The Georgia victory school program: victory corps series [1943]

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Victory Corps Series

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Bulletin llo. 5

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April, 19I+3

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71CTORY FARM 70HBTT3ERS

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WHY WORK 01 FARMS

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Issued "by

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State Copartner.t of 3duaation

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M. D. Collins, Superintendent

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Atlanta, Georgia

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VICTORY CORPS SERIES BULLETIN NO, 5 April, 19U3

WHY WORK ON FARMS

Item

Table of Contents

-- Pagae-

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT



A. Suggestions for Organizing the Courses and for Teaching the

Pupils



B. The Type of Information Contained In This Bulletin



THE NEEDS FOB SUPPLYING LABOR ON FARMS

3

A. What is the Need of Certain Crops and Livestock Products for

the War Effort 3.. What is the Acreage of Crops and Number of Head of Livestock

in Georgia

C What are the Demands for Labor of Selected Farm Enterprises

in Georgia

lh"-

D. What is the Farm Labor Situation

*

S. What are some Effects of an Inadequate Farm Labor Supply

20

?! What Effect Will Barm Work have on the Physical Development

of Pupils

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JOBS WHICH HIGH-SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS MAY DO ON FARMS

23

A. What are the Jobs for Peak Labor Months on Farms in Georgia ... 23

B! When Should the Critical Farm Jobs be Done

25

SOME WAYS IN WHICH HIGH-SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS MAY HELP REMEDY THE FARM

LABOR SITUATION

2b

A. What Kinds of Groups to Organize for Working on Farms

2|3

3. What Training is Necessary for Working on Farms

2b

C. What Procedure to Use in Lining Up for Farm Work

2(

REFERENC~E,,,S

.. ** ?** ..*J.L .,.., Z2J9L

LIBRARIES



WHY WORK Oil FARMS

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT
This bulletin on MY WORK OK FARMS in one of a series of "bulletins dealing with the Victory Farm Volunteer phase of the High-School Victory Corps. Other bulletins on how to do the critical jobs on farms will follow this one. The preliminary statement contains: suggestions for organizing the course, suggestions for teaching the pupils, and a statement of the type of information contained in the bulletin.
A. SUGGESTIONS FOR ORGANIZING THE COURSES AND FOR TEACHING THE PUPILS

1. Time to Devote to the Problem of "Why Work on Farms."
It Ms been suggested by several superintendents, principals, and teachers that from three to five class periods should be devoted to this problem with all the high-school pupils.

2. When to Deal with this Problem.

The jobs which high-school boys and girls can help farmers with may begin in the month of May. Therefore, this course on WHY WORK ON FARMS and the second course on HOW TO DO SELECTED FARM JOBS should be taught the first week or second
week in May.

3. Who should Teach this Course.

Most school administrators and teachers feel that all members of the faculty should make contributions to this course. Some have suggested that after a conference of all the faculty members to discuss the materials m the ^lleJ;n. a small group of teachers should be assigned the actual teaching responsibility. Others think that a specific period of the day for three or four days might be designated for the course and that each high-school teacher assume the responsibility of the course for the pupils whom she teaches during the designated
period,

k. How to Teach the Course.

It is suggested that the principal with his teachers study as a group the information in the bulletin and formulate a plan for dealing with this pro-

blem,

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5. How to Organize the Data.

Some of the data in the bulletin may be charted on posters. Especially is this true with the tabulated data and graphs. Boys and girls enrolled in art classes may be assigned to the job of charting these data. Pupils in mathematic classes may prepare graphs that are necessary for interpreting the data.

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B. THE TYPES OF INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS BULLETIN The question of WHY WORK ON FARMS may be answered by using three types of
pertinent information, namely: The need for supplying farm labor. Jobs which high-school boys and girls may do on farms. Ways in which high-school boys and girls can help remedy the farm labor situation.
These three types of information are given in the bulletin in the order named above.

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I. THE NEED FOR SUPPLYING LA30R Oil FARMS
In order to get a complete picture of the need for supplying labor on farms, information about several questions should be studied. These questions are:
What is the need of certain crops and livestock products for the war effort?
What is the acreage of crops and number of head of livestock in Georgia?
What are the demands of labor for selected farm enterprises' in Georgia?
What is the farm labor situation?
What are some effects of an inadequate farm labor supply?
What effects will farm work have on the physical development of pupils?
A. WHAT IS THE NEED OS1 CERTAIN CROPS AFD LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS FOR THE WAR EFFORT?
There are several facts that emphasize the need of certain crops and livestock products for the war effort. These are grouped under the following headings: (l) The Need of Food and Fiber for Our Armed Forces and Civilians, (2) Effect of Lend-Lease on Food Production, (3) Production Goals of Crops and Livestock for Food and Fiber, (k) Rationing of Food--an Indication of Scarcity, and (5) Summary of the Need of Crops and Livestock for Food and Fiber.
1. The Need of Food and Fiber for Our Armed Forces and Civilians.
The following information from various sources may serve to show the food situation and needs. Only selections are taken from each reference.
a. The 3ureau of Agricultural Economics in The Agricultural SituationJanuary, 19U3 issue, gives a statement by Secretary Wickard.
"Xeynoting 19H3 food production goals, Secretary Wickard said: 'We must feed our growing Army and Navy. They, with our Allies, are going on the offensive now, and that calls for extra food and larger reserves."1
b. The Agricultural Situation, March, 19H3 issue, gives some striking facts on the food needs.
"In the world conflict now raging food and other agriculture supplies are weapons both of attack and defense, often just as important as airplanes or tanks or guns. This country is the leading food producer of the United Nations. We have gigantic production resources. We must use these resources now to provide essential supplies to our fighting men, our civilian war workers and their families, and our Allies abroad,
"To do the full job required this year, each farm will have to

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meet its own individual war production goals, and then raise as much additional food and fiber as is practical. A little extra production from each farm, above the limit of mere convenience, can do wonders. In total, an extra acre per farm planted in food crops, will make a tremendous difference in this year's harvest. That difference will he needed for really effective war production.

"In the season now beginning, however, an even greater task is ahead. As the armies of freedom spread their attacks to new fronts, food production must not only be maintained, it must be increased to take care of the expanding needs . . . ."

"The crop production job ahead is one that calls for toil and sacrifice. Farmers face many hardships and many difficulties in obtaining the production needed. Labor is short in many areas. Supplies of machinery are limited. Fertilizer supply is tight. Lack of trucks and tires and gasoline presents many problems. Long hours, hard work, and fretful care are in store for everyone on the farm front."

