Forestry-geological review [Dec. 1933]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEO L OGI C AL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 3

ATLANTA, GA., DECEMBER, 1933

No. 12

STATE PULP AND PAPER

chemical supplies. P ulp, paper and cellulose CORN-PINE RECORD

RESEARCH PLANT LEASED industries have not yet received this .inde-

RENFROE EXPERIMENT

pendence. Dr. Herty has been closely asso-

Industrial Committee of Savannah Lessee with Dr. Char les H. Herty in Charge - Chemical Foundation, Inc., to Finance Operations

ciated with Mr. Garvan and has labored si de by side with him for the economic independence of this country. Dr. H1erty's proposal to make this country self sufficient in paper making has received, as has been

Third Annual Record of Pines

Grown in Connection With Corn

near Quitman

Remarkable

Growth Shown.

The Georgia Pulp and Paper Laboratory at Savannah, operated under the direction of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development for nearly two years, was leased on November 1 to the Industrial Committee of Savannah until January 1, 1936, the state no longer having funds for continuing the plant.

indicated, material and enthusiastic support of the Chemical Foundation, Inc.
It is the understanding that the r esults of any experiments made at the laboratory under the management of the Industrial Committee of Savannah will be for the free use and benefit of the general public of the United States.

Marion Renfroe living near Quitman, Georgia, began an experiment in growing pines and corn together in 1931 and now has the record of three seasons' results.
Longleaf and slash pines were planted January ,27, 1931, and the iirst planting of

Funds for operating expenses and the

purchase of new equipment for broadening Department Quarters

the research work have been very generous-

Changed at State Capitol

ly contributed by the Chemical Foundation,

Inc., of New York, which places $105,000 Because of the increased work in the Di-

at the disposal of the Industrial Committee vision of Forestry incident to the Civilian

of Savannah for the years 1934-35 and has Conservation Corps work, additional room

promised support for 1936 should it be nec- has been required. As a consequence, the Di-

essary to continue investigations. It was the vision of Geology and the Division of For-

Chemical Foundation, Inc., that . provided estry have exchanged quarters in the State

funds for equipping the laboratory, making Capitol, and a room which has been u sed

possible the inauguration of the project in by the Department of Entomology has been

the first place.

turned over to forestry, giving the Division

Dr. Charles H . Herty, who has been di- of Forestry three connecting rooms. In ad-

recting the research work of the laboratory dition, a room has been improvised on the

for the past two years, and whose project gallery of the Senate Chamber and is occu-

it has been from its inception, is to continue pied by the educational and accounting

in charge. His achievements in solving im- force of the Division of Forestry.

portant problems of making newsprint from Forestry now occupies rooms 434, 435,

southern pines have centered the attention 436 and 428. The rooms occupied by Geolo-

of the paper making industry upon the gy are 425 and 426.

south as a future source of wood pulp.

Speaking of the donation and future plans, Dr. H erty says: "These funds pledged by the Chemical Foundation, Inc.,

Richard W. Smith Acting State Geologist

through its president, Francis P. Garvan, to the Industrial Committee of Savannah, assure the continuation of the research work in our laboratory for the next three years. These amounts will enable an extension of the research work to all fields of white paper manufacture, such as book, magazine, bond and tissue papers, bleaching studies, coating of paper and study of alpha cellulose from young pines as a base for the manufacture of the various forms of rayon."
The Chemical Foundation, Inc., was form-

The Commission of Forestry and Geological Development designated Richard W. Smith, assistant state geologist, as acting state geologist following the death of State Geologist S. W. McCallie.
Mr. Smith has been assistant state geologist for seven years and is familiar with the duties he has assumed. The appointment will be effective until the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development selects Mr. McCallie's successor.

Cultivated Pines With Thr ee Seasons' Growth
corn was made on the land March 20, 1931. After all expenses of planting, cultivation and harvesting, taxes, etc., were deducted, a net profit of $3.42 resulted. Thus the cost of growing the pines was covered and the

ed under authority of Presi dent Woodrow Sawdust made from sawing pines is now pines made more than the usual rate of

Wilson to free the United States from de- of economic importance in producing ethyl, growth.

pendence upon foreign countries for its or grain alcoho~.

The second year in corn again netted a

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

Forestry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr.,____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta C. B. Harman, Treasurer________________ E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____ Gainesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________ Rome Jack Thur_m___o__n__d__,__D___i_s_t__r_i_c__t__F___o__r_e__s_t_e__r_,Savannah
C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Secretary______Atlanta
Geological Division R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist, and Acting State Geologist _____________________Atlanta
G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A___s_s__t_.___S__t_a__t_e____G___e_o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta
Extension Foresters
Bonnell Stone, Chairman, _______________ Oxford Dupre Barrett, __________________________________Athens K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton

corn profit; the trees made rapid growth and the carrying charges of pine growing
was nil. The purpose of this article is to give the
record of the third season of corn production and growth record of the pines.
Marion Renfroe kept temperature and rainfall records. In February the maximum temperature was 92, minimum 19; March 88 maximum, minimum 34; April maximum 85, minimum 44; May maximum 95, minimum 58; June maximum 104, minimum 53.
The rainfall for each month was: February 7.20 inches; March 2.40; April 7.97; May 2.05; June 2.37; July 8.62; August 5. 72; September 3.95.
Methods of cultivation employed were as follows:
February 25, cut vegetation with stalk cutter; slabbed off row between pines, leaving balk; split balk with large sweep; threw back two furroughs.
March 24, reopened furrow and planted corn on list.
April 7, barred off corn with four-disk cultivator. Sided corn with small sweep. April 22, put dirt to corn with half shovel and sided with 18 inch sweep.
May 13, sided corn with 24 inch sweep.
June 3, sided corn with 24 inch sweep, final.

GROWTH RECORJJ OF PINES

Slash Pine

Average height inches compared to

O48ctionbcehres_25J~n1e9323i,

110 1932.

Some specimens are 137 inches high.

