Forestry-geological review [Oct. 1932]

DEPARTtv:1ENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM ,....,..~~=-

Vol. 2

ATLANTA, GA., OCTOBER, 1932

No ~ rcl JI

FORESTRY DIVISION JOINS GEORGIA FOREST FIRE DATA PLANTING FOREST TREES

IN COMMUNITY PROJECT

(Record 1931)

FALL OR SPRING SEASON

Area of Old Milton County Selected Total ~cres needing protection....23,582,000 State Tree Nurseries Ready to Supply for Agricultural, Educational, Social Acres protected_______________________ _____ 1,989,980 Planting Stock as Long as Supply

and Natural Resource Development. Percent protected_ __ _________________ ____

8.4 Lasts-Active Demand.

Percent protected area burned A movement originating in Washington 1931 ------------------ ----- -------- ----- -and fostered with federal appropriation Average acres per fire __ ___ __________ _

--- ,
2.0 2 Those who desire to reforest lands that 71.1 are not naturally reprodu cing desirable

for demonstrations in community im- Acres unprotected ------ --- ----------- 21,592,340 species of trees, can obtain seedlings suit-

PBrooavredmoefnt'R.e1gsenbtsei"onfg

promoted by . .
the Umvers1ty

the S
ys-

Percent unprotected ----------- ----- Number of fires_ _______________ ____ ___ _____

91.6 22,690

able

for

planting

from

the

State

Forest

Service headquarters in the state capitol

tem of Georgia, and steps have been taken to operate on the Old Milton county sec-

Acres burned over__ ___ ___ _____ __ _______ 6,240,780 Damage by fires ---- --------------------- $6,864,8 40

at by

Atlanta. The planting stock offered the forest service has been grown at

tion of Fulton county as the first unit.

Causes of fires on protected areas: state nurseries located at Albany in South

The Division of Forestry was invited to . Lightning 28, railroads 32, campers 30, Georgia and Blairsville in the mountains

part I.Cipat e. Stat e F orest er B. M. Luf -
burrow assigned to District Forester W. D. Young the task of making a timber and

smokers 13, debris burning 15, i_ncendiary 245, lumbering 37, miscellaneous 64, unknown 102.-Total 566.

of North Georgia.
At Albany, slash, longleaf and loblolly pines have been grown. At Blairsville,

land classification survey of that section Number of fires by size on protected black locust, walnut, loblolly, shortleaf as fundamental to launching a forestry areas: Under %. acre, 15; 1,4 to 10 acres, pines and black walnut have been grown.

program. Mr. Young, District Forester H. 165; over 10 acres, 385.

Seedlings for planting are offered at a

M. Sebring, District Forester W. G. Wal- Number of fires on unprotected areas, lower price this season than ever before

lace and Eitel Bauer, Superintendent of 22,690; acres burned over 6,240,780; in Georgia. They are grown with funds

Tree Nurseries, made a survey in Septem- damage $6,864,840.

provided from state and federal sources

ber. The survey will show land in forest, Damage to protected areas $7,410; to for the purpose of supplying planting

types of forest, available commercial tim- reproduction on protected areas, $50,870; stock at cost to Georgia land owners.

ber, area restocking and areas that should total damage to protected areas $58,280; be reforested as unsuited to agricultural average per acre of protected land $1.45.

Cost of Planting Stock

crops. A fire control management plan

The prices at which tree seedlings are

for 92,000 acres will be made. Also mar-

offered by the State Forest Service this

keting and thinning will be conducted.

season are as follows:

Recently vocational agricultural teacli-

Slash pine, $1.50 per thousand. .

ing was introduced in the Alpharetta

Longleaf pine, $1.5fl per thousand.

school. P. L. Elkins, teacher in charge,

Loblolly pine, $1.50 per thousand.

is planning to teach forestry in his courses,

Shortleaf pine, $1.50 per thousand.

and will have a school forest which the

White pine, $1.50 per thousand.

district forester will survey and for which

Yellow Poplar, $3.00 per thousand.

management plans will be made. Through

Black locust, $2. 00 per thousand.

Mr. Elkins and the county agent the dis-

Black walnut, $3.00 per thousand.

trict forester expects assistance in carry-

The shipments are sent express collect.

ing on the forestry development work of the county. Other contacts will be made

How to Plant

as the work progresses.

In old fields no longer needed for agri-

cultural crops and not naturally reforest-

More than 155,000 acres of land were planted to trees in 1931, Michigan being first among the states with 47,264 acres.

ing or coming back to desired species, tree planting is essential to proper r eforestation.

In the southern half of the state seed-

Russia has 21 per cent of the world's timber, ' or about 950,000,000 acres of timberland. Soviet development of these timber resources is influencing timber prices in other timber producing countries.

HARRY SEYMOUR, Bowman, student Georgia Industrial College, first honor student of Vocational Fores try Camp , with hig hest ave rage grade for two sessions. Harry's ambition is to become a research
chemist on cellulose of w ood.

lings may be planted either in the fall or early spring. In the northern half of the state spring planting is preferred.
One can get a supply of seedlings from state or commercial nurseries or use wild

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological

Review

lateral roots. The replaced earth should be tramped firmly around the plant so

FORESTRY

Published Monthly by the

that no air pockets remain in and around

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND the seedling roots.

