Forestry-geological review [Nov. 1933]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM

Vol. 3

ATLANTA, GA., NOVEMBER, 1933

No. 11

S. W. McCALLIE, STATE GEOLOGIST, DIES
End Came Quickly October 26 at His Home, Closing the Career of One of the Nation's Leading Geologists-Served Georgia for Farty Years

sive wfth the great mineral developments in the state. His reports on many of the mineral resources have provided the basic information that attracted the attention of capital and encouraged investments. To this extent he has been one of the great builders of Georgia. His attitude was always that of the scientist, concerned only

INDIAN SPRINGS PARK HISTORIC LOCATION
New Buildings, Roads, Trails and Beautification Added by C. C. C. Workers-Park to be Great Attraction

Samual Washington McCallie, age 77, died suddenly at his home in Atlanta at 9 p. m., October 26 with a heart attack. He had worked at his office in the state capitol during the day and was in good spirits. Shortly after the evening meal he had a heart attack and within an hour passed away with words about the State Geological Survey on his lips.
The announcement of his death came as a shock to a great many friends and admirers in Georgia and in the scientific world, where he was recognized as one of the leading geologists of the nation.
When notified of his death, Governor

The oldest state park in Georgia was donated by the Creek Indians. One hundred acres at Indian Springs was ceded to Georgia on condition that it never pass into private ownership, because Chief McIntosh wanted to reserve for public use the spring's water which he considered had medicinal value.
The one-hundred-acre spring reservation was, however, reduced by private possession to about twelve acres. But in recent years citizens of Butts county purchased and returned to the state enough land to about double the twelve-acre tract.

Eugene Talmadge, ex-officio chairman of

The sulphur water, so highly valued by

the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development under which Mr. McCallie held office, paid him the following tribute:

the Indians, has for a long time been the chief attraction of Indian Springs. It accounted for the construction of hotels and

"The state has lost the services of an effi-

the annual visit of thousands of persons

cient geologist and the devotion of one of

from all parts of the country in quest of

the most earnest workers I ever knew. He

health.

was a high type man, able and conscien-

In recent years the property has been

tious."

1 made a state park, and is now being d~

Professor McCallie came to Georgia

veloped along broader lines with the three-

from the University of Tennessee where he

fold purpose of providing mineral water in

had taught Geology and Biology, becom-

a sanitary manner, in worthily emphasiz-

ing assistant state geologist of Georgia in

ing the historic interest of the site and

1893. In this capacity he served until 1908, when he was made state geologist and served faithfully and well in that office until his death. His many years of earnest, painstaking and thorough work, many of them spent in the field, resulted in a large number of authoritative reports on the mineral resources of Georgia.
In the later y_ears of his life he directed the work of his assistants in the field, but daily received visitors, many of them citizens of Georgia bringing samples of minerals to be identified and to have their value appraised. His personal service in the office won for him the confidence and admiration of people in all walks of life.
The connection of Mr. McCallie with the

S. W. McCALLIE, STATE GEOLOGIST
Died Suddenly October 26
with exact facts. His chief enjoyment was in finding out and making known the truth.
Mr. McCallie was always interested in developing the state's various material resources, and he was among those who encouraged the formation and development of the State Department of Agriculture, the State Highway D'epartment and the State Forest Service. Early activities along these lines were carried on by the State Geological Survey, and of particular value were exhibits made at various expositions, some of which are preserved in the state museum of the state capitol.

in providing park facilities of the most attractive kind.
Improvement of Spring
The protection of the spring by the present management was the first undertaking. The spring was subject to freshet overflow of a nearby creek, and thus rendered unsanitary. Protection was provided by levees and pumping facilities. F'urther protection of the water from contamination has been provided by a beautiful stone structure, or spring house, made of neighboring stone and covered with tile roof. The spring is under glass cover; its water issues through a pipe and is thus made available without the least possibility

State Geological Survey has been co-exten-

(Continued on Page 3, Column 1)

of outside contamination.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

Forestry Division

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ____Atlanta

H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta C. B. Harman, Treasurer________________

E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____Gainesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome

Jack Thurmond, District Forester, --~ --- ------- - ----- - -- --- ------- ---- -- -Savannah
C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester..Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Secretary______Atlanta

Indian Springs Park, Showing Some Recent Improvements
The event of greatest historical interest tablet on the Mcintosh stone in front of at Indian Springs was February 12, 1825, the present Varner House, which reads as when the Creek Indians, under the leader- follows:

Geolo!Pcal Division S. W. McCallie, State Geologist____Atlanta R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist,
------------------------------------------Atlanta G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist,
-----------------------------------------Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk____________Atlanta

ship of Chief Mcintosh, ceded to the State of Georgia the remaining land between the Flint and Ocmulgee rivers, as far north as the Chattahoochee, excepting 100 acres at Indian Springs, 640 acres on the Ocmulgee river that had been improved by Melntosh and a tract of land around the U. S.

