Forestry-geological review [Dec. 1932]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 2

ATLANTA, GA., DECEMBER, 1932

No. 12

HUNTERS, BEWARE!

FORESTRY MEETING

ADULT NIGHT CLASSES

HELD AT BRUNSWICK

IN FORESTRY AT SCHOOLS

Watch Your Tobacco Sparks, Put Out

Your Warming Fires, Protect the Executive Committee of Georgia For- District Foresters to Assist Vocational

Forest and Foster Game.

estry Association Greeted by Forest Agricultural Teachers in Conduct-

Enthusiasts of Southeast Georgia. ing Work in Forestry for Adult

The hunting season is now in full swing.

Classes.

Game is reported plentiful and doubtless An enthusiastic forestry meeting was

moi:e than the usual number of hunters will held at Brunswick, Georgia, October 27, Arrangements have been completed for

be invading fields and forests. No one complimentary to the Executive Committee starting night classes in forestry for adults

would deprive hunters of their sport, and, of the Georgia Forestry Association which at a number of vocational agricultural

some of them, of necessary food. Good was attended by a large number of timber schools in the state. The work in forestry

luck to the hunters!

owners of southeast Georgia. Col. R. E. will be conducted by the vocational teach-

But be careful not to start fires that Benedict of Brunswick was largely instru- ers in a manner similar to that used by

will burn forests and reduce the supply of mental in arranging the meeting which them in adult classes in agriculture. Dis--

game. Trees can not run or fly from the was held in connection with a dinner at trict foresters are scheduled to assist the

fire. They must stand and suffer. Game the Oglethorpe hotel.

teachers on this project.

may escape the winter fires, but what is good hunting grounds today will be charred and black lands when the fire sweeps through, and game will have moved away, possibly into swampy areas where there is protection both from fire and hunters.

C. B. Harman, Atlanta, chairman of the Executive Committee, presided. A. S. Kloss of the Hercules Powder Company, Brunswick, spoke of the cellulose prospects of southern woods, among them paper making. He predicted that as the textile mills moved from the north to the south, so would the paper mills. He felt sure the

This undertaking has met the hearty approval of the heads of vocational teaching as well as by those directing forestry activities.
The adults are to be taught reforestation, fire protection, thinning, wood utilization, and, in South Georgia, turpentining

Hunters start fires mainly by accident. outcome of the research work of the paper methods.

A warming fire built on a cold day is left plant at Savannah would determine there The methods used are informal confer-

burning. A wind blows sparks or embers is ample material for pulp mills in the ences in which adults give the results of

into nearby grass and leaves, and a forest south.

their experiences and ask questions with

fire has started.

Col. R. E. Benedict spoke on growing the district forester, as an expert, giving

Hunters are usually smokers. A cigar timber and told of possibilities where such information as is desired.

or cigarette stump still burning is dropped proper attention is given. He cited results It is expected that through the vocational

into the grass or leaves; the hunter passes obtained from an acre planted near Bruns- agricultural schools a large number of

on and in his wake a raging forest fire wick which in 28 years grew 49 cords of leading farmers may be reached and that

fll\l"es up. Or the hunter may knock burn- wood suitable for pulp wood, or 1,770 better forestry practices will result. Twen-

ing tobacco from the bowl of his pipe with board feet of lumber, or 220 cross ties and ty to thirty communities will be reached

a rap on the heel of his shoe. Enough 35 cords of pulp wood, or 200 turpentine this year and after the year's trial it is

fire is released to start a flame that may faces worth $50 per acre for a 12-year expected that the work will be extended

spread over thousands of acres of wood- lease. Other similar citations were made to all vocational agricultural schools.

land, fire that will kill young pines and showing how well timber growing in the

stunt the growth of larger ones.

southeast will pay.

Some hunters, usually boys of a neigh- Alex Sessoms of Cogdell, large timber

Dr. Cary in South

borhood, after rabbits, start a fire to drive owner, told of shipping 10 cords of pine Dr. Austin Cary, of the United States

their game out of briar patches, and then to a paper mill in Maine for experimental Forest Service, who has spent considerable

go away to let the fire rage at will. Often purposes and a second shipment which, he time in recent years studying southern

'possum hunters having treed their game concluded, indicated that the paper com- pines, is again. in this section making head-

in a hollow butt of a tree build a fire to pany was developing interest in southern quarters at Lake City, Florida, where he

smoke him out, then having achieved their pines.

will be glad to be of service to naval

Purpose, move on to let the fire spread Speaking on "What the Forestry Asso- stores operators and others.

into the woods.

ciation Means to Georgia," C. B. Harman, It is reported that Dr. Cary is planning

Forest fires do great damage to the chairman of the Executive Committee and to write a summary covering all the in-

forest and to game as well, which, if long-time active member of the association, vestigations he has made in various studies

hunters fully appreciated, would make said that the association had inaugurated of southern pines. This will doubtless be

them very careful not to be responsible the state's department of forestry and fos- an important contribution to forestry lit-

.for starting.

(Continued on Page 2, Col. 1)

erature relating to the south.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

NAvAL

STORES VISIT

MEN PAPER

PLANT

agent of the Central of Georgia Railway Company; J. N. McBride, agricultural and industrial agent of the Seaboard Air Line

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND

Railway Company; W. J. Morgan and J. C.

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
State Capitol, Atlanta.
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor. Bonnell Stone, Oxford, Development Agent

Impressed That Harvesting Wood Need Not Interfere Naval Stores Production.

Pulp With

Morgan of Morgans, Inc., and Thomas Purse, secretary of the Savannah Chamber of Commerce.