QUESTION BOX

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Keep out fire. Do not let livestock

State Capitol, Atlanta.

graze the land till the seedlings have grown What is the oldest broadleaf tree that

C. A. WHITTLE, Editor. Bonnell Stone, Oxford, Development Agent
Mrs. Nellie Nix Edwards, Treasurer, Atlanta

large enough to escape trampling. If plantings are to be made in open
places in forests and in rough lands where

now survives? The Gingko
est broadleaf

tree is considered the species. Its remains

oldare

Forestry Division

it is not practical to plow, spots should found as fossils in rocks indic~ting greater

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester......Atlanta be cleared of vegetation and then dug up. antiquity than any other broadleaf. It

E. B. S-t-o--n--e-,--J-r--.-,--D--istrictForesterG, a.inesvi.11e In the center of these spots, plant seedJings exists in Georgia mostly in ornamental

Hc..

M. B.

Sebring, District F orest er........Maeon Beale, District Forester......Waycross

as described above. In planting walnut

trees,

the

distance

plantings. The leaf

of

the

gingko

is

fan

shaped

W. D. Young, District Forester............Rome between plants should be wider than in with no visible veins. Four or five leaves

w.Jack Thurmond, District Forester,

------------Savannah

c.
H.

N D.

Elliott, Story,

District Forester........Augusta Jr., District Forester....Albany

planting pines or black locust, anywhere from 10 to 20 feet.
Anyone desiring fuller instructions about

emerge from buds on the branches. The edges of the leaves are smooth on the sides while the upper edge of the fan is irregu-

G. Wallace, District Forester.. Columbus planting may oBtain the same by writing lar but not definitely notched. Trees of

Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Stenographer, Atlanta.

Geological Division

l

State Forester B. M. Lufburrow, 425 State Capitol, Atlanta, who will send bulletins

this species in Atlanta and nearby have attained diameters of six and eight inches.

S. W. McCallie, State Geologist......Atlanta on the subject.

It is a unique and beautiful orname;ntal

R. W. Smith, Asst. State Geologist,

tree and is sometimes called the "Japanese

G.

........................:.........................Atlanta
W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, ..................................................Atlanta

GORGEOUS FALL FOLIAGE OF GEORGIA FORESTS

Tree." What

is

the

name

of

the

tree

that

has

. Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk............Atlanta

its seed in a cotton-like boll?

Research Division, Savannah

Trip to Vogel Park in Mountains Af- The name of this tree is Paulownia. It

Charles H. Herty..............Research Chemist George C. McNaughton..........Asst. Re~earch
Bruce Suttle..........................Plant Engineer W. F. Allen.......................................Chemist
J. B. Osborne........................Plant Assistant

fords Panorama of Rich Coloring of is commonly called "cottonwood tree" be-

Great Variety of Trees Arrayed on

cause of its bolls with their cotton-like fibre, but the true

content of cottonwood

Mountain Sides.

is an entirely different tree belonging to

the poplar family. The Paulownia belongs

seedlings growing in or near forests in To many the forests are most attractive to the figwort family and is the only rep-

the community. If purchased from nurs- in October and November as the touch of resentative of this family growing in Geor-

eries the plants should be moistened as autumn transforms the green of the trees gia. It is sometimes mistaken for the

soon as received and kept moist until they into a riot of rich colors. Every species catalpa because of the similarity of leaves.

are put into the ground. Dried out roots, of tree makes its exit for the season with The catalpa produces seeds in bean-like

especially of pines, are likely to cause the .a different flare of color, so that one pods. The Paulownia was named from

plants to die.

versed in leaf colors can make a fairly Princess Anna Paulownia of Russia.

If wild stock is to be planted, use only accurate survey of species, especially in Does the Gopher tree grow in Georgia?

one or two-year-old seedlings. Spade them up carefully so as to maintain the root system _intact and so as to retain soil on the roots as much as possible. Place the seedlings in buckets of water and keep them there until they are transferred to their permanent planting places.
If plantings are to be made in old fields, it is well to plow two or three furrows to establish planting rows. These rows may

the mountains where the slopes bring great areas into view.
Those who would see autumn in all of its outdoor glory should take the Appalachian Scenic Highway to Vogel Forest Park on the crest of the Blue Ridge in Georgia, varying the trip by a return through Dahlonega, or by Blairsville, Hiawassee, Clayton and Cornelia.
Those who visit Vogel Park at Neel Gap

It has been found growing in the mountains of North Georgia. It is also called "Yellow wood." From the wood of this species of tree the Ark of the Covenant was made. Trees of this species have been. found in the southern Appalachian mountains with diameters 12 to 18 inches, and with height 75 to 100 feet. It is very rare, but apparently native to the region.

be made 6, 8 or 10 feet apart. The wider will find it delightful to leave the auto- Will the White Pine grow in the Pied-

planting is desired for slash and longleaf mobiles and take foot trails to the various mont Region of Georgia?

pine to be grown for naval stores. The lookouts, waterfalls and other points of The White pine is growing successfully

. distance between plantings in the row may interest. A tea room is operated at the in the Piedmont section of Georgia. Most

be the same distance as that between the park and all conveniences for comfort and of the plantings have been made in parks

rows.

rest are available.

and lawns. This species of pine makes

All pines except longleaf may be set Not only Vogel Park, but Indian Springs comparatively rapid growth.

in the ground at practically the same depth Park in middle Georgia welcomes visitors

they were in the nursery bed or in the in quest of autumn beauty and rest. Both STATE FORESTERS MEET

woods, if obtained therefrom. Th~long are equipped to care for hundreds of vis- The annual meeting of the Association

leaf should be planted so that the seedling will be~ about an inch higher than it was

itors. The state has provided these recreational parks for the people of Georgia

of State Foresters will be held October 17, 18 and 19 at Trenton, New Jersey. Fol-

when taken up for planting. This is to and visitors from elsewhere. The best lowing the meeting at Trenton the for-

reduce the danger of shifting or b1owing way to demonstrate to the state authori- esters will make inspection tours, an op-

sand getting into the bud. Nor should ties that people appreciate these recrea- portunity being given to visit and study

a longleaf especially be planted in the tional provisions is to visit and enjoy forests and forestry work in New York.

bottom of a water furrow, but on the side them. How about a fall foliage explora-

of it to avoid sand injury.

tion to one of th!! state parks?

