Forestry-geological review [May 1933]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM .......~~

Vol. 3

ATLANTA, GA. MAY, 1933

No.5

FOREST EMPLOYMENT

STATE FORESTER MADE

COOPERATION IN

RELIEF PROGRAM SECRETARY OF COMMISSION

FORESTRY EXTENSION

Georgia's Quota of Men 6,000 on TwoYear Program - Work on State Properties and Possibly on Private Lands where Owners are Cooperating with Federal Gov ernment in Forest Fire Protection -Several 200-men Camps Are Planned
The great nation-wide project of forest employment as a relief measure is rapidly getting under way with the primary object of giving 250,000 young men gainful employment. It is one of President Roosevelt's plans for federal aid in meeting the unemployment situation. Far better than a dole is work. No better place for work and for mental, moral and physical conservation of young men can be found than in the forests.
Two general fields of forestry work are planned, that of national forests and parks, and that provided by the states. Work on the national forests and parks is under federal direction; that within the states and outside of national forest and park areas, is under the direction of the state foresters.
Georgia has two national forests, about 360,000 acres of which are in Georgia; one, the Nantahala, with headquarters at Franklin, N. C., and the other the Cherokee, with headquarters at Athens, Tenn. Four 200men camps will be used in the national forest area in Georgia.
How many 200-men camps will be established in Georgia outside of the national forests remains to be determined. The State Forester has submitted plans to the federal office in charge, but at the time this publication goes to press approvals have not been received.
State Projec.ts The state projects submitted call for employment of men on state parks, the state forest, state tree nurseries, timber protective organizations and forest fire fighters organizations. The state parks are Indian Springs in Butts county, Vogel Park at Nee} Gap in Union county, Alexander Stephens Memorial Park at Crawfordville in Taliaferro county. The only state forest
(Continued on Page 2 Col. 1)

Secretary Assigned Executive Du- State Forest Service joins with Agri-

ties of Department of Forestry cultural Extension Service and

and Geological Development in United States Department in

Addition to Work of State For- Farm Forestry-Three Foresters

ester.

Assigned Work

At the quarterly meeting of the Commis- The' Georgia Forest Service, the Agricul-

sion of Forestry and Geological Develop- tural Extension Division of the State Col-

ment, B. M. Lufburrow was made secretary lege of Agriculture and the United States

and assigned executive duties of the de- Department of Agriculture are now cooper-

partment. His duties as state forester are ating in carrying on forestry extension ser-

not changed by reason of the appointment. vice in Georgia. Hitherto the forestry ex-

The office of secretary is assigned by law tension work was conducted by the Divi-

to the state geologist or the state forester. sion of Agricultural Extension of the State

State Geologist McCallie, who has served College of Agriculture in cooperation with

as secretary since the department was re- the United States Department of Agricul-

organized, asked to be relieved of his secre- ture, from Athens. The Georgia Forest Ser-

tarial duties.

vice has joined these agencies, and the

In view of the fact that there was need work in the state is now directed jointly

of some one person to represent the three by the two state agencies. with most of the

divisions, the Commission made State For- administration work centering in the Geor-

ester Lufburrow secretary with executive gia Forest Service with headquarters in

power to relieve members of the Commis- the State Capitol.

sion of some of the duties which they have Three extension foresters have been se-

performed, as well as to assume other re- lected to carry on this type of work, which

sponsibilities of an executive nature.

is distinct from the regular work carried

on by the Georgia Forest Service. Exten-

sion foresters are to promote farm fares-

NEW SYNTHETIC CAMPHOR

try. To this end close cooperation of exten-

PROCESS DISCOVERED sion foresters with county agricultural

Synthetic camphor is made from gum agents will be maintained.

products of southern slash and longleaf Bonnell Stone, Oxford, a well known

pine-made principally in Germany.

leader in forestry in Georgia, has been se-

John J. Ritter of New York University lected as chairman of the forestry exten-

announces a new camphor-making process sion group. His headquarters are at Oxford

which he says "will doubtless aid material- and his territory is a group of middle Geor-

ly in establishing the camphor industry in gia counties given below.

.

the United States where it logically be- Dupre Barrett, who has long been in the

longs."

forestry extension work, will work in the

About half the camphor now imported upper Piedmont and mountain section of

into the United States is produced from the state. His headquarters are at Ath-

American turpentine in foreign chemical ens, Ga. Mr. Barrett is a well known ores-

factories. It is claimed that the new pro- ter who has rendered services to many

cess for making synthetic camphor is more farmers in Georgia for a number of years.

direct than those now in use and produces K. S. Trowbridge is the extension fores-

a higher grade product at lower cost.

ter for the naval stores belt; or south Geor-

It was pointed out by Prof. Ritter that gia. His headquarters are at Tifton. Mr.

an American Camphor industry would ben- Trowbridge is working on naval stores

efit from the increasing laminated safety problems especially. He was formerly an

glass that promises an unprecedented de- extension forester of the State College of

mand for camphor. Other important domes- Agriculture, but more recently a county tic uses include explosives, celluloid, lac- I agent.

quers and movie films.

(Continued on Page 2 Col. 2)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review which will condition applicants at army Oxford-Baldwin, Bibb, Bleckley, Burke,

Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

posts for two weeks, and have charge of the men in the numerous 200-men camps. The direction of work will be carried on by foresters. Food, clothing, shelter, medical service, recreational facilities, will be provided under the supervision of the army.

