Georgia forestry, Vol. 12, no. 4 (Dec. 1959)

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ru1 s1 ng the NeVIs

Future Demand For Forest Produ cts
(Prom t b e C arnesville II eral d)
The o utlook on future demand of forest products is for a 30 percent increase In dem a nd is coupled with the anticipated increase in population.
The rea l importance of this trend is the ability of the Southern states to grow timber quicker than any other section of the nation. Con siderin g a depletion of present stocks in the Western and Northern states, th en the South's ability to replenish its forest stocks at a rate faster th an other sections should make the South a prime source of sawtimber in the future.
The only drawback to this expanding demand of forest products is the present timber situation in Georgia.
At present more pine sawtimber is being cut than is growing in our a re a; only one half of our forest stands are well stocked. Even this figure is misleading since a great many of our well stocked acres are growing poor quality hardwoods. Less than three percent of Georgia's forest a re a is well stocked with sawtimber. The high quality gums and yellow-poplar 20 inches and larger are being cut more than twice as fast as they are being replaced by growth.
The last forest survey figures on restocking with pines estimated 1.4 million acre s of poorly stocked forest land without enough seed trees to assure prompt restockin g.
Each year cutting converts 180,000 acres of pine and oak-pine typ~s to hardwood types.
Coupled with poor cutting practices, poor stocking, and poor hardwoods, we have other destructive agents in the form of fire, diseases, a nd insects.
To improve cutting practices, stocking, and hardwoods, and to combat fires, diseases, and insects, then intensive forest management will have to be applied to our lands; especially if we are going to increase the quantity of our trees to meet future demands.

A Challenging Fire Report

(Prom tbe Moultril" Observer)

There i s a way to halt damaging fires in the forest s of Colquitt and other

Georgia counties. The answer is simple, but effective. Common sense pre-

vent! ve mea s ure s can bring about a marked change in the forest fire los s es,

and th e 19'58 report rel e a s ed by the Fire Control Division of the Georgia

Fore stry Commi ssion proves the point.

Thirty- s ix , or n e arl y half of the forest fires reported in Colquitt county

l ast year, were tr ac ed to debris burning. Smokers caused 1) other fires,

whil e hunt e rs carele ssly dropped cigarettes , failed to put out a campfire or

dropped a ma tch in th e grass in 11 in s tanc es.

ln cendiarists contri buted eight fire s.

T h e other seven fires were due to lumberin g operations, pulpwooders and

misce ll a n eous causes.

The conclusion, from thi~ fi re re p o rt , i s obv iou s . Negligence and care-

l essness are directly to bl ame for mos t o f the 7 17 acres which we re burned

over during the past year. Nearl y as many a cres- 678 to be exact- have al-

ready been burned in the Colquitt area s i nce thl first of January . The

causes are principal ly the same a s those whi c h s et so many wildfire s in

19'58.

Preventative measures are th e one a nd o nly a n swe r to the protection of

the forests of Colquitt or any other co unt y in Georg ia with wooded areas.

Tht se timber tr.lcts arc valuable not on ly to th e owner o f the land but to the

gL

I eLonomy of the state and county.

He .tlert and careful with fire. Don't take ch an ces. Otherwise, the dollars

you burn i chc fmm of forests may have fo und t 11e ir wa y into your pocket

through SOITJC c u "tOIH'r or a payroll.

Georgia FORESTRY

Vol. 12 Decembe r, 1959

No. 4

Frank Craven Edito r

P ublished Qua rte rly by th e
GEO RG IA FO HESTR Y CO MMI SS ION Box 11 83
Macon, Geo rgia Guyton DeLoach, Director

Members, Board of Commissioners:

C. M. Jordan, Jr., Chairman

Andrew J. Aultman

A lama

Oscar S. Garrison

Sylvest er

John ~1. ~ !cElrath Alexander Sessoms

/lame r ,\la co n Cog d P!I

DISTRICT OFFICES
GEORGIA FORESTRY C'OI\11\t i SSION
DISTRICT 1- Route 2, Statesboro
DISTRICT li- P. 0. Box 26, Camilla
DISTRICT III- P. 0. Box 169, Americus
DISTR ICT.IV-P. 0. Box 333, Newnan
DISTRICT V- P. 0. Box 328, McRae
DISTRICT VI -P. 0. Box 505, Milledg-eville
DISTRI CT VII- Route 1, Rome
DISTRICT VIII- P. 0. Box 1160, Waycr.oss
DISTRICT IX-P. 0 . Box 416, Gainesville
DISTRICT X-Route 3, Washington

On t he Cover
Smokey 13Par, in sendin g Christmas g ree tings ac ross the n atio n, PXfJTeSS C'S hop P that you r /rC'PS, in 1960, will e xf>PriPnce a firC' (reP year. Only I h rough I hP p roper manaf!.C'1t1Pnl of you r forest can vour /re Ps C' Sraf>e this destructiv P menace . If you f>rotect your forC'sl, th r> y 7t ill protr> c t vou by protiding inc omP am/ u ood produ c ts in the future .
Member of the
Georgia Press Association.
Georgia Forestry is entered a s second class matter at the Post Office under
the Act of Aug-ust 24, 1!)12.

