Forestry-geological review [Oct. 1933]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 3

ATLANTA, GA., OCTOBER, 1933

No. 10

ROBERT E. PRICE

was washed up on the beach approximately MILLIONS DISTRIBUTED

DROWNS IN SURF 1,800 feet from the point where he was

TO OPERATE CAMPS

last seen. A prolonged effort was made to

Member of Georgia Commission of resuscitate him, but to no avail.

About Half of Purchases made in

Forestry and Geological Develop- Among those in bathing with Mr. Price Vicinity of Camps-About $15,-

ment Meets Untimely Death

was his sister, Mrs. Robert McPherson, 000,000 Spent Monthly - Over

Cause of Forestry Suffers

Washington, D. C., who had a narrow es- Quarter Million Spent Monthly in

cape from drowning.

Georgia

Robert E. Price, member of the Commis-

sion of Forestry and Geological Develop- TURPENTINED TREES

Georgia is benefitting from a monthly

ment, and manager of the Sea Island Com-

GOOD FOR NEWSPRINT expenditure of a quarter to one-half of a

pany, with headquarters at Kingsland, was

million dollars for operating thirty-six C.

drowned while b.athing at the Fernandina, Dr. Herty's Tests. at State Pulp and C. C. camps within its borders. According

Florida beach, Sunday, September 17. Paper Laboratory Show Turpen- to Director Robert Fechner, about half of

Burial was at Arlington National Cemetery tining Does not Affect Fibre for the purchases for camp supplies are made

September 20. In his death, one of the Paper Making.

in the vicinity of the camps.

leaders of forestry in Georgia has been

The cost to the federal government for

lost. He was one of the newer members of the State Commission of Forestry and Geological Development, and during the short period of service showed keen interest in promoting the work of the commission.
Mr. Price was 46 ye.ars of age, having been born August 3, 1887 at Swinton, England. Early in life he moved to the United States and for a number of years lived at Washington, D. C., and was in government service. At the outbreak of the World War he was in charge of the lighting system of the Mississippi river. During the war he was captain in the engineering corps, making an excellent record.
Coming to Georgia, he devoted his time and talents to forestry and forest products, becoming manager of the Bertha Mineral Company, with large interests in southeast Georgia, and later became manager of the Sea Island Company properties. Among his activities has been the direction of large naval stores and sawmill operations.
Mr. Price was deservedly popular, with a large acquaintance among leading people of southeast Georgia. He was always active in promoting the interests of his section, and will be greatly missed. He was a member of the Brunswick Rotary club, a mason and a member of Alee Temple, Shriners.
While bathing at the Fernandina beach, Mr. Price and two others were caught by a

Speaking before the naval stores section of the Savannah Ch-amber of Commerce September 8, Dr. Chas. H. Herty, in charge of the State Pulp and Paper Laboratory operated by the Department of Forestry and Geological Development, said that turpentined trees can be used in the manufacture of white newsprint paper. Cuttings from tree trunks above the turpentine scars, he said, have been used in experiments with great success.
"These logs were readily and completely converted into sulphite pulp and groundwood", he said, "and from these pulps excellent sheets of white standard newsprint were produced."
Analyses of the wood pulp above the scar surface of the tree has proven that the amount of resinous material extracted is identical in each cas?, he stated. "It is a most perfect demonstration that the pine tree is a producer and not a storehouse of crude turpentine."
Dr. Herty estimated the available wood at "three quarters of a million cords", or enough to provide sufficient raw material "for 25 per cent of the total newsprint consumed annually in the United States." He said, however, that he would gladly accept the higher estimate of the naval stores men who placed the increase in available supply made possible by this discovery at 25,000,000 cords.

maintaining the civilian conservation corps work is approximately $15,000,000 a month to employ, feed, clothe and transport 310,000 forest workers and provide tools and other equipment.
The following list of supplies will give an idea of the magnitude of the undertaking: 1,000,000 pairs of cotton socks; 1,000,000 pairs of woolen socks; 500,000 pairs of shoes; 784,000 suits of underwear; 1,000,000 pairs of denim jumpers; 200,000 raincoats; 625,000 shirts; 1,000,000 summer undershirts; 48,000 pairs of rubber boots; 12,000 tents; 185,000 denim hats; 250,000 canvas cots; 2,500,000 yards of denim; 88,000 overalls; 1,000,000 towels.
In the list of equipment is enumerated 100,000 axes, 152,000 shovels, 152,000 wedges, 114,000 mattocks, 114,000 picks, 60,000 saws, 100,000 hammers, 40,000 crowbars, 30,000 chisels, 15,000 brush hooks, 15,000 peavies, 70,000 canteens, 12,000 grindstones, 2,500 blasting machines, 60,000 files, 633,000 feet of rope, 7,500 wrenches, 6,000 wrecking bars, 2,000 wheelbarrows, 7,000 forks, 200 tons of dynamite, 250,000 pounds of cement, 100,000 feet of blasting fuse, 3,000 gallons of paint.
Many other supplies such as lumber, telephone poles and wire should be added, but figures are not available.
When it comes to food supplies, it is estimated that every thirty days as many as

large wave and carried into a swift slough.

9,000,000 eggs, 1,125,000 pounds of ba-

He aided his companions to get out of the For the year ending April 1, 1932, Geor- con, 5,625,000 pounds of beef, 1,125,000

swift waters, encouraging them in their ef- gia produced 51 per cent of the total naval pounds of coffee, 6,750,000 pounds of flour

forts, only to find himself exhausted and stores of this country. Florida was next and 2,500,000 pounds of pork ave con-

unable to escape. All were rescued except with 34. These two states, therefore, ac- sumed. No figures are available as to vege-

Mr. Price whose body about an hour later count for 85 per cent of the whole.

tables.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

=================r========:========~================

Forestry-Geological Review

SOME TREE DISEASES

coal tar. It is not necessary to fill cavities

Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
State Capitol, Atlanta C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

By DuPre Barrett, Extension Forester with concrete or asphalt, but good drainage for the wound is very necessary.
Many diseases and parasites attack trees Space will not allow me to go into deand eventually kill or destroy their beau- tailed discussion of the many diseases atty. Many of these diseases are allowed to tacking forest trees, but a few of the more enter the tree by the careless action of prevalent ones that attack the trees of the

Forestry Division

man.

south will be discussed briefly.