The JackSon Lumber Company has

. Various tools may be used for digging
holes. Care should be taken to make holes deep and broad enough to avoid turning the tap roots or cramping the

The state forest nurseries of this country distributed more than 100,000,000 trees as planting stock in 1931.

turned over to the Forest Service of Alabama a tract of 5,000 acres in Gen,eva county for demonstration purposes.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

SUMMARY VOCATIONAL FOR- INOCULATING TREES TO

ESTRY SCHOOL WORK 1932

PRESERVE CUT TIMBER

3
GEORGIA AND HER RESOURCES

Practically Every White Vocational The University of California has de- The Year Book issued by the State De-

School in State Has School Forest veloped a promising method of treating partment of Agriculture of Georgia ap-

and All Present Subject of Forestry.

trees tacks

before cutting so as to prevent atof insects and fungi after they have

peared during September, and is a very creditable presentation of the agricultural

and natural resources of the State. In

A compilation of reports of forestry been felled.

the introduction, Hon. Eugene Talmadge,

work in vocational agricultural schools of The material used for inoculating the Commissioner of Agriculture, speaks of

the state for the school year 1931-32 has standing tree that is to be felled is an Georgia's bicentennial, refers to this state

been made by the Educational Manager of the Department of Forestry and Geologi-
cal Development. The facts developed are

arsenic and copper compound. The liquid is fed by gravity into holes made in the

as having great resources and fascinating hi story and dedicates the pub~ication to the farmers of the state.

given herewith.

tree and is carried with th'e sap to all the

Ninety vocational agricultural schools sapwood of the tree.

It

takes

about

24

A historical sketch of the State is followed by an account of Georgia's farm

made reports on .their forestry work.

hours to treat a tree. After this the tree products, its manufacturing industry, its

Only two white schools of the state did can be felled. not have school forests. One of these

1nsect s

d an

f ungl

1 ay

0 ff

cities,

mineral

wealth,

vast

forest

re-

gave a very satisfactory reason for not of the wood thus treated.

sources, its fish and game; of how aid is

having one. All white vocational agricultural schools
in the state presented the subject of forestry.
Approximately 2,500 high school stud-

"The output of southern forests and woodworking industries, with an annual value in excess of $1,000,000,000 in normal years, is more than the annual value

rendered the state's farmers; its schools and colleges; its "golden isles" along the coast; paved highways; a tribute .by ExGovernor Chase S. Osborne of Michigan, and statistical data by counties, etc.

ents took work in fore stry during the of the products of southern textile mills". The illustrations are numerous, well se-

school year 1931-32.

-Manufacturers Record.

lected and beautifully displayed.

Fifty-eight schools gathered tree seed

and forty-four schools established tree

seed beds for growing planting stock.

Fifty-five schools planted seedlings on the school forest, or lands near the schools.

All schools built firebreaks where school forests required them for protection.

Many of the schools have done all the thinning called for in the school forest management plan s. Most of the others did some thinning.

Nearly all school forests have quarteracre sample plots, one of which is burned over annually and the others left unburned. All trees on these sample plots are tagged and a record is made annually of the diameter growth of each tree.

In order for a student to qualify as a contestant for a camp scholarship, he must have a home project in forestry. This has encouraged the movement for home forestry projects with the result that there were 601 students who practiced planting, thinning, and firebreak construction on areas averaging three acres each on their home farms.

Each student gathers forest fire statistics in his school territory. Most of the schools are rural consolidated schools drawing students from a large territory. The area burned over and the cause of each fire are reported and are used by the State Forester in his compilation of fire statistics of the state. The fire statistics of the schools are not yet complete.

Each year some schools give up vocational agricultural work and others take it up. When a school ceases its vocational agricultural work, the forestry project at that sch ool automatically ceases. The forestry service has, therefore, surveyed and established some school forests over the state that are no longer operated.

HOW PINES DO GROW! ABOVE--Photograph of loblolly pines taken May 18, 1926, by State Forest er B. M. Lufburrow, on highway No. 27, Lumber City to Hazelhurst, south of Ocmulgee river. BELOW-Photograph taken by the state forester on the same spot September 6, 1932. The picture was taken from the roadbed of the
Southern Railway. Believe it or not, it is exactly the sam e view.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

ITEMS FROM GEORGIA VO- WINNERS IN CAMP

SLASH PINE GROWTH

CATIONAL FORESTERS

ATHLETIC EVENTS IN 1932

IN MIDDLE GEORGIA

CLUB MEMBERS

J. C. Ellington, Oxford, Ga., who com- The athletic events of the vocational In 1930, District Forester C. N. Elliott

pleted the vocational forestry camp work forestry camp, July 25 to August 15, 1932, planted 600 slash pines on the Ellington

and is now a student of Lees McRae Col- were well organized by Prof. J. D. Davis, farm in Newton county for experimental

lege at Bonner Elk, N. C., recently re- vocational teacher of Pavo, Ga.

purposes. Half were planted in bottom

ported a forest fire in North Carolina, The list of winners of the various events land and half on a hillside.

joined the state forestry crew, fought fire is as follows:

, Growth measurements were made of a

all night, made firebreaks and got the fire under control. He writes that he was making use of his training at the forestry

100-yard dash-Joe Adams, Macon. 220-yard dash-Joe Adams, Macon.

number of representative trees on both the lowland and the hillside. The average height of the lowland trees in August 1932

camp.