According to this March issue of The Agricultural Situation, in 1A3, military and lend-lease are expected to take:

Beef

20 to 25$ of our Production

Pork

35 to kbfo "

"

Sggs Butter Cheese

25 to 30$

"

15 to 20$ "

"

'+0 to k$>

"

Condensed andSvaporatcd ML Ik . .Uo to 50$ "

"

Lard

25 to 30$ "

"

Other Edible Pats and Oils . .20 to 25$ " "

"

Canned Pruits Whaat

50 to 60$ " "

"

10 to 15$ " ,r

"

Rice

15 to 20$ "

"

"So great is the need for the military and naval forces and Allies abroad that the Government will take one-half of the I9U3 prospective commercial pack of vegetables. The transportation situation is such that the quantities of vegetables so freely shipped in the past from faroff points will be greatly lessened.*
c. The February, 19L3, issue of The Agricultural Situation states:

" . . . . Food requirements will become acute with the liberation of all Axis-occupied territories. . . . Farmers bear the heaviest responsibility they have yet known as they prepare new for spring planting. Upon their decision and action in the months ahead will depend much of the vigor of allied fighting .... and perhaps the lives of millions after victory has been won."

d. The IT. 3. D. A. War Board - Information l6U points out:

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"FOOD MEANS FREEDOM!

Freedom for the fighting men of the United Nations

(1) Men locked in battle against the enemy on bloody fronts all L , over the world. (2) Men fighting on sweltering sands -- in insect infested
jungles -- on crimson steppes -- on the sea -- in the air. Everywhere! Freedom for farmers, factory workers, miners, merchants, lawyers, lumberjacks, bankers, doctors, clerks, carpenters, women, children, negroes, whites, and orientals, Catholics, Jews, Protestants} Food is courage;'blood and bone and flesh. Food is ammunition'. -- the will to kill --
and to fight some more. Food will shorten the war -- and win it] Lack of food means defeat! American farmers are expending herculean effort to make our food production the greatest in our history -- working day and night to produce more and more "foods for free-
dom" I But, the demand for food in America today is greater than ever before. And, we must supply food to our fighting
Allies. -- OPA, Book VIII, Information Program for Rationing Meats and Fats.

ARMY MEALS:

General Marshall's grocery bill totals $2,800,000 a day.

(1) With this tidy little budget he feeds 5,000,000 enlisted

men all the health and energy-building foods fighting men

need.

Each member of his big fighting family gets one

pound of meat, poultry, fish or meat substitute; one egg;

2.\ ounces of butter or other fats; 3/4 pound of grain pro-

ducts and cereals; a pint of milk; 3/U pound of potatoes;

l/k pound of tomatoes and citrus fruits; almost half a

pound of leafy green or yellow vegetables; 3/4 pound of

other vegetables and fruits; less than 3 ounzos of sugar;

and coffee UO times in 30 days.

Menus made up from such foods supply all the Vitamins A,

B-, , Bp, C, and the iron and the calcium these men need to

keep them in fighting trim, (2) They wasts little if any food -- for American soldiers, like

American citizens, are restricted by certain limitations of

rationing and are actively engaged in the food conservation

campaign which is such an important part of the war program."

--Taken from Informational Summary, Georgia Agricultural

Extension Service, Week Ending April 3, 19^3*

e. VICTORY - The official weekly bulletin of the Office of War Information, Volume 4, Number 3, January 20, 19!+3, states:

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"Food is a weapon of war and American food is being used to shorten the war. Hitler uses starvation as a weapon on conquest. American food is being \ised as a weapon against Hitler,
"In spite of three consecutive years of record-breaking farm production, and even greater planned production for 19^3, requirements for food aro increasing faster than production. Fighting foods are in greatest demand
neat, milk, and vegetables rich in minerals and vitamins. A soldier eats a fourth more food than he ate in civilian life--on an average twice as many calories and twice as much protein for the strength and energy required for a top fighting man,
"More food must he set aside out of current production for future offensives. More food is needed as a weapon of invasion to win bloodless "battles and save lives in Africa, Wherever we invade, food will have to pave the way . . . ."
"Food is needed by our fighting Allies and those who make their weapons. As Elmer Davis pointed out, the Russians, so far, have killed more Germans than everybody else put together, and every German killed by a Russian is a German who will never have a chance to kill an American. Nearly all food sent to Russia is used by soldiers,
"We have the greatest resources for food production and processing rnd the best geographical location for shipment to the fighting fronts. United Nations food production is going where it will do the most good toward winning the war. Both Australia and New Zealand are now supplying practically all of the basic foods eaten by United States troops in the South Pacific, Last fall New Zealand provided American troops with so much food that for several months civilians got only three eggs per person por week andfresh vegetables were scarce in local markets,
"We civilians in America will have less of many kinds of foods and less variety of foods than many of us are accustomed to having. But if each of us co-operatos in the war food program to assure maximum production and good management of our food supplies, we shall have enough food to win the war and enough to assure each of us an adequate diet."
"Bigger proportions of foods will be needed for war purposes as more American soldiers get into the fight and as they help free more people from Nazi starvation. If we feed the people we free, they will be convinced that we are on their side and they will want to stay on our side."
e. The United States Department of Agriculture in pamphlet - Enlist in the Vacation Corps, gives some advantages for working on farms,
"Used to bo just a few soldiers did the fighting. But not any more.. This is total Wear. Know what it means? Just what it says -- everybody's in the war -- everybody fights. Some fight with airplanes -- some fight with tanks -- others with guns -- some with ships -- some fight with tractors and plows on the land -- others fight with press drills and lathes -- fight on assembly lines in factories -- with furnaces in steel mills - but everybody fights in total war.

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"VJhere are you going to fight this summer?
"There's an Army; that needs you. It doesn't have any special uniforms. You won't win any medals. There won't "be any flags flying for you. But you'll sure he in the fight. You'll know it by the time you're through, too -- "because you'll he tough.
"Here's the deal. Soldiers can't fight without food. To supply our millions of fighting men, American farmers must produce more this year than ever before, Talk ahout SO thousand airplanes -- how about 125 billion pounds of milk -- or k billion 200 million dozen eggs -- or 83 million pigs -- or cultivating 95 million acres of corn. That's a production job, too. It's got to be done -- it's part of the war to be won.
"And v/e're going to have to do it short on men and new farm machinery. Men have gone from the farms to join the Army and Navy. Farmers are giving up new machinery they need so that soldiers will have tanks. That's why we need new recruits for this army of the land."
2. Effect of Lend-lease on Food Production:
a. VICTORY, the official bulletin of the Office of War Information, Volume k, number 3, January 20, I9U3, gives a picture of the Lend-lease accomplishments up to December, 19'+?.. The statements below axe selected from this publication.
"Lend-lease weapons, supplies and food have been going to England since March, 19^1. Now that United States troops pre in the British Isles, all their accommodations and facilities are supplied on the spot without dollar payment on America's part. The British treasury takes care of financing barracks, airfields, hospitals, supply depots, roads, bridges, "boats, field telephones, coal and great quantities of other supplies."
"Africa is the most spectacular of the Lend-Lease theatres, the continent where it hrs become most obvious that Lend-Lease and fighting the war are the same thing. But Lend-Lease is doing a job for the United Nations, including American troops, all over the world. The $7,1495,000,000 in goods transferred and services rendered by the United States up to the end of last November strengthened the fronts from Russia to Australia, and now as American men take up their stations they receive immediately from the Allies local products that they need -- also through Lend-Lease . . . ."
"On its own part the United States is sending food to keep its Allies fighting. In 19I+2", American Lend-Lease exported to the other United Nations 7% percent of America's record food supply. (The year's crop was 12 percent greater than 19U1 production.) And though our own armed forces will continue to present the major problem in food supply, the liberation of more territory will mean more people to feed, not only for human reasons but as a matter of military policy. Pood is one of the United Nations' weapons and the United Nations are- using all their weapons as and where needed. LendLease is making those weapons available -- as and where needed."

