Georgia progress [1944-1949]

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
k "Mm IIUKII CO.

6A
4 s P7
OOK must not be ^n from the Librar ' ,T*n without

Index to Georgia Progress

Sept. 1944 - Feb. 1949

Reference is to volume and number in that order

Advisory board 6:1 Air freight 4:7, 5:3 Agriculture panel 1:5
Arnall, Ellis 1:1
Bedspreads 3:7
Bookmobiles 4:4
Books 4:4
Broilers, see poultry
Buildings, historical 4:1
Canning 3:1
Ceramics 2:2
Chenille industry 3:4, 4:7
Chenille firms 3:4
Coastal Plain Experiment Station 1:11
Concrete blocks 4:3
Constitutional revision 1:8
Cotton textile industry 2:5
Cotton textile firms 2:5
Cottonseed 5:8
Crabmeat see seafood
Dairy industry 2:10
Education 1:2 Education Panel 1:2 Farm contracting 5:1 Panning 1:5 Feedstuffs 3:2 Fire control 1:9 Flood control 2:12 Food processing 3:1 Forestry survey 1:9 Forests and forestry 1:9, 5:5 Forty famous firsts 2:11 Fortson, Blanton 1:1 Freedom train 4:8 Furniture 2:3 Georgia Agricultural and Industrial
Development Board 1:1 George Foster Peabody School of
Forestry 1:9 Georgia State Department of
Forestry 1:9 Georgia facts for industry 2:6 Georgia Heritage Exhibit 4:8 Georgia history
Georgia's forty famous firsts 2:11 Places of historic interest 4:11 Georgia School of Technology 6:1 Georgia School of Technology Department of Ceramics 2:2 Government Panel 1:8 Granite 3:9 Harbors 1:4

Health 1:3 Health Panel 1:3 Howard, L. Vaughan 1:1 Industrial firms, list 2:7 Industrial hygiene 4:12
Industry 2:7, 3:1 Industry Panel 1:6 Kaolin 1:10, 1:11 Kudzu 1:11 Libraries 4:4 Little White House 5:6 Livestock industry 2:9, 3:10 Livestock auction markets 3:10
Marble 3:9 keat processing 3:10 Milk 2:10 Minerals 1:10 Muscadine grape 1:11 Naval stores 3:7 Navigation 2:12 Newspapers 4:5 Oysters see seafood Packing industry 3:10 Panels
Agriculture panel 1:5 Education panel 1:2 Government panel 1:8 Health panel 1:3 Industry Panel 1:6 Trade Commerce and Business Panel 1:7
Paper 4:5 Parks 4:2 Pastures 1:11 Peaches 4:10 Peanuts 1:11, 3:11 Pecans 3:5 Peppers 1:11 Periodicals 3:8
Ports 1:4 Poultry 1:12, 5:4 Press 4:5 Progress I;l Public works 1:4 Publications, specialized 3:8 Pulpwood see wood pulp Radio 3:3 Reclamation 5:1 Re search,economic 6:1 Research, industrial 6:1
Resources 1:6 Rivers 1:4
Rural electrification 5:7

Seafood 4:9 Shrimp see seafood Soil conservation 2:12 Tenants 1:5 Terrapin see seafood Textile firms 2:5 Tobacco S:12 Tomato plants 5:3 Tourists 1:7, 3:6, 4:1,11 Trade, Commerce and Business Panel 1:7 Trade publications 3:8 Turpentine 3:7 University of Georgia Department of
Ceramics 2:2 University System of Georgia 2:8
Veterans 2:1 Vocational education 2J4 Warm Springs 5:6 Water resources 2:12 Wood pulp 4:6, 5:5

I07.Z
\1U
GEORGIA PROGRESS!^ J
PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

SEPTEMBER 15, 1944

Number 1

mn ,SK::-T

3> . - .*&'

Governor Arnall Points the Way To Greater Progress in Georgia

Chief Executive Tells How New Social and Economic Program Is Being Planned

GOVERNOR ELLIS ARNALL
BY ELLIS ARNALL Governor of Georgia
The future of Georgia is not merely the future of its millions of acres of land devoted to pine and hardwood, to tobacco and cotton, and to herds and pastures.
The future of Georgia is the future of more than three million people and their prosperity.
The safeguarding of the future of Georgia is not exclusively the function of government. It is the function of every man and woman to whom this empire of hardwood and pine, of field or pasture, of mountain and plain and seacoast, has been given in trust, for use by them today and for them to deliver unmanned tomorrow to their children. But it is peculiarly the function of government to safeguard that future, as agent for all the people to whom Georgia is a common heritage.
Prosperity for Every Industrious Citizen
It must be apparent to all of us that preparations for peace are no less significant and important than preparations for war. We have in Georgia vast natural resources-- agricultural, forest, mineral. We have vast human resources--a people whose energy and courage and fortitude enabled them twice to rebuild a shattered and desolated countryside after the havoc of war.

We have natural advantages of geography that will be emphasized as the trade of America expands with Africa and South America.
Upon the foundation of these three assets, we can build in Georgia an industrial-agrarian social and economic order that will provide abundant prospertity for every industrious citizen.
Certain debris, however, must lie cleared away before we can erect such an edifice to house the Georgians of the future. This consists of obstacles put in our way by others and of obstacles created by our own lack of vision.
The former are more important. The discriminations practiced against Georgia and the other southern states--the freight rate blockades, the unfair "matching system" of distributing Federal grants-in-aid--must be eliminated. It is the obligation of the state government as trustee for all the people of our state to seek their elimination. Georgia today is asking their elimination by application to the courts of our country in the one instance and by appeals to the national conscience in the other.
The state government of Georgia can contribute to the efforts of our people to shape a satisfactory future by providing efficient and economical government with impartial justice for all sections of the state and all classes of citizens. The state government, however, can go further; it can assist the communities of the state as well as their industrial, labor and agricultural leaders in planning for the future.
There are four things out of which a civilization can be erected. The two prime requisites, human resources and natural resources, Georgia has in abundance; the other two, capital and technological skills, Georgia lacks.
Georgia's one fault is poverty-- poverty that can provide but inadequate education for its children, inadequate public health and welfare services, and inadequate industrial and agricultural opportunity. The

result is that we lose each year many of our most promising youth to other sections of the country.
State Must Develop
Balanced Economy
In the postwar world, Georgia must develop an industrial-agrarian economy that will provide a high standard of living for all our citizens. We cannot prosper permanently in Georgia until we are in position to trade with everyone in our own country and with all the world outside; and we cannot conduct that type of commerce until we have put our own house in order. The present state administration has two objectives. One is to put in order the governmental establishment itself. To do this, we are paying the state's debts, some of them more than a hundred years old and on which the interest paid has long ago exceeded the sum borrowed. We are endeavoring to promote efficiency in government by revising the many-times amended state constitution, by establishing sound fiscal controls and budgetary methods and by reforming those departments that have lagged behind the state's progress.
The second objective is that which is being carried forward by the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia, an agency authorized by the General Assembly of 1943 to plan an ordered and comprehensive development of the state and its resources.
Upon the Board and its seven panels of representative citizens rests the responsibility of pointing the direction that Georgia should take to make possible the utilization of its numerous potential resources. Already this Board has outlined a program that, I believe, will mean developments of the first magnitude affecting our industry, our agriculture and our trade. With sympathetic public cooperation, it will be able to do much to stimulate Georgia's progress, growth and prosperity.

Board Is Created to Translate Plans of Arnall Into Reality

Various State, Federal, and Civic Agencies Cooperate With 7-Pane! Group of Leaders

To prepare and perfect plans for an ordered and comprehensive development of the state and its resources.
That is the purpose o the Industrial and Agricultural Development Board of Georgia, as set forth in the Act of the General Assembly which created the Board.
This is a large order, and in carrying it out--the work is already well under way--the Board has had to call for assistance upon many state and federal agencies. This assistance has been freely given and for it the Board is grateful.
Board Coordinates
Agencies of Progress
The Board does not wish to duplicate the work of any existing governmental agency. On the other hand it seeks to coordinate and supplement the activities of all agencies and institutions which are engaged in planning for the development of the state and its resources. It, therefore, invites the active support of existing agencies since its work and theirs, so far as planning for the future is concerned, are one and the same.
The Board is also grateful for the sympathetic interest and spirit of cooperation manifested by local governments and civic organizations throughout the state. There is increasing evidence that the people as a whole are anxious to aid and cooperate with any agency which will seriously undertake to formulate a practical program.
Action to Implement-
Plans of Board
The Board realizes that the people of the state want something more than mere plans. They want an action program and this the Board is undertaking to supply.
It should be understood, however, that there is no desire or purpose on the part of the Board to impose any nlan or program upon any commun-

ity which has not been approved by the people of the community. In other words, the Board conceives it to be its duty to ascertain as nearly as possible the potentialities of the various communities and sections of the state and to counsel with and aid the people in those areas to bring about the kind of development which they desire and approve. This is net to say that the Board will not itself initiate and when necessary recommend to the General Assembly for its approval and adoption undertakings of state-wide importance. Examples of this type of undertaking are the development of Georgia's ports and waterways and the creation of a state financial authority similar to the RFC.
Of course, the Board's program is by no means complete but it has progressed far enough to indicate its range and scope. Many of its activities are already well known because of the excellent cooperation of the press and radio. Others will be publicized as plans are developed.
Membership Drawn
From Entire State
The membership of the Board is representative of all sections of the state and of all fields of economic and social activity. It is composed of twenty-one members, five of whom are ex-officio. These are the heads of the State Departments of Agriculture, Conservation, Education, Health and Public Service. Another is the Chairman of the Board of Regents of the University System or a member designated by him. The remaining fifteen members are appointed by the Governor from the state at large. They are required in the language of the law "to be fairly representative of the fields of finance, industry, business, agriculture, and labor."
The programs and policies of the Board, therefore, reflect the composite judgment of persons who can speak for all segments of our economy. This does not mean that all

JUDGE BLANTON PORTSON Chairman of Hoard
the members will agree on every program but it does imply that each program or policy will be carefully considered by the Board as a whole and none promulgated which does not have the approval of the majority.
The various fields in which the Board works are indicated by the names of the panels into which its membership is divided--Agriculture, Education, Government. Health, Industry, Public Works, and Trade, Commerce and Business. The duty of each panel is to formulate a program of activity in its field to recommend to the Board for adoption. After the Board has approved these programs, it is the duty of the Executive Director to carry them out through the panel directors and the other members of the staff.
It is expected that the work of the Board will not be completed at any specific time. Its program will be continuous. With this thought in mind the Board was purposely organized on a non-partisan basis and closely tied in with state agencies and institutions whose future is not too closely tied up with political changes.
Board Headquarters
Are at University
Board programs have already been promulgated for all panels. These will require, in some instances, con-
on page 4)

SS5TM

Organization and Personnel of the Board

BLANTON FOKTSOX. Chairman L.VAUGHAN HOWARD, Executive Director
AGRICULTURE PANEL: CASON J. CM.I.AWAY, Chairman
TOM LINKER
J. L. PlLCHER PEARCE H. LAYFIELD, Director
EDUCATION PANEL: M. D. COLLINS, Chairman MRS. Fn INK C. DAVID
WILSON WILLIAMS
0. C. ADERHOLD, Director

HEALTH PANEL: THOMAS F. ABERCROHBIE, Chairman M. KINO TUCKER Bl.ANTON FORTSON Rn-Ts F. PAYNE, Director
INDUSTRY PANEL: ROBERT STRICKLAND, Chairman WILEY L. MOORE CHARLES L. BOWDEN W. C. CHAM. JR., Director
PUBLIC WORKS PANEL: RYBURN G. CLAY. Chairman HF.NUY T. MCLNTOSII ALFRED W. JONES G. T. PAPAGEORQE, Acting Director

GOVERNMENT PANEL: IVAN ALLEN, Chairman WALTER R. MCDONALD CHARLES B. GRAMLI.NO Cn.i.EN B. GOSNELL. Acting Director

DR. L. VAUGHAN HOWARD Executive Director

TRADE. COMMERCE. AND lU'Sl NESS PANEL:
W. N. BANKS. Chairman ROBERT W. GROVES WILLIAM H. MCNAUOHTON R. P. BROOKS. Director

HOARD IS CREATED
(Continued from page 3)
siderable time to put into effect. In other instances, they are already being put into effect with indications that they meet the approval of the people of the state.
The Agricultural and Industrial Board of Georgia was organized last February. It was indeed fortunate that the Board was created at this particular time. The present state administration, under the able guidance of Governor Arnall, had already accomplished a number of needed governmental reforms. It had placed the State on a sound financial basis. initiated a revision of the constitution, and taken steps which give promise to end the freight rate discrimination which has so long militated against the economic development of our state. Furthermore, a number of dependable surveys of

Georgia and the Southeast had already been conducted by existing governmental agencies and educational and research institutions. The reports of their findings are of the greatest value in connection with the work which the Board is undertaking to do.
Headquarters of the Board are located on the campus of the University of Georgia. The Executive Director is a member of the University faculty. The facilities of the University at Athens, the Georgia School of Technology in Atlanta, as well as other institutions in the University System, have been made freely available. Much of the personnel has also come from University ranks. The Board, therefore, owes a debt of gratitude to the officials of the University System for their cooperation and sympathetic understanding of the problems involved in the Board's work.

AGRieULTUHAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
Tin: UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
ATHENS, GEORGIA

Board to Issue
Bulletin Series
Prior to the present, the Board has had no established organ through which to inform the public of what it is doing. With this issue of Georgia Progress, however, it inaugurates a series of reports outlining developments in connection with each of the panels. Each issue following the first will deal with a single activity. The next seven will deal with Education. Public Works. Health. Government, Industry, Agriculture, and Trade. Commerce, and Business.
for photographs use;! in this issue, the Board is indebted to Agricultural Extension Service, University of Georgia. Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, and Georgia Power Company.
Sec. 562, I'. L. & K. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens. Ga. Permit No. 120

GEORGIA PROG

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume 1

OCTOBER 15, 1944

Number 2

(Left) Agricultural training la provided in more than -10 Georgia schools. Every rural school will probably develop a program lo aid rural boys with problems of earning a living. (Rifjlit) Shop work is an important yliase of a good school program. High school bogs build things that are useful in the community's economic life. All Die emphasis is not on mechanical skills, how ever; boys arc taught to think, plan, and work with the realities of living.

Education Panel Has Program of Action for Georgia

94. GoOft&iatuta with Gatn+nusuty, Gausity, and Oihe.1 State Qiaup.i in 9*tvpSioue*ne*tt pla*t4

The Education Panel of the Agri-
cultural and Industrial Development
Board is responsible for assisting
educational forces at the state, county, and local level to develop effective programs of action that will result in better education for all the people of Georgia.
An improved educational program in Georgia will come only as the direct result of the participation of the masses of the people in the undertaking and not as the result of a few leaders providing the answers to the problems encountered. Educational planning on any level, when done apart from the participation of teachers and the general public, may produce only books, bulletins, and blue prints which do no more than gather dust on the shelves. Plans formulated by teachers, school officials, students, and patrons, however, will result in better school organization, better teachers, more adequate buildings, and more effective programs of instruction. Lasting progress in a community, a county, or a state must be based upon the earnest thought and hard work of its own people.
The staff of the Education Panel is making an effort to discover the

problems of education in Georgia most in need of study. In this process close contacts are maintained with the following persons and groups: (1 ) the State Superintendent of Education and his staff. (2) the Chancellor of the University System of Georgia, (3) college administrators and teachers, (4) public school administrators and teachers, and (5) lay groups. From each of these have come suggestions regarding problems
State, national, and world problems are receiving much attention in many
schools.

which are claiming the attention of the Panel.
In the summer of 19 43, school superintendents in conference at the University summer session listed several problems for study. Similar problems were also suggested by a large workshop group of principals and teachers during the past summer. At the annual meeting of the State Association of Superintendents and Board members in April, 1944, other problems were suggested.
From these and other suggestions it was decided that two approaches should be made to the problem of educational development. These are il) the state-wide, and (2) the local.
Four state-wide problems were decided to be of immediate concern. These are: (1) administrative organization, (2) pupil transporation. (3) school buildings, and (4) teacher education. The importance of these is due to the fact that there is probably a need for state legislation in each of these fields and because there are preparations that should be made looking toward a probable post-war school building program.

Floyd County's school program places emphasis on creativeness. Here small children are painting and making things. A major emphasis in many
counties will he the creative arts. High School students have a part in educational planning in Jones County. The government class considers com-
munity and county problems. Adult education is mi important phase of a modern school program. Here adults are learning to use tools in a school shop to make things for their
homes and occupations. The modern bus is u part of the
solidated school program.

Guidance Committees Are Set Up

State-wide committees have been established to guide the study of each of these fouv problems. These committees are composed of from twelve to twenty members: one from each congressional district and one or more from the state at large. They, with the technical assistance of panel staff members, are analyzing the problems, gathering, organizing, and interpreting data, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations. These recommendations will be transmitted to the Board for further study and action.
School Administration: Sound management and adequate financing are the lifeblood of an effective public school program. Both constitute problems of large and immediate importance to public education in Georgia. With the advice of lay leaders and in close cooperation with the State Department of Education and several state-wide committees of school officials, the Education Panel is attempting to determine the most effective type of school organization; the best method of selecting school officials; the methods of protecting community interest and local initiative in the schools; the best means of equalizing educational opportunity and of equalizing the burden of support among the tax-payers of the state.
Transportation: A p p r o x imately three million dollars is spent each year for pupil transportation in Georgia. It is the second largest item of current school expenditures.
A preliminary examination of this problem, made through the cooperative efforts of the panel staff and the State Department of Education, shows that much money could be saved in the transportation program in certain counties and school districts. At present responsibility for the transportation of pupils is wholly in the hands of the counties and local school districts, with the State Department of Education having no legal responsibility or obligation. A preliminary study of the problem suggests a need for state supervision of the program, especially as it relates to such matters as minimum expenditure for equipment, cooperative purchasing, insurance, and general operating policies.
School Buildings: School building construction in Georgia, as in the rest of the United States, virtually ceased after Pearl Harbor except to replace fire losses and to relieve overcrowded conditions in war areas. Meanwhile obsolescence, a changing

educational program, the shifting of population, and other factors have caused school plant needs to accumulate at an accelerated rate. When favorable building conditions return. those who have planned well will be able to take full advantage of de-
veloping opportunities.
Since intelligent planning is based upon familiarity with and an appraisal of present conditions, the panel staff, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, is collecting and interpreting data on general school plant conditions in the state. Detailed information will be collected from a sampling of school plants. These analyses, combined with an investigation of the best methods for financing schoolhouse construction in Georgia, is intended to assist school authorities in appraising accurately the present situation and to plan intelligently a program to meet the needs that are revealed.
The school plant is the only part of the present educational program in Georgia for which the local community receives no state aid. Normally, expenditures for buildings and equipment are second only to the amount paid for teachers' salaries. The Education Panel proposes to study the problem of state aid for schoolhouse construction to determine what part, if any, of the financial responsibility should be assumed by the state.
Teacher Education: The wrar has made more severe the teacher education problem in Georgia. For many years the public schools have been unable to secure teaching personnel with the requisite ability, training, and personality. More recently war industries and the armed forces have drawn many of the most competent and efficient teachers from the teaching profession.
In the years ahead no educational problem in Georgia will be more vital to the welfare of her citizens than that of procuring competently trained teachers. The Education Panel approaches this problem from two angles: a survey of the supply and demand for teachers, and a study of the systems used in other states for extending scholarship aid to prospective teachers in training.
All teacher education institutions in Georgia are cooperating in this study. A state-wide committee with representatives from many of the teacher-education institutions is assisting in the work.

ita '--. If

fig" ^^ftt^

St?

p*" 3fe^:^^

.-.

\7 Of
-- WrS)

and Ar. hnri

VI Dr. talth

-<

T/ir fini-room school becomes <i nniiiorii as many modern consolidated schools are built.

Intensive Development Program Planned for Many Counties

Intensive developmental programs are planned in sixteen counties of the state. Twelve were started in August. 1944, and tour will begin at a later date. The counties were selected by representatives of the State Department of Education and the Education Panel staff. The following criteria were used in making the selections:
1. Professional leadership. 2. Continuous service on the part o!' the county school superintendent. 3. The existence of good relationships between the superintendent and the board of education and between the superintendent and the principals. 4. Willingness to send representatives to a Planning Workshop at the University of Georgia during the summer of 1944. 5. One or more counties with in-
(Toi>) Dr. M. II. Collins, Atlanta, Chairman, Education Panel; Dr. <). C. Aderhold, Athens, Director. (Bottom) Wilson Williams. Atlanta : Mrs. Frank
David, Columbus.

dependent systems and one or more without independent systems.
6. Some counties employing a county supervisor and some that do not.
7. Counties that are typical of an area in terms of the following:
a. Population b. Farm population c. Business and industry. 8. One in each land-use area in Georgia. 9. At least one in each of the general supervisory districts of the Department of Education. 10. Distribution among the State Department of Education special supervisory districts -- Vocational Agriculture and Home Economics. 11. At least one from each congressional district.
The twelve counties in which work has begun are: Floyd, Heard, Rabun, Hart, Walton. Morgan, Jones, Pulaski, Bulloch, Atkinson, Calhoun, and Decatur. The four to be included later are Whitfleld. Spalding. Tattnall, and Clinch.
The selected counties sent representatives to a six-weeks planning conference in the summer of 194 4 to work with the panel staff and other consultants in making preliminary plans for inaugurating the program. Here it was agreed that certain problems would be of concern in each of the counties and that these problems should be attacked by the superintendent, board of education, local trustees, principals, teachers, students, and patrons. It was also determined that the panel should provide the services of a staff leader for each county on a halflime basis.
The representatives of the Education Panel in the county work in cooperation with the representatives

og the State Department of Education. Each agency assumes certain responsibilities in the county development program.
The selection of counties for carrying on intensive developmental programs was made in part on the basis of interest and enthusiasm evidenced by school officials regarding such a program. Wise and effective planning can result only when those who recognize the problem have a real concern for its solution. One of the responsibilities of the panel leader in the county is to stimulate all the groups with which he works to see more clearly the need for educational planning.
The function of the leader is not that of giving the answer but of organizing materials which may be helpful in finding an answer to the problems at hand and of leading the discussion of the members of the group to an orderly and systematic solution based upon the facts and information available. The leader also serves as a coordinator of the several groups in the communities and county, and assists in setting up county-wide committees to consolidate the conclusions into a unified system plan. He also devotes a part of his energies to implementing the plan as it is formulated.
The staff leader, after devoting considerable study to public educa tion in the county and local communities, aids the planning groups in discovering the major problems of education that should receive consideration. Some progress has been made in arriving at these problems. Representatives from counties at the summer school workshop concluded that at least four major problems should receive consideration. They are: (1) the program

(Left) The Monroe public school staff work* on social, economic, and educational data so as better to meet the needs of the Monroe area. (Center) The lay citizens and school faculty in the Buckhead community, as in other places, work with panel leader in planning a more effective loeal school program. Community-wide meetings are held twice each month. (Right) School planning places emphasis upon the health of students. Representatives of county and stale departments cooperate with local schools in making possible better helath education.

of the school. (2) administrative organization, (3) pupil transportation, and (4) school buildings. There may be many others.
One of the first tasks faced by the leader in the county is that of determining the kinds of groups with which to deal. It is believed that on the county and local levels the following groups are interested in or can be led to become concerned with educational planning:
1. County level
a. County board of education and superintendent
b. Principals c. Committees of trustees d. Committees of laymen e. Special groups, such as the
Health Department. Library Service, etc.
2. Local level a. Teachers b. Adult groups of lay citizens

c. Selected high-school pupils d. School bus drivers e. Special groups. The leader should proceed as follows in working with planning groups: 1. Locate key persons to assist in
1 n out-of-sehool urban boy becomes skillful in handling complicated machinery. Georgia's industrial development depends largely upon an effective program for training thousands of outof-sehool hops and girls to do the work of an Increasingly industrial state.

otgaaiziag and coordinating planning groups. 2. Train the group leaders to assume some responsibility for assisting in group planning. 3. Organize a planning group to deal with the problems. 4. Lead the group to think through problems and to initiate plans of action. Other problems which will receive the attention of the panel as soon as time permits are: (1) the state library program, (2) reorganization of the curriculum in secondary schools and junior colleges when a twelfth year is added to the common school program, (3) schools for handicapped persons -- schools for the blind and the deaf. (4) programs of public education agencies and other agencies with educational functions, and (5) relationship of higher education to secondary education.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS. GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & K. I'. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No, 120

W. S. Yenawine General Libeary

GEORGIA

LIB RAF*
OFQE^S
PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

NOVEMBER 15, 1944

Number 3

Health Panel Would Improve Georgia Conditions
Pla+tA. to- Battei QeOJujiab. <JteaUU lUvuUfU fyull-^ime S&wice. /lie. ScUed o*t Caie^ui Study

To Prepare and Perfect Plans for an Ordered and Comprehensive Development of the State and Its Resources. That is the purpose of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board as set forth in the Act of the General Assembly which created the Board.
Since there are two resources which can be developed, natural and human, it is only logical that the Board should devote a part of its energies toward health matters. For a full and comprehensive development of the human resources of the state, it is necessary that the people of Georgia attain the highest possible peak in healthfulness, and this is the responsibility of the Health Panel of the Board.
Past Experience Guide to Future
Plans, if they are to be practical, must be developed from past experiences because experience is our only method of obtaining knowledge and assessing values. Plans for better health programs in Georgia have a rich field of experience because public health work has had a prominent
Well-equipped public health laboratories are essential in the control of com-
municable diseases.

place in Georgia since early colonial days. Our climatic conditions have and will continue to be favorable for the spread of such diseases as hookworm, malaria, dengue, yellow fever, typhus, and others. The introduction of slaves furnished a population which was highly susceptible to the
11 fe * L s i s
lai*nHi E
I si
mfc :^R
Headquarters of State Health Department in Atlanta.
diseases of civilization and at the same time introduced a population which carried diseases of the jungles and tropics. The combination of these factors made it inevitable that epidemics of yellow fever, smallpox, typhoid, malaria, and other diseases would occur. Occurrence of epidemics brought immediate control measures into effect, but it became apparent that the control of an epidemic was quite expensive in both human and material resources and that epidemics should be prevented rather than controlled.

The earliest concept of a health department was of an agency of a temporary character which could under stress of an epidemic, such as yellow fever or smallpox, mobilize its forces rapidly. It was assumed that the health agency would cease its functions as soon as the epidemic was over and begin functioning again only when another epidemic had started. The present basic health law of Georgia, which was enacted a little more than twenty-five years ago, retains in some degree these same concepts, although other health problems are recognized and the law does lay greater stress on the prevention of epidemics than did the original act. In spite of all the educational work that has been done, this concept still prevails to some extent and will continue probably for years to come. This is understandable, however, because chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis and syphilis, are not seasonable in distribution and deaths do not occur within a relatively short length of time. A smallpox epidemic can be stopped with spectacular rapidity, but its prevention can be accomplished only by the dull, laborious, and un-
Outdoor recreation and play arc a part of a Health program for the young.

Good health habits are as important as the three R's.

Liberty County Health Cento--such centers are making Georgia a more
healthful state.

Dusting will control mosquitoes where drainage is not possible.