Broad jump-Marvin Lloyd, Chamblee. was 19.30 inches and on the hillside 11.98

High jump-Tie: Bill Crosby, Sale City, inches, a difference of 7.32 inches in favor

Broadus Orr, Walker Park, a student of and Marvin Lloyn, Chamblee.

of the lowlands. The growth in 1932 on

the Vocational and Trades School at Mon- Shot put-Clark A. Rogers, Ellijay.

the two areas was only .95 of an inch, the

roe, writes: "I certainly appreciate what the Georgia Forest Service has done and is doing for us, especially the educational

Hurdles-Ulysses Carlan, Commerce.

lowland growth in height being 5.97 inches and the hillside 5.02.

Baseball throw-Ulysses Carlan, Com- In 1931 there was a severe drouth,

department for giving us valuable train- merce.

which gave the low moist land the ad-

.ing at the forest camp for the past two 440-yard dash-Julian Royal, Screven. vantage. But in 1932 the season was com-

years."

Pole vault-Julian Royal, Screven.

paratively normal and as a result, there

Relay race-Winning team: Joe Adams, is little difference in growth of the two Bill Seaman and Arthur Steedly, Way- Macon; Bill Crosby, Sale City; Ulysses Car- areas.

cross, Horace Ayres, Carrollton, Harry lan, Commerce; J. E. Noland, Decatur; tbis These trees will be measured annually

Seymour, Bowman, and Henry Dean, all was a team of first-year boys.

to determine the rate of growth of this

forestry camp students, made an enjoyable Tennis (doubles) was won by Herman south Georgia pine in middle Georgia.

excursion into Okefenokee swamp the Braddy, Pavo and Julian Smith, Ludowici.

latter part of August and first of September. Fishing was good but their quest for bear was unsuccessful. All attended

The cross country race of 17 miles was won by the second-year group.

JAP BEETLE TRAPS
One of the most dreaded insects of the
orchardist and forester is the Jap Beetle.

the forestry barbecue of the Okefenokee The contests between first and second- The Bureau of Plant Quarantine of the

Timber Protective Organization Septem- year boys was close. The second.year United States Department of Agriculture

ber 5th and heard Dr. Herty's talk. The boys scored 96 points and the first-year has put out nearly 60,000 beetle traps this

group contained members of the commit- boys 87, the difference between the two y~.ar, covering a territory from Florida to

tee to select a design for the club badge. being only 9 points.

Ohio to New England. The traps are'

Their committee agreed upon a design and

moved gradually northward as the season

reported through Mr. Ayres to the educa-

A BLEEDING TREE

advances.

tional manager in Atlanta.
"I want to thank you and all others who have made it possible for me to have this wonderful opportunity," writes Carson Britt of Snellville, about the forestry camp.
"I am just as proud of my certificate as I am of my high school diploma. I want to congratulate the department on having 'such a splendid team of foresters. I enjoyed all the courses very much both this

A strange tree grows at the foot of the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. It attains maturity in about two months after the shoot appears above ground, making very rapid growth. In a short time after starting growth branches are put forth, upon the tips of which appear sponge-like growths. At maturity the tree is a mass of crimson blossoms from which drop a bloody liquid. When all the blossoms drop, the blood-like sap ceases to drip and

These traps are detectors of the presence or spread of the insect, but are found to be effective in controlling it where it has been found in damaging numbers. Entomologists find that the Jap Beetle has a distinct preference for a green and white trap and for geraniol as a bait.
PROTECTING TURPENTINED TIMBER FROM INSECT AND FUNGUS INJURY

year and last. I will do my best to pass the information I have received on to the people of Wilkes county."-George Garrard, Washington.

the tree dies. It is called the "tree of destiny," but available information does not tell why:
A process has been worked out in Eng-

Prevention of insect and fungus damage to turpentined timber through dry or burned faces has been the object of experiments by Haynes Huggins, woods superin-

"I enjoyed the camp more than I can tell. I think the forestry camp is the most wonderful institution for vocational boys I have ever been connected with."-Howard Carlan, Commerce.

land whereby a ton of sawdust can be made to produce 35 to 40 gallons of alcohol-not "wood alcohol" nor "stump liquor." In the process the sawdust is converted into molasses and the molasses treated with yeast.

tendent of a southern Alabama lumber company. Mr. Huggins believes that wood which is sealed over by a coating of gum is safe from attack by insects or fungi. It is known that the turpentine beetle, for example, will not attack fresh faces, con-

centrating its work on exposed wood.

"I want to tell you how much I enjoyed

Three or four new streaks on the face will

my two summers, or the six weeks I spent About 1,750,000 tons of wood pulp and usually result in a sufficient flow of resin

at Young Harris. I had a fine time, saw 1,250,000 cords of pulpwood are imported to provide effective protection until the

lots of things I had never seen before, into this country annually. Of the im- tree is cut.-Forest Worker.

learned a lot about forestry and enjoyed ported wood pulp, about 50 per cent comes

myself lots in every way. I think all the from Europe where a large percentage of The Central States Forestry Congress

forestry men are fine and don't think there it is made from mill waste, whereas, in will hold its annual meeting at Louisville

is another bunch of men who could take this country, large quantities of material November 17, 18 and 19. W. E. Jack-

their places."-William Johnson, Hogans- suitable for pulpwood are left to rot in son, Jr., State Forester of Kentucky 1s

ville.

the woods.

secretary.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

THIRD DISTRICT
C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, District Forester
Savannah

Plowing Fire Breaks in Railroad Right of Way
During the weeJs of September 12, the Central of Georgia Railroad conducted a

demonstration in fire break construction

Burke County T. P. 0.

