Forestry-geological review [Feb. 1933]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 3

ATLANTA, GA., FEBRUARY, 1933

No. 2

MALARIA PROMOTED

,

BY FOREST FIRES :

A PUBLIC APPEAL

GA. MARGINAL LANDS FOR TREE PRODUCTION

State Board of Health Finds Malaria Worse in Drouth and Burned Regions of Georgia - Woods Fires Favor Breeding of Malarial Mosquitoes.
The State Board of Health of Georgia reports an increase in the number of malaria cases in sections of Georgia following the drouth and forest fires of 1931 and 1932. It is believed by the board of health that forest fires were an important factor in this increase by creating conditions favoring the breeding of the malarial mosquitoes.
It is pointed out by the board that the mosquitoes that transmit malaria breed in water that is neutral or alkaline, that thf'y avoid water that is acid. Except in the limestone regions of south Georgia, swamp waters, in the absence of forest fires, are too acid to make breeding places for the malarial mosquito, though they breed other mosquitos. As an example, Okefenokee swamp was carefully searched by federal men for larva of the malarial mosquito without' success. The waters of the swamp apparently contained too much organic acids to suit that breed of mosquitos.
It has also been found that the greatest number of malarial mosquitos and the greatest number of cases of malaria coincide with the limestone belts of the state, showing that lime in solution in the water makes a condition favorable for breeding the malarial mosquito.
Why forest fires make swamps less acid and more favorable as breeding places of the malarial mosquito, is explained by the fact that the ash left by fires contains lime, potash and other minerals which enter readily into solution of rain water. This neutral or slightly alkaline water has filled up dry or burned swamps and created a condition favorable for breeding of malaria mosquitos. The slow filling of dry swamps after a long drouth has probably favored the malarial mosquito more than in the absence of severe drouths. But the evidence seems to point to ash of burned W6ods leaching into swamps at any time as liable to so modify the chemical condition of the water as t.o favor the breeding of lllalaria mosquitos.

An appeal is made by the State Forest Service to people everywhere not to set fire to their timberland and to use precaution burning fields or brush. A large acreage of young

Abando~d Farms and Lands Exhausted for Profitable Crop Yields, Useful Only in Growing
Trees.

timber will probably be ruined or greatly set back in growth by fires, unless people can be made to realize that burning timber even in damp weather, can not be done without burning all needles off large saplings and killing outrig,ht the small seedling tree. People are urged by the Forest Service not to burn their land this year, and thus reduce the large economic loss to the State such burning annually causes.

"Marginal land" is a term that has come to mean land not capable of being profitably used for agriculture. Marginal land may be land once used for agriculturai crops but now abandoned and for the present, at least, not needed for producing food. It may also include badly eroded land no longer suited to farm crops; marshes, overflow land, rocky, steep and inaccessible lands, cut-over areas not reforesting, and range lands of low quality.
No survey has been made to determine

how much marginal land exists in Georgia.

The question might be asked as to whether the drying up of the swamps has not eradicated the natural enemies of the mosquito, notably fish. The answer to this is that in limestone regions, fish and other natural enemies of the mosquitos have never controlled the mosquito. Whatever effect the natural enemies may have the fact is that they are not now in the swamps that were dried up and therefore, can not be

Estimates vary from three to five million acres. Some land that might be termed unprofitable farm land during the country's depression would strictly speaking be "marginal land", but would not be so classed under normal conditions. Nor would any land that is unprofitable because of poor farm practice be rightfully classed as "marginal land".
More than 23,000,000 acres in Georgia

looked to for aid. It is claimed by foresters I are classed as forest and potential forest that fish have been killed in streams and land. If 3,000,000 more acres were regardswamps by heavy leachings of wood ashes ed as marginal land; this would make 26,left by forest fires. Lye from wood ash is 000,000 acres available for tree growing.

not good for fish.

The present back-to-the-land movement

The conclusion is that burning off woods favors malaria by creating conditions favoring the breeding 0f the particular mosquito that causes malaria.

in Georgia, will probably increase the number of acres in crops hut not enough to materially affect the total available forest land.
The cropped acres of each farm are now

LARGE PLANTING OF TREES

carrying the tax burden of idle or marginal lands, unless these idle lands are produc-

ing something the farmer will continue to

Archie Turner of Brooks county is plant- handicap his productive acres. In some

ing 150 acres to slash pines this year. His states, notably New York, a survey to de-

planting stock was obtained from the state termine marginal land areas is being made

tree nursery at Albany and assistance in preparatory to the state purchasing such

the undertaking has been rendered by Dis- land for reforestation. This of course, is

trict Forester H. D. Story.

easily possible in a wealthy state like New

York where it would not be possible in

Thelma Naval Stores Company at Thelma, near Valdosta, has purchased 36,000 acres of land on the Clinch-Lowndes county line and operation of 26 crops will be-

less wealthy states.
Some states are undertaking to encourage reforestation of marginal land by imposing only a nominal tax or by deferring

gin this season.

(Continued on Page 2, Column 1)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

STATE WATER SURVEY

NEW MEMBERS OF

SOUGHT BY COMM ISSION

COMMISSION APPOINTED

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GE OLOG ICAL D E V ELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta C. A . WHITTLE, Editor
BONNELL STONE, Oxford

Capacity of Stream Flow, Tempera- Two Old Members Reappointed,
ture and Chemical Analysis of Two New Appointed to CommisStreams of Sufficient Volume for sion Forestry and Geological Municipal and In,dustrial Uses Development. Desired.