"Here on February 12, 1825, William Mcintosh, a chief of the Creek Nation, signed the treaty which ceded to the State of Georgia all the Creek lands west of the Flint river. For this act he was savagely murdered by a band of Indians who opposed the treaty. Placed by the Pied-

Research Division, Savannah Charles H. Herty______________Research Chemist W. C. 114_acNaughton._____________Asst. Research Bruce Suttle_________________________Plant Engineer W. F. Allen_____________________________________Chemist
James Dempsey_________________ Asst. Chemist

Government Indian agency at Macon as long as such agency was continued.
Mcintosh was a half breed, a first cousin of Governor Troup of Georgia. While devoted to the Creeks, he was a friend of Georgia. The Indian Springs treaty of

mont Continental Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution A. D. 1911."
On the occasion of the unveiling the visitors were welcomed by Judge Ogden Persons of Forsyth, and the principal ad-

1825 was bitterly resisted by the Upper dress was delivered by Judge Joseph Henry

Extension Foresters

Creeks, whose headquarters were in North Lumpkin of the Supreme Court of Geor-

Bonnell Stone, Chairman,________________Oxford Alabama, and by some of the Lower gia.

Dupre Barrett, ----------------------------------Athens Creeks. It was on the. Mcintosh rock that K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton the fiery orator, Hop-o-eth-le-yo-ho-lo, of

Beautifying and Equipping the Park At the present time a C. C. C. camp is

the Upper Creeks, made his famous tirade, located at Indian Springs which provides

Commemorative Developments
In emphasizing and perpetuating the historic interest of Indian Springs, the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development, having charge of the park, authorized the construction of a museum building in which Indian artifacts and Indian history relating to Georgia, are to be featured. The walls of this building, also constructed of neighboring stone, is nearing completion.

closing with a reference to Mcintosh: "Before many moons your own blood shall wash out the memory of this hated treaty. Brothers, I have spoken."
The noble Chief Mcintosh was slain at his home in what is now Carroll county, a martyr to his friendship for Georgia.
Eighty-six years after the signing of the treaty of 1825, members of the Piedmont Continental Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution unveiled a bronze

labor with which to carry out a program of grading, road, trail and retaining wall con-struction, stream bed improvement and landscaping work.
The development of plans for the Indian Springs Park is largely in the hands of Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, and Mr. J. M. Mallory of Savannah, constituting a park committee of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development. Mrs. Judd, as a landscape gardener by profession, has

It is the plan to eventually rebuild in

stone, the wooden structures now in use,

near the spring, so that the public will

have for its accommodations a seri es of

buildings of harmonious design and ar-

rangement. The most important historic events as-
sociated with Indian Springs revolve about General William Mcintosh, Creek Indian Chief, who in 1800 built a cottage near

what is now designated "Mcintosh Rock." In 1823 General Mcintosh and Joel Bailey erected the first hotel at Indian Springs in response to a growing demand for ac-
I commodations from those visiting this
health resort. This building remained in good state of preservation until 1920, when it was burned.

Road and Retaining Wall in Indian Springs Park

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

given much time and attention to a beauti- New Jersey, and by several nephews and HOW FALL FOLIAGE

fication program, including roads, trails, nieces. He was a member of the Presby-

GETS ITS COLORS

bridges and plantings of various kinds. terian church.

When cold weather comes suddenly and

The help received from Emergency Re- The funeral services were conducted Oc- the sunlight is bright, foliage takes on

lief work funds of the Federal government tober 28 and burial occurred at Atlanta. brilliant autumn hues. But if cold weath-

has enabled the Commission of Forestry

er comes gradually and the weather is dry,

and Geological Development to materialize

the leaves lack brilliance and turn brown.

plans which otherwise would have involv- MORE PUBLIC PARKS

The weather conditions of the mountains

ed years to accomplish.

NEED OF GEORGIA of Georgia are usually more favorable for

Before another summer season has open- Most people like to go into the woods. leaf coloring than the lowlands of south

ed Indian Springs will present a new appearance; it will become a show place of the state, bringing to visitors pleasure, instruction, recreation, health and a realiza-

Naturally the human race should have an instinctive liking for trees, for trees have proven friends and helpers of man from the beginning of time.

or middle Georgia. Naturally, the mountain sides provide a better display than the level lands. It is, therefore, to be expected that Georgians should turn to the

tion of what a state park can mean for the happiness of people.
S. W. McCALLIE, STATE GEOLOGIST
DIES
(Continued from Page 1)
Mr. McCallie wrote 63 scientific books and papers dealing with the mineral resources of Georgia. Among these are: "Marbles of Georgia," 1894 (second edition 1907) ; "Phosphates and Marls of Georgia," 1896; "Artesian Wells of Georgia," 1898; "Roads and Road-Building Materials of Georgia," 1901; "Iron Ores of Polk, Bartow and Floyd Counties of Georgia," 1900; "Coal Deposits of Georgia," 1904; "Fossil Iron Ore Deposits of Georgia," 1908; "Mineral Springs of Georgia," 1913; "Brown Iron Ores of Georgia," "Mineral Resources of Georgia," 1910, (revised in 1926); "Public Roads of Georgia," 1910, (revised 1912); "Drainage Investigations of Georgia," 1911.
Among the scientific societies to which Professor McCallie belonged were: American Society for the Advancement of Science; National Association of State Geologists; American Geographical Society; American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Trees are impressive. They are the Jargest of living things. They are silent, serene and comforting to one who is nerve tired. Their shade is inviting, their fall _coloring a joy to behold, the wild life they harbor a source of interest and enjoyment.
But a great many people have no forests of their own. Naturally they do not want to trespass. Their only chance to enjoy the woods is in public parks.
The state of Georgia has provided very few places for the public to satisfy a natural craving for the outdoors; only three state parks, in fact, one at Indian Springs in Butts county, one at Neel Gap on the Blue Ridge mountains in Union county, known as Vogel Park, and one at Crawfordville, the Alexander Stephens Memorial Park.
Just three. Are there no other suitable sites for state parks? Most assuredly. Georgia is rich in historic interest. Markers have been erected at many points where history has been made. Other spots notable as places where issues of nation and state have been decided, are known only by their crumbling remains, so much neglected as to be scarcely known.
State parks have proven profitable investments in many states, when measured only by money returns. Some states have

