Forestry-geological review [Jan. 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOG I CAL DEVELOPM .-.-=~

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., JANUARY, 1934

No.1

====================================~==================

HOW. FOREST FIRES

RICHARD W. SMITH

PINE PLANTING STOCK

DAMAGE AND DESTROY

NEW STATE GEOLOGIST

IN HEAVY DEMAND

Ignorance and a Torch Destructive Influences at Work in Georgia Woods- Conversion of State's Greatest Natural Resource to Ashes
Those who put fire to the forests are enemies of the public. Since trees are Georgia's greatest natural resource, burning off the fore sts is the greatest economic crime one can commit against the welfare of Georgia.
And yet there are many land owners in Georgia who in their ignorance burn off their woods in the belief that they are doing themselves a service, or who disregard forest fires under the impression that they are doing little or no harm.
It is up to the enlightened people of the State to carry a message to the last man to dispel ignorance about forest fires, to stay the hand that wilfully applies a torch, and to convince all of the necessity of fighting fire when it accidentally invades the forest.
W,hat are the facts? Forest fires destroy seeds and seedlings cutting off a generation of trees. Fires prevent natural reforestation. Fires injure the larger trees by scorching and wounding the bark, by this means allowing decay to penetrate the trunk, and by giving injurious insects an opportunity to invade and kill or damage the trees. Fires destroy humus forming material of the soil and reduce its nitrogen content, thus imposing plant food hunger and slow growth upon the trees. By reason of destroying the mulch of forest leaves and litter on the forest floor, forest fires reduce the water storing capacity of the soils. As a result, trees suffer for lack of moisture and since they must have soil water to make sap, their growth processes are slowed down by thirst. If fires are allowed toJ>urn off the leaves, litter and humus of the ~rest, the rainfall f lows unchecked over the surface, erodes the soil, thus removing the crea~ of soil fertility; clogs stream beds with gravel, sand and silt, and accounts for destructive f loods.
By destroying the ability of the forest
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 3)

Assistant State Geologist Succeeds the Late State Geologist, S. W. McCallie - Appointed December 19
Assistant State Geologist Richard Wellington Smith, who has been acting State Geologist since the death of S. W . McCallie, was nominated by the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development on December 19, and appointed by Governor Eugene Talmadge to be state geologist, effective at once.
RICHARD W. SMITH, State Geologist Mr. Smith had been with the State Geological Survey for seven years, and is, therefore, familiar with the geology of Georgia and with the duties to be rendered. His college training and broad experience places him prominent among the younger geologists of the nation, and a suc-
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 2)

Tree Nurseries in State Unable to Supply all who Want Seedlings for Planting - Reforestation Interest Growing in Georgia
So great has been the demand for pine
seedlings for reforestation in Georgia that
the supply grown at the state tree nursery
at Albany has been quickly taken up. The
demand made on the tree nursery of the
State College of Agriculture is also report-
ed heavy with indications that the supply
will fall far short of the demand. The lim-
ited supply of planting stock, walnut, black
locust and pines, at the Blairsville nursery
is also in large demand.
This year many large orders have been
placed, indicating that land owners are going in for planting on a large scale. Pine plantations appeal to many as the best way to use abandoned crop lands of which there is a vast area in Georgia.
Doubtless many will be disappointed in n ot getting nursery seedlings for planting. vVhile nursery grown seedlings are better, good r esults may be obtained by the use of wild stock. Care should, however, be taken to plant only small plants, preferably one year old stock. If fairly large pines are used, many will not survive transplanting. More digging will be required to get the plants up and deeper holes will be necessary for planting the larger stock. Therefore, the expense is much greater when larger stock is transplanted than when small stock is used.
Those who are compelled to use wild stock should dig up the plants carefully so as to retain the root system intact. As soon as dug up they should be placed in a tub containing water, so as to keep the rootlets from drying out. They should be set in the ground as soon as practicable. Care should be taken not to cramp or twist the tap root. Firm the earth around the root<> so that there will be no air pockets left in the soil.
Planting in south Georgia may be carried on in the fall or late winter and early spring. In the upper half of the state, it is better to plant in late February, or in March.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

RICHARD W. SMITH
(Continued from Page 1) cessful promotion of the geological interests of Georgia may be expected under his leadership.
The new state geologist is 35 years of
age. He received the degree of Bachelor of

FOREST FIRES
(Continued from Page 1, Col. 1) soil to impound water, the size of the constant flow of springs, wells and consequently of streams is reduced. As a result, the amount of available water power is lessened.

Forestry Division

Science from the Massachusetts Institute Forest fires destroy the food of game of Technology and his Masters degree from birds and of wild life in general, often kill-

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission~_Atlanta

C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr.,~~~~Atlanta

H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta

C. B. Harman, Treasurer~~~-------------

.

E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester__~_Gainesville

C. B. Beale, District Forester----~~Waycross

W. D. Young, District Forester-~--------~-Rome

Jack Thur_m___o__n__d__,__D___i_s__t_r_i_c__t__F__o__r__e__s_t_e__r_,Savannah

C. N. Elliott, District Forester~----~Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany
W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary_____~Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Secretary~--~~~Atlanta

Cornell University, where he specialized in ing them outright. As a consequence, forest

economic geology and petrography.

fires mean less game.

Mr. Smith's experience in geology began Fires mean more clay in the streams,

in Tennessee, where,- as assistant state fewer fish and less desirable species of fish.

geologist, 1921-1925, he made notable Heavy washings of ash from burned-over

studies of the phosphate deposits of mid.- woods into streams is harmful to fish.

dle Tennessee, resulting in several valuable Fires usually kill out some of the most

reports. Because of his knowledge of Ten- valuable native grasses, leaving only the

nessee phosphates, his services were re- inferior, thus reducing the grazing value of

cently sought by the Tennessee Valley Au- forested lands.