Average diameter (10 inches above U.S. FOREST CHIEF

ground) October 25, 1933, 2%, inches com-

NATIVE OF GEORGIA

pared to June 1, 1932 of 1 inch. Some spec-

imens were 3% inches. Longleaf Pine
On June 31, 1932, the longleaf had shown no increased growth other than in foliage.
On October 25, 1933, the average height

F. A. Silcox, native of Columbus, Georgia, became Chief Forester of the United State November 15, succeeding R. Y. Stuart, whose death occurred October 23.

was 4 feet and 2 inches. Some specimens had grown to 7 feet in height.
The average diameter (10 inches from the ground) on October 25 was %, inch, some specimens attaining 1% inches.
As was to be expected, slash pine has made much more rapid early growth, but longleaf has shown rapid pick up for ~he third growing season.
COSTS AND RETURNS 1933
Renfroe's financial statement for 1933 is

Mr. Silcox was born December 25, 1882,
graduated in 1903 at the College of Charles-
ton, Charleston, S. C., and studied forestry at the Yale School of Forestry, where he obtained a degree in 1905.
He entered forestry work as ranger on the Colorado Leadville National Forest, shortly thereafter being transferred to the Holy Cross National Forest and then to the San Juan and Montezuma National forests to establish administrative organizations.

as follows:

j

Labor expense, cultivation 50 cents

He was transferred to Missoula, Montana,

in 1908 and made associate district fores-

Se~~rc~:~ ~:r$~;~-~~~b~~h~l _

$

Taxes _______________________________ Expense gathering corn

(3

bushe-~~-)-~-~~-

:91~05:

ter and then became district forester for
I Northern Rocky Mountain region. At the outbreak of the World War he

the en-

tered the forest engineer's branch of the

$1. American Expeditionary Forces as captain

57

Corn crop returns, 3 bushels at 60c _____ l.SO

and was later promoted to the rank of major. After a year's service in this capacity

he was selected by the Secretary of Labor

Net Profit---------$ .23 As will be observed, the corn yield is low but according to expenses as charged b;

and the Shipping Board to handle labor problems at the shipyards at Seattle, Washington.

~enfroe, the pines are still without carry-

mg charges. No fertilizers were used, as is Following the war, he went to Chicago as

usually necessary to get profitable returns Director of Industrial Relations for the

from corn from that type of soil.

commercial printing industry of the New

Corn will be planted another year and York Employing Printers' Association,

may be fertilized. The trees are getting which position he left to become chief for-

large, as shown by competing severely

thweitihllutshtreatcioorn~.anIdt

are re-

ester. Mr. Silcox is a member of the National

mains to be seen how much longer corn can Forest Policy Commission aJ~d the Society

be grown on the land with any profit or to of American Foresters.

:educ~ costs to be charged against the grow-

mg pmes.

ATLANTA PAPERS

USE PINE PAPER

FOREST CONSERVATION

OBJECTIVES OUTLINED The November 20 issues of the Atlanta
newspapers were printed on paper made

In his address before a conference on

lumber and timber products, held October

24 in Washington, Secretary of Agriculture

Wallace made this significant statement

about "Conservation and sustained produc-

tion of forest resources":

"With resources such as forests, where

the capacity for sustained production has

. caolrnesaedrvyatbi.Oeenn

reduced may also

bmevloowlverethqeuirbeumilednintsg'

from S_?Uthern pines which had been provided by the pulp and paper laboratory at Savannah operated by Dr. Charles H. Herty and his coworkers.
The paper met every test of whiteness, ready absorption of ink shown by clearness of print of type and engravings; strength of fibre, and measured up to any similar paper made from red spruce.
Practical demonstrations, as well as lab-

up of productivity above existing levels. oratory tests have thus shown that young

Specifically, in the case of forests, the ob- southern pines can be used for making jectives of the law can be accomplished newsprint paper, and it is claimed that such

only if these are handled in such manner as paper can be made more cheaply in the to: (1) Avoid unnecessary destruction of south than elsewhere.

usable timber and young growth; (2) in-

sure prompt and adequate regeneration following cutting; and (3) produce a reasonably steady output of timber and other products continuously from year to year, with only such fluctuations as may be dictated

The Brownlee Manufacturing CompanY has moved its headquarters from Chattanooga, Tenn., to Cedartown, Georgia. A mill of this company is operating near

by the requirements of the market."

Cedartown.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

NEW PINE CANKER

Tree plantations are being inspected to see RESOLUTIONS OF

APPEARS IN SOUTH if the disease has appeared there and to re-

COMMISSION ON DEATH

move and burn infected stock.

OF MR. ROBT. E. PRICE

Destructive Fungus Revealed Wide-

ly Scattered Infecting All Species TREE INJECTIONS FOR

of Pines-Federal Inspection in

INSECTS AND DECAY

Progress

Interesting studies are conducted by the

Pine canker (Atropellis Pinicola) is Appalachian Forest Experiment Station on

widely scattered in the southern pine belt, the effect of poisonous solutions injected in-

according to J. D. Diller, forest pathologist to the sap stream of trees for the control

of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Wash- of insect borers and for prevention of de-

ington who has made an extended investi- cay in wood after it is harvested.

gation throughout the southern states.

Severa~ poisons were used for control of

Previous to this investigating trip, the the southern pine beetle. A statement of re-

presence of the disease was not suspected suits obtained is that the experiments indi-

in the south. Its occurrence had been noted cate that for trees up to 6 inches in diame-

on a few pines of the north and west and ter and 35 feet high (the average size at-

had not been given enough attention to re- tacked) both the egg and the parent adult

ceive a name until about a year ago.

stages of this beetle could be killed with as

Cankers of other and less destructive little as 3 grams of sodium arsenite, 10

kinds have been found on pines of the , grams of fluride, 10 grams of mercuric

south, but how long this more dangerous chloride or 12 per cent solution of pyridine.

kind has been here, how much damage it has In a few instances kills were obtained with

done or is capable of doing, the pathologists lower dosages, such as 1-2 gram of sodium

do not know. Nor have they yet learned arsenite.

what methods of control should be employed. In the wood preservative treatment with

The fungus eats into the cells of the injections into the sap stream, pine, oak and

wood, attacking structure under the cam- hickory treated during 1931 were found to

bium layer. In its e_fforts to continue func- be well preserved after one year's time.