Forestry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State F orester ....Atlanta C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ....Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State F orester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester....Gainesville C. B . Beale, District Forester......Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester............Rom e Jack Thurmond, District Forester,
---~--- Savannah C. N. Elliott, District Forester......Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester....Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester..Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Stenographer JAtlanta Mrs. R . S. Thompson , Stenographer
------------Atlanta
Geological Division
S. W . McCallie, State GeologisL..Atlanta R. W . Smith, Asst. State Geologist,
........................ -- A t l a n t a G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist,
..........................................Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk....-----Atlanta

A committee appointed by the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development consisting of J. M. Mallory, Mrs. M. E. Judd and Bonnell Ston e, to report on the cost of a Georgia Water Reso urce Survey, reported at the last meeting of the Commission favoring such a survey. From the report t he following excerpts are made:
" We do not consider stream gaging n ecessary in Georgia for either navigation or f or power development, because such uses are co nfin ed to larger streams and are gauged by the federal government or have bee n developed or surveyed. What is n ee ded is the flow or capacity of smaller streams of sufficient volume for municipal or industrial purposes, upon which there is now no data. Besides the flow of these

Alex K. Sessoms, Cogdell and Mrs. M. E. Judd, D-alto n , two old members of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development and two new members, Robert E . Price, Kingsland and L. L. Moore, Moultrie, were appointed to membership in the commission, by Governor Richard B. Ru ssell before his retirement from office.
The personnel of the Commission as it

Research Division, Savannah

st reams we sl<lould have the chemical an-

Charles H. Herty........._...Research Chemist alysis and temperatures of all streams in

W. C. MacNaughton...- .........Asst. Research t he sta te.

Bruce Suttle..........................Plant Engine_er " A paper mill requires an enormous sup-

W F. Allen....................---- Chem~st James Dempsey.....- --- Asst. Chemrst

ply of p1an t s,

water. The bleach err.es,

scahmeemr~csa

t !

ru

e a

n

0 f d

r ayon other

tax collection till the forest crops are removed, this plan also applying to the states forest lands in general.
It is quite certain that investments made in marginal lands will never be recovered, not to mention becoming a source of incom e above investment, unless th ese lands are allowed t o do what they can toward

lines of manufacturing. " With a state appropriation of $5,000
supplemented by federal aid funds, we could install 50 gaging stations. For each $1,000 another 10 stations could be installed. Naturally this work should be distributed over t h e state at the m ost su itable locations."

yielding forest products.
What species of trees to grow on margin- FAMOUS GROUNDHOG PASSES

al lands depends on the site, whether

swamp land, stream banks, m ountain crest s, The fa m ou s groundhog of Di st ri ct For-

rocky slopes, down state or up state. The ester H. D. Story, of Alb any, has gone

I species most ge nerally sui ted to all parts where go od ground hogs go. It laid a side
of t h e stat e are the pines. Th ey are hardy, its "mortal co il" Christmas week. The

str ong feeders on poor la nds, rapid grow- groundhog was a family pet, a friend of

er s comparatively disease free and unsur- th e ba by and has the distin ction of break-

passed in varieties of uses. Generally speak- ing into the rotogravure sections of Sun-

ing pines are best for marginal land.

day papers. Its last appearance in pictures

If the lands are swampy the best plant- was as a scho ol master with a stick point-

ings for quick r esults are the yellow poplar, ing to a poster telling of the harm of for-

cotto nwoods, gums and for slower growth , est fires while the daughter of Mr. and

cypress, white cedar and various hardwoods Mrs. Story, an apt pupil, looked on with

native to the section. If the site is along rapt attention.

streams or in fertile h ollows, yellow poplar,

sweet gum, ash, walnuts or other hardwoods th e land own er may elect, may be

BACK TO THE LAND

used. If in high alt itudes the white pine and Virginia pine, loblolly pine, sh ortleaf pine on slopes ; yellow poplar, ash, or other hardwoods in coves. Badly eroded land is better suited to pines than other trees.
The thing to do is to plant trees on these lands at once so that they can start pr odu cing somethi n~ worth t h e ir keep; and on ce planted of course, they must be protected

Th e Bureau of Agricultural E conomics of Washington estimates the increase in farm population of the United States in 193 1 at 656,000, a nd the increase in 1932 at about the same fi g ure, m a king an estimated total farm population at the beginning of 1933 at 32,000,000. This is very
near the peak of the nation's farm popu-

from fire.

lation whi ch was 32,07 7,0 00 in 1910.

'
Hon. L . L. Moore, Moultrie, new Member of Commission.
n ow stands is: Governor E u gene Talmadge, Chairman; J. Leonard Rountree, Summit; Alex K. Sessoms, Cogdell ; Mrs. M. E. Judd , Dalton; J. M. Mallory, Savannah; Robert E . Price, Kingsland; L . L. Moore, Moultrie.
Mr. Rob ert E. Price, newly appointed, is e ngaged in forestry work, being manager of the Coffin and Wilson fore st holdings in south ea st Georgia. His training and exper ience fit him f or valuable service on the commission.
Hon. L. L. Moore, of Moultrie, is a prom inent attorn ey, former member of the state senate, and is keenly interested in promoting the forest and mineral resources of the state. As a member of the General Assembly he manifested able and constructive interest in matter s of this kind and is expected to render valuable ser vice on the commission.
Fire scars open the way for heart-rot of hardwo od trees. Stop the fires, ch eck the rot.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

DEER CHASE ENDS

keeping, Bauer said it was the hardest meat FORESTRY EXPENDITURES

IN COMPLICATIONS he has ever undertaken to have and to

OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

hold.

Tree Nurseryman Salvages Doe and Holds Spoil Against All Comers SOURCE OF TREE SEED

The Federal Forest Service functions under the United States Department of Ag-

With Much Difficulty.

EFFECT ON QUALITY riculture. The Forest Service proper re-

ceives $14,979,326, much of which goes to

A hunted deer, fleeing from a pack of A study of the effect of sources of seed the care of the national forests. In addi-

dogs, apparently thinking the state tree on their quality is reported by George S. tion $8,650,229 is paid to the states under

nursery at Albany, a place of refuge, fell Perry and C. A. Coover of the Pennsyl- the Clark-McNary law for fire preventions,

exhausted there. Eitel Bauer, nurseryman, vania Forest Research Institute at Mount etc. In all about $23,000,000 is used in pro-

fought off the dogs and carried the doe to Alto, Pa., in the January issue of the Jour- tecting and promoting forests or .07 per

the shed to give it first aid treatment, but nal of Forestry. Shortleaf pine, pitch pine, cent, or less than 1 per cent, of the total

the deer succumbed in spite of his minis- yellow poplar and white ash are considered. spent by the Department of Agriculture.

trations.