I thority for several months work on some

Some Fallacies of Woods Burning

of the lower grade phosphate ores hitherto Some people still believe that burning

unmapped.

off woods kills cotton boll weevils. Since

Geological Division R. W. Smith, State Geologist____ ~--~~~-Atlanta G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A___s_s__t_.___S__t_a__t_e____G__e__o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta

The services of Mr. Smith as assistant weevils do not hibernate on the ground, state geologist of Georgia were sought and the forest fires kill no weevils. obtained in 1926 and since then he has In South Georgia especially, burning off worked on the mineral deposits of this the dead sedge and wire grass is supposed state, giving special attention to kaolin, to improve grazing, whereas fires of usual bauxite and fuller's earth deposits in mid- intensity kill out the best grazing grasses

Extension Foresters
Bonnell Stone, Chairman,~~----~---~~---~Oxford Dupre Barrett, ---------------------~~---~-------Athens K. S. Trowbridge, ----------------~-~---~-------Tifton

dle and south Georgia, his findings being published in Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 44, and to shale and brick clay deposits in middle and northeast Georgia, the results being published in Bulletin 45.

and leave only the poorest tuft grasses, the sedge and wire grasses.
Turpentine operators rake around trees and burn off the forest to keep fires from reaching the cups and faces on the trees,

He has also been at work on mica and whereas firebreaks and a patrol system

FOURTH YEAR-VOL. 4, No. 1 feldspar deposits of middle and northeast recommended by state and federal authori-
Georgia, now about three-fourths complet- ties cost less, are even more effective in fire

The Forestry-Geological Review and its predecessor, Forestry Lookout, have appeared for three consecutive years. This is-
sue is Vol. 4, No. 1. Approximately 4,000 copies of this publi-

ed, and has made shorter investigations of a number of other minerals.
Mr. Smith was married in 1930 to Miss Katherine Cox, daughter of Dr. Ross P. Cox, of Rome, Georgia.

control and half of the cost of such protection is paid by the state with federal funds. Raked and burned turpentine orchards yield less gum than those not burned over.

cation are circulated monthly. Among those

Hardwood Fire Injury

receiving it are lumbermen, naval stores Price .of Wood Imports

Varies With Species

interests, leading timber owners, many of

Fixed By Code Authorities

whom belong to the timber protective organizations of Georgia, vocational agricultural teachers who are teaching f'Jrestry in rural high schools, members of the State Legislature, county agricultural agents, chambers of commerce, libraries, county commissioners, county school superintendents, newspapers, mining and quarrying interests, and miscellaneous.
The editor is grateful for expressions of appreciation about the Review, and is encouraged to believe that the publication is rendering service to the cause of Forestry

The Federal Lumber Code Authority has ruled that imported woods shall not sell at any delivery point in the United States at prices below "minimum cost-protection price" of similar items of domestic origin. The code authority determines domestic ~ost and estimates "protection".
These measures are designed to give woods producers of the United States an opportunity to meet severe foreign competition.

Reporting studies of fire injuries to hardwoods in the Natural Bridge National Forest, members of the staff of the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station at Asheville, N. C. report in the November 1933 issue of the Journal of Forestry, that of the species studied yellow poplar suffered least, scarlet oak most, with black, white and chestnut oak intermediate, their relative order depending on diameters.
The area studied was severly burned over April 10 and 12, 1930, the fire growing in intensity as it reached the crests of

in Georgia.
To all readers, best wishes for a Better Pine Canker Control

the ridges, completely destroying the stands on some crests and upper parts of slopes.

New Year!

In Treutlen County

Editor.
Susceptibility to Storm Damage
In studying effects of a 56 mile an hour storm on a national forest near Ely, Minnesota, authorities of the Lake States Experiment Station report that damage according to species was in the following order: Spruce (black and white), aspen,

Pine canker in recent months found to be widely prevalent in the southern pine belt, as discovered by J. D. Diller of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry, has received attention in Treutlen county. Under
the direction of Mr. Diller, the C. C. C.
boys have spent some time removing dis-
eased pines and burning them as a measure

National Forest Plantings
According to the U. S. Forest Service, more than twice as many acres have been planted to trees on national forests in 1933 as for the previous year, as many as 48,000 acres being planted in the fall of 1933, with full reports for the year not having been received. In 1932, 24,900 acres and in 1931, 26,000 acres were planted on national

Jack pine, paper birch.

of disease control.

forests.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

MANY FOREST FIRES

RESOLUTION ON DEATH

DURING DROUTH PERIOD

OF STATE GEOLOGIST

FOREST SURVEY BEGINS IN NAVAL STORES BELT

C. C. C. Men Have Done Excellent

S. W. McCALLIE Comprehensive Study of Slash and

Fire Suppression Work in Regions

Longleaf to Develop Present and

Around Their Camps

At a meeting of the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological De-

Prospective Timber Resources

Georgia is in the midst of its forest fire velopment, held on Deecmber 19, the follow- With funds obtained through the Nation-

season. Outbreaks were favored in the fall ing resolutions respecting State Geologist al Industrial Recovery Act of Congress, a

by the long drouth. In areas where no at- S. W. McCallie, who died October 26, 1933, number of timber surveying crews are now

tempt was made to prevent or control for- were passed:

employed in the south. Authority for a na-

est fires, much damage has been done. The This Commission records with regret and tion-wide timber survey was given by Con-

forest debris was dry, easily burned and a sense of great loss to the Department and . gress in 1928, but for lack of funds the

the flames so high and hot as to kill all the State of Georgia, the death of Mr. Sam- work had not progressed far.

small pines, some fairly large ones, and did uel Washington McCallie, State Geologist, The first objective of those in charge of

considerable injury to large trees.

which occurred suddenly at his home in At- the survey in the south is to survey the

If the men of the c. c. c. camps had not lanta at nine o'clock in the evening of timber of the naval stores belt, to develop

I been available for forest fire duty in some Thursday, Oct?ber 26, 1933.

.

information along the following lines:

a the damage would have been much Mr. McCallie came to the Georgia Geo- (1) Information as to the total number

haereavsie, r and more widespread. In areas sev-

1ogica1. Survey


Ill

1893

as

assist ant .st a.t e

of turpentine crops now in operation and

al miles around each camp the burned geologist and was elected state geologist m the various stages of its progress.