Butts, Chattahoochee, Columbia, Crawford, Dooly, Glascock, Greene, Hancock, Harris, Henry, Houston, Jasper, L!!mar, Monroe, Morgan, Muscogee, Newton, Peach, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Richmond, Rockdale, Schley, Spalding, Stewart, Talbot, Taliafer-

Forestry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester____Atlanta C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____Gainesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome Jack Thur_m___o__n__d__,__D___i_s__t_r__i_c__t__F__o__r__e__s_t_e__r_,Savannah
C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany

It is the purpose and plan to have the best type of camps, with good food, sanitation and every necessary camp facility.
The camps are to be located at one place at least six months and transportation of laborers to surrounding areas will be provided by army trucks. These camps may be shifted to new areas after six months but if projects justify it, the camps can remain longer.

ro, Taylor, Troup, Twiggs, Upson, Walton, Warren, Washington, Webster, Wilkes and Wilkinson.
Third district: K. S. Trowbridge, Forester, Tifton-Atkinson, Bacon, Baker, Ben Hill, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks, Bryan, Bulloch, Calhoun, Camden, Candler, Charlton, Chatham, Clay, Clinch, Coffee, Colquitt, Cook, Crisp, Decatur, Dodge, Dougherty, Early, Echols, Effingham, Emanuel,

W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus If plans are carried out, a considerable Evans, Glynn, Grady, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Mrs. N. N. Edwards, StenographeriAtlanta part of the work in Georgia will be directed Jenkins, Johnson, Lanier, Laurens, Lee, Mrs. R. S. _T__h__o__m___p__s__o__n__,__S___t_e__n__o__g__r_a__p__h__e__r_Atlanta to building permanent firebreaks on large Liberty, Long, Lowndes, Mcintosh, Miller,

units of forest land, so mapped out as to Mitchell, Montgomery, Pierce, Quitman,

Geological Division
S. W. McCallie, State Geologist____Atlanta R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist,
------------------------ ____________________Atlanta G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A___s_s__t_.___S__t_a__t_e____G__e__o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta
Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta

give these large areas a uniform and efficient system of fire protection, leaving the timber owners to construct secondary fire breaks on their own land. The timber owners are obligated in advance to maintain the firebreaks that may be built.
Georgia Representation

Randolph, Screven, Seminole, Sumter, Tatnail, Telfair, Terrell, Thomas, Tift, Toombs, Treutlen, Turner, Ware, Wayne, Wheeler, Wilcox and Worth.
CHEMICAL USES OF SPIRITS OF TURPENTINE

Georgia was represented at the initial

Research Division, Savannah

conference on the forest project at Wash- New Possibilities Opened With Dis-

Charles H. Herty______________Research Chemist W. C. ~acNaughton______________Asst. Research Bruce Suttle__________________________Plant Engineer W. F. Allen______________________________________Chemist
James Dempsey______________________ Asst. Chemist

ington by State Forester B. M. Lufburrow and by T. G. Woolford, president of the Georgia Forestry Association, appointed by Governor Talmadge. Both of these delegates took an important part in the pro-

covery of exact Chemical Constituentj of Spirits of Turpentine
Among the addresses delivered at the International Naval Stores Conference was

FOREST EMPLOYMENT RELIEF PROGRAM

ceedings and looked after the interests of one by Marcelle Barraud on "The Uses of

Georgia in getting its full share of men the Spirits of Turpentine", an extract from

and expenditures in the state.

which is as follows:

(Continued from Page 1)
in Georgia is located at Augusta. The two state tree nurseries are at Albany and Blairsville.
Plans have be~n formulated on the assumption that relief work will be extended to private lands where the landowners have cooperative plans with state and federal agencies in forest fire control. In Georgia, lands of timber protective organizations and forest fire fighters organizations are listed for posiible work under terms of an agreement that obligates the private owner to maintain or keep up the work in the future.
If and when work on privately owned timberland is permitted, it is the policy to extend the area of existing protected lands so as to establish large units that may have the smallest overhead cost in future forest protection.
Men Qualified to Enlist Information received indicates that

Place to Enlist The enlistment of men for work on the forestry project is directed in Georgia by Herman DeLaperriere, Room 232, State Capitol, and not by the State Forester. Enlistments are made at county court houses by local relief agencies, each county being allotted a quota according to population.
COOPERATION IN FORESTRY EXTENSION
(Continued from Page 1)
The new arrangement bring:;; all forestry work in the state into close cooperation and is intended to avoid duplication and to promote efficiency.
The counties in each district are as followi:
First district: Dupre, Barrett, Forester, Athens-Banks, Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clarke, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, Dade, Dawson, De-

"The chemical uses of spirits of turpentine are relatively new since its exact chemical con!ltitution has only been determined recently, and synthesis was only possible by working on the pure terpenes. Although it is possible, using spirits of turpentine as a raw material, to envisage theoretically the manufacture of synthetic rubber and of a large number of products which may be used in perfumery and therapeutics, such as symene, thymol, menthol, etc., the commercial preparation of only two large groups of products is practicable at the present moment; terpine and terpineol, and synthetic camphor.
Terpine is a synthetic product made from spirits of turpentine by hydration in the presence of a solution of sulphuric acid at 23 degrees Baume. It is a white crystalline solid. Its principal use is in the manufacture of terpineol, and it is used in small amounts in therapeutics of the respiratory passages."

Georgia's quota of men for forestry work is 6,000. The period of employment may extend for two years. The age limit is 18 to 25 years and men enlisted for work must

Kalb, Douglas, Elbert, Fannin, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Fulton, Gilmer, Gordon, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Haralson, Hart, Heard, Jackson, Lumpkin, Madi-

If money is th& root of all evil, how can there be such a big crop with such scanty roots?-Southern Lumberman.

have dependents, sending to these depend- son, Murray, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Pauld-

ents $25 of the monthly salary of $30. Camp Equipment

ing, Pickens, Polk, Rabun, Stephens, According to reports of the National Towns, Union, Walker, White and Whit- Lumber Manufacturers Association, new

Men enlisted for forestry projects will field.

business at lumber mills shows heavy in-

be in the charge of the United States Army Second district: Bonnell Stone, Forester, crease.

P:ORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

FORESTRY

PROTECTING FOREST

FORESTRY CAMP

WILD FLOWERS

EXAMINATIONS HELD

QUESTION BOX
How many nationally owned forestry areas are located in Georgia and what is

Fire Greatest Enemy of Flowering Annuals and Shrubs - Georgia Woods Rich in Understory Beauty When Protected From Fire

Vocational Agricultural Students vie for Scholarships Paying Forestry Camp Expenses - List of Questions Submitted

the total acreage?
The federal government has two national forests extending into Georgia, the Nantahala National Forest, with headquarters at Franklin, N. C., and the Cherokee National Forest with headquarters at Athens, .Tenn. The federal government has two military posts in Georgia containing considerable forest land at Fort Oglethorpe in northwest Georgia and Fort Benning at Columbus. The federal government owns forest lands in Carroll county, acquired during the Spanish-American war as a rifle range, Kennesaw Mountain Park, near Marietta, and small areas at Fort McPherson, Atlanta; Fort Marion, Savannah, and other small areas having no forestry possibilities. In all, nearly three quarters of a million acres of land in Georgia are owned by the federal government.

When nature is protected from its great enemy, fire, its gratitude is expressed in flowers. Annuals and shrubs vie with each other in bedecking the forests and lanes.
Burning off the forest floor and open spaces, an unreasoning custom of some land owners, is not only harmful to tree growth, but a devastating blow to plants that beautify the forests.
Normal human beings enjoy flowers in their natural setting of green, and abhor the char of ruins; they love to see nature at its best, free to flower and flaunt its varied hues, but deplore the thoughtlessness that would deny nature this expression.
In March and April travelers on the highway rode in a haze with an unsavory smoke tang in their nostrils. The freshness of the open air of spring, delightful to everyone,

The annual forestry examination to determine winners of forestry camp scholarships was held April 29 in which reprellentatives of about 100 vocational agricultural high schools of Georgia competed. Winners will be entitled to attend a forestry camp in the mountains for three weeks this summer and three weeks next summer. Suecessful completion of the camp work will entitle the student to a certificate of Vocational Forester.
A list of the examination questions submitted this year is as follows:
1. Name 10 leading species of trees in your school territory.
2. Mention the species of pines that predominate in each of these geographical divisions: (a) Coastal Plains; (b) Piedmont area; (c) Mountain section.
3. Name 5 of the species of oak found

was rendered distasteful. It took the high in Georgia?

What elements of fertilizer are lost when wind's of late March to winnow the atmos- 4. What are some of the trees growing

fire burns over a forest?

phere of smoke, brighten the vision and in swamps in Georgia.

Nitrogen is released as a gas into the air. Nitrogen is an element that is comparatively scarce in the soil and has a large part to perform in the vegetative growth of plants. It has been estimated that fire consuming organic matter that has accumulated for three or four years, will cause the loss of 40 to 60 pounds of nitrogen per acre. If one should replace this by an application of a nitrogenous fertilizer, it would cost $9 to $13.

bring the fresh odor of spring atmosphere for a short time. But soon the field fires, unrestrained to become forest fires, again brought on the blue haze of smoke rising from thousands of pyres that involved the sacrifice of life or vigor of trees and wild flowers.
Many of the blooms are forerunners of fruit on which the wild life of the forest subsists, whether the green leaves, seed or berries. Reduced food supplies mean reduced population of song birds, quail and

5. Give leading uses of the following species of trees: (a) White oak; (b) Hickory; (c) Red gum; (d) Cypress.
6. What is the most practical firebreak in your section of the State? Describe in detail how to make it.
7. Describe best method of chipping pines for naval stores: (a) Kinds of pines; (b) Minimum size of trees for chipping; (c) Best methods of procedure.
8. What species of pine would you recommend for planting in your territory?

What trees are preferred by grazing animals?
Hardwood trees. The kind preferred by grazing animals are ash, maple, yellow poplar, elm, basswood, white oak, red oak, and

various kinds of wild life. Even the few remaining are without the coverage so necessary to their protection from their natural enemies, because the fires have destroyed the coverts.

shellbark hickory. Less desired are butter-

I nut, honey locust, black gum, shagbark, NEW PAPER SIZING

hickory, scarlet oak, sycamore and chest-

PLANT AT VALDOSTA

9. Give methods of planting pines: (a) Care of seedlings; (b) Spacing; (c) Setting of seedlings.
10. Give various kinds of damage caused by forest fire.
11. When should you gather pine cones for planting seed? Describe appearance of cone when ready to harvest.

nut. Trees seldom browsed are blackjack oak,
hawthorne, wild cherry, dogwood, ironwood, red gum, pawpaw and persimmon.
FIRST USE OF BUILDING LUMBER IN AMERICA
Undoubtedly the first building lumber in America, or to be more exact, the first building in which lumber was used, was the house erected in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1540. This, of course, applies to the conti-

The American Cyanamid Corporation has erected a new plant at Valdosta for manufacturing rosin into paper sizing that promises to make an important market for rosin. The plant has a capacity of handling 100,000 barrels a yli!ar.
Sizing is used in treating book and bond paper and logically should be manufactured in the south where rosin is produced.
The heavy hitters of the baseball teams can strike a blow in behalf of the forestry relief program by hitting hard enough to

12. When is the best time to thin forests, and why?
13. How would you thin a young pine forest with a thick stand and about 15 feet high? (a) Spacing of trees; (b) class of trees to favor; (c) disposition of saplings cut.
14. What species of trees are most desirable for fence posts, poles and piling?
15. Describe your home project: (a) Size of area; (b) kind of trees; (c) seedlings planted; (d) firebreaks constructed; (e) thinning or improvement cutting.

nent as a whole. To come closer to home, break the bats.

We find building lumber used in the con-

Politcians seem afraid that President

struction of the house of the Franciscan If there were some way to "denaturize" Roosevelt's tree planting program won't in-

<lonvent, St. Augustine, Fla., which was used beer kegs, the stave makers would en- clude enough plums. - Southern Lumber-

erected in 1680.-Southern Lumberman. joy a degree of permanent prosperity.

man.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW.