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\I iss 1/unt, Goz . \ ' a/l(liz er, II al!ace \dams, and .\I iss Donnelly open fire lah
Governor Opens Forest Fire Lab

Go v ern o r E rn est Vand iv e r officiall y opened th e nation's first major forest fire laboratory in c eremonies a t the Georgia Forestry Center near Macon, ~~ovembe r L The Southern Fo rest Fire L aborat o ry .is expected to be joined by two USFS fire labs .in the future.
Governor Vandiver stated that just last year Georgia landowners received approximately $81,000,000 through the sale of pulpwood and $100,271,000 from sawtimber. However, it is conse rva tively estimated that our forest land is only producing one-half .its capacity. Instead o f recerv1ng $750,000,000, we should be recei ving one and one-!Jalf billion dollars annually, Vandiver added.
Georgia's governor concluded !1 is address with tile !10pe that through this fire lab, researci1ers would be able to find the answers needed .in the fight against destructive forest fires. The new lab can well be the answer that we are looking for .in our fight against uncontrolled forest fires, one of the worst enemies to Georgia's econor1y. The governor tl1en cut the ribbon opening the new fire lab. He was assisted by !\!iss Beth Hunt, 1959 :HI Queen, Baxley; \!iss Suzanne Donnelly, state public re lations chairman for the State Future Homemakers of America, .\!illedgev.ille; and Wallace Adams, chairman of the Georgia Forest Research Co uncil, Glenwood.
Earlie r .in the program, Dr. V. L. Harper, Assistan t chief of t!Je U. S. Forest Service .in

c:,ar3e o f fo r es t research sta t ed tha t the opening of the lab .is the

key to new fores try horizons. He added that fire research will lead to more rapid and less costly fire contrcl measures.
:~taster of ceremonies John W. Langdale stated tnat by supple-

men ting state and federal agencies in conducting specific research projects, a most satisfactory research program is being

conducted .in Georgia a t a much smaller cos t to the taxpayers.

Other participants on the program included .\1acon' s B. F . .\lerr.itt,

Jr., who gave the welcoming address; Downing .\!usgrove, who

introduced the governor; and Georgia Forestry Commission Di-

rector Guyton DeLoach , who introduced Dr. Harper.

During t il e prograrJ t he Fire Control Division of the Fore s try

Comr1.i ssion demonstrated t he use of the TB.\1 tanker .in fire sup-

pressiOn.

The aerial tank e r had been used successfully in

Northwest Ceo rgia and No rth east North Carolina earlier this

yea r.

1/arper tall... r:! \1 demoll.\tration highlight 0/'('1/tllg.

Rapid Seasoning Answers Stain Problem

The rapid seasoning of sapwood lumber has been

found to be the most effective control of chemical stain-

ing of southern hardwoods. Southern hardwood lumber

manufacturers have been bothered by chemical stain for

some time because it usually does not present itself

until after final lumber surfacing in the plant. It also

develops in chemically dipped as well as undipped sap-

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Dark glob ules in ray celLs are cause of chemical stain

wood lumber. A study of this stain has just been completed by Paul
J. Bois, forest products technologist for the Georgia Forestry Commission and the U. S. Forest Service. Samples for the study were taken from hardwood lumber mills in North Georgia and 0Jorth Carolina.
The gray-brown chemical stain is a costly problem in dimension lumber, flooring and specialty items requiring a bright finish. Species such as soft maple, hackberry, hickory, reJ oak, and dogwood have proved most susceptible to this stain.
The delayed presence of th e stain IS due to the rapid drying of the surface fibers. The wood beneath these fibers remains wet long_ enough to allow the chem ical stain to develop.
The chemical stain, which is similar in appearance to blue stain, is not a fungus type. The chemical s tain develops in hot and humid weather which produces poor drying conditions. Therefore the stain is more prominent during the late spring and summer months.
The difference between the chemical stain and blue stain can be identified by an acid test. T. C. Scheffer, of ti1e Forest Products Laboratory, found that oxa li c
acid bleached out the chemical stain but not the fungus stain. When both chemical and fungus s tain are present the results of acid application are negative, this indicates fungus staining. The acid test brings excellent results in hardwood lumber seasoning yards where blue stain fungus is not a problem.
Steaming, low temperature drying, forced air-drying, and imJTlediate kiln drying are the only present means of controlling chemical stain.
A report on this study will appear in a forest utilization service release in the near future.