Trees of any of the species show wide It is only fair to state, however, that

.It looked like a god send. Here was a variations in quantity and quality of their 57.98 per cent of the expenditures of the

nice lot of venison that had sped to his seed. Size of fruit was not found to be an Department of Agriculture is for state aid

arms, so to speak, and a nice hide, to spread index of quality but weight of seed was in road building and 15.68 per cent for

on the wall to create a reputation for prow- found in line with germinative energy.

crop loans to formers and that, in fact, on-

ess as a hunter. It looked like the breaks Seed harvested from the upper part of ly 10.02 per cent of the expenditures are

had come his way.

the crown were found better than those for the ordinary activities of the Depart-

The carcass was skinned and butchered, further down.

ment of Agriculture, including forestry.

and then some other things began to con- Cones which mature and scatter their Should reductions be made in the ordi-

tribute to the interest of the unusual situ- seed first have larger seed than those ripen- nary activities of the Department of Agri-

ation.

ing later but the germinating quality of the culture including forestry, they would af-

A couple of hunters arrived. One claim- more slowly ripening cones is better.

fect little reduction in expenditures of the

ing to be a game warden, demanded the Size of cones is of little value as an in- federal govlilrnment while hindering the

remains. Lady luck seemed to have turned dex of seed quality.

development of the greatest sources of the

her face. Visions of cooked venison and Occasional trees bear a high proportion nation's wealth.

displayed hide began to fade, but Bauer is of empty seeds and others bear well above

not the kind to yield without a struggle. He thought an attitude of compromise might work and began a conciliatory line of talk, but while he was trying to reach an agreement with one of the men whereby in -tne division of spoils, Bauer would get the hide and half the meat, behold the other hunter picked up the hide and made away with it, Bauer protesting volubly as both hunters left with the trophy.
Then another interested visitor came, a warden of the game refuge of the Reynold Brothers Lumber Co. This warden said the deer had been jumped on posted land by the hunters and advised Bauer not to give up the deer. But the hide had already been taken in the high handed manner men-

the average quantity and quality of seed. Of course, the latter trees should be marked as desirable sources of seed, and the poor yielders should be avoided. In the case of ash a bushel of the seed of certain trees produced as much as 8 or 9 bushels of certain other trees. With yellow poplar it was found that a bushel of cones from certain trees would produce more seedlings than four bushels of other trees.
Forest Supervisor Change
Clinto G. Smith who has been forest supervisor of the Cherokee and Nantahala National forests with headquarters at Athens, Tenn., has been transferred to the Choctawhatchee National Forest with head-

Southern Hardwoods Studied at Laboratory
The United States Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, is undertaking studies of southern hardwoods, to answer questions of wood-using industries as to whether southern woods differ in properties from those found elsewhere.
Work has already been inaugurated to determine the variation in properties of southern oaks and other hardwoods under the wide growing conditions ranging from flooded back-water areas to bluffs and ridges.
Seasoning methods are also studied with reference to local conditions of growth.

tioned.

quarters at Pensacola, Florida and Sam R.

Next a deputy sheriff arrived, sent, he Broadbent, supervisor of that forest, suc- FUTURE FARMERS' ORGAN

said by the hunter who claimed to be war- ceeds Mr. Smith at Athens, Tennessee. den. The deputy sheriff claimed the right to

"Gaffa" is the name of the new state or-

take the meat. High hopes were again reduced to despair. But Bauer put off the official declaring he would not act until he found out his rights.
The next move was Bauer to Gordon Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds showed particular interest because his warden had attempted to intercept the hunters and failed.

Professor Walters Honored
Prof. T. G. Walters, Moultrie, has won the title of "Master Teacher" among vocational school of Georgia. He has won through efficiency in all lines of work. His achievement in the forestry project has been outstanding.

gan of the Georgia Association of Future Farmers of America, the January issue of which is vol. 1, no. 2. The Future Farmers Organization is associated with the agricultural vocational schools of the state, the same system of schools which is carrying on the vocational forestry project.
M. D. Mobley, assistant state supervisor

"Hold the meat and get the hide", said Mr.

of agricultural vocational schools at Tifton

Reynolds, who claimed that the hide had A new process of extracting acetic acid is adviser. The publication is full of inter-

been taken from state property without direct from wood promises to overcome the esting information and promises to be of

consent and in spite of protest.

handicap imposed by synthetic productions. great assistance in promoting the future

Quickly the edict of Mr. Reynolds had effect. Apologies were offered by the deputy sheriff and the meat remained with Bauer. But the hide was still a fugitive at last reports. But count on Bauer to stick

From a cord of hardwood the following products are obtained: 120 pounds of ecetic acid, 1330 pounds of charcoal; 4.5 gallons oil; 40 pounds of pitch, 9 gallons methanol.

farmers association work.
An oak at Alonville, France, was honored on its 1000th anniversary. The diameter of the trunk is 9 feet. A stairway cir-

to the trail 'till the hide comes home.

cles the trunk to reach a chapel built on

Though the deer came and virtually Forest fires make the floods greater- its branches. The chapel is capable of hold-

committed its meat and hide to Bauer's twin evils largely man made.