The members of the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development of the State of Georgia, along with his many other friends, were greatly shocked to learn of the untimely death of our esteemed colleague, Mr. Robert E. Price, which occurred on Sunday, September 17, 1933.
His knowledge of the scope and activities of this department and his practical experience with many phases of the work rendered him a valuable consultant and a safe advisor. Coupled with these attainments was a genial and enduring personality which attracted and preserved a host of friends.
The State of Georgia has lost an able and willing public servant and a patriotic citizen.
We extend our sincere sympathy to the bereaved family, and the Sec::retary is instructed to record this testimonial in the minutes of the Commission, send a copy to Mrs. Price and publish in the next issue of the Forestry-Geological Review.

tioning the cambium developes rough galls but is ruptured and destroyed by the disease. Twigs are readily attacked and killed

Similar tests made in 1930 when one to two ounces were injected, similar results were obtained. The chemical giving best re-

NEW AGRICULTURAL VOCATION SCHOOL'S

apparently by the girdling effect of the canker.
Samples collected by Mr. Diller in Georgia, show in some instances the rupture of the bark along the limbs for quite a distance; in other cases the canker has eaten deeply into a more restricted area.
The first steps taken are to inspect the state tree nurseries to see if the disease is present or near by. Mr. Diller is being allowed the use of CCC men for carrying out sanitary measures in and around state tree nurseries. This consists of removing and burning infected trees and seedlings, and spraying.

suits was mercuric chloride. Logs containing this poison were found to be in a perfectly sound condition with tight bark, bright sapwood and unattacked by insects or fungi, regardless of whether the trees were left standing or were felled and buried half their length in the ground.
Treatments with zinc arsenite and sodium arsenite were also quite promising.
EFFECT OF WOODS BURNING ON RUNOFF
The Appalachian Forest Experiment Sta-

New rural consolidated high schools having agricultural teachers who will teach forestry, establish school forests and co-operate with the Georgia Forest Service in forestry work are as follows:
Bowdon High School, Bowdon, E. E. Duncan, teacher; Damascus High School, Damascus, J. E. Leger, teacher; Dooly County High School, Vienna, B. 0. Fry, teacher; Evans High School, Evans, W. A. Smallet, teacher; Mt. Pleasant High School, Climax, Furman Grant, teacher; Roopville Consolidated High School, Roopville, H. H. Gibson, teacher.

Mr. Diller was unwilling to predict, in tion at Asheville has tested the runoff of

view of a lack of scientific data, how destructive the canker may prove to be, but thus far it would seem that it is capable

rainfall on several forest types when
I burned, and checked against unburned plots.
I In the 12th annual report of the station

Lumber
/

for C. C. C. Camp's Winter

Quarters

of doing severe damage. He has found the disease on all species of pine in the south. Studies thus far made fail to reveal that the vigor of trees has any effect on the disease. It is apparently equally adapted to trees of vigor or lack of vigor. Nor has it been found that site, whether mountain or low lands, dry land or swamp land, has any effect. In keeping with the habit of all fungi, wet weather is more favorable to the development of the canker than dry weather.

it is stated that it is apparent that old field pine stands effectively control excessive surface runoff of precipitation, and that wherever fields abandoned for agriculture present a serious erosion and flood menace, the establishment of pine on such lands offers a practical control. On an oak-pine area from which the litter has been removed the surface runoff amounted to from 10 to 20 times more than from the adjacent check where the forest floor remained undisturbed.

Between 250,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber were used in constructing winter barracks for 300,000 men employed at the 1,466 C. C. C. camps in this country. The approximate cost was $25,000,000.
In addition to the lumber, approximately 26,000 doors and frames and 175,000 window sash and frames were required, involving a cost of lumber and mill work approximating $10,000,000.

As to whether the eradication of the dis-

ease could be carried on by CCC camps, Mr. Diller said that apparently the canker is widely scattered and only a cursory survey has thus far been made. In view of this situation the only steps authorized are to keep it out of the tree nurseries and to keep it from being disseminated from such sources.

"Under the nation's new deal, the possibilities for forest development challenge the imagination and we will go forward on a great natio!).al program with renewed confidence and increased energy." George D. Pratt, president American Forestry Association.

Forests are not a passing stage in the use of land, but they are entitled to their own rights and on their own merits to occupy permanently, and without the constant threat of being destroyed, a legitimate share of our land.-E. A. Sherman, Associate Forester of the U. S. Forest Service.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

CONSERVING FOREST SOILS STATE TREE NURSERIES

QUESTION BOX

Leaves and twigs shed from trees contain plant food that originally came up from the

SEEDLINGS FOR PLANTING
The state tree nurseries at Albany and

soil. The nitrogen in this litter is released Blairsville are now ready to fill orders for

Can trees be killed successfully with
~emical poisons?
Sodium arsenite is used successfully for
killing trees and has proven better than

into the air when a fire burns through the forest. The mineral elements of plant food in the litter are left on the surface of the soil in the ash.

planting stock. The seedlings are sold. at cost and the cost is kept as low as possible in Georgia. The quality of the planting stock is excellent at both nurseries. The

girdling in that it tends to prevent sprout- The rains come and the loose ash is wash- seedlings are thrifty, with well developed

ing from stump and roots.

ed off of a surface made bare by the fire. root systems.

The sodium arsenite is injected into the The mineral plant food of the leaves and The price per thousand of pine (slash,

tree with an appliance made for the pur- litter is thus carried into the streams and longleaf and loblolly) is $2.00 cash in ad-

pose, but it can be introduced into the sap is permanently lost to the forest soil.

canoe and shipping charges C. 0. D. It

stream by borings.