1960 Nursery Plans
Include Hardwoods
The Georgia Forestry Comm ission is incorporating certain hardwood species in its 1960 nursery program. This phase of reforestation is being added in order to meet the demands of a growing population and to provide quality products, accordi ng to Sanford P. Darby, reforestation chief for the Forestry Commission.
Darby added that many unproductive sites capable of producing quality hardwoods are not properly stocked. It is the opinion of forest economists that land growing potential must be utilized r1ore intensively if forestry is to be upgraded and promoted as a more specialized professw n.
:Jardwood seed will be planted at suitable nurseries within the naLJral range of the hardwood species. The
seed will be planted in about four to six rows or drills to a bed. Raid Cypress, a softwood, is th e onlv exception as it will be

planted in a manner similar to pine seed. Approximately 10,000 pounds of hardwood seed have
been collected. This figure does not include the collection of five and one-half bushels of Sweet Gum. Eastern Cottonwood will be collected between April and June of 1960. Other species that have been gathered include Cherrybark, ~~o rthern Red, and Swamp Chestnut Oak, White Ash, Sycamore, Flowering Dogwood, and Black Walnut. These species were selected on the basis of extensive investigations and analysis of industry demands.
Seed collection quotas have been fulfilled for the Dogwood, Sycamore, Sweet r;um, and Black Walnut species. Darby stated that there has been some difficulty in obtaining quality seed due to a poor seed crop.
The hardwood seedlings are slated to be released to the public in the 1960-61 planting season. The sales and planting instruction s will be made available to the public in June of 1960.

New Curriculum Aimed At Future Leaders

A broader educational background i s the aim of a newly proposed forestry curriculum drawn up by the faculty of the University of Georgia's School of Forestry in Athens. Dean A. M. Herrick stat ed th at the new requirements give the student a more flexible curriculum, providing a wider choice of subject material. This will enable the student to broaden his education into other fields such as s cience, public administration, mathematics and the arts.
Fire control, timber cruising and tree planting will always be one of the re sponsibili tie s of the forester. However. the forest industry needs men who are able to assume responsibilitie s for planning, developing a~d managing forestry as a business enterprise.
Ju st last year more than $750 ,000,000 were poured into the state's economy through forest industries. In the future the South is expected to provide the nation with the bulk of its timber products. Georgia is expected to contribute the largest proportion of these products. At present, Georgia leads the South, and is second in the nation, in pulpwood production and fourth in the production of lumber. Georgia also produces some 80 percent of the nation's naval store s .
For Georgia to continue leading in forestry production, it must produce leaders who are capable businessmen. The new changes that will take affect at the Georgia Forestry School in 1960 are pointed at the leaders of tomorrow. In order to give the forestry student a wellrounded education some 35 credit hours of required forestry courses have been eliminated. Eight courses were withdrawn from the cu rriculum and three others were reduced but will still be offered as electives.

~Aore ma t.h, in the form of statistics; two communication courses, public speaking and technical writing; and physics, in connection with soil work, will now be required. Other changes include increasing the electives from 25 to 43 credits. These electives include technical forestry, non-technical forestry and other non-technical studies. A minimum of eight hours is required in each
group. A maximum of 14 hours can be taken in forestry
electives. The revised program will enable to study such electives as organic chemistry, business law, psy-
chology, and social sciences.
Dean rlerrick pointed out that through this more ngorous but versatile curriculum, the forestry school will be able, in most cases, to identify the potential graduate student by the sophomore year. This will enable the school to guide him in the field of study in which he is best suited. It will also eliminate the prospective graduate from having to take und erg raduate courses that would not contribute to his fu ture study.
The u niversity's Forestry Dean added that the forestry school has an obligatio'l to train men for the last ten to twenty years of their careers and not just the first five years. This obligation is made plain through th e fact that, in 1957 , 7,000 graduate foresters were employed by forest indu stries. Today, over 40 percent of the nation's 17,000 graduate for esters are employed in industrial forestry.
Dean Herrick further emphasized th at we must train leaders for tomorrow. Forestrv is still a young professiOn 1n the li gh t of o ther accepted professions. This means that with every passing year there a re changes that must be made in our educational facilities.

Specific Gravity Step Toward Superior Pine Tree Development

Since 1955, seed o rchards have been established in Geo rgia by the Georgia Forestry Commission and the U. S. Forest Service in an effort to develop superior s trains of pine trees. Cu ttin gs from app roximatel y 400 trees, wi t h supe ri o r characte ristics , have been g ra ft ed to roo t s tocks in developin g the seed orc ha rds . The seed orchards are located near Co chra n and Glenwood.
Wi t h the continued work in seed o rc ha rd propagation and th e proposed wo rk in tree breedin g a t the Macon Researc h Center, further investigations are being made o f the selected tr ees. These test s should determin e wood qua li ty c ha rac t e ri s tic s which rela t e to s tre ng t h, pulp yield , and other wood prope rti es. Th i s summer a s tu dy was initiated to de t e rmi ne t he spec ific g ravi t y and percen t of summerwood of the 400-plus trees .
Th e s tu dy will fo rm the basis for further sc reenin g of t he s elected trees bein g used fo r propagati on . Those trees foun d to have exceptionally high or low specific gravity, or having a uniform percent of summerwood will be used for furt he r g ene tic tests .
In conducting this s tu dy, two increment cores we re taken from e a ch of t he 400 tree s. Each c ore was marked, identifying it by county and tree number. One core is being u sed to det e rmine specific g ravity and summerwood percent. The other core will be used for a l a ter project to determine wood s trength.
The specific gravity of each core is computed on the basis of green volume and oven dry wei gh t of each five year grow th increment. Each five -ye ar segmen t is i dentifi ed by ag e, tree number, a nd co unt y numbe r. The specific gravi ty co re seg ments are soaked in wa t er fo r