ing 40 children.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FORESTRY QUE.STION BOX
Ia it obligatory in Georgia to sell timber only by the Doyle rule?
While the Doyle rule is legal in Georgia, the timber owner has the right to contract on any basis he can get the purchaser to agree. F'or instance, the sales of timber from the National Forests of Georgia arg made according to the Scribner rule.
Are the pines used in France for turpentining the same species as those used in southern states?
The pine used by France is not the same as those used for turpentining in the southern states but is known as the Maritime or Cluster pine.
How long does it take for scars made by fire on hardwood trees to heal?
Investigations made in bottom lan d hardwoods of the Mississippi river by F . H. Kaufert of the Southern Forest Experiment Station r evealed the average fire scars unhealed 15 to 20 years even on young trees. Red gum, white oak and red oak, he found, form wood tissue faster than ash, hackberry and hickory. Fifteen year old scars on red gum, red oak and black oak were approximately 50 per cent healed, whereas scars of the same age on ash, hackberry and hickory were 30 per cent as large as they had been originally.
How much national forest land was purchased in Georgia in 1932?
According to the National Forest Commissions report 60,774 acres were purchased in 1932 at an average of $5.08 per acre. An additional 5,853 acres were approved for purchase. These purchases and approvals were for the Georgia section both of the Cherokee and Nantahala National Forests.
The spread of the F orest F ire Fighters a nd the Timber Protective Organizations of Georgia mean effective fore st fire in surance over increasing areas of the state.
No one is growing trees for profit who allows forest tires to take their annual toll.
The man who burns off hi s for est is pa y ing more than taxes on hi s lan d.
The best forest fire fight er 1s he wh o prevents fires.
Thinnings of young pines for paper pulp are a new incentive for keeping out fire to promote rapid growth and an early crop.
Thick annual rings of sapwood are the substantial evidence of wise forest management.
Tree roots can not feed on ashes alone.

IN APPRECIATION OF MR. C. B. HARMAN
The retirement of C. B . Harman from the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development removes from this department one who has served, long, faithfully and well. He was a pioneer in Georgia forestry activities, helping to create the sentiment that r esulted in the formation of the Georgia Forest Service.
F'or eight years, or during the entire life of the State Forest Service, he has been a member of the board and commission directing its affairs. No one has been more keenly interested, nor has done more constructive work in directing and in upbuilding forestry in the state.
Mr. Harman is a lumberman who has looked to the future and given much time a nd thought to growing trees. He is chairman of t he exec utiv e co mmittee of the Georgia Forestry Association and recently has promoted forestry rallies that have proven highly successful.
Mr. Harman is author of several technical books pertaining to mill work and for several years he was an executive in a southern mill work association. He wil! co ntinue his interest in fore stry, centering his activities in work of the Georgia Forestry Association and will co ntinu e to work with his many friends over the state in forestry promotion.
C. B. Harman, retiring member of Commission of Forestry and Geological Development.
F ire breaks hold forest fires in check as dikes hold back the flood s.
Plant pines and let the abandoned, eroding fields have a chance to produce something.

THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta
Georga Forestry Executive Committee Holds Meeting
On January 4th, the Executive Committee of the Georgia Forestry Association held an executive committee meeting and a public meeting in Augusta. The first waE held in the afternoon when the committee discussed the business affairs of the a!.sociation. The public meeting was held in the ballroom of the Richmond Hotel at 8 :00 P. M. and was attended by approximately 40 people from Augusta and the surrounding territory. Mr. M. H. H . Duvall, President of the Augusta Chamber of Commerce presided. Among the notable speakers were Mr. T. G. Woolford, of Atlanta; Miss Emily Woodward, Vienna; Mr. C. B. Harman, Atlanta; Mr. J . M. Mallory, Savannah; Mr. James Fowler, Soperton; Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Savannah; Judge Ogden Persons, Forsyth; Mr. B. M. Lufburrow, State F orester, Atlanta; and Mr. Tom Hamilton, of Augusta.
Mr. Woolford, president of the Georgia Forestry Association, outlined the plan and program of work of the association for the co ming year. He said that both a timb e r and water power survey for the State were needed. Mr. Lufburrow spoke of the growth and development of the state forestry department within the last few years, and outlined some of its purposes and aims. Dr. Herty spoke briefly of t he development of the paper industry in Georgia. Other members of the committee spoke briefly of the various activities of the association. Many Augustans have expressed their appreciation of the splendid work being done by the Georgia Forestry Association.
Long Leaf Pines Planted By Boy Scouts
Troop 18 of Augusta recently set out 100 long leaf pine trees on their camp property a few miles north of Augusta. These trees were furnished by t he forest school at the State College and put out under the sup ervision of the di strict for ester.
Fire-Breaks at Goshen Plantation
Fifteen foot firebreaks are being constructed along the boundaries of Goshen plantation which is the property of Mr. Joseph McK. Speer, of Pittsb urgh. These firebreaks are being constructed by clearing away all trees, bushes and leaves for a width of 15 feet. They will protect the entire 1200 acres that comprise the plantation. He figures t he cost of construction of the breaks will be met by the returns from the cordwood, etc., will soon be available, according to Mr. Jack Speer, who is in charge of the work.
Briar Creek T. P. 0.
Briar Creek T. P. 0 . which was recent ly organized on lan<is along Briar Creek

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

and the lower part of. B~rke and upper r~--------------~----; 1 to a dose, which is always the worst time

I Screven counties has m
The officers elected for

Iht 25,936 . acr.es. t e org~mzat10n

are:-President, s. B. Duncan; VIce-Pres-

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, District Forester
Savannah

for fire in this county and especially early March. These men will be equipped with saddle horses, fire pumps and axes.

idents, B. M. Dixon, and B. F. Bargeron;

Secr 1

etary-Trea patrolman

s

ur fo

e r

r

, t

w..
his

D. are

aBI.Sell.m"~Tr.h

e T

s .

pe"M'L

More Members For Emanu. eI T .p .O.

cia
:Moore. Two New F. F. F.'s

Several new members have Signed up as

1

p od

i members in the Emanuel T. . ..un.ng

Two new Forest Fire Fighters organiza-l the last month with 2,500 acres brmgmg

SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester
Waycross

tions have recently been organized in the ; the total up to 18,000 .acres. Mr. J. A. Bell northern part of the Augusta District, one I and Mrs. Eula Canmchael are the ne:V in Stephens and one in Hart county. The j membe~s, and have already started on their ,