::reage is comparatively small thanks to . 1908. His forty years of service have been

hf ~Irgehslyt

workers. District of the WI"11m" gness

fores~ers speak
and har d work of

discharged with satisfaction to the sta~e
and with. distinction to himself. During thi.s

the C. C. C. men in combatting fires, and of long penod, he was the auth~r of _63 sci-

(2) The number of trees and faces available for turpentining at the present time, and an estimate of the number of trees that will come into working size in the next ten

their increasing efficiency as fire fighters.
The fi rebreaks const rueted by the C. C. C. men have demonst rat ed their eff"ICiency wherever an outbreak has occurred. These C. C. C. firebreak s are 25 t o 30 f eet WI"de, cleared of trees and shrubs, and plowed.
The lack of rains in the fall, of course, not only increased fire hazard, but it has lengthened the fire season which usually reaches its peak and its end in late winter and early spring when farmers begin cleaning up and burning field litter preparatory to plowing. The season's fire record is, therefore, not estimated until after farmers have plowed their lands.

entific books and papers dealmg with the resources of Georgia. These publication.s have been widely circulated throughout this
country and abr?ad. . Co-incident with this rema. rkable record
is the creditable and practical fact that there has been a steady and ever increasing development of our mineral deposits.
To his associates and friends, his life and bearing were characterized by modesty, kindness and a consciencious fidelity to
duty. The Commission extends to Mrs. McCal-
lie and the other members of the bereaved family their deepest sympathy, and the Secretary is instructed to send a copy of

years. (4) The amount of saw timber, poles,
piling and ties now available for logging, with an estimate of the amount of these commoditites available each year for the next decade.
(5) The quantity of pine stump wood now available for use in the manufacture of wood naval stores.
(6) The volume of several suitable species available now for the manufacture of
paper pulp and the amount that can be produced annually.
(7) Estimate of the rate timber resources are being depleted by utilization, fire and by natural causes.

this testimonial to Mrs. McCallie, record (8) Trend as to market requirements for
FORESTRY GRAZING STUDIES, it in the Minutes of the Commission, and forest commodities and rate of production

TIFTON EXPERIMENT STATION publish it in the next issue of the Forestry- to be expected from a sustained yield oper-

A project involving a study of a combina- Geological Review.

ation of the forests.

tion of forestry and pasturage is being car~

The survey in the south is under the gen-

ried out at the Coastal Plain Agricultural ROOSEVELT SEEKS ANOTHER eral direction of Capt. I. F. Eldredge with

Experiment Station at Tifton. Director S.

headquarters at the Southern Forest Ex-

H. Starr of the Station has obtained the use

YEAR FOR C.C.C. WORK periment Station, New Orleans. Eight

of a group of C. C. C. men to thin and im-

crews were put to work under M. M. Leh-

prove the forest area to be used.

According to press information, President bras, Lake City, Florida, in Georgia and a

Carpet grass and lespedeza will be the I Roosevelt will ask Congress to continue portion of Florida. Four of these crews

main pasture grasses .to be used. Fire I Emer~ency Relie~ Work by Civilian Con-/ under J. W. Cruikshank are employed in

breaks are to be established, sown to grass servation Corps m forestry work for an- southeast Georgia, and four crews under E.

and grazed closely to make the fire breaks other twelve months.

B. Faulks in northeast Florida. Additional

effective in forest protection, and when the The work accomplished by the C. C. C. crews are to be employed in the North and

pines have so thoroughly covered the land camps has been of immense benefit to for- South Carolina naval stores belt in the near

as to suppress grazing, the firebreaks will estry but has hardly begun. Another year's future.

continue to be used.

work would see much more accomplished

The value of the pasture will be calcu- than was possible the first year with the lated as well as harvested timber, in an ef- organization and preparatory work to be

Pine Reforestation

fort to develop the economy of growing timber in combination with grazing.
The Atlanta Terra Cotta Company, Glenn Building, Atlanta, and 19 West 44th Street, New York, has issued a book entitled "Chimney Pots of Atlanta Terra Cotta" in an effort to popularize this type of construction which has so long been an attractive and efficient part of chimneys in England.

dealt with.
Georgia has an immense area untouched by C. C. C. activities. Another year of work would result in much wider extension of benefits, and put forest fire protection and timber growing into operation on a large scale permanent basis. In fact, another year's work is essential to realize the fullest benefits from the first year's activities.

A fallacy prevails that southern fields "turned out" will quickly come back to pines, says the U. S. Forest Servic"e. They did reforest 20 to 40 years ago, when there were many scattered old "forest" pines which scattered large quantities of seed from their 100-foot high crowns. Today adequate young stands come only along the margins of fields, while on the rest of the land only a few scattered pines and plenty of "weed" trees or broom sedge,

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FORESTRY

except where it can be protected by sur- CONSERVATIVE CHIPPING

rounding water.

GIVES HURRICANE INSURANCE

QUESTION BOX
When do Pine Needles Drop? According to studies made by the Southern Forest )Experiment Station on the Olustee Experimental For~st, Lake City, Florida, the heaviest fall of longleaf pine needles is in October; the second greatest is in June. Records show falling of needles every month of the year. Two periods, August, September, October and November being one, and May, June and July being the other, account for a very large percentage of the shedding. December, January, February, March and April show comparatively little shedding, but December and January each show more than any

Will Pruning Lower Limbs of Young
Pines Retard Tree Growth? Since needles elaborate growth material,
a part of the plant manufacturing growth is shut down by removing limbs. The practice of pruning off lower limbs is considered advisable since considerable growth material is required for developing the limbs that preferably should go into the trunk. The removal of limbs of young trees makes clearer wood and easier chipping for turpentine.
It is considered wiser to leave at least two thirds of the leaf surface of young trees when pruning away lower limbs; later on pruning a second time may be practiced, where advisable.

In the Naval Stores Review of December 2, Lenthall Wyman, Lake City, doing naval stores investigations for the Southern Forest Experiment Station, reports hurricane damage on forests turpentined conservatively by the government method as compared to damage done to trees turpentined according to ordinary commercial methods.
The plots were comparable in every particular except as to chipping methods. On the commercial tract, the trees had been faced in 1923 and back faced in 1925. Chipping about 1 inch deep with heavy slabs of wood removed when cups were installed. The area, 2.4 acres on a lake shore, had 367 trees and suffered a loss of 37 trees or 10 per cent.

of the five months mentioned as having

On the experimental tract alongside, op-

slight shedding.