I

msi

Public water supplies are tested for purity in this laboratory.

interesting routine of vaccinating every infant and repeating the process at five to ten year intervals.
Each County May
Have Local Board
Georgia's basic public health law, passed in 1914, provided for a County Board of Health for each county in the state. This legislation was only permissive in character, however, and at the end of the first twenty years of operation, only 31 counties had full-time departments in operation. This experience showed what full-time health departments could do in controlling the more acute contagious diseases. The result was that the state appropriated additional funds to match federal grants for extension of full-time health work to other counties. Within the next eight years, 3 2 additional counties were either operating health departments or had appropriated funds for that purpose. These departments have long ago wiped out smallpox and typhoid; diphtheria and malaria rates are not much more than 10% of what they were in 1920. Comparison between counties having health departments and counties not having health departments shows a considerable difference in the rate of decline, with health department counties preventing thousands of cases of illness and death each year. This experience has proven conclusively that fulltime health services in Georgia counties will control completely, with no additional facilities, such diseases as are amenable to specific immunization, sanitation measures, and isolation.
This experience has also shown that deaths from maternal and infant causes, tuberculosis, and syphilis have not declined in the same proportion as the more acute diseases. Why? A study of the factors involved demonstrates conclusively that better medical facilities and more highly trained personnel must be employed if the same results are to be accomplished. In other words, the success of a health department in a control program becomes dependent on factors not heretofore considered as the responsibility of the health department. More hospital beds, more physicians, fewer or better trained midwives, more

clinical and X-ray laboratories, more dentists, technicians, and other professional and material facilities must be furnished if high standards in health are to be maintained.
Certain Diseases
Require More Help
The ultimate in efficient health services, using experience as a basis, would indicate that a full-time health department throughout the state using specialized personnel for tuberculosis, syphilis, communicable diseases and maternal and child hygiene plus hospital beds for isolation, X-ray and laboratory facilities, is necessary.
At the present time local governments spend too little on public health work. The reasons are not difficult to find.
1. Lack of revenue: Ninety of Georgia's one hundred and fifty-nine counties would be required to levy more than one mill of tax in order to employ one public health nurse. Five of these counties would be required to levy five mills or more, and one county would be required to levy twelve mills. There are only eighteen counties in the state which could support a health officer and a nurse from a one mill levy, and there are only eleven counties in the state which could support a full-time health department or a doctor, public health nurse, public health engineer, and clerk from a one mill levy. It is obvious that counties must be heavily subsidized if only seven percent of the counties are able to afford full-time health services.
2. Low Population: It is generally conceded that one public health nurse for each five thousand population is the lowest acceptable minimum and that one health officer can render adequate service for thirty thousand people. If we consider that a total population of five thousand, or minor fraction thereof, needs only one public health nurse we find that twenty-seven counties, or 17 percent of the total, need only one public health nurse. There are only sixteen counties, or 10 percent, that have a population sufficient to justify the employment of a full-time public health physician. Only one county in the state has sufficient resources and population to utilize a full staff of specialized personnel.

(Loft) Education and correction are necessary for good dental health. (Center) Suggested health districts for health planning. (Right) Teaching the proper care of infants prevents many deaths.

Economy and Efficiency Are Goals in New District Plan

In attempting to plan a public health program the prime consideration is efficiency and the second consideration is for a program that is practical from the standpoint of ability to pay. The inevitable conclusion is that there must be a combination of counties so that there will be sufficient revenue and population to utilize the necessary personnel. At the same time planning for a district must take into consideration
(Top) Dr. Thomas F. Abercrombie, Atlanta, Chairman of Health Panel; Dr. Kufus W. Payne, Atlanta, Director. (Bottom) M. King Tucker, Waynesboro; Judge Blanton Fortson, Athens, members. (Judge Fortson is also Chairman of the Agricultural and Industrial
Development Boarfl.)

the fact that service personnel must operate within relatively restricted territory unless there is to be considerable waste from time lost in travel. It is believed that specialized personnel can operate a service program for a population of two hundred to five hundred thousand. The state has therefore been divided into nine districts which vary in area from four to ten thousand square miles. If these areas were in the form of perfect circles the greatest distance from one point to another would be 112 miles. The map indicates, however, that distances will exceed this in some directions while in other directions it may not be more than half this distance from border to border.
District Center
Staff Is Planned
In each district, and as near the population center as is feasible, the plan calls for a medical staff composed of administrator, epidemiologist, venereal disease control officer, tuberculosis control officer, and maternal and child hygiene control officer. This personnel would be service personnel and would be responsible for the complete public health program in the district. There would also be sufficient assistant medical personnel to give adequate coverage. In addition there would be one sanitary engineer in each office, and the

counties would be so grouped that there would be one assistant nongraduate-engineer for each twenty thousand population or major fraction thereof. There would be a director of nurses and a supervisor for each fifteen nurses. Each county would have one nurse plus additional nurses for each five thousand population or major fraction thereof.
It is believed that this type of district plan should furnish to the state one of the most highly efficient public health programs that could be devised. In general, the district is built around the natural trade, medical, and social center of the area. It also follows the highway pattern with the centrol office located at the highway center of the area.
The cost of the plan will amount to about ninety cents per capita. Assuming that no federal funds are available for public health work after the war, the cost of the program would amount to about five percent of the state budget.
Under this plan each county Board of Health would operate under its present powers. Each would have the right to select its own personnel as is done at the present time, provided that such personnel operated only within the boundaries of the county. A majority of the sanitarians needed would serve within one county although about sixty-five would serve more than one county. Some of the medical staff would serve within only one county but the

COMPARATIVE DEATH RATES
STATE OF GEORGIA
HEALTH OFFICER COUNTIES AND REMAINDER OF STATE

(Left) Comparative death rates between health officer counties and remainder of state. (Center) Use of X-ray reduces danger of tutJeYCHtosis. (Kiyht) Annual malaria death--ami castrate* reported in Georgia, 1!>2(1~39.

great majority would serve several. All personnel serving in more than one county would be on the state payroll and subject to merit system rules and regulations.
The Health Panel also suggests that the act of 1941, which gave to each county the right to create a hospital authority, be made operative in every county. This would require each county to levy a one mill tax. The law allows the hospital authority so created the power to issue revenue bonds, to build and maintain hospitals, clinics, and health centers. It also permits the authority to determine eligibility requirements for free or part-pay service, and to make contracts with cities, counties, private corporations, and with- each other to furnish hospital care.
Smaller counties should not attempt to build a complete hospital but should provide a combination maternity shelter, health center, dental and outpatient clinic. Larger counties should provide complete hospitals with health center, dental, and outpatient facilities. The state

should provide tuberculosis hospitals in sufficient numbers to isolate all active and infectious cases of tuberculosis so that their families will not have to become infected, and through the health department should provide sufficient equipment and personnel so that all cases can be found, treated and isolated from the public in general.
No Tax Burden In Cost of Program
Such a program does not mean that all medical and public health work becomes a state function. If the personnel of the health department worked in only one county they would work under the direction of the local board of health. Hospital authorities created in every county and financed with a local levy of one to two mills could build and maintain sufficient facilities for the local health department and the local physicians to care for the public health and medical problems of the area.

The cost of such a program would not impose an unbearable tax burden either on the counties or the state. Five per cent of the state income will pay for all basic public health personnel which is needed. Together with the federal funds which may be available, there should be a considerable sum left over to help counties build maternity shelters, health centers, hospitals and out patient clinics. The original outlay in building the institutions which are needed will be enormous, but at the most, it should not be more than one-half of the state's average yearly income. We have not waited to develop our road system until we had sufficient funds to complete the job. Health facilities should, and must, be built as rapidly as possible, even though ten years is needed to complete them. Otherwise there cannot be the ordered and comprehensive development of the state and its resources which is contemplated by the act creating the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board.

AGRICULTURAL AXD INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY or GEORGIA
ATHENS. GEOROIA

Sec. 502, P. L. & K. U. S. POSTAGE PA in Athens. On. Permit No. 120

L LIBRARY

PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

DECEMBER 1, 1944

Number 4

V0^

i *a '* & %*. *%

Public Works Panel Pushes River and Harbor Development

A most important activity of the Public Works Panel is river and port
development. Under a contract recently signed with Frederic R. Har-
ris, Inc. of New York City, this outstanding firm of consulting engineers is conducting a harbor, port, and in-
dustrial survey of Brunswick and Savannah. This study will give full and complete information regarding (1) nature, condition, and ownership of existing facilities; (2) need
for additional facilities; (3) nature, amount, source, and destination of present in-and-out traffic; (4) determination of types of exports and imports best suited to these ports and of foreign markets which they can best serve; (5) rail transportation facilities in the area; and (6)

legislation necessary or desirable to carry out the recommendations.
This survey, upon which approximately $40,000.00 is being spent, is financed in equal amounts by the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board and from local sources in Savannah, Brunswick, and Glynn
County. The Public Works Panel has also
engaged the same company to conduct a survey looking to the formulation of a program for the physical development of the principal river systems of the state. These include the Savannah, Altamaha, Flint, Chattahoochee, and Coosa rivers. The report, to be ready by January 1, 1945, will (1) outline a comprehensive plan for optimum uses of the river systems of Georgia; (2) assemble

supporting data essential to any legislation which might be required; (3) recommend the most desirable order of project construction; (4) recommend the most desirable order of investigation for streams requiring further study; (5) discuss the possible effects of the proposed program on the industrial and economic development of Georgia, with particular reference to highway, railroad, waterway, and air transportation, and to the development of Caribbean and South American trade; (6) discuss the organizations which would be most suitable for carrying out the provisions of the plan; and (7) coordinate these waterway and river development investigations with any river and harbor studies which may be undertaken.

Post-War Public Works Planned

(Top) Ryburn a. Clay, Atlanta, Chairman of Public Works Panel; G. T. Papageorge, Atlanta, Director. (Second-row) Henry T. Mclntosh, Albany; Alfred W. Jones, Panel members. (Bottom) H. J. Friedman, Brunswick, Consultant.
The Public Works Panel has for its general objective the planning of a comprehensive public works program for state and local governments during the years immediately following the conclusion of the war. Public Works includes highways, streets, schools, hospitals, airports, water supply, sewage disposal and drainage systems, and other public improvements of a related nature.
In carrying out this program, every effort is being made to complete as rapidly as possible those phases that will provide employment for returning service men and war workers. Such employment is obviously of a temporary nature, but it will aid very materially in helping to bridge the gap between a war and peace-time economy. In other words, it will help to provide employment during that period when industry is being reconverted to a peace-time basis.
Furthermore, during the war neither the state nor local governments have been able to carry on building programs which had been projected prior to the beginning of the war. Neither manpower nor materials have been available with the result that there has been virtually

no public works construction during the past three years except that which was closely related to the war effort. State and local governments have, as a result, been able to save most of the money which might otherwise have gone into construction programs.
There is in virtually all units of government an accumulation of funds which, but for the war, would have been used for public works construction. It is highly desirable that plans be worked out for an orderly spending of this money just as soon as the war is over and men and material are again available.
The panel approach to public works planning in the state is a modification of that formerly used by the National Resources Planning Board. The 159 counties of the state have been divided into fifty-five unit areas consisting of from one to four counties each. Since all counties and towns in an area will be worked together, there should be a considerable saving in time and money resulting from the use of this procedure. In addition to the county and municipal programs, a program for the state level is also being prepared.
Rural Area Planning
Of the 55 areas into which the state has been divided, 43 are classed as rural. In these areas, there Is no city with a population in excess of 15,000.
No survey is undertaken unless the services of the panel are requested by the appropriate governing body, county commissioners, or mayor and council. This is in line with the general policy of the Board that developmental programs in any field can succeed only if they have the support of local people.
The rural planning program is already under way in several areas of the state. Area No. 53 on the accompanying map (Brantley, Camden, and Charlton Counties) was the first to request the services of the Public Works Panel. The field work on the program for this area has been completed and the preparation of the report is now nearing completion.
Thirty other counties and an approximately equal number of cities have also requested this service and resolutions are pending in some 66 counties and 75 municipalities. Financial and school studies have al-

ready been made in approximately fifteen of the counties which have passed resolutions.
In planning a public works program in rural areas, the procedure is briefly as follows: A representative of the panel is sent to the area to study the finances of the counties and municipalities and make a report. This gives some indication of the funds, from established sources, that are likely to be available for public works in each of the units Representatives of the Education, Health and Highway Departments, and of the Civil Aeronautics Administration then meet with the local officials and with representatives of the Panel to determine local needs in their respective fields of public works. All of this information is integrated and a program prepared for each of the counties and municipalities on the basis of need and ability to finance. A report is then prepared for submission to the local government.
Urban Public Works In the urban field the aim of the Public Works Panel is to prepare, with the arterial highway system as a base, a master plan and long range program of public improvements for each of the counties having a city with a population in excess of 15,000. The plan is to have a consulting firm of known standing and experience prepare a report for each of the twelve urban units to cover the entire field of public works. It is expected that these studies and reports can be financed through
l/J/-^L.//rr\
\MJX /s ^js\/f\
ssP$x
vify^^r^j\
r*""Vn^A/x5 7 /JL-jar \
s'\Zr/ X"\wVrTi^?
To carry forward its work, the Public Works Panel lias divided the state into
55 districts

Highway, bridge, and waterworks construction is pushed by Public Works Panel.

federal, state, and local aid with such additional assistance as Congress is expected to provide for post-war public works planning. The studies themselves will include definite plans for financing the recommended improvements, including right of way and other land acquisition.
Considerable progress has been made in carrying out these plans through the cooperation and collaboration of the State Highway Department with the Public Works Panel. A comprehensive, city-wide traffic study covering origin, destination, and parking has been made in the city of Savannah by the Planning Division of the Highway Department. In addition, a competent engineering consultant has been employed to analyze this and other pertinent in-
formation regarding Savannah and

Brunswick and to prepare a report with recommendations for major arterial highway facilities in these cities. This consultant firm is already at work and the completed report is expected to be ready early in 19 45. A similar study is ready to be made in the metropolitan Atlanta area. Most of the preliminary ground work has been covered and an organization to conduct the study is now being set up.
Airport Development
The Public Works Panel is also attempting to arrange for a coordinated program of airport construction. To this end, it is collaborating with the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Aeronautic Advisory Board of Georgia. This latter is preparing legislation on airport construction,

maintenance and operation for consideration by the next session of the General Assembly. The ultimate objective is an airport in every county in Georgia.
Legislation Needed
Certain basic legislation is considered essential for the proper formulation and execution of any comprehensive public works program. With this in mind, the Panel is working on legislation to cover highway rightof-way acquisition and control of access, and on uniform enabling acts to govern zoning and sub-division control, and authorization of reserves. Much groundwork toward the preparation of this legislation has been covered. Here again the experiences of other states and of federal agencies is being fully utilized.

ORGANIZATION CHART
PUBLIC WORKS PANE.L
AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DLVLLOPMLNT 5OARD or GEORGIA
A cV I D. &OAR.D &L.ANTON FORTSON , CHAIR N

CONSU LTANTS H.J.FRILDMAN GENERAL
URBAN PUBLIC WORKS FREDERIC R HARRIS INC WATERWAYS
RECREATION LEGISLATION FIN A NO EL
FREIDERIC R.HARRIS INC PORT DEVELOPMENT

EXECUTIVE. DIRECTOR L V HOWARD
PUBLIC WORKS PANEL RY&URN G CLAY, CHAIR*
PANEL DIRECTOR G.T PA PA GEORGE.
1
PA .EL PE RSONNEL G.H.GI&SON- EH.MA VIS-RE.SE ARCH ASST J.H ADERHOLD- FIN ANCE A a tV REPORTS MRS NINA ROBERTS- SECTY cV CLERK.

AGLNC1L5
FWA FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY CAA CIVIL AERONAUTICS ADMN. PRA PUBLIC ROADS ADMN PbA Pu&LIC BUILDINGS ADMN. USED U.S. ARMY ENGINEERS TVA TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY SMD STATE HIGHWAY DEPT.
AA& AERONAUTIC ADVISORY &OARD OF GA. NPS NATIONAL PARK SERVICE.

PUBLIC WO R K 5

1 L

Ai". PORTS A.AB-CAA

ROADS CV STREXT5 PR.A-SHD

FWA HEALTH PANEL

PUBLIC 6LD&5 FWA-PBA HEAI TH P'.'.; .
EDUCATION PANEL

URbAN PUBLIC WORKS

AIRPORTS AAB-CAA
SHD

ROADS CV
5TR EET S PRA-SHD

SANITATION FWA
HEALTH PANEL

PUBLIC DLDGS FWA-P&A HEALTH PANEL
EDUCATION PANEL

WATERWAYS V PORTS

RECREATION ARLAS

FWA ~ USED TVA- TRADL COM 1ERCL
Bus NESS

STATE PARK DIRECTOR N P S.

LE&IS L ATI ON ZONING ~RE.SE.RVLS LAND ACQUISITION PORT DEVELOPMENT
AIRPORTS

PUBLIC 6LDGS STATE: LEVEL
|A,

AS5T ATTY GENERAL PRA-CAA- USE.

Urport, sewer, and dam construction is an Important part of the Public Works program.

Proposed Post-War Public Works Total $66,000,000

The State of Georgia is planning for post-war construction a total of 743 projects to cost more than $66,000,00-
This figure does not include highway construction for the post-war period. However, Georgia has to its credit with the Public Roads Administration more than $7,000,000 of unused federal aid funds. This is
the third largest amount of unused funds; credited to any state.
. The, p, rojects. p,lan.n, ed ar. e of a n,umber o. types, including airports, hospitals, schools, sanitation facilities,

parks, and other recreational projects.
The iai.gest single group of pro-
jects is hospitals and other health facilities. These total 2 68 projects which are estimated to cost more than $30,000,000. Parks and other recreational facilities total 223 projects with an estimated cost of over $8,000,000.
Figures are not available for all of the counties of Georgia, but the
27 reporting are planning a total of 29 6 projects to cost more than $15,000,000.

Thirteen cities of Georgia have reported plans for 432 projects totaling more than $74,000,000.

,,

,, ,,

, _ ^ ,,,

""^* w kT" G

" '

l S * eo,,a-

Number Estimated

state

Projects

Cost

- 743 $66,464,000

Counties (27) .... 296 15,478,000

citiez (13) ------ 432 74,054,000

TOTAL

__1471 $155,996,000

~~FIor phTo^tograph', s in t7h7i-s i'ssue, cred"it7-mid appreciation ore due Georgia Power Com-

''",",'!, r,!''1'" "'' '''""" "'"' ''"''''"' Works

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OP GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & K. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

GEORGIA PROGRESS HatRLKAL LIBRARY PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

DECEMBER 15, 1944

Number 5

I 1M t\ 'r"DOf T V f\t GEORGIA
Agriculture Panel Is Interested

in Better Farms for All Georgia

Many State and Federal Agencies Cooperate in Callaway and Other Plans for Progress

Three specialists have been assigned to the Agriculture Panel of which Cason Callaway (second from left) is chairman Bert l>. Robinson, TJ. S. Soil Conservation Service; J. W. Fanning, Georgia Agricultural Extension Service; and w, T. Fullilove, Oeorgia Ex-
periment Station. Rome and Harlem business men and farmers visit Mr. ('allaway's vineyard. Many delegations havt visited Blui
Sprit/its Forms dehydrating plant. Harvesting crimson clover. Good farms
require modern machinery.

A more profitable agriculture for Georgia is the objective of the Agriculture Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board.
This panel is composed of three men--Cason J. Callaway, retired head of the Callaway Mills of LaGrange, chairman; Tom Linder, state commissioner of agriculture, Atlanta; and J. L. Pilcher, farmer, Meigs.
Peace H. Layfield, Atlanta, is director of the panel.
The names of two members of this group are currently in the news in association with widely discussed plans for the improvement of Georgia agriculture--Mr. Callaway with his Georgia Better Farms program, and Mr. Linder with his fourteenpoint program for agricultural development.
These two projects, along with the work of the Agricultural Extension Service, the College of Agriculture of the University of Georgia, the Experiment Stations, the Farm Security Administration, and other state and federal agencies offer much promise for Georgia agriculture.
Mr. Linder's fourteen-point program is the subject of a special article on page four of this issue of Georgia Progress.

and (4) have processing plants near the farms.
Building the land is the foremost concern of Mr. Callaway. Once the thin layer of top soil is made thicker through the wise use of soil improvement crops, rotations, and mechanical measures, the task should not be so great.
The 100 demonstrations which he has shepherded into being will be 100 "test tubes," to determine how poor land may be made good and thereby of greater value. "We want $70 and $100 per acre land instead of $30 per acre land," he says. "We want land that will support workers at the same wages farm laborers get in the Midwest."
Poor Land a Problem
"Poor land is the basic obstacle to profitable farming. For generations our forefathers have literally 'mined' the soil, growing, almost exclusively, annual and s-)il depleting crops. When the land wore out, it was abandoned and left to wash away. Again and again, the same land has been brought back into cultivation after having been abandoned a few years, only to be lavishly used and abandoned again."

The Callaway Plan
One hundred small practical experi-
ment stations scattered throughout
more than 70 counties of Georgia
That, in essence, is the Georgia Better Farms program, created by Cason J. Callaway, retired head of Callaway Mills at LeGrange, and chairman of the Agriculture Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board.
In order to compete with farmers who till the more fertile lands of the Midwest and other sections of the country, Georgia farmers must, in the opinion of Mr. Callaway, (1) improve the soil, (2) arrange for longtime credit, (3) use farm machinery,

During November the goal of 100, set by Georgia Better Farms, Inc., was reached. This map shows the distribu-
tion of these farms.

All students in the University of Georuiu College of Agriculture who expect to teach vocational agriculture learn to can, freeze, and dehydrate food in
the College's food plant.
Brooder houses with an annual capacity of 25,000 chicks have been added this year to the College of Agriculture's extensive poultry plant. This is one of
46 such new house*.
In the College of Agriculture creamery, 7,500 bottles must be filled each day to meet demands of students and service men who take their meals i dining halls on the campus of the University of Georgia. More than 50 agricultural students have worked in the creamery
this near.
Harvesting vegetables on the horticultural farm at the College of Agriculture. Like many Georgia farmers, the College has produced more vegetables this year than were required to meet needs of University dining hails. All surpluses have been sent to the College food processing plant where then have been conned for use next winter. Note
irrigation.

According to the 1940 census the average value of land, including buildings, in Georgia was $20 per acre, the lowest in the South. Alarming, too, is the fact that the average per capita income for Georgia is less than one-half the average per capita income for the entire United States.
These conditions, Mr. Callaway pointed out, are due to the harsh treatment we have given the land. "This means," he said, "we must spend just half as much for education as other sections of the country. Likewise, we pay our preachers accordingly, or they preach to twice the number of people as do preachers in sections where the land is good."
The Plan Is Explained
The Georgia Better Farms scheme contemplates formation of 100 small farm corporations in the state capitalized by seven stockholders investing $1,0 0 0 apiece. Each corporation elects officers, buys a 100-acre farm, hires a manager, and endeavors in three years to build the land to as nearly maximum production as possible. At the end of three years, the average land should be worth at least $70 per acre.
The $7,000 initial capital should go into purchase and improvement of the land itself. Mr. Callaway has suggested that an additional $3,000 may be borrowed for livestock, machinery, and other improvements.
Facilities of the Soil Conservation Service, the Extension Service, including its specialists and county agents, and the Experiment Stations are available to the Georgia Better Farms corporations. Three full-time experts selected by Mr. Callaway are J. W. Fanning, Extension Service; Bert D. Robinson, Soil Conservation Service; and W. T. Fullilove of the Experiment Stations of the University System. These men are working with county agents and soil conservation technicians, making conservation survey maps and photographs, and developing plans with recommendations for land improvement on the corporation farms.

Typical of what the F8A Rehabilitation Farm Program has meant to maun Georgians, according to R. L. Vansant, state director, is the story of Barley A. Elzey. In this picture] Mr. Elzey, 28 years old, is shown with some of the 2,000 broilers he has just grown, reailii for market in Forsyth County, Georgia. Mr. Elzey was enrolled in the F8A Rehabilitation Program in ion. at which time his net worth, including his household goods, icas $261. Today he is the owner of a Jt0-acre farm which he purchased in 19'iS and paid cash for. He sells two cows every year, Keeps two brood sows all 6] the time, and his broiler sales run around 120,000 chickens annually. His profit on chickens alone, despite the fact that broiler feed now costs about $!f per 100 pounds, will amount to more than $1,200 a year. He has a net worth today of more than $3,000. His father, who sharecropped for SO years before enrollment in the FSA program, is also debt free and a farm owner. Two other brothers and one sister hare also become farm owners through the FSA
Rehabilitation Program.
returning to the farm to make a comfortable living without the drudgery and hardships prevalent on so many of our farms today."
During November, the goal of 100 corporations was reached. More than 25 farms have been purchased, 12 of which have been planned in soil conservation districts.
All the nation is watching developments of the Georgia Better Farms program. The plan has received endorsements from hundreds of organizations, clubs, chamber of commerce groups, and business and professional leaders outside Georgia. Already several hundred of Georgia's ablest leaders in business, industry, and agriculture, are buying farms, hiring managers, planning farms, obtaining machinery, building terraces, planting cover crops and making other necessary improvements in an attempt to out-rank 9 9 other Georgia Better Farms units.

Farms To Be Graded

Each year for three years, the farms will be graded and ranked in order of accomplishments made. Prizes will be offered farm managers and their families. Mr. Callaway believes the average farmer will benefit from this program in many ways. To put it in his words:
"1. The business, industrial, and professional men will become familiar with the farmer's problem. 2. This will be a constructive plan for the farmer to emulate. 3. We hope the plan may enable the service men

students learn to repair farm machinery in the shops of the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the Uni-
versity of Georgia.

Diversification in agriculture is urged by the experts. Of much assistance to Georgia farmers In this, as with other problems and opportunities, is the Agricultural Extension Service, a small part of whose work is suggested by these pictures.

State Honors 100 Sharecroppers Who Become Landowners

With Governor Ellis Arnall as spokesman, the State of Georgia on November 3 0 honored approximately 100 former tenant farmers and sharecroppers who through the BankheadJones Farm Tenant Act have become prosperous landowners.
The farmers honored were those who in from three to five years have paid the 40-year loans granted by the Farm Security Administration to enable them to become self-sustaining owner-operators of their family size farms.
A Goal for Farmers The occasion honoring these farmers was held in Atlanta. The theme of the meeting was that the success of planned farm production programs, embracing two or more cash crops, year-around income from livestock and poultry sales, and live-athome with ample canned and cured
The Georgia Experiment Station lias pioneered in studies of the food value of peanuts. Shown in this picture are three air-conditioned cabinets in which peanuts and peanut products are kept to study factors affecting their "shelf
life.''

foodstuffs, is a goal toward which all Georgia farmers should work.
The farmers honored in the Atlanta meeting will enter into the postwar period free of debt, with a wellimproved farm which will produce more per acre, and they can feel secure in that the living for their families will come from the earnings on their farms. This will insure security on the farms, better citizenship, and a higher standard of living. All of these farmers have practiced good business principles and a practicable and workable plan of conservation.
Ahead of Schedule
There are approximately 4,300 farmers in Georgia who have purchased their farms under terms of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act. The Act, which provides for amortization of the loan over a maximum period of 40 years, also provides for a variable payment plan. Under this plan, purchasers pay more in good crop and good price years, and less in lean years. With the exception of only a few, all of the 4,300 farmers are paying ahead of schedule and making satisfactory progress toward home ownership. Approximately 75% of the 4.300 farmers have also received rehabilitation loans (for crop production purposes), which is another service rendered to more than 16,000 low income farmers throughout Georgia who cannot receive financial assistance from any other source. This rehabilitation loan makes it possible

for low income Georgia farmers to take the first step in their rehabilitation process, which paves the way and prepares them for the home ownership program.
For photographs used in this issue of GEORGIA PROGRESS, credit and thanks are due the Agricultural Extension Service, University of Georgia College of Agriculture, Farm Security Administration. Georgia Department of Agriculture, Georgia Power Company, and
Georia Experiment Station.
r~^
Top row, Cason ./. Callaway, LaGrange, chairman; Pearce II. Layfleld, Atlanta, director. Bottom row. Tom Lltidir, Atlanta, and J. L. Pitcher, Meigs, mem-
bers of Agriculture Panel.