Waresboro F. F. F. Organized
The Waresboro Consolidated School For-

i F F. F. of Stephens county has 33 mem- . protective work.

est Fire Fighters has been organized with

b;rs with a total area of 4185 acres. Hart Most of the members in the Emanuel T., an active membership of 13 vocational pu-

county's F F F is composed of 372 memhers with 15,659 acres. The officers have

P. 0. solid

have constructed plowed type 12-

fire Ito

breaks 15 ~eet

odfWI.t~hte~

pils representing their parents' lands, a total of 6512 acres. William Inman, Manor,

not yet been elected for these organizatlons.
g FOURTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, District Forester

plowed with two-horse p ows eqmppe WI Georgia is president and Coy Roberts,

"Terrace Wings" for wire grass. The soh. d

turning plowed

under breaks

the cost,

I

rL'm.r f' a x ,'

G,.a.,

WI.11

s.erv.e

as

secre tary .

more than plowed and burned breaks for ; ~he boys. are ng.gmg up a four-wheel

the first year but in the following year are trmler, eqmpped with four back pumps,

muc h

cheaper

t o

ma1nt am ;

n
1

fact

the

first

two water drums, axes, hoes, and rakes and

.

.

.

year with the clearing and plowing they plan to use this m respondmg to. fires.

Columbus

will cost from $3.50 to $4.50 per mile but Funds for buymg the necessary eqmpment

L---------~---------...J

th e

nex t

year

can

b e

f

I



e
.

s

he

ne

d

w1'th

a
<

bar-

is being earned by the boys. W. B. Bates.







NPelwannatinnTgo-BwuniFldosr

eFsti

M re

aBkreesakAsnannudaI

'
, ,

.row f or. $1
IS provmg

.00 per popu1ar

m. 1'] m

et.h'Th'Is

type ti

IS sec on.

()f

breal'

1.,' vinogc..atuisoinnagl

teacher, will d1rect his car to pull the

ttrha1e.lofirr.e-f1ght-

Purchases Fire Fighting Equipment

Treutlen T. P. 0. Planting Pines Suwannee Forest Constructing Ex-

and Cedar

tensive System Fire Breaks

The Newnan town forest, under the di- , Mr. Jim L. Gillis member of Treutle!1 An extensive system of primary fire

rection of Mr. H. H. North, Chairman, ' T. P. 0., started preparing land recently breaks 100 feet in width, is being con-

Newnan Water and Light Commission, re- i for his slash pine plantings on "worn out" structed on Suwanee Forest operated by cently finished the planting of 10,000 long- ! farm lands. He has marked off his rows and the Superior Pine Products Company in leaf pine, 1,000 white pine, and 750 black! plans to set one year old home-grown slash , southern Clinch and Echols counties. Un-

walnut seedlings. This is in acc?rdance seedlings and wild stock grown by one of . der the supervision of Forester W. M. Oett-
1
with a management plan prepared m 1930 i his boys in a vocational forestry home pro- i meir, this system of breaks will divide the by the Georgia Fo~est Service which :ails ject bed. Mr. Gillis plans to put out 75 200,000-acre tract into 50 major units and

for a five year penod of annual plantmgs , acres of young slash during January and enable control of firf' under the most haz-

to artificially restock over 250 acres of op- early February, spaced 6 x 8 feet.

ardous weather conditions. A secondary

en land. The area of the whole forest is 1







I

umr.

G'l 1

l'IS

h as

a 1so

prepare d

h1' s

1an d

for

system of plowed breaks will be established

approximately 1,000 acres which by the City of Newnan Ga.

IS

owned 1 I t' i p an mg

25.

acre.s

t .o

~-e d

da ce r

t 0

b e

used

en each major unit, thus eventually dividing the area into minimum blocks of fifty

'



i for supplymg h1m w1th fence posts. He ,

Mr. North s:ates that a very 1mport~nt i will use two year old wild stock and plant acres.

result of plantmg open areas and keepmg ' them on abandoned farm land spacing 10 The process of constructing the primary out forest fires is the improved flow of , by 6. The method u~ed in planting is the breaks is as follows:

streams and the maintenance of a greater i same that he has used in his pine plantings '

constant water flow due to the prevention during the past years.

1. A plowed furrow is made on each

of rapid run off of rain water by a vegeta- Mr. James Fowler of Treutlen T. P. 0. edge of the right-of-way.

tive cover consisting of forests, woods lit- also plans to plant about 50 acres of aban-

ter, broom sage grass, etc. The Newnan doned farm land usi'1g woods grown one

town forest is the water shed for the New- ' year slash stock and plant them in his us-

nan municipal water wpply.

ual style.

2. All dead standing timber and down logs are removed from the breaks.
;3. The break is burned clean of all un-

The recent purchase of fire fighting Liberty T. P. 0. Prepared For Fire rlergrowth.

equipment and the building of a system of fire breaks indicates the importance which the Newnan authorities attach to the prevention and control of forest fires.
----

The patrolman in charge of protective work on the Liberty T. P. 0. has practical]y finished with fire break construction work and will devote most of his time now
in patrol work and fire fighting.

4. ,Stumps w111 b e even t uaII y pu11 ed an(I removed on the break and the breaks wiil be plowed progressively annually until the entire break is completely plowed.

Forest Fire Fighters Organizations' The 115 miles of fire break plowed last It i' stated by Forester Oettmeir thal thl'

Part time forest patrolmen in the fourth i April on the Liberty T. P. 0. is in exceldistrict are to be commended for their For- ' lent shape this year and will be good in est Fire Fighters organizations. Eight or- case of backfiring against a big fire, as the ganizations were formed with a net mem.. wire grass was plowed up as it began

,ompany has adopted a rigid policy of ab ,oJute fire protection and that no controlled burning will be practiced. Outside of

bership of 184 and a total of 44,687 acres !!'rowth in the spring and conse(luently the small acreages burned for "cow burns" to

1

listed for fire protection. This was in spite fire break was left clean all during the accommodate local cattlemen, there will be

of t~e fact that organization work was just I s~mmer .and last fall. As an added precau- , no burning done on the forest by the com-

gettmg started good when December hon agamst fire two temporary patrol~en I nany outside of burning off the fire breaks,

Wit evaethryer

dainfdf.icwuildt etsopregaedt

flu epidemics made any attendance at

. will be employed . February and two

wbyeetkhsem. T.MPar.ch0.todausnsnisgt

,',

an

d

"~ 1nr.