Wood decay is caused by fungi. The my- White heart-rot (Fornes igniarius): This

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester

celium of the fungi penetrates through or is the most important of the heart-rots of

and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta

C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr.,____Atlanta

H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta

C. B. Harman, Treasurer_______________

.

between the wood cells, producing enzymes which soften the cells or disintegrate the middle layer between the cells, thus de-

the south and is found on beech, aspen, birch, poplar, willow, maple, hornbeam, white elm, butternut, black walnut, hickory

E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____GainesviHe stroying stability of the aggregate as by and the oaks. The amount of damage is be-

C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome
Jack Thur_m__o_n__d_,__D__i_s_tr_i_c__t _F__o_r_e_s_t_e__r,Savannah

the crumbling of the plaster or the brick of a wall. Within the tree this disintegration may occur either in the heartwood or

yond estimation. In many cases the entire stand of large timber becomes valueless.
Heart-rot is chiefly a disease of the

C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta in the sapwood, or in both.

heartwood, but in time will encroach upon

H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany The life of a tree may be much reduced the sapwood, and death may result by

W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta
Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Secretary______Atlanta

by decay of the heartwood, the tree's main mechanical support. Decay of the sapwood further hastens death by interfering with

weakening the tree to the breaking point. The disease enters through broken limbs or old stumps where coppice is resorted to in

Geological Division S. W. McCallie, State Geologist____Atlanta R. W. Sm_i_t_h__,___A__s__s_t_.___S__t_a__t_e___G___e_o__l_o__g__i_s_t_,_Atlanta

the flow of the sap. The tree's natural protection against
fungus invasion is the bark, consisting of cells with specially resistant walls, cutin-

reproduction. The first sure sign of the disease externally is the presence of sporophores, although sounding of the trunk with an axe is sometimes resorted to.

G. W. Cric_k__m__a__y__,___A__s__s_t_.___S__t__a_t__e___G___e_o__l_o__g_Aisttl,anta ized or supplied with resin, gum, or other The sporophores, numbering sometimes

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk____________Atlanta

repellents. Moreover, dead bark is not generally nutritious and does not offer attrac-

as many as ten on a tree are shelving, roof-shaped bodies from three to four

Research Division, Savannah
Charles H. Herty______________Research Chemist W. C. MacNaughton______________Asst. Research

tive food to the fungus. The bark protection is normally ample, but in case of removal of this natural protection and ex-

inches wide. The upper side is brown, later becoming black, hard and smooth. The spores are in layers put on annually and

Bruce Suttle_________________________Plant Engineer W. F. Allen__________________________________Chemist James Dempsey________________ Asst. Chemist

posure of either sapwood or heartwood, especially the latter, the path is open and it is through wounds offering such exposure

the lower surface is gray to reddish brown. Control is by burning the infected parts. Avoid wounding the trees and in case of

that rot in standing timber usually begins. very valuable trees excision may be prac-

Extension Foresters

Such rots might therefore be called "wound ticed.

Bonnell Stone, Chairman,________________Oxford decays".

Canker, gall, twig-blight - These dis-

Dupre Barrett, _________________________________Athens The fungi which cause these decays in eases occur on nearly all kinds of trees.

K. S. Trowbridge, ------------------------------Tifton

the main are the larger fungi of the toadstool type. After the decay is well under

Galls are swollen parts and often appear on the main trunk near the ground line

SMALL WOOD-WORKING INDUSTRIES IMPORTANT

way the spore-bearing toadstools appear upon the surface of the diseased parts. A branch broken or sawed off, broken or split

as in the case of the peach tree, but also on limbs some distance above the ground.
Cankers are bark diseases, but cause the

Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wal- by wind, or the trunk! or bole of the tree death of the cambium beneath the bark.

lace, speaking before the annual meeting bumped by the wheel of a wagon or hacked This disease is common on apple, walnut

of the American Forestry Association, Sep- or scarred by fire, give an opportunity for and many other species.

tember 6, emphasized the importance of fungus spores to enter. After they once Twig-blight is common on many forest

small wood-working industries and cited enter the tree the fungus spreads up and trees and horticultural species. Pear blight

New England where such enterprises in the down the tree. In some cases, one species is an example.

same families for generation, have produc- of fungus may grow on many different In treatment of the above diseases,

ed lumber, boxes, furniture, toys, wooden- kinds of wood. Other fungi are more par- heavy pruning and burning of the diseased

ware, maple sugar and novelties of many ticular as to their food supply and are parts may be best for control, but spraying

kinds.

found on fewer hosts.

with a fungicide has proven beneficial. Of

Mr. Wallace said: "They employ a large Fungi chiefly fall into two groups, those course one cannot treat forests as a whole,

amount of labor per unit of product. They having spores on gills and those with spores but trees around the home, where it would

utilize the timber more closely than saw- borne in pores. Still others bear their take years to replace them, may be treated.

mills, thereby yielding larger returns to spores upon spines. To determine the par- Tl(e'n we find diseases at1iacking the

the timber owner. The operation enables ticular species of fungus present, it is us- roots of our forest trees. One which is very

farmers to employ themselves and their ually necessary to examine the sporophore, damaging to elm, basswood, oak, cotton-

teams getting out the timber, or to se- and even then expert or special study is wood, persimmon, maple, china tree, mul-

cure work for wages at the plants. The necessary. The determination of the spe- berry, apple and pear is known as Azonium

values in the finished products are mostly cies of the fungus is, however, not neces- Root-rot.

in labor. The money received for them is, therefore, mostly net cash income to the community, which has a stimulating effect on its buying power.

sary to proper treatment, since this is much the same for all.
Care should be exercised in felling trees to avoid injuring other trees. In general,

The chief symptoms of the disease is wilting of the tree, but where only a part of the root system is infected, the tree may have only an unhealthy appearance. The

infected trees should be cut for fuel. With roots which have died are incased with a

"Protection of forests from fire is vital valuable lawn or shade trees the infected cinnamon-buff felt hyphi, in which strands

to this great nation and the world." - part should be removed and the cavity are conspicuous.

