Georgia forestry, Vol. 55, no. 1 (Spring 2002)

Georgia
FORESTRY

USPS No. 217120 Spring 2002

No. 1

Vol. 55

Roy E. Barnes, Governor J. Frederick Allen, Director Sharon Dolliver, Chief - Forest Information and Urban & Community Forestry

STAFF
Lynn A. Walton, Editor William S. Edwards, Assoc. Editor
Julia Baker, Graphic Artist

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
Jim L. Gillis, Jr., Chairman, Soperton H. G. Thomas New, Louisville James G. Fendig, Savannah Larry S. Walker, Oglethorpe P. W. Bryan, Jr., Thomasville

DISTRICT OFFICES
District One 3086 Martha Berry Hwy./Rome, GA 30165
706-295-6021
District Two 3005 Atlanta Hwy./Gainesville, GA 30507
770-531-6043
District Three 1055 E. Whitehall Rd./Athens, GA 30605
706-542-6880
District Four 187 Corinth Rd./Newnan, GA 30263
770-254-7218
District Five 119 Hwy. 49 West/Milledgeville, GA 31061
478-445-5164
District Six 1465 Tignall Rd./Washington, GA 30673
706-678-2015
District Seven 243 U. S. Hwy. 19 N./Americus, GA 31709
229-931-2436
District Eight 2395 U. S. Hwy. 41 N./Tifton, GA 31794
229-386-3617
District Nine 3561 Hwy. 112/Camilla, GA 31730
229-522-3580
District Ten 18899 U. S. Hwy. 301 N./Statesboro, GA 30461
912-681-0490
District Eleven Route 1, Box 67/Helena, GA 31037
229-868-5649
District Twelve 5003 Jacksonville Hwy./Waycross, GA 31503
912-287-4915

Georgia Forestry is published quarterly by the Georgia Forestry Commission, 5645 Riggins Mill Road, Dry Branch, Georgia 31020-9699. Second class postage paid at Macon, GA. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Georgia Forestry Commission, 5645 Riggins Mill Road, Dry Branch, Georgia 31020-9699. For subscription additions, changes, or deletions, please contact Kassie Odum: E-mail: kodum@gfc.state.ga.us, Phone: (478) 751-3530, Fax: (478) 751-3559, TollFree: 1-800-GA-TREES, Mail: P.O. Box 819, Macon, GA 31202-0819.

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Georgia Forestry Commission
P. O. Box 819, Macon, Georgia 31202-0819 (478) 751-3500, Fax (478) 751-3465

Roy E. Barnes Governor
J. Frederick Allen Director

Dear Georgia Citizens and Forest Landowners:
Over the past several years, we have experienced an unusual fire season because of extended drought conditions across the state. Two factors that kept losses down were rapid deployment of suppression equipment and a strong fire prevention message. While fire prevention has always been an integral part of the Forestry Commission's program, we implemented a new approach to fire prevention during the first part of this year.
Several Commission personnel have been training to become part of a Wildfire Prevention Team. Training has been conducted within the state and across the Southern region. Teams are sent into an area experiencing high wildfire activity to work with the local District personnel in identifying fire causes and to utilize various methods, such as media blitz, to reduce the number of fires.
Early in the year, we experienced a rash of wildfires in the Northern part of the state. We immediately sent suppression resources from other parts of the state to assist with wildfire suppression. In addition to firefighters, we also dispatched information specialists to keep the media informed of wildfire activity.
As the fire activity increased, we dispatched our first Wildfire Prevention Team into the area. As a result of their working with the local media and broadcasting a fire prevention message, the number of wildfires in the District was reduced by seven percent. The percent may have been greater, but rain moved in and the problem was turned around. I would like to thank the numerous media representatives in television, print, and radio for the assistance that they provided the Prevention Team during this time.
The efforts of the Team were successful and, while we hope that future teams are not needed, they are trained and ready to be deployed into areas with high occurrences of wildfires.
Sincerely,

J. Frederick Allen Director

Jim L. Gillis, Jr. Chairman, Soperton

H. G. Thomas New Louisville

J. G. Fendig Savannah

Larry S. Walker Oglethorpe

An Equal Opportunity Employer

P. W. Bryan Thomasville

ON THE COVER:
Dogwood tree in full bloom enhances urban scenery of downtown Macon while the Stars and Stripes waving in background reflect a historic Arbor Day for the GFC (see story this issue: page 12).
Photo by William Godfrey

Georgia Forestry

Spring 2002

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Page 8 Page 12
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/Spring 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4 Southern Forest Resource Assessment Reflects Sustainability and Change
Urban Sprawl is Number One Influence
8 EnhanceYour Trail System by Adding Loops
Hiking Trails Can Be an Important Component of Forest Management Plans and Infrastructure of Forest
10 Georgia Forestry Association Profile
GFA is One of the Oldest Conservation Organizations in the U.S.
11 Wildlife Menu
American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)
12 GFC Conducts Arbor Day Ceremony at Georgia Veterans Memorial Cemetery
State Officials Plant Trees in Honor of Georgia Veterans on Arbor Day
14 Space for the Urban Forest
A Vital Issue Complicated by Urban Sprawl
17 Eagle's Landing Makes History with National FFA Win
More Georgians Also Emerge Winners
18 Davis is Outstanding Tree Farmer of the Year for 2001
Harley "Buck" Davis of Patterson, Georgia Manages 1,700 Acres of Woodland in Pierce County
20 Announcements
Godbee Joins F&W Forestry Service, Inc.
Baird Recognized for Volunteer Assistance in Fire Prevention
Slash Pine: Still Growing...and Growing...and Growing
21 Choosing Trees to Plant
Facts and Puzzles
23 50 Years Ago
Scouts' Reforestation Project was a Success
24 Native Trees of Georgia
Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

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Urban Sprawl Is Number One Influence

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) identified urban sprawl as the number one threat to collective sustainability of forests in 13 Southern states. The clearest of clearcuts can be replanted - but poorly managed urbanization can mean the end of forest areas. Although the 1,200 page SFRA study makes no specific recommendations, it provides a reference for decision-
making on a wide range of forestry issues.

Editor's Note: This SFRA preliminary draft is undergoing public review for final possible revisions.