0

tt . t t e me1r .s a es

th t a

any

t repor s

t o

.Ol"JMuization meetings.

I in fire fighting as the burning season draws ' the contrary are mcorrect.

6

F\ORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

EIGHTH DISTRICT

Pine Island T. P. 0.

-
Iarea. According t o the records the thinned

The Pine Island Timb er Protective Or- area is growing much faster than the un-

H. D. Story, Jr. , District Forester Albany

ganization has completed its fire break thinned area. Thi s proves that thinning is work. With the organization system of a valuable method to follow in carrying on break, tenant patrol, and local cooperation, forestry work.-Commerce News.

Demonstration Plots
Demonstration plots at the Albany State Tree Nursery have been completed. Mr. Eitel Bau er, nurseryman, has made plantings of slash, longleaf and loblolly pin e, using different spacings for each, so that visitors may see how pines are planted and get so me idea of the growth of eacn species at different spacings.

the owners are confid ent fir es wi ll be h eld to a minimum.
Reynolds Brothers, members of the Pine I sland T. P. 0., are making a demonstration planting of 20 acres of slash pine on their land s and may, in the f ut ur e, plant more of their open land.
Home Projects of Students
The Moultrie H igh School, T. G. Walters, Vocational Teacher, r eports a number of student home projects which he has inspected. He finds the students busy in planting slash pine from the scho ol tree nursery, making fire breaks and thinning where the forests need it.

A RP FORESTRY CLUB NEAR COMMERCE, GA.
U lysses Carlan wh o attended the vocational forestry camp last year has carried t he spirit of the camp back to hi s neighborhood near Commerce, Ga. He r eports the formation of the Arp Forestry Club with 32 members, which meets twice a month.
The purpose of the club, Carlan r eports, is to learn some of the practical phases of fo r estry. The club also has its recreational obj ectives. On February 15 a debate is sch eduled to discuss the proper portion

Pine-Corn Plantation
Marion Renfroe, Brooks co unty farmer, who is carrying on a demonstration of growing pines in cultivated corn fi eld is enthusiastic over the result s. He sa ys the corn is carrying all the expenses and that

of farm land for growing trees. The citizens are highly pleased with the
constructive work Ulysses Carlan is promot ing in the forestry club. Not only is the club con serving for estry resources but the yo ung manhood of the rural community.

trees planted January 27, 1931, had grown to 84 inches in height when measured January 18, 1933. Trees planted in uncultivated field average about 36 in ches in heighth.

Black Locust
Th e black locust is a general utility tree. It quickly produces good timber for posts and other uses; it roots strongly, thereby

Turner Plantation

ch ecking soil erosion; its flowers enable

E. A. T'urner, Quitman, is backing hi s bees to make a good quantity of honey;

faith in the slash pine by planting all open and it is a legume. The nodu les on its roots

land on the Turner plantation . H e has al- stor e ni trogen in the soil , enriching it for

ready planted 27,000 slash pine seedlings futur e crops. In additi on, it is a tree of

and has an order for 50,000 more, and beauty and is valuable for shade.

states that he is just beginning.

P ine planted in corn January 27, 1931 ;

Fire breaks have been made on the plan- HERTY AWARD FOR

photographed June 21 , 1932.

tation for t he protection of the seedlings.

VOCATIONAL STUDENTS

Preston School Project
Preston school has its n ew school fo rest in shape with thinning, pruning and planting plots laid out.
Several special demostration plots have been laid out in the school for est and the data are to be compiled from these plots by vocational students under the direction of the teacher.
Plantings of slash pine with differ ent spacings are being tried out.

Students in Smith-Hughes schools having agricultural vocational t ea ch er s and students who in the past have won vocational fore stry camp scholarships are entitled to compete for the cash prizes offered by Dr. Charles H . Herty.
Dr. H erty gave last y ear prizes to stu dents doing the best work in forestry and to the school doing the best work. This year h e has changed the offer to apply to stud ents doing the best work to promo te

forestry in their h ome communities. As to

FORESTRY 'STUDENTS

what kind of work this shall be, is left by

STUDY TREE GROWT H Dr. H er ty to the student. In this way he

In order to determine what growth a expect s to en courage initiative on the part

stand of pines will make in a p eriod of of t h e student. What might be the best un-

ten years, the vocational agricultural stu- der t ak ing in one community might n ot be

dents of Commerce High School are ke ep- th e best in another. What one student can

ing accurate r ecords of t he diameter do b est might not be what another can ac-

growth and height growth of all trees, over complish.

four inches in diam eter , on their foresb:y Th e local agri cultural vocational teacher

proj ect that is located on the J eff erson w ill report on th e work don e by ea ch con-

highway.

testant in hi s school. All such reports will

Th is is the third year t hese records ha ve then be compared and those best in each

been kept and each year the trees have sch ool community will be checked agai nst

made a surprisingly gcod growth . To make the b est in other school communities. In

t he project more in teresting it is divided t his way the leaders will b e determined bY

Same pine as shown above photographed in to two plots. One plot has been t hinned a committee of foresters. Th e award will
January 18, 1933 a fter g rowi ng in second and is called the t hinn ed area. The other be announced at th e vocational forestrY

crop of corn.

plot not thinned is called the unthinned camp about August 15.