Nothing is truer than the statement that takes around 1,000 pine seedlings to plant

forest fires reduce the fertility of the for- an acre.

Is the oriental chestnut adapted to the mountains of north Georgia?
Experiments are in progress on the lands of the branch station of the Georgia Experiment Station near Blairsville in Union county. The test has not gone long enough to be conclusive. The Appalachian Forest Experiment Station reports an increase in mortality from 7 per cent in 1931 to 19 per cent in 1932. Growth has been negligible due, it is thought, to an attack of twig blight. Chestnut blight has attacked very few since the oriental chestnut is resistant to a high degree to the disease.
Does sap come from the ground or is it formed in the tree?
Crude sap is taken in by the roots and consists of water and dissolved plant food obtained from the soil. Elaborated sap is fluid material produced by crude sap acted

est land. Nor is anything more apparent than that to save forest soil fertility and promote the most rapid growth of the trees, fires must absolutely be kept out of the forest.
Those who burn the "rough" to reduce the forest fire hazard are doubtless overlooking the harm they are doing the soil. The soil damage of fire is permanent. It is destroying what should be a well guarded heritage of future generations. The soil's fertility and its ability to grow future timber crops should be of greater concern than the fire hazard.
Fires can be prevented or controlled with less expense than the cost of restoring lost plant food that burning removes from the land.
Help the trees meet their plant food and moisture requirements by protecting them from fire.

A limited supply of walnut at $3.00 per thousand and black locust at $2.50 per thousand are available at the Blairsville nursery. Orders may be sent to the Georgia Forest Service at the State Capitol, Atlanta.
SELECTIVE CUTTING OF WINTER'S FUEL WOOD
Too little attention is given the welfare of the forest in cutting the winter's fuel. Improvement of the forest should be the objective. Removal of weed trees, that is, undesirable species, so that trees of commercial possibilit!ies. mlay have a better chance to grow, is an important consideration.
Thinning is equally important, and in many instances more important. Many

upon by substances in the leaves. Carbon VOCATIONAL FORESTER

parts of Georgia depend upon pines for

dioxide of the air is converted into starch by the aid of sunlight and green chlorophyl

fuel. Often pines have come in too thick
ORGANIZES T. P. 0. and require some thinning to get the best

of the leaves. The elaborated sap moves down the tree even to the roots and throughout the tree structure, as the growth needs of the tree require. The moisture transpired chiefly through the leaves is water that came up from the soil, which having given up its plant food, retires to make room for more plant food moisture to enter from the ground.

Delmas Galbreath, Vidalia, Georgia, who completed his vocational forestry camp course in August, went home and began at once to enlist timber owners in his community in a project to form a timber protective organization. He succeeded in getting owners with 20,000 acres listed for a T. P. 0. and ready for District Forester Jack Thurmond to sign up. This is a splen-

results. By selecting the most promising trees to leave, the axeman should thin out the re~ainder for fuel. The result will be that the remaining trees will grow much more rapidly and attain commercial size much more quickly.
Next to fire prevention, selective harvesting is most essential for forestry development.

A number of pines in various places have
dead needles. Examination does not reveal
borers. What is the trouble?
The trouble is probably caused by the tip moth, an insect that places its eggs in the bud of the growing pines. The grub hatches out and feeds on the bud and in doing so kills the surrounding leaves. The tip moth has been unusually active this year. No serious permanent results occur. Next season natural enemies may remove the pest and the trees be comparatively free of damage. On account of the erratic appearance of the moth and its comparatively light damage, it is usually not considered practical to employ control measures.

did piece of work for a young vocational forester.
Mr. Galbreath was not only one of the excellent students in the vocational school camp but is an enthusiast in forestry work.
Naval Stores Bulletin
Bulletin 9 of the Florida Forest Service, entitled "Florida Naval Stores", by Lenthall Wyman of the U. S. Forest Service and C. H. Coulter of the Florida Forest Service and Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is an important contribution to naval stores literature. It brings to the reader the latest reports of experimentation and displays a number of excellent illustrations.

Beavers Introduced in Appalachians
According to a report of Thomas D. Burleigh in the 12th annual report of the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, the introduction of beavers on the Biltmore estate in North Carolina by the Biological Survey in 1931 has met with marked success. He says: "If local sentiment continues to protect these animals, they should in time attain their former numbers here. This will not only result in regulating stream flow, and so prevent losses from erosion, but will add a valuable source of revenue to the state from the sale of furs taken under regulated trapping."

Where bird life is abundant in the for-

est, forest damage by insects is small or absent.

Wood chemically treated produces a mash suitable for a livestock food.

Powdered willow bark was used by American Indians for smoking, as well as tobacco.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

SECOND DISTRICT

About 13 miles of road and as much trail I :-----D-I_S_T_R_I_C_T_T_H_R_E__ E _ _ _1
has been completed to date. Eleven miles of

Everett B. Stone, Jr., Dist. Forester

the road lies on the University of Georgia property near Lula, while the remaining

C. N. Elliott, District Forester Augusta

Gainesville

two miles ascend Hickory Nut Mountain, near Tallulah Falls.

Prices of Logs Increase

Camp P-69-Commerce
Since the establishment of this camp considerable progress has been made with the work. Approximately 15 miles of truck trails have been completed; 5 miles of foot trails are finished; 9 bridges have been built and 500 acres of fire hazards have been removed. In addition to this, many

Forest Fires
Three forest fires have recently been suppressed by the members of this camp with the assistance of the people living in the community. The three fires burned a total of 125 acres of timber, and required 84 man hours for suppression.
Athletics, Etc.

If the price of lumber is an indication of better business for the "new deal", the conditions are improving in the area of Augusta. Number 1 pine logs, over 16 inches in diameter, are bringing $16 per thousand feet. Number 2 logs at the same market are worth $8. These prices are for logs delivered at the mill. The grading has been

other minor jobs have been completed.

This camp did not put out a football team, checked and is entirely accurate. The Doyle

A crew headed by Lane Lancaster, tele- but has a good basketball team in the mak- scale is used.

phone foreman, is leaving for the moun- ing and will be hurling challenges soon.