Mrs. Nellie Nix Edwards, Treasurer, Atlanta

FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Forestry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester......Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr., District Forester,

Following a meeting of naval stores erators in Savannah, those attending

opac-

EXECUTIVES MEET

--------------------------------------------Gainesville
H. M. Sebring, District Forester........Macon C. B. Beale, District Forester......Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester............Rome Tack Thurmond, District Forester,
-----------'--------------------------------Savannah 1::. N Elliott, District Forester........Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester....Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester..Columbus

cepted an invitation to visit the paper research plant in that city. Dr. Charles H. Herty and others conducting the research work at the plant explained the operations and told of the success attained that indicated very certainly that southern pines would find use in the manufacture of white paper.

Following a forestry meeting of timber owners of southeast Georgia held at Brunswick, a meeting of members of the Executive Committee of the Georgia Forestry Association was held at which matters relating to the development of association work were discussed. A satisfac-

Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Stenographer, Atlanta
Geological Division S. W. McCallie, State Geologist......Atlanta

The naval stores men asked how this new use of slash and longleaf pine on which they depend for their raw material would

tory meeting is reported.
Following the meeting of the committee, those attending went to Savannah

R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist, --------------------------------------------------Atlanta
G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, --------------------------------------------------Atlanta
Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk............Atlanta

affect the naval stores industry. The explanation was made that the paper industry would provide a market for thinnings of prospective turpentine forests and would

where the research paper plant was inspected and a luncheon ~as attended where a number of Savannah business men were present. The association is to hold

Research Division, Savannah
Charles H. Herty..............Research Chemist George C. McNaughton..........Asst. Research

thus gum that

bring forests to earlier and heavier production. It was also pointed out after trees are turpentined and are

its next annual meeting in Savannah during the period set aside for 'celebrating the founding of the State of Georgia.

Bruce Suttle................:.........Plant Engineer made available for saw logs, poles, etc., Those attending the meeting of the

W. F. Allen........................................Chemist J. B. Osborne........................Plant Assistant

that the tops or parts of the tree ordinarily left on the ground to decay, could be mar-

executive committee of the association were President T. Guy Woolford, C. B.

keted as pulp wood.

Harman, Mrs. M. E. Judd, R. E. Benedict,

(Continued from Page 1)

H. L. Kayton, Savannah, a leader in the Alex K. Sessoms, and J. Phil Campbell.

tered its interests from the beginning, and naval stores industry, expressed his opinion

it had guarded the department from being on the subject as follows:

FIRST NEGRO FIRE FIGHTERS'

involved in politics. He said the association had not yet succeeded in getting the

"In my judgment, the advantage of hav-

ORGANIZATION FORMED

legislature to enact tax laws more favor- ing the paper industry located in this terri-

able for growing forests than at present. tory is the fact that it would create a mar- Eleven Negroes at Omaha Join in Co-

He called attention to the great services ket for small stuff such as could be gathof Mr. T. G. Woolford, president of the ered in thinning operations. If such a marassociation, and Bonnell Stone, secretary, ket could be established, I believe it would both of whom were unavoidably kept away result in better fire prevention methods

operative Fire Fighting-Professor H. E. Hall, Vocational School Teacher, Helps.

from the meeting. Mr. Harman urged the being adopted by landowners, that event-

timber owners to make hay while the sun ually the burning of trees would dwindle . The first negro forest fire fighters' or-

shines, that trees are going to be worth to a matter of small proportions, lands ganization formed in Georgia has been re-

, more in the future.

would be protected and young timber en- ported by District Forester H. D. Story,

couraged to grow on tracts which today Jr., of Albany, who credits H. E. Hall,

are practically den}lded of timber."

vocational agriculture teacher at the

CUT CEDAR CHRISTMAS TREES Those who visited the plant were as fol- Omaha Training school, Omaha, Georgia,

WISELY

lows: H. H. Bruen, J. A. Myers, A. T. with arousing interest and for calling the

Hussey, and C. L. Murphy, of the Columbia meeting resulting in the organization.

Many thousands of cedar trees are cut Naval Stores Company; C. H. Carson, Car- This organization is located in Stewart

annually in Georgia for Christmas. The son Naval Stores Company; A. F. K. Mus- county.

cedars can be made a source of farm in- tin, E. M. Smith and P. A. Mackall of the Eleven negro property owners whose

come at this time when the landowner's Antwerp Naval Stores Company; George land adjoin each other have signed up 603

income is very small.

W. Drummond of the Consolidated Naval acres in this unit and have pledged to help

But the trees should be cut with good Stores Company; A. D. Pace, Turpentine & each other to fight fires and to take prejudgment if the cedar lands are to bring Rosin Factors, Inc.; J. R. Sweat, J. M. ventive measures recommended by the the greatest profit. Let the harvesting be Blaine and C. M. Jordan, of the Operators district forester. Incidentally, it may be
a thinning. Frequently the cedars are too Factorage Company; R. E. Thorpe and W. stated that this is the second of the fire

thick to make the best growth. When J. Farmer, R. E. Thorpe & Company; A. G. fighter organizations to be formed after

some are removed the remainder grow Cassels and R. Frank Cassels, of the Cassels the new plan had been launched. by the

more rapidly and will more quickly attain Company; J. L. McLeod and 0. T. Mcintosh State Forest Service.

fence post or pencil stock size at which of the Southern States Naval Stores Com- The officers of the new negro organiza-

time they can be sold at good profit.

pany; J. C. Schwarz, Jr., of the Pine Prod- tion are: M. C. Walton, president; A. D.