Core s are me as ured in de t ermin ing grot11l b
Saucier ide ntif i es e ach f i ve ye ar segme nt by age, tr ee and c ount y number
24 ho urs to ass ure g reen vo lume before s umme rwood measur em en t s a re made.
In prep a rin g the s ar1 ples fo r mea s urements one side of the core is smoothed and a differential stain is used to mark the boun d ary betwe e n s prin g woo d a nd summerwood . The summerwood bands are then accumulatively measu red.
J oseph R. Sau cier, forest product s tec hno logi s t for the Geo rgi a Forestry Commi ssion and the U. S. Fores t Service, is in ch arge of th e study.

A Soviet fo restry exch a nge t eam recently vi ewed Geo rgia Fo rest ry Commis s ion an d U. S. F ore s t Service in s t a ll ati o n s a t t he Forestry Ce nt e r n ear tdaco n . The tour was part of exis tin g a rra ng ement s fo r the exch a ng e o f sci entist s bet we en the J ni te d St ates an d Ru ssi a. A fo r es t ma n agemen t team fr om th e U. S. visited t h e USS R in J uly of this year.
The five man team, headed by Dr. V a l en tine C. Ne s t e rov, professor V. I. Lenin All- Uni on Ag ric u ltura l Academy, :\loscow , vi sited the nation 's fi r s t ma jor fo res t fin: l a bo r atory ; a new Ll . S . Fore s t Se rvic e Seed L ab a n d i n se ct and dis e ase l aborato ri es.
The group was g i ven a demonstration o f th e Co mr1 i s sion's fi r e fi ghtin g equipment , a n d c one cu ri ng a n d seed extraction method s.
T he tour of the U. S . include d Was hin g to n whe r e the exchange team obs erved and di s cu sse d o rgani zati on and po li c y of t he Fo r es t Service; the 1\ li ddle Wes t , wi th VI Sit s to the s he lt erbelt projects; a n d the west coas t whe re they s aw fo r es t se r vice r e s earch op e r a ti o n s a n d n a ti on a l fo re s t adm in is tration.
Other members of the fore stry de legatio n in cl uded Al ex e i D. Bu c k sh t yno v, dir ec to r, All- Un io n Sci en ti fic Res e arch In s titut e of Fo re s try an d ;\lechani zati o n ; Bo r is N. Luc kya no v, c h ief o f fo res try sec t io n , Min istry o f Agricu lt ure ; Al e x e i G . Gr achev, chie f o f fo res t ry section, Staling rad Region; and Cu s t av I. Z imenk0v, C ounci l of .\ lini s t e r s o f t he USSR .
Wa l t L. Dutto n, US F S, was in charg e of t he exch a ng e team rour. Bori a Kr awec, U. S. St a t e De p a rt me nt , wa s the int erprete r for the group .

Re pr ese nt a t ives of th e Ontar io Dep a rtm e n t o f Lan d s and Fores ts toured the faciliti es o f th e Reforesta tion Division. T he t h ree ma n g roup , headed by R. \\'. H umm e l, re forest ation branch superviso r, was tnainl y intereste d in s e ed extract ing facil iti es, n urse ry and seed orchard work.
S anfo rd P. Da r by, Comr.1 i ss ion re fo res t a ti o n chief, s h o we d th e vi s itin g Ca n adian s t he in s i d e op e ration s of the s e e d ex tracting plant and l abo ra to ry, an d the Morgan ;'-J ur s ery , o n e o f th e s ix nur se ri es ope ra t ed by th e Com rH ssw n. T he t e am a l so viewed sl i des on n ur se ry a n d seed orchard ope ra tions
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Fie ld e quipm e nt c at ch es e y e of :?u ss ian f ores tr} team

(. anadian s d i sc u <>s Sl!ed extractor ofl('rrltions
H um me l s t ated that the group w.1s verv flluch impressed by t he facilities of the Forestry Center. . le expressed hope that their ,fepartment cnulcl put into practice some of the reforestation tecilf1i qucs .mel procedures that t:Je\' observed during t:1eir visit.
T he group iJ,d high praise for the close cooperation between the Commission, Research ( .ounci I .l!lcl tlw U. S. Forest Service. Other members of the p.ut\' were C . tl. L ane, tree production section hea,l .1nd \\. I:. Edwards, seed extraction superintendent.