Linder's 14-Point Program for Agricultural Development

A 14-point program for the development of Georgia agriculture has been proposed by Tom Linder, Geor-
gia commissioner of agriculture, and approved by the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board. The plan follows:
1. Establishment of state farmers' markets at Augusta and Savannah similar to the Atlanta market. Enlarging Atlanta market. Distribution and diversionary market at or near Washington, D. C. Increasing facilities on all markets, including community canning plants and preserving facilities. Erection of adequate cold storage and quick freezing plants on each of the larger mar-
kets. Employment of experienced men in the larger markets of the North and East to furnish, daily, information as to supply and demand on each of these markets and to make delivery of car-load and truck-loads of perishable farm produce moving to these centers through Georgia state farmers' markets. The General Assembly should provide for standard grading, packing, and labeling of Georgia produce, to cope with competition in post-war years.
2. Increased facilities and personnel in seed laboratory for adequate seed control. Legislature should provide penalties against violations of the Pure Seed and Feed Law.
3. Increase animal pathological laboratory facilities. Branch offices in those parts of the state which have denser livestock, hog, and poultry populations.
4. Erection of concrete and steel livestock and swine auction sale barns. Essential in order to control livestock and animal disease.
5. Erection, by private capital, of

steming and re-drying tobacco plants, with tobacco warehouse storage facilities.
6. Development of planting seed production so as to save the large sum that leaves Georgia annually for planting seed. Special attention on the production of planting peanuts, seed legumes, corn, cotton and other crop seeds.
7. Development of milk products, both for processing purposes and fluid milk consumption. Establishment of milk and vegetable routes as rapidly as the volume of production makes possible economic operation of truck routes. Development through private capital of milk and milk-processing plants. The first four of these should be so situated that milk products in all parts of the state will be within reasonable trucking distance of a processing plant.
8. Especial cooperation with the Department of Health, the extension forces, and the vocational teachers in improving nutritional value of Georgia grown vegetables and fruits, etc., through the use of necessary plant foods and minerals which, in some cases, are naturally deficient in our soil.
9. Encouragement and development of poultry processing plants, with standard grades and official marking by licensed veterinarians, to give Georgia produced and processed poultry a high rank in the cities to which they are shipped.
10. Secure from the federal government, at the close of the war, machinery for use by farmers in each county in properly terracing their lands, building dams for fish, water control, and irrigation purposes. Cooperation with department of natural resources, extension forces, and

vocational teachers in carrying this into effect.
11. Urge landowners in pulp wood cutting to leave a sufficient number of their best trees, properly distributed, to produce a crop of saw timber while growing another crop of pulpwood. Urge that some trees be left on land that is sown in permanent pastures so as to provide necessary shade for animals during hot summer days and also to produce a crop of saw-timber.
12. A continual increase of the cooperative work now being done by the Department of Agriculture and federal agencies, such as federalstate inspection of fruits and vegetables.
13. Development, through private capital, of sufficient grain elevators at strategic points to handle all corn,
wheat, etc., that can be produced profitably for milling purposes. Much Georgia grain suffers deterioration and damage through weevils and lack of proper handling and proper storage. All of the shuck and cob from corn, as well as all of the screenings from threshed grain, can be profitably utilized in the manufacture of stock and dairy feeds. Many Georgia farmers have been unable to find a profitable market, at harvest time, for corn and other grains due to lack of elevator facilities.
14. Growing of sweet potatoes, jumbo type, should be developed and increased in Georgia for stock feed. Georgia land will produce potatoes of this type and give large yields. These potatoes provide an excellent feed for hogs in their raw state, and can also be dehydrated and ground into meal which is the best known substitute for corn in a beef cattle ration.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OP GEORCIA
THE UNIVERSITY OP GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

\z
L
GEOR

GENERAL LIBKAR:
JAN 16 is4
PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

JANUARY 1, 1945

Number 6

Industry Panel Program Goes Forward

At Meetings in 200 Georgia Towns

Leaders Would First Develop Local Industries

and Then Would Bring New Ones to State

Local mass meetings for the purpose of organizing permanent coin mittees on industrial development are being held in upwards of two hundred Georgia communities as a result of nine district meetings sponsored by the Industry Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board.
Each of the district meetings was attended by approximately two hundred citizens from communities in the area. These meetings were held for the purpose of outlining the aims of the Industry Panel, which are two in number:
1. The creation of new industries and the expansion of those already in existence to enlarge payrolls and provide jobs for returning servicemen and women.
2. The initiation of a national campaign, spearheaded hy Governor Ellis Arnall, to attract outof-state industries to the state. These district meetings were planned and organized by members of the Advisory Council of the Industry Panel, appointed by Governor Arnall. They were assisted by the Panel members, consisting of Robert F. Strickland, Atlanta, chairman; Wiley Moore, Atlanta, and Charles L. Bowden, Macon, and by Panel Director W. C. Cram, Jr., Atlanta. The Advisory Council is composed of approximately one hundred out-
Governor Ellis Arnall'8 fight for adjustment in Southern freight rates offers much promise for Georgia's in-
dustrial development.

standing business and industrial lead-
ers of the state. Its function is to advise the Industry Panel and to assist local industry committees in developing a coordinated industrial program. This group met in Atlanta on October 5, 1944, at an organization meeting which was addressed by Dr. Edward R. Weidlein, director of the Mellon Institute at Pittsburgh. The series of nine district meetings followed. The cities in which they were held, the dates, and the district chairman are as follows:
Gainesville, October 13, Henry Washington; LaGrange, October 17, Judson Milam; Waycross, October 31,
George M. Bazemore; Albany, November 1, J. T. Haley and John T. Phillips; Rome, November 8, J. J. McDonough; Statesboro, November 21, Wallis G. Cobb; Macon, November 22, B. Ruffin Chesney; Augusta, November 28, Sherman Drawdy; and Athens, November 29, A. G. Dudley.
Speakers at the meetings emphasized the importance of local initiative, capital, and management in establishing new industrial concerns.
It was pointed out that small industries, such as plants to process agricultural products, constitute the "best bet" for the immediate enlargement of Georgia industry. The types of plants for processing agricultural products were discussed and examples cited of success achieved by the plants which already exist in the state.
It was also pointed out that the work of the Industry Panel is very largely one of advising local industry committees and that the Panel will not attempt to "dictate" the choice of industries to be created or to favor one community over another in locat-
ing industries. The opportunity for expanding
Georgia industry is more favorable now than ever before, principally because of the presence in the state of tremendous wartime savings, estimated at approximately 750 million
dollars. Another factor is the supply of skilled and semi-skilled labor, which has resulted from the training of thousands of persons in war in-
dustries.

Industry and industrial possibilities in Georgia are varied, as these pictures suggest. In order, from the top of the page, a textile mill, a marble quarry, a hydro-electric power plant, and open-
earth furnaces in a steel mill.

A cotton oil mill, of which there arc many in Georgia. This picture shows the engine room and one of the large storage houses for rot /on seed, viral,
ant) peanuts.
afliHHfc
Interior of a welding shop, an industry Which is typical of what small plants
arc contributing to the war effort.
A clay mine. There is much interest in the development of ceramics in Georgia. The art department at the University of Georgia and the department of ceramic engineering at the Georgia School of Technology are especially in-
terested in tli is subject.
The manufacture of bHck and terra
cotta pipes is an important Georgia
influx! i>i.

Resources Aid Industrial Progress

Georgia's resources are an important factor in the industrial development of the state. These have been thus enumerated by Robert F. Strickland, chairman of the Industry
Panel, as follows: "First, is our climate. We share
it with other Southern states, but no one who has passed the rigors of winter elsewhere will fail to agree that it is actually worth money to live in the South. And indeed it is worth money--in industry, by lower production costs; in agriculture, by longer growing seasons and more work days; to every individual, by a cheaper cost of clothing, food, housing, and nearly every physical human need.
"Second, our people. The foreign born white population of Georgia in 1940 was 4/10th of 1%. The aver-
age for the nation was 8.7%. The highest is New York with 21.2%. Five eastern states were over 15%. This is an asset of almost incalculable value to our future, not only in industry, but in the social, cultural. and political future of the state and nation. Eastern manufacturers have found the attitudes of Georgians who have entered their southern plants in pleasing and profitable contrast to their experience elsewhere.
"Third, our forest areas. Fiftysix percent of Georgia's land areas is in commercial forests, according
to the 19 40 census. The average for the nation is 24%. Only ten states have a higher percentage. The rapid
increase in the use of wood fiber as industrial raw material promises to make Georgia's pine tree one of our principal crops. We must have the good sense to enlarge our growing of pines, and to create the necessary protection for our forest areas.
"Fourth, we have a well-established industry. Particularly in textiles, paper manufacture, and forest products. These are capable of increase. But to achieve a balance between in-
dustry and agriculture, we must create many new industries, both of a small community character through our own initiative, and by creating conditions which will attract large manufacturers to our midst. Both
will provide new jobs for Georgians and utilize our raw materials at
home. "Fifth, the desire and ambition of
Georgians to create better living conditions for themselves and to renew the reputation for progressiveness in our state. Our increased prosperity as a result of war expenditures in this area has brought an appreciation of industrial processes, and an attendant rise in personal earnings, to thousands of our people. They will want to work under similar surroundings in the future and will aid in creating them."
Mr. Strickland has also pointed out that Georgia's first industrial opportunities lie "in the maintenance and enlargement of our present enterprises, and in creating in as many

communities as possible processing plants for the new products of our agriculture--abattoirs, curing rooms, and quick-freeze plants for our livestock and poultry; creameries, cheese plants, milk condenseries for our
dairying; canning plants and freezing plants for our vegetable and fruit crops, including increased production of strawberries, blackberries, grapes, scuppernongs; dehydrators for our sweet potatoes, for both human and animal consumption; elevators and processing plants for our increasing grain crop; and garment plants for those with surplus female labor.
"If any Georgian doubts the feasibility of such enterprises, he has only to visit a few communities in our own state and many communities in our neighboring states where they are
being accomplished under almost identical conditions as those existing
in Georgia towns. "Let him go into North Georgia
where the new poultry industry has grown amazingly and see the killing plant at Cummings; he may visit Eatonton where, under successful local management, the farmers of that area have created a very successful cooperative creamery, which has restored prosperity to that area of our state which was perhaps more devastated by boll weevil than any other; or have him visit Cairo, Griffin or Vienna and witness the successful development of canning plants, dehydrating and freezing operations which are preserving the farm products of those areas. In Monroe county, under the active leadership of Judge Ogden Persons, an active pro-
gram for the increase of its already large dairy production, and the establishment of suitable processing-
facilities, is actively under way. "In Augusta and soon at Perry, he
may see at first hand the dehydration
of sweet potatoes and at nearby Fort Valley, there is an excellent illustration of local handling and processing of our grain crops. In the small community of Rex, Georgia, with a population of 120 people, a successful wood-working plant has provided
steady employment for a number of years. And in several towns in Nona Georgia, such as Lawrenceville, Winder, Bremen, and Carrollton, there are garment manufacturing enter-
prises which have changed the economic outlook of these communities.
At several points in the state quick freeze locker plants with their attendant saving of farm products for home consumption throughout the
year give evidence that we can become self supporting in the matter
of food supplies to a very large degree. All of these enterprises bear
witness to the fact that 'it can be done.' Indeed, these or similar undertakings are possible in every community where an enlightened leadership is willing unselfishly to approach the problem of selecting, financing, and operating such plains."

The pine tree is the basis of much industrial and business activity in Georgia. These pictures suggest some of its major contrlbutions to the ccmuniiie welfare and progress of the state. Top row--Tapping the pine mid placing the Herty cup for resin; barrels of mini resin n trail inn shipment; and buttling turpentine. Middle row--Logs awaiting proeening for the making of paper pulp; wood chips Doing into cooher, preliminary to paper manufacture : and white inil/i being pressed and dried. Bottom row--Tree being
felled for lumber: logs at sawmill; and interior of a cabinet shop.

Economic--Industrial Research at Tech

The Research Department of the
Engineering Experiment Station at
the Georgia School of Technology plays an important role in the work of the Industry Panel. Since July 1. 1944, it has worked in cooperation with the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board in making economic and industrial area surveys and in promoting the establishment of industries within the state. H. E. Dennison is director of economic research at the Station and also direc-
tor of research for the board.
The Station's economic studies began in 19 43 when it did for the Macon Chamber of Commerce a survey of the 2G counties comprising the Macon trade area. In 1944, it completed a similar survey of 31 counties in the Augusta trade area. More recently it has entered into contracts with Waycross, Valdosta, Albany, and Rome. These surveys represent an attempt to inventory the resources of each area and to develop more efficient and profitable employment of

labor and natural resources. The general outline of these studies is as follows: HoI.usinPgo;puIVla.tiNona;turaIIl. ReLsaobuorcre's,FoAr.cFe:oresints., B. .Minerals, C. Water, I>. Weather; V. Agriculture, A. Livestock, B. Income. C. VVIe.geTtarbalenss,poDrt.atiFoinel,d AC. roKpsa.il,E.B.PrBobulse,mCs;. Highway, D. Air; VII. Existing Industries: VIII. New Industries; IX. Public Utilities and Community Services: X. Tourist PossAibdivliatnietsageXsI;. EXdIIu.caHtiiosnto, riCchuBrcahckesg.roCunudlt.ural
In addition to its larger economic studies, the Station also carries on more localized industrial surveys. For example, a city or community may desire to put up seme kind of small industry but is not decided on the type. In order to advise such a community properly, it is necessary to determine the type, nature, and quantity of its resources which may be processed. Included in such a canvass is a determination of possible
sites, of water supply and nature of water, of housing facilities, and potential labor supply. Other factors such as transportation, competition.

and presence of other types of busi-
ness are evaluated.
A third type of work performed by
the Experiment Station is to obtain technical data relating to a proposed industrial enterprise. This is prepared as a subject report or prospectus. For example, if a community wants to set up a factory to manufacture viscose rayon, it would be the function of the Station to determine what are the necessary raw materials, the extent to which they are found locally, and the amount which would be required to manufacture one unit of the manufactured product. At the present time, reports are being worked up on several types of business enterprises. These include grain elevators, feed mills, abattoirs, meat curing plants, freezer lockers, canning and preserving plants, furniture factories, and garment factories. These will be of great assistance to the Industry Panel in carrying or. its developmental work throughout the state.

Governor Names Leading Citizens to Advisory Board

To aid the Industry Panel in its work, Governor Ellis Arnall has appointed the following outstanding business and professional leaders of the state to the Advisory Council :
W. W. Abbott, president, First National Bank, Louisville; D. J. Arnold, vice-president, Commercial and Savings Bank, Griffin ; T. L. Asbury, Soil Conservation Service, Athens; J. K. Askew, tanner. Louisville.
Leo T. Barber, general contractor, Moulr trie: George M, Bazemore, vice-president, First National Bank, Way cross; -Miller R. Bell, executive vice-president, Milledgeville Banking Company; L. O. Benton, Jr., vicepresident. First National Bank, Monticello; G -ge niggers, vice-president and general manager. Atlanta Journal; B. M. Blackhurn. vice-president, K. H. Cole Manufacturing Company, Newnan ; Leon M. Blair, mayor, .Marietta; L. E. Bowen, president, Bank of Tifton.
S. Charles Candler, president, I'. W. Godfrey Company, Covington ; C. K. Carroll, Dublin Gin Company: (). R. Clieatham, president, Georgia Hardwood Company, Augusta : B. Kuflin Chesney. vice-president, Georgia Power Company, Macon ; Wallis G. CobB, executive vice-president. BullOCh County Bank, Statesboro ; Edmund F. Cook, president. Baston-Cook Company, West Point; W. L. Clifton. American Art .Metals Company, Atlanta; Erie Cocke, executive vice-president, Fulton National Bank, Atlanta ; Charles A. Collier, vice-president, Georgia Power Company, Atlanta.
J. F. Darby, Sr., president, J. F. Darby Bank, Vidalia; J. Ray Dellinger, secretarytreasurer, Riverside Ochre Company, Cartersville; Frank A. Dennis, Eatonton Oil and Auto Company ; C. L. Derrick, Derrick Brothers Ford Dealers, Clayton; Sherman Drawdy, vice-president, Georgia Railroad Bank and Trust Company, Augusta ; A. G, Dudley, president, Climax Hosiery Mills. Athens. ' J. B. Easterlin, farmer, Montezuma : J. M. Eaton, Jr., president. Fannin County Hank. Blue Ridge; Roy Emmet, president. Commercial Bank, Cedartown; Clement A. Evans, Clement A. Evans and Company, Atlanta: T. M. Forbes, executive secretary. Georgia Cotton Manufacturers Association, Atlanta; W. L. Goodloe, president, First National Bank, Valdosta ; Walter L. Graefe, president/Pomona Products Company, Grif-
.1. T. Haley, president, First National Bank, Albany ; Dow Hamrick, vice-president, cashier, Bank of Ellijay ; L. G. Hardman, president, Harmony Grove Mills, Commerce ; W. Clair Harris, president. Carwood Manufacturing Company, Winder; S. .1 Head, president, First National Bank, Dalton ; Rupert L. Hogan, president, Bank of Dudley ; (lark Howell. president, Atlanta Constitution; Richard L. Hull, president. Irvindale Daries, Atlanta.
William K. Jenkins, Lucas-Jenkins ihe-

Top row--Robert F. Strickland, Atlanta, chairman ; W. C, Cram Jr., director. Bottom row--Charles L. Bowden, Macon, and Wiley L. Moore, A tlanta, mem-
bers of the Industry Panel.
atres, Atlanta; John A. Jones, president. Jones Poster Service, Macon ; T. M. Johnson. Johnson-Lane-Space Company, Savannah : Cliff C. KimseVj vice-president, The Cornelia Bank ; L. iL King, cashier, Peoples Bank, Carrollton ; P. S. Knox. Jr., Kimx Brothers Lumber Company, Thomson ; Lewis S. Leach, cashier, State Bank Cochran; J. W. Lott, president. Chamber of Commerce, Amerieiis; W. Herschel Lovett, attorney, Dublin.
E. A. McCanless, retired. Canton : J. J. McDonough, vice-president. Georgia Power Company, Rome; T. H. McGibboney, merchant. Greensboro ; N. Baxter Maddox, vicepresident. First National Bank, Atlanta; Judsnn Milan, manager. Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, LaGrange: John A. Mills, Jr., president. Bank of Screveii County. Sylvania: Louie L. Morris, publisher, The Hartwell Sun; William S. Morris, publisher, The Augusta Chroni-

cle; Julian Morrison, president, Southern Brigbton Mills. Shannon.
J. Cheshire Nash, president, Columbia Naval Stores. Savannah: Frank H. Neely, vice-president, Rich's, Inc.. Atlanta: Floyd C. Newton, vice-president, Bank of Madison; J. W. Overstreet, Wadley; John T. Phillips, president, Lilliston Implement Company, Albany; Otis G. Price, cashier, Citizens Bank. Swainshoro ; H. W. Purvis, receiver and general manager, Georgia and Florida Railway Company. Augusta: < >s borne R. Quayle, head, Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta.
J. Leonard Reinsch. manager. Radio tSation WSB. Atlanta : W. A. Richards, president. Tom Houston Peanut Company, Columbus: Julian Roddenhery, president, Roddenbery Brothers, Cairo; Carl J. Romberg. City lie Company. Gainesville: Guy N. Rutland, Rutland Construction Company. Decatur.
Jack Salvador, manager, LeTourneau Company, Toccoa : Frank M. Scarlett, attorney, Brunswick W. Fred Scott, president. W. F. Scott Company, Thomasville ; D. Ramsey Simmons, secretary-treasurer, Blbprta Crate i 'ninpany l.ainbridge: >' i&y Smith, president, Manufacturers National Hank. Newnan : Ed Stevens, president, Dawson Cotton Oil Company.
Hen J. Tarbutton, president, Sandersville and Tennille Railway Company, Tennille : Frank Thomas, vice-president; Wash ington Loan and Savings Bank; Harry G. Thornton, president, Thornton Grocery Company, Elberton; Hugh Thurston, lumber dealer, Thomasville; F'rank C. Tigner Jr.. president. Chamber of Commerce. LaGrange; Fred J. Turner, assistant to president. Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company. Atlanta.
F. O. Washlstrom, president. Southern States Iron Roofing Company, Savannah; Henry Washington, president. Gainesville National Bank; G. L. Westcott, president, Cabin Crafts, Inc., Dalton; Robert H. White, president. Southern Wood Preserving Company, Atlanta; Marlon J. Wise, vicepresident. Central of Georgia Railway Company, Savannah : H. Carl Wolf, president, Atlanta Gas Light Company : H. Lane Young, president, Citizens and Southern National Bank, Atlanta.
For photographs used in tins issut of Georgia Progress, credit <m<l appreciation are due Geniyia Power Company; Foltz Studio, Savannah : Edgar Orr, Utanta; Metro Studio. Macon; Elliotts' studio. Atlanta; Southern Pulpwood Conservation Association; American Turpentine Farmers Association; Georgia Department of Forestry; U. S. Navy; Dublin Chamber of Commerce; Macon Chamber of Commerce; and Union Bag unit I'ninr Company, Savan-
nah.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OP GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS. GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

I6W.6

LOUISE FANT, SERIALS LIBRARIAN THE UNIVERSITY LIFRARIES ATHENS, GA.

LIBRARY

GEORGIA PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

JANUARY 15, 1945

Number 7

Georgia is famous for its peaches--the fruit, the ladies, and the street. The abort- picture suggests all three First, a peach

orchard near Street.

Waconj second, Atlanta, on the

the Pandora occasion of

beauty queens at the world premiere

the of

CUonnivee rswitiyth

of Georgia; the Wind"

and third, nationally by Margaret Mitchell

known Peachtree of Atlanta.

Trade, Commerce, and Business Panel Plans Extensive

Tourist Development Program

The first and a major activity of the Trade, Commerce, and Business Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board is a tourist development program.
As the plans of other panels of the board have been announced, the emphasis has been on their very practical nature.
The same is to be true of this tourist development program.
If tourists are to come to Georgia as they should, and if they are to carry away with them the proper impression of the state--its people, its institutions and businesses, its natural resources and beauty, its long and colorful history, and its bright and promising future--there are certain down-to-earth essentials which

should be borne in mind by all those who hope to have contacts with these visitors to the Empire State of the South.
For one thing, tourists are people, ordinary Americans, away from home, with the same natures, desires, and reactions as their neighbors. Since they come and go, unannounced, over whatever roads, and at whatever hours they will, there are no practical means of greeting them officially, or by selected personnel. The only way, then, to apply any sales effort to them, is to train all service operatives to be ready. This is a major essential of the tourist development program.
Most tourists are either rich or well-to-do, and are accustomed to

clean, comfortable beds and premises. Seeking these, they will drive far to avoid less desirable service. This is another essential.
Tourists have leisure, usually, and are quite ready to detour or make a side trip to see points of interest or to follow an interesting pastime. They must, of course, be informed, even sold on this diversion. And that is still another feature of the tourist development program.
These points of interest should be attractive, well-marked, and readily accessible, as a matter of good salesmanship and management. And thus is written another requirement.
When a traveler charts a trip, he usually does it in advance, there being few who tour without a schedule.

From Rabun Gan to Tybee Light, from the mountains to the seashore, Georgia offers a variety and an abundance of recreation, vacation, and natural beauty spots. The building in the center is historic Midway Church, on the Savannah-Brunswick highway.

5

ounsm Is Now Big Business

Top row. W. N. Banks, Grantville, chairman ; Lee 8. Trimble. Macon and Athens, director. Bottom row. Robert. W. Groves, Savannah; and William H. McNaughton, Cartersville, members of the Trade, Commerce and Business
Panel.
This necessitates publicity for distribution either beyond or at state borders in order to influence a decision to alter plans already made. This prescribes another activity in the program.
Each of these factors is separate, yet related. None can be carried out except through the organization of numerous agencies and personnel. All are to be undertaken as expeditiously and efficiently as possible with the resumption of travel in mind.
Directing this adventure in selling is a Panel of three members whose pictures appear above.
Panel Director Lee S. Trimble will be in active charge of this effort, giving full time to its details. Mr. Trimble is experienced in organiza-

tion, and has given much time and study to this activity for some years past.
A staff will be assembled as the program takes form, with headquarters at Meigs Hall, Athens, to which address all mail should be sent.
America on the Move
If the pioneers who settled this country could return to the land of the living, perhaps no change would astonish them more than developments in transportation. Americans have always been characterized by their readiness to pack up and go somewhere. The first settlers had the urge to seek fresh land and natural resources. Their descendants are still nomads, "seeking another place to live, and another time to die."
Whatever the underlying reason or stimulus, the people of this nation travel extensively, given the opportunity. Before travelling was curtailed by the war, fully 50% of the 2 7 millions of autos in this country went touring beyond home state borders.
With two persons per car average, this means that some 20 to 30 millions of people become "tourists" for a period of time. The sum total of their spending while travelling reached an enormous total.
Third Largest Business
According to sources considered reliable, the business of servicing the needs of tourists, or, tourism, be-
For photographs used in this issue o) Georgia Progress, credit and appreciation are due Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, Department of state Parks, Macon Chamber of Commerce, Heart/la Power Company, Atlanta Convention Bureau, Agricultural Extension Service, Georgia Hotel Association, and
University of Georgia Pandora.

came the third largest of all business groupings. Only agriculture and textiles were larger, while steel and iron came fourth.
If tourism called for the expenditure of over four billions of dollars before the war, it is easy to imagine a considerable increase in that sum, once new cars can be obtained and travel restrictions are removed. There are good reasons to expect that result. The volume of savings and war bonds being accumulated is tremendous. Whatever the post-war period may bring, it is certain that, as a people, we shall enter it in the best financial condition ever before attained. Another reason is that after an enforced staying at home for several years, the urge will be all the stronger to go places. Still another reason is the fact that when service men return to their homes, they will after a time wish to revisit the localities where they were trained.
So it is but common sense and good business judgment to give thought to the harvesting of this vast crop of tourist dollars soon to be turned loose.
Georgia Well Located
Georgia is strategically located for this purpose. A great many people go to Florida and most of them pass through Georgia twice en route. It takes no effort to attract that group. We need only to take good care of them as they pass. Many of them would undoubtedly stop over for a few days if an effort were made to acquaint them with Georgia attractions. Georgia has an excellent climate, beautiful scenery, and a variety of places of interest--historical, natural, and otherwise.

No less famous than Georgia's peaches are its handsome colonial architecture, its beautiful dogwood tree* and its comfortable end hospitable balds tier shown arc the Athens home of Henry W. Grady (former ttlanta Constitutfon editor'tor whom an Atlanta hospital and hold, a Georgia can,,,,,, man,, Georgia youths, and the University a, GeirgWs School of Journalism are
named), an Atlanta dogwood scene in spring, and a typical Georgia held.

aeoraia has maim state and national parks of historic and recreational interest. Top row. Vogel State^ Park, Alexander H. StZhSis* Memorial State Park, and Indian Springe State Park. Bottom row. Laura S. Walker State Park, Museum Building at
Oemulgee National Park, and Restored Earth Lodge at Ocmulgee National Park.

Georgia Prepares to Serve Growing Tourist Trade

Communities on Florida highways gia for a quarter of a century, regu- who go travelling are, almost invaria-

would do well to publicize what they larly and in numbers--yet in that bly, seeking change of scene, rest,

have to offer to these visitors who time, and with that experience, Geor- and recreation. They are usually

pass their way at least twice annual- gia people have not become sufficient- financially able to travel, and so have

ly. Georgia has a great many attrac-

ly tourist-minded to realize very much on that asset, or to halt many

money to spend. They are, for the most part, in good health; in good

tions which we have largely taken of these travelers. There are points humor; and seeking a good time.

for granted or neglected to develop. in the state, where the number of Thus, they are easier to please, grant-

Georgians frequent the beaches and tourists has materially declined dur- ed a little effort is put forth, than

mountain resorts of other states, ing the years prior to 19 40.

commercial travelers who are in a

overlooking those within state bord- The task is not easy, and there hurry and insist on value received

ers that are quite as good if perfected is much to be done before really sub- for their money.

for use.

stantial results may be expected. It

Imagine what California would do is as well to realize that, unless Geor-

Apply Golden Rule

with Stone Mountain as a great geo- gians become tourist-minded to the

The requirements for pleasing

logic phenomenon. Consider how extent that these visitors are sought tourists are not severe, nor are they

Florida would prize and emphasize and warmly welcomed, there can hard to learn. The Golden Rule is,

the mountain region of North Geor- never be real success. A state agency, after all, the best guide. If you go

gia. These are but two of a long list
of assets which would be Interesting and attractive if properly marked

plus a few chambers of commerce with other groups here and there, will never be able to accomplish the task.

traveling, as you do on occasion, how do you like to be treated? The answer is simple. You like to be greeted with smiling courtesy; you like

and made accessible. Those who consider this matter at
all immediately become enthusiastic over the possibilities for development and improvement of tourist attrac-

How Impressions Are Made
Visitors gain their impressions not from welcoming committees, not from archways and signboards carry-

prompt service; you want what you want when you want it, and, at reasonable prices. Overcharging an outof-state visitor spells suicide for all efforts to attract travelers, yet com-

tions in Georgia.

ing friendly greetings, but from the plaints of such are frequently heard. contacts made where services are Obviously, attracting tourists is a

Muvt I5e Tourist-Minded

purveyed. Often, a single unpleasant job to be undertaken by group ac-

It is easily possible, however, to experience may sour a visitor, ren- tion, but servicing their needs is an

become over-expectant of results, and dering him deaf and blind to all ef- individual matter.

to underestimate what is required to forts to please by others.

A program of action for the pur-

qualify in becoming a tourist or re-

This is no pessimistic viewpoint, pose of making Georgia attractive as

sort state. It must be remembered but is used merely to point out the a tourist state is in formation by the that tourists have been visiting Geor- scope of the undertaking. People Trade, Commerce, and Business Panel.