FARM WOODLANDS OF GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH AS'SOCIATION MEETING REPORT NEXT ISSUE

BACK TO FARM
The Bureau of Agricultural Economics

Georgia has 23,750,000 acres of timberland and potential timberland, of which 8,372,937 acres are classed by the census as "Farm Woodland". This is the largest farm forest area of any southern state except Texas, which has 15,500,000 acres.
The proportion of farm land in forest in Georgia is 37.9 and the average woodland per farm is 33 acres. The entire area of the

The May issue of this publication goes to press just previous to the annual meeting of the Georgia Forestry Association held at Savannah April 28, 29 and May 1. The June issue will carry a report of this meeting which apparently is to be the best meeting of the kind in the history of the organization.

of the United States has recently reported the farm population to have increased until it is now greater than at any time in the history of the country, exceeding the maximum hitherto recorded for 1910. The farm population as of January 1, 1933, is 32,242,000 compared to 32,076,960 in 1910.

state classed as forest land is 63 per cent.

A "RAKER'S" REASON

The number of farms in Georgia is GRAZING HARDWOODS

placed at 255,598, exceeded by North Caro-

HINDERS TREE GROWTH

When a turpentine operator was asked

lina with 279,708; Alabama with 257,395;

why he raked around his trees, he replied:

Mississippi with 312,653; and Texas with . It is the custom in Georgia to let cattle "It gives the niggers better toe hold's."

495,489.

range through the forests, and it is com- Slipping on pine needles is no joke, but

1

The total area of farm land in Georgia mon observation, especially in the hard- raking around the tree to provide a sure

is placed at 22,078,630, exceeded by Okla- wood sections of the piedmont and moun- footing for the woodsman is.

homa with 33,790,817 and by Texas with tain sections of Georgia, that trees do not

124,707,130.

thrive under grazing.

WOOD VERSUS EARTHQUAKES

U. S. Department of Agriculture Leaflet

COURT DECISION ADMITS

No. 86, prepared by W. K. Williams, entit- The heavy damage and loss of life by

COOPERATIVE MARKETING led "Protect Hardwood Stands from Graz- earthquakes occur where buildings are

ing", says "Farm woods continually grazed constructed of brick and stone. The least

The decision of the United States Su- hold little promise of profitable timber damage and loss of life is where buildings

preme Court in the Appalachian Coals case, growing.

are constructed of wood. Wood construe-

admitting the justice of cooperative selling "In grazed woods hardwood seedlings and tion ought to increase on the Pacific coast.

as a preventive of destructive competition sapling trees are noticably absent. Under

is regarded as opening the way to less de- these conditions there is little chance for Only six per cent of the total land of

structive marketing of timber products. the woods to perpetuate themselves as the Australia is in forests.

Commenting on the decision, Wilson young trees are either browsed off, defoli-

Compton, president of the American For- ated or trampled down.

PULLED A BONER

est Products Industries, says:

"Constant trampling", the leaflet says, The editor of this publication has receiv-

"The decision in the Appalachian Coals "exposes the tree roots, injures them and ed more than one reminder that James A.

case removes one of the greatest artificial . allows them to dry out. This results in Fowler, the greatest slash pine planter in

handicaps under which the forest indus- poorer quality of timber and wood products, the world, is a resident of Treutlen rather

tries and others similarly situated have lab- eventually weakens the older trees, and than Emanuel county as printed in the

ored in their effort to free themselves from sometimes causes the top, and later the April issue of the Review. The error is

a mass of oppressive burdens. They will whole tree to die."

acknowledged and correction is hereby

now be free to go ahead with reasonable

made. We do not blame Treutlen county

cooperative selling and other constructive GERMINATION TESTS

for being jealous of the reputation Mr.

agencies, in so far as they promise to pro-

OF LONGLEAF PINE Fowler has given that county.

mote orderly production and marketing,

gradually eliminate the causes and relieve the consequences of destructive competition, and establish greater continuity of in-

J. L. Deen, Yale School of Forestry, reporting on germination classes of longleaf pine in the April Journal of Forestry, test-

CHIEF FORESTER SAYS OF FOREST RELIEF WORK

dustry and greater security of employment. ed seed that numbered 5,076 per pound.

This is in public and private interest. The Individual seeds were grouped in ten R. Y. Stuart, Chief Forester of the Unit-

judicial recognition of the fact is the great- classes according to weight. The viable ed States, speaking of the program of fed-

est gain in this decision of the Supreme seed in the lot in the six heavier weight eral relief through forestry employment,

Court."

classes was 79.47 per cent of the total num- said:

ber of seed. The first four classes repre- "While the purpose of this big forest

NEW TREE DISEASE

senting the lighter seed and 20.43 per cent work program is primarily unemployment

DISASTROUS TO BEECH of the total number of seed, did not germ- relief, it by no means calls for 'made work,'

inate at all.

intended merely to keep men busy. The la-

A disastrous disease coming in from The conclusion is that the light seed bor performed in the forests will render a

Nova Scotia is considered to hold possibili- which have no ability to germinate, should great public service by helping to put the

ties as great as chestnut blight in timber be separated from the heavier seed with forests of the country in a productive con-

production. The victim this time is the machinery usually employed in grading and dition which would have taken decades to

beech. The invader is a scale insect which; cleaning farm crop seed.

attain under ordinary circumstances. It will

when it punctures the beech bark, lets in a "On the basis of these findings", says help to check the huge losses we now sus-

fungus already present, but powerless in Mr. Deen, "the nurseries are justified in tain each year from fires and from floods.

the absence of the aid of the insect.

placing a maximum on the number of seed It is a work that should eventually yield

According to a report of the U. S. De- per pound that will be acceptable to them." direct and indirect benefits to the nation

partment of Agriculture, a third of the In a word, heavy seed are worth more far beyond its present cost."

beech trees are already dead in Nova Scotia than light seed, and cleaned seed should

and the trouble is showing up in New Eng- bring more than uncleaned or run-of-tree The red enemy of the forest which the

land.

seed.

recruits will soon meet is the chigger.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