Means of controlling 'blowup' and large forest fires, which have ravaged thousands of acres of valuable Georgia timberland will be sought at the nation's first major forest fire laboratory. The Georgia Forest Researclr Council's Southern Forest Fire Laboratory is located at the Georgia Forestry Center near Macon and is operated by the U. S. Forest Service. Two other USFS fire labs are in the making; one is under construction in Montana and the other is slated to be built in California.
The two-story brick, steel, and aluminum structure was financed by state funds through the Georgia Forest Research Council. The federal government rs expected to spend approximately $500,000 annually in carrying out the planned research program. This program is the result of a cooperative agreement among the Research Council, USFS and the Georgia Forestry Commission.
The laboratory houses a wind tunnel; combustion chamber; fluid modeling, weather forecastin g and control room s ; four chemical-physical laboratories; and a photographic lab. Through these facilities further know1edge of fire behavior will be pursued.
Fire behavior will be studied from model fires that are burned under controlled conditions in the wind tunnel. Efficiency of combu s tion in fuels of different sizes , arrangements, moisture contents, and with different rates of air supply will be determined. Other experiments which may be set up in the wind tunnel include th e s tu dy of aerodynamic properties o f fir e bra nds and th e me as ur ement of ra t e o f fire spread for v a ri o u s litter layers.
L a rg er mode l fires wi ll be stud ied in the combu st ion room. Such fac tors as fr ee c onvection mo vement, combus t ion rat e, an d he at yield pe r pound of fuel burn ed wi ll be explored. Tests wi ll be undertaken to discover the quant ity of heat retjui red to ignite forest fuels by radiation.
The fluid modeling room will be used to stu ly lo w level 3tmospheric discontinuities and the effect of variable terra in on t he alf movement r1e.n the ground. Co lored f lui ds of different den '-lties wi II

1'emperat ure and ufJdraft speed of crib fire is determined in combustion rc Pire retardaut treated paper tested for burning rate

1:1e used to simulate motiOn 1n the fre e atmo s phere. Daily fire weather forecasts are prepared and
tran smi tted to the forestry districts from the weather forecasting room. The actual weather conditions are reported daily to the lab from the Commission's field station s for correlation and recording. Past forecasts are studied to determine key weather factors and to improve future predictions.
Not all of the laboratory's work will depend on the structual facilities such as the wind tunnel, combustion chamber and fluid modeling room. Both theoretical and applied research in fire physics and combustion chemistry may be pursued in the independent smaller facilities within the building. The composition of flame products might be approached with either the mass spectrometer or gas chromatography equipment. lleat yield of fuel samples may be measured using calorimeters. Time lag of moisture in fuels will be determined using a battery of controlled electric ovens and microsensitive balances.
Compl ete facilities for processing black and white and color film are available in the photo laboratory. Photographic documentation by both still and mo vie cameras will be necessary to cover, adequately, rapid moving experiments in the laboratory. Coverage of both wild fires and prescribed burn s by time lapse movies and aerial photography will play an important part in the overall research program.
A staging area adjacent to the tunnel and co mbustion room is used to build a nd assemble mo de ls and fuel beds. A hydraulic lift raises the specimens into position in the floor of the tunnel.
All of the laboratory's capabilities are not fixed to the new building. At the Georgia Forestry Center, detailed studies of fire danger measurements hav e been in progress for several years. Upper wind ai r conditions are being plotted and studied by means o f double-theodolite ballon soundings. A series of
Control panel registers temperature , hum idit y and wind speed in wind tunnel tests
prescribed burning studies has been established in the Coastal Plains of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. Chemical retardant trials have been conducted on the Hitchiti Experimental Forest and the Alapaha Experimental Range. Calibration drops with Georgia's TBM tanker were carri ed on the George Walton Forest near Cordele.
Research Council Director H. E. Ruark stated that Georgia is fortunate to have a facility in which scientists can study and develop ways to overcome the greatest menace to Georgia's woodlands ... forest fires.
K. W. McNasser, USFS, who heads fire re s earch at the lab, stated that when the lab i s full y staffed there will be 29 scientists conducting research. McNasser added that research undertaken by the federal government and the State of Georgia will hasten the day when large forest fires will be a thing of the past.

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Seedlings Raise

Landowners Hair

!1awaged seer/ling ...

jured trees than the percentage of trees bitten. There will be a noticeable slowness in hei gh t grow th and some forking of the main stems. In later grow th, one fork usually becomes dominent o~er the other making an acceptable tree.
If planting is done during a period of hard freezes, the seedlings should be dipped in a chemical repellent. This process is recomm ended rather than spraying after planting because of high cost. Some of the chemicals recommended by the Georgia Forestry Commission are Z.l.P., Arasan SF-X, Tersan, and Black Leaf 40. These chemicals should be mixed with a carrying agent before application. The carrying agent dilutes the chemical and enables it to s tick to the tree. Suitable carrying agents are water emulsion s of asphalt, vinyl resin , or acrylic resin.
Rabbit damage can also be reduced by planting other s pecies of pine, planting susceptible species using preventive measures, planting only large seedlin gs of these species and burning over the site before planting.