"tW-**

Gcort/ia h <ts iIs -sit a r

'il wonders, two of the most widely known of whirl/ arc Stone Mountain and the Okefenokee Swamp.

Many Angles to Tourist Possibilities for Georgia

In the tourist program, all Georgia will have a part. There is work to do for thousands of assistants. There is need for the cooperation of tens of thousands of patriots who are willing to lend a hand.
Support Power Plan
A first step, as fundamental as a foundation for a house, is the Better Towns Campaign now being conducted by the Georgia Power Company. Unless the steps that this program provides are taken, then all else that could be done will be only partially effective. A lot that must be done to clean up, paint up, and beautify the towns of Georgia is pure drudgery, but it is the same sort of work that is required to make a seed bed for planting, without which there can be no good crop to harvest.
Closely following that program is the need for better lodging and better food. "Southern cooking" is a term to conjure with, but, in Georgia, the traveler seldom gets to sample it. Yet he would appreciate it, and pay well for it.
Let us keep in mind the fact that tourists want to rest and relax. They are used to comforts where they live, and expect to find them where they go. If they do not find them, no repeat visit may be expected. It is

surprising how, by word of mouth, the virtues or vices of lodging places are passed along. A good eating place soon becomes known far beyond state borders, and Georgia needs and must have several hundred of them in order to make any progress with a tourist program.
Prepare for Visitors
Of places to go, and sights to see, Georgia has plenty, but not many are now ready to receive visitors. Getting them ready is a gigantic task for a few people, but a light one for all Georgia working in harmony.
Space does not permit a listing of them here, but work has begun on a systematic inventory covering the entire state. In this effort, every interested Georgian can help. Send to this Panel at Athens a written description of any point of interest you know about. A large spring; a beauty spot; an Indian mound or village site; a historic building; an old inn site; a story of important people or happenings--all these can be useful in the program.
In the near future groups resident near scenic, historic, and recreational points are to be asked to organize for more effective development and use of those facilities.
It is along such lines that we hope

and expect to find success in promoting Georgia as an attractive place for vacationists.
Two Types of Tourists
Vacationists are usually of two types: those seeking active recreation--fishing, hunting, golf, and other games; and those who are interested in passive relaxation and rest--those who want to enjoy the pleasures and comforts of good hotels, good food, and good entertainment. Both types should find what they are seeking in this state, and the various communities should keep both groups in mind as they cooperate in this state tourist development program.
Very shortly a program of work will be published, which will open the way for all interested Georgians to help. The rewards are certain if merited, but there is a lot to be done to get ready. When we are ready, a beginning will have been made, but the competition will increase as the value of the tourist crop is realized. The Far West is planning; Canada is offering new attractions; Mexico is calling. After a while, Europe will be bidding for attention.
Georgia can have her share, too, but only by deserving it.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OP GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

GEORGIA <$ PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume 1

FEBRUARY 1, 1945

Number 8

Constitutional Revision Is First in Program of Government Panel

The Story of Georgia's Many Constitutions --How Revision Is a Forerunner of Progress

CQUS /?/,.;;: -/.' the Widespread liui iest in constitutional revision in Georgia, the Government Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board felt that this issue of GEORGIA PROGRESS should be devoted to that subject. Georgia has had seven constitutions if the constitution of 1861 is counted. The first constitution was framed and put into effect in 1777. The second one came in 1789 and the third in 1798. In 1861 the constitution was changed to fit into the new situation in which the state found itself as the result of secession. Shortly after the War Between the States, another constitution was framed and adopted. This one lasted only three years or until the sixth was framed and put into effect in 1868. That constitution was largely the work of the carpethaggers and their Negro allies. The present constitution of Georgia was adopted in 1877 just one hundred years after the first one.
As Governor Arnall's Commission prepared u new constitution for Georgia, the University of Georgia acquired another constitution of great historic value--the original constitution of the Confederate States of America. In this picture Wayne 8. Yenaioine, director of University Libraries, and President Harmon W. Cahlieell are shown examining this priceless document. When the Ida Dunlap Little Memorial Library is constructed. the Confederate constitution will tic placed in a special dis-
pl'ig case in this building.

This was at the end of reconstruction. Due to the fact that the carpetbag legislatures had been reckless with the people's money, many re-
strictions were put into the constitution. There was widespread distrust of the legislature. The purposes for which taxes could be levied were considerably limited. The state could not contract any additional bonded indebtedness except by constitutional amendment. Cities and counties were forbidden to incur bonded indebtedness beyond seven per cent of their taxable valuations. So many safeguards were thown around state and local finances that General Robert Toombs was moved to say at the conclusion of the Convention's proceedings, "We have locked the door of the treasury and put the key into the pockets of the people."
Constitution Outmoded
The constitution of Georgia has
long since become outmoded. This constitution was made in a critical period and to fit a purely agrarian society. Today there are upwards of a million people living in the eight largest cities of the state. Industrial development has proceeded at a rapid pace since 1877. It was the farsighted Henry Grady who foresaw the industrial possibilities of the state and who did what he could to speed it on its way. As a result of urbanization and industrialization, many new and perplexing
problems of state and local government have arisen which could not be foreseen by the constitution makers of 1877. As the new Agricultural and Industrial Development Board tries to plan the economic development of the state in the postwar years, it is confronted with the difficulty of making progress with an archaic and muchly patched up constitution. There are problems of zoning, expansion of public works, improved health and hospital facilities, conservation of natural resources, development of our educational system, etc., that are hedged in by a fundamental law that was made for the horse and buggy days. Our state and local governments

>** 4k Mh dk, ~ gi
li II il If !.
"C** ;"
Adoption of a new state constitution with provisions for home rule, a merit system, a constitutional prison board, etc. is a n im port a n t pa rt of G o r cm o r
Hills A mall's legislative program. In the above pictures. Governor Arnall is shoivn receiving an ovation as he enters a joint session of the House and Senate, and addressing the Legislature. On the platform with Governor Arnall are Senate President Frank' Gross of Toccoa and House Speaker Roy Har-
ris of Augusta. Governor Arnall has pointed out that I he entire cost of the Constitutional Commission to the people of Georgia has been only approximately $11,000. "Mann states, by (-(tiling constitutional conventions, have incurred an expense of more than a million dollars and obtained results that were not as good as ours" the Governor pointed out. "I believe we have a new constitution that is workable and of which the peo-
ple will be proud,'' must be streamlined if we are to cope with these manifold problems and meet the needs of a new day.

Payment of taxes to support flood government is one of the privileges of a citizen in a democracy. Here a group of Georgia taxpayers are shown filing
their returns. As the depository of all official documents, the State Library is an important phase of government. This picture shows an interior view of the
State Library in the Capitol. Georgia has many beautiful and commodious state and federal government buildings. This one in Maeon is typical. In the foreground is a statue of
William II. Wadlcy. .Infinite courts are more concerned with redirection and salvaging of misguided youth than with punishment. A scene from the Juvenile Court of Huscogee County, with Judge Pauline
La-mar on the bench.

Amended 301 Times
Today Georgia has the most amended constitution of any state in the union. Our constitution has been amended 301 times. And nearly two-thirds or 185 of these amendments have been added in the past seven years. While the constitution provided that cities and counties could not bond themselves beyond seven per cent of their taxable valuations, both cities and counties learned that bonded indebtedness could be increased beyond the limit by constitutional amendment. The result was a veritable flood of amendments. All the people of Georgia are called upon to vote on the question of whether the little town of X shall be permitted to float bonds to the extent of $5,000 in order to expand its waterworks or whether the school district of Y shall be allowed to refund its bonds. In some instances, bond issues have been voted on an unwilling city or county, i. e., the enabling amendment was passed although the majority of the area affected voted against the proposal.
We are living in an era in which the functions of government are ever expanding. This comes about as the result of increasing congestion of population, particularly in urban areas. As acute problems arise, the people look to the government for solutions. With the onward march of civilization, government must keep
pace. The movement for constitutional
revision in Georgia began in the late 1920's. The late Sam Small of the Atlanta Constitution called attention to the urgent need for change. This is interesting to know in view of the fact that Dr. Small kept the minutes of the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of 1877. In his column in the Constitution, he likened the much-amended constitution to Grandpa's pants (it had so many
patches). About fifteen years ago, Represen-
tative Barrett of Stephens County attempted to get a resolution through the General Assembly calling for a constitutional convention. This attempt met with no success.
University's Committee
In 1930 Chancellor C. M. Snelling of the University of Georgia appointed a committee headed by the late Judge O. A. Park of Macon and composed of 24 additional outstanding Georgians to propose and draft a model constitution for the state. This committee met in conjunction with the Institute of Public Affairs of the University of Georgia and its proposed draft was published in 1931. Among other things, the constitution called for equal representation in the Legislature. Nothingcame of these proposals, for practically all of the rural legislators were bitterly opposed to them.
In 19 3 3 Judge Park introduced and successfully steered through the Legislature a resolution calling for a constitutional revision commission. The commission was to be composed of twenty members--five from the

House to be appointed by the Speaker, three from the Senate to be named by the President, one member from each of the high courts to be named by them, two judges of the
Superior Court to be selected by the Governor, the Attorney-General or one of his assistants, the State Auditor, and four practicing attorneys and two outstanding laymen to be appointed by the Governor. The legislators and members from the higher courts were duly named, but Governor Talmadge failed to support the proposal and that was the end
of it.
Revision a "Musi"
In spite of these failures, many Georgians kept up the fight for revision. The League of Women Voters was very active and finally the Atlant aJournal put constitutional revision on its must list. While Governor Ellis Arnall did not include this in his ten-point campaign program, he espoused the cause during the session of the General Assembly in 1943. The result was that a resolution providing for a constitutional revision commission was passed. Resolution Number 44 of the General Assembly of 19 43 reads in part as follows:
"... Be It Resolved by the Senate, the House of Representatives concurring:
"1. That a Commission be appointed to revise the constitution proposing such amendments, both of form and of substance, as in its judgment will remove inconsistencies, clear up ambiguities, render certain to various provisions of the constitution, strike out obsolete, temporary and local provisions, and better adapt the constitution, or in effect a new constitu-
tion, to the needs and conditions of the people of the State, and improve the organization and operation of
state government.
"2. That the Commission f>e composed of the Governor, the President
of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, five members of the House of Representatives to be appointed by the Speaker, three members of the Senate to be appointed by the President, a Justice of the Supreme Court to be designated by the Court, a Judge of the Court of Appeals to be designated by the Court, the Attorney-General, the
State Auditor, and two Judges of the Superior Court, three practicing Attorneys-at-law, and three laymen to be appointed by the Governor.
"3. That the Commission submit its report in the form of amendments to the several articles, sections and paragraphs of the constitution or in
the form of a proposed new constitution so that the same may be con-
sidered and acted upon by the General Assembly, and then submitted to the people for ratification or re-
jection by them separately as to each article, section and paragraph or as a whole.
"4. That the Commission perfect its own organization and sit at such
times and such places as it may determine after the adjournment of the General Assembly, and file its report with the Governor not less than

"As agriculture, trade eommerci and business, education, industry, public works, and health go forward, the work of the Government Panel will gain momentum" so reported the Government Panel to the Agricultural and Industrial Dcvelop-
ment Hoard recently.

sixty days before the time fixed for the convening of the next General Assembly, said report to set forth in such form as the Commission may determine the new provisions suggested by the Commission, with reasons for making the changes suggested, and such explanation and comment as the Commission may deem best for a clear understanding of its report and the provisions sug-
gested.
"5. The Governor is hereby requested to cause the report of the Commission to be printed under the supervision of the Commission, or a Committee thereof appointed for the purpose, and to be distributed to the members elected to the next General Assembly not less than thirty days before the convening thereof, and to make such report available to the press and the public generally.
"6. In the event the Governor should deem it necessary to call the present General Assembly into extraordinary session and the Commission is able to keep the work assigned to it prior to the convening of such extraordinary session, the Governor is hereby required to include in his call for the extraordinary session the consideration of the report of the Commission and action thereon so that the several amendments proposed in such forms as may be determined may be submitted to the people for their ratification or rejection to the General Election to be
held in 1944. "7. The budget authorities are
authorized to make available for the expenses of the Commission including the printing of reports, such funds as may be determined necessary for the work by the Budget Commission, and such funds shall be paid out of the regular appropriations made for the operation of the
General Assembly. "Approved March 17, 1943."

Speaker Pro-tem of House of Representatives, Pelham; Adie N. Durden, Floor Leader of House of Representatives, Albany; J. Wesley Culpepper, lawyer, Fayetteville; Chas. L. Gowen, lawyer, Brunswick; Roy McCracken, lawyer, Louisville; Thomas Candler, Judge of Superior Court, Blairsville; Will R. Smith, Judge of Superior Court, Nashville; Mrs. Leonard Haas, housewife, Atlanta; R. E. L. Majors, Editor, Claxton Enterprise and President, Georgia Press Association; Hamilton Holt, manufacturer, Macon; James V. Carmichael, manager of Bell Bomber Plant, Marietta; Frank D. Foley. lawyer, Columbus; Hatton Love joy, lawyer, LeGrange; Warren Grice, Associate Justice of Supreme Court, Atlanta;
For photographs used in this issue of GEOROIA PROGRESS, credit and appreciation are due Bessie Walker Callaway, Macon Chamber of Commerce, Moffctt Studios, Bill Mason, Georgia Power Company, Kenneth Kay, Alvin Wat-
son, and Tracy OXeal.

Commission Members

Shortly after the adjournment of the Legislature, Governor Arnall made the appointments that the resolution called for. Below is the list of the members making up the Com-
mission: Governor Ellis Arnall, chairman;
David S. Atkinson, lawyer, Savannah; David Arnold, lawyer, Griffin; Jeff Pope, lawyer, Cairo; Fred Hand,

Too rov : Ivan Alien, chairman, Atlanta; Dr. Cullen B. Gosnell, actint/ d.rector, Atlanta. Bottom row: Walter R. McDonald, Atlanta; and Charles B. Gramling, Atlanta, members of the
Government Panel.

Hugh Mclntyre, Associate Judge of Court of Appeals, Atlanta; T. Grady Head, Attorney-General, Atlanta; B. E. Thrasher, Jr., State Auditor, Atlanta; Roy V. Harris, Speaker of House of Representatives, Augusta; and Frank C. Gross, President of Senate, Toccoa.
The work of the Commission got under way soon afterward. The membership was divided into seven sub-committees which were called upon to study and make recommendations to the plenary Commission with regard to certain specified parts of the constitution.
Such highly controversial matters as unequal representation in the House of Representatives, county consolidation, the poll tax, and home rule were discussed both in the subcommittees and in the plenary session, but for the most part, suggested changes were rejected. Some of these issues were threshed out again and again.
December Session
What was supposed to be the final session of the Commission was held at the State Capitol in November, 1944. Since some of the principal measures sponsored by the Governor were either rejected outright or mutilated at this session, the Governor decided to call another session on December 8 and 9. The press, led by the Atlanta Journal and Atlanta Constitution, expressed keen disappointment at the failure of the Commission to act favorably on provisions such as home rule, a constitutional corrections board, and a constitutional merit board. Governor Arnall specified in his call that these matters be the objects of special attention at the reconvened session.
When home rule came up on the agenda on December 8, there was quite a long discussion, and many attempts to kill the Gross proposal (favored by the Governor) were made, but the Governor stuck to his guns. The result was that the Gross proposal as amended was finally adopted unani-
mously.
In substance, the home rule proposal as adopted provides that local legislation may be submitted to a referendum of the voters by the governing authority of a county or a city in a regular county or city election and if a majority of those voting in

mmMmtifi1

Governor Ellis Arnall made il possible for tS-year-olds to vote and thus stimulated interest in better government among many college students.

the election vote in favor of the measure it becomes law for the particular locality. It is also possible for the people to initiate local legislation by petition signed by at least 33% per cent of the registered voters of the city or county.
Home rule is applied to a particular county or city only when the ma jority decide to apply the provisions of the article in an election held for that purpose.
What Home Rule Means
Home rule means the right of the people locally to rule themselves. If the people of a city wish to change their charter they can do so under home rule, or if the people of a county wish to make a change in their form of government they can do so. Suppose the people of X county want a county manager form of govern-

ment, they would be free to secure it if they had home rule.
The reason why home rule has been pressed in Georgia is due to the fact that much of the time of the Legislature is taken up with purely local matters. Also, it is due to the
fact that local bills cannot be put through the Legislature unless all members of the House from the county as well as the senator from the district favor them. Even though the people strongly favor a local bill, it
may be blocked by one man in the Legislature. Then, too, certain abuses have grown up. Occasionally a spite bill is put through the Legislature whereby a county commissioner elect-
ed by the people is legislated out of office.
Home rule is desirable for Georgia. Our urban areas are grappling with complex problems and these
problems affect the people of these

areas only. Certainly a legislator coming from a small rural county knows little about urban problems. The people of an urban area should be given leeway to meet their peculiar problems. That is the democratic way. And the same is equally true of rural localities.
At its final session on December 9, the Commission also provided for a constitutional merit system. There is to be a personnel board composed of three members to be appointed by the Governor. The terms of the first members are to be staggered and afterwards the terms will be for seven years. The board is to select a director.
Constitutional boards were also provided for the administration of prisons and for veterans affairs. With this work completed, the Commission adjourned after leaving the drafting in the hands of a committee

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITT OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

$54
GEORGIA PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL

Volume I

MARCH 1, 1945

Forestry Survey of Georgia Is Made.1 by Board, Aided by Various Agencies

?? 1045 OF ^0^

:NT BOARD
Number 9

Field Work in Study of Rich Natural Resource Already Under Way in Many Counties

To provide a sound scientific and economic basis for wise administration and development of the forest resources of Georgia, a statewide study has been launched by the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia. This appraisal is already well under way.
Cooperating with the staff of the Board assigned to this project are the State Department of Forestry, the American Forestry Association, the Georgia Forestry Association, the School of Forestry of the University of Georgia, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and the Georgia Agricultural Extension Service.
Personnel of the State Department of Forestry is doing a considerable portion of the field work, the American Forestry Association is giving valuable technical assistance, and the University through the School of Forestry is providing office space for the staff. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration is furnishing aerial photographs, as well as office space for the map interpreter; the Georgia Agricultural Extension Ser-

vice has given valuable suggestions
and criticism; while the Georgia For-
estry Association is raising funds to
help finance the project.
Some Field Work Done
Field work has been completed in
20 counties and partially completed
in 10 others. The field data is be-
ing assembled as rapidly as possible
and results for a group of counties
will be released at an early date.
Of primary interest to the wood-
using industry within Georgia, and
to those contemplating the establishment of new wood-burning industries within the state, are the facts covering forest area and the volume of timber available in the form of sawtimber, cordwood, and poles. Equally as necessary to the proper handling of our forest resources is a knowledge of the facts affecting volume. Such items as number of acres burned over within a specified period of time; the density of the timber stands; the acreage cut-over; and the severity of the disease problem are all of importance in anticipating future problems, as well as solving those of the present. Data concerning each of these items are being obtained by the appraisal and are being segregated by counties.

.4. study in contrasts. The top picture shows timber cut far too heavily for pulpwood in central Georgia. The bottom picture reveals an excellent thinning job for pulpwood in south Georgia.
In addition to the collection of inventory facts, the appraisal is compiling other data relating to forests which will enhance their development. These data, when assembled, will give the forest area of each county, the land area of public ownership, institutional ownership and private ownership wilh a further breakdown as to managed and un-

Lrft--Meal time at pulpwood cutting demonstration. Prior to transportation difficulties, such gatherings, at which there were demonstrations of proper and improper methods of cutting, were, an important activity of the Southern Pulpwood Conservation Association. Presumably they will be resumed after the war. Center--"Only God (Jan Make a Tree." Trees in Georgia are more than a valuable natural resource. Many have beauty, and some, such as this one, have a history and personality of their own. This is "The Big Oak", Thomasville--spread, 142 feet; height, 47 feet: circumference, 20^ feet; age, 200 years. Right--Pulpwood stumps are generally low, providing good utilization. The forester in this photograph is pointing to a pulpwool stump. Note
sawlog stumps at right and left of forester.

Reforestation is fundamental t" forestry development in Georgia. These pictures show young trees of various u<ic*.

managed land, and dependable markets for the forest products.
Data for Every County
When the appraisal is completed, every county in Georgia will have available for the first time in concise form and under one cover all the pertinent facts relating to their forest resources. The uses to which these facts will be put are manifold. Wood has a universal use in agriculture and industry, and its diversity has only been sampled. New uses are being discovered each day, the most striking in recent years being its entry into the plastic field. Time and again during the present war, wood has been listed as the most critical war material, and undoubtedly its place in the post-war world will be as important or more important than its position today. The proper handling of the forest resources of Georgia will require an abundance of factual information, not now available, to provide a basis for solving one of the big problems in the transition from war to peace.
Georgia now stands at the highest peak of production in her history. How to maintain this level of production with its resultant employment for returning servicemen and women, is the question foremost in the mind of every thoughtful Georgian. Basically, the solution lies in the wiser use of our resources. The Georgia Forest Resources Appraisal will give the facts concerning one of Georgia's most important natural resources, the forest.
The forests of Georgia cover from 55 to 60 percent of the total land area of the state and produce an income of nearly two hundred million

dollars a year. A complete picture of this vast storehouse of wealth has not hitherto been available. Estimates have been made from time to time, the most accurate of which is the survey made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through the Southern Forest Experiment Station, in 1933-36.
Changes Since Last Study
The forests of Georgia have changed a great deal since the survey of ten years ago. We have made real progress in forest Are control during this period. Improvements in cutting practices, especially on the larger holdings, are particularly noteworthy.
A decade ago few tracts of privately owned timber in the state were under any semblance of management. Today, notably in the southern part of the state, large areas are under the supervision of foresters and are being scientifically managed. Turpentine practices have been advanced tremendously during this period. Farm forestry, i. e., forestry for the small land owners who own about 5 0 percent of the forest land in the state, has made considerable progress since 1934.
These factors have very likely increased the rate at which our timber is growing. The war, too, may have been a factor in increasing the growth rate of timber stands, for since Pearl Harbor the growers have had a market for stagnant trees that were actually losing volume each year.
Two Sides to Picture
The composition of timber stands may have improved during the war since species of inferior quality have

been in demand. Where the owners
have attempted improvement, the
species remaining will produce high
quality products in the future.
The other side of the picture is
not so bright. The forests of Geor-
gia, as in every other state, have been
cut heavily during the war emergen-
cy. Certainly more pulpwood and
probably more lumber, poles, cross-
ties, fuel wood, and other products
have been removed than in any other comparable length of time. In spite of our advancement in fire control, almost two-thirds of the state's timber land still is without any form of organized fire protection. Too many land owners are allowing their timber to be clear cut, thus depriving themselves, and future owners of the land, from any further income unless the land is planted. Has this tremendous drain decreased the growing stock or has the increased growth, due to fire protection and better management practices, raised our total present and future supply of timber?
Before the problems relating to administration and development of any resource can be intelligently attacked, it is necessary to know the extent and quality of the resource. With forest resources, this is of even greater importance than with others, since forest resources are not static, or, as in the case of mineral resources, being continuously depleted. Forests grow, and depending upon the severity of their removal, may at a particular instant be of greater or less magnitude than at any pre-
vious time. Wise administration of such a resource dictates, therefore, that periodic inventories be taken in order to formulate wise policies.

'(/ turpentine have an Important place in the story of forestry in Georgia.

Two New Forestry Services Set Up

State Department Aids in Marketing

of Products and Control of Forest Fires

The Georgia State Department of Forestry, of which J. M. Tinker is the director, reports progress with two new services:
(1) The Forest Products Marketing Service; and
(2) The State Forest Fire Patrol. The first is headed hy R. Bruce MacGregor, state marketing aide, and a member of the director's staff in the State Department of Forestry. This service has as its aim the development of new markets for the forests of Georgia and the rendering of assistance to farmers and other timber land owners in the proper harvesting and marketing of their timber. The present organization within the Department of Forestry consists of a state marketing aide located in the Atlanta office of the Department, and nine marketing aides under the supervision of the nine district foresters. Each district forester has on his staff one farm marketing aide. This service, begun on July 1, 1943, has steadily increased its usefulness to the forest products industries and timberland owners of Georgia.
Objectives of Plan The objectives are to make information available to manufacturers of forest products regarding location of raw material supplies needed in their operations, to give aid to timber growers in finding ready markets for their timber, and to assist them in developing proper cutting practices on their timberlands. This service is intended to fill a need which is not at the present time
With fire-fighting equipment such as this, the State Department of Forestry hopes to curb a dangerous menace to
the forest interests of Georgia.

taken care of by qualified commercial interests. It is hoped that it will stimulate and develop in Georgia reliable commercial service in growing and marketing forest products and will also furnish an incentive to manufacturing interests to harvest forest products in Georgia in such a manner as to insure the perpetuation of our great natural resource, timber.
The Forest Products Marketing Service is lending considerable aid at the present time to prospective industries which are investigating the possibility of locating in Georgia, and in cooperation with the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board, is undertaking the statewide forest resource appraisal descibed elsewhere in this issue.
Forest Fire Patrol
The State Forest Fire Patrol is headed by Paul W. Groom, state forest fire warden, who is a member of the director's staff. Mr. Groom's appointment to this position became effective April 1, 1944, and his duties are to develop a statewide Forest Fire Patrol which will work in close coordination with the work of the nine district foresters. The initial personnel of this service consists of the state forest fire warden, located in Atlanta, and nine district forest fire wardens working under the direct supervision of the nine district foresters.
Each district forest Are warden is equipped with a patrol unit consisting of a fire truck with all necessary equipment for extinguishing forest fires. He is also the law enforcement officer and is authorized to investigate fires occurring in his district to determine whether or not they have been set in violation to the state forest fire laws, and to handle prosecutions under these laws.
To Protect Timberlands
It is the duty of the state forest fire warden to develop and enforce adequate forest fire laws for the protection of the timberlands of Georgia. It is planned to develop and expand the forest fire patrol system still further as a means of reducing the number of fires starting in the state.
It is hoped that in the near future, through an adequate system of forest fire patrol, consisting of law enforcement and education by direct personal contact with the timber growers, to reduce the number of forest fires to at leasst 75 percent of their present number. This will make it feasible, from the standpoint of cost, to inaugurate a statewide forest fire suppression system to exclude all uncontrolled fires from the forests of Georgia.

Various phases of paper making at the Brunswick Pulp and Paper Company. These are official U. <S'. Navy photo-
graphs.

.

How State Forestry School Serves

1 'w

... , 'S|

The George Foster Peabody School of Forestry, of the University of Georgia, of which D. J. Weddell is dean, is the oldest forestry school in the South, having been established in 1906.
Through the generosity of George Foster Peabody, one of the nation's most public spirited men, funds were given to the University to open a school where the fundamentals of forestry would be taught.
Two years after the school opened, it became a division of the College of Agriculture and remained a part of the College until 1935 when, by action of the Board of Regents, it again became a separate school, operating as a distinct unit of the University.
A New Building The School is housed in a new, modern building, which was completed in 1938. The three-storied building contains the necessary classrooms, laboratories, and offices to carry on the work of the School. It also contains a large auditorium, a well supplied library and reading room, and a photographic darkroom. Two large wings attached to the building contain a pilot turpentine still and gum cleaning plant, equipment storage space, laboratories, and, under normal conditions, a saw mill. (Due to the pressing need for lumber in the war effort, this mill and other equipment has been loaned to the State Department of Forestry,
A group of University of Georgia forestry students on a field trip.

and the wing in which it was housed is leased to the U. S. Navy for use in the Pre-Flight Program).
The principal purpose of the University and its several divisions is the teaching of students. This becomes, then, the principal work of the School of Forestry: to teach forestry to those interested in forestry as a profession. It also teaches agricultural students and others expecting to teach vocational agriculture.
Under normal conditions the School is staffed with six well-trained instructors, each man with experience in a definite field of forestry and each able successfully to teach his particular field. In addition to the staff of the School of Forestry, various teachers in other schools or colleges are called on to teach certain subjects. The staff of the College of Agriculture is very heavily drawn on to handle work allied to the forestry program.
Graduates Do Well
The effectiveness of the work done is to be found in the record of the School's graduates. Practically the entire staff of the Georgia State Department of Forestry, at least one assistant state forester in three adjoining states, and numbers of men in private forestry employment in the South are alumni.
Ather phases of work that benefit the state as a whole are carried on by staff members, such as help in dealing with abnormal forestry problems, advising landowners when and how to reforest their idle lands, and suggesting where a market may be found for certain forest products. As time from teaching work permits, the staff members conduct research in forestry problems. Problems in planting methods, in the use of proper harvest cutting methods, in nursery management, in the economics of forestry, and other topics have been studied from time to time.
The School closely cooperates with various state and federal agencies in providing a broader program of forestry for the state and the South. Members of the staff assist in working out new programs of work, in planning new approaches to old

^B*%
8] ,,,, 'Jaj -

f** 1

Home of the George Foster Peabody School of Forestry at the University
of Georgia.
problems, and in helping develop a better understanding of the whole forestry program.
Tree Diseases Studied
A field station of the Division of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture is maintained at the School. The staff members of this station are working on the causes, prevention, and possible cures of various tree diseases, especially those affecting the forests of this section of the country. At the present time special emphasis is being placed on the study of a particularly destructive disease of the pines, known as little leaf condition.
The Regional Consultant of the American Forestry Association also maintains his office at the School of Forestry. The territory served by this office covers four of the southeastern states.
Offices of the Georgia Forest Resource Appraisal, the appraisal of Georgia's forest resources being conducted by the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board with the cooperation of other agencies, is also maintained in the School.
The aim of the staff members of the School of Forestry is to maintain the best school of forestry in the South and to graduate men that will be leaders in the various fields of forestry, not only in Georgia, but also in the surrounding states. This pro= gram includes resident teaching, research in various phases of forestry, and service to every person in the state desiring assistance in solving his forestry problems.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

S9280

LOUISE FANT, SERIALS LIBRARIAN THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES ATHENS, GA.