==~====================

SECOND DISTRICT
Everett B. Stone, Jr., Dist. Forester
Gainesville
New Timber Protective Organization
A new timber protective organization has been formed, embracing land in Habersham and Banks counties and embraces an area of 13,000 acres. It is believed that considerable acreage will be brought into the organization later on. Habersham county is noted for its large areas of apple orchards, but is approximately 78 per cent forest. A strong effort is being made to interest land owners in the protection and conservation of this large area. Fire patrols will be maintained.
North Georgia Nursery
The North Georgia Nursery in Union

sold at wholesale prices in Augusta. The cost of the operation was as follows:
Price of dynamite, $6.40; labor, $1.00; total cost, $7.40.
The returns from the kindling were $5.75. The net cost of the operation was, therefore, $1.65.
The experiment was a success. No water stood on the state forest during the past winter except in the very lowest spots and in the drains. From 90 to 95 per cent of the forest was dry.
Forestry Exhibit
A forestry exhibit was held in conjunction with the annual Flower and Vegetable Show at Augusta in April. The exhibit was of forestry products made from wood cells. A portion of the exhibit consisted of rayon, or artificial silk, cellophane, paper, paint, etc. Other products in the exhibit were pencils, lumber, handles, millwork, and miscellaneous small wooden articles.

Turpentining Without Raking
Mr. Jim L. Gillis, member of the Treutlen County T. P. 0. and manager of the Soperton Naval Stores Company, has put up 10 crops of "Virgin" this year on timber land which has been under protection since 1928, and has never been burned over since the organization came into existence. A crop of turpentine cups consists of 10,000 faces.
Mr. Gillis used new cups and gutters and no tree under< 10 inches in diameter was cupped, and he is working them in woods which have been rough for five years and THEY ARE NOT RAKED, as he gets adequate protection from fire through the organization and the trees produce a better grade of rosin and more gum when produced on unburned timber.
At the present prices of labor it costs $35.00 per crop to rake trees and for 10 crops would be $350.00. As an average it takes 350 acres for a crop and the raking

county will be operated this year mainly

School Forest Demonstrations

cost would be 10 cents per acre. One can

for the production of hardwood seedlings. The plans are to plant 30,000 black walnuts and 30,000 black locust. The demands for these species last year was considerably more than the supply available.
Mountain Flora in Bloom

Mr. C. A. Whittle, educational manager of the Forestry-Geological Department, recently visited several schools in the Augusta district, where demonstrations were given by him and the district forester. Much interest was shown in the forestry project and in the annual summercamp to be held

get protection from fire for trees to be turpentined at 5 cents per acre through a T. P. 0.
Mr. Gillis saves on raking costs, thus cutting his overhead, and he will also get more gum and better rosin by working his timber UNRAKED AND UNBURNED.

Emerson has said, "Never lose an opportunity of seeing1 anything that is beautiful, for beauty is God's handwriting-a wayside sacrament. Welcome it in every fair face, in every fair sky, in every fair flower and thank God for it as a blessing."
In not missing an opportunity of seeing beauty in nature, one need go no farther than the mountains of north Georgia, for they offer a wealth of it. The middle of May one may ride up in the mountains and find at every turn azaleas and dogwood in all their glory. Then when the summit is reached and one looks down into the green valleys, there again is a myriad of pink and White-azaleas, dogwood and other flowers in perspective. This is true beauty.

at Young Harris in North Georgia.

Liberty T. P. 0. Active

Augusta Delegates

The secretary reports as follows: "We are nearing the close of our third

Many prominent Augustans attended the year of forest fire protection. To date we

annual meeting of the Georgia Forestry have had' about 5 per cent of our protected

Association at Savannah. Among those who lands to burn. This season's protection has

were present in the delegation were L. S.l cost the land owners less than 3 cents per

Moody of the Chamber of Commerce, Lynn acre. This small cost has been accomplished

Drummond, architect, Mr. B. B. Taggert, by burning out the breaks plowed in 1931

international figure in paper manufactur- and 1932, and in some cases we used old

ing circles, Mr. George Meade, president of roads running through the land' as a base.

the Meade Paper Company, Mr. Thos. J. We had good fire pumps which helped us

Hamilton, editor of the Augusta Chronicle very much in controlling fires during windy

and a member of the executive committee weather.

of the Georgia Forestry Association, and "We did very little new plowing this

the district forester.

year. The cost for hired help ran from 60

cents to 80 cents per mile, being governed

by the conditions of the weather and the

SIXTH DISTRICT

roughness of the woods. All members of

THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester

Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester Savannah

our organization have large areas that have not been burned since we began three years ago. Two members have not had any to

Augusta

burn this season and very little since we
Vocational Boy Plants Seedlings started. All unburned land's have beautiful

Drainage Experiments

Calvin Ellington of Emanuel County In- and promising stands of young slash timber stitute at Graymont, Georgia, has planted making remarkable growth.

Recently a drainage experiment was 2,500 one year old longleaf seedlings dur- "It seems to us that a careful compari-

made on the new Gwinn-Nixon state forest ing the past season on his father's farm. son of these lands and lands that have been

in Richmond county. Just beneath the top Young Ellington is 16 years old. This is burned every year or two should convince

soil of this forest is a layer of "pipe clay", his first year in vocational forestry work any land owner that fire protection is a

and 80 per cent of the land is covered with and he has made a good start. In addition paying proposition. It seems a pity that so

approximately six inches of water through to his plantings he has constructed fire- beautiful and fruitful a country as ours

the winter months. Underneath this clay is breaks around all the timber land on their undeniably is should be so ruthlessly de-

Band.

farm and has succeeded in protecting it stroyed by its own inhabitants. Do we

Dynamite was used to blast through the from fire through his protective work. He really love our country and county? We layer of clay. In order to pay for the opera- has also started an improvement cutting live in a mighty good section of a great

tion of shooting holes in the clay, "light- and plans to eventually remove all the state. Our soil will produce a limitless sup-

ed" stumps were blown out of the scrub oak as he gets his longleaf seedlings ply of timber and live stock to say nothing

around, chopped mto kmdlfng wood and planted.