Pine Seed Crop

tains this week to cut chestnut poles for telephone lines and lookout towers. Our

The mess at this ramp js unusually fine. All visitors who have dined here want to

Last year the seed crop throughout the Augusta district was heavy. The young

camp will construct 4 lookout towers and come bark and all of the boys have gained trees, especially, from 20 to 40 feet in

some 50 miles of telephone lines.
Collect Wood Samples
Wood 'samples of every species of tree in this section are being prepared by the forestry personnel. Forty-three samples have

in weight, the average net gain being 11 pounds per man.
Cam.p P-55-Blairsville
Several fire calls have been answered by this camp during the past week, 250 man

height, were prolific bearers. This year cones are scarce on all species of pines. The district forester examined many stands in several counties around Augusta, and in all of them found approximately two bushels of

already been collected and are on display at the forestry office at the camp. Some 35

hours being expended in fighting fires. Activities at this camp are progressing

cones: These were on old trees.
Drainage of Nixon Forest

more are yet to be collected.
Vocational Guidance

nicely, with the brisk fall weather.

It is interesting to note that a ditch for

On Armistice Day P-55 played Camp F- the purpose of draining Nixon forest, not

lO of Aquone, 'N. C. in a football game and only drained the 100 acres of state land, but

The efficiency of the camp is being improved and the boys are receiving some very

defeated them in a close and hard fought game of 9 to 7. This was the second victory

approximately a thousand acres of land surrounding it. Through the cooperation of

valuable training by selecting boys to do the jobs for which they are best fitted. For

the Neel Gap Wildcats have won over the Aquone Bears, the first game ending 7 to 0.

the Central of Georgia Railroad, a culvert at the 124 mile post was lowered several

example: William Shivers, of Sparta, Ga., showed a special interest in landscape gardening; hence he was placed in charge of a project which offered landscaping possibilities. William is not only getting a big kick out of this, but he is doing a good job of it.
Jack Storey of Jefferson is proving an excellent stone worker. Rock culverts and simiiar projects are being turned over to him. Many other examples of vocational guidance being put into practice could be given.

The Wildcats have a 40 man squad out and the spirit of the Roosevelt boys is hot.
Camp SP-1-Indian Springs
Winter quarters for this camp were completed some time ago and the boys' are all comfortably housed for the winter, with all the conveniences of home, and in some cases, much better. Good weather has prevailed lately and the work at this camp is being pushed forward rapidly. The museum building, which is being constructed of

feet. Water, which normally backed up over several hundreds of acres behind this culvert, and bred millions of mosquitoes each year, now flows off freely from the surrounding country, and drains into the Savannah river. A real service has been rendered a number of landowners through this drainage project on the state forest.
Hart County Fire Control
Through the efforts of the Hart County FFF organization, in which the vocational

First Forest Fire

stone, with a tile roof, is nearing comple- school boys of the county are cooperating,

Camp 69 received its first fire alarm Sat- tion. This building erected entirely with not a single acre of wooded land in Hart

urday night, November 11. In ten minutes CCC labor involves a nice piece of architec- county has been burned during the calen-

after the alarm sounded a truck was loaded ture and will be a great attraction when dar year. This is an excellent record, in

with boys and fire fighting equipment. The finally completed. It will be used to house a view of the fact that fires caused consider-

fire was located and put out within one collection of Indian relics.

able damage in Hart county last year before

hour in spite of the fact that it was 11

the organization was formed. The citizens of

miles from camp. Not a spark showed in A great many boys are going out for Hart county seem to have become "Forest-

the darkness when the fire fighters finished basketball team at this camp and give minded" to such an extent that they do not

"mopping up". About 5 acres was burned promise of interesting games in the near have to fight forest fire, for no fires occur.

over, little damage being done.

future.

Forestry Taught in Camps

Each week lectures in forestry are given

General Reeves, Col. Moorman and Major Colley, all of Fort McPherson, were recent visitors at Camp 69.

On November 22 the boys will enjoy a lecture by Mr. L. P. Skidmore, Director of the High Museum of Art, on "The Ameri-

in each of the camps in the Augusta district. The supervisory personnel of the camps are assigned dates and subjects for

Camp P-79-Cornelia
The boys at this camp will be well taken

can Indian, his derivation and some of his design motifs."

their talks. Large numbers attend these classes and much interest is shown in the talks and discussions which follow. These

care of this winter. The tents are prepared

lectures and classes are under the super-

to make them comfortable during the win- To the extent that it can be carried out, vision of the camp superintendents.

ter. They are walled from the ground up to a migratory industry (lumbering) based on

Local Experienced Men

the door height and are equipped with Sib- speculative exploitation of timber which it The new quota of men for the second six

I ley heaters.

did not grow, will henceforth be replaced by months' period of the ECW work includes

The roads and trails under constructiOn a permanent mdustry based on timber that 51 men who are classed as local experienc-

at this camp are being completed at a fast is grown according to definite plans. - ed men and are taken from the counties and

clip, and they are good substantial jobs, too. Secretary of Agriculture Wallace.

projects where the work is being conducted.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

~===============T==========~====~================

With the new recruits and the local men, the camps are brought up to full strength for the beginning of the second period.

SEVENTH DISTRICT
C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester Waycross

and came back to Douglas to be ready for other fires in their own territory.
Work on towers and telephone lines is now getting well underway in this district.

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester
Savannah
Camp P-61-Treutlen County
To date, about ninety miles of firebreaks and ten miles of truck trail have been constructed by the camp in Treutlen county. These breaks will average thirty feet in width and truck trails are twenty feet wide.

T. P. 0. Items
The three lookout towers of the Camden County T. P. 0. located at Forest View, Kingsland, and Satilla Lodge, were manned the first part of November. The acreage of the Camden T. P. 0. has been increased to 194,000 acres, embraces most of the forest land both north and south of the Satilla River, and also Cumberland Island. A few of the members have begun construc-

Plans are being rushed to get the nine towers approved for this district erected by Christmas.
All of the camps are piling up a considerable mileage of firebreaks each month now. The mass production system has been standardized in this district. Some of the shovels have been worn down. Some of the boys must get their shovels mighty hot digging.