Down in Mcintosh county, near Meri- wit4 a caterpillar tractor and five disc

Approximately 32,000 acres have been dian, within a few miles of the coast, is Hester plow. The demonstration was put

signed up in the Burke County Timber a unique turpentine still, owned and op- on by the Georgalina Tractor Company of

Protective Organization. Burke county erated by Tom Pissismises, who came Augusta.

has shown so much interest and so much enthusiasm in this project that this area

from Greece to this country and proceeded to go into the naval stores business in his

Each year the railroad undertakes to .burn a fire break along each side of their

is only a small beginning of what the land- adopted land.

right of way but without any plowing to

owners expect to do. Vestal Lumber Com- This unique still will produce the three control their fires many of them get away

pany, of Sardis, under the direction of Mr. higher grades of rosin, namely, "X," and burn over timberlands belonging to

L. H. Shaffer, is offering their co-opera- "W.W," and "W.G," jf the gum is pro- private landowners. In addition sparks

tion in signing up approximately 30,000 duced in the absence of fire. This still from the locomotives start fires along the

more acres for the T. P. 0. in that sec- operates much on the same order as the right of way which spread to adjoining

tion of the county. The land which has larger steam stills. The gum is put in lands if no fire break is constructed and

been signed up belongs to the large land- a large boiler and heated with steam, is especially if no plowing is done to control

owners, and is, at present, scattered, but then strained through a screen and is run the fires.

this is gradually being blocked in by tqe off into a storage tank lowered in the If all the railroads would plow a break

smaller landowners who are joining this ground. The cleaned gum is then run along each edge of their right of way and

organization. The movement seems to be from the storage tank over into the dis- burn the intervening strips out it would

on a county-wide plan.

tilling basin and the spirits are there col- make a good fire break and is cheap to con-

lected leaving the rosin to be drawn off struct. The Hester fire break plow will

Hart County Organization

much in the same manner as an ordinary plow a clean furrow 8 t'o 9 feet wide which fire still, but is a producer of real high gives plenty of protection in burning back

The plan devised this spring to form an grade rosin. Although the output is not to the tracks. The demonstration was a

organization in Hart county in which each great, the quality of the product is high. success from every angle.

vocational boy of the county is to act as

patrolman in the district in which he lives

has been augmented by the Forest Pro-

tection and Improvement Association Con-

tract. It is thought by the teachers of

the vocational schools in Hart county that

practically every landowner and tenant

will sign one of these contracts in which

he pledges to assist his neighbor in re-

porting and fighting fires. Aided by the

school boys and the vocational teachers,

this program should be a success.

Nancy Hart Memorial Pat;k

Two large, handsome stone markers

have recently b.een placed at the entrance

of the Nancy Hart Memorial Park in Elbert county. A road has been built through the park which lies around the

Central of Georgia p low ing a fire break to control right of way burn ing- Tractor on left, railroad t rain on righ t.

old home site of Nancy Hart. The thinning which is practically completed, was done by the vocational forestry students

Contacting Colored People in Fire Protection

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester

at the Nancy Hart Memorial School at A good percentage of the population of Fortsonia. Mr. F. M. Young is the teacher the turpentine belt is made up of colored

Albany

at the school. The boys plan to complete people and about the best way to get the Protection Work of Reynolds Bros.

the thinning project this fall.

message over to them about keeping fire Reynolds Brothers are beginning fire

out of the woods is to meet them at their protection work on Pine Island T. P. 0.

schools and churches or any other gather- by having a complete and detailed map

Two New County Agents

ing place and gain their confidence and made of the area locating all fire breaks,

Two counties in District 3 recently ac- then tell them .in a few simple words just streams, and roads and will begin plowing

quired county agents who have promised what the timber means to them and how fire breaks in October. They are plan-

their support and their interest in any they can help in protecting it from fire. ning on putting in burned fire breaks

work undertaken in the counties by the Recently at a funeral of a colored child, along the principal roads, connecting these

Division of Forest Service. Hoyt Mc- the District Forester spoke to several of up by permanent plowed breaks.

Connell, of Richmond county, a brother the brethren and told them that the child Pine Island T. P. 0. is planning more

of Bright McConnell, recently became lived and grew much the same as our intensive protection for the year and with

county agent of Warren county. Jones young pine trees, that fever burned the their system of tenant as well as special

Purcell, formerly with the Georgia Rail- body and caused the child to die and that patrol along with the co-operation of the

road Agricultural Department is the new fire burns the trees and they die also. adjoining landowners they hope to keep

county agent of McDuffie county. Mr. They seemed to be impressed and expressed out fires this year.

Purcell succeeds Mr. McGhee, who is at their desire to help keep the woods from Fire protection is resulting in the estab-

Present county agent of Taliaferro county. burning off each year

lishment of a complete stand of pines in

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

many of the open areas in lands of this BLUE STAIN AVOIDED

BLUE STAIN OF WOOD

organization and in almost all areas a partial reproduction.

BY FRESH GREEN WOOD

AND ITS PREVENTION

Twig Borers Active

Handicap to White Pulp Easily Over- Fungus Causes Much Damage to Logs

Pine twig borers are attacking small come in Paper Research Laboratory and Lumber Hindrance to Making

areas of pine reproduction on lands of -Demonstration Cutting of Pulp White Wood Pulp.

W. C. Potter and are causing consider- Wood.

able damage to the last year':; growth' of

Wood is stained various colors by chem-

the plant.