No species. of tree makes a more shapely ucts Export Company; E. F. Walsh of the Morris, vice-president; Rev. A. J. Holtz-

and suitable Christmas tree than cedar, John R. Walsh Company; J. E. Lockwood claw, secretary and treasurer. Other

and to many people in the south, the aroma of the J. E. Lockwood Company; Sigo members are M. L. Evans, Aaron Walton,

of cedar is associated with Christmas Myers, capitalist; J. F. Jackson, agricul- Charlie Ford, Cornelius Ford, David Davis,

cheer.

tural agent and J. M. Mallory, industrial Amy Frye, J. A. Pettis and Ben Wiley.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

ant beautiful white newsprint paper was rushed to Augusta, where the program, and the cuts reproduced herewith, were printed, and distributed in 60 hours from the stump.
This was a stunt that accompanied a very interesting address by Dr. Herty that told of great possibilities of making white paper from all kinds of Georgia pines. The address was enthusiastically received by citizens of Augusta.

ENGLAND-BEALE
Miss Clarice England, Blairsville, and Charles Bernard Beale, district forester at Waycross, were married November 1 at Neel Gap, with Rev. W. B. Mills, Blairsville, officiating.
The marriage ceremony took place on the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Vogel Park at an altitude in excess of 3,000 feet, with colorful fall foliage making a gorgeous setting for the outdoor wedding. Though informal, it was a beautifully unique wedding in the woods, appropriate to the calling of the groom.
Only a few relatives and friends were present, very few knowing of the intended marriage. Mrs. A. L. England, mother of the bride, Mrs. Eula Caldwell and Mrs. Cary Earnest, sisters of _the bride, Mr. Cary Earnest, all of Blairsville, Fred Beale of Savannah, brother of the groom, and Everett B. Stone, Jr., district forester, Gainesville, besides the minister, were attendants of the wedding.
Following the marriage ceremony a wedding supper was tendered at the Dixie Hunt Hotel, Gainesville, by Everett B. Stone, Jr., following which the bride and groom left on a honeymoon trip, destination unknown.
After November 10, Mr. and Mrs. Beale were at home at Waycross, Georgia. Both have many friends in the state who wish them great happiness.
The bride is a cultured, charming member of a prominent family in Union County, while Mr. Beale is a native of Savannah, a graduate of the University of Georgia and prominent in forestry work.

FIRE LOSSES NATIONAL FORESTS REDUCED, 1932

The burned area in national forests of

the country was reduced in 1932 to 397,-

722 acres compared to 605,073 acres for

19 31. More than half of the loss was in
QUICK CHANGE-PINES TO PRINTED PAPER the Santa Barbara National Forest where

220,000 acres were burned over. Else-

where the United States Forest Service had
Trees Cut at Augusta Made Into Paper at Savannah in 48 Hours-Printed the best r ecord for many years.

and Distributed in 60 Hours.

HWoodlot" a Misnomer

A demonstration of how quickly and C. N. Elliott, district forester at Au- A recent questionnaire sent out by the

how well southern pines can be converted gusta, cut pines off the state forest at United States Forest Service develops that

into white paper was conducted at Au- Augusta, rushed them to Savannah, where the term "woodlot" is misunderstood by

&'Usta on the occasion of an address of Dr. the research pulp and paper plant con- landowners and should be discarded. The

Charles H. Herty before the civic clubs of verted them into white paper in 48 hours words "woodlands" or "woods" are pre-

that city on November 21.

from the time they were cut. The result- ferred.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

in open fields; at three inches, seventeen WHITE PINE GROWTH IN

FORESTRY
QUESTION BOX

times faster; and at eight inches, two and a half times more rapidly. This, of course, explains in part why forests have less sur-

SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS

face run-off of water and less erosion.

J .. A. Cope, Department of Forestry,

Cornell University, discussing white pine

What is flexwood? A description of this new material is given in the Journal of Forestry by Reginald T. Titus, which is reproduced here-

TUNG

OIL TREES TESTED IN

GEORGIA

in the southern Appalachians in the November issue of the Journal of Forestry this year, says in his conclusions:

with: "Closely related to plywood is a new
product called flexwood, used primarily as a wall covering. Flexwood consists of very thin wood veneer (usually of walnut, mahogany, or oak) backed with a stout fabric. The sheets of wood, measuring less than one-eightieth inch in thickness, ha~e previously gone through a patented process intended to break the wood into Innumerable fine columns, and this is said to prevent subsequent cracking or warping.

In Press Bulletin 355, issued by the Georgia Experiment Station, H. P. Stuckey, Director of the Station, says: "Generally speaking, it would not be safe to plant inland much more than 100 miles from the coast."
The station began tests in 1908 with tung oil plants received from its southern range in China, and a small number have been grown at the station ever since. The results indicate that the variety of trees used should be grown only in the' south-

"The excellent growth rate of white pine in the southern Appalachians, as shown in both natural stands and in plantations, indicates that it should have an important place in the forests of these mountains.
"The control of white pine blister rust and white pine weevil, the two most serious enemies of white pine in the northern part of its range, do not present so difficult or expensive a task."
Discussing the rapid growth of white

The finished product is sufficiently thin and flexible to be applied in the same manner as wall paper, and gives the appearance of solid wood paneling at a fraction of the cost."
Is mistletoe an enemy of trees? Mistletoe is a parasite on the living trees, that means, it saps from the tree materials that otherwise would go into tree growth. The grey hanging mosses of the south are not parasitic. They get their

ern part of the coastal plain of the state in view of their susceptibility to cold.
Director Stuckey, however, states that tests are being conducted with hardier tung oil trees brought from north China. Only a few years' observations have been ma'de, not long enough to draw definite conclusions, but he states that these new varieties are showing up somewhat favorably.

pines in the south, Mr. Cope says: "On an abandoned field in the French Broad district of the Pisgah National Forest, a 25year-old stand of white pine showed frequent spacing of four feet between nodes and 2.5 and 3 feet were the rule rather than the exception. Similar rapid height growth was found in sections of the Cherokee National Forest, particularly on Cooper Creek in North Georgia."
Reference is made to the Biltmore

living from the air and use trees only as a convenient object on which to make an

Dr. Wm. Folks Dies

Plantations, near Asheville, where the best site growth of 195 cubic per acre per year

attachment.