Newly established tree crops are spnngwg up throughout Georgia again this year. If thi s crop is to g row into accepti ble merchantable tree s, disease, in sect, and rodent damage will have to be controlled.
Rabbit damage, which may occur during th e planting season, can present a major problem in th e establi shment of new pine sta nds. However, it is not a major statewide problem. Rabbit damage i s usually confined to those areas which experience hard freezes. These hard cold spells kill the green veget ation that compri ses the rabbit's diet. This leaves the green tender shoots of small pi ne seedlings for rab bi t food. Large seedlin gs are not usually bothered by rabbits. Pine seedlings most effected by rabbit dar1age are loblolly, s lash and shortleaf pine.
Rabbit damage can be identified by the clean cu t 45 degree angle at which the seedling bud .is bitten. In addition, the s ide branch or top is often left beside th e c ut s tub. Tl1e need les are seldom injured, and unlike sorne rodents and insects , they do not damage the bark.
;\ '>i<>n of rabbit darnage does not mean that the seedli ng '" ad. With high quali t y seed lings, a moist site .md L1vor.!ble weather conditions, following the damage, gnnl .urviva l can he expected. 'I he seriousness of the dam.lg. lcre nd'> more on the mortal it y percent of the in-

.... g roii 'S into accefJtah!e tree

Four North Georgia landowner s have received initia l recognition for producing 300 board fe e t of timber per acre per year by the Tenne s see Valley Association of Test-Demonstration Farm Familie s . Coopera ting in thi s project fo r recognizing 300 board footer s are the TV A, Georgi a Fore s try Commission, and the Univers ity of

ti a l if n a ti on al dem a n ds fo r for es t pro duct s a re to be met. In the Te nnessee Va lley th e re a re s om e 240, 0 00 wood-
land own ers. Nin e ty-on e percent own le ss than 100
acres. llowever, approximatel y 46 percen t o f the total 6,000,000 acres a re in th eir hands. Average annual growth
in the Tenn essee Vall ey is approximately 100 board
feet per acre . Potential average growth i s estim ated to be 300 board feet of high quality timber per acre per year.
Kilbourne po int ed o ut t ha t if al l the fa rm fam ili es in

Board Footer Awards Presented To Georgians

Ge org ians rec e iz,e 300 bo ard foo t e r au ,ar d from Kil bo urn e; Walk er and ,\l cComb s b ou af'f'ro l'al

Georgia Agricultural Extension Service. The first landowners recogni zed through thi s pro je ct
were Carl Dover, Ellijay; Robert L. So s eb e e, Blue Ri dge; Jules A. Case, Trenton; and C ub Hull a nder, Rin ggold. The combined efforts of these wo o dland owner s are producing 449 board feet of timber per acre per yea r on 535 acres.
Richard Kilbourne, director of th e TVA fore s t ry division, said that the a wards are bein g made to encoura ge more p roduc ti ve use of forest l a n d . T he p ro jec t is designed to locate current woodlan ds th at h a ve reached the 300 board fo o t production l e v e l th rou gh app l ie d fore s t manag ement. The projec t i s al so intended to s e t a s ta ndard for recognition, and to publicly recognize g ood forest man age ment p rac tic es so th a t o th e r wood l and o wner s will be e nc o urag e d to fo ll o w th e ir e xample.
Re ce nt s ur vey s a n d s tu dies by gove rn men t a nd pri va te agencie s all recogni ze that the level o f protecti on and ma nag e ment p ra cti ces i s rela ti vely low o n s ma ll e r fore s t owner s hip. Ra i s ing the leve l o f th ese prac tice s i s e ss en -

th e TV A a rea wou l d step up fore s t p rodu c tion from the p resen t rat e o f 100 bo ard feet per acre to 300 bo ard feet per acre it would increa s e th e to tal income som e $20, 000 ,000. Kilbourne a dde d tha t th e pro ject fo r recogniz in g the 30 0 bo a rd footer s woul d in c reas e fo re s t i ncome a nd provide for adequa te wate rshed pro t ection.
T o qualify for th e 300 bo a rd foot award an inspec tin g fo re s ter mu s t a ccur a tel y de t ermine the to t a l acreage o f
th e wo odlan d . Th e a creage i s based on t he average an-
nual radial gro wt h fo r th e past five yea r s. The minim u m
si z e mu s t not be less th an 10 acres. An inven t o rv wi l l
be ma de by a professional forester to obtai n a 'st and t able by diameter classes for conifers and ha rdwoods. Pin e trees to be considered as sawtimber must be at l e a s t nin e inches and hardwoods 1 1 inches in diame t e r a t breast height. The woodland owner must be from one o f the 125 Tennessee River watershed counties.
An identical project has been developed wi th ex t ensio n directo r s and state foresters in Al ab a ma, ~ l i ss i ss ip pi, No rth Carolina, Tennessee and Virg inia.