F'ORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

'1

The shales of the Conasauga formatio n

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

of Cambrian age outcrop in the western part of the vall ey in narrow bands extend-

Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

ing from the Alabama line northwest through Chattooga, Walker, and Catoosa cou nti es to the T'ennessee lin e. They also

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

occupy much of the broad valley bottom ~ of the Coosa, Oostanau la, and Conasauga

rivers in the eastern part of the area. The

THE SHALE DEPOSITS OF

area was elevated above sea level, and the unweathered argillaceo u s shal e is brownish-

GEORGIA

period of the formation of the Appalachian gray to olive-green in color and is too hard

mountains began. The forces that thrust up for ceramic uses, but at many places sur-

By RICHARD W. SMITH

these mountains, of which we now see a face weathering has softened the shale to

Assistant State Geologist

small remnant, exer ted tremendous lateral a depth of 25 to 30 feet so that it makes

pressure from the southeast against this an excellent material, with the proper

Shale is a consolidated sedimentary clay area of horizontal sedime ntary rocks, forc- treatment, for t he manufacture of brick

with well-marked laminations parallel to ing them into huge fo lds. As the pressure and, in a few cases, tile. This is t h e shale

the bedding. It may be the first step of t h e increased , the fo lds in the eastern and used at Rome in Floyd county and Adairs-

process of alteration or m etamorphi sm of a so utheastern part of the area nearest the ville in Bartow county for making roofing

clay into a slate. F'ine grindi ng or weath- mountains were compressed, overturned ti le, and at Calhoun in Gordon co unty for

ering of a shale, but not of a slate, will re- a l)d in places broken . Beds were thrust over making excellent face brick. Equally beau-

store more or less of the plasticity and oth- each other. The rocks in the adjoining Pied- tiful f a ce brick are made from the Cona-

er characteristics of the original clay. Cer- mont plateau and mountain sections were sauga shale at Plainville in Gordon coun -

tain red-firing shales are suited fo r t h e metamorphosed almost beyond recognition, ty, at Dalton, Whitfield county, a nd at

manufacture of heavy clay products such a nd were thrust over the less metamor- Chatsworth, Murray county.

as building brick, sewer pipes, and struc- ph osed beds. All of the beds in the eastern The shal e areas of the Ro ckwood for ma-

tural, roofing and floor tiles.

and southeastern part of the valley were tion of Silurian age outcrop on the low

The shale deposits of Georgia are fou nd left standing on edge and som e were part- "Shinbone Ridge" t hat parallels t h e foot

in the northwest part of the state in the ly metamorphosed, sa ndstones to quartzites of Pigeon and Lookout mountai ns and on

area of sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age and shales to slates. The beds in the north- the western slope of Missionary ridge in

known as " Th e Valley," a continuation of western part of the area and the adjoin- Walker county. Thi s shale do es n ot weather

the Valley of East T ennessee, the Shenan- ing Lookout Plateau were left in large and as flaky as the Conasauga shal e a nd t h e

doah Valley of Virginia, the Cumberland fairly gentle folds.

weathered material is usually rather slow

Valley of Pennsylvania, and the Kittatinny The land gradually elevated in the geo- in slaking to a clay. At present it is not

Valley of New Jersey.

logic ages that followed, a ll owing the being used for the manufacture of h eavy

clay products, but laboratory tests on 15

samples indicate that, if correctly handled ,

it could be u sed and wou ld produ ce ware

with an excell ent red fired color.

The F loyd shale of Mississippian age out-crops principally in the broad plain west of Rom e, Georgia. It weath ers to a soft flaky

black, dark gray, and dark brown material

that slakes rapidly to a clay with good plasticity but does not always have a deep red fired color. It appears to be especially suited to the manufacture of difficult shapes, su ch as sewer pipe, dra in tile, and structural tile. It is mined west of Rome

Sewer 1pipe plant near Flintstone, northwest Georgia, users of Georgia shale.
The sedim entary rocks in t he valley and streams to cut down into it and carry off the adjoining Lookout Plateau consist of the debris to the ocean. The areas of shale

and shipped to the plants at Rome, Chattanooga, and Macon, and at Milledgeville, where it is used with other shal es in the manufacture of the above products. The F loyd shale is also u sed at the Berry schools at Rome for the manufacture of building brick.

shales, limesto nes, and sandston es, and range in age from early Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. They are composed of material derived from a land area to the southeast and deposited millions of years ago in a shallow sea; the sandstones nearest the shore line or the mouths of the streams, the shales (as clay) further away from the shore, and the limestones in the deepest or clearest water. The various materials Were deposited one on top of the other as the shore line oscillated back and forth
during the eo n s of Paleozoic time.

and limestone were softer and more easily worn away, forming the present valleys. The sandstone and chert resisted erosion, forming the present ridges.
The shales of three different formations in Northwest Georgia have been found suitable for the manufacture of h eavy clay products in an investigation made by the Division of Geology in 1929-31. Eightyfo ur samples were collected and tested by the writer at the Ceramic Department of the Georgia Sch ool of Technology. Over half of these proved to be of economic

These brick and tile plants are all very similar in operation. The shale is usually mined by steam shovel and carried to the plant in small dump-cars on a narrow-gauge tram line. At the plant the shale is first ground in dry pans. Two large stones like mill-stones travel on edge in a cir cular pan, crushing the shale which is discharged through a slotted bottom. The ground shale is then screened, the particles that are st ill too large being returned to the dry pan, and is then mixed w ith the proper
amount of water in a pug-mill. This has

At the close of Penn sylvanian time the val ue .

one or two revo lvi ng shafts with knife-

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

:

I

blades that cut through the material and I adapted to the growing of many Of these '

thoroughly knead it into a plastic clay. This i woods, but from middle Georgia north to

clay is then forced by an auger through a ! the Tennessee and North Carolina lines

FLORIDA FORESTRY SUPPLEMENT

die, from which it emerges as a continuous I they all thrive and will produce abundantly The Southern Forestry Journal, Jackson.

ribbon which is automatically cut off into , if given the opportunity.

ville, issued a "Florida Forestry Supple-

the individual brick or tile.