The long-awaited Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) has emerged in the form of a 1,200 page in-depth report that forecasts Southern Forests in 13 states to be sustainable depending on the influence and management of a number of key factors. The mushrooming growth of urban sprawl was clearly determined to be the number one factor impacting Southern forest ecosystems.

Four federal agencies, with Southern forestry state agencies, completed the two-year study, which examined all related major forces of change including timber management, land markets, socio-economic factors, insects and diseases, climate changes, and numerous other forest influences. The main focus, however, always returned to population and urbanization as the most dominant challenge to be confronted in Southern forests.
Compiled by 25 scientists from the USDA Forest Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and several universities, the SFRA study is considered by many in the forestry community to provide an accurate and objective status of Southern forests for the first time. Although the report makes no specific

recommendations, it offers an invaluable reference to those making decisions on the South's forests. The document provides those who oversee public lands and private landowners with a firm foundation of detailed information.
The 13 states included in the SFRA are: Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia.
Typical of questions that prompted the SFRA study are: Is the combination of increased harvesting and growing development too much for the Southern forest? Are we managing our forests sustainability factors? What does the future hold for the 200 million acres of forestland in these 13 states?

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Spring 2002

There are many variables involved in the modern maze of Southern forest issues. Some are subtle and require meticulous scrutiny; others are obvious to anyone who cares to look.

URBANIZATION Urbanization is obviously a major influence. The SFRA ranks it as number one. From the 1950s to the 1980s, populations shifted from urban to rural areas but now growth is spread across nearly every county, with substantial increases projected for about a third of the region's counties.

Result: Widespread urban sprawl and residential developments in rural areas. Any adult, who grew up in the region, can recall wooded areas that are now housing developments or shopping centers.

The SFRA study shows the number of pine plantations will increase to meet softwood demands. With proper management, this increase can provide numerous economic and ecological benefits.

The rate of conversion to urban and industrial uses has increased from 667,000 acres per year in the 1980s to approximately 1.1 million acres per year in the 1990s, which could result in a 12 million acre (8 percent) reduction in forestland between 1992 and 2020. These losses, however, are expected to be concentrated in only a few identified areas where trends of urbanization are more emphasized.
Economic change has brought with it a considerable change in the attributes of the population. Compared to other U.S. citizens, Southerners generally favor investments in the environment. Urbanizing areas have fewer forest services as populations grow and forest areas decline. Values, however, are shifting toward maintaining forestlands and other green spaces. Urban values concerning forestland tend to extend outward for considerable distances.

Result: Pine plantations, that grew from approximately 2 million acres in 1952 to more than 32 million acres in 1999, are expected to cover 53 million acres by 2040 (which is still less than a quarter of all forested acreage in the study).
Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi currently contain (and are expected to maintain) more than 50 percent of the pine plantations in the South.

PINE PLANTATIONS Another carefully SFRA analyzed situation is pine plantations. The study showed the number of pine plantations is expected to increase. During the last 50 years, Southern forests have more than doubled under private ownership. Continued demand for softwood products would encourage landowners to continue to invest in growing timber.

Despite increasing demands on the South for wood, Southern forests are considered to be sustainable, if key influencing factors are appropriately addressed.

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CHIP MILLS According to SFRA research, chipping technology (from a regional perspective) does not threaten future timber supplies or forest health; associated harvesting, however, can cause structural changes to forestlands and influence local economies.

Chip mills, recently built in response to an increased demand for hardwood timber in paper manufacturing, have become somewhat controversial in areas where they have not previously existed. The increase in chip mills is understandable, however, when it is considered that the hardwoodpulpwood (chip) component of the timber harvest has grown from 3 percent of total harvests in 1952 to approximately 16 percent of harvests in 1999.

Seedlings like these will be the South's vast forestlands of the future. SFRA findings show reforestation to be a basic force in sustainability.

Chip mills provide a local demand for timber, but harvest decisions in these areas

are determined by landowners.

During the 1980s and 90s, 28 percent of new pine plantations

came from forests that were previously natural pine, 47 TIMBER HARVESTING

percent from hardwood and oak-pine forest types, and And what about the ever-present issue of timber harvesting?

another 25 percent from agricultural land. Pine planting The SFRA forecasts that timber harvesting will increase

should continue to be focused in the Coastal Plain and parts but timber outputs appear to be sustainable in the foreseeable

of the Piedmont, with expansions in the Mid-South as future.

landowners convert agricultural land to pine plantations.

This increase in harvesting continues a trend that started in

Expanded areas of pine plantations would provide a number the 1970s. Despite the increase, forest acreage during the

of benefits including: mitigating predicted increases in last half century has remained relatively stable while the

atmospheric carbon dioxide, enabling

softwood growth to stay ahead of softwood

removals, focusing on active timber

management, harvesting on a smaller land

base, and providing habitat for various

wildlife species.

As for the disadvantages of increasing pine plantations without proper management, such areas can become susceptible to damage from native pests and negative conditions (especially southern pine beetles and fusiform rust). Also, lack of proper management can result in varying ecological changes. But again management is the key to sustaining a healthy environment. In many instances, management has included techniques that directly enhance wildlife habitat including leaving mature trees in a stand for structural diversity, applying streamside management zones, and preserving snags for nesting habitat.

Although timber harvesting is expected to increase, timber outputs appear to be sustainable into the foreseeable future. Over the past 50 years, forest acreage has remained stable, while timber inventory has increased more than 70 percent.

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Spring 2002

timber industry has increased more than 70 percent. Timber harvesting is especially prevalent on the Atlantic Coastal Plain from South Carolina to northern Florida and the Gulf Coast Plain from northern Florida to eastern Texas.

Recently, harvesting expanded west and north to meet demands and take advantage of new technologies using lower quality and smaller timber.

Softwood inventories leveled off in the

1990s, but should increase as pine

plantations grow to maturity. In central

and western Texas, northern Arkansas,

Kentucky, and western Virginia, softwood

harvests are expected to increase by more than 25 percent. Declines are expected in northern Georgia, portions of Louisiana, eastern Texas, and northern

BMPs (Best Management Practices) are highly effective in protecting water quality during timber harvesting operations. Six of the 13 states (Georgia is one of them) in the SFRA have adopted common BMP monitoring approaches to protecting water quality.