Dr. William Folks, age 43, surgeon, died is reported for trees 26 years old from

At what rate does the yellow poplar October 31 at Waycross, where he was planting.

grow? The United States Forest Service has
made a study of the rate of growth of second-growth yellow poplar in Sosbee Cove, Union county, Georgia, one of the best stands on one of the best sites in the country. Under natural conditions, without thinning or other treatment, the area measured showed that the yellow poplars were adding 756 board feet per acre annually.
On average sites of full stands, the

born and where he won distinction as a physician and public-spirited citizen. He was intensely interested in forestry and was vice president of the Georgia Forestry Association. The cause of forestry bas lost, in the death of Dr. Folks, one of its ablest champions.
SEEK REVISED STATISTICAL SERVICE ON NAVAL STORES

A plantation at Highl~nds, N. C., with 22 years' growing seaso~s, is reported as having an average diameter, breast high, of 8.1 inches; height 45 to 55 feet for dominant trees; an average of 6.1 inches diameter and heights 37 to 45 feet for intermediate trees; an average of 4.5 inches diaJl!.eter and heights 30 to 35 feet for over-topped trees. The number of live trees per acre is 1,010, which measure 5,460 cubic feet of timber per acre.

growth would probably not average more At a meeting of the Savannah Stores in- Mr. Cope studied the presence of wild

than from one-half to two-thirds this terests at the Savannah Board of Trade, currants and gooseberries, the intermediate

much.

a resolution was unanimously adopted host plants for blister rust, and concludes

Does the Japanese beetle threaten to be- asking that reports on production, distri- that there is little to fear from a southern

come a serious forest pest?

bution, consumption and stocks of naval advance of blister rust.

Entomologists claim that the Japanese stores be made by the United States De- The lack of large areas of open grown

beetle is not a menace to well-stocked for- partment of Agriculture in three separate white pine in the south and the great activ-

est areas. Their attacks will be more dis- classes, as gum naval stores, steam distilled ity of the downy woodpecker in feeding on

astrous to fruit trees and shade trees be- wood naval stores products, and destruc- the weevil are assigned by Mr. Cope as

cause the adult beetles are sun lovers and tively distilled wood naval stores products. warranting his statement that this insect

their larvae require grassy areas for de- It was requested that the U. S. Depart- will not present a serious menace.

velopment. Favorable conditions for the ment of Agriculture disseminate all sta-

beetle, therefore, do not exist in or at least only on their edges.

forests,

tistics on naval stores except those relating to foreign and domestic commerce, and

LOWER

RAILROAD

RATES

FOR

How much faster is rainfall absorbed by that statistics of gum naval stores and SOUTHERN PINE SOUGHT

a forest soil than by agricultural soils of wood naval stores should be fully compiled

the open field?

and separately reported at the same time. The impending reductions in transcon-

Dr. John T. Auten of the United States

tinental rates on fir lumber of the west

Forest Service reports investigations of The village of Ebern, Germany, has a coast has resulted in a plea by southern

unburned and undisturbed forest condi- town forest that pays so well that no taxes pine producers to southern railroads to

tions that show soils one inch beneath the are collected for operating the town. Fur- reduce rates so as to avoid a greater trade

duff or organic matter deposited on the thermore, the forest provides to each advantage which the lower rates will give

floor of the forest, absorbs water nearly householder a load of wood and 60 marks western producers. No action bas yet

fifty times as rapidly as agricultural soils annual dividend.

been. taken.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

THIRD DISTRICT

FOURTH DISTRICT

of two longleaf pines taken from burned and unburned areas. It was found that

C. N. Elliott, District Forester

W. G. Wallace, District Forester a longleaf pine tree 16 years old and sub-

Augusta

Columbus

jected to periodical fires was actually smaller than a longleaf pine six years old

Patrolmen Employed

Meriwether

County

Forestry

Fire

Pre-

taken under similar growing conditions with the exception that no fire had been

The two patrolmen employed by District vention Organization Holds An- allowed in the forest from which it came.

Three for six weeks beginning November

nual Meeting, President-Elect

It was also shown that the needles on trees

15 and ending December 31, are E. L.

Roosevelt a Member

from burned areas were much shorter than

Stephenson, of Covington, and J. W. At a recent meeting of the Meriwether the needles of trees from protected areas,

Cooper, of Athens. Mr. Stephenson is at County T. P. 0. the following officers thus resulting in lessened resin flow from

present in Burke county, where more than were re-elected: A. S. Persons, President; turpentine faces.
70 000 acres have already been signed up T. J. Long, Vice-President; S. M. Stout, It was estimated that practically the enin 'the Burke County T. P. 0. So far, this Secretary - Treasurer; Directors E. B. tire citizenry of the county attended this
land is scattered, lying in all sections of Doyle, A. C. Newman, and Fred Botts. fair. Taylor county is particularly to be the county. However, it is gradually being Sidney Williams was appointed as look- congratulated on having such outstanding

blocked in.

out to be stationed in the 75-foot Charles men for county agent and vocational agri-

Mr. Cooper is working at the present Lamar Davis Memorial steel lookout tower culture teacher as W. A. Lundy and W. J.

time in Hart county, where he is organiz- on Pine Mountain.