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

M. LIBRARY
GEORGIA PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

APRIL 1, 1945

Number 10

Development of Rich Mineral Resources

Promises New Wealth for Georgians

Dozens of Rocks, Minerals, and Metals Offer Many Commercial Possibilities

The development of mineral resources is the basis of civilized progress. That state, section or county has the highest degree of prosperity which has reached the highest degree of development in this respect. Georgia has rich mineral resources which are being developed in increasingly large degree.
Geologic Divisions The accompanying outline map illustrates the important geologic divisions of the state. It shows the great central belt of crystalline rocks, the Coastal Plain area south of the Pall Line, the Valley and Ridge Province, and the Cumberland Plateau Province in northwest Georgia. Crystalline rocks are the oldest rocks in the state. Many go back to the beginning of geological history. These rocks are predominantly granites, gneisses, schists, and slates. The granites were once molten lava. In the Crystalline Belt there is an astounding variety of valuable minerals, such as asbestos, chlorite, chromite, copper, corundum, feldspar, gold, granite, graphite, kyanite, marble, mica, precious stones, pyrite,
Georf/ia mines and ships more than SO per cent of the white clan consumed in this country. This picture shows Kaolin shovel mining and loading near
Gordon, Georgia.

sericite, serpentine, sillimanite, talc, and zinc.
In earliest Paleozoic times rivers flowed westward out of high mountains in the Crystalline Belt and emptied into the ocean which, at that time, covered a great area west of middle Georgia. It was then that
The geologic divisions of Georgia.
vast thicknesses of sandstones, shales, and limestones were deposited. These are the rocks we And today in northwest Georgia. These formations contain valuable deposits of coal, cement materials, barite, bauxite, clays, fluorspar, iron ores, limestones, manganese, ocher, road materials, sand and gravel, slate, tripoli, and others.
At the end of Carboniferous times, about 220 million years ago, the crust of the earth was mashed by great forces coming from the east. Streams now flowed southeast, carrying vast quantities of sand and silt and depositing them in the Atlantic Ocean, near what we now call the Pall Line, a line running from Augusta westward through Milledgeville, Macon and Columbus. This marked the beginning of the formation of the present Coastal Plain of Georgia. Throughout the millions of years since the end of Carboni-

Existence of petroleum deposits in Georgia has long been recognized, but less than a dozen loells have been drilled to a proper depth to date. This picture shows a steel derrick used in
oil test near Broadhurst, Georgia.
ferous times, this process of deposition has raised the Coastal Plain above water level and has gradually forced the ocean back to the present coast line.
It is in the sedimentary rocks of the Coastal Plain that we find valuable deposits of sands, marls, limestones, clays, fullers earth, and the possible existence of petroleum and natural gas.
Importance of Georgia's Mineral Resources
Georgia, the largest state east of the Mississippi River, with rocks ranging in age from the most ancient to the youngest, and extending from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, is endowed with mineral resources .in unusual variety and in almost unlimited quantity. Some idea of the present importance and future possibilities of this branch of Georgia's natural resources may be gained from the fact that more than 35 different rocks, minerals, and metals either are being mined or offer commercial possibilities in the near future. An examination of this list of materials shows that it includes practically all of the more common economically-important ores, beginning with asbestos and extending through zinc. Among the minerals produced commercially in peace-time are the following: asbestos, bauxite, bauxitic clays, barite, brick clays, coal, cement, crushed stone, china clays, chlorite, gold, granite, hematite, gravel, gem stones,

Bulletins Describe Mineral Resources

Much additional information about the mineral resources of Georgia

is to be found in the following publications of the Department of

Mines, Mining, and Geology. Some of these, especially the earlier

ones, are out of print, but copies may be found in most of the standard

libraries of the state and nation. They should be requested by number.

1. Marbles of Georgia. S. W. McCallle. 1894. Revised, 19i>7.

2. Corundum Deposits of Georgia. Francis P. King, 1894. 3. The Water Powers of Georgia. ('. ('. C. Anderson and B. M. Hall. 1800

4. The Gold Deposits of Georgia. W. S. Yeates, S. W. McCallie, and Francis P. Kiiif.'. 1896.

5. The Phosphates ami Marls of Georgia, s. W. MCCALLIE. 1896. o. The Clays of Georgia. George I,add. 1898.

Artesian-Well System of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. 1898.

8. Roads and Road Building Materials of Georgia. S. \V. McCallie. 1901.

9. The Granite ami Gneisses of Georgia. Thomas L. Watson. 1902.

10. Iron Ores of roll;. Hartoiv. ami Floyd Counties, Georgia. S. \V. McCallie 1900

11. Bauxite Deposits of Georgia. Thomas L. Watson. 1904

12. Coal Deposits of Georgia. S. \V. McCallie. 1904.

13. Ocher Deposits of Georgia. Thomas L. Watson. 1900.

14. Manganese Deposits of Georgia. Thomas L. Watson. 1908.

15. Underground Waters of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. 1908.

16. 17.

Water-Powers of Georgia (2nd report). B. M. and M. R. Hall. Fossil Iron Ore Deposits of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. 1908.

1908.

18. Clay Deposits of Georgia, olio Veatch, 1909.

19. Gold Deposits of GTe'orgia. S. 1'. Jones. 1909.

20. Mineral Springs of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. 1913.

21. 22.

Limestones ami Marls of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. 3. V. Bramil 1917. Brown Iron Ores of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. (Bulletin never sued, ma-

terial included in No. 41.)

23. Mineral Resources of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. 1910. Revised. 1926

24. I'lllilie Roads of Georgia (Second Report). K. \V. McCallie. 1910

25. Drainage Investigation in Georgia. S. W. McCallie and U. S. Department of

Agriculture. 1911.

20. Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Otto Veatch and 1.. W. Stephenson.

27. Limestones and Cement Materials of North Georgia. T. 1 Ie Maynard 1912

28. Public Roads of Georgia. S. W. McCallie. 1912.

29. Isbestos, Tale and Soapstone Deposits of Georgia. Oliver 1'. Hopkins 1914

30. Feldspar and Mica Deposits of Georgia. S. 1,. Galpin. 1915

31. Bauxite and Fullers Earth of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. H. K. Shearer 1917

32. Agricultural Drainage in Georgia. J. F. Brantly and U. S. Department of

Agriculture. 1917.

33. I Preliminary Report on a Part of the Pyrites Deposits of Georgia .T I' I)

Hull and H. K. Shearer. 1918.

34. Slate Deposits of Georgia. H. K. Shearer. 191s.

35. Manganese Deposits of Georgia. J. P. D. Hull. Laurence LaForge and W R

Crane. 1919.

36. Barytes Deposits of Georgia. J. P. D. Hull. 1920.

37. Sand and Gravel Deposits of Georgia. L. P Teas 1921

38. 39.

Water-Powers of Georgia (3rd report). B. M. and M. R Hall 1921 Historical Sketch of the Geological Survey of Georgia H S Cave 1922

40. Petroleum and Natural Gas Possibilities in Georgia H. S. Cave. 1923.

T M. Prettyman

ml

41. Iron Ore Deposits of Georgia. R. H. Haseltine 19"4

42.

Physical Geography of Georgia. 1925.

].. A. LaForge, C. Wvtiie Cooke, and othe

43. Geology of 44A. Supplement

the Tote Quadrangle. Georoia. to Sedimentary Kaolins of the

W. S. Bayley coastal Plain

1928. of Georgia.

Mun.van. 1937.

C

45. Shales and Uriel; clays of Georgia. R. W. Smith. 1931

40. 47. 48.

Kyanilc and \ erinieiilile Deposits of Georgia. I.. M. Prindle and others . 1935.

Fostertte-OUvine Deposits Miea-liearing Pegmatites

of of

North Carolina Georgia. A. S.

and Georgia Furcron and

c E Hunter Kefron It.

. 194.1. league.

49. Artesian Water in Southeastern Georgia. M. A. Warren 1944

50. Mineral Resources of Georgia (in preparation).

51.

Sillimanite anil Massive 'Kyanilc in Georoia. Teagne (in press).

A. S. Furcron and K i-t'iii

Brown iron ore mine, in Barton- County, with steam shovel digging ore from the earth.

kyanite, lime, limestone, limonite, marble, magnesium, sulphate, manganese ore, manganiferous iron ore, mica, ocher, pyritic ores, sand serpentine, silver, slate, talc, and whiting.
The total value of mineral output for Georgia for the year 19 43, the last year for which official statistics are available, was $20,997,000, the highest ever recorded up to that time. This shows an increase of $6.680,000 over the year 1940, and is $14,234,000 over the low depression year of 1932. It is expected that figures for 1944 will show still further progress and increase.
Georgia Rich in Kaolin
For many years Georgia's extensive deposits of pure white clay (kaolin) have been her most valuable mineral resource. Prom these deposits Georgia is mining and shipping upwards of 80 per cent of the white clay mined and consumed in the United States. Although Georgia kaolin has long been used in the manufacture of china and white ware, it was not until last year that manufacturing began in Georgia. This previous failure to manufacture here in Georgia white ware and other salable items from our clays and other raw materials has meant that for each dollar's worth of china ware made from Georgia clays, the State received only ten cents, whereas if we had manufactured these items in the State, Georgia would have received seventy-five cents. Further, it is estimated that there is in Georgia and the surrounding southern states not less than a 14million-dollar annual market for manufactured items of this type.
At present paper pulp is being manufactured in Georgia and shipped to the Eastern Seaboard for fabrication into paper. At the same time Georgia kaolin is shipped out of Georgia to be used as a filler and surfacing agent for paper. It would not only be feasible but would result in a greater net revenue to the state of Georgia if this pulp were manufactured into paper within the limits of the state, and at the same time using Georgia kaolin as a filler and surfacing agent, and thus reap the benefit resulting from the added value given the product by manufacturing into finished items.
Rock Wool, Glass, Oil, Gold
Investigations by the technical staff of the Department of Mines, Mining, and Geology have revealed the existence in Georgia of practically unlimited deposits of mineral raw materials suitable for the manufacture of rock wool and glass.
The possible existence of petroleum deposits in Georgia has long been recognized. Further, it is known that there are formations in our Coastal Plain which are quite similar to the formations in the oil and gas producing areas of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Although spasmodic unofficial efforts had been made to prospect for petroleum, it was not until shortly before the war

that the first real deep test wells were drilled in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. At this writing, between eight and nine million acres of land have been leased with the intention of exploring for oil and gas in the Coastal Plain, and it may be only a matter of time before commercial petroleum and gas are discovered.
Gold has been mined in Georgia for over 100 years, with an estimated total production of more than $2 0,000,000. Almost all the gold produced to date has been taken from the stream gravels and the oxidized ores near the surface where it was easy to mine. This early mining reached such proportions that it justified the establishment of a local branch of the ,U. S. Government Mint in Dahlonega in 1838. In only two or three places, however, have we explored our gold veins to a depth of 400 feet beneath the surface, whereas in California, Canada and other gold-producing areas gold ore is mined consistently at depths in excess of 4,000 feet.
Recent Industrial Development
New mineral industrial development in Georgia during the past few years has been limited largely to the demand for minerals in connection with the war effort. The result has been to stimulate the search for, and the development and production of, certain strategic, critical and essential minerals, on the one hand, and to discourage the mining and processing of ores and minerals not considered necessary to the war effort, on the other. Several hundred mines, prospects and mineral properties have been examined by the staff of the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology during the past two years.
Valuable new minerals are discovered each year. This is done by contacting farmers, through examination and identification of minerals brought in by land-owners from all parts of the State, and through investigations on unexplored territory. For example, a strange mineral was brought in to the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology. This mineral was identified as a variety of kyanite known only from India. Investigation showed that this mineral is imported from India to this country, where it is used in the manufacture of high temperature refractories. Since that time an extensive deposit of sillimanite in the eastern part of the State has been discovered and mapped, the first deposit of its kind to be found in the world. Both these minerals are essential in war and valuable in peace time.
One outstanding contribution to the war effort has been Georgia's production of strategic sheet mica, the Number One critical mineral required in the war effort. Within one year after Pearl Harbor, production increased from a few hundred dollars per year to approximately a quarter of a million dollars per year. Georgia has a very worth while source of strategic mica, equal in

*<% v*r<

Top: Bauxite mine in Bartow County. Bottom: Sheets of aluminum manufactured from Georgia bauxite.

quality to the best mica from India or anywhere else in the world. Undoubtedly Georgia's annual production of mica could reach the half million dollar mark.
The production of bauxite, the principal ore of the metal aluminum, another strategic mineral, jumped from approximately five thousand dollars in 1940 to nearly half a million dollars in 1943.
Essential to the manufacture of steel are the limonitic brown iron ores of northwest Georgia. Production statistics recently issued by the Federal Bureau of Mines show that more than 1,900,000 tons of crude Georgia iron ore were mined, washed and concentrate shipped to Alabama smelters in 1943.
The production of quite a number of Georgia's other minerals has shown an increase during the past two years. Part of this increase has been due to the greater demand for

certain minerals of use in the war effort, while in other instances expanded production resulted from normal, healthy growth, including the discovery of new uses for such minerals. Included in the list of minerals which have enjoyed in creased production are barite and barium compounds, bauxite, cement, chloriate, kaolin, fullers earth, coal, granite, iron ores, limestone, mica, and ocher.
Post-War Mineral Industries
During the present war a pottery plant in Atlanta which formerly manufactured art pottery and dinner ware converted its production facilities to the manufacture of hotel-type dinner ware for the U. S. Navy. It is understood that the company in question plans to continue the manufacture of both hotel dinner ware and sanitary ware after the war.
Two nationally-known glass com-

"Thars gold in them Ihnr hills"--Gold has been mined in this state for more than a hundred years with an estimated total production of $20,000,000. Top : Mill and chlormation plant in Lumpkin County. Bottom : Flume carrying water or ore to a treatment plant. Inset: An old miner panning gold along a mountain stream in
Georgia.

panies have plans for erecting manufacturing plants in Georgia as soon as the war has ended and materials for this purpose are available. Also at least one rock wool plant is awaiting the end of the war to begin con-

struction and operation. One new
feldspar grinding plant is being planned for erection and operation as soon as conditions will permit. Also a plant is now in the planning stages which is designed to calcine

fullers earth for use as a floor sweeping material to absorb oils and for other similar uses. At least one rather large new plant designed to manufacture sand, cement, and hollow building tile will be built after the war. Quite a number of new mining and processing plants are planned in the near future for producing agricultural lime for farm use.
With proper planning and development, we are confident that Georgia's veritable Treasure Chest of valuable and useful minerals can be opened up and utilized to create much new taxable wealth, and at the same time provide employment and worthwhile income to thousands of the State's ciitzens.
State Geological Survey
The Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, the name under which the State Geological Survey is now known, is in its 5 6th year of continuous service. During these years approximately 5 0 excellent bulletins have been published on practically all phases of Georgia's geology and mineral deposits. These bulletins are examples of thorough, painstaking, scientific effort, and from the standpoint of scope and coverage, compare favorably with bulletins of any other State Geological Survey. In fact, it is a matter of knowledge that few State Geological Surveys have published bulletins in number and variety equal to ours. Some of the geological resources in the State which are most useful to industry and in meeting the needs of the armed forces during periods of national emergency can be evaluated neither in quality nor in quantity without specialized detailed field study and investigation on particular problems as they arise. The information contained in these bulletins constitutes a competent basis and guide for further development and exploitation of our mineral resources.
A list of these bulletins appears on page 2 of this GEORGIA PROGRESS.
For text and pectures used in this issues ("' GEORGIA PROGRESS, credit goes In the Department nf Mines, Minimi, ami Geology, the State Division of Conservation, ami captain Garland Pen-
Inn. Director.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Gn. Permit No. 120

'0 7- GENERAL LIBRARY

DEC 18
G pfivtofil

PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

MAY 1, 1945

Number 11

73 Profit-Seeking, War-Aiding Projects Are Under Way at Georgia Experiment Station

University System Unit, Now in 57th Year Helps Farmers to'Make a Better Living

Truhart Perfection Pimlento Peppers, as grown at the Georgia Experiment Station. The fountain pen is 4% inches long, which gives an idea as to how
large these peppers are.
FOR fifty-seven years the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station has been endeavoring to determ-
ine the basic facts underlying the production, improvement, marketing, and utilization of farm products; thus enabling our farmers to make a better living, according to Director H. P. Stuckey, who has served the institution for thirty-six years.
"Since the outbreak of the second world war," states Dr. Stuckey, "the work of the Georgia Experiment Station has been further streamlined to meet the war needs of the country. The 73 practical agricultural problems under investigation have been revised to give greater assistance to all citizens of the state in their efforts to produce more as an aid to winning the war."
Growth of Station
During this long term of service to southern agriculture, the Experiment Station has grown from an institution with four staff members and 130 acres of land located at Experiment, Georgia, to its present staff of more than 50 well-trained members, 12 of whom hold doctor's degrees, and an experimental area of more than a thousand acres. In addition to the local acreage, the Station operates 15,000 acres of federal-owned land in Putnam County and approximately 500 acres at the Georgia Mountain Experiment Station in Union County.
Perhaps the greatest expansion made by the Station came in 1932 when the institution became a part of the University System of Georgia under the control and guidance of the Chancellor and the Board of Regents. Research

is carried on at the Station by 10 departments wiiuse duties are as follows:
Departmental Duties Administration, to direct the research activities and fiscal affairs of the institution. Agricultural Economics, to make studies in marketing, farm management, farm tenure, and other economic problems of the farm. Agronomy, to deal with field crops and soil fertility problems. Animal Industry, to carry on livestock experiments. Botany, to study plant diseases and plant breeding. Chemistry, to study plant composition and plant and animal nutrition. Entomology, to determine methods for the control of insects. Food Processing, to devise new methods of processing foods. Horticulture, to carry on research with fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Home Economics, to specialize in problems of nutrition and food utilization. The Station has had only six directors. Dr. Stuckey, the last of these, came to the Station in 1S08 as horticulturist, and was later made director. While his greatest accomplishments have been in the field of horticulture, other phases of agricultural research have not been overlooked. Under his supervision and friendly encourage-
New Lelina oats, originated oy the Georgia Experiment Station.

ment, the discoveries made in these departments which are proving beneficial are too numerous to list, but a few should be mentioned to make clear to the public the type of work being accomplished. Their value to agriculture is worth many times the cost of maintaining the institution.
Results of Experiments Results of these experiments have been made available to the public by the publication of 56 annual reports, 240 bulletins, 147 circulars, 543 press bulletins, articles in scientific journals, and numerous reports to newspapers; by radio talks giving results of varied lines of research; by speeches of staff members at farmers' meetings and to interested organizations; and by many group meetings of farmers, county agents, soil conservation specialists, and others. These gatherings at Experiment and at the Mountain Station acquaint individuals with the latest results of the experiments and thus spread the information to all parts of the state. Typical of the services of the Experiment Station are these: 1. Working out methods of fertilizing cotton on the principal soil types of the state and determining the proper fertilizer mixtures and amounts to use in peach orchards have lowered the cost of fertilizers to the farmer and at the same time raised the yields and the quality of the products.
Empire cotton, also originated at the Georgia Experiment Station,

Flynt Building, the well equipped administration, laboratory, and library of the Georgia Experiment Station. The library i8 recognized as one of the best
scientific collections in the South. ITunt muscadine grape vine, originated
by the Georgia Experiment Station. Sanford wheat, produced by the Georgia Experiment Station and named in honor of Dr. S. V. Sanford, Chancellor of the University System of Georgia. Elberta peaches, as grown at the Geor-
gia fj.rpcrimcnt Station.

One-Variety Cotton

equals or surpasses the best commer

2. The one-variety cotton community work started and sponsored by the Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Extension Service has been a big success throughout the state. This has been of great benefit to the farmers in that they have kept their seed pure and received better prices for their cotton. The dust disinfectant treatment of cotton seed was developed by the Station.
3. The Station has pioneered in the chemical analysis of soils for fertilizer and lime requirements. At the present time one of the largest and best equipped soil testing laboratories is located at the Experiment Station for the use of Georgia farmers. Every year several thousand samples are analyzed without cost for the residents of the State, and from the results obtained the agronomists make specific recommendations for each farmer's individual needs.
4. The discoveries that blossom-end rot on tomatoes can be controlled by supplying soil moisture, that the use of trap crops will control the pickle worm in cantaloupes, and that pecan crops can be increased by interplanting early flowering varieties to serve as pollinators were made at the Station.
Pepper-Peanut Research

cial varieties in both hay and seed; Gatan, a viny hay type which averages half a ton more to the acre than the Otootan; and Seminole, an edible variety, which is excellent for use as green shelled beans or dry beans for winter use.
A sweet corn, Cherokee, that outyields all northern varieties yet tried.
A new cotton, Empire, which has stood at the head on yields of variety tests in middle and north Georgia during the past four years.
A medium size, dark green, and nearly round watermelon, Georgia Wilt Resistant, which has rich red meat, ships well, and grows on badly wilt infested soils.
A number of improved varieties of muscadine grapes that are more productive and of better quality than older varieties.
A new peanut, G.F.A. Spanish, a high yielding strain of the small white Spanish variety.
Vegetables with Iron 8. Experiments have shown that dried peas and beans, spinach, turnip greens, and kale have a high proportion of available iron, a necessary mineral in the diet, while collards, mustard, tendergreen, and lettuce contain a little less.
9. The first comprehensive list of varieties of fruits and vegetables suit-

5. Research with pimiento peppers able for freezing published in this

and peanuts, two important Georgia country, was published by the Sta-

products, has resulted in an improved tion in 1930. This list has been ex-

Truhart Perfection Pimiento and bet- tended during the last 14 years to in-

ter varieties of peanuts. At present clude other products which, at one

the Station is actively interested in time, were considered unsuitable for

developing new uses for peanuts. It freezing.

was here also that experiments proved 10. Three years ago the Station set

the high vitamin A content of the Per- up equipment for artificial insemina-

fection pimiento, which is doubtless tion use in the dairy herd. Since that

responsible for much of the increased time it has been working with breed-

demand for the canned product. Geor- ers over the State, showing interested gia plants 20,000 acres in pimiento parties the equipment, methods, and

peppers and close to one hundred per technique. This work is of valuable

cent of this acreage will be planted to aid to the small dairy community and the Truhart variety in 1945. Fertilizer expansion of the program is contemand cultural requirements of the pi- plated by the Station, which was the

miento have also improved grower first institution in the State to begin practices in the State. The most com- this work.

plete knowledge of pepper diseases

Open-Furrow Planting

and their control available in the world 11. The discovery and development

is to be found at the Station.

of the open furrow method of planting

fi. Results of pasture improvement fall-sown oats has been worth more

tests enable farmers scientifically to than the cost of maintaining the Sta-

plan pasture mixtures that furnish a tion since establishment.

long grazing season and have a high 12. The mounding of peach trees to

carrying capacity.

force the borer mcth to deposit its eggs

7. The development of new crop high up on the trunk, making the bor-

varieties well adapted to this section ers more easily destroyed, was worked

is one of the numerous services render- out at the Station.

ed farmers. Pioneer work of this Station in this connection includes:
Two new varieties of wheat, Gasta, which averages a barrel of flour per acre more than ordinary types, and

"The Station has lost a considerable number of good workers to the armed forces of the nation," states Director Stuckey. "but those remaining have taken on added duties which they hope

Sanford. which is resistant to leaf rust, is a high producer, and constitutes 45 per cent of the wheat planted in the State.

to carry until the war has ended. Even new pressing problems have been attacked and despite a curtailment of personnel, the work is going forward

A new oat, Terruf, that produces seven bushels per acre more than varieties in common use, and three promising selections, Lega, Leroy, and Le-
lina, which are rust resistant, awn-

each day." In predicting future services of the Experiment Station, Director Stuckey says, "With the continued services of the Station's entire staff of well-trained men and women

less, and weigh more to the bushel. devoting full-time to research, the de-

A cabbage-collard that withstands mands for information on the part of

local winter temperatures.

the people of the State will be met

Three new soybeans: Doxi, which better and better each year."

Coastal Plain Experiment Station Conducts

Research Which Increases Farmers' Income

Tests Reveal Many Ways to Improve Conditions in Area Served by University Unit at Tifton

The Georgia Coastal Plain Experi- No. 1 contribution to a permanent live-

ment Station has as its main objective stock system. Growing 12 to 14 inches

increasing the income of farmers of in height, it yields four to six times

the Coastal Plain area. To achieve as much as the common Bermuda and

this objective, experiments are con- may be grazed or cut for hay, or both.

ducted on all farm enterprises in this Where a complete fertilizer has been

area. From the experiments are evolv- used, yields of over five tons of hay

ed the best methods of production. per acre have been recorded. A hy-

Recently the Agricultural Panel of brid, it produces no seed. This means

the Georgia Agricultural and Indus- a longer period of gree grazing. It is

trial Board, under the guidance of Mr. more drought resistant and more frost

Cason Callaway, has stressed the im- resistant than common Bermuda. Odd-

portance of perennial enterprises as a ly enough, it can also stand more flood-

means to a more permanent agricul- ing than common Bermuda. During

ture. The Coastal Plain Station has the summer of 1944 on one test pasture,

for a number of years carried on re- one cow per acre was carried on a

search with many of these enterprises Coastal Bermuda pasture one year old.

which are now receiving added atten-

tion as a result of the activities of the

Systematic Kudzu Tests

Board. In order to keep pace with added interest, the Station is stressing these phases of its research work.

Since 1931 systematic tests have been run at the Station on Kudzu, a plant attracting a great deal of atten-

Pastures and Livestock

tion at the present time. In these tests Kudzu has stood far out in front as a

Pastures and livestock make up summer pasture measured in terms of

the most extensive perennial enter- pounds of beef produced per acre. Re-

prises. Pasture work has been con- cently there has been added to the

ducted at the Station since its found- staff a man giving his full-time to re-

ing in 1019. In tests with lowland search with Kudzu, lespedeza, and vel-

pastures in the Coastal Plain, the Sta- vet beans. In Kudzu, for example, he

tion has found that a mixture of car- is trying to develop high producing

pet grass, Dallis grass, lespedeza, and strains. He is also trying to determine

White Dutch clover makes the best the best fertilizer practices to use and

combination. It has been found that the frequency of cutting desirable to

lowland pastures respond profitably to secure maximum returns. The velvet

the use of fertilizer. A ten-year test bean, while an annual, possibly has

shows that where a pasture of the mix- more acres devoted to it than any

ture mentioned above is fertilized with other summer legume in south Geor-

600 pounds of a complete fertilizer, an gia. Maturing late in the fall, it of-

average of 321 pounds of beef per acre fers great possibilities as a comple-

has been produced as contrasted with mentary crop to Kudzu in a year-round

76 pounds of beef per acre on an un- grazing program for beef cattle.

fertilized carpet grass pasture. Sim- The permanency of the livestock

ilar results on a smaller scale have industry is made more certain by the

been obtained on upland pastures of bettering of pastures and the develop-

Bermuda and lespedeza.

ment of better grasses and forage

One of the most startling develop- crops. This is also in line with soil

ments at the Station in recent years is conservation practices since no crop

the breeding of Coastal Bermuda grass. will prevent soil erosion as well as a

Coastal Bermuda is being acclaimed firmly established pasture or a cover

by cattlemen over the Southeast as the crop of Kudzu or lespedeza.