The most striking development in our ical reactions and by fungi. The most

These borers are confining their activi- work here during the past month has been important to the timber owner who desires

ties mainly to the loblolly reproduction the demonstration that it is perfectly to sell his logs, bolts and pulpwood in best

ranging in height from about three to eight feasible to use green wood for both chem- condition are the fungi, and among the

feet tunneling through the last year's ical and mechanical pulp. It is interesting fungi those causing blue stain are of chief

growing portion to the limbs and causing to note that the pulps so obtained are much concern. This enemy of the wood drives

them to die off. In many cases this will iigh'ter in color than those from seasoned its threads or mycelia deep into the wood

result in death of the little tree and in wood; but of far greater importance is the and feeds on the content of the cells.

others will result in poor form develop- fact that this enables us to overcome the The blue stain establishes itself quickly

ment.

difficulty of sap stain ("blue stain") in freshly cut logs and continues in lum-

Pine twig borers present a difficult which has troubled us so much through- ber cut from these logs. It usually ap-

problem to handle as the larvae winter in out the summer. The hot, humid weather pears. first on the ends of logs, spreading

the dead portion of the twigs and are of late spring and mid-summer which is rapidly throughout the sapwood. The

present to begin their work again the next so favorable for rapid tree growth is also heartwood is usually not attacked. The

season. An effort will be made to con- favorable for fungus development after cells in the medulary rays are more sus-

fine their activities to these small areas the trees are cut. This trouble is now ceptible than other cells.

and prevent their further spread.

completely eliminated by the use of g:t;een It takes only four or five days for the

wood.

fungus to begin staining the sapwood. It

Pulp and paper, lumber, mining, rail- After a long series of adjustments the matures spores in 12 to 18 days, these

road and water power companies planted paper machine is now working excellently spores being carried to new points of

21,638 acres to trees in 1931, the greater and the pines pass in steady review when attack.

percentage being by water power com- the pulp is fed on to the machine.

The amount of moisture in the wood

panies.

Arrangements have just been made with appears to be a determining factor.

Mr. Elliott Reed of Savannah, Ga., to set Heartwood is usually not moist enough to

LONGLEAF PINE FIRE DAMAGE
It pays to prevent fires in forests and woods. Foresters measured tree growth for 13 years on two plots of longleaf pine in North Carolina, one plot being burned over each year and the other being kept free from fire. The trees on the fire-protected plot grew 19 per cent faster in height, 9 per cent quicker in diameter, and 22 per cent faster in volume.

aside a tract of young timber, about eighteen acres, on which there is a beautiful reproduction of loblolly, slash and long leaf pine. The site is an old field which was under cultivation in 1920. The District Forester, Jack Thurmond, is going to cooperate in the working of this tract so that it may furnish a demonstration of how pulpwood should be removed from a tract by thinning and leave the tract all the better off for growing trees for tur-

favor the fungi. Under conditions of the living tree the moisture in the sapwood is too great for the fungi unless the tree is weakened by insects. If cut wood were kept immersed in water; the fungi could not thrive. The danger as a rule comes from too rapid drying.
Tests with pine sapwood showed no signs of blue stain in wood containing 20 per cent moisture (oven-dry weight basis). At 65 per cent wood was heavily stained

~~wood Eternal" Display

pentine and lumber. Mr. Reed has gen- and at 90 per cent tht! fungus ceased erously offered to deliver the pulpwood activity.

Cypress water pipes in New Orleans. 139 to us at the plant without charge. The Blue stain is not an early stage of decay

years ofd and cypress shingles that covered tract is located only six miles from Sa- and is not objectionable where the stain

George Washington's Mount Vernon home vannah, near the paved "Louisville Road" is to be covered, stained or painted. For

for 152 years will be among the exhibits and can therefore be readily visited for .all practical purposes, blue-stained wood

of the Southern Cypress Manufacturers inspection.

is as strong as unstained wood and has

Association at Chicago 1933 World's Fair. A valued addition to our staff in the the same bending strength, but has slightly

last few weeks is in the person of Mr. less toughness and surface hardness. The

Light Pine Seed Crop

Frank McCall of Savannah, a graduate of claim that blue stain retards penetration

Philip C. Wakeley, chairman of the Intersection Committee of the Society of American Foresters, has issued the annual estimate of the cone crop of all species of Southern pine. Members of the Appala-

Virginia Military Institute where he specialized in chemistry. Frank is a volunteer for a year and has already found his place along with the rest of the staff.
CHAS. H. HERTY.

of creosote is said to be without foundation. Tests have shown that blue-stained portions of southern yellow pine have absorbed more preservatives than the unstained portions.

chian, Gulf States, Ozark, Southeastern

Wood Pulp and Stains

and Washington sections, together with a

Correction

To convert blue-stained wood into white

number of non-member cooperators con- In the opening paragraph of the article pulp requires more intensive bleaching,

tributed information, there being 48 re- in the September issue of Forestry-Geolog- thus adding to the expense. Therefore,

porters, who submitted 88 separate reports. ical Review quoting at length from Marion stained wood is to be avoided. A record

The species were longleaf, slash, loblolly Renfroe's letter about his experiments in of a test is reported where pulp of blue

and shortleaf. 1n most localities the crop planting corn and pine together you did chips required i0.6 per cent bleach pow-

is very light. The total number of bushels an unintentional injustice.

der, whereas, unstained chips required 8.6

available cannot be ascertained, but the The idea of his financing the cost of per. cent.

reports total 3,465 of longleaf, 3,420 of planting the seedlings was entirely Mar- Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Research Chemist

shortleaf, 1,555 of slash, and 1,760 bushels ion's, not mine. I simply encouraged him in charge of the paper research plant at

of loblolly.

to go ahead.