Culbertson in addition to citizens taking

ing the vocational schools and landowners President-elect Roosevelt is a member of an active interest in the welfare of the

into a Hart County Forest Fire Fighters' the Meriwether County Forestry Fire Pre- county.

unit. Later on these men will work out in vention Organization and was instrumental

other counties of the district.
Bank Promotes Pine Planting

in its organization. The fire prevention work on Pine Mountain, in which this T. P. 0. has pioneered, has led to such a reduction of the number of fires and acre-

FIFTH DISTRICT H. M. Sebring, District Forester
Macon

The Georgia Railroad Bank and Trust age burned on Pine Mountain that it is a

Company of Augusta is contemplating im- matter of general conversation when for-

Fire Patrolmen Employed

proving several farms they hold in trust estry is the subject talked of in that Three special forest fire patrolmen be-

by planting pine seedlings in the marginal section.

gan work in the Macon District November

land of the farms. The district forester Pine Mountain is the southernmost foot- 15. S. A. Clements of McRae, who worked

made a trip not long ago with Mr. Lee S. hills of the Appalachian Range. It iit a as patrolman last spring, was again em-

Trimble, vice-president of the bank, and range of mountains heading near Barnes- ployed and assigned the district compris-

tentative plans were outlined for the im- ville, Georgia, and running southwest into ing Telfair, Wheeler and Laurens counties.

provement of these farms, subject to the Alabama. The elevation of its ridges is Mr. Clements has had long experience in

approval of the bank's trust committee. from 200 to 400 feet in elevation above managing turpentine operations, and being

Mr. Trimble explained that the seedlings the surrounding country. Pine Mountain a landowner who protects his own land

were to be planted for the purposes of: gets its name from the beautiful longleaf from fire, together with his past experience

(1) The prevention of erosion. (2) Im- pine forests which formerly adorned it but as patrolman, is well equipped to render

provement of the soil. (3) For the timber are now practically all cut. It is still a efficient service.

which in a few years will be valuable to Mecca for nature lovers because of its Russell Franklin of Eastman, was em-

the owner. This is a forward step in for- multitudinous varieties of flowers which ployed to patrol the counties of Dodge, Wil-

estry in the state, and the Georgia Railroad blossom continuously from early spring to cox and Pulaski. Mr. Franklin is a grad-

Bank and Trust Company is to be congrat- late autumn, and because of the pine and uate of the Forest School at the University

ulated on taking this step in the manage- oak forests which are reclaiming the of Georgia and has had experience in fire

ment of their land held in trust.

rugged slopes and ridges to the accompani- control and other phases of forestry since

ment of forest fire protection.

his graduation. Last spring he was em-

Forestry Exhibits

Taylor

County

Fair

Shows

Interesting

ployed as fire patrolman in the district, but was transferred to

Waycross his home

Two forestry exhibits of note at fairs in District Three were those of the Richmond County Exchange Club Fair by J. K. Callahan, vocational teacher at Wrens, and

Under bertson, forestry

Forestry Exhibits
the direction of Mr. W. J. CulVocational Agriculture teacher, exhibits were prepared which

section. C. C. Brannan of McRae, was employed
and assigued to the district consisting of Crisp, Dooly and Houston counties. Mr.

of the McDuffie County Fair at Thomson, by County Agent James Purcell. These

would convince any open-minded person of the damage caused by forest fires.

Brannan has had experience protecting and managing a turpentine forest, and is

exhibits were very good and contained One exhibit showed two containers expected to render efficient service as a

some valuable information for farmers and filled with soil; one containing soil taken fire patrolman.

landowners.

from a forest burned over annually, and These patrolmen will concentrate on

the other containing soil taken from a contacting landowners and the formation

D. F. Broadcasts

similar forest through which no fire had of cooperative fire fighting organizations. been allowed to burn. It was found that They will also take the initiative in sup-

Ye District Forester is putting on a fif- when equal amounts of water were sprin- pressing fires in their respective territories.

teen minute radio broadcast from Radio kled into each container the soil taken Each patrolman will be equipped with two

Station WRDW in Augusta, at 5:30, every from the unburned area was able to con- fire pumps, two fire swatters, one rake and

Monday and Wednesday afternoon.

serve a much greater amount of the mois- one axe.

ture due to its organic content. This

T.

D.

Burleigh,

of

the

U.

S.

Biological

pointed growth

to the could be

fact that greater tree expected as well as in-

Jones

County

Fire

Fighting

Organiza-

Survey, from Asheville, will be a visitor in creased resin flow from thrifty turpen-

tion Being Formed

the Augusta district some time in Decem- tined trees when protected from fire.

A fire fighting organization in Jones

ber.

Exhibit Number 2 compared the growth county is in the process of formation. The

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

influential landowners are anxious to get W. I. Stafford, who is secretary-treas-

the work started, and are working toward urer and also patrolman for the T. P. 0., getting a consolidated area in the vicinity is in charge of the work and is using of Dames ferry on the Ocmulgee river. plowed and burned breaks again this year The area to be included in the organiza- as they are easier to make with the tractor

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester
Albany

tion covers approximately 5,000 acres of which he is using, two furrows being

cut-over land lying along the Ocmulgee plowed about 25 feet apart and the inter-

Dr. Herty Heard

river. An organization meeting will be vening. strip burned out. Fire breaks of A joint meeting of Kiwanis, Rotary and

held within the near future.

this type will be good this year as all the Lions clubs and the Chamber of Com-

ponds and bays are full of water and are merce, was held at Albany, November 9,

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, District Forester
Savannah

not a source of danger as they were last for the purpose of hearing Dr. Charles H.

year. Fire breaks of this type at the Herty on the progress of his research work

present price of labor will cost $3.50 per in the use of southern woods for making

mile.

white paper.