Franklin D. Roosevelt.

treated with an antiseptic such as paint or

(Continued on Page 8)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

[ QUESTION BOX
Js the gum produced by chipped pines the .sap of the trees?
No, the resin is not sap but is produced by special cells or resin ducts extending up and down the trees which, when cut, begin to produce abundant gum or resin. The ducts are connected laterally so as to form one system and a wound stimulates activity in producing gum, perhaps, several inches from the cut. The gum hardens gradually sealing the exposed ends of the duct and virtually stops "bleeding". To renew the flow, an additional wound is made by making a new "streak" above the old one.
What is the best protection against
"black 1nats" so common in forests of the mountains at ni!llht?
The "black gnat" of the mountains is one of about 30 species, some of which are in the mountains and others around salt marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. They are also known as sand flies, midges, sand gnats and punkies.
The entomologists of the United States Department of Agriculture recommend creosoting or draining knot holes in wooded areas. These holes are favorite breeding places in the forests. Ditching and spraying ditch banks and marsh edges with creosoted pine sap-a by-product of creosoting plants-gives effective control along salt marshes.
Lights attract the insects. Applications of pine oil or oil of sassafras to the hands

grandiflora, native to southern United EXTENSION FORESTERS

States. It attains large size and is valued for its beautiful wood, usually being con-

WORK WITH CAMPS

verted into veneer and used for furniture, Vocational Forestry School, 4-H

fixtures and interior finishings.

Club, Boy Scout, and CCC Camps

Other species of the magnolia, the large Offer Opportunities for Educa-

leaf cucumber tree, (magnolia macrophyl- tional Work-Moving Pictures

la); mountain magnolia, (magnolia Fraseri); cucumber tree, (magnolia acumen-

Used.

ata); umbrella tree (magnolia tripetela); are native to the mountains.
Cucumber tree (magnolia pyramidata); cucumber tree (magnolia cordata) land bay (magnolia Virginians) and magnolia grandiflora are native to the coastal plains.

During the summer a considerable part of the time of the extension foresters had been given to presenting forestry to the vocational forestry school camp, various 4-H club camps, boy scouts and CCC camps. The work at the camps consists of aiding in the educational programs by presenting

What do foresters mjean by "mineral
soil"?
It is a rather inadequate term used for describing soils largely derived from minerals, such as lower soils which do not contain much organic material or humus.
Strictly speaking, no soil made up solely of minerals is a complete soil. The very important plant food element, nitrogen, gets into the ground through the medium of vegetation, and soils lacking in organic matter, such as clay sub-soils, contain so little nitrogen that they cannot effectively feed plants.
A soil is not fertile unless it contains all the necessary elements of plant food. Abundant mineral elements could not be used by a tree if nitrogen were absent.
Since nitrogen is contributed to the soil through the medium of organic matter, such as the fallen leaves of the tree, the burning of these leaves by fire is very destructive of the ability of the soil to feed

the subject of forestry in talks, forest excursions and mo"ing pictures.
The extension foresters were called into service at the vocational forest school camp for three weeks this summer to take the places of district foresters who ordinarily constitute the staff of instructors, but who were prevented from attending by duties of the CCC camps. Bonnell Stone and DuPre Barrett, extension foresters, rendered valuable service as instructors.
Both before the vocational forestry school camp and after, DuPre Barrett has visited a number of 4-H club camps, conducted tree identification excursions and then gave forestry moving pictures. He closed work of this nature with a large group assembled at Camp Wilkerson at Athens. Mr. Barrett has also displayed moving pictures at CCC camps in his district, which embraces the mountain and upper piedmont area of North Georgia.

the trees.

Mr. Bonnell Stone, besides participating in the vocational forestry school camp,

and face provide protection. These oils mixed with fly sprays to which a heavy mineral oil has been added at the rate of 1 to 3 parts of the spray, may be applied to window and door screens with good effect.
Why is the black locust recommended for eroded lands?
The black locust is a comparatively rapid growing tree even on poor soils such as exist on washed land. An important reason for black locust doing well on poor land is that it belongs to the legume family of plants. Legumes are capable of cooperating with a certain root nodule bacteria to get some of its nitrogen from the air, which non-legumes are unable to do. Eroded soils contain very little nitrogen.
The black locust is well rooted and therefore a good soil holder. Its wood is