of the many other good things so easily

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

grown here. Forest fires are now and have widths of material free from defects. How- DEMAND FOR NATIONAL

in the past been our greatest hindrance in ever, since more than 80 per cent of the

PARKS ARE NUMEROUS

the successful development of the first two lumber for industrial purposes is used in

named products. It is a mistaken idea with some of us that baby slash pine trees will survive light burning. It is an argument that bas misled some land owners. Young longleaf seedlings will often come through, but they will be badly stunted.
"We should grow timber not only for the purposes we are used to, but the prospect of large commercial paper mills being located in the south becomes more and more certain. Dr. Herty's experimental plant at Savannah, Georgia, is making wonderful success making paper from young pines. All of us may in a very short while be greatly surprised at the increased value of our timber growing lands.

lengths shorter than eight feet and clear lumber of small dimension sizes can easily be produced by cutting between defects, second growth timber is suitable for this purpose.
The committee emphasizes that the consumer should always have in mind that the cubic inch of waste at the consuming plant bas cost him as much as a cubic inch of usable material, since charges for raw material, seasonable, freight and handling are included. Mass production methods demand a raw material which is ready available and in such form as may be quickly converted into the finished product. Small dimension stock serves this purpose.

The National Park Service bas before it forty proposals for national parks and fifty-four national monuments.
Three areas were approved in 1932, as follows: The Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado; Grand Canyon National Monument, Arizona; and White Sands National Monument, New Mexico.
Those which have met the national park and national monument standards are the following: St. Croix Island National Monument; Maine; Morristown National Historical Park, New Jersey; Death Valley National Monument, California; and Cedar Breaks National Monument, Utah.

"We should emulate each other in grow-
ing timber as in growing the best farm BIRO'S EYE AND

Wood Shrinkage

crops. Competition and mean selfishness

CURLEY MAPLE

are not the plan and purpose of timber or-

Green sugar maple shrinks about 15 per

ganizations. It is a help each other and our- Because the so-called bird's eye figure in cent in volume when oven dried. Beech

selves spirit that should appeal to every sugar maple increases the value of the wood shrinks about 16 1-2 per cent, cherry 11 1-2

country loving citizen, as well as the land in which it is found and because trees with per cent, white elm about 14 per cent, hem-

owner that wants his property to increase a bird's eye pattern are relatively scarce, lock about 9 per cent, and white cedar 7

in value and be the source of a steady and logs containing this ornamental figure are per cent.

easy income in the near future, but we highly prized by manufacturers of high

shall have to learn to team up and pull to- grade furniture and interior finish.

WATER REQUIREMENTS

gether for the good things our soil will pro- According to the Forest Products Lab-

OF FOREST TREES

duce if we want to leave Old Man Depres- oratory the bird's eye figure is the work

sion to the forgotten past."

of a parasitic fungus. Experiments are now

being undertaken to isolate the fungus to Writing in "Service Letter" of the Penn-

SMALL DEMENSION PRODUCTION STRESSED

permit the growth of laboratory cultures which may be used to inoculate trees to produce the bird's eye figure in the wood.

sylvania Department of Forest and Waters George S. Perry tells of the estimate frequently quoted in European forestry to

The extension of the use of small dimension in mass production industries is becoming an economic necessity in the opinion of the National Committee on Wood Utilization of the Department of Commerce, under whose auspices a dozen leaders in the wood-using industries of the country have completed a Consumers' Survey on this subject, entitled "Industrial Uses for Small Dimension Stock." The subject of small dimension stock has been treated from the consumer's point of view.

So far, however, the majority of the investigations have been confined to microscopic examination of bird's eye wood.
Bird's eye maple and curly maple are not separate species of hard maple. The fact is that the bird's eye and blister effects are the result of cellular distortions probably caused by the fungus. A slightly wavy longitudinal course in the elements of the wood produces the condition known as curly grain, also frequently seen in maple.
-Service Letter (Pa.)

effect that 1,200 tons of water per acre are transpired by a beech forest. Quoting, "This is equivalent to about 10.6 inches of rain fall per annum.
"Very few forest types transpire as much moisture as beech. Careful studies show that oak trees give off between 200 and 300 units of water for every unit of weight fixed in the organism.
"Taking values computed at the Forest Research Institute for growth of wood and leaves per year, with due allowance for twigs and roots, we find that the water

Basing its findings on extensive research, the committee summarizes its recommendations on the basis of actual cost com-

FORESTRY APPLICANTS FAR EXCEED QUOTA

thrown off into the air by an acre of oak forest varies between 780 and 1,170 tons annually. Probably 900 tons would be a

parisons between the old method of pur-

fair average for forest stands on the rath-

chasing lumber from which small dimension As soon as the word "go" to would-be er droughty slopes with sand soil .

is cut at the point of consumption and the woodsmen desiring work under the banner "Trees vary considerably among them-

purchase of small dimension stock manu- of forestry was given, the applicants selves as to water transpired. In order to

factured at sawmills. Even during present swarmed at the registration points. In At- add a pound to its body weight, a birch or

conditions of low lumber values and labor lanta twice as many sought work as the al- basswood tree must give off 700 to 800

costs, .the purchase of 'small d'imension lotment to Fulton county. Other centers of pounds of water, while pines would trans-

stock represents an appreciable economy population bad the same experience.

pire only somewhat between 40 and 70

to the consumer in the majority of in- Apparently there are a large number of pounds to make the same growth.

stances.

people who want work and are willing to

Conservation
From a national point of view it is pointed out that the manufacture of small dimension stock represents a further step

take a hard job at comparatively small pay, such as the forestry project provides.
Rural counties of Georgia are strong in their demand for jobs. Many men thrown

"Woodsman spare that axe" need not be urged upon the woods recruits. The command will be "Cease sparing that axe."