John A. Davis, president of the Cham-

Chad. ~1. T. P. 0. Plans to Buy Trac-

SEVENTH DISTRICT

ber of Commerce, Albany, introduced Dr.

tor and Hester Fire Break Plow
The Chatham County Timber Protective Organization, organized on October 13

C. Bernard Beale, District Forester Waycross

Herty who spoke enthusiastically about the prospects of the south becoming the future center of making newsprint and book

with 17,000 acres, has increased its hold-

papers. He told of the pr<ogress of his

ings to 23,000 and just as soon as the Crisp School Organizes Longleaf work which showed thus far that all kinds

signed acreage totals 30,000 the T. P. 0.

Forestry Club

of pines grown in Georgia are adapted to

will purchase a "Thirty" Caterpillar tractor and Hester five disc fire-break plow for use on the organized area.
The organization will also be able to plow for individuals not near enough to come into the organization, but who want to protect their land from fire. This work will cost the non-member landowner $3.00 per mile. The secretary-treasurer, president and vice-president have already looked the outfit over and will purchase one as

Through the efforts of Guy Waddell, principal and vocational teacher, a Longleaf Forestry Club has been organized at the Crisp Consolidated school near Stockton in Lanier county. The club has a membership of thirty-five, composed of boys and young men ranging in age from 14 to 35 years. Membership in the club is not limited to boys in school but includes many young men not in school.

making' paper of high quality. He stressed the importance of guaranteeing an adequate supply of pulp wood, and the largest return to the timber owner, by promoting forest fire control. He asked that every citizen lend his influence to creating pub lie sentiment against burning the forests and in helping the State Forest Service in its great objective, the protection of Geor~ gia's forests.
The address was received with en-

soon as the signed acreage is sufficient to Major objectives of the club are as thusiasm and hopefulness that the time is

warrant the purchase.

follows:

not far distant when a new and important

1. Protection of timberland from fire. market for timber of the state will be

Four Temporary Patrolmen in District 6

created.

2. Development of rural leadership and

an appreciation of forest resources.

T. P. 0. Enlarged

On November 10 three temporary forest patrolmen were appointed to work territories in the Savannah district and one man started work on November 15. The

3. To train students in public speaking through debates and discussion of forestry questions.

Hollis Lanier and the Citizens and Southern Bank have added 1,744 acres to the Pine Island Timber Protective Organization near Albany. Firebreaks will be con-

men are stationed at Flemington in Lib- 4. To conduct a permanent forestry structed on the new acreage as planned by

erty county, Claxton in Evans county, demonstration.

the district forester. Firebreak construc-

Brooklet in Bulloch county and Soperton in Treutlen county. These men will work until January 1, 1933. Their duties are to help fight any fires where the landowner needs assistance, give information as to how fire pumps and other fire fighting

An athletic team is to be sponsored by the club. It is planned to construct a log cabin as a meeting place. Two meetings are held each month on the first and third Monday nights.

tion will also be extended on the property of Reynolds Brothers who have large holdings in this organization.
New School Forest
The Preston school, Webster county, has

equipment should be used, to contact The idea of forming the club was con- established a school forest of 28.2 acres

schools and especially all negro schools; ceived by a vocational boy who attended near the town and will begin their work

also appear before civic clubs whenever the vocational camp the past summer.

for the first year.

possible. They will cooperate with organ-

The work of this school and school forest

ized T. P. O.'s and explain their work to

will be under T. E. Ritchie, who has shown

individuals who do not happen to be mem-

Forest Fire Patrolmen Placed

his interest in forestry and in his school

bers. They will also help in organizing Portions of eleven counties in the Sev- by his efforts and good work in the past.

Forest Fire Fighters' units, which enable enth District will be covered by four pa- The school forest is a very beautiful

landowners having scattered tracts of tim- trolmen who have been placed to cover piece of property, about 14 acres being in

ber to receive aid in protecting it from areas as follows:

loblolly pine from one to about twelve

fire. Any landowner is invited to get in

years of age and conditions of growth are

touch with the nearest patrolman.

Patrol No. 1-Pierce, Bacon and north- such that demonstrations of thinning and

ern Ware counties.

other phases of forestry can be carried on

Fire Break Construction Started

Patrol No. 2-Eastern Lanier, north- in the different aged stands.

in Liberty County

western Clinch, western Atkinson and About 14 acres is open land to be planted

The Liberty County T. P. 0. has already southern Coffee counties.

out in either slash or loblolly pine and the

started constructing its fire breaks for the co:ming fire season. Many of the breaks which were plowed last year will be main-

Patrol No. ern Lowndes

3-Berrien, counties.

Cook and

north-

management plan calls for planting in such a manner that all classes will get the benefit of this demonstration.

tained, but as several new members have Patrol No. 4-Western Echols, eastern The school and community are indebted

been added about 100 miles of new breaks Lowndes, western Lanier, and southwestern to Mr. Rees for his kindness in leasing this

will be put in this year.

Clinch counties.

property of the school of Preston.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

-

requiring extremely high-heat duty and low

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

coefficient of expansion. Deposits of cyanite have been found in

Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

the crystalline rock areas of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Most of these deposits are small, although

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

some of them may prove to be of economic importance. A large quantity has been

CYANITE IN GEORGIA
A Museum Mineral Becomes Commercial

mined in Arizona. Considerable massive

made from sillimanite bonded with clay cyanite has been imported into the United

outlasted all other types. The high heat to States from India, wr -.re it is said to occur

which they were subjected seemed to in- as large, well-rounded boulders which have

crease the network of mullite crystals and been transported from their original un-

therefore their strength.

discovered source.