Picking blueberries at the Georgia Coastal J'luiu Experiment Station,
Tifton.
Fruits and Vegetables
Also receiving special emphasis at the present time at the Station is the work with small fruits and berries, those specialty crops which are not only perenials but also are high income producing crops per acre. A new man has been added to the Station staff during the year who devotes his entire time to work with blueberries, blackberries, dewberries, muscadine grapes, pears, and figs. The Station for twenty years has been growingblueberries, but this year in the greenhouse and under a new half-acre shade house, new varieties are being developed and thousands of cuttings of the better varieties now in existence are being propagated for distribution to the public. Our research man is scanning the woods and swamps of the Coastal Plain in order to find varieties of promise. Already new berries are being propagated far better than any southern berry now on the market.
Various known varieties of blackberries are being tested and promising wild plants are being tested. The Station, as a demonstration, has planted one acre of blackberries to test for practicability as a farm enterprise.
Muscadine Grape Tests
Variety and fertilizer tests have also been conducted on muscadine grapes for a number of years. This year grape vines are being propagated for the use of the public and a two-acre vineyard has been added in order to test the returns on a farm-sized scale.
Pears, once an important industry in the Coastal Plain, ceased to be of importance due to a blight which killed the trees. The Station is doing research work with, and is also propagating, the Baldwin pear, which is blight resistant and comparable in. quality to the famous Bartlett pear.

Horticulturist Otis Woodward and Associate Horticulturist Tom Brightutell examine blueberry cuttings at Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tif-
ton, Georgia.

Dr. Glenn W. Burton and Chancellor
S. V. Sanford examine some of the Coastal Bermuda bred at the Georgia
Coastal Plain Experiment Station.

Why Figs Don't Thrive
Work is also being carried on with figs. Research men are of the opinion that possibly the main reason why figs cannot be grown under field conditions is due to the prevalence of the nematode in the Coastal Plain area. Rotation of cover crops resistant to

as

Experiment stations under the Hoard of Regents are oontrioui ng to Georgia progress in many directions Left Sheep herd

Center.

Comparison of Sea Island staple ranging from 1% inches to 1% inches with

Upland cotton, from

7 5

inch to 1 inch.

Right. A pure bred Hereford hull.

the nematode has been worked out which may cause fig producing to hecome a more important enterprise. This rotation, consisting of Crotalaria spectabilis in the summer and oats in the winter, has proved highly successful in the case of peaches. Peaches now may be grown at least on a home orchard scale anywhere in the Coastal Plain by following this rotation and adhering to a rigid spray schedule.
Several new departments other than those mentioned were added to the Station during the past year. All were set up with the objective of increasing the income of Coastal Plain farmers.
A research man in bee culture has already started work. This department is the only research laboratory in bee culture east of Louisiana and south of Maryland.
Animal Diseases Studied
An Animal Disease laboratory has been added. Each year, in the Coastal Plain, thousands of animals die, many from unknown causes. It is the hope of the Station that this laboratory will do much toward cutting down animal losses now occurring.

A department of Agricultural Engineering has been added. In this department special attention will be given to problems and possibilities of irrigation.
The Station during the twenty-five
years of its existence has made some
notable contributions to Georgia agriculture. In the field of Agronomy, its research men in tobacco have determined the best tobacco fertilizers to use and it was the first to develop a remedy for blue mold on tobacco beds. Its research men have bred a superior variety of cotton (Tifton Station 21) and have selected a high producing strain of oats, known as Rustproof 14. Corn breeders are trying to develop a hybrid corn more adapted to the Coastal Plain conditions. As has already been mentioned, new grasses have been bred and better pastures established. There has been pioneering in the development of soil improvement crops. In 1925 the Station discovered the hardiness of the Austrian winter pea and recommended its use as a winter legume. In 1944 at least 200.000 acres of this crop were planted in Georgia. In cooperation with the

Georgia Experiment Station extensive tests have been conducted on peanuts in regard to seed treatment and dusting to control leaf-spot. These results are playing a big part in the production of peanuts.
Influence on Livestock
The livestock department has influenced greatly the development of livestock in the South. With outstanding herds of Angus and Polled Hereford beef cattle, with one of the bestbred Jersey herds in the State, and with a Duroc Jersey herd of hogs of outstanding merit, the Station has played an important part in livestock development.
The Horticultural department in its work with fruits and vegetables has made definite contributions to the success of the truck growers and plant growers of south Georgia.
The Station is proud of its past record, but presses on to greater goals. Through the continued contributions of old departments and the added findings of new departments, it will become an even more vital factor in the economic welfare of the Coastal Plain farmer.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDDSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS. GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

-7.^
GENERAL

DEC 18 i
QEftGJA

PROGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume I

JUNE 1, 1945

Number 12

Georgia Is Nation's No. 2 Broiler Producer; Business Totals $64,800,000 for Past Year

UL f11
" I p. * i.

Poultry, Already Contributing to Georgia Progress in Many Ways, Offers Much Promise for Future

No recent development has contributed more to Georgia progress than the poultry business, especially the broiler industry in the northeastern part of the state.
Georgia is now the No. 2 producer of poultry for the nation, with the government buying a majority of the output for the armed services.
Statistics ordinarily are dull, but in the case of the broiler industry, the figures are impressive, and to those who have never given thought to the subject, somewhat startling.
To the farmers in seven northeast Georgia counties, the poultry business last year meant 64 million dollars. These farmers produced about 24 million broilers, or more than 400,000 each week of the year. From the sale of these, plus eggs and culls from poultry flocks, this huge new income was derived.
New Jobs and Income
But the 64 million dollars received by the farmers is only a part of the picture. This new industry has created many new jobs and other sources of income. There is new work to be done on the farm, and there are poultry dressing and shipping plants, feed stores, and other adjuncts of the industry. Dean Paul W. Chapman of the University of Georgia College of Agriculture, who is the authority for some of the information herein, reports that the broiler business is responsible for approximately 1,500 new non-farm jobs in northeast Georgia. Eight

dressing plants (four in Gainesville, two in Canton, and one each in Cumming and Flowery Branch) employ more than 100 persons each, or a total of over a thousand.
Some 200 cars of commercially mixed poultry feed are required monthly, and this, of course, has led to new feed businesses. Each month a million and a half chicks go out to farms in the region, and as many broilers come in to processing plants, from which they are sent to the farflung armed services. Nine large hatcheries in Gainesville do a capacity business, but, their output is just a drop in the bucket compared with the number of chicks required. "North Georgia's poultry industry," Dean Chapman adds, "is a per-
fect example of the gains that come to an entire section--both town and country--through volume production and processing of any farm commodity."
Debt-Free Farmers
This new revenue has made it possible for many to buy and pay for their farms. Last year, for example, in one county alone, 100 persons became debt-free land owners.
Another promising angle to the poultry business is the erection of more plants for the dressing, chilling, packing, and freezing of poultry. The gigantic volume requires the freezing facilities of the largest cities of the state.
Figures compiled by the Georgia Crop Reporting Service show broiler production in the state reached a

An important source of new and large revenue, poultry has enlisted the interest of youth and the feminine continue tit of form families, as well as the men, as the pictures on this page
reveal.
new all-time high in 1944. The 24,00 0,000 broilers grown had an average weight of 2.7 pounds and sold for an estimated $64,800,000.
Last year's production was 41 per cent above that of 1943 and 140 per cent larger than 1942. Georgia and New York were the only states that showed an increase in 1944. Georgia's gain was far ahead of New York's, which was only one per cent. Georgia's increase has added significance in that the only state ahead of Georgia--Delaware--showed a slight decrease for 1944.
In 1943, Georgia ranked fourth among the broiler producing states of the nation, being exceeded only by Delaware with 59,000,000, Virginia with 22,050,000, and Maryland with 21,000,000. Georgia produced 17,000,000 commercial broilers in 1943.
In 19 42 the state was in fifth place, but displaced Arkansas in 1943. This represents a remarkable expansion in Georgia's broiler industry since in 1934 the state stood twenty-fourth and as late as 1939 was in seventeenth place.
The counties of Cherokee, Forsyth, and Hall comprise the main com-

Commercial Meat Packers Aid in Development

of Year-Round Profitable Poultry Production

Story of Swift's Operations in Gainesville Is ^Typical of Georgia's Newest Enterprise

After the feathers have been removed by an automatic piekeTj chickens are
cleaned, as shown in this picture.
mercial territory, with Dawson, Jackson, Lumpkin and other adjoining counties boosting the total production.
Origin of Industry
The broiler industry as such apparently began in Georgia at Talamo in Jackson County when a farmer there started raising large numbers of birds for sale.
Other farmers in the area took up the idea and began to raise broilers in limited numbers with brick brooders. Most of them found it practical and each year a few more tried it. The area soon became known as the "Gainesville broiler section" since the early development was mostly in Hall and Jackson Counties and within a 20-mile range of Gainesville.
There was a gradual increase in the number raised each year until about 1935 when the industry began to grow into a major agricultural enterprise. Prom that time on expansion was rapid and enormous gains have been made in recent years.
While the business developed first in Hall County and in the edge of Jackson, it spread westward from there through Porsyth and Cherokee Counties.
Supplements Income
In the Gainesville broiler section, including Cherokee County, practically every farmer in certain communities grows from 1,000 to 6,000 birds in the fall, winter, and spring to supplement his cash income.
Means of financing the enterprise are unique, at least for Georgia. The farmers either buy the chicks for cash or with money borrowed from local feed merchants. The merchant then supplies all the feed with the understanding that the bill will be paid when the chicks are sold.
The producer has to furnish the houses, equipment, and labor required for the chicks, but outside of this he does not have to advance a penny in cash. This plan, with variations, has been used over a period of years. One large feed dealer in Gainesville, who follows this plan, also buys and resells the broilers when they are ready for market. Many of the broilers are now processed for marketing in the area in which they are grown.

The commercial meat packer has a part--and an important part-- in the development of the broiler industry for Georgia. T. T. Folger, manager of the Gainesville plant of Swift and Company, tells how his firm has contributed--a story which with certain names changed and details modified would be applicable to other organizations in this area:
Forty years ago, poultry was a seasonal commodity. There were broilers in the early summer, fryers in the late summer and fall, roosters and hens in the winter, but practically nothing in the spring. The need to level out the peaks and valleys of supply was apparent if the American appetite for chicken was to be satisfied winter and summer. Swift and Company began early to lay away surplus dressed poultry during peak
DRESSING PLANTS in the broiler area include J. D. Jewell, Piedmont Poultry Exchange, Swift and Company, and Parks Feed Store, Gainesville; Wilson and Company, Gumming; and R. G. Lawson, and Canton Poultry Company, Canton.
production periods against periods of low production when poultry was needed.
Next the company turned its attention to improving the eating quality of poultry. To accomplish this two things were necessary:
1. Scientific feeding. 2. Improved quality of live poultry coming to our plants.
Milk-Fed Poultry Louis F. Swift, second president of Swift and Company, was largely responsible for the company's milkfeeding poultry program, which was started in So. St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1902. Attracted by the unusually
Chickens arriving at the Wilson and Company plant, Gainesville, for killing,
dressing, storage, or shipment

fine quality of poultry in British markets, he discovered that they were being fed milk and cereal for a number of days before marketing. As a result, and soon thereafter, Swift and Company began milk feeding chickens, and as far as we know, was first in the United States to do this.
In contrast to former seasonal inequalities of production, gradually the poultry industry is attaining an evenness of output throughout the year. A major factor in this leveling off has been the development, during the last decade, of a thriving year-round poultry industry in certain areas. The area surrounding Gainesville is typical. In these broiler areas poultry raisers produce two to three crops of birds a year with special attention given to producing quality birds.
Swift and Company began operations in the Gainesville area several months ago, although it had operated in other important broiler sections for many years. Superior quality of the poultry in the Gainesville area was one of the determining factors which prompted Swift and Company to locate in Gainesville.
Special Feeding Program
The high quality poultry, arriving at the Gainesville plant, goes through a special feeding program prior to dressing, to put the desired finish on the birds.
Improved standards in poultry dressing and handling also have been an important element in improved quality of poultry.
Operations at the Gainesville plant are really streamlined. Poultry arriving at the dressing room, for example, at 7 a. m., is dressed on an endless chain, chilled, graded and packed, loaded onto a truck, and delivered to large cities throughout the South. The next night it may be served to the hotel and restaurant trade.
Wewly hatched baby chicks at the Martin Feed and Poultry Company, Gaines-
ville.

Better Management Means More Profit for Small Flock Owners, Says Expert

Practical Suggestions for the 97 Per Cent of Georgians Who Own Less Than 150 Birds

Continuing and increasing progress
in poultry production in Georgia through better management prac-
tices, especially among small flock
owners, is forecast by H. W. Bennett, extension poultryman of the Agri-
cultural Extension Service. Along with improved management
must come better marketing facil-
ities, this expert thinks. In Georgia today, 9 7 per cent of
the poultry flocks have less than 150 birds each. A large percentage of the families owning small flocks do not eat eggs throughout the year.
"Management practices are being improved, but there is much work yet to be done in order that flock owners may realize more money from their few hens and that their families may be better fed throughout the
year," Mr. Bennett explains. If small flocks are managed as
they should be and five hens per person are kept, the birds should produce enough eggs to pay for their own feed and to give each member of the family one egg per day.
In the past few years, the average egg production in Georgia has increased from approximately 65 per hen annually to 9 2. This average can and will be increased to at least 140 eggs, Mr. Bennett predicts.
Recommended practices for small flock owners include:
(1) A good strain of laying chickens should be selected. These chicks should be bought from reliable hatcheries which are definitely controlling pullorum disease and which are hatching eggs from higher layers.
(2) The small flock owner should take advantage of the home-made brooding unit, better known to many people throughout the state as the "lamp type brooder."
(3) Enough chicks should be bought each spring to replace with strong pullets the entire flock of laying hens in the fall. If old hens are kept in any flock and the best of these

selected they will normally take their rest and molt in fall or early winter. During this period egg prices are good. The young pullets are then
required to produce enough eggs to feed the old hens, which should not be the case. Too many small flock owners are inclined to become attach-
ed to the hens that have produced well during their pullet year.
(4) It is never necessary to keep
any roosters in the flock at all. Roosters in small flocks consume feed and the quality of the eggs is definitely inferior to the eggs that are sterile. Ten years ago 36 per cent of the chicks in the state were bought from hatcheries. Today 82 per cent of the chicks used in the state are bought from hatcheries. This is making it possible to replace mongrel flocks with pure bred hens.
(5) Hens should be culled as they go out of production in all flocks.
If pullets bought in the spring are fed as they should be and kept on grounds where there has been no poultry for at least two years, they
will lay in September. (6) When the pullets start pro-
ducing, old hens can be killed and either canned or stored in freezer lockers to supply a portion of the year's supply of poultry meat. In getting rid of these birds at this time of year and cleaning up the poultry house, the premises are cleaned of external and internal parasites. The first 12 months, or the pullet year, is recognized by all poultrymen as being the most profitable year of production.
(7) It is well to remember that the sale of old hens will generally bring in as much money as it will cost to grow the pullets. If pullets are fed right and managed in the proper way, they should produce eggs the entire year. If the culls are taken out as they occur, the flock will then be profitable every month.
(8) In managing flocks in this

A good strain of laying chickens should be selected.
manner, the eggs will be of such quality when put on the market that they can be placed in cold storage or used in any way that is desired in the commercial world. It is almost impossible to place fertile eggs in cold storage and bring them out fit for human consumption.
(9) Most small flock owners are inclined to reduce the feed of hens when eggs are cheap. It should be remembered that if hens are to produce throughout the year, their bodies should be kept in good condition. Laying mash should be placed before them and kept there at all times. They should also be fed in the late afternoon all the scratch feeds that they will clean up.
(10) In planting the garden for the home, some allowance should be made for extra leafy crops to be divided with the poultry flock. Green feed should be provided at all times. Oyster shells should also be provided in order that the hen may manufacture the egg shell.
(11) If the birds are kept in confinement, 4 sq. ft. of floor space per bird should be allowed for heavy breeds and 3 % sq. ft. for light breeds. Clean grit should be provided in addition to the oyster shell.
If all flock owners follow the above program, both they and the commercial proultrymen would profit, according to Mr. Bennett. The consumption of eggs per capita in Georgia would definitely increase and the production of eggs per hen would be much greater.

Left: The homemade unit, better known as the "lamp type brooder," is especially recommended for the small flock owner Center : Each spring enough chicks should be bought to replace during the following fall the entire flock of laying hens with strong pullets. Right: // hens are to be good producers, they must be fed properly at all times. A certain amount of green feed
is a part of a well balanced diet.

Broiler Business Stimulates Allied Industries for Georgia

The value of the broiler industry in Northeast Georgia is not limited to the production of meat alone.
There are many allied industries --some of which are already in various stages of .development, others of which are yet to be launched, and all of which offer much promise for additional Georgia progress.
At present, for example, the Georgia baby chick industry is supplying
only about 40 to 50 per cent of the chicks that are being used for broiler production. The hatchery capa-
city might be developed to supply a much larger percentage of the chicks required, thereby keepingmoney now sent to other states in the North Georgia area.
There is a need also for more breeding farms to supply foundation stock that will furnish the hatcheries with eggs. Most of the hatcheries and supply flock owners depend upon eggs and chicks from New England to do this. The trend now is for
local hatcheries and local people to start developing breeding farms. There are opportunities for a number of people to develop good breeding
farms. During the past five years, dress-
ing plants have developed and now have the capacity for dressing over

1,000,000 pounds weekly. Five or six years ago, there was practically no dressing done in the broiler area. All of the chickens were marketed alive. If the broiler industry maintains the growth it now has, processing facilities will be needed to handle the production--especially after the war when more of the
chickens will be marketed dressed rather than alive. These facilities can be doubled on the basis of the present production.
Most of the feed coming into the
area is supplied by the large commercial manufacturers located outside of the state. Some of them are located outside of the South. It is estimated that Georgia mills supply less than 5 per cent of the total feed in the section. To compete with other broiler producing areas after the war, the producer will need to reduce the cost of production. One way of doing this will be to produce more
feeds at home. There are possibilities of local
grinding and mixing plants in the area to handle all of the home-grown feeds that are produced. These feeds can be processed and returned to the producer at a lower cost than the commercially mixed feeds now being used. It must be remembered, how-

ever, that the feed produced at home will only supplement the commercial
feeds now used. The waste products from the dres-
sing plants can be converted into tankage for poultry feeds. Unhatched eggs may also be so used. Little
of this is now done. Already there are plants that are
building chicken coops. These might be expanded to build boxes and barrels for shipping dressed poultry.
The development of the broiler industry has meant an increase in the equipment needed for broiler production, such as metal feed hoppers, waterers, and brooder stoves. Plants for building more of this
equipment could be developed. Where broilers are produced on a
large scale and land is not available for spreading the manure, this might properly lie processed and packaged
for commercial use. A big need is for more egg dealers
who are interested in handling eggs not used by the hatcheries. Such eggs
would move into channels for eating purposes. Independent dealers are
needed, or the hatcheries who have the supply flocks lined up should go into the commercial egg business to handle the product when it is not used for incubating.

For pictures used in this issue, erctlit and appreciation, are due Agricultural Extension Service, University of Georgia College oj Ai/ric/iK lire, unit Milton, llnrilii. Gainesville.

AGR1CULTCRAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No. 120

GEORGIA

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PEVELOPME

MA-

Volume II

JULY 1, 1945

BOARD
Number 1

Georgia Has Definite Plans to Aid Return+rtg-VeteTafis~
Jobs, Education, and Social Rehabilitation Among Benefits of 19 Arnall-Sponsored Laws

THIS time the returning veterans mediate period of readjustment fol- the nation in making provision for

will be handled differently--at lowing termination of the war. Thus, the return of our soldiers.

least in Georgia.

the resources of the state are being These laws are not just a haphaz-

At the close of World War I, re- mobilized to accomplish this end. ard hodgepodge of legislation enact-

turning soldiers, sailors, and marines This is demonstrated by the fact thai ed because it is popular at this time

were greeted with much pomp and the General Assembly recently enact- to pass veterans' bills, but were the

ceremony, but little of a

result of two years of de-

more tangible nature.

liberate planning during

Jobs for Veterans
Georgia's present administration is determined that the returning vet-

which the objectives of Georgia's program for postwar development were clearly defined.

erans of this World War shall be greeted with

Education for Veterans

more than blaring bands and sounding trumpets. It is jobs they want and jobs they need, along with other practical aids, such as hospitalization, home building", re-entering business or industry, and other tangible assistance.
Returning from the last World War, the veteran found himself confronted with much honor and to-

Typical is a law providing that veterans IS years of age may attend high school, at the discretion of the State Board of Education, without paying the tuition customarily charged for over-age students.
Another instance illustrative of the minute attention to detail in this planning for vet-

do, but little opportunity to re-establish himself in business and practically

erans and their postwar welfare is a law amending the State Banking

no encouragement or fi-

regulations so as to per-

nancial backing with

mit World War II vet-

which to launch himself

erans, under 21 years of

into a new enterprise.

age, to contract certain

Since the South's economy was based upon agricul-

debts, thus giving all World War II veterans

ture, with small effort to

the legal opportunity, at

develop natural resources, not enough jobs existed,

Georf/ia await* the returning veteran with a definite prof/ram af educational. bU8ines8j and social rehabilitation.

least, to avail themselves of the loan features of

and the result was a mi-

the "GI Bill of Rights."

gration of many Georgia veterans ed 19 separate bills dealing directly to industrial areas in North and East with veterans' affairs, as well as a

Veterans' Loan Agency

to earn a living.

number of other measures having an Envisioning a postwar period of

Resources Mobilized

indirect bearing on veterans' affairs. building" unparalleled in the history In fact, more legislation in behalf of the state, embracing the construc-

Governor Ellis Arnall and his administration are determined that this experience shall not be repeated after this war and that Georgia shall take full advantage of the opportunity for economic development during the im-

of veterans was enacted by the Georgia Legislature at its last session than has been since the period just following the War Between the States. In doing this, the Assembly put Georgia well out in front of any state in

tion of hundreds of new homes, the Governor requested the legislature to set up a Serviceman's Resettlement Corporation for the purpose of lending money to veterans to buy homes, farms, or business enterprises.

ttlttfci

Depending on their interest* and qualifications, returning i-etev<ins will find a variety of jobs. Here a returned serrirt man is shown driving a city bus. This particular one, incidentally, is
going to school also.
The old and the new--while a group of inductees await their turn to serve, four overseas veterans, among the first Southerners to be released under the new point system, walk past on the
way home.
Iii doing so he recognized the fact that many small hanks would be unable to make long-term loans at the low rate of interest prescribed by the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944. The Georgia "little RFC* will, in cooperation with established banks and lending agencies, make these benefits available to World War II veterans for the purchase of a home, farm, or a business.
The Governor's program anticipates that many of Georgia's returning veterans may purchase and operate their own farms. Many hundreds of new businesses will be started, ranging from filling stations and small owner-operated enterprises to manufacturing corporations created by several veterans pooling their loan benefits.
Modern highways in Georgia have, in the past, been principally truck lines carrying the tourist trade to and from Florida's resorts. The program for postwar highway construction is a real down-to-earth plan designed primarily to meet the needs of the farmers in providing hardsurfaced roads to market centers.
Highwdy Jobs Seen For those thousands of GI's who have learned to operate bulldozers and road-building equipment, Geor-

Scvvice men are paving the way for the peace in more ways than by fighting. Here one is aiding a civilian in the sale of war bonds at a dance where pretty girl* were "auctioned" as a
further incentive to patriotism,
gia's highway building program will provide many hundreds of jobs in the postwar era.
Integrated Veterans' Service
The Governor also presented to the General Assembly a plan for an integrated Veterans Service for Georgia. There was created a State Department of Veterans Service, providing for a Board of Veterans Service and Director; for the expansion of Veterans Service work under the Department of Veterans Service; and for educational service, and prosecution of claims for veterans, widows and dependants.
Under the recently expanded program, the Veterans Service Office has established branch offices at strategic points over the state. Additional offices will be established as the need arises and as the highly specialized technical personnel is available.
While still principally concerned with claims service, the functions of the office have been expanded to meet every anticipated need of the veterans or their dependents in making available to them all benefits provided by state or federal laws. According to the report of the director to the General Assembly last year, the office rendered service to more than 37,000 veterans or dependents of veterans. It is probable that this number will be increased to more than 50,000 this year; and, within five years after the termination of hostilities, this number will reach three or four hundred thousand, thus affecting directly or indirectly almost every citizen in the State.
Education Council
One of the functions of the expanded Veterans Service Office is that of dealing with veterans education, as provided under the federal and state laws. Immediately upon the passage of the "GI Bill of Rights," Governor Arnall formulated a plan for Georgia's participation in this unprecendented educational program. He appointed a Veterans Education Council composed of 11 outstanding educators of the state, and by executive order set up the Division of Veterans Edu-

Throughout Georgia County Veterans' Advisory Committees have been set up to aid returning service men and women with their civilian adjust tnvnt problems. In this picture, veterans are shown talking witli such counselors.
cation, which was incorporated as an integral part of the Veterans Service Office by the recently adjourned session of the General Assembly.
Under this law, this Division is charged with the responsibility of cooperating with the Veterans Administration in promoting and making available to all veterans the educational benefits provided for in the applicable federal laws, and to develop criteria for approving schools, institutions, and establishments as suitable institutions for veterans' education. Already more than 1,400 schools and institutions in Georgia have been investigated and approved, and more than 5 00 veterans are now receiving instruction in these schools.
Plans have been made for every type of education from academic to professional training; and, through aptitude tests, vocational guidance, and personal counseling, every effort is made to encourage the veteran to pursue the most practical course of study for him.
Vocational Agriculture Introducing a new approach to teaching vocational agriculture, a plan has been devised which supplements the teaching of this subject at the University of Georgia with practical work in the fields and rural communities. Under this plan of instruction, the farmer-students attend
Technician Fourth Crude Charles Burrounghs, Atlanta, is being brought up to dale on veterans' rights by Technician Fifth Grade Frank B. Hincs, Aniovit. Mississippi. An individual interview is yivvn all separatees. Counselors answer questions and help map
post-war plans.

Veterans' benefits are explained in orientation talks at all separation centers. Here Lt. Joseph Eldridge points out educational factors in the 01 Hill of Rights to three men who soon will
he veterans.
classes under University professors in their own community tor 12 hours each week and then use their own farms as a laboratory instead of the college laboratory farm. This is the acme of practical teaching, making college courses in agriculture available to all farm-veterans with individual instruction in the particular problems of the individual farmerstudent.
Similarity, in the vocational training program developed by the Veterans Education Council, training in trades is afforded by a shop apprenticeship curricula in which the former GI secures classroom instruction and also practices his trade as an apprentice under competent supervision in a Council-approved shop or factory.
Education of Orphans Recognizing the debt the state owes to the children of those who are killed in action or who die in service, Governor Arnall insisted that the legislature make provision for the education of these orphans. The recently enacted laws provide free tuition at state colleges and universities and financial assistance up to $300 per annum. Georgia is far ahead of many other States in postwar provisions for dealing with the problems of delinquency
Lt. Elmer Rigelhaupt, Chief, Information and Education Branch, (Providence, Rhode Island) talks over possibilities of various educational features for now and the future with Sgt. Jack Thomason, West Point, Georgia, (iinl Corporal Walter D. Smith, Wil-
liamson, West Virginia.

Sgt. Mendel Chester of Macon is aided by Miss Jimmie Hunt, civilian employee with the Information and Education Branch, Atlanta, in the selection of courses to be pursued when he
returns to civilian life.
among veterans. There has been set up a Veterans Social Rehabilitation Program, including a Veterans Rehabilitation Center, in which opportunities for study and treatment of the individual veteran are afforded.
With the cooperation of judges and solicitors of the trial courts and probation officers throughout the state, much has already been accomplished in rehabilitating emotionally unstable and socially maladjusted veterans.
County Advisory Groups
In addition to the branch offices of the Veterans Service Department, there has been set up in each county a Veterans Advisory Committee, which is composed of public spirited citizens serving without remuneration. These county veterans committees advise and counsel with the veterans in all matters pertaining to their welfare. On each committee there is at least one person capable of advising the veteran as to his financial problems, concerning business enterprises, and in the investment of his money. These are farsighted steps being taken to prevent racketeers from preying upon veterans.
Tying in with the rehabilitation activities, as a function of the Veterans Education Division, there has been organized a Women's Training Division of Veterans Service which goes into the home, the church, and community civic groups, reaching the wives and mothers of servicemen and encouraging them to develop a sense of personal responsibility for the welfare of their families.
Recognizing the necessity for developing a complete program for veterans, the legislature enacted, as a part of the Governor's program, provisions for the waiver of state income taxes since December 7, 1941 of those who are killed in action or die of service-incurred disabilities, with refund of all taxes paid since that date, as overpayment. Laws providing for disabled veterans to secure business licenses without cost were enacted. The Governor's program also provides for the erection of a War Memorial building on Capitol Square.