toward forest conservation. With the na- back on the farms from the cities are not

tion's constantly greater dependency on needed on the farm where the crying need The old battle axe is swinging mightily

new timber crops it becomes increasingly is for less work, so that the country's crop against the depression around a thousand

difficult to secure long lengths and wide surpluses may be reduced.

camps.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

them by the breaking down of the lode ma-

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

terial by the action of weathering, the transportation of this debris by surface

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

rain water and streams, and finally by its deposition where the stream currents are not strong enough to carry the heavier

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

and coarser material down stream. In the process the rock is broken up and worn

into sand and gravel, thus liberating to a

GOLD IN GEORGIA
Part II
By GEOFFREY W. CRICKMAY
In a previous article discussing the status of gold mining in Georgia, the writer has pointed out that to a limited extent the gold fields of the state offer an opportunity to earn small returns during the present period of decreased costs and general unemployment. In the same article, the distribution of gold deposits in Georgia was discussed and it was shown that the mineral is largely restricted to certain narrow northeast trending belts, in which occur lode and placer deposits.

flotation with oils. For these reasons, the lode deposits cannot be worked by those unfamiliar with such methods, nor by those with little capital to invest in machinery.
In certain areas, particularly in the Dahlonega belt, the lode deposits have been thoroughly decomposed near the surface to incoherent clay soil containing gold-bearing quartz, and are similar in many respects to the placer deposits described below. In some places this loose weathered material, known to miners as saprolite (strictly rotten stone), extends to a depth of 100 feet, and where it contains numerous stringers of gold-bearing quartz, it may form important ore bodies. The deposits are mined by directing a powerful jet of water through a large nozzle with constrict-

large extent the gold contained in it. In transportation of the debris down the stream, there is a rough assortment of material that has been likened to the jigging process of certain concentrating plants. The gold and other heavy minerals, together with the largest stones, are deposited first, that is, nearest to the lode from which they were derived; whereas the lighter and finer materials are carried on downstream. The river channel is nature's own sluice box, the means by which lowgrade lode deposits are concentrated to comparatively rich placer deposits.
All the gravel deposits along the streams crossing the gold belts do not contain gold in workable quantities, and each deposit must be thoroughly tested before any extensive mining is started. To this end test

open cut

lode

saprolite

pits are dug to bed rock at regular intervals and the material from each pit is panned

for gold. The gold pan is shaped like an

ordinary frying pan without a handle, but is

broader-twelve to eighteen inches, some-

what deeper-two to two and a half inches,

and the edges slope in at a lower angle.

The material to be tested, either crushed

quartz, saprolite, or gravel, is placed in

FIGURE 2.

' the pan and the whole is submerged below

Diagrammatic cross-section of a North Georgia stream valley showing the rela- water, preferrably in a stream. The pan is

tions of lode, saprolite, and placer.

then shaken to and fro so as to break up

the material, and the stones and pebbles are

The lode deposits consist of either a sin- ed opening, or giant, as it is called, on to picked out. The agitation of the sand re-

gle large quartz vein, or more commonly the decomposed material, a method known maining in the pan causes the lighter ma-

a collection of narrow lenticular veins as hydraulic mining. In this manner the terial to wash out over the edges, until fin-

closely spaced in an ore zone. The gold loose earth, stones and gold are washed ally only the gold and heavy minerals are

occurs as minute particles in the quartz down; the fine material is passed through left. The heavy residue is examined for

and is usually quite invisible to the naked a sluice and washed, as with true placer de- "colors", which will be in the form of lit-

eye, although it can sometimes be seen with posits; the large quartz boulders are hauled tle flakes of native gold. The procedure is

a small hand lens magnifying ten or twelve to the stamp mill and treated in the same simple and yet there is a considerable

diameters. Quartz veins abound in all the manner as ore from a lode deposit. This knack to it that comes only with practice.

gneisses and schists, and most of them do system of mining decomposed lode deposits It has been estimated that one man can

not contain any gold, so that in each case by open cut methods was largely developed pan about one-half a cubic yard of gravel

it is necessary to test the vein. In many in Georgia, and for this reason is known as a day which means that, in order to make

cases gold is indicated by the presence of the Dahlonega method.

wages, the gravel must yield at least $2.00

Either metallic minerals, such as pyrite, The placers, consisting of sand and grav- a cubic yard. Most of the placer deposits of

pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite, and more el containing fine gold and nuggets, are the Georgia contain less than $1.00 worth of

rarely by galena and sphalerite. But even most important group of deposits from the gold in a cubic yard and for this reason

the presence of these minerals is by no standpoint of gold recoveries and they have they cannot be worked profitably by such

means certain evidence of the presence of yielded probably more than 90 per cent of a slow and laborious procedure as panning.

gold. The most practical test is to pan a the total production of gold in the state. Some other method, by which a great

crushed sample of the quartz vein, as de- In some gold areas, particularly in Alaska, amount of material can be moved and

scribed below.

the placers may occur in elevated benches washed, must be employed. The most com-

The mining of these lode deposits re- or in channels that the streams once occu- mon is the sluice box, operated in conjunc-

quires the technical knowledge of an ex- pied but have since abandoned; but in tion with pick and shovel, drag-line, or

pert, for in most cases underground meth- Georgia nearly all the gold-bearing gravels giant and water lift to bring the gravel to

ods must be employed. The extraction of are found near the level of the streams that the head of the sluice box.

the gold involves crushing in a stamp mill deposited them, as, for example, those A sluice box consists simply of a long

and the collection of gold on an amalgam along Chestatee and Etowah rivers. The flat-bottomed wooden trough 12 to 120 feet

(mercury) plate or, with more refractory placers are found near the lode deposits in length, arranged with a gradient of 4

ores, treatment with potassium cyanide, or for they have been derived directly from per cent to 6 percent, that is, a drop of

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

======~=================

from five to eight inches in each 12-foot mines but also in related and dependent in-[ ALPHARETTA SCHOOL'S

section. The length, width and slope of the dustries. Limitations of space prohibit a box depends largely on the type of mate- fuller treatment of the subject, but those

FORESTRY ACTIVITIES

rial to be washed; a wide, shallow sluice is used for fine gold in sand; a narrow, deep

interested may obtain detailed information or advice by calling at or writing to the of-

Teacher and

Students Carry Out

sluice is best for gravel. On the bottom of fice of the State Geologist, at the State Varied Program of Work at

the box is placed a set of riffles, construct- Capitol.