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" . . . . Also a billion dollarB1 worth of rgricultural products, mostly foods, went to the fighting men and civilians of our Allies, all over the globe , . . ."
American food supplies do more than help to assure the fighting trim of our Allies. They have saved thousands from starvation in North Africa and the Middle East -- regions that have been especially exposed to the Axis propaganda line that the democracies take but do not give. By food, seeds for planting ravished fields, and medical and other supplies, we have made friends of native populations that might have proved hostile."
b. The OWI Victory Bulletin, March, 19^3, gives a report of the LendLeaso food shipments for January and February, 19^3* The following facts give a picture of some of the most outstanding shipments,
"Lend-lease Administrator Stettinius says that almost all LendLease food shipments during January and February went to Russia and Great Britain, the proportion to each being about equal.
"The shipments of pork these two months were at the annual rate of ll6 pounds out of every 1,000 pounds of supply, compared with 98 pounds out of every 1,000 last year.
"Because of unusually heavy shipments in January, the annual rate of mutton and lamb shipments for the first two months in 19U3 was 219 pounds out of every 1,000, compared with four pounds last year. But in terms of United States Population shipments have been about three-fifths of an ounce per person per week.
"Dried egg shipments in these two months took l!4l out of every 1,000 eggs compared with 100 out of every 1,000 last year,
"Lend-Lease shipments of dried peas, dried beans, and dried fruit in the first two months of 1943 were at a considerably higher rate than in the average two months of 19^2. Wo shipped 170 pounds out of every 1,000 pounds of dried beans in these two months compared with the 50 pounds last year; and 157 pounds of dried peas, compared with SO pounds last year; and 295 pounds of dried fruits, compared with 157 last year.
"It is hoped that the food supply situation in the United States will permit larger Lond-Lease shipments to our Allies of some of these foodstuffs than we have "oeen able to ship so far this year."
3. Production Goals of Crops and Livestock for Food and Fiber.
Luring 19^2 farriers were asked to increase the production of many commodities to meet the war needs. This resulted in the lrrgest production of many farm commodities in the history of the United States. Still this peak production is not enough. Again this year, I9U3, farmers are asked to increase production of essential commodities over the peak year of 1942.
n.. "The Tables below from the U. S. L. A. gives the goals of Farm Commodities for 19^3.



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-9TABLE I, WAR PRODUCTION G0*LS OF JaSli COMhQDITIiiS FOR 1943

Kinds of Commodities
Livestock and Livesrock Products Beef Cattle (No, to oe marketed) Milk Production (Million pounds) Milk Cows (Ho.)
^Spring sows (Ho.) Fall sows (Ho.)
Chickens Raised (No.) %rrs (DoO Turkeys (Ho.)
WnSt (acres planted) Rye (acres harvested for grain). Corn (acres planted) Oats acres Planted) Hay (acres harvested) Soybeans (acres harvested ftr
tPans) Cotton (acres) Irish Potatoes (acres) Sweet Potatoes (acres) Peanuts (acres for nuts) Flue-cured Tohacco (acres)

U> S

Georgia

Goals-?* 1942

1943 Goal 1943 Goal-

of 1943 Production Production % of 1942

109

282,000 348,000

123

102

1,110

1,1?0

105

102

349,000 363.000

104

110

196,000 216,000

110

110

185,000 204,000

110

110 15,750,000 17,325,000

110

HO 50,867,000 53,410,000

105

115

126.000 151,000

120

98

265,000 234,000

88

93

20,000

26,000

130

104 3,589,000 3,900,000

109

96

762,000 762,000

100

98 1,667,000 1,667,000

100

108

12,000

15,000

125

96 1,736,000 1.600,000

92

113

27,000

26,000

96

100

105,000 105,000

100

118 1,348,000 1.450,000

108

106

68,000

1^000

119

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121

SnapBeans^

116

*

Caobage3

105

Cantaloup,.

82

Cucumbers

77

LeItDtuc:e::::::::::::::

m85

Gr--n T^eas3

101

?omatopes3.::::::::::

104

Watermelons

83

2,400, 3,000,, 2,400,
2,700 500
5,*6Q, 1,150^
600
*.46o0
2,000 3,700 40,000

2,000 J,800M 3J30G
2,800 1,100*
5,200, 1,000^
800
4,360000
3,500 4,800 35,000

^ 120* 118,
100 105
91, 87,, 62
110030
109 100
38

1 For oil or hogs (Planted solid equivalent). 2 Preliminary - Subject to change. 3 * goal crop for which it is desired ,to maintain or increase acreage.
* Winter and Spring ** Summer and Fall

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The general impression from an analysis of the above data is that farmers are requested to increase, in 1943, the production of many commodities. Can they do it?
Since the goals in the preceding tat>le were set certain increases have "been authorized or requested for many commodities. The following table shows some of the increases on a national basis for selected food commodities.
TABLE II. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION GOALS FOR SELECTING FOOD COMMODITIES

Products

U. S. Goal-- 1943 Percent of
191+2 Reported Amounts Produced

Milk (Billions of Pounds)

102

Eggs (Billions of Dozens)

108

Chickens (Billions of Pounds)

128

Turkeys (Millions of Pounds)

115

Hogs (Billions of Pounds)

127

Lard (Billions of Pounds)

136

Cattle-Calves (Billions)

109

Peanuts (Millions of Harvested Acres)

149

Soybeans (Millions of Harvested Acres)

112

Dry Beans (Millions of Acres)

155

Potatoes (Millions of Acres)

117

Corn (Millions of Acres)

104

The Agricultural atuation, March 1943, Vol. 27, No. 3, Washington, D. C.

The data in the above table shows that goals from basic food commodities are set in excess of the record 1942 reported production. Some products are requested as much as 1-| times as much as the 1942 production.

b. The Agricultural Situation, March 1943, gives the following statement regarding production goals.

"Farmers at the beginning of this crop year face the biggest and toughest assignment in hist ory. Assuming normal yields, acreage goals for farm commodities this year call for a 4 percent increase over 1942 crop production, Livestock goals for 1943 ar e 12 percent above 1942 production. Size of the task ahead is shown by the fact that last year's production was 12 percent higher than in 1941, which year itself was a record breaker in many crops. Further heightening the difficulties of the job will be the war-time reduction in skilled agricultural labor supply,' and difficulties in obtaining new machinery."

4, Rationing ftf FnoH - An Indication nf Scarcity.

a. The Office of Price Administration in War Information Release Number 1216, points out the need of food rationing in the United States.