GEORGIA LUMBER RECORD

erated by the U. S. Forest Experiment

FOR THE YEAR 1931 Station, there were 550 trees. Chipping was

What is the Cost of Thinning Young The Bureau of Census has recently is- shallower than that of the commercial

Pine Thickets to a Suitable Stand?

sued a report of lumber industries for orchard and no trees were worked with two

The Southern Forest Experiment Stat- 1931. While Georgia's growing production faces concurrently. In 1923 550 trees were

ion reports an improvement thinning in in 1931 was comparatively low, lumber faced, and back facing began in 1928, '29.

southeast Georgia at a cost of 35 cents an wood working industries still gave a large Cuts for installing tins were held down to

acre. The aim was to leave 250 trees per number employment and produced values a minimum and tins were tacked on to the

acre on an area where the stand varied of considerable amount.

faces when raised. Only 7 of these trees

from 200 to 2,000 trees. The stand left The number of active sawmills was 782, were broken by the storm, or 1.3 per cent

after cutting averaged 236 trees per acre turning out 459,617,000 board feet.

as compared to 10 per cent on the commer-

with tree diameters breast high averaging There were 378 wood working plants, cial tract. Mr. Weyman says:

4% inches. The original stand averaged employing 5,142 at wages of $2,079,522, "These records amply justify the claims

3% inches in diameter and were about 19 with products valued at $13,141,920.

of the Southern Station that it is important

years of age.

Planing mills, 95, employed 1,393; value to avoid exposing wood below the tins when

The felled trees were allowed to lie. In of products $6,940,742. Box manufactur- installing cups, to avoid deep incisions in

a few cases where the tops were large and ers, 12, employed 1,042; .wages $497,500; the face when raising tim; and to take

bushy the limbs were lopped and flatten- value $2,848,955. Cooperage, 13 plants, every precaution to treat timber conserva-

ed.

wage earners 157, wages $102,374; value tively so as to reduce dry facing and keep

of products $1,077,412; Laths produced insects and rot from gaining access to the

What is Compression Wood?

numbered 4,668,000 and shingles 7,878,- trees.

A definition of compression wood given 000. In veneer production, 29,762,000 "The serious effects of poor turpentine

by the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory board feet of logs were used.

practices do not always show up immedi-

is as follows: "Abnormal wood formed on Timber sawed by species and amounts ately in lowered gum yield and higher mor-

the lower side of branches and leaning in board feet are as follows: Ash, 3,828,- tality but are evident whenever drought, or

trunks of softwood trees. Compression 000; cypress 19,682,000; red gum 16,443,- high winds take their toll of the weakened

wood is identified by its relatively wide 000; sycamore, 1,311,000; tupelo 5,170,- trees.''

rings, usually eccentric, and its relatively 000; pine 379,868,000; yellow poplar 12-

large amount of summer wood, usually 50 795,000; white pine, 612,000; basswood, per cent or more of the width of the an- 122, 000; cottonwood, 413,000; elms, 520,-

New Resin Product

nual rings in which it occurs. Compression 000; hickory 87,000; maple 766,000; oak,

wood shrinks excessively and irregularly 17,379,000; all others, 5,202,000.

I The Hercules Powder Company, Wil-

lengthwise."

mington, Del., announces the development

What is meant by "dote" in connection with Veneer Logs?
"Dote" is a softening of the wood by decay which may be discolored or merely soft and not discolored. It is also spoken of as "doze". It is a stage of decay which has not advanced to the complete breakdown of the fibre.
Will Cypress Grow Successfully on Dry Land?

Dr. Charles H. Herty Chemical Adminis.trator
Dr. Charles Holmes Herty, director of the Pulp and Paper Research Laboratory at Savannah, and chemist of national reputation, has been made deputy administrator of NRA to have charge of chemical codes. This well deserved recognition of Dr. Herty places at the command of the federal government one trained and experienced to deal with pr'lblems of one of the most important industriel! of the country.

of a new product known as Vinsol Resin No. 1, a hard, black, tough, oil-resistant resin, valuable for use in many types of insulation, sealing compounds and thermoplastics.
TREE SEED SCARCE
Those who collect tree seed for sale and those who buy seed for tree nurseries were made depressingly aware of a seed short.age in 1933.

Yes, faster than it grows in swamps. Dryland cypress, of course, does not have enlarged butts, or knees, such as they have in swamps. Forest fires have evident-

Dr. Herty's new duties will not interfere with carrying forward the program of research at the pulp and paper laboratory at Savannah, where he has under him an able

Much effort is being put forth to find seed for tree nurseries operated by the state. The possibility exists that not enough will be found to supply the nurseries with thE:

ly given the cypress no chance to develop body of technicians.

usual amount.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

LUMBERING UNDER CODE,

TRANSPORTATION COSTS ON operations on sparsely inhabited, rough,

ALLOTMENTS, WAGES, PRICES

PULPWOOD FAVOR 'SOUTH mountainous country and expensive trans-

portation costs.

Large and Small Sawmill Opera- Much of the red spruce going into news The facts developed by Dr. Charles H.

tions Under Control-Production print used in the United States originates Herty and his co-workers that young south-

without Authority Penalized

in Canada. Easily accessible forests have ern pines of all species are suited to pro-

already been cut; supplies are annually ducing newsprint paper as easily as red

A number of inquires have been made of the Georgia Forest Service by small sawmill operators in Georgia .as to what they should do to obtain permission to saw timber. The Georgia Forest Service has no authority in the matter; it had no part in formulating the code, nor is it assigned any duties in carrying out the regulations of the code. The Georgia Forest Service is, however, glad to be of service in putting oawmill operators in touch with proper

becoming less easily obtained in mountain areas, are increasingly further from rail and water transportation to paper mills.
The Journal of Forestry, November issue of 1933, reproduces a paper by A. Koroleff delivered before the Quebec Society of Forest Engineers in which he says:
"Mountain logging is for most of our loggers (pulpwood) a stumbling block because in former years they were accustom-
to operate in comparatively flat country

spruce, associated with comparatively low cost of cutting and transporting pulpwood to paper mills, all point to advantage and economies in manufacture, which. the paper mills cannot long afford to ignore.
RESOLUTIONS RESPECTING DR. CHARLES H. HERTY'S WORK
At a meeting of the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological De-

authorities.

and to leave wood on steep slopes as 'in- velopment on December 19, 1933, Hon J.