IMPORTED LOGS BROUGHT DREAD ELM DISEASE
The Dutch elm disease, now playing havoc with American shade trees in New York and New Jersey promises to invade foreats )and wipe out the :,elms of the country as blight did the chestnut.
According to federal authorities, this disease has been introduced into this country in elm burl logs imported from Europe for the cutting of fancy veneer.
By controlling this source of infection, and by a thorough check-up of elms in all areas that may have been exposed, the authorities hope to stamp out every trace of the disease and then to keep it out. Civilian Conservation Corps are assisting in felling and burning elms found to be infected.
Southern Pine Leads

has visited CCC camps to help in the educational program, and has devoted considerable time in studying local forestry data of his district, to pu~ on a campaign to help the small land owners in the fall and winter
J. K. Trowbridge, extension forester in South Georgia with headquarters at Tifton, has rendered valuable service to distillers of turpentine, especially in introducing improved methods developed by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. He has also found time to contact timber owners and various camps to give instruction in forestry.
Peep Hole Forestry Exhibit at Chicago
A novel feature of the United States Forestry exhibit suited to economize the

quite durable in contact with the soil, thus Up to 1931 southern pines led in lumber limited space allotted is a peep hole in the

making it good for fence posts. No tree production. Douglas fir led for that year, bark of a Douglas fir tree. Through this

suitable naturally to producing fence posts but in 1932 southern pines resumed lead- hole the spectator sees a minature forest

makes as rapid growth as black locust. ership, the output being 3,068,898,000 revolving inside the tree and an exhibition

feet, while Douglas fir was 2,912,425,000 of various phases of forest management

Is the magnolia, growing in the forests feet.

and utilization in the shifti11g scene.

of south Georgia the same magnolia that

is planted on lawns for ornamental pur- Louisiana led again in hardwood lum- Generally speaking, reforestation natur-

poses?

ber production in 1932. West Virginia was ally follows fire prevention. Let nature do

Yes, it is the same species, magnolia second.

her work.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

TURPENTINE PRODUCERS

Johnson, Decatur; Everett B. Stone, Jr.,

PLAN CURTAILMENTS Gainesville.

At a meeting of 409 gum turpentine and Plans are being made to schedule a

FIRST DISTRICT W . D. Young, District Forester

rosin producers representing 60 per cent of numb er of week-end hikes during the fall

Rome

naval stores output of last year, h eld at and winter, some of them along sections of

Valdosta, Ga., September 14, it was de- the Appalachian trail between where it

Camp 58, Gilmer County

cided by a 75 per cent vote to adopt an e:nters Georgia from North Carolina and CCC workers are busy now building wi n-

agreement to reduce production, allowable its sout hern terminus at Mt. Oglethorpe. ter quarters. Work in the field has been

under the federal agricultural adjustment

going on full blast. Truck trail construc-

act.

COLLECTING PINE SEED

tion is under way; telephone crews are

A committee to be appointed by t h e Between October 1 and 15 is usually the busy constructing approved lines and also

chairman was a uthorized to submit a ten- best time to collect pine seed for planting. construction of fire towers on top of Rich

tative agreement to Secretary of Agricul- The cones may not have been completely Mountain, 4081 feet elevation, is under

ture Wallace for such changes as were browned, but still have a tinge of green. way. Seven CCC boys have already made

considered advisable, and then ask f or a If, upon examination, the seed are full application to Supt. Simmons to man the

hearing in Jacksonville, Florida, before it formed, firm and not milky, one can be tower as soon as completed.

becomes operative.

sure that the seed are not too green to

Camp 77, Pickens County

No price fixing was contemplated.

pick.

Work on lands of the Pickens County

Opposition was voiced by the naval If one can find a sawmill crew cutting TPO, building truck trails for fore st fire

stores factors, but they expressed willing- pines during October, the cones can be prevention, is progressing nicely. Several

ness to stand by producers should the plan gathered quickly and easily from the fall en miles of truck trails and foot trails have

be adopted.

tops.

been completed. Work on con struction of

Those who collect pine seed for sale telephone lin es and one fire tower will be

TREE INTRODUCTIONS

should be sure about the species of pine started soon, now that approval of location

NUMEROUS SPECIES and should be very careful not to mix the has been received. All the CCC workers are

The date palm was introduced in 1904. seed of different species.

enthusiastic upon lear ning that P-77 would

From the Molucca Islands came t he ailan- After the burs have been gathered, they continue thro ugh this winter, and th e camp

thus tree First it was raised in China. Eng- may be spread in a dry, airy place until commander is busy flooring tents and get-

lishmen introduced it from China and we thoroughly dry. Then the seed may be ting ready for winter weather.

in turn got it from England.

beaten from the burs, the wings of the

Camp 80, Lookout Mountain

From Europe we introduced white and seed removed and the seed placed in tight Camp P-80 is manned by world war vet-

Lombardy poplars, white willow, Norway containers.

erans, who moved into camp on or about

spruce, European larch, Scotch pine, Mari-

- - -- - - - - -- - -

the 18th of July. This camp is located on

time pine, Austrian pine, Corsican pine, PAPER FROM TURPENTINED the histori c Lookout Mountain. All seem

and many other species.

TREES USED FOR PRINT to enjoy camp life again and are working

China provided us with the Chinese elm, Th e September 16 issue of the Nav.al with fine spirit. A sub-camp has been es-

I bamboo, tung oil tree, Chinese pistacho,
and Chinese chestnuts (incidentally the

Stores Review, published at Savannah, contained a supplement in which paper made

tablished at the upper end of the protected area on Lookout Mountain and manned by

chestnut blight). Eastern Asia supplied the from Georgia pines that had been chipped

Cedar of Lebanon.

for gum, was used.

From India comes the deodar cedar, and The paper was produced at the State

from Japan the ginkgo, Japanese Crypto- \ Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the Depart-

meria, mulberry, maples, and 90 named va- ment of Forestry and Geological D zvelop-

rieties of ch estnut and bamboo.

ment. Th e paper is of excellent newsprint

From Australia we got the eucalyptus or quality.

blue gum, and from Siam th e Chaulmoogra

tree. The oil produced from the fruit of WBAL, Baltimore Broadcasting Station,

this tree is used for treatment of leprosy. has followed t he lead of Germny and

From Northwest Africa comes the Atlas erected a wooden tower, the first of its

Mt. cedar.

kind in the United States. This, with other

These are only a few of the many trees, improvements, it is claimed, has improved

forest and ornamental, introduced into th e transmission 200 per cent.

United States from for eign lands.