Two steel lookout towers are now under tion of their secondary fire breaks, and it is

construction, and will give good coverage to the whole county. Gravel used in the tower piers was obtained free of cost except labor in screening, and the sand was also donated.

expected with the two additional towers and telephone lines to be constructed in north Camden, the greater part of the forest lands in the county will be satisfactorily

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
Albany

Telephone line construction is also under protected from fire this season.

way and the telephone crew has cut, peeled and stacked enough poles to build twentyeight miles of line or about one thousand poles, which were donated by members of the T. P. 0. The entire county has also been covered by a strip survey and mapped.

Okefenokee T. P. 0. in southwest Ware county is planning to employ a cooperative patrolman at an early date. A number of local wardens living on the area will also be obtained to help look out for fires.
Suwanee T. P. 0. with 260,000 acres in

Flint River T. P. 0. Meeting
A meeting of the members of the Flint River Timber Protective Organization was held November 16 at the C. C. C. Camp in Decatur county for the purpose of discussing matters of interest in protection.

Camp P-82-Tattnall County
On November 2nd, forty-three members of the CCC with their commanding officers arrived in Reidsville from Cedar City, Utah, where they were working on erosion control. The remaining replacements were sent from Camp Dix, and are composed of men from New York state.
This camp will work on the state prison farm in Tattnall county, and will also carry on fire protection work on the Tar City T. P. 0., near Mendes in the same county.

southern Clinch and Echols counties, had a recent meeting to plan protective work for this year. Plans call for two additional patrolmen to take care of the additional acreage recently listed. Three towers are now in operation and the Superior Pine Products Company with a caterpillar tractor and five-disc plow has already constructed several hundred miles of secondary fire breaks.
At a meeting of the Wayne T. P. 0. recently, plans were made for constructing a wooden lookout tower. Specifications are

Talks were made by the district forester, the camp superintendent and the secretary of the organization. The topics of discussion were the erection of a lookout tower, the installation of a telephone system, the employment of patrolmen and the question of cooperative fire fighting.
The members of this organization manifested interest in the work by their attendance and their willingness to comply to the requests of the cooperative agencies.
A strong appeal was made to the landowners to increase their vigilance and co-

Camp P-57, 'Screven County
Camp P-57, which has been located in the Augusta district, will be moved over into Screven county for work on the Briar Creek T. P. 0., as soon as the quarters are completed. The camp site is located twelve miles east of Sylvania.

now being procured for same. Several members are busily constructing fire breaks.
A meeting of the Coffee and Jeff Davis T. P. O.'s was recently held to work out plans for fire protection for this season.
The old T. P. 0. centering around Crawley in north Ware county is being revived and it is expected that landowners in that

operate with one another in fire fighting so that the camp superintendent could continue protection work with as little loss of time as possible for fire fighting.
CCC Boys Control Fires
Carelessness on the part of some of the landowners, dry weather and high wind has resulted in quite a number of fires on the

Camp P-53-Liberty County

section will become active in fire protection Pine Island Timber Protective Organization

at an early date.

which has caused considerable loss of time

All phases of our protective work, which

C. C. C. Camp Notes

in firebreak construction as every available

includes fire breaks, truck trails, telephone The "Camp Boys" in this district are man was used in fire suppression.

lines, and tower construction, is being push- getting a full-flavored taste of real fire- The camp superintendent, with the splen-

ed forward as fast as possible in Liberty fighting, now that the fire season has set in. did cooperation of his personnel and the

county, as the fire season approaches.

Recently a call came in from Nashville that army, has succeeded in getting things well

Many miles of firebreak and truck trail they had a fire over that way which the lo- in hand and is expected to resume regular

construction have been completed. Seven cal people could do nothing with. Superin- work again.

and one-half (7lh) miles of telephone line tendent T. H. Browne, P-52, Homerville, In spite of the fact that there have been

are ready and one 100-foot steel lookout loaded two trucks of his crack fire-eaters quite a number of fires, they have been con-

tower will be ready within the next few and they mopped up the fire within an hour fined to small areas and the loss has not

days. We are planning to construct about after their arrival. As a reward, County been great.

forty miles of telephone line to connect the Agent D. L. Branyan gave all the fire-fightthree towers tower system in Liberty and ers a pass to the County Fair then in progLong counties. Over one hundred and fifty ress at Nashville.

Tree Nursery Ready, to Ship Planting Stock
The South Georgia Nursery, located at

acres of timber land have been been map- P-68, Douglas, is so anxious not to miss Albany, is getting ready for the shipping

ped. Telephone poles were donated by land- any fires, they sent a truck all the way season, which begins about the last of the

owners of the T. P. 0. and we prospected down to Kirkland to handle a fire in month of November. Orders for seedlings

and found the gravel. The only cost was the Roundabout swam p . Superintendent from this nursery have increased and the

screening and washing. All three towers Browne, P-52, Homerville, already had a demand this year is much larger than ever.

should be completed by December 15th and contingent on hand fighting the blaze, so It is believed, however, that it will be pos-

all telephone lines by January 1st.

Superintendent Clark's men turned around

(Continued on Page 8, Column 3)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

rare minerals, such as beryl, columbite, and

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

the radio-active minerals. Watch should be kept for large deposits of nearly pure kao-

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's

lin or feldspar, and any unknown mineral should be saved for identification.

