Wilmer Jones, a crew of men from timber type mapping. He will then return Nahunta is now working on the Winokur
to Savannah and resume his regular work. ! tower.

Brantley TPO
At a board of directors meeting held sev. eral weeks ago, the Brantley TPO approved plans to finance maintenance of 40 miles of primary fire break. The TPO plans to acquire several fire trailers to be distributed in each community for the coming winter.

SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester
Waycross

Camp P-72, Waycross, moves about October 15th. Superintendent Martin has his men now working up Crawley way.

General News
The Waycross district office has been moved from 216 Parker street in the Phoenix Hotel building to the lower floor of the Plant building on Mary street.

ECW Items
The eight CCC camps in this district are gathering 400 bushels of slash pine cones and 450 bushels of longleaf pine cones. Seed for the Albany State Nursery will be extracted from these cones.

Mosely Leaves
Geo. W. Mosely, ECW forester, with the District 7 office, Waycross, resigned September 1, to accept appointment as instructor in forestry at Abraham-Baldwin College at Tifton. Mr. Mosely leaves a vacan-

Camp P-52, Homerville, has been awarded first place in the state, and competed closely for the corps area award. Lieut. Veal and Superintendent Browne were recently in receipt of commendations from General Mosely for the excellent record of

cy hard to fill. His efficiency, accuracy and eternal loyalty to the administration of the eight CCC camps and development of TPO work h1 this district have rendered him almost indispensable to the district office. We wish him well in his new work.

morale, orderliness, and work accomplish-

ed.

EIGHTH DISTRICT

Camp P-59, Fargo, has been working under conditions of extreme wetness in the

H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester Albany, Ga.

woods. In some instances it has been necessary for the enrollees to walk part of the distance to the job due to inability to get trucks directly to the scene of work because of high water.
Camp P-60, Satilla .Bluff, will remain in

CCC Men Erecting Forest Lookout Tower in Appling County

Flint River T. P. 0.
At a recent meeting of the Flint River Timber Protective Organization, C. S. Sealey was elected president, Dr. E. C. Bridges vice-president and C. S. Hodges secretarytreasurer. The officers are all interested and aggressive and promise to make the or-

Camden county for the 4th period it now appears. The Camden TPO has certainly fought hard and unanimously to retain this camp.
Camp P-62, Baxley, has been moved out in the woods five miles northeast of Baxley. The boys are pleased with their new location. Just across from the camp site is a pasture wherein are kept several wild deer.
The tower crew of P-62, under Foreman W. W. Garwood, has completed the 4th district tower. Some of the men have develop-

T. P. 0. ITEMS Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO
J. T. Clark, secretary of Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO, Douglas, has resigned to accept a commission at a CCC camp. Mr. Clark has done excellent work while secretary there and his resignation is regretted. L. F. Morey, formerly foreman at P-54, Albany, has been employed as secretary to succeed Mr. Clark. The TPO plans to build immediately 12 miles of telephone line between Douglas and West Green.

ganization effective..
Improvements at State Nursery
Preparations for seeding the beds of the state tree nursery at Albany are in progress. About 2,000 cubic yards of pond muck are bein.;; worked into the plant beds. This muck is about 98 per cent organic matter and will improve the physical condition of the soil now deficient in organic content. By reason of the 6rganic matter in the soil, moisture will be conserved to supply the needs of the seedlings and result in improved growth and quality of the seedlings.

ed into first-class steeplejacks.

Grand Bay TPO

Additions to the overhead sprinkler system are to be made for the expansion of the

Camp P-65, Jesup, is now working on the Paul Mims, recently employed as secre- nursery. With this added equipment, en-

Broadhurst tower. Telephone lines are be- tary of the Grand Bay TPO, Valdosta, re- larged planting area, and the prospect of a

ing completed from Jesup to Odum and signed in August to accept a job in Jack- large crop of tree seed, there is assurance

Grangerville. All of the men in camp, it sonville. No one has been selected to suc- that enough seedlings will be grown to take

seems, were at one time linemen or steel ceed Mr. Mims yet.

care of anticipated plantings for 1935-36.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

Isomely reward the efforts of those fortun-

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

ate enough to uncover them are very uncommon in any mining district. With rare

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

exceptions, gold occurs in ore bodies of relatively low grade, which require consid erable capital for their development and

Reported hy THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

which yield a reasonable margin of profit only with cautious and intelligent applica-

tion of modern principles of prospecting,

THE GOLD DEPOSITS OF

liefs in rega1d to the gold deposits and will mining, and milling. The recent increase in

GEORGIA

point out the p1opcr steps to take in pi'Os- the price of gold, in so far as it has not

By RoY A. WILSON

pecting and developing a gold mine.

been accompanied by a general rise in pric-

1published by permission of the Director, United States Geological Survey.)