Russell M. Ziegl er, In Service Letter (Pa.)
GEORGIAN APPALACHIAN TRAIL CLUB MEETING
On October 14-15, the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club will hold its annual

Charles A. Gillett is t he first state forester of Arkansas. He is a graduate of Cornell University where he also obtained a degree of Master of Forestry. Previous to going to Arkansas, he was extension forester of North Dakota.

Truck trail constructed by C.C.C. workers in Mountains of North Georgia
sixty men from the main camp. This arrangement saves time in transportation and increases the number of daily hours

meeting at Cloudland. The Atlanta Bird Club and the Atlanta Nature Club have been invited and have accepted the invitation to join in the meeting.
The officers of the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club are as follows:
President, Warner Hall, Decatur ; vice

The forestry division of th e Louisiana Department of Conservation has established an educational section to carry on publicity and work with schools of the state to promote interest in forestry development.

on the job. As soon as work ou tlined is completed on the Lookout Mountain part of the protected area, the sub-camp will be moved to Pigeon ridge. The Lookout Mountain TPO at the beginning of the camp only contained 12,500 acres. To date 30,000 acres have been signed up and new

president, J. M. Tinker, Athens; secretary,

members and acreage are being added as

Olivia H erren, Atlanta; Treasurer, C. Rod- The United States is credited with hav- fast as possible. It is planned to make thi s

erick Taaffee, Atlanta; Executive Coun- ing 850 species of trees of which 180 are TPO a 60,000 acre unit before the work

cil, Mrs, Mary W . Snow, Atlanta; Lewis H. considered to have ec0nomi<; value.

plan of the camp is completed.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

DISTRICT TWO

are being undertaken on state parks are into the picture-this time as President of being constructed of native stone and our great nation. The Emergency Conser-

Everett B. Stone, Jr., Dist. Forester
Gainesville
Vogel Park's Fall ColoringImprovements Made
With the coming of fall the mountains of north Georgia are perhaps at their best with the wonderful riot of color with which the foliage is transformed. At no other time of th e year do the mountains seem so inviting, the clear cool weather which is characteristic of this season of the year making it much easier to exert oneself without discomfort.
As a result of the activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps, under the direction of the Georgia Forest Service, the Vogel park has been made more accessible by additional trails so that all parts of this area are now opened up. The program of development of this area is now well under way ~nd several stru ctures to add

other material to be found locally.
All improvement work is being done with a mm1mum cash outlay through the use of materials secured locally without cost.
A gravity water supply system is being developed for the area and a large planting plan is to be undertaken this fall in an effort to bring the park back to its former native stat e when it was covered with a wonderful forest with a wealth of smaller f lowering shrubs.
The park has been a Mecca for picnic parties and others who wish to enjoy an outdoor outing and it will be more attractive than ever with the fall season's coloring of foliage.
Indian Springs State Park is situated on State Rou te No . 42-four miles south of Jackson and 17 miles north of Forsyth' and is only about 2 hours ride by automobile from Atlanta.

vation Work, a product of President Roosevelt's own mind, has established at Warm Springs one of its work camps. This camp, through the leadership of the Georgia Forest Service, has assumed the responsibility of taking the present Timber Protective Organization and from it building a much enlarged organization equipped and organized for efficient fire protection.
Among the work projects of this camp, now well und er way, is the construction of twenty-five miles of firebreak along the ridge of the mountain which will be built into a scenic highway and maintained as such by the counties through which it pass-
es. This road will be a spur of the project-
ed Savannah-Seattle Highway. The triple
"C" boys are working mighty hard to finish th eir work on this firebreak so that
President Roosevelt may ride over it when
he comes down in November.

to the interest and comfort of visitors,

have been completed. The parking area at

FOURTH DISTRICT

Neel Gap has been enlarged to accomodate a larger number of people and is much better than ever before.

W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester Columbus

The trail to the summit of Blood mountain, some two miles to the west of Nee]

Pine Mountain Work

Gap, has been much improved and parts of The annual scourging of P ine Mou ntain

it relocated. Blood mountain, with an ele- by forest fires only a few years ago, was an

vation of 4463 feet is one of the largest occurence that seemed inevitable to th e

mountains in Georgia and is the most local people. The burning was not looked

easily accessible of any of the higher upon as doing any great damage except by

mountains in the state.

a few, and no organized steps were

Trails from two directions have been taken to control such fires. In fact it

built to the DeSoto falls on the south was more the custom for each landowner

side of the Blue Ridge, and this spot is to "backfire" from his own yard and fields

rapidly becoming a favorite objective f or in order to keep from getting burned out,

hikers. The trail to Level Land mountain, the result being that Pirie Mountain in all

one mile to the east of Nee! Gap, has been its sixty-five miles of uniqu e scenic beauty

improved and new trails have been con- was often afire from one end to the other.

structed into other areas at the gap.

Many people have bgen visiting the area . ~hen Franklin D. Roosevelt, a conserva-

I during the last few weeks and it is hoped twmst at heart, ca~e t.o Warm Springs

that still more will take advantag e of an first to try to regam h1s health he was

opportunity to visit this area during the agreeably impressed with the nature and

fall months. Vogel Park is situated 45 mil es friendship of the native Georgians, but I

c .c. Camp boys clearing fire break-
C u t Trees at Roots.
C. C. C. Activities
The camp at Warm Springs, made up of boys from Savannah, have named their camp "Camp Meriwether" at the suggestion of the Womans Club of Warm Springs which has been very interested in beautifying the camp as well as making the boys' sojourn more interesting. It is re-

northeast of Gainesville on the summit of am sure h e was dismayed at the indiffer- ported t hat they plan soon to bake an in-

the Blue Ridge and may be reached over ence and lack of cooperation shown in the dividual cake for each person in camp, in-

State Route No. 11.

conservation of our great natural resource cluding Army and Forestry personnel. A

Indian Springs State Park

-the forests.

book shower is also planned.