Poles leave Port Henning during harvesting of sawtimber to make way fo r new roads

Tops Posts In

Timber Yield

The greates t 30-day timber yield for a mili tary post was recorded in June - Jul y, 1959 a t F t. Benning near Columbus. Approximately 1,8 55,000 board fee t of saw timber and 966 cords of pulpwood were harvested during that period.
The harvest record returned to th e Federal Gove rnmen t $59,014 in revenu e, according to orman F . Forc e of Co lu mbus, chief forester of the Forestry Branch, U. S. Arm y Infantry Cen ter E ng ineer ection. In accordanc e wi th present procedure, this amount is paid directly to th e U. S. Treasury and do es not revert back to t he mili tary re servation.
The forester emphasized th at military classes and demonstrations by the Infan try chool have p riority over the harvest of timber. Therefore, cutting crews are often kept ou t of the post's woodlands for lon g periods of time during training session s .
Although the forestry operation is secondary to milit ary pl an ning, ti r.~ be r ha rvesting on th e 182,000 acre

Pol es st and ready to be harvested as a by-product to expansion of training faci lit ies
post is un der a well planned program. Areas to be harvested a re made known to the Savannah Di s trict , Co rps of Engineers. The Corps, in turn, invites bids from several hundred contractors who may be interes ted and the high bidder is awarded the contract.
Many out-o f- s t a t e con trac tors are a ttracted, but mos t of the ha rve s tin g is done by Geo rgia and Alabaflla firms.

The largest current contract is with Sullivan Lumber Company of Preston, Georgia, for three million board feet of pine sawtimber.
Actual harvesting at Ft. Benning, however, is conducted under the supervision of the District Engineer Timber Harvesting Project Office. The office, locat eci on the reservation, is headed by John A. Cleveland of Columbus, resident inspector.
In iiscal year 1959, 12,311,000 board feet of sawtimber, 11,675 cords of pulpwood and 6,673 telephone poles were cut for a return of $440,342 to the U. S. Treasury. Present contracts, which have been let or are pending, involve 12,500,000 board feet of pine sawtimber and two million board feet of hardwood. This valuable timber is scheduled to be harvested in fiscal years
1959-1960. Receipts from Benning's timber operations are the
largest in the district, although another military post in the area has a greater acreage of timber. The timber harvest on the post near Columbus is planned by the Forestry Branch in conjunction with clearance for roads,

ranges and other projects planned by the military reser-
vation. Subsequently, th e post's harvest helped the Third
U. S. Army a ttain the lead in ti mber harvested over all other Army areas.
Force expl<tin ed th a t reforestation on the reservation is conducted through a system of assisting nature in seeding. Thi s i s accompli shed , he said, through preparation of the ground to insure growth of natural seeding by the present s tand of timber.
The cost of this method of refore s tation on the po s t 's woodlands is extremely low and considerably less than a seedlin g planting program which runs from $ 12 to $15 per acre, the forester said.
Force said both methods bring about the same results, but the natural seeding procedure is the only one practical under the flexibility of the military program.
John C. ~letcalf, assistant post forester , s aid the accident record on the res ervation is excellent for both forestry personnel and contractors. He said there has been no accident of any nature for 761 days.

- --....,_
Pole subcontractor clears satl'timber on Bickford Range
Pole is mea s ured during clearing of s au t imb er
Poles ar e loaded in s ml'li111b e r barzesting to mak.e uay for trainin g ar e a exfl([ns ion

The Amazing Adventures Of

~NOKEYBEAR

The Smokey Bear Fire Prevention Program was born during World War II days when it was feared that saboteurs might attempt to destroy valuable timber through forest fires. 'Smokey' offici ally became a national symbol in 1945 and gained immediate success. Today, he is still an outstanding symbol of forest fire prevention.
In 1941, before 'Smokey' came on the scene, there were more than 210,000 forest fires which burned"more than 30,000,000 acres of forest land. By 1958, this figure had been reduced to 100,000 fires with a little over 3,000,000 acres destroyed. Some two-thirds of these total fires and acreage burned occured in the South.
'Smokey' through the news and advertising media, had a large job to do at the outset. He had to break the public's habits of tossing lighted matches and cigarettes from car windows; warn hunters and fishermen about leaving burning camp fires; and caution landowners on how to burn off their land for planting.
The results of 'Smokey's' program was realized in Georgia in 1957. This was the year that a long sought goal of losing to fire less than one-half of one percent of the states more than 24 million protected forest acres materialized.
This goal was accomplished through the combined efforts of the public, Georgia Forestry Commission and the U. S. Forest Service in putting over 'Smokey 's' fire prevention program. Radio and TV programs, bir exhibit themes, talks and demonstrations were all aimed at making Georgia a greener state.
In 1959, a Southern Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Program was developed to further reduce the forest fire problem. The Forestry Commission has provided material that has been developed into radio programs, TV trailers, and a fire prevention poster. This material is aimed at the specific problem s of fire prevention in fire prevention in the South.