Richwrd W. Smith, State Geologist. es, makes possible the opening of mines that could not be operated under former condi-

~OTE :-The State Geologist takes g1ea.t .!.-1wtre in p1esenting below the first of a .,.,it'S of five articles on the gold deposits
.r Georgia. These a1ticles a1e the result oj
,11 iuvestigation made by the United States .;.-0 /ogical Survey under a g1ant of funds ;rom the Public Works Administration. This investigation was the first scientific ,t11dy of Georgia's gold deposits since the !'11b/ication of Bulletin 1.9 of the Georgia t;cological Survey in 1.909. With the amount -f money available for this investigation, "" prospecting could be done and detailed 9,ulogic work had to be limited to the Dah!.mcga area where a detailed topographic lJl was available and where more pros1.ating and mining was in progress than in ~~~y other a1ea. All active mines and prospats in the other areas were visited, how-
trer.
The State Geologist feels that this series uf articles will dispel many erroneous be-

Article 1.
General Features
A study of the gold deposits of Georgia by the United States Geological Survey under allotment from the Public Works Administration and with the cooperation of the Georgia Department of Forestry and Geological Development forms the basis of a series of short articles of which this is the first.
The gold deposits of Georgia (fig. 1), like those in all other parts of the world, represent a natural resource which can be wrested from the earth only by much hard labor. That as a rule rewards from this labor will be at best modest and often nil is demonstrated by the history of any goldmining camp. The idea that the gold deposits of Georgia are largely undeveloped and that many rich ore bodies lies buried in the gold belt awaiting intelligent prospecting and development has no basis in fact. Rich deposits of gold which hand-

tions, but all the hazards of mining stiil prevail.
The gold in Georgia occurs in placer and saprolite deposits and in quartz lodes in bed-rock from which these deposits were formed (fig. 2).
Placer deposits.-The gradual erosion of a gold-bearing vein or lode generally results in a mechanical concentration of the gold at favorable places in the streams that drain the area, because the gold is heavier. and more resistant to physical and chemical destruction than the other minerals of the vein. The gold may be widely disseminated or locally concentrated in the alluvial deposits, its distribution depending on distance of transportation, topography, character of the stream bed, and other factors. Placer ground usually yields but a few cents to the cubic yard of alluvium: rich streaks are rarely found. It is a very general rule that the richer deposits occur next to bedrock, because the gold, being heavier than the other materials, has gradually

worked its way downward to this position

in the constantly shifting alluvium.

The history of most gold-mining districts

shows that the placer deposits were first

discovered and worked before much atten-

tion was given to "hard rock" or placer

mining. This history holds true for Georgia.

Placer ground is widespread over the gold

belt, but nearly all the promising areas

have been worked over once or several

times. Occasionally rich ground has been

found, but these deposits have more com-

monly furnished modest amounts of gold.

During the nineteenth century the State

I
1

w

a

s

pretty

thoroughly

combed

over

by

gold

miners, and it is doubtful if any undiscov-

ered placers of importance exist. Even by

the time of the gold rush to California, in

1849, the placers of Georgia were mostly

Figure I.-Map of North Georgia showing the distribution of gold deposits (after S. P. Jones, Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 19, 1909)

worked out. Small patches of unworked ground in some placer areas can still be found, and systematic prospecting might

disclose new placer ground of small area.

The future of placer mining in Georgia

will be a matter of reworking old deposits

by modern methods, using drag-line exca-

vators, dredges, or any system that can

handle large amounts of alluvium more

cheaply than was possible by more primitive

methods. Working with a drag-line excava-

tor, three or four men under favorable con-

ditions can handle a sufficient amount of

Figure 2.-Diagrammatic cross-secton of a North Georgia stream valley showing the relations of alluvium each day to make operations pro-

lode, saprolite, and placer. (After G. W. Crickmay.)

fitable, even where the tenor of the deposit

s

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

I : as low as 10 or 12 cents to the cubic problem could be solved, certain sapro:ite What American woods nre used for imi-

yard. At various localities along the gold deposits that are now considered of little tation mahogany?

belt old methods of placer mining are still value might be worked at a profit.

Those most commonly used are birth,

being used, but miners who are making more than a modest daily wage by such

cherry, mountain mahogany, lob~olly, bav and some species of cedar. Sweet gum j~

methods are exceptional. "Panning" is likely to yield traces or

FORESTRY

very popular and is now quite generally preferred to mahogany. Walnut, cherry and

"colors" of gold in almost any part of the belt. This does not prove that the area con-

QUESTION BOX

oak are also widely used in place of mahogany.

tains valuable deposits. The presence of

colors in the pan indicates simply that Is organic matter on the forest flool' im-

New Pine Products Company

traces of gold exist in the alluvium, sapro- portant in preventing surface wa.~h and in The Southern Pine Products Company,

lite, or vein, as the case may be. Thorough conserving soil moisture in the Cow;tal with headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio, has

sampling and prospecting is necessary to Plain?

been formed and has acquired the Wood

establish the true value of the deposit.