Improvements

Through his leadership, and the influ- Superintendent Flowers reports steady

Work being undertaken by the State ence of his great personality and friend- progress by his hard working boys.

Forest Service with the Civilian Conserva- ship he caused to be formed an organiza-

tion Corp camp at Indian Springs is well tion pledged to the protection of several The Butler Camp boys, made .up of boys

under way. New and attractive trails have thousand acres of timberland on Pine from Mississippi, have named their camp been constructed to all parts of the area. Mountain. Such has been the influence of "Camp Magnolia" after the state flower of

The parking area has been enlarged and this organization both directly and indi- Mississippi. Camp Magnolia boys thought

improved.

rectly, that native Georgians living within they would n ever get out from under

Several bridges are under construction the "eyes" of Pine Mountain are often measles quarantine, but when they did the

and the natural advantages of the area heard to remark on the comparative ab- Taylor County people gave them a big din-

are gradually being developed and brought to the attention of the visitor.
The museum building, which is to house a collection of Indian relics, will be completed in a short time. This building as

sence of fires on the mountain.
But this small Timber Protective Organization actually protected only a small part of the range of mountains known as Pine Mountain.

ner on the Court House square. Those Mississippi boys sure know how to work-and
they don't mind it either. Superintendent Barrett is well pleased

well as most of the other structures which Again, however, our great leader steps with the progress being made by his camp.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Camp Meriwether boys have made quite a reputation for themselves through their baseball team. They have the habit of being on the lond end of the score most of the time.
We are also proud of the fact that Camp Meriwether was rated the best camp in this district of Georgia and Florida by th e Army and placed third in the camps of the 4th corps area.
DISTRICT SIX Jack Thurmond, District Forester
Savannah
Ready to Re-enlist
Many of the enlisted men at Camp 53, Hinesville, Georgia have expressed their desire to re-enlist for another six months period. It seems that the high water in this section, which has flooded all the swamps and low country, has as yet to dampen their spirits. Many miles of fir ebreak and right of way have been clean ed, regardless of weather conditions.
Thinning Work on State Property
The improvement cuttings on State Property at Teachers' College, Statesboro, Georgia has greatly improved the looks of their woodlot and has added to the value of the remaining timber. Some seven weeks
with a crew of thirty men were required to accomplish the work, which was handled from Camp P-66, Brooklet, Georgia.
F1re Tower Planned
A meeting was held Monday night, September 18th, at Brooklet, Georgia, with some seventy members of the T. P. 0. present and plans were discussed relative to the purchase of a tower by the East Bulloch T. P. 0. New officers were elected. Mr. John Knight was elected President, succeeding T. R. Bryan and E. W. Graham succeeded T. D. Proctor as SecretaryTreasurer.

DISTRICT SEVEN C. B. Beale, District Forester
Waycross
NewT. P. 0. Interest New T. :P. O.'s are being organized in
this district, and the old ones have increased greatly. Moreover, the members are pledging their support to the cause of fire protection.
Sometime ago, at a meeting of landowners at P earson, in Atkinson county, one man expressed his belief that "running a little fire through the woods at night didn't hurt", and several grey haired veterans of the turpentine industry jumped up and simultaneously declared, "You're wrong there".
Kiwanians Cooperate
Over in Baxley, in Appling county, the local Kiwanis club cooperating with Camp Superintendent H. C. Brown, of P-62, have at various times raised money to employ a man to traverse the county for the cause of fire protection and the E. C. work.
3-C Men Good Fire Fighters
Fire fighting crews have been organized at each camp, and at the first call a group of brown-skinned, determined C. C. C. boys led by the superintendent and supervisory personnel, pile on a truck and rush to the rescue of the pines with water pumps and flaps. Late one night an alarm aroused camp "Alabax", at Baxley, and the gang rushed to a burning turpentine still just out of Baxley to save the owner two or three thousand dollars by putting the fire out before it had done much damage. 'Ihe owner of the J;tillt is now en~ thusiastic about the C. C. C.

Every camp in this district now has its full complement of trucks and it is amazing how far back along the turpentine woods trails these trucks can navigate.
The boys at Camp 72 are getting to be experts on unloading freight cars. To date the unloading crew has emptied twenty-five freight cars of 63 one and one-half ton trucks, 19 ten disc plows; 1000 miles of telephone line, 60,000 brackets and 60,000 insulators. Now let them send on the tower steel.
Camp Superintendent C. L. Burnett, P68, Douglas, resigned, effective October 1, to accept a position in Atlanta. Mr. Burnett made many friends while in this section, and his loyalty and hard work in developing the Coffee-Jeff Davis project is greatly appreciated by the citizens of those counties. Mr. Burnett leaves a well-organiz ed project to his succ~ssor.
Heavy rains during the first part of September made some of the project areas almost inaccessible. There's always plenty of "hill land" breaks to be worked on, however, when the water gets over waist deep.
Supt. Rogers has established a side camp of 40 men down on Buffalo Creek in south Brantley. Foreman J. J. Bennett is in charge and reports they are turning out a lot of work from this camp.
The Commanding Officer at P-60, Colesburg, says his men are the happiest bunch of boys he has ever seen.

Telephone Line Construction
Landowners in Liberty and Long T. P. O.'s have given some five hundred Cypress telephone poles to be used in constructing the telephone lines supporting their tower organization. These poles were donated and line construction will follow in the near future.

The boy's at Camp P-61 , Soperton, Georgia, enjoy building fire breaks through areas covered by planted vines, as there are no stumps to be extracted.

Completed Sout.h Georgia fire break made by Albany C.C.C. camp.

Camp 68, Douglas, is busy filling in additional T. P . 0. land on their map. Clark, the chief foreman, states that he has said "T. P. 0." so often he talks about it in his

The foresters at Camp 65, Jesup , have purchased rubber boots. The high water doesn't hold them back.