, Walnut is slow growing; its lumber is ment" in December in which the problems

The brick or tile are stacked on cars and ' hard and dense, so one will have to wait of forestry are discussed by Franklin D.

thoroughly dried, usually by artificial heat, longer for returns, but frequently a single Roosevelt, Governor Dave Sholtz and a

and are then stacked in round or rectangu- tree will sell for more than all the other long list of state and national forestry

lar down-draft kilns and the door sealed trees on an acre of land. In fact, I have leaders. It is a very important publication

up with brick. The kiln is then slowly fired known a single walnut tree and its roots to that deals intelligently and comprehensive-

by coal or natural gas to a temperature of sell for as much as $1,000 where it stood. ly with Florida forests, forest products and

1800 to 2000 degrees F., the firing taking Poplar is a fast growing tree. While not land utilization. It will doubtless awaken

from five to eight days. The total time for : 80 generally understood, poplar grows to much interest in Florida. loading, firing, cooling, and unloading a ' maturity very nearly as quickly as do our

kiln often takes from fifteen to twenty , southern pines, and its lumber is soft and

five for

days. color

The and

brick or tile are then sorted uniformity of size and ship-

i
'

porous.

ped to the market.

Persimmon and dogwood are both very

The plants already manufacturing face hard and dense and very slow growing, al-

brick, sewer pipe, and structural and roof- though my experience is that persimmon

ing tile from the shales of Northwest Geor- will grow to a diameter of six inches or

gia have ample capacity for filling the pres- eight inches in a very reasonable time.

end demand for these products. The raw White oak and red oak are slow grow-

materials are there waiting for the expan- ing, hard and dense but produce good size

sion of the industry that will surely accom- trunks or boles and are very attractive and

pany the industrial expansion of the South beautiful trees. They make a fine forest following this depression. Detailed infor- and produce splendid lumber.

mation on these raw materials are given in It is to these trees which I especially

Bulletin 45 of the Geological Division, wish to call attention at this time. A few

, of these trees, a few hundred or a thousand

DO NOT NEGLECT TO

, well placed today will produce wonderfully

GROW HARDWOODS in less time than it takes for a boy or girl

to grow to manhood or womanhood and

By C. B. Harman
While so much is being said and done about reforesting Georgia in pine trees little attention is being given to our hardwoods of which we have a number of very valuable species, such as black walnut, yellow poplar, persimmon, dogwood, white oak and red oak.

what an inheritance it will be for the son or daughter to possess a forest or even a small number of such trees twenty-five or thirty years from today.
I know of the past and of the present it has been my business and my life to study the use of trees and lumber, and I am sure that I am looking into the future

There exists a great potential wealth in as few other men in Georgia.

our hardwoods and their culture should be encouraged for use as lumber if for nothing else.
Walnut lumber ranks at the top both in value and popularity. There has always existed a big demand for walnut lumber the world over. For interior finish it has no superior. The demand is, has been for a number of years and the prospect is that it shall continue indefinitely, somewhat ahead of the supply which makes it a very attractive proposition from a commercial

Plant your idle land, your vacant patches, fence rows and corners, or even your scrubby woods in walnut, poplar, persimmon, dogwood, white oak and red oak and your sons and daughters will thank and love you for it, and if you are a young man or woman you will remember me.
Write to the Georgia Forest Service, The Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia, and receive without cost as much information as you may desire.

view.

The same condition exists for yellow

Tree Ring History

poplar lumber as it is suitable for more

uses than any other wood.

Dr. A. E. Douglas of the University of

Persimmon

and

dogwood

are

rare,

an d

i

Arizona annual

who ring

has studied growth of

10,000 trees

hraescotrrdasceodf

while restricted to a very few uses their back the growth of giant Sequoias of Cali-

wood has a high value and so far nothing else of any nature has been found or in- fornia for 3,000 years.

vented to take its place.

By studying timbers in home of PuebloR,

TEN-YEAR NAVAL STORES EXPERIMENTS
Reviewing Technical Bulletin 298 used by Lenthal Wyman of Stark, Fla., United States Forestry Experiment Stations, in the Forest Worker, Dr. Austin Cary of the Federal Forestry Service and well known in the South, says, among other things:
"In the first place, Mr. Wyman has found that the yield gains fast with the added size in trees worked. He correlates specific yields with specific sizes. Further he infers that vast numbers of trees commercially worked are unprofitable. A tree's environment, too, affects its yield: open standing trees, with generous crowns, yield significantly more than trees of the same diameter that are crowded. Individual variation in yield is another thing that has come out. Of two trees of the same size that look alike and stand in similar relations, one may yield two to four times as much as the other. Microscopic study has not determined any structural ground for such individual differenc,e. That fact, of course, takes the work out of the strictly mathematical or mechanical class, calling for a repitition of tests of large numbers of trees and for the use of averages.
"Mr. Wyman has carried out elaborate experiments in chipping the weekly wounding of trees of the tree from which the flow of gum results. These experiments are concerned largely with three details, the best width of face; the best depth of chipping, and the best rate of progress up the tree, current yield of gum and the maintenance of the yielding power of the tree both considered.
"In relation to existing practice in the region, Mr. Wyman's findings are conservative, but in recent years commercial practice has to some extent been going along with him."
Ocilla and Mystic School Forests Established

White oak and red oak is a fixture the world over as residential flooring and is held in high favor for many other uses which will grow as our original forests decline. Is also has a high value but not so high as walnut, persimmon and dogwood.

and comparing their rings with those of trees, he has been able to obtain records of Indians as far back as 700 A. D. Rings of trees vary with wet and dry years and thus leave their history written in wood

Two vocational school forests, one at
Ocilla and the other at Mystic, have been recently surveyed, and maps and manag_e ment plans prepared for same. K. N. Phd lips is vocational teacher and plans ~0 start at once on the development of hiS

Our south Georgia section is not so well rings.

forestry projects.