mountains in the fall to witness a colorful display of foliage.
Although many colors are displayed in leaves, only three important color groups are involved, the anthocyans or "flower blues," carotinoids that give various shades of yellow, and chlorophyll that provides the shades of green. Of these only the first two are factors in coloring autumn leaves.
A typical anthocyan is violet in color and turns blue where alkalies are present in the leaf cells and red in the presence of acids. The predominance of alkalies or acids in the soils determines in a measure the hues of blues or reds, not only in fall leaves, but in flowers. Trees also vary in their ability to take alkalies or acids from soils into their sap.
Anthocyans, a form of sugar, do not accumulate to an appreciable extent until fall approaches when sap becomes sluggish, allowing the anthocyans to accumulate locally.
Bright sunlight in the autumn is essential to brilliance in leaf coloring, for the anthocyans will not form in abundance without plenty of light.
Carotinoids, essentially yellow, are present in the leaves in summer, but are dominated beyond visibility by green chlorophyll. It is only when the chlorophyll

Only a short while before his death he gone to great lengths to attract and give disappears at the end of the growing sea-

attended a call meeting of the National the public pleasure. Cottages, camping son that the yellow of carotinoids ap-

Association of State Geologists in Chicago sites, boating, fishing, museums, play- pears. in which he took a prominent part, being ground equipment, picnic facilities, all to Autumn colors of foliage in the main

chairman of the committee drafting resolu- attract people seeking outdoor enjoyment, are due to the presence of carotinoids or

tions expressing the attitude of the state providing it at such attractively low prices mixtures of carotinoids and anthocyans.

geologists on topographic surveys with as to make the cost no hindrance. And If a cold snap comes suddenly while the

federal work funds.

yet the small fees have paid the expense leaves are full of sap, anthocyans will be

Mr. McCallie was born August 6, 1856, of maintaining the parks, and more.

formed in great abundance, and then will

of Scotch ancestry in Sevier county, near Georgia has many natural attractions, the sweetgums, hickories, yellow poplars,

Knoxville, Tennessee. He was educated in mountains, lakes, seacoast, and forests well sycamores, sour wood, maples, etc., put on

the public schools, graduated from what suited to park sites, and, as has been men- their finest array of colors. The fact that

is now the University of Chattanooga, and tioned, it has many historic points of in- when cold weather approaches slowly

attended Johns Hopkins University, where terest that should be commemorated with leaves do not color brightly is explained

he specialized in geology. He was a pub- suitable parks.

by the comparatively light production of

lic school teacher until he became a mem- Prospective tourists write to ask where anthocyans in the leaves.

ber of the faculty of the University of Georgia's state parks are located and what The question may be asked as to whether

Tennessee, later to become assistant state facilities are offered. They are "park these bright autumnal colors serve the

geologist of Georgia.

conscious" and would tour the parks if tree in any useful manner.

He is survived by his wife and two they were designed to accommodate tran- A theory is that it is a provision of

daughters, Edith and Elizabeth; by one sients. It is always in an apologetic vein nature for rapid absorption of heat in

brother, Dr. J. M. McCallie, a supervisor that visitors are written that Georgia has order to hasten life processes for ripen-

in the educational system of the State of only three parks.

ing fruits and preparing for winter de-

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

foliation. The retirement of green NEWSPRINT FROM PINES

gia indicate that many southern business

chlorophyll leaves carotinoids and antho-

MEETS GOVERNMENT TESTS men expect that the new process will elim-

cyans to absorb the heat directly, and

inate much. of the use of Canadian news-

hasten the maturing process preceding dormancy of fall and' winter.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GEORGIA ORGANIZED

United States Bureau of Standards Says Southern Pine Paper Made at Georgia Pulp and Paper Laboratory Meets Requirements for Newspaper Use

print in the south."
C. C. C. Boys inN. R. A. Parade in Atlanta
A feature of the great NRA parade in Atlanta in early October, and one that

On Friday, October 13, a number of people interested in promoting archaeological research and the preservation of the remains of ancient races in this state, met in Macon and formed the Georgia Archaeological Society.
The meeting was presided over by General Walter Harris, of Macon, one of the most prominent students of archaeology in the state.
An interesting and encouraging address was made by Dr. Walter Jones, stat:! geologist of Alabama and an outstanding archaeologist of the south.

The results of tests made by the United States Bureau of Standards of paper made from southern pines by the Georgia Pulp and Paper Laboratory, at Savannah, have been reported in the United States News, published at Washington, D. C., as follows:
"Newsprint paper manufacture may become an important industry for the south.
"Such paper manufactured from abandoned turpentine trees recently has been tested at the bureau of standards by Burton W. Schribner, chief of the paper division of the bureau. Mr. Schribner says that

attracted attention and applause all along the line, was the two Civilian Conservation Corps, one from Warm Springs and. one from Indian Springs.
Among the personnel of the two companies were a number of Atlanta men. The fine appearance, glowing health and vigor of these outdoor workers of the forest was the subject of comment.
WOOLFORD ACTIVE ON GEORGIA-FLORIDA CANAL
The success of an undertaking to construct the Georgia-Florida intercoastal nav-

The following officers were elected:

the paper meets all requirements for news- igation canal across North Florida and