Supervisory personn el and enlisted men sleep.

Edward C. M. Richards, West Chester,

regretted to see Captain G. C. McKinley,

Pennsylvania, has been chosen forester of

Camp Commander, leave Camp P-53, Camp 71, St. George; Camp 72, Way- the Tennessee Valley project, with head-

Hinesville, Georgia, as he was very popu- cross, and Camp 59, Fargo, are protecting quarters at Knoxville, Tenn. Mr. Richards

lar with every one connected with the three sides of the great Okefenokee, the is a graduate of Yale Forestry School and

camp. He is now back at Fort Benning, land of "trembling earth". If a fire gets in, has spent some time studying forestry in

Columbus, Ga.

it can't get out, and vice versa.

Europe.

.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

mineral, and grinding specifications. In

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

order to meet these specifications, the producers have combined into several large

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's

companies, each owning a number of different feldspar mines. By means of fre-

Leading Minerals

quent chemical analyses of the product

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

from each one of these mines and separate storage of each lot at the grinding mill,

weighed amounts from each lot can be

FELDSPAR IN GEORGIA

distribution of their various minerals. Feld- combined to produce any grade of feld-

by

spar often makes up from 50 to 80 per spar desired. By thus being able to furnish

RICHARD W. SMITH

cent of the rock mass, but is commonly in- ground feldspar in a wide range of grades

Assistant Statet Geologist

tergrown with quartz and other minerals, and with the certainty of being able to

Feldspar is not the name of a specific mineral, but is the term given in mineralogy to an important group or intergrading series of similar rock-forming minerals. These are all silicates of aluminum containing either potash, soda, or lime, or two of these bases together. The potash feldspars are the most desired for commercial use although the soda feldspars are mined to some extent. The lime feldspars are seldom used.
The physical properties of all varieties of feldspar are remarkably similar, making them hard to tell apart without a chemical

so that usually less than 10 or 20 per cent of the pegmatite body is commercial feldspar.
The principal use of feldspar is as a flux in the manufacture of glass, pottery, enamel ware, brick, and tile. Its use in glass is principally in the manufacture of bottles, pressed ware, and opalescent and opaque glass. Feldspar constitutes from 10 to 35 per cent of the body and from 30 to 50 per cent of the glaze of most whiteware pottery. It is also an important constituent of electrical and other forms of porcelain. The enamels used on cast iron

duplicate the order at any time, these large companies have increased the use of feldspar and have eliminated most of the trouble between producer and consumer. It has, however, made it extremely difficult for the small independent miner to sell his product, particularly if distant from the main feldspar grinding districts. He can sell his crude feldspar to one of the large producing and grinding companies only if it is of exceptional purity and of a type not supplied by their own mines, or by selling it cheaper than they can mine a similar grade themselves.

analysis. They all have much the same bath tubs, wash bowls, and similar articles The pegmatites of the Piedmont Plateau

hardness and specific gravity. The potash contain considerable quantities of feldspar. and Appalachian Mountain section of Geor-

feldspars range in color from white to The feldspar for these uses, which account gia nearly all contain feldspar. Fresh feld-

grayish yellow, or any shade of red from for about 87 per cent of the domestic con- spar is seldom seen on the outcrop because

light rose to brick. The soda-lime feldspars sumption, must be free from iron-bearing surface weathering, often extending to

are generally white, although they may be minerals such as \biotite, g\arnet, 'hO!I'n- some depth, has altered it to a white clay

reddish, greenish, bluish, or gray. Feldspars blende, and black tourmaline, which would called primary kaolin. The feldspar in most

generally have two distinct cleavages along affect the color of the fired product. The of the deposits is too mixed with quartz

which they break with surfaces showing a maximum limit of free quartz ranges from or in too small quantities to be of commer-

high lustre as though polished. These 5 to 20 per cent, depending on the use. Ex- cial value. A few outcrops, however, and

cleavages intersect at approximately right ceptionally pure potash feldspar is used in certain of the larger mica mines, particu-

angles with the potash feldspars, and at 86 the manufacture of artificial teeth and larly in the mountain sections, expose de-

degrees with the soda-lime feldspars, but high-grade table china.

posits of feldspar that appear to be equal

this difference in angle is too slight to be Feldspar is also used in minor amounts in quality and quantity to some now being

detected without careful measurement. The as a constituent of scouring soaps and win- mined in North Carolina. The only develop-

soda-lime feldspars may often be distin- dow-cleaning compounds, as a binder in the ment in Georgia has been a few tons

guished from the potash feldspars by the manufacture of emery and corundum mined during the World War. This lack of

presence of faint straight striations or min- wheels; in the manufacture of certain floor development is due principally to their in-

ute rulings on the cleavage faces, visible coverings; and as a constituent of roofing accessibility and isolation from other prom-

only by turning the crystal slightly one material, sand paper, paint, wood filler, ising deposits. Some of the best deposits

way or another at the proper angle to the and terra cotta.

are still distant from railroad transporta-

light. The feldspars may be distinguished Crushed feldspar is used in the form of tion, but roads to them are improving and

from quartz, with which they are most of- granules for surfacing prepared roofing, in truck haulage is now a possibility. An in-

ten associated, by their distinctive cleav- concrete work, in stucco and pebble dash, crease in mica mining in Georgia would

age; by their translucent, rather than glas- in the facing of cement blocks designed to probably expose more feldspar deposits. At

sy appearance; and by their hardness, the resemble granite, and in terrazzo work. It least 30 years of mica mining preceeded

feldspar being softer than quartz.

is also sold for foundry facings, for use as the development of North Carolina's im-

The feldspars are the most abundant a sand-blast material, and as a poultry portant feldspar industry.

group of minerals, being one of the main grit.