For the information of our readers in accessible'. Recently, however, many woods Leonard Rountree offered the following res-

Georgia who operate sawmills, it may be operations have been moved from easy olution, which was unanimously passed.

stated as a fact that all sawmill operators ground into hilly and even mountainous WHEREAS, Dr. Chas. H. Herty has

are under the code whether they have sub- territory."

been connected with the Commission of For-

scribed for it or not. Certain allotments of Transportation, including handling from estry and Geological Development as Direr-

board feet of lumber cutting are made stump to mill, is estimated by this author- tor of the Research Pulp and Paper Labora-

quarterly to each division of the country, ity as 40 per cent of the entire cost of tory at Savannah, and by his untiring ef-

based on an estimate of the requirements with due allowance for stocks in hand. The amount each sawmill operator will be allowed to cut will be determined by local as well as general conditions.
The code does not "fix prices" at which

pulpwood under Quebec conditions. The forts and exhaustive study, he has demon~tems of _Preliminary prep~rations, ~ortag- f,trated the feasibility of making newsprint

mg

supplies

and

construct10n

matenals

in-

1 1

paper

f rom

Geor g1a

p 1n e s ,.

therefore ,

to the bush and transportation of workmen BE IT RESOLVED th t the thanks of

a.nd of administra. ti.ve staff in both direc- th1' s Comm1ss1 on be ext'endaed to Dr. Herty bons, and superv1s1on overhead are placed for his valuable work, not only to our

lumber is sold, but it establishes a minimum price that will allow the sawmill man a profit in operating under the provisions of the code. The minimum price of lumber fixed by the code is established and will

at 20 per cent of the cost of pulpwood, while the cost of wood prope~ (including

stump.age, ground rent, deplet10n charges,

etc.) 1s put at 25 per cent and cutting cost

at }5 _per cent.

.

.

State but to the entire pine belt of the south'; that a copy of this Resolution be furnished Dr. Herty; that it be printed in the Forestry and Geological Review and be
furnished to the press; and that our best

be made known to the sawmill man when he applies for operating authority.
If a sawmill has been cutting timber without authority under the code, he will have to make reparations to square with the code during the period he has operated while the code has been in effect. For instance, if he has not paid the full wages set by the code, he must pay laborers the balance due them. Forty hours per week is the number of work hours permitted.
The object, of course, is to restrict production to consumption, reducing the surplus stock on the yards, to the end that larger returns may be obtained not only by the sawmill operator, but by the timber grower.
To Whom Applications Shall be Made The Hardwood Manufacturing Institute,

W1th our woods operations very d1stant from headquarters and scattered over wide areas of our wild country, administration supervision can be only as efficient as are the available means of transportation," states Mr. Koroleff.

wishes go with him for his continued suecess.
FOREST COVER RETAINS OVER 99% OF RAINFALL

Contrast these statements with the sit-

uation found in the pine belt of the south That vegetative cover does have a mark-

where no mountains involve transportation ed effect on surface run-off of rainfall was

difficulties, where loggers can be found 1 conclusively proven by experiments at the

close at hand, obviating the necessity Holly Springs, Mississippi, Branch Station

of providing housing and food; where the of the Southern Forest Experiment Sta-

operating company does not have to con- tion, during the winter of 1931-32. During

struct long truck trails, or chutes; where 70 days of this winter 27 inches of rain

comparatively nearby are to be found rail- fell, of which 62% ran off the surface of a

roads, modern highways and in many parts cultivated corn field and 54% ran off the

of the region, navigable streams.

barren soil of an abandoned field. In con-

Consider also the south has a year-round trast to this enormous run-off less than 1h climate for working in the woods as of 1 o/o of the rainfall ran off the surface of

Memphis, Tenn. should receive applica- against the closed period in the winter in a virgin oak forest and off an unburned tions of manufacturers of hardwood lum- the far north where ice, snow and intense native grass plot, and only 2 o/o ran oil' a

ber and forest products, red cedar, yellow cypress and Appalachian hemlock, spruce pine and white pine in the Appalachian and southern regions.

cold prevails and transportation is blocked.
Whereas transportatioin from forest to pulp mill entails 40 per cent of the cost of the pulpwood in Canada, the pransporta-

scrub oak covered plot. The run-off from the corn field carried with it soil at the
rate of 34 tons per acre.-Southern Forestry Experiment Station.

Those who operate on pine other than tion cost in the south would probably be

white pine or on mixed species south of the less than half that. Cutting would also be Extension Forester DuPre Barrett re-

Appalachian region should make applica- cheaper in the south because transporta- cently underwent a serious operation. His

tion to the Southern Pine Association, tion, housing and food enter into harvesting many friends will be glad to know that the

New Orleans, La.

costs in Canada.

I Supervision, equipment and general over-
Nobody is asking you to destroy a part head cost can easily be half that required

operation was successful and that he is on the road to recovery.

of your tree crop. The ~atanic fire fiend in Canada where large organizations are Resolve to keep the forests free from fire

js attending to it.

required to meet the problems arising from in 1934.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester

Camp P-61, Soperton, Ga.

The Brantley County T. P. 0. is plan-

Tower and telephone work at P-61 ning an oyster supper in the near future,

Treutlen county, is going along at a rapid with a few songs and other things. T. P. 0.

Savannah

rate. One 80 foot steel lookout tower has business will be boosted.

Tar City T. P. 0.

already been finished and Tower No. 2 is
I well under construction and should be

E. C. W. Notes

During November the Tar City F F F fm. creased I"ts membedrsh"fIip and bacreagt e rom 5000 acres an ve mem ers 0
twenty members and 40,000 acres, and consequently, grew into the T. ,P. 0. rating, as

ready by January 1st. When the fire season

mgei.tlsesuonfdetrelwepahyonine

pfuolllesswwii.nllg,haabvoe ubt etewne

lve set

and the wire and phones will be ready to

install before Ch t

ns mas.