Dr. C. C. Harrold, Macon, President; J. paper use, having a good printing format South Georgia, will depend largely on the

M. Mallory, Savannah, first vice-president; and the necessary whiteness.

activity of T. G. Woolford, Atlanta, presi-

Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, second vice-president; L. M. Soloman, Macon, secretary; Bonnell Stone, Oxford, treasurer; General Walter Harris, Macon; Dr. A. V. Henry,

"The samples which were tested were furnished by Dr. Charles H. Herty, a former president of the American Chemical Society, and now chief of the division of

dent of the Georgia Forestry Association. 'Who is chairman of the canal commission.
Mr. Woolford has given much time, thought and means to promote thi~ under-

Atlanta; Judge Ogden Persons, Forsyth; pulp and paper of the Georgia state de taking. He has been aggressive and thor-

R. W. Smith, Atlanta, executive commit- partment of forestry.

ough in bringing facts and arguments to

tee.

"While Mr. Schribner has not been fur- the attention of the government and has

nished data with regard to the cost of not stopped short of conferring with Pres-

production, he has been assured a process ident Roosevelt.

STUART, U. S. FORESTER

has been evolved by D>r. Herty which has The undertaking from Mr. Woolford's

FALLS TO DEATH

distinct economic importance for this country and which may result in eliminat-

standpoint has been purely unselfish and actuated by high motives of service to the

Robert Y. Stuart, Chief Forester of the ing a large portion of the imports of news- end that great good may come to the south

United States, accidentally fell from the print pulp from Canada.

and to the nation by the construction of

seventh floor window of the forestry build- "The lumber division of the Commerce this important waterway.

ing at Washington on October 23 and died Department has received reports at various

enroute to a hospital. Further details of times of the experiments which have been Yellow Poplar Valuable

the accident are not known as this publi- conducted to find some use for the enor-

For Produc:ng Honey

cation goes to press. Major Stuart had been chief forester
since 1929, coming to the position from the office of state forester of Pennsylvania. In his death the cause of forestry has lost one of its great leaders. He had been under great strain in handling the vast volume of work incident to operating the C. C. C. camps.
Pulpwood Cutters' Shortsighted Methods
In cutting pulpwood for a paper mill at Panama City, Florida, the land owners are following the short-sighted policy which the sawmills followed in the past. According

mous acreage of pines from which turpentine has been drawn. Reports indicate that 750,000,000 cords of such timber become available each year, an amount sufficient to provide a large proportion of the newsprint consumed annually in the United States.
"Dr. Herty, in submitting the samples of the paper to the bureau of standards, explained that a mill in Georgia is now producing the paper. Printed newspapers were included in the samples.
"Newsprint standards do not require an especially high grade of paper, according to Mr. Schribner. He points out that durability is not an important factor but that the paper must be of sufficient quality to take a clear impression of type.

From a recent bulletin on yellow poplar oreuared by E. F. McCarly as Technical Bulletin No. 356 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, this paragraph is taken:
"In addition to its more obvious qualities, yellow poplar has distinctive value as a honey tree. According to J. I. Hambelton, of the Bureau of Entomology, a yellow poplar less than 20 years of age will yield during the season approximately eight pounds of nectar, equal to four pounds of honey. At ten cents a pound for honey. a tree of this size may produce upward of forty cents a year revenue for the bee keeper, an income that compares favorably with the returns to be gained from other yellow poplar products."

to State Forester Harry Lee Baker, the "Spruce has been commonly used as a

timberlands are cut clean, no seed trees source of newsprint. Since much of the "Chestnut for Distinctive Paneling" is

being left to start a new crop of pines. He spruce used in the manufacture of news the title of an interesting pamphlet issued

warns West Florida, where this practice is print now comes from Canada, transporta- by the Appalachian Hardwood Manufactur-

followed that the future pulpwood supply tion has been a large factor in newsprint ers, Inc., Cincinnati. It is designed for

is threatened, and advises leaving three to costs.

distribution among architects and build-

five good sized trees per acre.

"Reports made to the bureau from Geor- ers.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

I [ QUESTION BOX

FIRST DISTRICT W. D. Young, District Forester

Rome

Signs are to be erected showing the nature of each plot.
Alexander Stephens Memorial Park
Camp P-64, which is located on the property of the Alexander Stephens Memorial

What species of trees would you recomJDend for highway planting in North Geor-

Camp P-80

Park, is at present confining all its activi-

The Lookout Mountain TPO is located ties to the park project. Roads and trails

ia?

partly in three counties, namely, Chattoo- are being constructed throughout the park,

A number of species of trees native to ga, Walker and Dade. When all land is bridges made over the ditches and streams,

the section are well suited for roadside signed up, it will be a very compact unit. and the grounds landscaped with reference

planting. Various oaks, elms, pines, red lying on the top of Lookout Mountain and to high, uneven banks, trees, shrubs and

bud, sycamores, red gum, hickories, dog- Pigeon Ridge. The county commissioners grasses. The old Stephens home itself is

woods, may be mentioned. Among the of each county in the protected area are being renovated. Plans are to restore it

pines, the loblolly is the most rapid grow- very enthusiastic over the work of the to exactly as it was when Stephens re-

Ing.

camp and are giving excellent co-operation sided there. Several other buildings on

The trees mentioned can be transplanted in their loan of additional road machin ~ry. the property will be remodeled.

from the forest. It is best to transplant such as tractors, road machines, air drill

Camp P-74, Toccoa, Ga.

small rather than large stock and to prune compressor and air drill.