RICHARD W. SMITH Assistant State Geologist

The successful use of synthetic silliman- The cyanite deposits of Georgia are of ite caused manufacturers to search for the two types: (1) Loose crystals imr .,'oJ.ed in natural mineral in commercial quantities. micaceous cyanite-staurolite-garnet ~chists;

Most of us have been made familiar, Obviously a suitable natural mineral would and (2) crystal aggregates associated with

through extensive advertising in the maga- be less expensive and more stable than the quartz in small and very irregular veins. zines, with the fact that a certain brand of artifi~ial substitute. The officials of one The last type at first sight would appear spark plugs are made from sillimanite. But company manufacturing spark plugs to be the best source of supply. Large

few know the romance of research and ap- searched through the mineralogical litera- boulders or donnicks of cyanite with more

plied science that lies behind the recent ture, following up every possible lead with or less quartz are found on the surface at

creamic uses of the sillimanite group of systematic prospecting, and finally located places throughout the Piedmont Plateau

minerals. Sillimanite, cyanite, and andal- a large deposit of andalusite high in the and the mountains of Georgia. But so far

usite all have the same chemical composi- mountains of California near the Nevada prospecting has failed to disclose a sizable

tion, aluminum silicate (Al20 3.Si02), but line. This is the only deposit of andalusite vein at any of these places. It seems likely are quite different in appearance, crystal in commercial quantities thus far located. that these donnicks may be a surface accu-

structure, and physical properties. They Natural sillimanite is even more scarce. A mulation from small veins or miniature

have long been known to mineralogists and few small outcroppings have so far been lens-shaped masses not over a foot in thick-

geologists, but were considered to be of found in the United States, chiefly in South ness and with a horizontal extent of not

no commercial value. Cyanite was of scien- Dakota. Large but rather inaccessible de- more than a few feet. The larger surface

tific interest as it is the only common min- posits have been discovered in India. Silli- accumulation of cyanite donnicks may

eral that is much softer in one crystal manite and andalusite have the advantage prove to be marketable, but it now appears

direction than in the others. In 1908 it in that there is no appreciable volume doubtful if a vein large enough to mine

was noted that most porcelains when ex- change when they are converted to mullite will be found. Deposits of this type have

amined under the microscope showed inter- on heating to about cone 12 to 13 (1310 been noted near Woodland in Talbot

locking needle-like crystals that resembled to 1350 C., 2390 to 2465 F.). This County, northwest of Carrollton in Carroll

the natural mineral sillimanite. Later makes it possible to use them without pre- County, in the northwestern part of Haber-

these crystals were found to differ slightly vious calcination, and has the tendency to sham County, in the Gumlog District of

from sillimanite and were given the name form a better bond of inter-locking mul- Union County, in Fannin County north of

"mullite."

lite crystals in the finished product.

Hemp, on Hothouse Creek, and near Sugar

About 1917 ceramists of the United Cyanite occurs usually in long-bladed or Creek, in the Boardtown District of Gilmer

States Bureau of Standards were given the platy crystals and crystal aggregates. The County, near Refuge Church in Pickens

problem of developing a better spark plug color varies from white and light-gray to County, and west of the L. & N. R. R.

core. Cores that would better resist sudden blue, grayish-blue, and greenish-blue. The between Keithsburg and Ball Ground in

changes in temperature and high heats crystals are often blue in the center and Cherokee County.

were necessary for aeroplane motors for white along the edges. The cleavage is Deposits of disseminated cyanite crystals

war use. They decided to experiment with perfect in one direction, less perfect at in mica schist are known at two places

sillimanite, but, because of the scarcity of right angles to it, and with a parting in northwest of Clarkesville in Habersham

the natural minerals of this group, they the third direction. The most characteris- County and near Ball Ground in Cherokee

decided to prepare synthetic sillimanite by tic feature, aside from its appearance, is County. They are usually marked by a

calcining clay and artificial alumina. This its hardness, which is 4% parallel to the surface accumulation of flat cyanite crys-

~ynthetic sillimanite was deliberately in- length of the crystals and 7 perpendicular tals averaging an inch in length, half an

corporated into a porcelain body in a quan- to the length. This means that a knife- inch in breadth, and a quarter of an inch

tity larger than it would have been possible blade will easily scratch cyanite parallel in thickness. These crystals are darker in

to develop from the clay contained in the to the long way of the crystal but not color than the massive cyanite, due, per-

body. It was used as a substitute for other across the crystal. Its specific gravity is haps, to surface stain from the weathering

ingredients, especially quartz or potter's 3.6, considerably heavier than quartz of the schist in which they are enclosed.

flint. The addition of the sillimanite calcine to the body to replace potter's flint, and the firing of the body to a temperature . high enough to develop mullite in the clay resulted in a body with a mechanical strength two to four times as great as normal porcelain. It also improved heat-shock

(2.6). When calcined to about cone 12 to 13 (2390 to 24650 F.), it expands considerably, principally in the long direction of the crystals, and the original specific gravity (3.6) drops to that of a mixture of mullite and glass (3.1). The calcined

They represent the accumulation of the cyanite from several feet of the eroded schist, the mica and the sand having been washed away leaving the heavier cyanite crystals behind. The cyanite in the schist ranges in size from minute needles up to flat crystals two inches long, an inch

resistance and made a much better spark material is friable and more difficult to across, and three-eighths of an inch thick.

plug core. Other studies showed silli- bond than raw andalusite. For these rea- They appear to be arranged with the flat

manite to be constant in volume and to sons cyanite is not as satisfactory for some surfaces roughly parallel to the schistosity

Possess characteristics that would be bene- purposes as andalusite. Experiments show of the rock. Tests from one of these prop-

ficial if it were used as an ingredient in that it can be used satisfactorily, however, erties are said to show that the schist aver-

high-heat duty refractories. Fire brick in the manufacture of refractories for uses aged 12 per cent by weight of cyanite.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

A small washing mill has recently been MAKING FIRE BREAKS-

During prolonged and extremely dry sea-

put in operation to recover the surface accumulation of loose cyanite crystals on one