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"American armed forces fight on more and more battle fronts in continually increasing numbers. Our fighting forces and Allies must he sent more and more supplies, food and ammunition,
"To assure our fighters in North Africa, in the Solomons, in the South Pacific, a sufficient quantity of everything they need will mean one thing; we must got along on less -- if there is not enough for "both civilians and the armed forces.
t>. Instruction Sheet, January 1943, gives additional information on need for rationing foods.
"Every week we are sending shiploads of canned goods to feed our fighting men and our fighting Allies in Africa, Britain, and the Pacific islands. We must see that they get all the food they need. We at home will share all that is left."
High-school pupils will no doubt agree that the amount of food for civilians will he what is left after the needs of the army are met. They should also feel that, in spite of the magnificent efforts in food production, the amount that is left has been insufficient to provide normal use of food by civilians. Rationing of a large portion of our food is in force as a result of this insufficiency. It is evident that rationing will become even more pronounced unless wholehearted efforts to produce food and fiber are exerted by all of us not in the armed forces,
5. Summary of t.hp. Nor-rl nf Crrvns nnri Livpstnnk for Food and Fiber,.
AS a conclusion to the lessons on Need for Food a summary may be given, The following information from a reprint of an address by Paul W, Chapman, Dean of the State College of Agriculture, The University of Georgia, at a luncheon given by the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, may well be used as the summary.
"DANGER--FOOD SHORTAGE AHEAD! "
"To Keep 'em Eating, Every American Must Volunteer for Service in the Food-For-
Victory Campaign"
"America's food needs are very great--greater than ever before in our history. Demands for food have increased consistently for three years; they will continue to increase every day the war is in progress, and possibly for a year or two after victory has been won,
"It is definitely understood that our country is the larder of the United Nations, But even American officials, who fixed natisnal policies that brought about such an understanding, may not realize what vast quantities of foodstuffs we have obligated ourselves to supply. Claude R. Wickard, Secretary of Agriculture and National Food Administrator, appreciates the situation. Realizing how gigantic is the task of keeping 'en eating, he said recently. 'No matter how much we produce in 1943, it won't be enough.'

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"Why is it that the atoundant harvests produced in recent years are inadequate? What are the wartime food needs that have made it necessary to ration food supplies to civilian consumers? How will food "be used to win the war end write the peace?
"There are five emergency demands. These must toe kept in mind in order to understand the gigantic drain upon our food supplies. It is true that there is some overlapping, "but each of the five is a segment in the jig-saw puzzle which makes up a complete picture of the national food situation.
i
Pood For War
"The five wartime 'consumer' groups that are using food supplies in excess of normal requirements may "be classified as follows: (l) Army and Navy; (2) Lend-Lease; (3) Occupied Countries; (4) War Industry Workers; and (5) Rehabilitation. These five groups make war a very hearty eater.
"ARkY AKD HAVY, A soldier eats twice as much as a civilian. Every time a tooy joins our fighting forces, it's like placing another chair at Uncle Sam's tatole. Feeding our soldiers, sailors, and marines places the same drain upon the nation's supplies as adding, within two years, three, five, or ten million customers to the list of "buyers at city food stores.
"This Need Will Increase. The Army and Navy are still calling men to the service and will continue to do so as long as the war is in progress. The ultimate goal is almost 100 per cent in excess of the number now included in our fighting forces.
BLMIULEASS. Under terms of Lend-Lease legislation, the United States may toe called upon to furnish food to 42 nations. Thus far, food has gone mainly to England, Russia, and the Far East. For months, food purchases toy government "buyers for Lend-Lease accounts have "been in excess of $5,000,000 a day. Shipments of food, war supplies, and industrial goods have increased consistently since March, 1941.
"This Need Will Increase. It will get larger and larger as the war progresses.
"OCCUPIED COUNTRIES. Food is a weapon of war. To use food as a tool for victory is an announced policy of the United States. President Roosevelt has said, 'No one shall go hungry in the countries occupied toy the forces of the United Nations.' This is a promise. We must toe prepared to make good.
"How great the demand will toe under this policy, we do not know. But it will toe large. For years, the people in these countries have lived on sutosistance rations--they are hungry; they w&ttt food more than anything in the xvorld. They expect our fighting men to "bring food (and guns) when they come. How eagerly these people must look forward to the coming of American solaiersj One can almost hear them whisper to each other. 'I wonder when the Americans will come? Do you suppose it will toe in the spring?'



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nThe more successful our fighting men, the greater will "be the denand for food, and the sooner it will come.
"We must "be prepared to feed millions--perhaps in the summer and fall of 1943. The hour is near at hand. Every moment "brings us closer to the time when food, to as great a degree as any other weapon, will help win the war.
"This Demand Will Increase. In fact, we haven't yet started using food as a weapon of war in occupied countries.
ntfAE INDUSTRIES WORKERS. Food sales at home are always'in direct relation to factory payrolls. As employment goes up, so do food sales. All our people, even in this land of plenty, never get enough to eat. So, as they earn more, they eat more and "better food.
"Employment has hit a new high, so have food sales, In the fall of 1942, food sales in retail stores were 20 per cent above normal.
"These Demands For Food Will Increase. It is the announced policy of the Federal government to double, if possible, the number of workers in war industries, (In no other was' could 100 "billion dollars "be spent in 1943.) Every worker added to an industrial or commercial payroll increases the need for a more abundant supply of nourishing food.
"BELIEF AND REHABILITATION. Emergency food demands will not decline with the winning of victory. It is possible that for a few months (or years) they will become greater. History repeats itself. You may recall that the greatest demand and the highest prices in World War I came after the signing of the armistice,
"Sumner Welles, Under Secretary of State, has said, 'When Hitler's brief day is done, the relief and rehabilitation machinery of the United Nations must be ready to operate without a moment's delay.'
"Already, America is at work preparing for the colossal undertaking of feeding a starving world. Herbert H, Lehman, former governor of New York, has been appointed as America's director of world wide relief and rehabilitation.. Today, ne is engaged in mapping the part that will be played by the United States in restoring to the people of a war-torn world the economic security they formerly enjoyed.
"AS a nation, we have promised not only to feed these people, but to re-establish them in the business of food production for themselves. This policy has been announced many times by government officials. It is found in the following words, under the title, EOOD OFFENSIVE, on the Department of Agriculture page, Country Gentleman, January, 1943:
'"Part of the plan for victory--and a most essential part--is to wipe out starvation in any country regained by the United Nations. We must be prepared to follow our troops with swift, well-planned shipments of food, seed, fertilizer, livestock, and other supplies. .

-14-
"'It is clear that the United States will carry the heaviest part of the food offensive. . .
"'The total need for food and agricultural supplies . . . add up to the greatest demand for U. S. farm products the world has ever seen . . . "but it will he much greater when the Nazis are driven from Greece, Norway, France, and other countries.'"
"Naturally, the relief demand for food will increase; in fact, it hasn't started yet. Although, stockpiles of food are being created overseas, they will melt like snow in summer sunshine when the "big drive actually gets underway in full force.
"How long will relief he continued after the war is over? We do not know. But if history repeats itself, as it has a hahit of doing, it will he a long time. The U. S. Food administration, ;^hich acted as a relief agency in World War I, was held intact until 1924~six years after the world war was over.
"These are America's emergency, wartime demands for food. No wonder Secretary Wickard concluded that our 1943 production would not he enough regardless of what it may hej"
B. WH.iT IS THE ACRSAGE OF CROPS AND NUwBER OF HEAD OF LIVESTOCK IN GEORGIA ?
1. Total acreage of crops and number heads of livestock in Georgia.
a. The Sixteenth Census of the United States on Agriculture for Georgia reports 8*. 802,593 acres of crops in 1939. These were reported by 210,696 different farms. In addition to the crop land in Georgia there ore 1,100,138 head of cattle and calves; 1,225,337 hogs and pigs; 13,776,439 chickens and in addition a fairly large number of other poultry, sheep, goats, and other kinds of livestock. All of these crops and livestock will require labor for cultivation and harvesting the crop.
2. anticipated acreage of Individual Crops and Number of Each Kind of Livestock in Georgia.
a. The following table from the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of*agricultural Economics, Georgia Crop Reporting Service shows the acreage of several selected crops for 1942 and the acreage indicated by farmers for 1943.