The Toccoa camp is confining its acti-

back the limbs rather than cut them ba::k to the trunk, leaving no limbs.
What is the best time to deaden trees by girdling?
Trees can be girdled at any time effectively. The cut should be made deeply so as to not only sever the cambium layer under the bark, but to penetrate the underlying sapwood.
How would you compare the cost of wood and coal as fuel?
Generally it takes one and a half to two cords of wood to equal the heat value of one ton of coal. The prices of wood and coal vary locally. Harvesting wood on one's own land with labor that otherwise would be idle, makes wood decidedly cheaper than coal unless one should be located near a coal mine.
When is the best time to transplant young pines of the woods to the fields in

Pot Licker

vities to fire trails and truck trails on the

One of the veterans at P-80 states that Stephens County TPO. Old roads have

before he got a job with the C. C. C.'s hP been cleared and cleaned. New roads have

had gotten down to eating corn bread and been constructed back into country that

turnip greens. When he reached the con- is heavily timbered, where an annual loss

ditioning camp at Fort McPherson, all the from fire occurs. Plans for dividing this men had blood tests mad~ and his. regis- area up into square mile blocks are being

tered 98 per cent pot-licker.

carried out in every detail. The work,

Martha Berry T~O

under Superintendent Thompson, is being carried out in every detail. Much interest

The Martha Berr.y TPO has mcreased its I.S be.mg shown by 1andowners 1I.vmg out SI"de

land under 000 acre. s.

pAr odtdeI.cttlioonna1f rfoi rme - fi2g5h, t0m.0 0g

to 30. ,eqmp-

,1 the TPO area. Many of the roads and t rai"1s of the TPO WI"11 connect other roads

ment will be purchas.ed soon. Since the and t rai.1s bem g const ruet ed In Habersham

patrolman has been .giVen a horse, he can count y by the Corne1I.a camp. A sp1end"Id

mWI"otvhe fai rbeosutI.Smroerpeorqtmedc.kly, and less trouble

fire syst em IS bemg worked out by the t wo camps.

P-77, Tate, Ga.

Camp P-57 to be Moved

An additional six months has been grant- Plans are being made to move Camp 57,

ed P-77 to complete the work plan as out- located at Hatcher's Mill in Burke county,

lined, and by the time snow flies assurance to Screven county, where the work will be

is given that the TPO signed acreage will confined to the lower Brier Creek TPO,

be increased to about 40,000.

below Sylvania. Side camps for the com-

North Georgia?

pletion of the work already begun on the

It is better to transplant in March be-

DISTRICT THREE

Nixon Forest will be established.

I fore trees begin new growth. Use seed-
lings only one to two years old. Remove the seedlings so as to preserve as many

C. N. Elliott, District Forester Augus.ta

New Forest Area
The people of Augusta and Richmond
county are interested in securing for the

roots as possible. of water and keep

Place them

them moist

in a bucket till planted.

~--G-w-i-nn---N-ix-on-S-t-at-e-F-or-e-st--

Make planting holes deep enough to ac- Several projects are being carried on in

commodate the tap root without cramping the 100 acres of land known as the Gwinn-

or twisting it into an unnatural position. Nixon State Forest, in Richmond county.

Press the earth firmly around the roots. This work is conducted by Camp P-57 in

Burke county. Drainage ditches have been

State of Georgia a new State Forest to embrace something like 10,000 acres of typical forest land lying on the .dividing line of the Piedmont Plateau and the Coastal Plain of the state. Plans are that the new project will be self liquidating in

In planting walnut seed, is it better to crack them first?
The seed should be planted without cracking, the danger being that cracking

dug through the "pipe clay" prevalent in the forest. Fire breaks have been constructed as follows: 30 foot breaks surrounding the area, 10 foot breaks through

a number of years. Officials of both Augusta and Richmond county are pushing the project. A loan is being sought through the Public Works Funds.

will let molds enter the seed. Nature will the forest, cutting it up into 10-acre blocks. take care of germination in a more satis- These breaks will be sown to wheat and

Selective Logging

factory manner if the nut is planted with- oats so that they will be green through the 1 "Selective Logging in the Shortleaf and

out cracking.

worst of the fire season, and will furnish Loblolly Pine Forests of the Gulf States"

food for the many birds found in the area. is the subject of technical bulletin No.

Are pine seed in cones of trees felled in Approximately 17 acres have been planted 375 of the U. S. Department of Agricul

October good if not gathered until No- to slash pine. Ten more acres will be put ture, recently issued. The information on

vember?

in longleaf pine, 10 acres in black walnut, which the bulletin is based was obtained

If weather has been comparatively dry, several acres, as an experiment, in cypress. in Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas. It is

the seed in the burs will not have molded Some of the plots will be left as they now applicable to all parts of the South and

and should still be good. You can try a stand, while others will be thinned of un- gives methods of keeping pine forests up

simple germination test to determine their desirable trees. A tool house will be to maximum production standards and

viability.

erected on the property and a well dug. sustained yields.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FOURTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester Columbus

of Taylor county and public spirited citizens interested in the welfare of their county are considering plans for promoting excellent quail hunting in their county

Camp P-68, Douglas, not only carries on the routine work around the camp, but gets out over Coffee and Jeff Davis counties and makes "booster" speeches at T.

through a systematic planting of suitable P. 0. meetings.