The use of our forests by vacationers, sportsmen and tourist have increased since 'Smokey's' insertion in the fire prevention program. The familiar symbol is credited with saving the United States $ 10 ,000,000,000 in board feet of timber that didn't burn, in recreation areas that were not destroyed, in watersheds that were not made bare. This figure is based on a projection of fires and acreage burned combined with increasing population trends.
'Smokey' has created an army of civilian forest 'rangers' who put into practice fire prevention methods prescribed by the symbolic 'Smokey'. These civilian forest rangers are not the only ones helping in forest fire prevention. Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, 4-IJ Clubs, Safety Patrols, and Smokey Rear Clubs have come to 'Smokey's' aid.
Every year more people are doing their part. .. all because a kindly bear convinced the country that forest fire prevention is important.

Logging the foresters

TELFAIR CONCLUDr:S CLINICS ... A fire con trol demonstration held recently at the Telfair Forestry Unit headquarter s near McRae climaxed a series of cl~nics designed to foster better forestry practices throughout the county. The clinics, which also featured films, lectures and chart talk s on timber harvesting, utilization of woodlands and reforestation, were jointly sponsored by the fores try unit , Telfair County ag ricultural agencies and forest products industries.

GU~.l STUDY BEGUN . . . J. Reid Parker, assistant professor of forestry at the University of Georgia, has begun a study of the economics of naval stores. The study will seek means for promoting efficient gum production as an intregal part of fore s t management. The study i s s upported by the American Turpentine Farmer's Association and the Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation.
/

U. S. Forest 'lervice officials from Wa s hing ton,
n. C., .i\sbevi//e , Nortb Carolina and Atlanta o ffic es
recently insfJected USFS and Georgia Forestrv Com mission facilities. Th e grouf' a/s o looked over nursery and soil bank uork in tb e state. Th e in s fJ e cting team looked into tbe coofJerativ e as p e ct of furnis hing funrfs for s tat e and industry f~r o je ct s and ll'bat is being done ll1ith a/located funds. /'b e inspect ion party was b e aded by t:du ard P. Cliff, a s s istant chief of tbe (1'\PS.

FAITH IN PI N E .\!ERITS AWARD . . . Judge Ha rley Langdale, Valdosta, has received the distingui s hed service award for outstanding contributions in the field of forestry. The high honor was made by the American Forestry Association. The nav'1l stores leader al s o received a plaque and life members hip certificate at the Association's 84th annual meeting in Bedford, Penn sylvania. President Don P. Johnston made the pre sentation.

Georgia For es try and Game and Fisb Commission personnel discuss fire patrol plans during managed deer bunts in Noz ,ember in tb e uild/ife managem e nt area near F.atonton. Tbe personnel include; Sam r?amsey, ranger, Game and Fish Com miss ion, ]. D. Bowling, assistant chief Lau Enforcement, Game and Fish Comm ission, nob IVynens, pilot, Georg ia Forestry Commissio n, and Hob Gore, chief inv es tig ator, Georgia Forestry Commission.
VISITORS FROM PANAMA ... A Panamanian logging and sawmilling productivity s tudy team recently toured the Georgia Forestry Center near Macon. The team also visited the ~\!organ Memorial Nursery in Houston County as part of its study and observation of logging and marketing operations and modern forestry methods and techniques in th e United States. Georgia Forestry Commiss ion Director Guyton DeLoach said the team will prepare a report of its tour for distribution to the sawmill indu stry of Panama. Heading the team on its national tour i s Francisco Cornejo, director of the forestry department of the Republi c of Panama.

Fi ftb f)i s tr ic t Fir e Contr o l /~an g er f. C arl \dam s

ua s re c e ntly a!l'arded a cert ificat e o f mc> rit anr/ pin

COI!Jm emorat ing 35 year s of sen1ice to th e \'tat e o f

(; eorg ia. /) r. / .eo n /Ja rgrea ,es , a s s i stant dire c tor

of t he l.eo rg ia F ores tr \' Commi <;s ion, made th e pre-

se ntation. :\rlam<; hegan his career ll 'ith th e Ge org ia

lli[!, b 'l'OV l> ef,art ment in S efJ t em h er /')2 '>. II i '> s erz i c e

G"\\\C If \ uith
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th as

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Geor,gia *F81!~!RFl1
DEC:EMBER I 1959
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Entered as second class matter at the Post Office , Macon, Georgia

~
Th e big sawlog signals good times ahead today as it did at Christmas long ago. Through good management practices, reforestation and protection of idle acres, your forest land can produce bigger and be tter timber fo r you. Promote bigge r profits by proper management and let the financial fes tivitie s begin!

Dr. 0.. C. '\ l '.l nolclJI .-:-.sir" The.. Unive. 'CJ. 't,y ,>f G~ or i.~ia.
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