.

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TABLE III. ACRFAGE OF SELECTED CHOPS IN GEORGIA

Ao.rfta.gfl Planted

1943 as

Crop

1932-41

Indicated per cent

Average

1942

1943

of 1942

Corn, bu.
Oats, bu.
Irish Potatoes, all
Sweet Potatoes, TDU.
Tobacco, all, It.
All sorshuns Soybeans, alone1 Peanuts (grown alone)1 Cowpeas, alone1 Tame hay, tons2

4,361,000 523,000 20,000 115,000 72,000 70,000 78,000 663,000
325,000 1,025,000

3,589,000 762,000 27,000 100,000 68,600 57,000 106,000
1,348,000
474,000 1,640,000

3,589,000 724,000 30,000 125,000 68,800 66,000 127,000
1,456,000
427,000 1,669,000

100 95 111 125 100 115 120 108
90 _^^2

From U. S. D. A,, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Georgia Crop Reporting Service --Mineographed Sheet.
1 Grown alone for all purposes. Partly duplicated in hay acreage. 2 Acreage harvested.

The above table shows that farmers in Georgia are continuing to increase the acreage of certain crops. The last column of the table shows that they have planted or intend to plant an average of more than 100$ of the 1942 peak acreage. It shows that they are going on with the planting and are risking the consequences of securing labor for cultivating and harvesting.

b. The table on page 8 gives the. goals for certain other farm commodities for 1943, The acreage of many of these crops and the amount of livestock are increased for 1943.

From all of these data it seems that farmers intend that the acreage of many of these crops and number of head of livestock and poultry shall reach a high peak in 1943. This is to meet the demands of war. Efforts are beingmade to meet these goals in the face of labor shortages and machinery scarcities. The hope is that some way vill be found for adequate labor to be provided to reach this increased production in the face of scarcity of farn machinery.

C. WHAT ARE THE DEMANDS FOE LABOR OF SELECTED FARM ENTERPRISES IN GEORGIA
1, Total labor requirements for the main commodities on farms in Georgia.
a. An analysis of the farm, labor requirements in Georgia are referred to in the following information prepared by Mr. J.W. Fanning, Georgia agriculture Extension Service.
"Man day labor requirements on 22 crops in Georgia amount to 45,050, 930 day*. Man day requirements for livestock in this State amount to 9,292,320 days. This is a total man day requirement for the 22 crops and livestock of 65,343,250 days. In addition to this information, 1,010 days of man labor are required per 100 acres in 12 of the important cash crops in this State."

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The following tables show the labor requirements for different farm commodities in Georgia.
TA3LE IV. MAN LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPORTANT CROPS IN GEORGIA (Expressed in man days)

Crops
Snap "beans (S. Ga.) Snap beans (N. Ga.) Cabbage (S. Ga.) Cabbage (N. Ga.) Cucumbers Onions Pimentoes Potatoes (S. Ga.) Potatoes (IT. Ga.) Tome', toes Watermelons Peanuts Cotton (19U2 acreage) Tobacco

19!+3 Acreage

Total Kan Days Required

3,300 2,600 2,400
700 4,000 2,500 12,500 3,500

90,304 23,233 36,000 10,500 1+4,000 50,000 247,500 34,405

1,900 4,000 20,000 1,H56,000 1,722,000 69,000

18,677 56,360
100,000 11,065,600 17,220,000
3.450,000

Prom data prepared by Mr. J. W. Panning, Georgia Agriculture Extension Service.

The enterprises in this table that are grown in a given locality should be checked to determine their place as far as man labor requirements are concerned. Cotton, peanuts, and tobacco in the order named seem to lead in this State.
2. Distribution of Labor Requirements over the Months of the Year.

The above information shows a tremendous load on farmers to meet the manpower situation. However, as heavy as this load is for the year there are certain months in the year that the labor requirements have a tendency to pile up. The information below shows the extent of this condition.

a. Summary of labor distribution of twenty-two commodities in Georgia prepared by Mr. J. W. Panning.

TOTAL MAN DAYS OP LABOR REQUIRED 3Y MONTHS ON 22 IMPORTANT CROPS II' GEORGIA

January February March April May June

1,021,730 819,277
3,308,581 6,300,557 10,625,225 g,013,142

July August September October November December

3,779.125 2,989,634 3,155,030
5,848,750 1,326,130
136,443

Prom data prepared by Mr. J. W. Fanning, Georgia Agriculture Extension Service.

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TABLE V. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OE MAN LABOR REQUIREMENTS BY MONTHS FOR 22 IMPORTANT CROPS IN GSORGIA

Item

Pnrr.finta.ge of Man Labor RRqnirRnp.Tits "by Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apri. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Average of

22 important crops

2.0 1.6

6.3

12.0

20.3 15.3

7.2

5.7

15.6 11.2 2.5 0.3

in Georgia

From data prepared by Mr. J. W, Fanning, Georgia Agricultural'Extension Service.

Fron these data it seems that the peak labor requirement months on the average for crops in Georgia are April, May, and June in the spring and September and October in the fall.

b. For some commodities the peak months labor requirements are more outstanding than for others. The following table prepared from data supplied by the Agricultural Economics Department, College cf Agriculture, The University of Georgia, gives the amount of labor required and the distribution by months for selected farm commodities in Georgia.
TABLE VI. DISTRIBUTION TOTAL HOURS OF MAN-LABOR FOR DIFFERENT ENTERPRISES

Enterprise

Jar..

Hrnirfl of. M^n:Jjab.or_ for D-:;-fferret E~iterpri ses .. Mar. apri. May June July Aug. Sept-. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Cotton per A, 1.5 2o0 6c0 19,0 2iV0 12.0 9.0 Tobacco per A. 16.0 5,0 18e0 29,0 28,0 103.0 156.0

Peanuts per A. 2.0 2.0 6.0 8,0 15.0 4.0

Truck per A,

10.0 20.0 30.0 20.0 25.0 15.0

Dairy Cows

(per head)

17.0 17.0 15.0 14.9 14.5 13.0 13.0

Chickens

(per 100)

9.3 9.3 64.0 62.8 23,5 12.8 12.8

Hogs per 10 50.0 50,0 42. 5 22 2 22. 2 22. 2 22. 2

Beef Cattle

2.0 2,0 2,0 0,4 0,1 0.1 0.1

(per head)

9.0
12.0 5.0
13.0
12.8 42.5
0.1

25.0
12.0 5.0
13.1
10.5 40.0
0.1

25.5 3.5 2.0
10.0 4.0 2.0 5.0
14.9 16.5 17.0
18.0 13.0 13.0 22.2 22.2 22.2
0.1 1.0 2.0

Prepared fron data supplied by the Agricultural Economics Department, College of Agriculture, The University of Georgia,



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IABLE VII. PERCENTAGE OF HOURS OF MJIH-LABOR FOR DIBTER3NT ENTERPRISES 3Y MONTHS

Enterprise

Psr Csnt, of Hnurs nf Mrm-La.bor RROUI rements TirT Month _ Jan. Fet>. Mar. Apri. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.NOT, Dec.