Superintendents from all camps in this district met in the Waycross office December 5, and went over E. C. W. work in detail, each getting new ideas from others. The effects of such a meeting are immedi-

having its required minimum of 10,000 acres. It is a forward step for better fire protection in the flatwoods section of Tattnall and Evans counties. The land included in the T. P. 0. is in one solid body, all connected and will be much easier to protect than if scattered.
The same officers head up the T. P. 0., as in the Tar City F. F. F. M. V. Overstreet is President and Waldo Bradley is Secretary and Treasurer. Members of the Tar City T. P. 0. have done some good work in protecting their land from fire dur-

SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester
Waycross
Aeroplane Fire Detection
Mr. Tom Alexander, Assistant District Inspector of the U. S. Forest Service, Asheville, N. C., has carried on experiments in this district on the possibilities of using aeroplanes and short wave radio in place of lookout towers and telephone lines for

ately felt throughout the district. The meeting was such a success that others will be held periodically.
The progress made in fire break construction, telephone line, and other activities at each camp, are assembled from the monthly reports, and a copy sent to each superintendent. This keeps each camp informed as to their comparative progress, taking into account the number of mandays worked by each camp over the period covered by the report.

ing the time they were operating as a Forest Fire Fighters' Organization and now since they have become a Timber Protective Organization, they should get even better results.

fire detection. We certainly wish Mr. Alexander luck, because it is going to take a lot of something to watch out for fires in the flat woods.

The Douglas Camp, P-68, was abandoned Thanksgiving, the enlisted men being distributed to other camps to fill up vacancies.

Plow Demonstration on State Prison Farm in Tattnall County
On Friday, December 15th, the Hester Plow Company demonstrated a Hester Two W'ay Plow and a One Way Plow, on fire break work on the State Prison Farm in Tattnall county. Georgia Forest Service officials present included H. M. Sebring, Assistant State Forester and F. L. Edmondson, Purchasing Agent. Mr. Payne of the tractor company was also present along with Mr. Hester of the Hester Plow Company.
The two plows were p:ulled by a thirty caterpillar tractor. They were given a thorough try out on all types of growth. The two way plow did very effective work in the palmetto and other rough growth and is best suited for work on secondary fire breaks. The officers and several members of the Tar City T. P. 0. were prc~ent at the demonstration, and were impressed by the work of both plows in fire break construction.

Forest Fire Towers
The nine 100-foot steel lookout towers allotted to this district are under construction. One has already been completed in Ware county, and the crew of experienced steel foremen, working with M. L. Spicer, engineer in charge, are building the two Clinch county towers this week. The entire allotment will probably be ready for service early in February. The towers will be located as follows:
One two miles south of Glenmore in Ware county; one at Withers and one at Anthon in Clinch county; one three miles east of Hoboken, and one two miles west of Waynesville in Brantley county, both on the Brunswick-Waycross highway; one north of Idlewild and one at the Georgia Forest Products camp in Hazzards Neck in Camden county; one two miles west of Toledo on the Trail Ridge road, in Charlton county, and one two miles southeast of Baxley in Appling county.
The Wayne County T. P. 0. i5 planning to build a wooden tower to tie-in with the Brantley county towers. Two old T. P. 0.

One of the C. C. C. boys suggested crossing pines with weeping willows; then when a fire gets too hot, the trees will shed tears of sadness, thereby suppressing the fire.
Okefenokee T. P. 0. employed Henry Dean, Vocational Forester, as patrolman on the T. P. 0. area southwest of Waycross, beginning December 4.
Superintendent T. H. Browne, P-52, is recovering from pneumonia.
Superintendent G. C. Rogers, P-70, who recently fractured an arm in an automobile accident, was returned to the hospital due to complications, but is reported to be satisfactorily recovering now.
Superintendent R. E. Tittle, P-71, has completed telephone connections to the St. George camp on the St. Marys river and long distance communicatidon is now possible with that camp.

Camp P-57, Sylvania, Ga.
On Friday, December 15th, the personnel and enlisted men at Camp P-57, Burke county, moved into the new camp in District Six, Screven county. The complete moving of all field equipment will be finished next week.
The Screven County Camp is located ten miles east of Sylvania and will work on the Briar Creek T. P. 0., which includes some 17,000 acres. All of the camp buildings are finished. The winter quarters here are very comfortable and the men all seem well satisfied with the new camp site. C. B. Ellington is the camp superintendent.

towers will be moved to new locations. The Dupont tower in Clinch county is to
be moved about two miles north towards Arabia Bay, and the Forest View tower in Camden county is to be moved east near Cabin Bluff, in order to give coverage to Cumberland island, which was signed up in the Camden T. P. 0. last summer.
T. P. 0. Notes
A new T. P. 0. was formed at Crawley, in northern Ware county Tuesday, December 5. A group of landowners met in the district office and elected officers. The T. P. 0. consists of some 50,000 acres around Crawley.

Silt of Flood Waters Kills Hardwood Trees
Flood control has an important bearing on the river bottom trees. Silt deposits take their lives.
Observations made by the Southern Forest Experiment Station of one stand on bottom land covered in 1927 by 3 to 4 feet of silt, showed in 1930 that every tree with the exception of cottowoods and willows had been killed. It is estimated that two years is the maximum length of time hardwoods, excepting the two species mentioned, will survive following a deposit of silt or sand of one foot or more.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

I
SUGGESTIONS TO PROPERTY the mineral mined or a fixed percentage of

OWNERS ON SELLING A

the selling price of the mineral. Each meth-

MINERAL DEPOSIT

od has its advantages. With the first two

Manganese Leased on royalty 20% or less of

manganese 25c-50c

20% to 30% man-

ganese 50c-$1.00

30% to 40% man-

ganese 7 5c-$1.50

40% or more man-

ganese $1.00-$2.00

Marble

Bo't in fee-simple

Mica

Leased on royalty 1-6, 1-8 or 1-10 of

sales price of mica

Ocher

Bo't in fee-simple 50c to $1.50 per ton

Sand and

Gravel

Bo't in fee-simple 2c to 5c per ton

Talc

Bo't in fee-simple Crayons lOc to 20c

per gross

Ground 25c to 75c

per ton

T_r_iP_o_h__ _ Leased on royalty 50c to ~1.00 per ton

By RICHARD W. SMITH

methods, the money is obtained at once and *The writer is indebted to Dr. Poole Maynard,

future misfortunes of the purchasing com-

Consulting Geologist, Atlanta, Ga., for some of these figures and to various producers for others.