METHODS EMPLOYED .sons, the swam~s dry up and th.eir .soil be-
comes combustible. To stop so1l fires the

of the Habersham County deposits. The

best method is to dig ditches and cut down

top soil containing the loose cyanite crys- Breaks Should Be Made and Renewed dead snags that are likely to scatter fire.

tals is shoveled into a flume which carries it to a small tumbling mill which separates the adhering impurities from the crystals,

as Soon as Leaves Have Fallen and But trench breaks need not be made until

Grass Is Dry.

the exceptionally dry season comes and

then usually the ditches can be dug ahead

and to a screen which removes the sand,

of the fire, which, ~s a rule, progresses

clay, and mica. Tests are under way toward The greatest forest fire hazard in Geor- slowly.

recovery of the cyanite from the schist. gia is.in the winter and early spring. If this

The method of recovery will probably be period of the year is dry, the danger is by crushing and a gravity removal of the great; if it is wet, of course, the danger is

ON THE FIRING LINE

mica and quartz, followed by a magnetic decreased. It, however, behooves every

separation of the garnet and staurolite timber owner to use fire prevention Forest fires today make tomorrow's

from the cyanite. Impurities adhering to methods and be ready at all times to com- pocketbook lean.

the cyanite crystals may have to be re- bat fires.



moved by tumbling in water or some other An essential to any well protected forest Fire keeps forest wealth from growing to

means. It is possible that considerable flake area is a fire break. A fire break is what full profits.



mica of good color can be recovered from its name implies. When a forest fire gets

the schist and sold to the roofing trade. A under headway, these fire breaks are im- Take an interest in your forest if you plant of this type would furnish a market portant in restricting the fire to small want it to pay interest.
for the donnicks of massive cyanite from areas.

the nearby territory. Iron-stain and ironbearing minerals must be carefully avoided as they would lower the fusion point and

In case of ordinary fires, the fire break stops the progress of the flames. In the case of fires driven by high winds, burn-

Each year thrifty trees grow new wealth for you. Do not let fire stunt the growth.

cause bad black spots. The surface of the ing embers may be blown across a fire

massive cyanite donnicks is sometimes break, in which case the break is ineffec- Less fire in the forest, more wood in the badly iron-stained from the weathering of tive. But they can be made quite effective tree.

the surrounding schist. This coating must against wind driven fires as bases for back

be removed before the cyanite can be used. firing. The back fire broadens the fire Burning off the land impoverishes the

Further research will probably increase break to an extent that flying embers soil and the landowner.

the demand for the sillimanite group and cannot leap across. The back fire usually

related minerals for use in high-grade re- progresses against the wind and does not A fire break is a fort from which to fractories. Such research should also in- develop dangerous flying embers. At any attack fires. elude studies of high-alumina refractories rate, the fire break affords an important

made from the kaolins, bauxitic clays, and base from which to fight fires.

low-grade bauxites of Middle and South

Where

it

is

possible

to

make

a

plowed

Pine seedlings are our future pine forests. Fire kills the baby trees as Herod

Georgia.

fire break, it is the most effective and eco- killed the human babies.

nomical to use. In South Georgia tractors

National Forest Road Construction in and special plows are used to make such

Georgia

breaks. After these plowed breaks are made they are cheaply renewed each year

Woodsman's Manual

In apportioning $5,000,000 as emer- with disc harrows.

A new and revised edition of "Woods-

gency funds to be used for highway construction in national forests for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933, Georgia receives $11,739 which'will be used on the .Georgia sections of the Cherokee and Nantahala national forests. Apportionments to other states are as follows: Alabama receives $4,811, Florida $20,403, North Carolina $17,435, Tennessee $15,028, South Carolina $1,976, Virginia $19,055, Louisiana $2,390, Mississippi $1,967, Oklahoma $3,844.

Some of the large timber owners plow furrows several feet apart and then burn out the strip between to make a fire break, but careful check of costs show that this is more expensive to make than solid plowed breaks. In some 'cases, those burning off this type of fire break let the fires get out of hand and spread into the forest.
Another type of fire break applicable to small areas and used especially in the mountains where plowing is impractical, is the raked fire break. Rakes, hoes, or

man's Manual" by Austin Cary has been issued by the Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. It has been characterized by American Forests as indispensable alike to the field man and student.
The Manual treats of all' branches of timber work, including timberland surveying, the making of forest maps, surveying of wood and logs, methods of estimating timber, how to reckon the growth of timber, and much useful miscellaneous information.

other scrapers are used to draw from a The author, Dr. Austin Cary, is well

New Uses For Cottonwood

strip leaves and combustible material, leav- known in the south, particularly for his

A

tree

found

throughout

the

south

is

ing the ground bare. This type should be made after the leaves have fallen. The

studies of pines in relation to naval stores production.

being promoted by the Cottonwood Divi- leaves should be drawn to the side where

sion of the National Association of Wood prevailing winds will not blow them back Amber Glasses for Fire Detection

Box Manufacturers. An asset of cotton- on the strip.

Amber glasses are a part of the regular

wood, especially for packing foods; is that It is important that dead snags on both equipment of towermen in Maryland as a

it is odorless.

sides of a fire break be cut down. When result of tests made by G. E. Sigworth,

Recently, cottonwood has been successfully pulped to make insulation for refrig-

these snags catch fire, they are likely to burn for some time and wind often carries live embers from these burning snags

towerman, in that state. It is claimed that through amber glasses one can distinguish forest fire smoke mo:.:e clearly from haze

erators. It has also been found to make across fire breaks to start new fires.

or cloud formation. Besides, the colored

good pulp board and filler to go between Another type of fire break not often glasses relieve eye strain from the glare

better-grade pasteboard in paper' cartons~ required,. is used .in peat filled swamps. of a bright sun.