Mississippi.

From an objective perspective, the SFRA offers valuable

opportunities and considerable hope for the future. Using

Hardwood inventories should continue to increase until 2025, this assessment, a collective effort can beneficially mold

then decline until they reach current levels in 2040 (unless challenges now facing the South. A combined effort among

landowners commit to investments in their hardwood federal and state agencies, industry, and private citizens

forests).

will ensure a wide variety of benefits from the South's

forestlands.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

The economy of the Southern United States is historically Elizabeth Estill, former Regional Forester for the U.S. Forest

connected to various uses of its land base. Although U.S. Service/Southern Region, summarizes it like this: "Never

demand for wood products has continuously increased, has there been a more critical time to engage in this

timber harvesting has decreased in some areas of the nation. partnership. Forests provide livelihoods and lifestyles we

Consequently, the South now produces nearly 60 percent enjoy in the Southern United States. Over the last few

of the nation's wood supply.

years, the South's forests have also provided the bulk of

this country's wood supply nearly sixty percent. At the

In 1997, timber harvests created more than 700,000 jobs in same time, forests provide clean water, recreational

the wood products sector, resulting in more than $118 billion opportunities, wildlife habitat, and a wealth of biodiversity.

in industry output. The total impact in indirect and induced The continuation of this is not guaranteed, especially in

jobs and income was approximately 2.2 million jobs and the face of unprecedented population growth and urban

$251 billion of total industry output. These totals represent expansion. This assessment (SFRA) can help people

5.5 percent of jobs and 7.5 percent of total industry in the identify areas of concern, choices, and consequences."

South.

Executive Director of the Louisiana Forestry Association,

In evaluating the SFRA study, it should be noted that forests C.A. "Buck" Vandersteen, offers this clarifying

also provide settings for outdoor recreation that can gener- observation: "Forests are a renewable resource and

ate financial income in a variety of areas. Woodlands also citizens have nothing to fear from harvesting and

contribute to the quality of life in the region by providing replanting, but urban development is a terminal end to a

aesthetic and environmental benefits.

one-time forest."

SFRA IMPACT While there will be expected debates about what SFRA findings really mean and how citizens and agencies can respond, there should be logical disputes concerning the validity of the report's scientific findings.

Electronic copies of the SFRA report and summary may be obtained by accessing the SFRA official website at www.srs.fed.us/sustain. The summary is available in hard copy, and the entire report is available on CD-ROM. Call 828-257-4200 to obtain copies.

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Forest Stewardship. . .management plans for Georgia landowners Timber, Wildlife, Soil & Water Conservation, Recreation, and Aesthetics

ENHANCE YOUR TRAIL SYSTEM BY ADDING LOOPS

by Dr. Lonnie E. Varnedoe, Jr. Extension Forest Recreation Specialist, Retired

P rivate forest landowners are often unaware of it, but hiking trails can be an important component of their forest management plan and the

Furthermore, walking up a logging road is like paddling a canoe up a river until a choice of tributaries appears. The canoeist will take one tributary or another then

infrastructure of their forest property. Trails represent paddle up that tributary until it is too small to navigate.

the main route of travel for a variety of activities such The paddler then has two choices. Either portage to

as hiking, hunting, ATV or horseback riding as well as another tributary and paddle downstream or reverse

keeping an eye on the forest's health. They are also direction and travel back over the same section of the

important for access to recreational sites such as a stream. To check out a tract of forestland while using a

favorite fishing hole, deer stand or camping spot. Most logging road/skid trail system a landowner would have

forest landowners like to walk about on their property to walk up the logging road, out on a skid trail until it

just to see what is happening on the land and to ended, and then turn around and walk back to the logging

determine what will

landing area and

be their next forest

choose another skid

management deci-

trail to walk up and

sion. Fortunately,

down. This walking

most of the

up and down the

forestland in the

same logging road/

southeast has an

skid trail tires one

existing network of

quickly and may not

logging roads and/

be a productive use

or skid trails

of time. The addi-

(pictured at right)

tion of a series of

constructed during a

connecting or loop-

previous timber

ing trails to the

harvest. In many

property will com-

cases, these "trails"

plement the existing

are the only

logging road/skid

established method

trail and greatly

of getting around on the property. Some landowners

Well-designed logging roads can be an important component of a trail system, but they don't always lead to interesting locations.

enhance access to the tract.

prefer this method

A trail system can be

of access, or at least "make-do" with it because the trails complex or simple depending on the resources and

are there and are relatively inexpensive to maintain. desires of the forest landowners. Simple trails can be

These same forest landowners often suggest that any rudimentary paths cleared so a person won't have to

additional system of trails is a waste of time and are crawl over blown down trees or fight the understory

unnecessary because they have their logging road / skid bushes. More complex trails can be wider and often

trails (see Diagram 1) to walk on when they check out lead to more exciting places on the property.

their property. Unfortunately, many of these existing

trails lead to areas of the property that are less attractive There is a great difference between building a trail and

and/or to areas that have been clear-cut and are awaiting building a trail system. A simple trail is a good start for

reforestation.

many landowners because it will be feasible to clear in a

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Forest Stewardship. . .management plans for Georgia landowners Timber, Wildlife, Soil & Water Conservation, Recreation, and Aesthetics

Skid trails from previous harvests
Stream Pond
Logging Road

trails are shorter and allow the hiker to choose the distance he or she wants to walk. They also have an opportunity to choose the areas of interest they want to visit because now they have better access to most all sections of the tract. Since some trail users may be seniors, knowing that they did not have to either commit to the whole logging trail to get some exercise and enjoy nature may affect their decision to walk the trail or to undertake another activity. Using the old logging trail system, hikers must walk the entire distance or turn around and retract their steps when they reached the end or the hikers get tired. Those in good health may want to walk several loops or more before stopping to rest. On the other hand, those who have some type of limitations may only want to walk a short way before turning back.

Diagram 1.
short amount of time and can be easily relocated. Adding additional trails to complement the existing logging roads/skid trails (see Diagram 2) can be a more efficient way for the landowner to view his/her forest. These additional trails allow the forest landowner, friends, or guests to view an old field with its crop of wildflowers, a series of old beaver dams, or perhaps an interesting stand of trees.