Cotton per A. Tobacco per A. Peanuts per A, Truck per A, Dairy Co vis (per head) Chickens (per 100) Hogs per 10 Beef Cattle (per head)

1.1 1.5 4.4 4.0 1.3 4.5 2.6 2.6 7.8
7.4 14.8
9.4 9.4 8.3
3.5 3.5 24.4 13.2 13.2 11.2
23.2 22.2 22.2

13.8 16.7 8.8 6.5 6.5 18.2 18.2 2.5 1.5

7.3 5.3 25.8 39.0 13.0 12.0

10.3 19.5 5.2

15.6 15.6 13.0 5.2 2.6

22.2 14.8 18.5 11.1 3.7 3.7 3.7

8.3 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 .8.0 8.3 8.5 9.4

24.0 9.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.0 5.9 5.0 5.0 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 11.2 11.0 5.8 5.8 5.8

4.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 LI LI 22.2

Prepared from data supplied by the Agricultural Economics Department, College of Agriculture, The University of Georgia.

The data in the above tables enables one to pick the farm enterprises that are grown in the section where he lives, and then determine the peak labor seasons for these enterprises, for example, some counties grow cotton, tobacco, and peanuts. The labor requirements for these crops pile up for cotton and peanuts during April, May, August, and September, while tobacco has a peak
labor requirement in June and July.

D. WHAT IS THE FARM LABOR SITUATION?

1. L^sfis of Fn.rn Labor Sinr.R the Be^rinninr of the Yfar..

a. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics in Agricultural Situations, January 1943, gives the following information on the labor situation in the United States.

"Agricultural production in 1943 probably will call for at least

as many workers as were employed in 1942 .

"

"A.variable estimates of gross losses of farm manpower, already sustained and ant cipated, Indicaxa a labor problem in 1943 of considerable magnitude,, Between April 1940, and October 1942, nearly 3 million farm workers actual or pete nodal- of both sexeSj were lost through their having left the farms, having gone into nor.-farm work although retaining farm residence and having entered th e armed forces, This estimate includes only rural farm persons; it does not in.elude persons under 14 years of age nor older persons unfitted for farm work. Be tween October 1942, and October 1943, the already depleted farm labor reserves may be reduced by another 1.2 million, of whom about 700,000 may enter the arme d forces
"Under the conditions of manpower shortage in prospect for 1943,
it is obvious that the utmost possible effectiveness must be achieved. . . ."

-19-

b. Many farmers would "be inclined to turn to hired labor to replace losses from their own families and families on farms. The following information from the Georgia Cooperative Reporting Service shows the extent to which they can depend on this method of replacement,

AVAILABILITY OF HIRED LABOR FOR F^RMS IN GEORGU (Percentage of the Demand for Hired Labor)

Year
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 . . . ,

Per Cent of Demand
99 93 76 62 56

It is clearly indicated in the above table that since 1939 there has been a rapid decline in the availability of hired labor to meet the demands. It seems that in 1943 that only a little more than 50 per cent of the demands for regular hired labor can be met,

2. Avail ability of M.o.f.hirmrv to Off-set Lnbor LORFiflfifc,

From 1937 to 1941 and part of 1942 farmers turned to power machinery to off-set the losses of hired labor. Therefore, the reduction of labor did not materially affect the production of farm commodities. The question is, will machinery be available in 1943 in sufficient quantity to off-set farm labor loss-
es.

a. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics in the Agricultural Situation, March 1943, gives the following situation as to farm machinery.

"Wars are gluttons for steel. It takes 81 million pounds of rough stock steel to make a 35,000-ton battleship. The 3,583,000 pounds of rough stock steel which go into a destroyer are enough for the manufacture of more than 2,000 tractors. The steel going into a heavy tank is enough for about 200 plows.

"Controlled distribution of farm machinery began last November 28. On that date, following a 'freeze' of all new machinery, a permanent plan for rationing became effective. The plan was incorporated in Rationing Order C.

"Under WPB Limitation Order L-170, the Department originally was allocated enough steel to make 23 percent of the 1940 output of new farm machinery, and 130 percent" of the average annual net sales of repair parts during 1940 and 1941.
"However, a recent allocation of steel for new machinery was authorized which will make possible the production of about 40 percent as much as was produced in 1940, and the quota of repair parts was raised substantially,"

Even with the maximum replacement of 40 percent of 1940 production of farm machinery, farmers cannot depend on additional farm machinery to replace labor losses. On the other hand machinery on farms is wearing cut, which will

l^HB

-20-

produce a situation in a year or two of even less farm machinery than farmers now have.

B, WHAT ABI SOME EFFECTS OF INADEWUATE FABM LABOR SUPPLY?

1. T^rinr-.tion in Fr.r.fl anfl Fihpr f'T War.

Most of the preceding information dwells on the need for food and fiber to win the war. The information also shows that farm labor and machinery are decidedly reduced due to the war. It is reasonable to assume then'that-unless farm labor is .ir.de available we are'facing a danger of food shortage. It is reasonable to believe that such a food shortage as is possible without adequate farm labor will result in the last analysis to capitulation of allied armies and to a rationing program for civilians beyond what most of us can visualize. Many farsighted specialists have predicted that the winning of the war and the peace to follow hinges on the production of food which requires an abundance
of farm labor.
It has been reported that in some areas in Georgia whole farms have been abandoned because the farmers have moved to defense areas. Probably all of us know of such cases in our vicinity, other farmers have managed to stave off abandonment, but are only able to have a skeleton force for operating their farms. The acreage of crops and number of head of livestock will be greatly reduced on these farms unless labor is provided.

2. MiffPfl Yi.piru wd mim,tv of OrnTifl nnfl, I>1 vpntonfr Pmflnfitfi.

Reduced yields are probably the most direct consequences of inadequate labor. There are certain times in the production of a crop or a herd of livestock or a flock of poultry that require work. When these critical periods come around the lack of labor always results in a situation which shows up as reduced yields in the end. For example when a field of cotton is covered with grass it needs hoeing. The longer this operation is delayed the poorer will be the crop of cotton. During the harvest time the yield of quality cotton can be decidedly reduced by allowing cotton to remain in the fields until trie rainy season because of insufficient labor to pick the cotton. It is not enough to plant the crop; it must be worked and harvested before the commodity is counted,
in the bag for war use.
3. simightfirinc *f T^Priin," CUtttl B and Hngs.,

It has been reported that herds of dairy cattle have been sacrificed for beef because of insufficient labor to operate a dairy farm.

The Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Agricultural Department Committee, Washington, D. C., in "MA Diversion of Manpower", states:

ii

And they are right now, every day, taking the most

useful men*we could possibly have on the farm, away from the farm. Farms are

being turned out fallow; herds are being sold. "

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The boys and girls nay know of local cases when breeding stock has teen sold "because of insufficient labor to operate the herd.
ff, WHAT EFFECT WILL FABM WOHK H*VE OH THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUPILS?
1, !m.a into t.V.a Phvairnl TMtnP.ss Prfuran now in Operation in SfihwVlr,.
One of the phases of the high school victory corps program is the physical fitness phase, The importance of physical fitness is emphasized in setting up this program. High school boys and girls realize the importance of physical fitness as a part of any educational program.
Working on farms during vacation time and working on farms during certain months throughout the school year not only insures food for war needs but is a very good way of developing physical fitness.
The following statements from the pamphlet "Enlist in the Vacation Corps", U. S. Department of Agriculture, emphasizes this aspect of working on the farms as well as helping win the war.
"Well, what are you going to do about it? Your summer vacation, we mean. Bat just a minute. Don't answer yet. Think this over.
"This summer there isn't going to be any vacation for millions of Americans-- for soldiers and sailors--for flyers and marines--for workmen in factories--for farmers on farms. America is at war. And we're just beginning to fight.
"Know wh,at we're fighting for? Well, just to put it in a nutshell, we're fighting to turn this country over to you instead of Hitler. You 11 soon be ready''to run it. We know you'll keep it an American kind of country-- where all the kids following you are going to have a chance, too. The kind of a country where your job is to live for freedom -- not to die for Hitler. Ihe kind of country where you can date the girl you want to--without having a lMazi stop you because she didn't have 'their kind' of parents. The kind of a country where you can grow up to be what you want to--merchant, farmer, lawyer, doctorwell you name it, because, the choice will be up to you and not some Nazi leader. Worth fighting for? You betj
"Will you join and work on a farm this summer? You'll like it--for the country's a swell place. But, before you make up your mind--remember, this is no job for softies--for fellows who can't take it.
"When you first start you'll be like a rookie soldier starting drill. Your muscles will be sore--your back will ache from pitching hay or carrying feed--you'll get blisters on your hands (but they'll get hard)--your fingers will get stiff from milking cows.
"But after a week or so you'll begin to toughen up. ^nd when you go back to school next fall you will be tough. (Don't take our work for it--

i
-23-
ask your coach,) Country cockin' will put neat on your "bones--your muscles will "be hard-- your skin will be tanned--your wind will "be good--you'll cone "back brown and hard**-knowing a lot of things you didn't know beforehand with money in your pocket,"
G, SUMMARY Off FACTS INDICATING THE NEEDS FOB. SWrLYING F^RK L^BOR.
In the preceding information on the need for supplying farm labor six questions ahave been raised and discussed. *t this point they night "be summarized "by getting the boys and girls to conclude that:
First, there is a need for producing more and more crops and livestock products for food and fiber in 1943.
Second, Georgia has a huge acreage of war crops and a large number of livestock and poultry for which labor is needed.
Third, the labor requirements are great and during certain months of the year the requirements pile up to a volume that is more than the farmer can take care of.
Fourth, farm labor has been removed from the farm because of the war, thus producing a situation of a need for greater production with a smaller supply of both family and hired labor that has heretofore been available. *.t the same time farm machinery supply which might otherwise off-set labor shortages has been reduced to less than half for 1943,
Fifth, this farm labor situation leads toward reduction of acreage of crops and number head of livestock needed for the war, reduced yields, slaughter of feeding stock, stricter rationing, and even a lose of the war and the peace to follow unless something is done about it.
Sixth, farm work is a splendid way to develop physical fitness of boys and girls.

mmmMmmmm^^^^BBBSlBmmSiilmm

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II. JOBS WHICH HIGH-SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS MAY DO OK FARMS
The information for getting a solution to this problem may be grouped around two questions:
What are the jobs for peak labor month on farms in Georgia?
.When should the critical farm jobs be done?
A. WHAT ABB THE JOBS FOB PEAK LABOR MOUTHS OH FARMS IN GEORGIA?
1. Jobs Occuring Birring Peak Labor Months for Selected Enterprises.
a. Table VII shows the peak labor ir.onths for certain enterprises in Georgia. Of course the jobs that are to be done during these peak months are the ones that farmers need help in doing. An analysis of the jobs in each of the enterprises shows the following jobs for the peak months.
TABLE VIII. JOBS THAT FALL IN PEAK LABOR REQUIREMENTS MONTHS IN GEORGIA.

1ame' of nterprise Cotton
Tobacco
Peanuts Truck Dairy cows
Chickens Hogs Beef cattle

Peak Labor Months
Apr i1, May,Sep t embe r, and October
June and July
May, August, and September April, May, June and July Every month of year
March and April
August, September, January, and February Dec ember, Januar y February and March

Critical Jobs Occuring During Peak Labor Months

Planting cotton

Chopping cotton

Hoeing cotton

Picking cotton

Cropping tobacco

Stringing tobacco

_Graair.g tobacco

Hoeing peanuts

Harvosting peanuts

Cultivating vegetables

Harvesting vegetables

Harvesting grain

Harvesting hay

Milking cows

,

Growing out Brliy chicks (feeding, etc.)

"Feeding sows and pigs and

fattening K^gs_

Feeding cattle in barn

Hauling Manure

2. Jobs Suggested by School S-qperintendert and Others Attending Group Meeting on Victory Farm Volunteer.
a. South Gocrgia,
Chopping cotton; controlling weevels (mopping and dusting); picking cotton; hoeing peanuts; harvesting peanuts; setting tobacco plants; suckering tobacco; topping tobacco; worming tobacco; harvesting tobacco; curing

iMpiUHiUBWUliU ---

-2*t-

tobacco; grading tobacco; cultivating vegetables; harvesting vegetables.

t>. North Georgia: Chopping cotton; controlling "boll weevils; picking cotton; and harvest-
ing vegetables. 3, Jobs Discovered by Surveying Farmers of a County.

Probably the most accurate list of jobs for high-school'boys and girls to do on farms will be obtained by making a survey of the farms in the area in which the boys and girls will work.
The following form is suggested for getting the desired information on farm labor needs -- high-school pupils, teachers, and others may help in getting the questionnaire filled out.

Name of farmer

DATA ON FAHM LABOR NEEDS, 19U3

Address

Name of school_

Size of farm Name of most important crops_

Name of most important livestock enterprises_

LABOR NEEDS, I9U3

Name of Job

Approximate number of extra "man days" needed on this farm (per month)
Ap^ii .May.^1Ti^;,Tnly;^g,'1flt-:^Pt-i Qctoter: Nov. ,.:--Dec^

o n D
(7
List the jobs that extra labor is needed for on your farm

. Check (/)

jobs in above list that you would employ inexperienced high-school boys to per-

form provided the school gives some instruction in the job and gives supervision

to the emploved student. Make an (x) before the jobs in the above list that you

would employ" inexperienced high-school girls to perform provided the school gives

some instruction in the job and gives supervision to the employed student.