Activities Camp 56, Warm Springs quail food on firebreaks each year as the

Camp 56 men and foremen are proud firebreak is plowed for maintenance. This Speaking of an interesting sight, one is

in announcing their first firebreak on Pine plan has many reciprocative advantages. A certainly thrilled to see early morning ac-

Mountain as finished. It has been hard well organized and well stocked hunting tivities at the C. C. C. camps. Trucks

work digging up large hardwood trees from preserve resulting from fire protection and warming up in the gray dawn, tools clank-

rocky, mountain soil, but the incentive to the planting of quail food on firebreaks ing, everybody busy---everybody happy.

finish this first firebreak has been furnish- helps the landowner financially, through the Each man in his own place. Mingled with

ed by the promised November visit to Warm lease of hunting rights, to maintain proper the bustle of getting off to the woods is

Springs of President Roosevelt, who is ac- fire protection and thus help to grow profit- gay whistling and snatches of old planta-

quainted with this firebreak. Specifications able timber. Taylor county citizens ex- tion tunes. It's a great life in the C. C.

on this project called for a firebreak clear- pect it to attract many outsiders to its C. camps, fellows.

ed and grubbed forty feet wide and thir- hunting fields in future years. A some-

teen miles long, reaching from the Warm what similar program has resulted in the In superb training from digging stumps

Springs-Columbus highway to Tip Top, on well known quail hunting in certain sections out of the Okefenokee, the boys from P-72,

the Atlanta-Columbus paved highway. All brush was burned, and the trees were saved and cut into suitable fuel wood, much of which is being hauled to camp for the win-

of southwest Georgia. The Georgia Forest Service lends its
hearty approval to activities along this line.

Waycross, have some football team. They beat the Jacksonville Athletic Club, which had not been beaten in years, and the South Georgia College at Douglas. Tough guys,

ter fuel supply.

these Waycross fellows.

The Georgia Forest Service is pleased to announce that the county commissioners of Harris and Meriwether counties have agreed to build a high-grade road on the firebreak cleared and grubbed by the

SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester
Waycross

Some social event when they break loose with a dance, orchestra and everything, down at P-60, Colesburg. Superintendent D>yal says it makes the boys swing an axe

C. C. C. men. This will result in a fire- Sensing the approach of a critical fire better and more gracefully. Page Paul

break much more efficient and cheaper to period due to continued dry weather in this Bunyan.

maintain. This road, now und~r construction, will be known as the Pine Mountain Scenic Highway which, as indicated by it~ name, will offer unique scenic beauty to persons attracted to this section of the

district, camp superintendents were wired to stand by with full forces over wee~ ends, ready for any fire emergency. Down at Fargo, Camp P-59 didn't have to wait long. Sunday night after the telegram on Satur-

Steel towers are being unloaded in this district. Forest fires may as well not start at all-they'll be spotted and killed before they can possibly get under way.

state.

day, an alarm came in of a big fire sev-

Side Camp at Newnan
A recent conference with city officials of Newnan, and Mr. H. H. North, Chairman, Newnan Water and Light Commission. resulted in the decision to establish a side camp on the one thousand acre Newnan Town Forest for the purpose of developing and protecting this forest as called for in a forest management plan nl:'enared several years ago by the Georgia Forest Service.
Nirrht Classes
Warm Springs school teachers, camp

eral miles west of camp. The camp was prepared, and by immediate attack had the fire pronounced out early Monday morning, having used two crews and holding the fire loss to less than an estimated 600 acres Take it from us, that would have been some fire had the gang not responded pronto, and anyone who has seen a wall of fire eat up a ten-year-rough in this country will agree with us.
In addition to fighting fire, the C. C. C. boys and a squad of national guards had flag raising exercises, speeches, etc.

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
Albany
Albany Fire Week Emphasizes Forestry
The city of Albany, which is famed for its great fire department and for fire control, recently observed "Fire Week" and included in its program strollg emphasis of forest fire prevention.
A parade was given in Albany that at-

foremen, and the district forester are holding scheduled night classes in camp, teaching classes in regular grammar and high school subjects, dramatics, drafting, and forestry.
Pleased With Pro iect
U. S. Forest Service officials from Washington and Asheville on a recent visit to the Warm Springs camp expressed them-

Working in what we call "close order" organization, the boys in the woods around Camp P-71, St. George, are walking away with progress honors. Under the ever guiding hand of Superintendent Tittle they have already completed, including plowing. some 40 miles of firebreak and have most of the telephone poles cut.

tracted favorable comment. In the parade were 200 C. C. C. camp boys. These boys are located in the vicinity of Albany and have been constructing firebreaks, fire towers, etc., in that region.
The parade and articles on fire prevention appearing in the Albany Herald has done much to stir up interest in forest fire prevention in that section of the state.

selves as favorably impressed with this nroject and the efficient way in which it is being handled.
Activities Camp 78, Butler
Superintendent Barrett has a tractor now, and with the rapid progress his Mississippi giants have been making in grubbing fire lanes he will soon be able to re-

Superintendent Rogers, Camp 70, Nahunta, was injured in an automobile accident October 19, while returning from the Hinesville camp on business. The work at Camp 70 is being carried on by Foreman J. R. James, acting superintendent, until Mr. Rogers gets back on the job.