The forest landowner must consider that a well located and designed trail reflects the mood and feeling of the area through which it traverses and "lies softly upon the land." The trail should be routed to take advantage of important features or points of interest on the property. The trail builders should consider "sequential experience" or how trail users are guided from one feature to another to enhance the overall quality of their experience. The use of the looping trail to complement the logging road/skid trail system will allow the hikers to enjoy more of the interesting places on the property.

A looping trail system appears to be a more efficient way to view the forest. Few forest landowners have a trail system laid out as in Diagram 2 because of the necessary detours around cliffs, steep slopes, wetlands, streams, rocks, and other obstacles on their property and the perception that such additional trails will be expensive. Nonetheless, other forest landowners will change a trail to pass through a particularly interesting area or supplement their existing logging roads/skid trails by directing their connecting trails to a vista at a scenic overlook.

Forest landowners should not have to be intimidated by the fact that adding the looping and interconnecting trails to their property will be such an overwhelming job. All these trails do not have to be put in simultaneously. They can be added to the property in phases over a period of time. As the landowners become more familiar with their
Skid trails from previous harvests

To supplement the existing trails on one's forestland the added trails should loop and interconnect to make easy access to most areas of the forest. The forest landowner should also change his/her mind set and think of additional uses for the trails. There are lots of other uses for forest trails besides using them to check out timber. Forest trails can be used for hiking, walking, nature and wildlife observation, fishing and hunting access, horseback riding, mountain biking and riding all-terrain vehicles to name only a few activities.
The development of a looping trail system on your forestland has several other benefits. The first of these advantages is the fact that the looping or inter-connecting

Looping/Inter-connecting trails ----------
Diagram 2.

Stream Pond
Logging Road

Spring 2002

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Forest Stewardship. . .management plans for Georgia landowners Timber, Wildlife, Soil & Water Conservation, Recreation, and Aesthetics

forestland and determine the location of the unique and interesting places on their property, he or she can begin to plan a looping trail to reach or pass near these intriguing sites. Such things as topography, soil types, and thickness of the vegetation should be considered when planning the trails. Since the landowners are building a system of trails, adding a looping trail each year over a period of time will eventually accomplish the goal.
One of the best and quickest methods of adding to the existing trail system is to contract with the Georgia Forestry Commission (GFC) to add to your trail system when they come out to your property to install your firebreaks. You must determine where you want the firebreaks/hiking trails to go ahead of time and mark their route with plastic flagging. The GFC rangers can use their tractors with the fire plow to make the trail and then come back with a heavy duty harrow to smooth

out the treadway. As the landowner, you may have to cut down and remove a few small trees that are pushed up by the fire plow; but, that is a lot easier than cutting down all of the trees and bushes along the path of the trail. There is a small charge for this service, but it is well worth the cost when one considers the speed in which the firebreak/trails are constructed. To determine if the Georgia Forestry Commission in your county has the right equipment and the time to provide the service on your forestland contact the local county office. You can call 1-800-GA TREES to get the telephone number of the local office.
Other sources of information on trails can be obtained by contacting your local County Extension Agent and asking them for a copy of the University of Georgia Extension Forest Resources Publication, Trail Development (FOR 94-066).

GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PROFILE
by Scott Jones Forestry Programs Director

As a staff member of the Georgia Forestry Association (GFA), I was recently at the Moultrie Ag Expo. I was in charge of the GFA display for three days while thousands of visitors passed by and asked questions ranging from where they could buy firewood to countervailing duties imposed on Canadian lumber. I also had the opportunity to explain the difference between the GFA and GFC.
The Georgia Forestry Association, established in 1907, is one of the oldest conservation organizations in the United States. The GFA is a non-profit organization with more than 2,000 members from the forestry community. GFA represents landowners (38%), Friends of Forestry (37%), hunting clubs (9%), and individual businesses (5%). The remaining membership includes banks, consulting firms, pulp and paper companies, logging contractors, sawmills, trucking companies, wood dealers, and students.

favorable environment. GFA continues to work diligently on forestry issues such as: private property rights, forest taxation, and regulatory issues on county, state, and national levels. GFA has assisted in development of county logging ordinances that protect landowners, instead of discouraging timber buyers from operating in their counties.
GFA also reports on legislation that affects its members, and works on national issues that have local impact such as the Total Maximum Daily Load requirements and the Canadian lumber issue. GFA publishes a monthly newsletter and annual magazine that informs the forestry community on vital issues.
The Georgia Forestry Association also provides a platform for members to get to know each other and exchange ideas at regional meetings. In essence, if you are part of the forestry community the GFA exists for your benefit.

Through the years, GFA has worked for forestry in legislative affairs, public relations, and education to ensure that members are able to manage their forestlands in a

For further information on the Georgia Forestry Association, call 1-800-9GROW-GA or access the GFA website www.gfagrow.org.

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Forest Stewardship. . .management plans for Georgia landowners Timber, Wildlife, Soil & Water Conservation, Recreation, and Aesthetics

American Beech (Fagus grandifolia)

The selection of American Beech for this issue was inspired by the encounter of a huge beech on a Forest Stewardship Program participant's property in Oconee County. The tree had yielded an especially nice crop of beechnuts, providing a bounty to resident wildlife.

on the ground can be difficult, because wildlife relish the tasty treats. Unfortunately, beechnut crops are rather unpredictable and subject to frequent failure.
Beechnuts are a favorite food item of the following wildlife species:

The American

Black Bear

Beech is the single

Squirrel (includ-

species of beech oc-

ing Gray, Fox,

curring in the

and

Flying

United States. It oc-

Squirrel)

curs in eastern woodlands on fertile

Chipmunk

soils in both bottomlands and uplands. Beech trees are

Blue Jay Ruffed Grouse

found throughout Georgia, especially in shady, rich loca-

Wood Duck Tufted Titmouse

tions. It generally occurs with other hardwood species

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

classified as "cli-

Wild Turkey

max" plants by ecologists. The smooth gray bark

White-tailed Deer

and handsome green

Fox (both Gray

foliage make beech

Fox and Red

a desirable orna-

Fox)

mental tree as well. Because of its ten-

Raccoon

dency to hold on to dried, tan-colored

In addition, the buds of beech are

leaves through the

relished by ruffed

winter, the beech is

grouse and purple

especially easy to

finch, and white-

spot in winter wood-

tailed deer browse

lands.

the twigs and

foliage. The variety

The beechnut is a The American Beech is the single species of beech occurring in the of wildlife that use

small triangular nut United States.