Veterans of World War I and IJ have much in common. Under the guidance nl American Let/ion posts, the veterans of I be two wars are being brought together at dinners, such as this one in
Athens recently.
Standing in line is apparently a pleasure for these service men as they file by the cashier's window for their dis-
charge pay. Offices Throughout Georgia The Veterans Service Office of Georgia is located at 125 State Capitol. C. Arthur Cheatham is director. The Education Division is at 23 6 State Office Building. Captain P. A. Sams is director. The division offices are as follows: Albany, 143% Pine Avenue, C. P. Whiting, manager; Athens, 140 West Clayton Street, Mayo C. Buckley, manager; Augusta, Municipal Auditorium, Richard C. Conolly, manager; Bainbridge, Paul H. Battle, manager; Columbus, Exchange Building, 13th Street, Charles E. Porter, Jr., manager; Gainesville, 605 Jackson Building, Everett C. Brannon, manager; Macon, 515 Bibb Building, R. Coke Connally, manager; Rome, Courthouse. Roy Lytle, manager; Savannah, Kelly Building, 2 East Bay Street, James T. Greene, manager; Valdosta, 20 7% North Ashley Street, W. B. Cook, manager; Waycross, Jas. R. Polkinghorne, manager; and Swainsboro, V. H. Hooks, Jr., manager. In addition to the division offices already in operation, Director Cheatham expects to open similar offices at Griffin, Toccoa, Washington, Brunswick, Moultrie, Carrollton, Americus, Dublin, LaGrange, and Dalton or Canton soon--possibly by the time this issue of Georgia Progress is off the press.

Georgia Schools and Colleges Offer Many Courses for Returning Veterans

Education Panel Prepares Special Bulletin Describing Curricula for "G. !" Students

Typical of the many veterans who arc returning to Georgia schools and colleges is this couple, Mr. and Mrs. Wymuit M. Garland, both Navy veterans, who were the first World War II veteran couple to enroll ul the University of Georgia nutter the G. I. Bill of Rights. Mr. Garland Is u student in the College of Agriculture and Mrs. Garland is enrolled in the Henry W. Grady School of Journalism. Both were radio "men.'' second class, in Uncle Sam's Navy, stationed in Miami. "We were coitc operators," recall* Mr*. Garland. "We met while ire were sending messages to ships at sea on the
same watch."
What changes have Georgia colleges and schools effected in their curricula in order to meet the needs of returning service men and women?
This question was the keynote of a mail survey made this spring by the Education Panel of the AIDB preliminary to the publication of a special bulletin (to be distributed at separation centers throughout the United States) on the educational opportunities in Georgia for veterans under "the GI bill of rights."
Answers varied, of course, in terms of the different programs of the several types of schools and colleges within the state. On one point, however, nearly all Georgia institutions agree:
The veteran will have the benefit of expert counseling in choosing a program of study and will be per-

mitted more freedom (if not a candidate for a degree) in his selection of individual courses.
Likewise, practically all the colleges will grant credit for military experience when the activities involved are recommended for credit by the American Council on Education's handbook, "A Guide to the Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Services."
The larger colleges have set up special veterans' divisions headed by directors who have had special training in formulating and administering the psychological testing and counseling programs devised to aid returning service men and women in the selection of courses best suited to the interests and abilities of each.
6-Month to 4-Year Courses
How much time does the veteran wish to spend in formal education? Georgia's schools and colleges offer programs varying from six months to four years.
For photographs used in this issue of GEORGIA PROGRESS, credit and appreciation arc due l.t. Col. Harold A. 'Inter. Fourth Service Command, Atlanta; l.t. Elmer Rigelhaup, Fort McPherson : and William Crane. Athens. The drawing on Page I was done by Philip Cutler ol the University of Georgia Art He-
part nun I .
In what fields will the veteran find definite programs set up? From agriculture to medicine to welding-- with many listings under nearly every letter of the alphabet. In the last few years educational programs in Georgia have been expanded, and today it is not necessary to go outside the state to receive the proper training in more fields of study than at any other time in the state's history.
This expansion of offerings will

interest not only Georgia's veterans but also service men and women from other sections who realize that the $50-per-month subsistence allowance while in school will go farther in the South than in the East of Midwest.
War-Seasoned Teachers Along with the registration of veterans in Georgia's schools and colleges there comes the return of faculty members who have been serving in the armed forces too. These men and women will be of special value in the counseling programs for theirs will be a first-hand knowledge of the veteran's experiences. Georgia's educational institutions are already assuming their responsibility to the returning service men and women and are making ready to receive hundreds more in September.
Many schools and colleges in Georgia hare set up special veterans divisions and or hare designated an official to work with the returning service nun and women in the solution of their educational problems. Hire Dean Kenneth Williams of the University of dot gin College of Education, acting director of the Veterans Division, is shown in conference with c.r-scrriet nan. Such conferences arc note being held daily
in institutions all over Georgia.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OP GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & E. U. s. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens. Ga. Permit No 120

GENERAL LIBRARY

GEORGIA

JUL 25 lb45
Pft^J?ESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume II

AUGUST 1, 1945

Number 2

Georgia, Rich in Kaolin Deposits, Plans More Local Manufacture in Ceramic Field

20-Odd Plants Produce Varied Items as Research Suggests Many New Possibilities for Industry

Ceramic possibilities in Georgia give new significance to the potter's wheel. Here two University of Georgia art students are shown fashioning a vase us their instructor, Earl UcCutcheon,
looks on.
GEORGIA ceramics, present and future, in brief:
Noiv produced in Georgia: face brick, common brick, refractory brick, high alumina refractory shapes, pottery china, sewer pipe, building terra cotta, pottery.
Soon to be produced in Georgia: glass containers and sanitary porcelain.
Should be produced in Georgia: hotel china, porcelain china, glass tableware, electric porcelain, more refractories, more pottery china, art pottery, and enameled iron sanitary ware.
Kaolin should be used in Georgia for these products: book paper, tires, rubber goods, and linoleum.
Total, 22. Already in production. 8. Soon to be produced, 2. Future possibilities, 12.
What Is Ceramics?
The average Georgian, luxuriating in his morning bath, is probably unaware of the extent to which his comfort and convenience are served by the ceramic industries. The word "ceramic," probably, is even
strange. It comes from a Greek root meaning "to burn," and is applied to the manufacture of clay and other common earths into useful articles by the application of intense heat.
But--to return to the average Georgian in his bath, surrounded by ceramics. The tub in which he is splashing is made of cast iron covered with a ceramic glaze. The wash bowl is either the same ceramic coated iron, or porcelain. The toilet is likewise porcelain. The floor is tile. The mirror is glass, and the water from his bath drains into ceramic sewer pipes.

At breakfast his coffee is in a china cup. His grits, bacon and eggs are on a china plate, and his grapefruit juice is in a glass. The grits were cooked in a granite-ware (enameled iron) pot. The coffee maker is either enameled iron or glass. The cream for his coffee came in a glass bottle. He may even have dentures. He looks out of a ceramic (glass) window. The house in which
Examples of some of the beautiful pottery made by art students at the Uni-
versity of Georgia.
he lives may be brick, but in any event the chimney is built of brick and is lined with Are brick or a ceramic flue lining. The furnace is lined with refractories.
Leaving the house, he drives an automobile with ceramic spark plugs to his office which may be in a brick building with a terra cotta entrance. The interior partitions are likely to be wall tile. He probably passed a school building with a tile roof, and all through the day he will continue to encounter ceramic products--electric light bulbs, enameled iron signs, enameled metal vases, ash trays, china, brick, tile, electric insulators, electronic gadgets for the radio-- the list is endless.
Raw Materials in Geergia The raw materials from which all
these ceramic products are made are various clays, shales, sands, and minerals. Many of them are found in

Georgia. In fact, Geoigia is the center of the most PYtensiye concentration of ceramic raw materials in the United States. Kaolin deposits along the Georgia fall line from Columbus to Aiken, S. C:, produce 85 per cent of all the kaolin used in the United States. Ball clay (used to temper the kaolin) is predominantly mined in Tennessee and Ken tucky.
Feldspar is found in Georgia, but is largely mined in Western North Carolina. Granite waste from quarry operations in Georgia may be substituted for feldspar. Other types of kaolin are mined in North Carolina and Florida. These are the principal ceramic raw materials used in the whiteware group of ceramic industries which produce hotel china, porcelain china, sanitary porcelain, enameled iron sanitary ware, kitchen enameled iron utensils, electric porcelain, and floor tile. The concentration of these raw materials in and around Georgia is shown on a map elsewhere in this issue.
Processing at Home The history of ceramic industries
in Georgia is almost as old as the history of the white man in Georgia.
As Mrs. George P. Case, University of Georgia art teacher, works at the potter's wheel, Lamar Dodd, head of the Art Department, Dr. Harmon W. Caldwell, president of the University, and. the late Ben Adams, state news editor, Maeon Tolepraph, observe--and are probably thinking of the commercial possibilities of ceramics in post-
war Georgia.

GEORGIA CLAY DEPOSITS
LEGEND
US Kaolin
(Alluvial Clays Nat Sho*
Hand-made brick can still be found in Savannah and Augusta which were moulded and fired by men who came over with Oglethorpe. Kaolin, discovered near Augusta in this same early period, was shipped to England, until a deposit was discovered in Wales, where it was used in the making of Wedgewood china.
Aside from the heavy clay industries, however, Georgia, until recently, has remained a source of ceramic raw materials which were processed elsewhere. Today the emphasis is on a greater manufacture of this great natural resource here in Georgia .
In addition to these whiteware raw materials, Georgia has several deposits of sand used for making bottle and container glass, and it is believed that other, and perhaps better, glass sands may be found if more extensive and thorough geologic field work is undertaken.
Shales and other clays suitable for the manufacture of pottery, brick, building tile, roofing tile, and sewer pipe are widely distributed over the state.
20 Plants in Georgia Recent announcements by Libby-
Owens and Knox of plans to erect glass container plants in Atlanta and Griffin bring to eight the number in the Southeast--three of which are or will be in Georgia.
Georgia's 14 brick, tile, or sewer pipe and three refractory plants make a total of 20 ceramic plants in Georgia. This total does not include half a dozen smaller plants producing limited quantities of art pottery, garden vases, jugs, and similar ware.
These plants are just a beginning, however, according to a study of the State Engineering Experiment Station of the Georgia School of Technology ("Whiteware Prospectus"), which reveals that there are regional markets sufficient to justify the following:
Tableware (hotel china, whiteware or pottery type ware)--three to five plants. Only two small plants now.

Glass tableware--two to four plants. None now.
China sanitary ware--one plant. None now.
Glass containers--five to seven plants. Three small plants. Two large plants to be erected.
Enameled iron ware -- Sanitary plumbing ware--three to five plants. One now. Utensils, all types--two to four plants. None now.
Electrical porcelain--two to four plants. Two now.
New Techniques Needed The success of additional white-
ware plants will be dependent, according to this study, on the employment of mass production techniques which have recently been developed. In the glass and enameled iron fields, mass production has already become almost standard. Thoy will be dependent on the development of sound merchandising plans which take into account both the aesthetic value of design in influencing consumer buy-
I
v
A scene from the clay deposits o) Edgar Brothers, Mclntyre, Georgia.
ing and the engineering design which makes the product easy to use. This study points out these five significant considerations:
1. The enterprise is more than likely to be a new entry in the ceramic field.
2. Its management will probably include a ceramic engineer who wants to break away from the pottery tradition and try the magic of mass production.
3. Its basic plans will stem from an analysis of the markets available to the chosen plant location.
4. The management will include an imaginative sales-engineer (probably a ceramic engineer) who understands design as a marketing factor.
5. Its capital will be adequate and, probably, largely provided by the management. The obvious need for mass production techniques appears to eliminate the possibility of expanding on a craftsman basis from a "shoe-string" to quantity production.

Some Ceramic Firms
Following is a partial list of the ceramic industries located in Georgia, together with the products manufactured by each:
Attapulgus Clay Co., Attapulgus, fullers earth; Babcock & Wilcox Co., Augusta, refractories; Barytes Mining Co., Cartersville, barytes; Bauer Pottery Co., Atlanta, chinaware; Calling Tile Co., Macon, wall and floor tile; Champion Paper and Fibre Co., Sandersville, kaolin; Cherokee Ochre Co., Cartersville, ochre; Cohutta Talc Co., Chatsworth, talc mines; Dawes Silica Mining Co., Thomasville, construction and glass sand; Dixie Fire Proofing Co., Macon, fire brick and refractories; Edgar Brothers, Mclntyre, kaolin; Evans Smith Co., Mclntyre, kaolin; R. J. Funkhouser, Fairmont, slate mining and crushing; General Reduction Co., Macon, bleaching clay; Georgia Coating Clay Co., Macon, kaolin; Georgia Kaolin Co., Dry Branch, kaolin; Hall Stevens Production Co., Mclntyre, kaolin; A. O. Hutchins, Sparta, chalk mines; Manganese Mining Co., Cartersville, manganese; P. W. Martin Gordon Clays, Cordon, kaolin; New Riverside Ochre Co., Cartersville, ochre and barytes; and Sgoda Corporation. Huber, kaolin.
America's Ceramic Center
The kaolin belt, extending along the Georgia fall line from Columbus to Aiken, South Carolina, has long been regarded as a natural resource which should make Georgia the ceramic center of America. This possibility may become an actuality in the near future, but the kaolin belt has other potentialities which may mean even more to Georgia in terms of new industrial payrolls and increasing industrial importance.
The paper industry, already moving toward Georgia because of economies resulting from the production of wood pulp from Georgia slash pine, is the largest single user of kaolin. In 1940 the paper industry consumed as filler 5 9 per cent of all kaolin mined for sale in the United States. Similarly the rubber industry, which also depends on tire cord spun in Georgia mills, uses 12 per cent of all kaolin mined as filler.
Either of these industries may
Machinery in the ceramics laboratory at the Georgia School of Technology.

through the State Engineering Ex-

periment Station and the Department

of Ceramic Engineering at the Geor-

gia School of Technology are ample

to solve the problems which will

arise as the development of a well

rounded ceramic industry in Georgia

unfolds.

Already the heavy clay industries,

represented by the Southern Brick

and Tile Manufacturers Association,

are completing plans for a long-term

research program at the Experiment

Station, pointed first toward determ-

ining the most efficient methods of

construction using brick and tile, and

Technical work, such as this, in the ceramics laboratory at Georgia Tech is an important part of ceramic prog-
ress in this state

second, the fitting of the product to these methods. The program proposed will extend over a long period,
and it is the belief of the leaders of

the Association that its results will

easily add five or ten thousand skilled workers to Georgia's growing industrial labor force.

be apparent in the reduction of cost for brick and tile construction on the one hand, and, in consequence, an increased use of these materials on

Another ceramics laboratory scene at the Georgia School of Technology.

Refractory Possibilities
The kaolin deposits along the Georgia fall line are so large that conservative estimates indicate available supplies at an accelerated rate of use sufficient to last for several hundred years.
Kaolin is a very desirable material for the production of refractories, the burned clay products used for boiler linings, glass melting tanks, blast furnace linings, ladels, flues, and similar uses where insulation must be provided against very high temperatures.
At present kaolin is largely used only for the highest quality of refractories. One of the largest plants in this field is located at Augusta. The Industrial Economic Staff at the State Engineering Experiment Station at Georgia Tech, however, points out that kaolin may also be used for the production of less specialized types of refractories, for which a national market exists which could easily require the mining of three

the other hand. Several other projects dealing with
chemical and physical problems related to kaolin and other Georgia clays are being discussed at the Experiment Station and may be initiated as soon as faculty members on military leave return.
Inquiries regarding ceramic or other industrial research problems should be addressed to Dr. G. A. Rosselot, Director, State Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Tech.
Tech's Ceramic Department
The Ceramic Engineering Department at Georgia Tech has long been the clearing house for technical information about the ceramic industries in Georgia. The department is housed in the Ceramic building on the corner of Third and Fowler Streets on the Tech campus.
The department is equipped with two large down-draft kilns, numerous special purpose kilns, clay-wash-

ing, blunging and forming machinery, a complete pottery and china shop, and glaze laboratory. From its establishment in 19 2 4, the Ceramic Department has engaged in study of the technical problems of using Georgia kaolin and other Geor-
gia clays. One of the first results of this re-
search policy was the development of a series of whiteware body mixtures based on the blending of Georgia kaolin, Tennessee ball-clay, and North Carolina feldspar.
Tech graduates in ceramic engineering are employed in the operation of many of the larger brick, tile, and refractory plants in Georgia as well as in whiteware and other ceramic plants in other parts
of the country. In co-operation with the State En-
gineering Experiment Station, the ceramics faculty initiated, just before the war, a program of technical research. This program will be ex-

or four times the tonnage of kaolin

now used for all ceramic and non-

ceramic purposes.

In the "Economic Study of the

Augusta Area." it is pointed out that

the existing production of refrac-

tories has been located close to de-

posits of fire clay rather than to the

industrial markets which use the

product. Since a superior product

can be made from kaolin, it seems

reasonable to expect that a new pro-

ducer who provided the essential

technical and engineering services

necessary to fit the product to the

specific needs of the consuming in-

dustries would be able to compete

profitably with the five or six large

national producers, two of which al-

ready operate medium sized plants in Georgia, while a third firm pro-

LEGtND

duces all of its refractories at Augusta.

BC

Soil Clay

B

Battle

C

Coal

Technical Research

f

Feldspar

FL

Flint

The shift to mass production in

K

Kyanite

Whiting

all ceramic industries tends to place

TFte heavi} lines teptesenl the natural qa& p,pe fine syslerr

an increased emphasis on technical

research. The facilities for both

basic and specific research available

Principal Producing Areas of Ceramic Raw Materials in tin Southeast.

Kaolin en route to processing ol the Albion Kaolin Company, Hephstibah,
Georgia.
panded as rapidly as members of the staff return from duty with the Navy.
University's Ceramic Art
A dinner plate, as any other industrial product, results from the collaboration of the engineer, technician, and the artist-designer. The plate, or product must serve a definite purpose, must be designed to .fit its method of manufacture, and

must possess an attractiveness that will make it appealing to the buyer. The ideal designer would be a combination engineer-artist who could apply his knowledge directly in carrying out his ideas through all the creative technical and artistic processes.
Achievement of this engineer-artist ideal in ceramics is being realized through the spread of ceramic knowledge and the expansion of ceramic education facilities. The University of Georgia is laying the ground work for the training of ceramic artists and designers in its ceramic courses in the Department of Art. The goal sought is not that of training in production, although a working knowledge of this field is necessary in realizing practically-designed ware. The artist's concentration rather is in the direction of well-designed, functional, and attractive ware, and the injection of new thoughts into
For fact and pictures in this issue of Georgia Progress, credit and appreciation are due Dr. II. E. Dennison, State Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia School of Technology; Prof. Lamar Dodd and Prof. Earl McGutchcon, Art Department, University of Georgia; and Miss Bessie Walker Callaway, At-
lanta Constitution.

George B. Lamar, manager, observes operations in a kaolin pit of the Albion Kaolin Company, Hephzibah, Georgia.
ploying the potter's wheel, coil-built ware, cast and giggered products, mold making, basic glaze experimentation, glazing and firing of ceramic products. These are all taught for the purpose of providing experience in these processes for a more successful concentration on design. Emphasis is placed upon actual experience in laboratory work because it is only through actual participation that an artist can progress.

Brick manufacturing is a phase of Georgia ceramic industry.

the design of this ware. His field encompasses primarily dinner ware, art ware, glass products, and terra cotta.
The Art Department offers ceramics for a second equally important reason--that of providing another field of experience in which the student artist may supplement his work In painting, drawing, crafts, and sculpture. Offerings for those who wish merely to gain the cultural advantages of ceramics round out this varied field.
Instruction in these ceramic courses covers the forming processes, em-

Home of the Experiment Station of the Georgia School of Technology.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

See. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens. Gn. Permit No 120

LOUISE FAST. SERIALS LIBRARIAN THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES AT:E:;S, GA.

GEOR
PUBLISHED BY AGRI
Volume 11

PROGRESS

AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

SEPTEMBER 1, 1945

Number 3

Georgia's 12-Million Furniture Manufacture Business Is Headed for Postwar Expansion

This Industry Has Tripled in Size During Past
Ten Years--Further Growth Now Seems Certain
\LREADY an estimated $12,000,000 a year business, with an estimated $4,000,000 annual pay roll, furniture manufacturing in Georgia is
expanding and will continue to do so in the post war period. This statement is based on a study recently made under the direction of
H. E. Dennison of the State Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia School of Technology, which reveals the following trend:

Number of Establish-
ments

Number of Employees

Wages and Salaries

Value of Production

The majority of the furniture manufactured in Georgia in wooden.

1935 193 9 1945

31

1.780 $1,255,000 $3,634,106

35

2,125

1,700,000

5,200,000

40

4,000

4,000,000 12,000,000

(estimated) (estimated) (estimated)

"An expansion in furniture manufacturing is certain to take place," Mr. Dennison says. "The thing that is not certain yet is whether or not expansion will be in the form ot enlargement of present plants or the establishment of new firms."

Trend Is Explained
In explanation of the foregoingfigures, Mr. Dennison writes:
"We arrived at these figures in the following manner: questionnaires were sent to all of the known furniture manufacturers asking them to give us the name of the plant, the kind of furniture made, the kind of wood used, quantity of production per month, value of product per month, and the labor cost per month. At the time of compiling these figures only 16 companies had replied to this request. We used the data given by these companies as a typical example of the 5 0 companies to which the questionnaire went."
The following kinds of furniture are now made in Georgia: bedroom suites, kitchen cabinets, utility cabinets, chifforobes, chests of drawers, cedar chests, beds, vanity benches, porch furniture, lawn furniture, dinette suites, end tables, desks, kitchen tables, gliders, bedside tables, coffee tables, what-nots, bookcases, smoking stands, dining room suites, kitchen stools, kitchen chairs; office desks, tables, and chairs; juvenile furniture, as high chairs, rockers, kindergarten chairs; and school fixtures, show cases, church and lodge furniture, and curtain stretchers.

Who Make What
The majority of furniture made in Georgia is wooden, with some upholstered work done. Georgia produced 1.2% of all furniture products made in the United States in 1940, valued at $5,200,000. Very little of-
' T
upholstered furniture is also made in Georgia,

soittt Georgia furniture manufacturing concerns operate their own delivery system as does the Au8tell Cabinet Com-
pany with this fleet of trucks.
flee furniture was made here until the war started. Since that time there has heen a large increase in the manufacture of office furniture. However, by far the largest percentage of the furniture manufactured is wooden household furniture. From a study of the 16 plants from which questionnaires were received the following distribution of products was found:
5 companies make bedroom suites; 4 companies make kitchen cabinets ;
6 companies make chifforobes; 2 companies make beds; 2 companies make dinette suites; 1 company makes porch and lawn furniture; 2 companies make kitchen stools and chairs; and 1 company makes desks and office furniture. The 1939 Census lists 3 5 furniture companies in Georgia. It is estimated that now there are 5 0. Some furniture companies changed to the

manufacture of wooden crates and boxes for the government when the war started. It is assumed that they will return to furniture manufacturing after the war.
Kinds of Furniture
It has been estimated that the value of the household furniture manufactured in Georgia in 19 40 was $5,200,000, with about one-half of the total value in living room furniture. The other half is divided almost equally among bedroom, dining room, and kitchen furniture. The estimate for 1945 is $12,000,000.
The major portion of furniture manufactured is of a cheap to moderately priced grade, with some upholstered and some unfinished articles. Most companies making upholstered furniture also make the wooden frames for it, which fact is not generally true in other parts of the country.
It has been estimated from the study of the 16 plants in Georgia that the annual value of the product of all plants has doubled since 1940, and is now about $12,000,000 per year.
Profits Increase
Profits have also increased. In 1940 they were about 5% of net sales. A set of percentage value of the cost of production for the United States has been figured. These should apply in general to most manufacturers of furniture in Georgia. They are as follows:
37.9% of sales--raw materials; 20.8% of sales--production and wages and salaries;
12.1% of sales--other costs; 1.7% of sales--depreciation;
27.5% of sales--gross margin on sales;
9.7% of sales--selling expense; 2.7% of sales--advertising; 4.0% of sales--administrative and

One-hall of the residential furniture manufactured in Georgia is for lite living room, ftie nilter imlf is divided among betl room, dining room, and kitchen furniture. Total value of household furniture manufactured in Georgia this year:
$12,000,000 (estimate). Some office furniture is now made in Georgia.

general office expenses; 1.2% of sales--taxes; 5.8% of sales--net profit.
The average rate of return on capital invested was 8.4%.
The cost of the goods sold, excluding taxes, administrative expense, selling expense, etc., amounted to 74.3 cents on every dollar.
Labor, Wages, Markets
The number of employees in a plant varies greatly with the type of furniture manufactured, as some kinds require more hand work. It is estimated in the United States as a whole that 2/5 of the workers are semi-skilled, 1/3 are skilled, and the rest is common labor.
Wages for specific jobs in the furniture business in 19 41 range from 40 cents for common labor to $1.20 for skilled. Previous to 1941 the average wage in the South was 3 6.9 cents per hour. The number of workers per plant in Georgia ranges from about 10 to 400 employees. The total number of employees in Georgia in the furniture manufacturing industry has been estimated at approximately 4,000 for 1945, with an annual pay roll of $4,000,000. About one-third of the total value of the product is labor cost.
Fur fuels and pictures used in this is sue nf GBOBGIA PROGRESS, credit and appreciation are >lue 11. E. Dennison, State Engineering Experiment station. Georgia sellout of Technology. Atlanta; Whitmire Furniture Company, Athens; Southern Furniture Sales Company, Chattanooga. Tenn.: Austrll Cabinet Company; Fox Manufacturing Comnanu. Rome; Uacon Cabinet Works, Inc. : ami Estes-Wolcott Company, Inc.,
Rear.
Most furniture manufacturers in Georgia sell their products directly to retailers and furniture dealers. In some cases, they sell directly to individuals within a short radius of the plant. In a few cases they maintain their own wholesale and retail establishments. Some plants have war contracts with the Government, but a few have already reverted to civilian work.
Location of Industry
Communities in 9 3 counties in Georgia have expressed a desire to set up new furniture manufacturing plants. Elsewhere in this issue are two maps, one showing the counties in which furniture factories are located at present, and the other showing the towns which have expressed a desire to establish furniture factories. A comparison of these two maps will show that furniture factories already established are concentrated on a diagonal line running from West Point to Rabun County, whereas the new plants, if established, would scatter the furniture manufacturing business throughout the state.
"Justification for such scattering of furniture factories would lie in the fact that timber in almost unlimited quantities exists in almost every county throughout the state sufficient in quantity and variety to support a tremendous volume of furni-

Operations at tlic Fox Manufacturing Company, Rome. Left: .1 double automatic furniture simper. Center: Transfer truck in timber yard. Right: Oonveyorixed finishing room. This firm's products are sold throughout the United States. Its maple finished living room suites are sold under the trademark of American Province Maple and its oak suites under the trademark of English Province Oak. The Fox plant is considered one of the most modern in the furniture industry and has several thousand feet of
conveyor installation.

ture manufacturing," Mr. Dennison states. Woods That Are Used
Gums and oaks are used more than any other species of timber for furniture manufacturing in Georgia. Gums include the red, the tupelo and the black. The oaks include the red and the white. Most of the plain furniture is made from pine, which is the most plentiful of all woods in Georgia. Popular, but limited in quantity, is furniture from black walnut, poplar, birch, beech, elm, black cherry, and red maple.
Pine timber for the manufacture of furniture is available in ample quantities throughout the state and each of the 93 interested communities can be sure of sufficient raw material to manufacture furniture from this kind of wood. The better grades of oak are found in the upper Piedmont and mountain sections of the state. Red, tupelo, and black gum are found in the greatest quantity along the rivers and creeks of middle and south Georgia. The other species used are scattered throughout the state, usually in limited quantities in any given locality.
The Agricultural and Industrial
.1/ present, a* shown in this map, Georgia's furniture manufacturing plants are concentrated on a diagonal line running from West Point to Babun
County.