State Geologist

pany do not affect the former property

owner. Yet, on the other hand, it is very The lease of the mining rights should be

Suggestions were given last month to property owners on the methods to be followed in prospecting a mineral deposit. Let us now asume that a property owner has prospected a deposit of mineral on his place and the results have convinced him that the deposit is large enough and of the right quality to be worth mining.
The next step is to get in touch with a prospective buyer. A complete description of the deposit, including the prospecting records and samples, should be filed with the State Division of Geology and with the Industrial Development Departments of the nearest rail road and power company. Such departments often receive inquiries for commercial deposits of minerals in their territories. A conserv,ative advertisement

difficult to set a fair price on a property

containing a mineral deposit. The invest-

ment required for the equipment to mine

most minerals and prepare them for the

market is large, and few addition, afford to invest

caomvepraynileasrgcean~urinn

in the raw materihl. Two or three times

the farm land value for the property is

probably the most that can be hoped for.

Sale of the property in fee-simple is usual-

ly to be recommended rather than sale of

the mineral rights only. The latter meth-

od often leads to endless litigation. The

property owner, if the mining enterprise

prospers and no more money is coming in

to him, is apt to feel that he has been

cheated and tries to get his "rights" by

damage suits.

carefully drawn up by a trustworthy lawyer. The owner should see to it that the lease contains the following clauses, clearly stated:
1. Cash payment. The amount of the cash payment at the time the lease is signed will depend upon the size of the property and the value of the mineral.
2. Royalty. In addition to stating the amount and method of payment of the royalty, some provision should be made whereby the owner can check up on the tonnage mined on which royalty should be paid. Often this can be done from the ralroad records of freight shipped by the company. With valuable minerals, such as gold and sheet mica, provision is sometimes made that none of the mineral may be removed from the property except in the presence

in the trade journals of that mineral indus- The method of leasing the mineral rights of a representative of the owner.

try or such general industrial magazines on a royalty is apt to bring larger returns 3. Minimum royalty. Provision should be

as the M'anufacturers' Record, Baltimore, in the long run if the mineral deposit is made for the payment of a mm1mum

Md., and Industrial Index, Columbus, Ga., large and the mining company means busi- monthly or yearly royalty whether or not

may help. The Chamber of Commerce of the nearest city may help to find a buyer.
The property owner should always inves-

ness. The royalties commonly paid depend upon ~he value of the mineral, the quality and s1ze of the deposit, the nature and

a corresponding amount of the mineral has been mined. It should state that failure to pay this minimum royalty will automati-

tigate the business and financial reputation thickness of the overburden, the cost of cally void the lease. The amount should be

of a prospective buyer. An honest indivi- mining and treatment, and the distance large enough to discourage a company from

dual or company will be glad to furnish from railroad transportation. The follow- leasing but not mining a property simply banking and other references as to his char- ing table gives the royalties commonly paid to keep it out of the hands of competitors,

acter and financial ability to handle the on some of the minerals mined in Georgia. but should not be so large as to force a fi-

proposed terms of the sale or mining enter- Many of these figures will seem absurdly nancially sound company to abandon the prise. A little care in this respect will pre- small to the property owner until he stops property in times of depression when pro-

vent the disappointments that follow dealings with dishonest and "flee-by-night"

to figure the large tonnage of some of these mine~als that can be mined from a single

duction is naturally low. 4. The owner should have the right to

persons. The prospective buyer of a mineral de-
posit will always thoroughly prospect it

acre m a year, and until he realizes that it ~eans an income to him with absolutely no nsk or effort on his part.

farm or remove timber from land not in necessary use by the company.
5. The company should be liable to all

himself before purchasing the property or the mining rights. He must be given an option before he will start the prospecting. This option should state the time al1owed for prospecting, at the end of which the option expires, and should state all the terms of the purchase price if the deposit should

Average Royalties Paid to Property Owners on Minerals Commonly Mined In Georgia*

Mineral

Comm!'n Meth~ Usual Royalty When

of Buymg Deposit

L~lJsed

Asbestos Leased on royalty 50c to $1.00 per ton

Barite

H

.,

H

30c to $1.00 per ton

damages to crops, stock, houses or equipment caused by the mining operations.
The owner should avoid selling the mineral rights on his place for a fixed sum to any individual or company which has no intention of mining but is buying it for an investment. The owner seldom gets a fair

prove to be satisfactory. The price paid for the option should be enough to fully compensate the property owner for any incon-

Bauxite Brick clay Feldspar Fullers earth

Bo't in fee-simple Leased on royalty
Bo't in fee-simple

25c to 75c per ton 2c to 5c per ton 25c to 50c per ton
30c to 75c Per ton

return for his mineral rights in and the buyer often prevents

dseuvcehloapmsaelne~

by expecting too large a return on his in-

venience or damage to his property during Gold

the prospecting.

Granite

Leased on royalty 1-6 or 1-8 of gold recovered

vestment. A better arrangement would be

Bo't in fee-simple Dimension stone 5c for the owner to pay the "promoter" a com-

There are three methods by which min-

eral deposits are sold: (1) land sold in fee-

simple for a fixed sum;

(2) mineral rights

Iron Ore Kaolin

Leased on royalty Leased on royalty

to 1 Oc per cubic ft. Crushed 2c to 5c per ton 10c to 15c Per ton Soft kaolin 15c to

mission out of the regular cash payment if he can arrange for a mining company to lease the mining rights in the usual way.

only sold for a fixed sum; and (3) mineral rights only leased with a small cash pay-

2'5c per ton. Hard kaolin 5c to 10c

The owner of a mineral deposit should

per ton

make sure that he has a clear title to the

ment and a royalty of so much per ton of

Kyanite Limestone

Leased on royalty 50c to $1.00 per ton Bo't in fee-simp!~ 2c to 5c per ton

mineral on his land. In selling land, es-

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

pecially in north Georgia, mineral rights keep close watch over his woods through EDUCATIONAL SUPERVISORS

are often "reserved". All future deeds to his workmen. He can reduce trespass to a

TO SERVE CCC CAMPS

the land should state that the mineral minimum and be on the ground to keep out

rights have been reserved, but often this fire."