Tree Seedlings Ready The tree nursery at Albany now is ready to make shipments on orders for planting stock. Slash, longleaf, and loblolly pines are available at $2.00 per thousand, express collect on delivery. Those who intend to plant nursery seedlings should place their orders at once as

port many miles of plowed firebreaks.

the supply is likely to fall short of the

It IS understood that the county agent Joe T. Clark, actmg supermtendent of demand.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

MINERALS OF GEORGIA
Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals
Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

OIL POSSIBILITIES IN GEORGIA
Geoffrey W. Crickmay
Petroleum has been known since the earliest historic time in the form of natural seeps and springs, but it is only in recent years that the oil industry has grown to prominence. Just 74 years ago the first oil well was drilled in the United States but the oil was used not as a fuel but as a patent medicine. It was not long before other wells were drilled and other uses for this "earth oil" were sought. At this time illumination was entirely by oil

ucts of petroleum, ranks, in order of total money value, are: gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils and lubricants. There are, in addition, some three hundred or more miscellaneous products.
Petroleum is an oily hydrocarbon varying in color from pale straw through greens and reddish brown to nearly black. The crude oil consists of an intimate mixture of ether, gasoline, naptha, kerosene, lubricating oils, and a "base." Each of these substances has its own boiling point, so that by heating each can be evaporated off in turn. The residue left after complete distillation, is known as the base of

is plant or animal remains. In unproven territory, then, the first pre-requisite in a s?arch for oil is that the area contain fossil-bearing rocks. On the coastal plain of Georgia fossil shells, some of them rather similar to shells to be found along the sea coast today, occur on hills far above sea level. Some localities are particularly noteworthy for the number and diversity of shells that can be found. These shells are fossils that have been buried in sediments, mainly sands and muds, at a time when the Atlantic ocean extended far inland. Similar fossiliferous rocks of somewhat greater age occur in the northwest portion of the state. The mountain area and Piedmont Plateau are underlain by ancient crystalline rocks which contain no trace of fossils and hence in which there is little chance of finding oil. On the Piedmont Plateau and also in other parts of the state some ponds have a scum on the surface that at first sight looks like a coating of oil. However, when a sample of this material is collected and agitated, it separates out as a yellowish brown precipitate. It is actually iron hydroxide that has formed by the weathering of iron minerals in the rocks.

The hydrocarbons derived from fossil

organisms, whether they. be plant or animal, are converted into oil by a natural

distillation probably initiated by bacteria. As the fossiliferous strata are covered over and buried by other sediments, they are

naturally subjected to a certain amount of heat and pressure which completes the

oil forming process. Part of the oil may

be changed into natural gas, and in most oil fields varying amounts of gas are found with the oil. Time appears to be an important factor in the conversion of organic matter to oil and its subsequent migration into oil pools. The most recent

Geological sections showing structures favorable for Oil Accumulation (after Prettyman and Cave). A-A Simple anticline with oil and gas (solid black) collected in porous bed at crest of field. B-B Terrace on monocHne. C-C Porous lens on monocline.

lamps, so naturally the newly found oil was used in them. It was found that after "boiling off" the more explosive oils, such as ether and gasoline, a satisfactory illumi-

the oil and may be asphalt, paraffin, or both. The paraffin-base oils are, in general, the most valuable because of the quality of the lubricating stock they yield.

sediments do not contain oil in a recoverable state, whereas in the most ancient rocks any oil that once existed has been completely dissipated. Furthermore, as a consequence of the continual change of heavy crude oil towards lighter derivatives, the older petroliferous rocks are, in general, the more prolific source of natural gas.

nating oil was obtained. Thus kerosene, or "coal oil," as it was first known, became the main product of petroleum.
With the rise of the automobile industry, which at the turn of the present century was in its infancy, gasoline took dominance over kerosene-the objectionable constituent which had caused so many fatal explosions of oil lamps and stoves now became the hub around which the whole petroleum industry revolved. By 1921 the United States alone was producing nearly half a billion barrels of oil a year. In 1929 domestic production reached its peak of a billion barrels of crude oil. At the present time the chief prod-

The accumulation of oil and natural gas is governed by certain geological principies that must be followed in any intelligent search for these materials in Georgia. The idea that oil can be located by the use of divining rods, "doodle bugs," and other such contrivances is entirely without scientific support. It is the purpose of this article to review briefly the main factors that underly the occurrence of oil, particularly as they apply to the possibilities of finding oil in Georgia.
Geologists are generally agreed that petroleum is derived from organic matter entombed in sediments but it is still uncertain whether the most important source

By slow migration within the fossiliferous sediments, the oil finds its way into porous layers known as reservoir rocks. The terms "oil reservoir" and "oil pool" do not imply that an actual pool in the ordinary sense of a surface lake exists underground. The oil occurs in small openings in such rocks as sandstone and limestone. The second pre-requisite for oil accumulation, then, is that a satisfactory reservoir rock exist, and that it be
neither of too great nor of too young an
age. Many of the strata in the Coastal
Plain and some of those in northwest
Georgia satisfy these requirements.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

As oil and natural gas within the earth satisfactory for commercial production. ALBANY FOREST FIRE

are under pressure, there is a tendency The geological relations make it very diffi-

PREVENTION PARADE

for them to escape by continual migration cult to determine whether there is or is not

towards the earth's surface. For this reason a reservoir rock will not hold any oil unless it is overlain by a retaining strata, an impervious bed such as shale. Conse-

oil in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. The authors cited above concluded that due to the lack of satisfactory structures and other considerations there is little likeli-