American Beech

clustered within a

reveals that it is both

rough husk. The husk opens in Autumn, releasing a beautiful and important part of Georgia's

the beechnuts to fall to the ground. Finding beechnuts hardwood forests.

Spring 2002

Georgia Forestry

11

GFC CONDUCTS ARBOR DAY CEREMONY AT GEORGIA VETERANS MEMORIAL CEMETERY

A White Oak is planted in honor of Georgia's Veterans.

T he GFC conducted a special Arbor Day memorial tree planting at the Georgia Veterans Memorial Cemetery in Milledgeville that attracted more than 100 people to the event.

Numerous dignitaries attending the ceremony included: State Representative Kenneth Birdsong, Chairman of House Defense and Veterans Affairs; Major General David Poythress, State Adjutant General; Commissioner Pete Wheeler, Georgia Department of Veterans Service; Director Ernie Simons, Georgia Veterans Memorial Cemetery; Chaplin John Dubose, Georgia War Veterans Home; and GFC Director Fred Allen.

Marie Browning, Miss Georgia Forestry, read the Arbor Day Proclamation, and the Georgia Military College Band provided music. One of the event's highlights was the performance of the Georgia National Guard Youth Challenge Academy Color Guard. Numerous representatives of veterans organizations were also in attendance.

The cemetery, established on 142 acres received from the Georgia Forestry Commission, includes an administration visitors center with information booth, committal chapel, carillon, and enclosed columbarium for ashes. The grounds also include a six-acre lake and ceremonial/memorial area available for use by veterans organizations.

Georgians can take special pride in this memorial tree planting; the state now has the fastest growing number of veterans in the U.S. with a total close to 770,000.

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Georgia Forestry

Miss Georgia Forestry Marie Browning reads the Arbor Day Proclamation.
Georgia National Guard Youth Challenge Academy posts the Colors.
Spring 2002

David Patterson (on left) receives the State Arbor Day Poster Contest Award.
Georgia Military College Band plays the National Anthem.

The historic event produced memorable statements from state officials:
"The planting of these Arbor Day trees offers a profound analogy in memory of Georgia's veterans. The absence of plant life for just one year on Earth would transform life to death for every animal organism on the Globe. In similar fashion, if we do not sustain the memory of these and all other American veterans and the values which they fought to preserve the American way of life could wither on the vines of a rapidly changing and often hostile world." Representative Kenneth Birdsong, Chairman of House Defense and Veterans Affairs
"The Georgia veterans that these trees will honor faced the greatest test that can be applied to American citizenship the test of being willing to risk their lives to defend your citizenship. Every man and woman who put on a wartime military uniform of the United States and served with honor has passed the test of citizenship." Commissioner Pete Wheeler, Georgia Department of Veterans Service
"J. Sterling Morton, who founded Arbor Day in 1885, said `There is no aristocracy in trees. They are not haughty. They will thrive near the humblest cabin as they will in the shadow of a king's palace. There is triumph in the unswerving integrity and genuine democracy of a tree.' These Georgia veterans, as well as all American veterans, bear these same qualities. Although many came from the humblest of backgrounds they served to triumph in unswerving integrity to maintain a genuine democracy." Director Fred Allen, Georgia Forestry Commission
"Let us leave this place today in the certain knowledge that years hence other Americans will come here to admire the beauty and majesty of this tree, and to acknowledge it as a tribute to veterans, a symbol of life, and moment of liberty." Major General David Poythress, State Adjutant General

Representative Kenneth Birdsong addresses the audience.

Spring 2002

Georgia Forestry

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In the Model Urban Forest, trees should be as much a part of the infrastructure as streets and sidewalks.

Editor's Note: The following is third in a series reviewing sections of the GFC publication (Georgia Model Urban Forest Book) providing communities with information and developing green infrastructure in an urban environment.

T he holistic importance of trees in an urban environment has been virtually ignored in the development chaos shaping society's perspective of economic progress. This loss of recognition precipitates a loss of space for urban forests. Economic influences have rendered trees incompatible to the space required for their healthy existence.
Generally, however, people like trees especially urban trees. Their urban disappearance is usually considered to be just an unfortunate necessity. This notion is sustained with no thought of the fact that trees with their root systems, protective canopies, and enormous size keep much of our ecological system together.
Among those who are more enlightened regarding holistic tree values, it is obvious that a great deal of public education will be necessary to convince people that the benefits of trees far exceed the challenges of increasing an urban forestry canopy. That educational task will require a strong component emphasized in the Model Urban Forest program.
MOLDED BY PRESSURE The feasibility of preserving and planting urban trees during different levels of development varies with land ownership and vested interests. While most urban development

regulations give some superficial attention to tree planting and protection, almost none preserve or plant enough trees to make a realistic difference in maintaining the life support systems needed by human society. That life support system requires planting enough trees to create a forest even in highly urbanized areas. While individual trees can be important, the total influences of a continuous tree canopy provide the real and lasting benefits.
There are many Georgia cities including (Savannah, Augusta, Thomasville) and Atlanta neighborhoods (Druid Hills, Ansley Park, West Paces) where this is happening. It does not require an environmental genius to detect that these areas are popular places to live within the urban spectrum of attractions. These examples show what can be done and reflect the best of both worlds.
SIZING IT UP While small tree species, such as Dogwood and Crepe Myrtle, are important landscape elements, they will never grow large enough to contribute to the primary urban forestry canopy; this factor should be a constant consideration in urban forestry development.
Although all trees should be considered important in some ways, adding small trees (or trees that just grow

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Space considerations for the urban forest relates to single as well as aggregate tree areas. This large, urban tree has exceeded its boundaries, with roots pushing over the curbing. This problem, often multiplied many times by lack of planning, can be solved by following Model Urban Forest guidelines.
and blend into the landscape) does not contribute to the urban forest canopy. In urban forestry, all factors should be related to prime objectives.
TREES NEED DIRT To put it simply trees need dirt. This can become a high priority problem for the urban forest because it takes space. The more space a tree (or trees) need, the more dirt is needed.