CHAS. H. HERTY. Savannah, advocates the use of freshly cut

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

ftimber before the fungus has had time to FOREST FIRE FIGHTERS' NEW in Georgia found no one ready to organize

discolor the wood. Kraft paper mills, making brown paper and boards are of

STATE ORGANIZATION

a fire fighting crew, with the consequence that the fires were allowed to spread to

course not so much concerned with the

some firebreak, such as a road or stream,

color problem and do not find blue stain Small Land Owners to Cooperate in where they were stopped. With the new

. so objectionable.

Fighting Each Others' Fires-Sup- organization, as with a timber protective

Living Trees Infected
According to Rumbold in Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, No. 10, at least two blue-staining fungi are intro-

plements Existing Timber Protec organization, it will be possible to get to

rive Organization.

fires in their incipiency, put them out, and thus save a great deal of the damage done

The Forestry Division of the Depa~t by unfought fires.

duced into pine trees by beetles. The two ment of Forestry and Geological Developcommon bark beetles attacking living ment has inaugurated an organization to

Crop Land Area

pines, the Dendroctonus and Ips, were be known as "Forest Fire Fighters" to Crops occupy nearly half of the tillable

found to carry blue-stain fungi into their supplement the present Timber Protective acreage of the United States. This in"

burrows where the fungi proceed to de- Organizations. The new organization is eludes land in harvested crops and idle

velop in the adjoining sapwood. The to provide for the needs of the smaller or fallow crop land. Most of the arable

Dendroctonus attacks vigorous trees and land owners who desire to cooperate in land not used for crops is of lower' nat-

sometimes kills them. The Ips are more fighting each others fires. The existing ural productivity, according to the United

likely to attack sickly and injured trees. Timber Protective Organizations are op- States Department of Agriculture, and the

In view of the fact that these beetles erated on a minimum of ten thousand expense of draining or clearing it would

infect the trees they attack with fungi, it acres per unit and fit in with the needs probably not be justified at present.

follows that trees badly infested with bee- of large land owners.

. ties will be found, when cut, to have al- The newest plan provides for areas

Georgia First in Naval Stores

ready been stained.

where it is difficult to form tO-thousand- The turpentine and rosin industry,

Ambrosia beetles are another set of in- acre units. The organization provides which is concentrated in the Southeastern

sects that carry fungi into wood, in fact leadership to carry out fire fighting plans states, reports half of its number of wage-

it is claimed that fungi are propagated by and establishes local responsibility for earners, half of its wages paid and half

these beetles for their own food. The forest fire control. Some fire fighting of its production in the state of Georgia.

fungi discolor the wood around the beetles' equipment will be recommended and in- More persons are employed in this indus-

burrows, making black holes. In time the struction will be given by district foresters try in Georgia than in any other except in

blue stain spreads through the sapwood. in methods of forest fire fighting.

cotton goods manufacture, nearly 20,000

This beetle attacks dying or newly felled trees.

The first unit of this type of organiza- being the number in 1929. tion has been formed among land owners $7,500,000 in wages and

They received produced 16,-

Preventive Measures

in the region of Commerce. Reports com- 000,000 gallons of turpentine and 1.000,-

The most economic and practical ing to the state forester indicate that a 000 barrels of ro~in.

method of avoiding blue stain is to rush number of communities are ready to sign

the log to the mills or pulp plants. An up and put the plan into effect this season.

Tung Oil Consumption Drops

effective way is to store logs or bolts in water so that they will be completely immersed. If logs are not shipped immediately, it is well to treat ends of logs and scarred parts with hardened glass oil, made of rosin, lime and spirits of turpentine, with mixtures of barytes, ashes-

C. L. Veatch, professor of vocational agriculture at the Commerce High School, has been a leader in developing an organizatiol) of this type, in fact, initiated the first unit. The Commerce organization fitted in so well with plans which the state forester had been developing that the

Domestic consumption of tung oil in 1931 was 82,314,000 pounds as compared to 97,474,000 pounds in 1929.

Consumption by industries was as follows:

INDUSTRY Paint and Varnish ____ _

1929 - 88,386

1931 72,853

tine and cryslic acid, costing about 60 cents per gallon, which will treat about 12 average logs. This will reduce check-

Veatch plan was adopted in large part. In signing up as a member of a local

Linoleum and oilcloth
Printers lnk _------------Miscellaneous Industries .

5,963
437
~.688

7,303 965
1,193

ing of log ends as well as prevent stain. Forest Fire Fighters unit, the land owner

Total

- - 97,474

82,314

Barking and piling cordwood for wood pledges to make a sincere effort. to per-

pulp on skids, in sunny, airy, dry, places, manently keep fires off of his timber- According to the United States census,

away from weeds, will permit rapid drying land; that he will employ methods of fire nearly 70 per cent of the lumber sold by

and thus reduce blue stain damage. If protection recommended by the State For- sawmills of Georgia is through wholesalers

stored under shelter, it would be better. est Service; that he will aid other mem- and brokers, this being the largest per-

When harvesting pulpwood for making bers of the organization, when called upon centage to be thus marketed of any im-

white paper, it is better not to cut trees to fight fires on their lands, or fires that portant lumber state.

infested with bee'tles.

threaten to invade members' lands. Each

member is to report fires on his land and

Mexico Turpentine Controversy
The federal forest service of Mexico has issued an order that turpentine operators of that country must use the French method of turpentining. Producers in the Durango district are protesting the order, claiming that the American method is as

the expense of controlling them.
The State Forest Service agrees to demonstrate methods of fire prevention and control, supervise fire fighting whenever possible, advise as to forest management, and to reimburse 50 per cent of expenditures made by the local organization from

Ocean Floor Survey
Robert Johnson, geologist, proposes to map the floor of the Pacific ocean from Panama. Canal to China and is to report his findings to the University of Chicago. It may require 18 months to two years to make the survey.

satisfactory as the French. The time pooled funds used in purchasing fire fight-

limit for the change has not been set.

ing equipment.