School and on Home Projects -

ed so that they may be removed when the sluice is cleaned up. A riffle is essentially a projection on the bottom of the sluice to collect the particles of gold and may consist of stones, poles, cut lumber, or angle

WOOD PULP COSTS UNDER INVESTIGATION

Large delegation Goes to Savannah.
By W. D. YOUNG, District Forester

iron, arranged either across or parallel to the length of the sluice.
The successful operation of a sluice box requires primarily a good supply of water and a land surface sloping sufficiently to permit the required gradient to the box. In the bottom of stream valleys where this gradient cannot be obtained, but where there is sufficient water, the sluice box is set on a trestle and the gravel pumped up to its head by a hydraulic elevator.
Where the gold is fine and the gravel coarse, it may be advantageous to place a grizzly at the head of the sluice box so as

In accordance with a Senate resolution, the United States Tariff Commission has been instructed to investigate the costs of producing wood pulp and related products in countries competing with the United States.
An investigation made by the commission a few months ago did not go into the question of production costs.
Pulp timber and woodpulp are on the free list and therefore are outside of the rate-fixing jurisdiction of the tariff commission.

Mr. P. L. Elkins, vocational teacher at
Alpharetta has been quite successful in car-
rying out his school forest work. Mr. El-
kins has 60 boys in vocational class, practically every one taking forestry. The school forest is on school property and embraces 31 acres.
Mr. Elkins induced each boy in his class to bring in one peck of loblolly pine cones and one-half gallon of popular seed. In this manner ample seed were secured for seedbed planting and the remainder was sold, this money being divided among the boys

to remove the large stone. A simply-con-

and deposited in the class "Thrift Club

structed grizzly consists of a number of short sections of railway track spiked down in parallel arrangement and about three inches apart. Where there is much fine gold the use of burlap, sacking, or blankets in the lower part of the sluice is sometimes resorted to, but in this case a screening system becomes essential. Mercury is commonly used in the riffles when the sluice is cleaned up to help collect the finest particles of gold which otherwise might escape.
Under particularly favorable conditions a deposit may be worked for less than five cents a cubic yard and with adverse circumstances the cost may be as high as a dollar a yard. Conditions vary with each deposit and the best method of mining represents a compromise between these conditions and the money that can be expended. The most practical method is largely determined by experiments and experience. The reader should not gain the impression that a vast opportunity exists or that large returns can be obtained, for neither condition prevails. The mining of gold requires, first, sufficient capital to tide one over early mistakes and misfortunes; it demands cautious judgement in selecting a point to start operations and, in most cases, the permission of the property owners; and it necessitates long hours of laborious and patient toil. Working under such conditions, those who associate gold mining with romantic adventure will soon be disillusioned.
In this article the writer has sketched very briefly some of the main features of the gold deposits of the state with particular regard for hand-labor methods of mining. The situation is more encouraging in the case of idle mines that, with a moderate investment, could be worked with modern machinery and up-to-date methods. In this way employment is created, not only in the

MODEL TO DEMONSTRATE

Fund."

GROWTH OF TWIG Later in the fall thinning was done on
part of the forest. The wood was cut up and

A twig 7 1-4 feet in diameter that puts sold as stove wood in Alpharetta. About on a year's growth in a minute and a quar- $50 worth was sold in this manner, ~he ter will be exhibited at the Centry of Prog- j money was divided ~mo~ng the bo~s domg

ress Exposition in Chicago this summer [ the work and depos1ted m the Thr1ft Club

This huge model represents a 1-4-inch, 3- Fund. year-old basswood twig every microscopic Sixty-four home projects were es~abl!sh

detail of which is shown in cross section. ed by members of the class where thmnmg,

The "growth" is accomplished by a mechan- planting and firebreak construc:ion were

ical process which increases the diameter carried out. About 6,000 seedhngs were

18 inches, adding "wood" on the inside planted, the seedlings being taken from the

and "bark" on the outside of the growing woods. In addition to home project planting

zone. Each cell of the three annual rings of the
wood, with its central pith and the radiating pith-rays, is outlined. At the circumference, between wood and bark, is the cambium layer. The fourth year's growth is showq by a series of sliding plates and moving pieces of canvas which take 75 seconds to come completely into view. The process can be reversed and the model restored to its original size, ready to "grow" again.
Forest Worker.

1200 seedlings were planted on the school forest area.
Several fire fighters organizations were formed last fall in old Milton county. The school boys increased the area in these organizations by 1900 acres and 50 members by taking home a blank form for the purpose and getting their "dads" or neighbors to sign up.
This spring seed beds were constructed and a total of 720 square feet were planted to loblolly pine and popular. If germination is good, about 40,000 seedlings will be available next spring for planting.

The school forest has been kept free

WHO WANTS BUFFALOES

from fire. Firebreaks were constructed to

AND ELKS CHEAP?

aid in protection, and fire bought, including fire pumps.

tools were

Mr. Elkins took 25 boys to the meeting

The United States Bureau of Bilogical of the Georgia Forestry Association at Sa-

Survey has a surplus of buffaloes and elks. vannah. The boys went down with Mr. El-

It is found that protection has so increased the supply as to create a surplus on game reserves, and these must be removed. Hence an offer of these animals to parks and museums at cost of transportation, and also a proposal to sell them to individuals. If a demand is not developed the animals will be slaughtered for meat.

kins in a big buss and the expenses of the trip were paid out of savings in the Thrift Club.
The above record shows that the teacher and the members of the class are taking a great deal of interest in forestry work, and have accomplished much constructive work during the school year.