C. C. C. Boys Present Impressive Demonstration Showing Importance of Forest Fire Control

quently, a definite stratigraphic succession is required for oil accumulation in commercial quantities, namely, a porous rock, such as sandstone or limestone, overlain, and in many cases underlain, by a relatively impervious strata such as shale. These conditions, which prevail in nearly all oil producing areas, are found in Georgia in the Coastal Plain and in the northwestern part of the state.
In most fields gas and oil are concentrated in restricted areas and elsewhere only water, usually saline, is found at the petroliferous horizon. The reason for this is that favorable structures cause the oil to migrate toward certain centres where

hood of finding oil in that section. Other wells have been drilled since their report was published, but up to the present time no petroliferous horizon has been found. More careful preliminary surveys than have previously been made may disclose satisfactory structures on which to drill, but in general it is felt that any considerable degree of optimism is unwarranted.
References: "Petroleum and Natural Gas Possibilities in Georgia," T. M. Prettyman and H. S. Cave-Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin No. 40, 1923.
HUNTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR STARTING FOREST FIRES

Headed by City Fire Chief D. S. Brosnan and District Forester H. D. Story, Jr., a C. C. C. camp parade planned by Camp Superintendent Eitel Bauer, put on an impressive demonstration Friday, October 13, at Albany in the interest of forest fire ' prevention. The forest fire demon was attired in red; appropriate floats and placards portrayed the evils of the forest fire demon and the benefits of fire control.
The parade had seven units. The first one represented "Fire Protection Preserves Forest Products." F'orest products were
shown-turpentine, lumber, stave bolts, cordwood, paper, building materials, cross-

I it is trapped in pools. The job of the oil With the opening of the hunting season, ties, charcoal and rayon.
geologist is to map these structures and the danger of forest fires increases. Two The second unit legend was "Protect

so determine the most advantageous place s?urces of fire from hunters are discarded Young, Fore~ts-Our Child~en 'Yill ~eed

to start drilling. In Figure 1 are shown cigarette and cigar stubs, and warming Wood. Children paraded m this umt.

three types of structures favorable for oil fires.

The third unit showed modern fire de-

accumulation: the anticline, monoclinal The discarded cigarette and cigar stubs tection methods-fire towers, telephone

terrace, and lens. Where the strata are should be mashed into the ground with the lines, etc.

steeply folded a~d broken by faults the oil shoe heel, and observation should be made The fourth unit represented plans for has an opportunity to escape. It is for that the fire they hold is completely put fighting fires.

this reason that the folded and faulted rocks of northwestern Georgia are considered unsatisfactory for commercial production. In south Georgia, on the other hand, the anticlinal and monoclinal structures are rare and where they do occur

out, and in view of the possibility that the fire is not completely obliterated, notice should be taken that no combustible matter is in contact with the stubs.

The fifth, entitled "We Fight the Blaze," was presented by men carrying fire swatters, portable pumps, etc.

The warming fire is a frequent cause of The sixth unit, "We Feed the Fire
fires. When they are abandoned, the hunt-[ F ight~rs," showed an army truck carrying

are very shallow. The lenticular type of ers should drench the fires with water, but supplies to fire fighters.

structure pictured in saction C-C is proba- if water is not convenient, then cover the The seventh unit showed the fire over

bly of common occurrence in the coastal embers with dirt and drag away from the and men enjoying themselves with guitars

plain sediments, but its presence beneath fire any materials that would carry fire. A and harmonicas in their tents.

'the surface can not be predicted by an ex- few eJ?lbers of a burned out fire may not

amination of surface outcroppings.

appear to be threatening, but a wind may

Prettyman and Cave have summed up arise to blow them into the leaves or grass FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

these four main pre-requisites for oil ac- and fan the sparks into a flame.

STRENGTHENS ORGANIZATION

cumulation in the following words: "There must first be material from which oil may be derived, and this material needs then to ~be converted into liquid oil. After the formation of the liquid petroleum it is necessary that it be collected in commercial quantities, and it must be retained both during conversion and during succeeding time. All four of the above major conditions must be fulfilled and not one can be omitted." It may be added that if all four of these conditions prevail, even then there may not be oil in recoverable quantities.
Regarding the petroleum possibilities in Georgia, Prettyman and Cave, who made a complete survey some ten years ago, do not voice any optimism. The mountain and

No fire ever burned through a forest without doing harm to the trees; that has not reduced the fertility of the soil on which the trees must depend; or has not reduced the water holding capacity of the soil and lessened the water supply on which trees depend for their full growth; or has not destroyed seedlings on which the existence of the future forest depends. When one starts a forest fire, he is responsible for the destruction of forest wealth.
Trowbridge Resumes Naval Stores Work
K. S. Trowbridge, Extension Forester in South Georgia, with headquarters at Tifton, has resumed work on naval stores distillation, as a co-operative agent of the

The Georgia Forestry Association has been conducting an active campaign for strengthening the organization. An important phase of the undertaking has been the selection of county chairmen. A numb 2r of counties now have such chairmen who have accepted and have indicated their willingness to promote the policies of the Georgia Forestry Association.
The county chairmen are prominent and influential citizens whose activities may mean much for the cause of forestry in their respective counties.
The d !Velopment of this new phase of the association has been carried on by C. B. Harman, Atlanta, Chairman of the Executive Committee.

Piedmont Plateau areas are quite definitely Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, the Agri-

condemned as barren. The northwestern cultural Extension Service of the State ments in distillation of naval stores. His

part of the state, known as the Appalachian College of Agriculture and the Georgia previous work in this capacity has proven
I Valley and Ridge province and the Cum- Forest Service. Among his duties will be very helpful and is highly appreciated by

berland Plateau, is regarded as very un- the introduction of government improve- naval stores interests of South Georgia.