Except on rolling Greenville and Orange- Chemical Company and the Liberty Pine

Georgia has much fine gold or "flour" burg soils which contain considerable clay, Products Company, both of which operate

gold, which is widespread through the al- rainfall in the Coastal Plain on forested in Georgia. Adrian D. Joyce is president,

luvium and weathered rocks of the gold areas is readily absorbed and erosion does R. H. Horsburg, treasurer, and C. M. Koly,

belt. This fine gold shows up readily in not follow even the burning off of forest secretary of the new company.

careful panning, but its recovery is diffi- organic matter. The land is so sandy that

cult and constitutes one of the major it readily absorbs the water, or else is so problems of gold mining in the State today. level that there is no quick run off to scour

Scriptural Sycomore

Saprolite deposits.-The term "saprolite" was originally defined by geologists as "weathered rock in place." Among miners in Georgia the term is generally restricted to the weathered portions of the lodes. It is important to note that the distinction between the saprolite and lode deposits rests on the physical condition of the rock and is not a primary geologic feature. In other words, that portion of the lode which has been exposed to the physical and chemical processes of weathering (hydration, etc.)

away the soil.
Generally speaking, the chief advantages to the forest soil, of keeping on it a mulch of organic matter, are (a) to preserve the nitrogen of the organic matter for the use of the trees as plant food; (b) to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil within root zones; (c) to stimulate the activity of soil micro-organisms which operate to make unavailable plant food in the soil available to the trees.

A South Georgia negro recently gave an explanation of why the sycamore sheds its bark. "Ever since Jesus called Nicodemus to come down out of the sycamore. tree," he said, "and Nicodemus slid down so quick that he skinned off the bark, the sycamore has been shedding its bark every year."
The trouble with this explanation is that it was not a sycamore tree that Nicodemus slid down, but a sycomore, a fruit tree similar to the fig.

forms the saprolite zone. This zone passes The water-holding cap:.city of sandy soils

downward into the unaltered, "hard rock" is low, and at times, the first limiting facportion of the lode and has gradually be- tor in tree growth is moisture. When or-

Roasted Wood as Fuel

come enriched by the mechanical concentration of gold during the slow breaking down of the lode in the process of weathering. As in the placer deposits, the richer portions of saprolites lie next to the unaltered bedrock. However, the fine gold may be more thoroughly disseminated through the deposit.

ganic matter breaks down through decay to its smallest units, the residual particles are exceedingly small and coloidal in their physical properties. More of these small organic particles are iu sandy soils than the eye reveals. The crystals of sand dominate the vision with their reflected light. But organic particles are there, each surrounded by a film of moisture and helping to in-

A new wood fuel has been developed in Sweden. Any kind of wood may be chipped and heated in a retort long enough .to distill out some of the resins, tar and more volatile matter. The roasted wood remaining is low in ash, easy to regulate in burning, gives off no gas or sulphur fumes, is easy to kindle, devoid of soot or dust, and

Saprolite deposits are characteristic of crease the water-holding capacity of the has a high heating capacity of 2,188 calo-

the Piedmont region of the southern Appa- soil.

ries per pound. It is considered superior to

lachians because the geologic history of this region has been favorable to very slow re-

But there is not a great deal of organic coal and coke.

moval of the weathered rock, much of it re- matter in upland sandy soils of the Coastal

maining in place to form thick accumula- Plain; in fact, far from enough. All the Practically all golf club heads manufac-

tions. The working of these deposits led to year round warm and moist climate keeps tured in the United States are made from a special type of mining, in which a hy- oxidation very active, and a great part of 1 persimmon and dogwood, about 1,000 cords draulic giant shooting a stream of water the carbon gets away as a gas into the being used for this purpose annually. Of

Under high pressure was used to wash air.

interest in this connection is the fact that

away the softer weathered rock. This typ~ Forest fire will keep both carbon and dogwood shrinks 20 per cent from green to

of mining was carried on extensively after nitrogen compounds in the organic matter a very dry condition.

the Civil War and up to about 30 years on the forest floor from becoming a part

'Co. With the working out of the higher- of the soil, and if continued, will eventually "The south contains 42 per cent of the

ltade deposits along the gold belt, proba- reduce vast areas of the Coastal Plain vir- volume of all pulpwood species of .trees in

blJ only a few areas remain in which hy- tually to deposits of infertile sand.

the United States, a volume which is in-

dranlic mining could be carried on profit-
ably today. '--T~ he great problem in saprolite mmmg
.la..e. been the satisfactory recovery of the

Can Blackgum be killed by girdling the tree?

creasing through natural growth more rapidly than in any other natioR."-13th Annual Report Southern Forest Experiment Station.

rold disseminated in the clay. Losses Only by very deep cutting. The blackgum

f~rottnhienabcillaiytyhatovesbeepeanr

ate this flour gold high, sometimes 40

has deep active sap wood that will help keep the tree alive when the cambium lay-

Among the slowest growing hardwoods are hornbeam, black gum, holly and. post

I~ll1eee1.ne~notr

more. So far, and practical

attempts process of

to find' separ-1

er under the require deep

bark is cutting

cut. are

Other trees that sweetgum, hick-

oak. Fastest growing hardwoods willow, paper birch, wild cherry,

include cotton-

~ have met with little success. If this ory and elm.

wood and elder.