H^U^n^^UBnU^^nB^^HHUIB^H^H

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3. WHEW SHOULD THE CRITICAL FARM JOBS BE DONE
Tat>le VIII indicates the months of the year that should be devoted to critical farm jobs.
The following information from the Georgia Crop Reporting Service may also show the time to do critical jobs for some selected enterprises.
TABLE IX. PEAK LABOR SEASON TOR SOKE CROPS IN GEORGIA

Enterprise

Cultivating Season

Peanuts

May - June

Cotton (S. Ga.)

May 1 - June 15

Cotton (N. Ga.)

May 15 - June 1

Peaches

Tote, ceo

May - June 15

Asparagus

Jan. 1 -March 15

Snap Beans (S. Ga. ) Mar. 1-April 25

Snap Beans (N. Ga, ) May 1- Aug. 31

Cabbage (S. Ga.)

Dec. 10-Mar. 20

Cabbage (N. Ga.) May 1 - July 15

Cucumbers

Mar. 1-May 15

Onions

Doc. 1 - May 1

Pimentos

Apr. 15 -Aug. 1

Potatoes (S. Ga.) Jan. 15-May 10

Potatoes (N. Ga.) Mar. 1-July 1

Tomatoes

Mar. 15-May 15

Watermelons:

Mar, 1-June 1

Harvesting Season
Aug. 15-Sept. 3U Aug. 15-Sept. 30 Sept, 1-Oct. 15 June 15-July 30

Harvest Heavy

July 1 - Aug. 1 Mar. 15- May 15 Apr. 25- June 30 July 1-Nov. 1 Apr. 1-June 15 July 10-Nov. 15 May 5 - June 30 May 5-JvLV.e 15 Aug. 1-Nov. 15
May 15-June 3 July 10-Sept. 1 May 20-July 15 June 1- Aug_, 15

April May 10-June 10 Aug. 15 - Oct. Apr. 15-May 15 July 20-0ct. 1 May 20-June 15 May 20-June 10 Sept. 1-Oct. 20 May 25-June 20 August June June 20-July 15

Supplied by the Georgia Crop Reporting

Service,

The questionnaire included on page 2h also gives the month in which the job should be done.

An analysis of the above three sources of the data will reveal some peak months of the year for certain farm enterprises and jobs. These should be selected in light of the needs in each individual county or section where the farm work is to be done.

ESanaBHSBBBB&HHBai

-26-
III. SOME WAYS IN WHICH HIGH-SCHOOL BOYS AND GIRLS MY HELP REMEDY THE FARM LABOR SITUATION
At this point high-school pupils should suggest ways in which pupils may help farmers produce more food and fiber. The following questions should he answered.
What kinds of groups to organize for working on farms?
What training is necessary for pupils working on farms?
What procedure to use in lining up for farm work? A. WAT KINDS OF GROUPS TO ORGANIZE FOR WORKING ON FARMS?
1. Some Ways that High-School Pupils May Work on Farms. Possibilities of organizing various kinds of groups should be investigated
by pupils as a basis for deciding on ways to contribute to farm work. The following are given as suggestions;
a. Organize groups that will go from school to farms daily during peak labor seasons under the supervision of a teacher,
b. Devote vacation time to working on a farm while living with:
(1) F. F. A. boys. (2) Home Economics Club girls,
(3) Kinsfolk. (U) Other dependable families.
(5) Other pupils in school camps, c. Snail groups of boys camping on farms during vacation period. d. High-school boys and girls that live on farms organizing as family groups to study the critical farm jobs and do these jobs on the farms. e. Enlist as individuals to grow a Victory Garden as a part of school work, B, WHAT TRAINING IS NECESSARY FOR WORKING ON FARMS? 1. Determining the Jobs that Pupils will do on Farms. Some of the ways of determining the jobs are given in problem No, II of this bulletin.

HHBBB

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2. Discovering the Importance of the Enterprises and the Jobs which Pupils will Kelp with.

This information should be obtained for each farm enterprise to be dealt with by the pupils.

3. Determining the Operations that should be Included in Each Job.

k. Determining the Local Practices in Doing Each Job and Evaluating these Practices in Light of Factual Information.

5. Following Through to Get the Job Done on the Farm.

6. Learning Safety and Sanitation Rules to Observe While Working on Farms.

7. Learning Rules of Conduct for Farm Workers.

C. WHAT PROCEDURE TO USE IN LINING UP FOR FARM WORK.

1. Become a Victory Farm Volunteer.

2. Fill Out a Questionnaire Indicating the Desires of the Pupils.

The following questionnaire is an example of one that might be used.

HIGH-SCHOOL LABOR AVAILABLE FOR FARM WORK, 19^+3

Name of school

Cjunty

Name of student

Address of student

Maie

Female

Age

Grade

Previous farm experience: Nature

Length of time

Will you work on a farm in one or more of the following ways (yes or no)?

a. Will you work on farm during the regular school terms, (provided pay and school credit is received)?

(1) In groups transported to farm on a daily basis under the direc-

tion of an adviser

.

(2) Live with a farm family for a few days or a week -- F. F. A.

boys on his farm

, kinsfolk

; Home Economics Club girls farm

;

other dependable farmers

(3) Organize high-school members of your family to study critical

.jobs and do them on your farm

.

BHm^H^mi

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(U) Work in your Victory Garden_

b. Will you work on a farm during your vacation time!

(1) In groups transported daily to different farms

.

(2) Camp with other "boys on farm for a portion or all of the

vacation time

^_.

XT) Live with a farmer during vacation period-- F. F. A. toys farm

; kinsfolk

; Home Economics Club girls farm

; other depend**

able farmers

.

V?) Organize high-school members of your family to study critical

jobs and do them on your farm

.

(5) Work in your Victory Garden^

.

(6) Live in school camps.

.

This step is done by the teachers in charge of the training program. The list should be turned over to the adviser of the groups that are to work on the farms.

3. Organize and Elect Group Leaders.

The specific groups indicated from the above questionnaire may organize by electing a captain to help the group and the adviser to got the best farm work done.

BHHH

,
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SELECTED REFERENCES
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. The Agricultural Situation, January, 19^3 The Agricultural Situation, March, 19*+3 The Agricultural Situation, February, I9U3 War Board, Information lbU Farm Commodities for 19U3 Sixteenth Census - Agriculture Georgia CroP Reporting Service Pamphlet - Enlist in Vocation Use of Urban High School and College Students on Farms, Washington, D. C.
United States Office of War Information, Washington, D. C. VICTORY, volume h No, 3, Jan. 20, 19!+3 VICTORY, March, 19U3
United States Office of Price Administration, Washington,!), C, Instruction Sheet, January, 19^3 Information Program for Rationing Meats and Fats
United States Office of Civilian Defense Volunteer In the Schools, 0 CD,, Publication 3619
Federal Education War Council Understanding the War, March 19^3
College of Agriculture,University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Agriculture Economics Department, College of Agriculture, University of Georgia Danger'. Food Shortage Ahead, College of Agriculture, University of Georgia
Georgia Agricultural Extension Service Report of Farm Labor Requirements for Georgia, by J. W, Fanning Informational Summary, April 3, 19"+3
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