Georgia, while not now a producer of

constituents of granite and related igneous The feldspar industry of the United feldspar, could possibly supply some of the

rocks. The feldspars in these rocks, how- States has undergone a profound change high-potash spar that the North Carolina

ever, range in size from that of a pin- in the last 10 years. Feldspar was formerly and Tennessee grinding mills need to mix

head to one-half inch or so across, and are produced by many small independent com- with their more common lower grade types.

so intimately associated with other miner- panies, each producing one or two types There is a possibility that future prospect-

als that their separation is difficult. The of spar, often varying considerably in ing and mining may disclose sufficient de-

feldspar of commerce is obtained from grade from time to time. The consumer posits of the various types necessary to

pegmatite dikes. Pegmatites are largely could seldom give SjPecifications of the support a feldspar grinding industry with-

composed of the same minerals that are feldspar he wanted, and could only try in the State.

found in granite-quartz, feldspar, and samples until he found one that suited and

mica-but usually in very large, rather than small, crystals. These pegmatite dikes are vein-like masses which are very irregular as to length, width, and the size and

then hope that the producer could continue to supply feldspar like the sample.
Today the situation has changed. Nearly every consumer can give precise chemical,

Europe consumes more of the naval stores produced in this country than the United States. In 1932 exports were 67 per cent of the output.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
Albany
Tree Nursery Prospects
The state tree nursery at Albany is growing seedlings of high quality, with well developed root systems. The seedlings will be ready to take from the nursery plots and set in plantations wher e they are to grow, about October 1. According to t h e way orders are coming in for these seedlings, the demand may be greater than the supply.
Log Cabin at Nursery
A log cabin to house the nursery manager is being constructed on the nursery site. Men from the C. C. C. camp are u sed for this purpose. An attractive and suitable building will be the r esult of th eir labor.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WARM SPRINGS AREA
Long Time Effort for Complete Geological Study of Interesting Area Succeeds-Or. G. W. Crickmay, Assistant State Geologist, Assigned to Work Beginning October 1
For several years, George Foster P eabody, native Georgian and for m er owner of Warm Springs property, but now a resident of Saratoga, New Yor k, has sought a detailed geological survey of the Warm Springs area similar to the survey mad e of Hot Springs, Ark. His efforts have succeeded.
State Geologist S. W. McCallie has been communicating wit h W . C. Me ndenhall, Director of the United States Geological Survey urging the survey and outlining

ed engineers and geologists that may be employed; to advise as to areas to be surveyed to meet public needs, and urged that areas of public domain not be given a disproportionate preference.
This committee report was signed by the fo llowing St ate Geologist s : S. W. McCallie, Georgia; G. E. Condram, Nebraska
Howard E . Simpson, North Dakota; Ar~
thur Bevan, Virginia; M. M. Leighton, Illinois, presi dent of the association.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING WORK FOR GEORGIA
U. S. Geological Survey to Renew Topographic Surveying from Federal Allotment-State Geologists to Cooperate

Georgia is to get a share of the federal allotment of $2,400,000 made for topographic surveys. The amount to be spent 1 f or such work in Georgia has not yet been
Iannounced; nor the time for beginning the
work. In view of an announcement of this un-
dertaking, a special meeting of the Associa tion of American State Geologists was called for Chicago, August 29. State Geologist S. W. McCallie, of Georgia, attended and participated in the meeting, heading a committee that drafted r esolutions addressed to Harold L. Ick es, Secretary of the Department of Interior, expressing the views of the geologist s.

State Tree Nursery at Albany has large supply of excellent pine planting stock

P-54 C. C. C. Camp
The Dougherty county camp is well along with its firebreak construction work. All crews are operating full strength and full time. Twenty-five foot breaks, cleaned of forest growth and plowed are presenting barriers that will discourage any fire.
Production of naval stores in the United States in 1932 was t he smallest since 1906 except for one year. Even so, there is an .over supply waiting a r eviva l of industrial activity to consume and provide a demand that will justify incr eased production.
Forests were never intended by the Creator to be burned. Fire hurts trees.
If you scorch a hardwo od tree, you introduce decay.
Let trees gr ow in t he gullies and save the land.
Burn off the forest floor if yo u want to kill seedlings, and rob your children of their trees.

plans of procedure. Agreement was reached that the work would be financed with public work funds made available by the f1ederal government, (and that Ass.istant State Geologist Goeffry W. Crickmay, of Georgia, would be assigned to begin the work October 1.
Dr. Crickmay will receive supervisory assist ance from one or two g eologists in Washington. The appointment of Dr. Crickmay is accompanied by a high tribute from the Director of the Geological Survey, who considers him as one fitted by training, experience, ability and familiarity with the area to successfully carry on t he investigation of this unusual geological area. H e is to be temporarily relieved of duties with the Georgia Geological Survey to do t his work.
A study is to be made of the geological structure, the warm springs of the r egion, the occurrence of various minerals, and will include a complete mapping of the a r ea .
The r esolution pledged the support of the state geologists to assist the U. S. Geological Survey in carrying into effect the program of topographic surveying; in bringing to the attention of the U. S. Geological Survey the names of unemploy-

The Hooker Oak of California is the largest leafing tree in America; 3,000 people could be shaded when it is in leaf.
Forest lands of the United States in a productive condition will give constant employment to two million men.
The oldest and largest living things that have escaped man's destruction are trees.
Soil fertility has been created by the residue of plants. Burn your forests, starve your trees.
TREE DISEASES (Continued from Page 2) There is little that can be recommended for the infected tree, but if a tree is known to have died of the disease, the ground should be disinfected before another tree of the same species is planted; but it is better still to change the planting to a species not attacked by root-rot. Many tree diseases are beyond the ordinary layman to identify; therefore, he should send specimens to state or federal plant pathologist for identification and for advice as to method of control.