resources for trees by requiring more site grading and paved surfaces; these are the same development factors that contribute to urban sprawl. As the public recognizes economic, social, and environmental costs of urban sprawl regulations for development should change.
Trees and the soil supporting them, must become as much a part of urban infrastructure as water, roads, and energy. As the Georgia Model Urban Forest Book advocates: "We must build our communities to be tree ready."
CLARITY AND UNDERSTANDING A Model Urban Forest is not created overnight. The nature of forestry is dictated by the pace of nature itself. A clarity of purpose and understanding of the environment is essential to sustaining success. A community may assume it is planting many more trees through development regulations and community action, but never realize they are not growing a healthy urban forest. Even though the soil may be suitable, more obstacles to establishment of healthy tree canopies can result from restricted growth space at ground level and in the area of the canopy.
Problems range from constriction at the tree base to competition with buildings and utility lines; even other tree canopies can be restrictions. Problems may result in early tree decline, disease, insect infestation, and structural instability. All these possibilities should be understood and plans made accordingly.

Most tree discussion focuses on parts of the tree above ground. To grow a big tree that has a long lifespan, refocusing must take place on the tree below ground level. This translates into the following factors: Great quantities of good quality soil to support the tree structure above by storing and conveying water, air, and nutrients. Trees need soil of sufficient quality to permit root penetration and interaction with chemical and physical properties. Trees need soil that is analyzed to meet the needs of the species.

The need to understand critical aspects of tree health applies equally to the preservation of trees at construction sites. Stewards of the urban forest canopy should include effective means of tree protection throughout the urban area. In addition, tree maintenance and management standards should be established.

The good news about this is that, in most development projects, good soil exists on site and only needs to be protected and used by the developer. On projects involving inadequate soil resources (usually due to previous human activity), soil to support the tree canopy must be improved or imported. Protecting, using, improving, and importing soils will change the way a new development is designed and constructed. It will also, in varying degrees, increase the cost of construction.
Whether or not a community will initiate such changes and pay for them is a reflection of that community's values and recognition of the importance of trees.
SPACE GRABBERS Many development practices such as separated land uses, larger lots, bigger setbacks, wider roads, and engineered drainage systems take away space and

Planting small trees is important
as a landscape element, but such
species will not grow large enough
to contribute to the much-needed
urban forest canopy.

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15

COMMUNITY PLANNING Determining a regional community standard for acceptable tree cover is not an easy task. Conditions vary from community to community. Topography, soils, geology, and economics all play important roles in determining policy and procedure.

The common denominator in making any decisions of this sort is that while the amount of tree canopy is important, location of tree cover is even more important and can dramatically improve effectiveness. The closer canopy cover is to areas of human activity, the more valuable the canopy becomes.

Planning for urban tree canopy requires examination of numerous variables. Problems can range from constriction at the base of trees to competition with buildings and utility lines. Even other tree canopies can be restrictions - and good soil is always a necessity.

URBAN FOREST ROUNDTABLE In order to raise community standard for tree preservation and planning, a consensus will have to be determined among vested interest groups; this is necessary to define acceptable levels of change in development laws.

MODEL URBAN POLICIES The Model Urban Forest makes space for trees by developing three basic policies that encourage preserving and planting more tree canopy: Public Education Model, Ownership Model, and Regulation Model.
The Public Education Model educates landowners on the responsibility of protecting, planting, and maintaining trees. This model involves education of citizens who will establish a community vision for future urban forestry. There is a defined focus on changing attitudes related to trees and promoting acceptance of a larger tree canopy.
The Ownership Model relates to purchase of land easements by public entities or private non-profit organizations for establishment of trees and forests. Aspects of this model include public purchase of land, private land trust purchases, modification of public lands for tree planting, and designing transportation and utility rightof-ways for tree planting.

An effective method is to hold an "Urban Forest Roundtable" session discussing issues and policy recommendations. The Roundtable group may be statewide representatives or from designated areas such as the Atlanta metropolitan area. Roundtable representatives should include citizen groups, urban foresters, developers, and politicians who represent broad constituency interests. Since topics are likely to be contentious, a group moderator is critical to the success of Roundtable meetings.
Through this Urban Forest Roundtable process of knowledge, clarity, and vision for the future the Model Urban Forest can become a reality.

The Regulation Model consists of developing legal methods for preserving and planting trees on public and private lands. This model begins by establishing a community consensus on issues concerning improvement of the urban forest canopy. The model will face difficulties of changing laws to a form acceptable to the general public and development community. Although this model is challenging, it would be nearly impossible to create the necessary changes without implementing the procedures. In fact, a strong forest preservation law may be the most effective way to stop the decline in urban tree canopy. Once this law is established, new residential areas are relatively easy places to cultivate new canopy if soil resources are protected.

Urban sprawl comes with progress and population growth, but this sort of development - with no consideration for preserving or planting trees can be terminal for the urban forest. Note the same pattern of development continuing in the background.

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Eagle's Landing High School FFA Team displays First Place plaques won at 74th National FFA Convention. The Henry County High School win marks the first time a Georgia team has won the National FFA Environmental/Natural Resources Event. From left: Stacy Byrd (advisor), Jason Morris, Thomas Mittenzwei, Elliot Lam, and Ryan Mayo.

Eagle's Landing Makes History with National FFA Win

More Georgians Also Emerge Winners

E agle's Landing High School makes history by being the first Georgia team ever to win First Place in the National FFA Environmental Natural Resources FFA Career Development Event.
The highly skilled Eagle's Landing FFA team won the coveted honor at the 74th National FFA Convention held in Louisville, Kentucky. The four-member FFA team included Ryan Mayo, Jason Morris, Thomas Mittenzwei, and Elliot Lam. Stacey Byrd, team advisor, led the talented group to national victory. All team members received a $1,000 scholarship and First Place Winner Plaque.

member from Morgan County, won the National FFA Proficiency Award. This award honors the most outstanding FFA member in the nation for a forestry project. Wesley owns and operates a Christmas tree farm in Madison for his project.
Also, four FFA members from Brantley County received a National Silver Emblem Award for competing in the National FFA Forestry Competition. These team members won the right to represent Georgia in national competition by winning the State FFA Forestry State Finals competition held last May at GFC headquarters in Macon.