Leading Minerals

Prospecting for Sedimentary Kaolin: The

large deposits of pure white clay or sedi-

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

mentary kaolin found south of the Fall Line

in Georgia may be taken as an example of a

SUGGESTIONS TO PROPERTY OWNERS ON PROSPECTING A MINERAL DEPOSIT
By RICHARD W. SMITH, Assistant State Geologist
The Division of Geology is frequently asked to advise property owners as to the best way to prospect and sell a deposit of mineral on their place. A summary of such advice is given in this article on prospecting. A similar article is to follow on selling a mineral deposit.
The owner of a property that contains outcrops of a commercial mineral should not sit back and expect the world to beat a path to his door to buy it from him. It is his duty to find out what he can as to the modes of occurrence and value of that mineral and the character and extent of his deposit. Not until he has done this will he be in a position to interest a possible buyer of his property or to get a reasonable price for his mineral deposit.
The owner should begin by asking himself if his deposit is near enough a railroad to be worth mining. Minerals such as gold or sheet mica that sell for a high price per pound or smaller unit can be mined at long distances from a railroad. Other minerals, such as manganese or kyanite, that sell for a moderate price per ton cannot be mined more than five or ten miles from a railroad. Low priced minerals, such as iron ore or sand and gravel and minerals that must be manufactured into low-priced articles for

that he obtains and should leave the prospect pits or trenches in such a form that they will stay open as long as possible so that prospective buyers can see the deposit and collect their own samples.
The method of prospecting a deposit will depend on the mode of occurrence of that mineral and the individual characteristics of each deposit, such as the size and distribution of natural outcrops and the lay of the land. Minerals occurring in veins or dikes are prospected quite differently from those found in massive bedded deposits. Directions for prospecting every mineral found in Georgia cannot be given here, but an example will be presented of two main types of occurrence.
Prospecting for. Mica: Mica or "isinglass" may be taken as an example of a mineral that is found irregularly distributed in veins or dikes. It is practically impossible to thoroughly prospect a mica deposit. Not only are the veins very irregular in length, width, and depth, but the mica is very irregularly distributed throughout the vein and its value depends largely on the size of the flat sheets that can be split from the crystals or blocks. The usual outcrop of mica consists of badly weathered pieces scattered over the top of the ground at one or more places. Prospecting is usually necessary to determine the direction of strike, width, and angle of dip of the vein, and the relative abundance and character of the mica in it near the surface.
The direction in which the vein crosses the property can sometimes be told from

mineral occurring in a bedded deposit. The property owner should determine roughly the extent, thickness and quality of the kaolin and the thickness of the overburden that must be removed to mine it. This information may be obtained by two methods:
(1) Boring with a clay auger. This is a rapid and cheap method of determining the thickness of the kaolin and overburden, the extent of the beds, and to some extent the character of the clay. However, the samples brought up by the auger may not be satisfactory for testing because of contamination by the overburden in the upper part of the hole. Furthermore, when the auger is pulled up the ground appears as it did before and no record is left for the next person to see.
(2) Digging a prospect pit or welL This is slower and much more expensive, but is much more reliable because the overburden and kaolin can be seen in place and a large representative sample can be obtained for testing. Moreover, as long as the pit remains open its record is open for all who visit it.
The method that should be followed will depend upon the number and character of the kaolin outcrops on the property. If numerous outcrops show the entire thickness of the bed so that representative samples of fresh unweathered kaolin can be obtained, the only prospecting necessary will be auger holes at intervals between the outcrops and on the slopes above them. These will serve to trace the extension of the deposit and determine the character of the overburden.

the local market such as brick clay, must be on or very close to the railroad.
He should ask himself if there is a sufficient market for his mineral. A brick clay that would be valuable close to a large city with no existing brick plants would be of much less value far from such a market or near a city already well supplied by flourishing brick yards. Georgia has many adjacent deposits of limestone and shale or clay suitable for making portland cement, but the plants now in operation are more than sufficient to supply the demand.
The size and quality of a deposit of mineral that meets the above conditions can only be determined by prospecting. The property owner does not need to prospect the deposit thoroughly. This will be done by the company purchasing the property or leasing the mineral rights. He needs only to do enough prospecting to satisfy himself and a prospective buyer that the mineral is in sufficient quantity and of such a quality as to make a thorough prospecting worthwhile. He should preserve all the samples

the shape and distribution of the outcrops More work will be necessary if the out-

or by tracing the pieces of vein quartz crops are few and show only the top of the

(often called "flint-rock") that usually oc- kaolin bed. Auger holes at the outcrops and

cur with the mica. It can be more accurate- extending out from them at regular inter-
ly determined by digging through the cov-~ vals can be used to determine the extent

ering of soil in various directions from the and thickness of the kaolin and the amount
outcrop until both walls of the vein are ex-~ of overburden. The borings should be made

posed. Trenches should then be dug across through or as far as possible into the kao-

the vein at right angles to the strike at lin. If the borings show the presence of a

frequent intervals. These need only be dug large body of kaolin one or more prospect

through the overlying soil and badly weath- pits or wells should be dug through the kao-

ered vein material to a depth, usually not lin at points where the auger holes showed

over 6 feet, necessary to show the character the thickest and best kaolin to be located.

of the vein and the distribution and abundance of mica. The trenches should be of sufficient length to show both walls of the vein. If the outcrop is on a good slope, the lower end of the trench should be extended to give natural drainage. The mica obtained from each trench should be separately sacked and tagged and stored in a dry place.

A ditch should be dug on the slope just above the pit and it should be boarded over to keep out surface and rain water.
Remember that prospecting is of little value unless accurate records are kept at the time the work is done. Each auger hole and prospect pit should be numbered. A permanent stake should be driven into the

ground nearby with the number on it. The

The pegmatite dikes or veins from which records should give: (1) the number of the

the mica is obtained are also the source of auger hole or prospect pit, (2) its location,

primary kaolin, feldspar and a number of (3) the thickness of the beds passed

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

through, both overburden and kaolin, and most useful citizens."-Leon P. Smith, Dean

Land Classification

(4) a description of these beds. All the borings of unstained kaolin from
each hole should be separately preserved, with a label giving the hole number and depth from which they came. All the unstained kaolin from the prospect pits should be placed on a clean paper or cloth as it is removed from the pit and later stored in a dry place, preferably in clean sacks or boxes properly labeled. These large samples can be used to furnish smaller samples to prospective buyers for testing.
Deposits of other minerals are prospected by methods similar to the two examples given above, the details varying with the mineral and the local conditions. The Department of Geology is glad to give further prospecting advice at any time to Georgia property owners. A request for such advice should give the exact location of the property and a detailed description of the outcrop. It should preferably be accompanied by a sample of the mineral.
Next month we will assume that the prospectihg disclosed what appears to be a commercial mineral deposit, and will consider the methods to be followed in selling or leasing the rights to mine such a deposit.
SOME OF MANY TRIBUTES TO S. W. McCALLIE

of Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga.