Arrangements have been made to have

has been neglected and is the cause of many The objectives advocated by Mr. Wyman an education~! supervisor at each CCC

law suits. Mineral rights, when owned sep- are probably a long way off~ Before pro- camp, for the purpose of giving the men an

arately from the land, are personal proper- gress in the direction of land owner cup- opportunity to pursue their education and

ty and are subject to taxation, according to ping can be made, right methods of chip- to receive vocational guidance that will bet-

Section 1008 of the Georgia Code. This fact ping must be taught them. In view of the ter fit them for their life's work. The edu-

is little known, even to many of the county slow progress made in inducing the compar- cational supervisor will be assisted by men

tax authorities. The title to mineral rights atively few turpentine operators to adopt of the camp who are qualified and willing

held separately from the land is, therefore, better methods, how much larger task it to teach.

not clear unless they are annually returned will be to teach the multitude of land own- The teachers are selected by the Chancel-

for taxation and the tax paid.

ers.

lor Emeritus of the University of Georgia,

Owners of mineral deposits should avoid

Dr. C. M. Snelling, Athens; Paul Chapman,

forming an exaggerated idea of the value GEORGIA GEODETIC AND

Supervisor of Vocational Education in

of their deposits which will result in the

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING Georgia, Athens; and Harry Brown, Acting

purchase of other properties rather than

Director of Agricultural Extension of

theirs. A carefully drawn lease of the min- The United States Coast and Geodetic Georgia, Athens.

eral rights, with a reasonable royalty, to an Survey has more than 100 men at work and It is to the credit of Georgia that it in-

honest and financially sound company will soon expects to have as many as 400 em- augurated educational work at many of the

often result in a steady income for years to ployed in Georgia making triangulation camps at the outset, and particular credit

come. The mineral has no value as long as and secondary traverse ,surveys. The state is due the foresters, ex-vocational teachers

it remains in the ground, but only becomes is divided up into districts for the purpose and others in the camps who, on their own

valuable as it is put to use.

of this type of survey, designated as fol- initiative, started classes and carried on

lows: Atlanta, Athens, Augusta, North educational work.

Bauxite Destroys Harmful

Georgia, Griffin, Macon, South Georgia, Sa- The recognition of the educational oppor-

Exhaust of Motor Cars vannah. The North Georgia and South tunities offered at the camps, by federal

Georgia districts may be subdivided later. agencies, and the allotment of funds with

Bauxite, an ore from which aluminum ware is made, appears in commercial deposits in middle and northwest Georgia.
A new use discovered by Dr. John Yeager of Great Britain. Bauxite can be employed to destroy deadly fumes from motor car exhausts by the use of the ore in an exhaust box. The exhaust of carbon monoxide gas, unburned gasoline and oil, are consumed or rendered harmless by contact with bauxite, with no back pressure nor loss of efficiency of engine power.

The general director of the work in which to organize and systematize the work,

Georgia is Frederick H. McDonald, Atlan- of course, make it possible to develop in-

ta. Each district is in charge of an engi- struction on a larger and more helpful

neer with varying numbers of crews in his scale.

charge.

C. C. C. men should welcome the oppor-

The information developed by this sur- tunity thus afforded for overcoming to some

vey is of importance in making topographic degree the handicap they have been made

surveys, as well as for accurate mapping of to suffer for lack of a chance to continue

all kinds.

their education because of poverty.

Another type of survey now in progress

in Georgia is conducted by the United Lumber Code Fosters

States Geological Survey. This survey C'm-

Sustained Production

ters around Warm Springs and Thomaston

TIMBER OWNER TURPENTINE OPERATIONS ADVOCATED

and is associated with the complete geolngical survey now being made of the Warm Springs area.

Speaking of the Lumber Code's provisions for sustained production of forest resources, the Southern Lumberman says editorial-

An article by Lenthall Wyman of the Southern Forest Experiment Station, in the Journal of Forestry, advocates management of turpentine operations by the land owner. Timber stands are "often ruined by careless turpentining", he says, but he adds, "with a few precautions timber may be worked in such a way that there will be very little injury to the trees," and "later be utilized for timber, ties, pulpwood, poles and piling."
Quoting further: "If a piece of timber is small it will be to the farmer's advantage

Four or five crews of surveyors are at ly: "It is hard to over-emphasize the tre-

work mapping elevations, contours, streams, mendous importance of this development.

highways, secondary roads, railroads; in It means an end to the old 'cut out and.get

other words, they are making a complete out' operation.

I physiographic picture of the area. Later on 1 "Just how long it will take to work out
topographic maps of the area, similar to all the details of the new plan and get it

those already issued fer parts of Georgia into operation remains to be seen; but it

will be put out.

may at least be safely said that there has

Funds for these surveys have been made been more progress made in the last sixty

available from federal sources, and as a re- days than there has been in the last sixty

suit a number of unemployed engineers and years. A permanent lumber industry is

geologists, as well as helpers, are finding now more than a dream, it is in a fair way

work to do.

to becoming a reality.''

to work it himself or have it done under his own direction. Arrangements can usually be made to sell the gum direct to the nearest still. In this way he can watch his timber closely and in case of dry weather or other adverse conditions he can lighten

The December issue of the Georgia Agriculturist, the student magazine of the State College of Agriculture, was devoted to forestry, with many interesting articles on forestry in Georgia.

GRAY FOX APPEARS TO BE FOREST FRIEND
In the 12th Annual Report of the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, biolo-

up in his work and forestall possible damage. He can adjust his work to the market

Less acres to crops, more acres to trees. gist Thomas D. Burleigh says: "While too definite statements are not as

-speeding up when prices are high, reduc-

yet justified, it appears now that the gray

ing chipping frequency when prices are off. This cannot be readily done if the timber

Take the teeth out of erosion by planting trees.

fox does not deserve its reputation for destructiveness and that its value in holding

is leased out. The farmer who has turpen-

rodents in check more than offsets the lit-

tining work going on is enabled thereby to Make a firebreak for the tree's sake.

tle harm it does to game birds."