The Environmental/Natural Resources Career Development Event is designed to develop students' understanding of the state's natural resources and alert them to potential career opportunities in the field. Event competition tests skills of both the team and individuals in areas of water quality, soil profiles, and environmental issues. Individual activities include a written exam, annual practicums and interviews, rotational practicums of water analysis, and global positioning of satellite locations.
MORE GEORGIA WINNERS Other Georgians also emerged winners in the 74th National FFA Convention competition. Wesley Belcher, an FFA

Georgia continued success in other areas of the national competition. A Nursery/Landscape team from Perry won this national competition with Amanda Hamsley (Georgia's dendrology champion) finishing as the second highest individual in the nation in this specialized event. The Putnam County FFA Judging Team also won their national contest.
Other Georgia winners included Jonathan Hardeman from Montgomery County, who won the national Animal Production Proficiency; Matt Isbell from Franklin County, who won the national Poultry Production Efficiency; and Putnam County's Christie Sheppard was the national winner in Emerging Agricultural Technology.

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2001 Tree Farmer of the Year, Buck Davis of Pierce County, stands next to the Tree Farm sign on his 1,700-acre property, all of which has been certified as a Tree Farm since 1995.

M r. Harley "Buck" Davis has been named the 2001 Outstanding Tree Farmer of the Year by the Georgia Forestry Association for his exceptional forestry management of 1,700 acres of woodland in Pierce County. The properties are located in Patterson, Georgia, between Jesup and Waycross.
Davis has been involved in farming in one form or another - all of his life. As a boy, his father harvested turpentine. At the age of twenty one in 1955, Davis began a forty-five year career of growing tobacco, corn, and cotton. Ever since his retirement ten years ago, he's been farming trees.
The entire Davis property is certified as a Tree Farm (since 1995), and is comprised of mostly slash, loblolly, and longleaf. Davis purchased the lands at different times, starting in 1960, with 200 acres. He would later buy a little more land at a time - 100 to 200 acres here and there - with the largest tract being 500 acres, until he accumulated the 1,700 acres. When his two daughters (Millicent and Amelia) were growing up, they helped their father work the farm. These days, Davis does 75 percent of the work, with the rest accomplished through vendors.

Over the last five years, Davis' forest management work has included: harvesting (20 acre select cut, 100 acre pine thin, 345 acre pine clear cut); reforestation (520 acres by artificial method); prescribed burning (100 acres, of which, he does his own); herbiciding (190 acres); mowing (150 acres); and fire protection plowing (1,400 acres).
The farm is under the multiple use concept, by incorporating recreation, timber, wildlife, ponds, and nontimber income. The primary objectives of the operation include management for financial purposes (pine straw and timber), and wildlife habitat (deer, quail, turkey). An avid hunter, Davis has catered to the wildlife on his property by providing many food plots, thinning of over 100 acres for quail, and maintaining 20 acres which includes two eight-acre fish ponds and two small ones.
Friend and forester, Francis Palmer, says, "Buck is a living example of how to combine agriculture and forestry for the mutual benefit of both. Each activity is interdependent on the other to improve and level out the financial bottom line of each for the Davis family."

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Davis shared some successful techniques that he and Palmer experienced. "In some instances, we've gone beyond the recommendations that were in the original management plan like fertilizing trees right after you plant them, as well as spraying herbicides over the top after planting. They've been good practices for me."
Palmer, who nominated Davis for the award, comments, "Buck has influenced his neighboring landowners to combine agriculture and forestry for the mutual benefit of both. His current tree farm is a living demonstration of this activity."

percent ad valorem tax increase. They started a petition and helped to get the tax, in some cases, reduced by half.
His most recent battle has been a more personal one. In November, Davis contracted the West Nile Virus and Encephalitis from a mosquito bite. Wife, Dodgerie, said that her husband's infection was so severe that he was unconscious for two weeks during his month-long stay in a Savannah hospital. "He's coming along well now, and is currently undergoing rehabilitation therapy in Waycross to rebuild his muscle strength."

Davis' community involvement is not just limited to promoting tree farming. He was one of the leading members in the 2000 Ad-Valorem Tax Increase Appeal in Pierce County. He and others were fighting a 40

A steady recovery could be contributed to Davis' strong desire to return to tree farming. "I just love what I'm doing out there, and I enjoy managing, doing the work, and being out in the trees," Davis said, "It's made a living for me. I've tried to plant it in a way in which we can harvest maybe 50, 75, or 100 acres every couple of years." Davis adds that he and his family are not the only ones who benefit from tree farming. "Forestry is good in so many other ways, too...it takes care of the wildlife, and produces oxygen for all of us."

Davis has catered to the wildlife on his
property by thinning for quail,
maintaining fish ponds, and
providing many food plots. The opening to the wildlife food
plot (shown in inset) was initiated by a
tornado that ripped a path through the
property. He planted oats, rye, and wheat
amongst the pines which attracts deer, quail, and turkey to
the area.

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19

Godbee Joins F&W Forestry Services, Inc.
John F. Godbee, Jr., a widely recognized forest industry environmental authority, has joined F&W Forestry Services, Inc., to assist industrial and non-industrial forest landowners in meeting sustainable forestry and environmental goals. For the past 10 years he held a number of environmental and forest management positions at International Paper Company (IP) and at Union Camp Corp. prior to it's acquisition by IP in 1999. As Union Camp's representative on the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) Forestry Executive Committee, Godbee played a key role in the development of the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) program. He is a native and resident of Brooklet, Georgia, and will operate out of F&W's nearby Statesboro office.
Baird Recognized for Volunteer Assistance in Fire Prevention

Godbee

Ruth Baird (on the right), was recognized recently for her volunteer assistance in fire prevention. Baird has been appearing for the past 10 years as a very animated and enthusiastic Smokey Bear in numerous parades and school programs. She says she loves the role, and especially enjoys interacting with the children. Georgia Forestry Commission's Donald Bishop (Chief Ranger, Baker County) presented her with an award. Ruth is the wife of Coy Baird (GFC Ranger I, Mitchell County).