Development Board is now conducting a forestry survey, the results of which should be useful in determining desirable locations, in terms of available timber, for furniture plants. Only recently, those making this forestry survey were partially instrumental, through their findings, in the establishment of a new furniture plant in Georgia. A community interested in a furniture plant is invited to write the A. I. D. B. director at Athens about this study and also about community surveys with which the Board may be able to assist.
In the Tech study of 16 furniture plants in Georgia, only 7 reported that they had to obtain a part of their timber from outside their districts. These 7 supplemented their locally supplied raw material with timber from south Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and the Carolinas.
Present operations in Georgia do not include to any great extent the manufacture of high grade furniture. This fact, in the opinion of those who have made a study of the problem, suggests that this is a phase of development to which more attention should be given. "Personally," writes Mr. Dennison, "I am tremendously interested in getting some group to venture on the production of mahogany. I know of only one plant in the whole South."
Redesigning Suggested
Mr. Dennison also suggests, not without humor, the desirability of redesigning a great deal of furniture and having old and new plants begin a change over. "Personally, my hips and back hurt when I think of some of the chairs we sit in," he
says. The State Engineering Experiment
Station of the Georgia School of Technology, in conjunction with the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia, is undertaking a special study of furniture and furniture manufacturing. Anyone desiring information on this subject should write Mr. Dennison.
Already information assembled in this study indicates that the demand for furniture after the war will be greater than ever before. This will

greatly simplify the marketing problem and undoubtedly will boost what is already a very lucrative phase of Georgia industry. Ga. Furniture Makers
Following is a list of furniture manufacturers in Georgia, including the kinds of furniture produced: Atlanta Cabinet Shop, 591 Edgewood Ave.--kitchen cabinets, screens.
Carter Showcase & Fixture Co., 60 Mangum St., S. W., Atlanta--office fixtures.
Frank Coley Furniture Co., 898 West Peachtree St., Atlanta.
Del Mar Cabinet Co., 2865 Gordon Rd., Atlanta--kitchen cabinets, utility cabinets, sink tops.
Kate City Table Co., Inc., 3-13 Haynes St.. S. W., Atlanta--dinette suites, kitchen stools, kitchen chairs.
John Hawkins Furniture Studios, Nelson St., S. W., Atlanta--furniture and cabinet work.
Jacobus Manufacturing Co., 480 Means St., Atlanta--upholstered furniture.
Trinity Furniture Shops, Inc., 363 North East Blvd., Atlanta--furniture.
Communities in 93 Georgia counties liore expressed a desire to set up new furniture manufacturing plants. As this may reveals, these are ideally scattered throughout Georgia--as are
the necessary timber resources.

Chifforobes, aa well as show cases, store and office fixtures, dressers, unit kitchen safes are made by the Macon Cabinet Works, of which Philip II. Dohn
is president.
Austell Cabinet Co. -- bedroom suites, chifforobes, kitchen cabinets.
The Smiths, Inc., Barnesville-- bedroom suites, chifforobes.
R. Y. Golden and Son, Buchanan --cabinets.
Cornelia Cabinet Company. Cornelia Manufacturing Co.--porch furniture. Duane Chair Co., Dalton--chairs. Zimmerman Manufacturing Co., East Point--living room suites, chairs, matteresses and springs. Woodwork Manufacturing Co.. Elberton--kitchen cabinets, curtain stretchers, what-nots, novelties. Chattahoochee Furniture Co., Flowery Branch--household furniture. Mooney Manufacturing Co., Flowery Branch--chests of drawers. Georgia Chair Co., Gainesville-- chairs. Oakwood Furniture Co., Gainesville--furniture. Hogansville Cabinet Co.--cabinets. Barwick Manufacturing Co., Louisville--household furniture.

Southern Furniture Manufacturing Co., Mableton--bedroom suites, bookcases, chifforobes, cedar chests, lawn furniture, beds.
Art Furniture Manufacturing Co., Box 173, Macon--tables, racks, desks.
Macon Cabinet Works, 8th and Poplar Sts.--desks (office), tables (office), chifforobes, store fixtures, show cases, church and lodge furniture.
Brumby Chair Co., Marietta--
chairs, tables.
Marietta Furniture Manufacturing Co.--dinette suites, breakfastroom suites, chairs, rockers.
Mitchell Furniture Co.. Marietta --livingroom furniture.
A. W. Walker, McDonough--livingroom furniture.
J. M. Carmichael Furniture Co., McDonough--upholstered furniture.
McRae Cabinet Co.--cabinets. Meansville Casket Co.--furniture, woodworking, and caskets. Satterfield Furniture Co., Montezuma--lawn and porch furniture. T. M. Culpepper, Pelham--kitchen
cabinets. Brown's Cabinet Shop, Quitman. Estes-Wolcott Co., Rex--chairs
(office), kitchen stools, kitchen chairs, porch rockers, high chairs (juvenile furniture), chairs and rockers (juvenile furniture), kindergarten chairs, tablet arms (school furniture).
Taft Manufacturing Co., Rockmart --cabinet work.
Fox Manufacturing Co., Rome-- living room furniture.
Roswell Cabinet and Wood Shop --kitchen cabinets.
Quality Furniture Co.. Tallapoosa --chifforobes, beds, vanity benches.
Temple Furniture and Novelty Co. --end tables, desks, kitchen tables,

porch furniture (gliders), juvenile chairs and rockers, bedside tables, chests of drawers.
Stevens Manufacturing Co.. Temple--kitchen cabinets and furniture.
Take-Along-Travel Chair Co., Thomasville--folding chairs.
Currahee Furniture Co., Toccoa-- bedroom suites.
Toccoa Novelty Manufacturing Co. --tables, coffee tallies, end tallies. bookcases, smoking stands.
Trogdon Furniture Co., Toccoa-- dining room suites, coffee tables.
Woodcraft Novelty Co., Union Point--furniture and toys.
H. and K. Chair Co.. Waverly Hall --Chairs, benches, furniture.
National Furniture Co., Inc., Win der--bedroom suites, chifforobes, kitchen cabinets.
G. W. Summerour and Co., Inc., Winder--cabinets, chests.
Some of the items mmlc nt the Macon Cabinet Works,

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

See. 502, P. L. & K. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Gn. Permit No 120

55Q

GEORGI

OGRESS

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND~7DTTKTR-fAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Volume II

OCTOKER 1, 1945

Number 4

Georgia--State and People--Is Enriched by Expanding Vocational Education Program

Progress Reported in Four Areas--Agriculture, Homemaking, Business, and Trades and Industries

Gcoryia's [trot/ram of Vocational Education includes Ayriculture. . . .
\ VOCATIONAL education of less
than^ college grade has shown marked pr&gress in Georgia within recent years.
The bearing of this development on the economic welfare of the state, as revealed in subsequent paragraphs, has been tremendous, and is an important phase of the story of Georgia progress.
Looking to the future, the State Board of Education, at a recent meeting, passed a resolution requesting the Education Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board to make a comprehensive study of the vocational training needs of the state. This study is now under way and should result in a more adequate program, in keeping with the changing needs of our people.
Georgia's program of vocational education, a part of the total school program, includes agriculture, homemaking, trades and industries, and business and distributive occupations. It also embraces teachertraining in each of these fields. The teacher-training for both in-service and pre-employment teachers is under the auspices of the teachertraining institutions of the state.
Georgia, with 101,845 students, ranks fourth in total enrollment in all phases of vocational education being carried on under the SmithHughes and George-Deen acts, according to the annual report of the U. S. Office of Education for the fiscal year ending June 3 0, 19 4 4. The only states ahead of Georgia are Texas, California, and New York. The reason for this outstanding record is that in certain phases of vocational education, Georgia leads the nation in the enrollment of out-of-school youth and adults.

Since 1940, the vocational and other educational forces of this state have made an outstanding contribution to the nation's war effort. Prior to March 31, 1945, 110,087 persons were trained in the Vocational Training Program for War Produc-
Homemaking.
tion Workers and placed on war production jobs. Approximately 215,000 farmers were also given training in the Food Production War TrainingProgram. As a result of these war emergency projects, Georgia schools now have several million dollars worth of modern up-to-date production type equipment, most of which is suitable for providing vocational training for returning veterans, demobilized war workers, and other

persons, to prepare them for peacelime occupations and opportunities.
Vocational Agriculture Approximately 400 rural Georgia
high schools have departments of vocational agriculture, the programs of which are built around the problems of farm people living within the area served by the school. Practical training, based on individual needs, is provided for in-school and out-of-school youth and adults.
The in-school group is composed of farm boys, who are given organized daily classroom and on-the-job instruction. Each boy, as a part of his training program, carries out home projects such as livestock production, feed production, soil conservation, and home improvements. More than 2 5,000 such home projects are now being conducted by Georgia boys. They are "learning by doing" under the guidance of agricultural teachers.
As a boy progresses in the training program, he increases his investment in farming through earnings from his home projects. Many of these boys, by the time they complete high school, have accumulated enough to be partially or fully established in farming.
All boys enrolled in vocational classes are eligible to become members of the Future Farmers of America. Here they elect their officers,
and BusinesB and Distributive Occupations.

successfully carried on their farming operations. They could not purchase new equipment and blacksmiths were not available to keep tools in proper repair.
Plans already approved by the Veterans Education Council will provide practical farmer-training programs for World War II veterans. Veterans may remain at home, carry on their farming operations, and attend school part-time. Each veteran will study the jobs and problems he faces in developing and carrying on his individual farming program.

"All work and no play . . . " Many vocational agriculture students are Future Farmers of America. Here a group Is nl play at the State FFA Camp,
Covimgton.
hast year sl.*>44 Georgia families-- some 400.000 persons--used school-community canning plants, .tacit as this
one al Canton.
preside over meetings, and plan programs of activities. Teachers of vocational agriculture serve as local advisers. Local chapters have been active in purchasing and selling war bonds, collecting surplus metal, scrap paper, rags, etc., in addition to the production of food as a part of the supervisory practice program.
The training program for out-ofschool youth and adults deals with individual and community problems. Farmers are organized into groups to discuss and study their problems. Last year more than 1,000 such study groups were organized, and over 30,000 farmers were given systematic instruction relating to their specific problems. It is the philosophy of the agricultural teacher that his teaching is not complete until the job on which instruction is given is done on the farm of the individual. Agricultural teachers also recognize the fact that if their teaching is to be effective, they must not only deal with ivhat to do and how to do, but also see that facilities are available with which to do.
As a result of this philisophy, there are in Georgia 442 school owned and operated community canning plants (more than any other state in the nation), approximately 400 community farm shops used both for instruction and for the repair and

Started ax a vocational agricultural home project, this Aberdeen-Angus herd has grown to a large ami profitable enterprise for Jimmie Johnson, Jcffer-
construction of farm and home equipment and appliances, 3 4 dehydrators of 5 0-bin capacity each, 12 freezer locker and meat curing plants, 3 2 fence-post treating plants. 12 potato curing plants, several hundred levels for running terrace lines, dozens of seed treating outfits, many egg incubators, and other instructional and service facilities
Georgia's school community food conservation program is receiving national and international recognition. In the last three years, delegates from 17 states and two foreign countries have visited Georgia to study this program. More than twothirds of the states have followed Georgia's lead in establishing similar facilities as a part of their vocational education program.
Last year, 81,644 Georgia families, comprising about 400,000 people, used the school community canning plant facilities of the state. Several thousand more used the freezerlocker and dehydrating plants. Even greater numbers are using these facilities this year.
When such equipment is available on a community level, vocational teachers will have a greater opportunity to serve rural people in a functional educational program. The people come together and not only make decisions on what should be done, but the teacher follows through until the farmer has provided himself with a year-round food supply.
Farm shops, most of which are well equipped, are operated as a part of the school program for both inschool and out-of-school groups. High school boys enrolled in vocational agriculture are taught certain skills and the use of hand tools. They learn to construct and repair farm equipment. Adult farmers attend classes to learn skills, to make articles needed around the farm, and to repair their own farm equipment. Last year 50,144 farmers repaired farm tools and implements in school shops under the supervision and guidance of agriculture teachers. They repaired 55,167 tools, implements, and machines, and made 31.777 items of equipment to be used on the farm. Many farmers have said that had it not been for the farm repair program they could not have

Homemaking Education Increasing emphasis is being
placed in Georgia on the fact that training for homemaking should not be left to chance, but should be provided through public education. Homemaking education is preparation for the responsibilities ol homemaking, including provision of food for the family; selection, care, and making of clothing; care and guidance of children; selection, furnishing, and care of the home; selection and use of home equipment; home care of the sick; and maintenance of satisfactory family relationships.
Homemaking teachers carry on both in-school and out-of-school programs. Women, as well as girls, receive instruction, which is built around real home problems. Pupils carry on home project programs which parallel class instruction. Teachers visit the pupils, both girls and women, in their homes and give further individualized instruction and supervision in connection with these projects.
For the year ending June 3 0, 19 45, there were 492 departments of vocational homemaking in Georgia high schools, with 512 teachers. All counties in Georgia except eight have from one to seven departments. The total enrollment in both in-school and out-of-school classes was 59,261. This is a gain, which has resulted largely from the increased number of teachers employed for 12 months and from the interest in war-time homemaking problems. Georgia ranks third among the states in this phase of education. During the past year 248 homemaking teachers were employed on a 12 months' basis and 264
Preparation of meals fs one of tin prac tical subjects in a homemaking coarse. Here are some Snmner High School
airlx at work in such a course.

on a nine months' basis. The extended term makes it possible for teachers to become more familiar with the problems and people in a community, and to offer instruction in homemaking to more individuals.
A total of 27,165 high school pupils was enrolled in vocational homemaking classes last year. Of these, 882 were boys. These pupils completed 88,346 home projects, of which 20,422 dealt with family clothing problems; 14,799, with preservation of food for the family; 11.522, with home improvement; and 3.325, with care and guidance of children. Homemaking teachers made 45,927 visits to homes of pupils to supervise home projects and to give on-the-job individualized instruction in homemaking to girls and women.
Girls enrolled in high school vocational homemaking classes last year made 6 2,246 garments in clothing classes, valued at approximately $210.000.00. They repaired or renovated 24,631 garments for themselves and their families.
Homemaking teachers have promoted nutrition education throughout the school. A total of 333 teachers gave full or part-time supervision to the school lunch program last year; 10 8 taught nutrition classes to boys; 7 2 taught nutrition classes to elementary teachers; and 19 2 gave consultant service to other teachers concerning nutrition in the elementary or high school grades. A total of 1,018 nutrition exhibits was arranged by homemaking teachers in school halls, lunch rooms, and store windows.
Enrollment in adult classes in homemaking has more than doubled during the past two years. The total for the past year was 3 2,0 9 6.
Vocational homemaking teachers and pupils have taken an active part in voluntary war activities in their communities. For the Red Cross, 746 garments were knitted; 62,458 surgical dressings were made; and 46 teachers served as sponsors for Junior Red Cross chapters. Seventynine girls served as junior nursing aides, and instruction and guidance in homemaking classes were given in connection with this activity.
A state organization of Future Homemakers of America is being set
Home improvement last year engaged the attention of 11,522 high school homemaking students. Here a Sylvester Ifitili group is working on a typical
project.

Girls in high school homemaking das* ex last near made 02,246 garments rallied at $209,642.09, and repaired 24,031 garments for themselves and
families.
up in Georgia. It now has around 6,000 members. Its purpose is service to home, schools, and community, and promotion of homemaking education throughout the state and nation.
Business, Distributive Education
Business and distributive education, which is financed by federal, state, and local funds, represents training for the nation's third largest business--distribution. It is rapidly becoming one of the most popular fields of vocational training. During the last two years, distributive education programs have been started or definite plans have been made for them to start in the high schools of Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, Savannah, Rome, and Valdosta. Training programs for adults have been conducted during the year in Albany, Athens. Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Bainbridge, Macon, Marietta, Milledgeville, Rome, Savannah, Tifton, Thomasville, Valdosta, and Winder. Approximately 8,000 students have been enrolled in these classes, which is a considerable increase over preceding years.
Not only is salesmanship taught. but also a number of other courses, including history of retailing; advertising; display; color, line and design; store organization and management; merchandising; personnel relations; and advanced training for store supervisors and managers, including supervision, principles of teaching employees, and job improvement. Every phase and type of distribution is included in the program. It includes training for workers in wholesale and retail establishments, hotels, restaurants, insurance agencies, and other distributive fields. All courses are designed and operated on a very practical basis. They are set up to meet the needs of the individual trainee and the individual employer.
Plans are under way for developing a program to meet the needs of the small towns. These are beingworked out with the Trade, Commerce, and Business Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Georgia, of which Lee Trimble is director, and with the Bet-

df &
I'oints hare been no problem for the vocational students who are responsible for this prize-winning display of their agricultural and homemaking handi-
work.
As a part of their instruction in business and distributive education, high school students learn to display and sell a variety of consumer merchandise.
ter Home Towns Division of the Georgia Power Company.
The high school business and distributive education program provides for two years of training and worktraining experience. A pupil may start in the junior year. During the first year a program is in operation, however, outstanding seniors are admitted for one year of intensive training, but this is not practiced after the first year. The program for in-school youth consists of 15 hours of school training each week and a minimum of 15 hours of worktraining experience. Through this "cooperative program," the schools and the employers work together for the purpose of giving students a better opportunity and future in the distributive field. Students who enroll in distributive classes receive pay comparable to any other parttime beginning employee.
Many of World War II veterans will go into business for themselves. Records show that in Georgia the mortality rate of small business establishments is high, running to 85 per cent for some types, such as grocery stores and restaurants. The distributive education program will prepare veterans to meet known obstacles in the operation of small business establishments.

Shoe repairing is the trade being learned by tliis particular young man. Similar instruction is provided under vocational education in many other fields.
This program of distributive education is being given encouragement by the Agricultural and Industrial. Development Board of Georgia, the merchants' associations, chambers of commerce, hotel and restaurant associations, and other business organizations of the state.
Trade and industrial Education
Since June 1940, vocational trade and industrial education facilities have been greatly expanded in the public schools of Georgia. During the period from July 1, 19 40 to June 30, 1945, approximately 112,000 Georgians were trained in public vocational schools and placed in war production jobs. Also, during this period a total of $831,662.08 (federal funds) was expended for training equipment. This sum is in addition to several hundred thousand dollars worth of equipment already owned by local school authorities. The equipment is well distributed over the state. Georgia school au-

thorities have also been the recipients of possibly a million dollars' worth of excellent equipment that became surplus when the NYA was liquidated. All of this will remain in the state and be available for developing training programs for returning veterans, demobilized war industry workers, and other persons.
On February 1, 1944, the Stale Board of Education opened the North Georgia Vocational School at Clarkesville. More than a quarter of a million dollars' worth of modern equipment and an excellent plant were made available to the state without cost. The equipment was formerly owned by the NYA. At this school, vocational training is provided in automotive mechanics, radio, refrigeration, woodworking, gas and electric welding, shoe repairing, laundry work, cooking, jewelry repairing, and commercial work. Plans are being made to offer other types of training.
Since the school was opened, more than 700 persons have received train-
For te.rt and pictures in this issue of GEORGIA PROGRESS^ credit and appreciation are due Dr. O. C. Aderhold, director, Education Panel, .1. I. D. B., If. /*. Mobley, state director of Vocational lid neat ion Service, and their as-
sociates.
jng. Most of the students are physically disabled rehabilitation cases and World War II veterans.
The State Board of Education has approved 15 local school units as agencies to operate area vocational schools. If and when funds are available for carrying on these schools, they will be located in Atlanta, Athens, Rome, Macon, Albany, Griffin, Augusta, Fitzgerald, Marietta, Waycross, Brunswick, Savannah, Columbus, Moultrie, and Dalton.
Most of the larger cities of the state are developing plans for a greatly expanded vocational program in trades and industrial education in order to meet post-war training needs. Columbus, Macon, and Savannah are already carrying on worthwhile programs. and other cities are making satisfactory progress.

Occupational Guidance An Occupational Information and
Guidance Service was added to the Division of Vocational Education on July 1, 1944. Since then the State Supervisor has worked closely witli the field staff of the Education Panel of the Agricultural and Industrial Development Board in both planning and field work. He has led the discussion of school community planning groups in dealing with that part of the school program for helping individuals make wise occupational choices in ten counties. Each school has planned an occupational guidance program, and many of them have taken steps to put the program into action. During the summer he has served as a staff member in the seven school leaders workshops, spending a week in each.
Prior to 1917, little or no vocational education of Jess than college grade was being carried on in Georgia. The program had its beginning as a result of the passage of the Smith-Hughes Act providing federal funds for the promotion of this phase of education. In 1936, the program was further implemented as a result of the passage of the George-Deen Act, providing for additional federal aid for vocational education. Both these bills were introduced and championed in Congress by Georgians --the men whose names the two acts bear.
A World War II reteran prepares to be an anlo XUIU'III store nionaiirr and oirner tiro hours a da," in school and six to eight in a store putting his
learning inttt practice.

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF GEORGIA
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORCIA ATHENS, GEORGIA

Sec. 562, P. L. & R. U. S. POSTAGE
PAID
Athens, Ga. Permit No 126

i,
TOUISB FANT. SERIALS LIBRARIAN THE UUIVERSIT1 LIERAR1ES ATHENS. GA.

GEORGIA PRGfE

PUBLISHED BY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL D<EGfa$bpMENT I

Volume II

rvOVEYlBER 1, 1945

unttfl^

imber 5

Cotton Textile Makers Alert to Competition from Synthetic Fibres and Foreign Markets

Georgia's Largest Industry, Supporting l-6th of White Population, Readies for Further Progress

First the both . . .
rpHE manufacture of textile yarns * and fabrics is Georgia's oldest and largest industrial enterprise. In terms of raw materials consumed, people employed, payrolls distributed, goods produced, and taxes paid, it is the state's most important industry.
The event which marks the beginning of the cotton textile industry in the South is the invention of the cotton gin. For the first time, the processing of cotton was made possible by the factory system. Within 20 years after this invention was made, the first cotton mill was built in Georgia. The name of the mill was Bolton's Factory and it was located on Upson Creek in Wilkes county. Soon thereafter other mills were built, some of which are still in existence. Among the latter are the following: The Georgia Manufacturing Company, Whitehall, near Athens, built in 1829; the Trion Company at Trion, started in 1845; the Roswell Mills at Roswell; and the Eagle and Phenix Mills at Columbus. Many of the mills which were in existence before the War Between the States were burned during the war, and immediately after the war expansion was slow.
Reconstruction
In the course of time, however, groups of Georgia leaders began to see in the cotton textile industry the best medium for the reconstruction of the state's industry and commerce. Georgia had an almost unlimited supply of raw material and a large amount of labor which could be drawn from the

farms and villages, and quickly adjusted to work in the mills. With the financial assistance of cotton-goods merchants and textile machinery manufacturers, the industry soon began to grow very rapidly and today it consists of more than 200 plants located in 59 counties. These mills with their 3,150,000 spindles produce a wide variety of cotton yarn fabrics, knit goods, finished materials, and many other types of articles. Georgia now ranks third among the states in tex-
. . . then the balex . . . tile productive capacity.
In a normal year, these mills consume more than a million bales of cotton. During the World War II period, because of the great demand for cotton goods for military and other purposes, mill consumption has exceeded two million bales per year. This quantity is more than twice the amount of cotton grown in Georgia. Normally, although Georgia ranks third among the states in number of spindles, it generally ranks second in cotton consumption.
Payroll Is Large At present there are about 100,000
people employed in the cotton textile plants of this state. Considered on a total population basis this means that approximately Veth of the state's white population is directly supported by the industry.

Under present conditions, the textile payroll of Georgia amounts to about $125,000,000. This is approximately two and one-half million dollars per week. These payrolls mean much to towns and cities in which the mills are located, as well as to the rest of the state. There are many communities in the state in which textile mill payrolls provide the main source of industrial wages. Weekly distribution of these wages furnishes the purchasing power and trading funds for these towns and cities.
On the basis of the best information that can be obtained, it is conservatively estimated that more than $250,000,000 is invested in textile mills in Georgia. This figure includes valuation of mill buildings and machinery, real estate, mill villages, and inventories of raw cotton and finished goods. It furnishes one of the major individual sources of taxation for the state, counties and cities and, therefore, contributes much toward better schools, better roads, more efficient government, and greater cultural advantages.
Value of Products
The estimated total value of the finished goods processed by Georgia mills during the war period is $300,000,000 per year. Because of restrictions against releases of detailed information on production of war materials, no accurate figures can be
and then the thread.

if",.
Opening room in a cotton mill.
given. Inasmuch as most of the cotton goods produced in Georgia are sold outside the state, the cotton mill industry contributes greatly toward a better balance of trade and exchange of goods with other sections of the country and with the world.
Georgia textile mills began setting their house in order to manufacture goods for the war even before war was declared. By the time war was declared, the mills were already organized and in full swing to make their contribution to the production of more than 12,000 different types of materials required by the army alone During the war period train loads of cotton goods moved out of Georgia mills to the finishing plants and the garment factories where cotton yarns were transformed into military material.
This vast output inspired by the patriotism of both management and labor has greatly exceeded the expectations of the most optimistic. The expanded output has also been accomplished without aid in the form of new plants constructed by the government and in spite of the handicaps incident to shortage of manpower and to manpower regulations.
Postwar Outlook
It is predicted that for an indefinite period of time after the war, there will be an increased demand for cotton goods to replenish the greatly depleted clothing supply of the country. There is a great shortage of household goods--sheets, towels, table linens, and many other items. Not only must the cotton mills refurnish America, but they must also provide goods for the household demands of foreign countries, industrial demands on an increasing scale in this country and in foreign countries, and, in all proba-

bility, much larger supplies of cotton goods for the army and navy than were furnished previous to the war. It is anticipated that at least for a few years both the domestic and export demands will be much greater than at any period in our history.
In spite of the excellent outlook for the immediate future, the industry is fully aware of the problems which it faces. Among these are the following:
1. Textile manufacturers in other countries will gradually get their plants back into production and will again present keen competition because of a lower wage scale.
2. It probably will not take long for the present vacuum in the channels of production, distribution, and consumption to be filled, and unless new and expanded uses for cotton textiles are devised mills may be faced with the necessity of curtailing production.
3. Already the cotton textile industry is faced with competition from synthetic fibres. The consumption of rayon alone has increased from 10,000,000 pounds in 1920 to 725,000,000 pounds in 1944. During that same period the price of rayon fell
A twister frame. from $4.60 per pound in 1920 to the present price of 2 5 cents per pound for staple rayon. It is now estimated that the manufacturing cost of rayon is about 3 cents per pound cheaper than cotton of comparable quality.
In addition to cheapness of production, rayon possesses other competitive qualities, such as freedom from waste, uniformity in length, stability of price, and the fact that regularity of production is not affected by weather conditions.

Aside from rayon there are other synthetic fibres which have been developed at an amazing pace during the war period. Some of these are nylon, vinyon, velon, saran, lanital, fibre glass, soybean fibre, ramie, aralac, and perhaps others.
Problem Solutions
To meet these anticipated problems the industry is working along the following lines:
1. It is planning more intensive marketing and technical research with the idea of establishing new and better markets and improved manufacturing techniques.
2. It is establishing educational foundations to assist textile engineering schools in supplying more and better trained textile engineers for the industry. In Georgia alone, the mills have provided a fund of more than $500,000 to be used by the textile educational foundations in aiding the Textile School at the Georgia School of Technology and other similar institutions.
3. It is working in cooperation with the College of Agriculture of the University of Georgia and the U. S. Department of Agriculture with a view to helping Georgia farmers grow more efficiently and more economically the grades and staples of cotton most suitable for yarns and fibres.
4. Through advertising and promotional activities, it is undertaking to make the public more conscious of and enlightened as to the many advantages which cotton possesses over other fibres. Such superior qualities as versatility in use, economy, and durability are being emphasized.
It is hopefully anticipated that the cotton mill industry will continue to be in the front rank of Georgia's industrial economy and will maintain an ever-increasing part in the economic, social, and industrial development of the state. To maintain its position, the industry must have the sympathy, the understanding, and the help of the consumer-public and the cooperation and assistance of governmental agencies to which it is partly subject. No restri