In its first annual report, the National

"Mr. McCallie's long and loyal service to Land Use Planning Committee reports sur-

the State of Georgia and to the science of veys of lands of 18 states and progress on 7 geology have rightly earned for him the other states, with the ultimate purpose of

high regard in which he was held by us all. classifying the land areas of the entire He will be greatly missed."-M. M. Leigh- United States according to their physical

ton, Chief, State Geological Survey of Illi- suitability for the principal agricultural

nois.

crops, including pasture, forage and for-

ests. The report says:

"I wish to express my appreciation of a "The importance of land classification for

man who lived such a long and useful life. wise utilization of our land resources needs

I have always retained a most kindly feel- no emphasis, for obviously, it is essential, ing and pleasant memory of my associa- first of all, to know what the land is good

tions with him."-H. B. Hopkins, Toronto, for, and the determination of that is the

Canada, former assistant state geologist of essence of the classification work."

Georgia.

Improvement Measures

"The staff of the Georgia Experiment I'

For Mountain Forests

Station extends sympathy. We shared his

f nendshI' p f or moved at the

many years 1oss of thI.s

agnredataraengdregaotoldy

man."- H . ,p . Stuck ey, DI' rect orof the Geor-

E t St t'

gia xpenmen

a

1011 '

.

.

.

.

ti.tlAend "mMteeraessutrmesg fa.onrdSptarnacdtiIcma,lprbouvlelemtmentenm. -

.Southern App. alacian Forests, . prepaSred .by

the Appalachian Forest Expenment tatwn

at Asheville, N. C., has been issued as For-

"Everybody who knew him liked him because of his unassuming, kindly personality, and those who knew of his work had noth-

estry Publication No. 1, an aid to Emergency Conservation Work in the Southern Appalachians.

ing but the highest respect for his ability." -Henry B. Kummell, State Geologist of New Jersey.

Vocational Forestry Studies Outlined

"Analysis of Special Jobs in Farm For-

"The engineers of Georgia have all asked eE.try" is the title of a bulletin issued by the

"Without pretense and advertisement, he much of him these twenty-five years and Federal Board of Vocational Education for

has rendered years of true and faithful have always received more than we asked use of vocational agricultural teachers in

service to the State and has contributed for.

presenting the subject of forestry.

genuinely to its growth and development"- "Speaking personally, Dr. McCallie was Copies of this bulletin have been place.d

.John M. Slaton, Ex-Governor of Georgia. one of my father's dearest friends. Since :n the hands of vocational agricultural

his death in 1929 we have looked to Dr. Mc- teachers of Georgia, all of whom have for-

"I greatly admired him and regret ex- Callie for fatherly advice. We cannot ex- estry in their courses of study, and school

ceedingly that it was not possible to keep in press our appreciation of the many kind~ .forests on which the Georgia Forest Serv-

closer contact since our student days at nesses he showed us."-B. M. Hall, Jr., At- ice conducts practical demonstrations.'

Johns Hopkins University. Of him it may lanta, president Georgia Section of Amer- The bulletin provides a text for teaching

be said, 'He rests from his labors, but his ican Society of Civil Engineers.

arranged according to the job method used

works do follow him'."-E. G. Conklin, head

in vocational teaching.

of the Department of Biology, Princeton "I enjoyed a particularly warm feeling of

University.
-"All of us who were connected with the Georgia Survey in any way, realized fully that State Geologist McCallie was a consciencious worker for what he believed to be the best interest of the state he served."W. S. Bayley, Geologist, University of Illinois.

friendship for him. He was my first employer after I left Johns Hopkins. To me he was especially gracious and sympathetic and my experience as assistant to him from 1917 to 1920 was the most pleasant I have had in my geological work."-J. P. D. Hull, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Business Manager, of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists.

EIGHTH DISTRICT
(Continued from Page 6) sible to fill all the orders received this ?'ear as the seedling supplies have also been increased from year to year.
The stock of seedlings ready for shipment is of a very fine quality and it is expected that practically all of them will live after being transplanted.

An expansion program is being carried

"He was one of my lifelong friends and "Permit us to express our very great ap- out that will enlarge the output of the tree

one of the greatest geologists of America" ')reciation for Dr. McCallie's contribution to nursery to about twice its former size. With

-Henry M. Payne, Mining Engineer, Taos, the geology of the south. His productions the new seed beds available it is planned to

New Mexico.

will be of great value to the national ex- fallow those in which the seedlings have

periment now being undertaken by the Ten- been grown for the last two years, in order

"The State has lost one of its most faith- nessee Valley Authority."-A. E. Morgan, to prevent contamination of the.soil with

ful and honored servants; his work was not Knoxville, Tenn., chairman Tennessee Val- plant diseases and so that soil fertility may

only a service to this generation, but to ley Authority.

be improved by the application of leaf mold

future generations."-. G. Hardman, Ex-

or pond muck.

Governor of Georgia.

"I admired him for his scientific learn- The caretaker's residence, which is part

ing so simply and unostentatiously a part of the expansion program, is under con-

"We have taken many tramps together . of him and I shall always remember him struction and progress has been made to-

and I always enjoyed his scholarly learning for his genuine and kindly courtesy and ward its completion. It will be a six-room

as well as his delightful fellowship. I feel friendliness."-Ella May Thornton, State dwelling of stacked logs with the rustic

that the State of Georgia has lost one of its Librarian of Georgia.

effect carried throughout.