Slash Pine:
Still Growing...
and Growing...
and Growing

2002 Florida-Georgia SAF Spring Symposium April 23-25, 2002
Holiday Inn - Jekyll Island, Georgia
Hosted by: School of Forest Resources and Conservation, The University of Florida; Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest Resources, The University of Georgia;
SAF Florida & Georgia Divisions; Georgia Forestry Commission; Florida Division of Forestry; USDA Forest Service;
Regional Extension Forester, Georgia Center for Continuing Education

Today, 20 years after the original symposium in 1981, slash pine remains an important species. Slash pine research and technology development since has focused on genetics, biotechnology, precision management, intensive management, economics, insect and disease resistance and much more. Forest managers and landowners alike have questions about slash pine management; researchers, scientists, and other practitioners have many of the answers. This symposium will provide the opportunity to bring research and new technologies in touch with foresters and landowners. In addition, an optional full-day field trip to Yulee, Florida and Rayonier Corporation timberlands will provide participants with an opportunity to look at cutting edge research and field trials in vegetation management, spacing, fertilization, loblolly comparisons, and other cultural practices.
You are invited to attend the 2002 Florida-Georgia SAF Spring Symposium to be held April 23-25, 2002 at the Holiday Inn on Jekyll Island off the Georgia coast. Located midway between Savannah, Georgia and Jacksonville, Florida, Jekyll Island has miles of beautiful, white sand beaches, 63 holes of championship golf, an indoor/outdoor tennis complex, water fun park, fishing pier, marina, and nature center. The conference registration fee includes refreshment breaks, lunch, reception, and materials. Register by April 9 to receive the early fee of $145. The fee for the field trip is $30 (transportation will be provided). For More Information: Visit the symposium website at www.soforext.net/slashpine or contact: Melanie Baer (Conference Coordinator) at 706-542-4643 or Bill Hubbard (Program Coordinator) at 706-542-7813.

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CHOOSING TREES TO PLANT
What Type of Package Will Your Tree Be In? Nurseries have trees in different packages:

Balled-in-Burlap (B&B)
These trees are grown in the ground without a container. When they are dug out of the ground, the ball of soil around their roots is wrapped in heavy cloth.

Bare-Root
You actually can see the roots on these trees. They are dug out of the ground, and the soil is removed from around their roots.

Container-Grown
This type of tree is grown above ground in a specially designed plastic pot.

Find these words in the puzzle:
Bare Roots Container Ball Burlap Soil Pots Ground
Dry Die Tree Moist Grow Nurseries Package
(Answers at bottom right)

Never pick up a tree by the trunk!
Always lift the tree by the root ball or the container.

Color in the letters with the numbers that add up to 3 to see what you should do with the roots of your tree.

1 2

21

2 1

1 2 1

1 2

1 2

21 113

11 2 11 1 2

1 1 1

3

1

1

2 1

1 21 2

1 11

1 11 2 1

1 1 21

1

3 11 1 1 1

2 3

1

1

2

1

3 2

1 1

1

2 1

1

2

2 1

11 22

11 3

1 11 1

3 21

1 11

3 12

3 2

(Answer to the right)

What to Do with the Roots ofYour Tree: Keep Them Moist

ANSWERS:
Some graphics and text excerpts courtesy of Penn State's 1999 publication, "Planting Trees In Your Community Forests."

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WHICH OF THESE TREES WOULD YOU CHOOSE?
Whichever kind of tree you choose, make sure that it is strong and healthy. Inspect the trees carefully so that you can choose the best one. Here is a checklist of things to look for: Which one of these trees would you choose to plant?

1

2

3

THE RIGHT TREE HAS:
A strong, straight trunk A full canopy of healthy,
green leaves Branches that are not
split or broken No weeds growing in the
container No roots growing out of
the bottom of the container No roots circling the top of the container No diseases or harmful
insects

4

6

5

A DE

Use the secret code to find out the most

p important thing to look for when choosing a tree.

GH L


____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
v

N O R
v

____ ____ ____
p

S T Y ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____


ANSWERS:

Insect Alert!
The Asian Longhorn Beetle is very harmful to trees. These insects chew into
wood, leaving tunnels that weaken trees to the point where they fall apart and die.
Which 2 Asian Longhorn Beetles are the same?

WHICH TREE TO PLANT: #1 SECRET CODE: STRONG AND HEALTHY WHICH 2 BEETLES ARE ALIKE: TOP RIGHT & MIDDLE LEFT

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The Scouts' reforestation project was a success. Years later, they harvested the trees and replanted more. The site is now owned by the Boy Scouts, and was named the "Linwood Hayne Camp" in honor of the man who donated the property.

Spring 2002

Georgia Forestry

From the March 1952 issue of the Georgia Forestry Magazine
23

N AT I V E T R E E S O F G E O R G I A

Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

DESCRIPTION: Leaves or needles 6 to 9 inches long, slightly twisted, pale blue-green and occurring in clusters of 3 to the sheath. Fruit or cone 2 to 6 inches long, light reddish brown at maturity;scales armed with short, stout prickles. Bark on young trees dark in color and deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees bright red-brown and divided into broad, flat ridges. A tree 100 feet in height with a trunk 2 to 5 feet in diameter. Perhaps the fastest growing southern pine.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS: Leaves or needles pale blue-green, occurring in clusters of 3 to the sheath, grouped near the ends of the branch; bark on young trees dark, reddish brown or nearly black; cone scales armed with short, stout prickles.
WOOD: Light brown heartwood with orange-colored to white sapwood. Mixed with slash, longleaf, shortleaf, and sold in the lumber trade as southern yellow pine.
USES: In general, similar to those of the other southern pines, being used in construction, interior, and exterior finish, pulp, etc.
DISTRIBUTION: Found generally throughout the state with the exception of the higher mountains. Less plentiful in the coastal plain than in the piedmont where it occurs in great abundance. Most common of the southern yellow pines and often in plantations.

1990 - Bruce Lyndon Cunningham Nacogdoches, TX - USA

J. Frederick Allen Director

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