Among the American hardwoods black

The new organization is regarded as locust is the strongest in proportion to its

Lumber and timber products in Georgia holding great opportunities for extending weight, and willow is the weakest.

are second only to the cotton goods in- local cooperative effort in forest fire pre- The hardest American softwood is long-

dustry in wages paid and the value of vention and forest fire fighting. Hitherto, leaf pine; !;he hardest hardwood is osage

products.

fires breaking out in most neighborhoods orange.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

The future development of iron ore de-

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

posits to the extent the great supply justifies, it is thought will occur only ' when

Brief Accounts of Occurrences and pevelopments of the State's

furnaces are re-established in the vicinity

Leading Minerals

of the deposits. In the same region of Georgia's iron ore deposits are coal de-

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

posits that produce a very high class of coke that may be used in the furnaces.

Fire brick are made in this region. Lime-

IRON ORES

The production of iron ore, however, stone, and in fact, all materials suitable

Extensive iron ore deposits are found continued. Ore was shipped to furnace for producing iron ore and steel are avail-

in the northwestern part of Georgia. They centers in other states. From statistics of able in Georgia's iron ore belt.

appear in two forms, brown ores and red iron ore production in G!orgia, the great- ' until furnaces are built in Georgia, the

ores. The brown ores are most abundant est output was in 1918 when 262,003 tons further production of iron ore deposits of '

in Polk, Bartow and Floyd counties, but were mined. The production has varied the state will depend on tran sportation

are found in nearly every county in north- with the demand and during the period of facilities and freight costs for reaching

west Georgia. The red, or fossil iron ores depression, the mining of iron ore in consuming centers.

are confined to Dade, Walker, Chattooga Georgia has largely ceased.

and Red

Catoosa counties Mountain series

and appear in the well developed at

Geological Occurrences. Brown iron ores occur chiefly in pockets of irregular

FOSSILS

OF

MASTODON

Birmingham, Alabama.

size. In some instances a deposit may

AN ANCIENT WHALE

History. So far as is known the first contain only a few carloads, while in

iron furnace put in blast in Georgia was others, as near as Cedartown1, deposi:ts J. E. Abernathy, a Bartow county that erected on Stamp Creek in Bartow have been mined for over twenty years farmer, unearthetl part of a tooth of a

county in 1840. In 1853 five , blast fur- without being exhausted.

mastodon and brought it to State Geologist

naces were in operation in this county on The depth the brown ore extends is also S. W. McCallie for identification. It was

Stamp Creek and Etowah river, each pro- variable. In some cases they P.re found found to be only part of a tooth of the

ducing two to four tons a day. Charcoal only a few feet thick, while in others they enormous animal that once roamed the

was used as fuel.

are found more than 50 feet thick.

country many centuries ago. The tooth

Iron manufacturing in this r egion grew. Ore deposits are found in boulders or is a molar. The enamel is well preserved,

The Cooper Iron Works on Etowah river gravel associated with clays.

while the dentine, or interior of the tooth,

became an important operation. Then The fossil iron ores of Dade, Walker, has in part crumbled away;. The full

Sherman's army came during the civil war Catoosa and Chattooga counties occur in width of the tooth is not revealed, but its

and laid the furnaces in waste. Not until various stratified outcroppings, with an length is about four inches.

Another interesting fossil recently un-

earthed in quarrying limestone deposits at

Perry, has been identified by Dr. Leon P.

Smith, geologist of Wesleyan College, Ma-

con, as the petrified remains of a whale

family living in the ocean in remote times

when that part of Georgia was under sea

level.

Order_Tree Seedlings
Those who intend to obtain pine seedlings from the state tree nurseries for planting this fall or next spring should place their orders at once with the State Forest Service, 425 State Capitol. The supply is being rapidly taken up.

View of Underg round working of fossil iron ore at Estelle, Walker county.

The annual meeting of the Society of American Foresters will be held at San Francisco, December 12 and 13.

J870 was an effort made to revive pro- average of two or more feet in thickness, The first saw mill operated in the United duction in Bartow county, but operation extending in the aggregate of 175 miles, States was built at South Berwick, Maine, soon ceased and at the same time the and capable of being mined economically in 1623. Cherokee Furnace at Cedartown, of 50 several hundred feet deep. The main mass

tons' daily capacity, and Etna Furnace in Etna Valley, of 25 tons' daily .capacity, went into blast. Both furnaces were in

of this ore consists of iron oxide often in flaxseed-like particles or casts of fossils.

There are more than 500 species in the United States.

native

tree

Polk county and operated on brown ores. In addition to the ores mentioned, magLater on furnaces were operated in Floyd netic iron ores occur in various crystalline A new plastic material, called "Trelit,"

county, one at Rome, the other at Herm- areas, among which may be mentioned has been introduced in Norway .by a manu-

itage.

near Union Point in Greene county, near facturer located in Frederiksted. This mate-

With the consolidation of iron furnace Dahlonega in Lumpkin county, near rial is made from wood pulp and is said to

companies of the south, production to re- Draketown in Haralson county, near be more durable than pyroxylin products.

stricted areas, mainly in Alabama, came Marietta in Cobb county. These and

abo ut and furnace s in northwest Georgia others may become economic so urces of Mahogany is the most difficult and ex-

closed down.

1this form of iron ore.

pensive wood to log.