Bulletin [Nos. 93-103 (Dec. 1949 - Dec. 1954)]

Bulletin 93

December, 1949

ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology

July 1, 1948 - June 30, 1949

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
c. H . Alden, Director

State Capitol

Atlanta, Georgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Letter of Tr a nsmittal In tro d ucti 0 n Cooperative Proj ects At lant a 0 ffic e White Fringed Beetle Eradication Tomato Pl ant Certification Sweet Potato Plant Certification Bee Insp ecti0 n a n d Cer t if icati 0 n Sw eet Potato W eevil Eradication Fruit Pest and Parasite Laboratory N ur sery Inspection a n d Cert if icat ion Gen eraI P est Con tro I Phony Peach Disease ControI T ifton La borato ry J a pan ese Beetl e Erad icati on Insect and P lant Disease Ident if icat ions Registration of Insect icides and F ungicides Quarantines Against Serious Pests Publications and Motion Pictures Summary of A cti vities Incom e a nd Disb ur sem ents

Page 3 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 9
12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 17

Cover-Fruit Pest an d Parasite La bor at ory, Cornelia

T o t he H on or abl e, H erm an E . T almadg e, Go vernor of Georgia, a nd Members of th e Ge ne r a l Assembl y:
I hav e the h onor t o submit, h erewith , th e a n n ua l r ep ort of the Geo rgia . D epartm ent of Ento mo logy , fo r t he f iscal ye a r, "l.ly 1, 1948 - June 3 0, 1949 .
Resp ectfully s ubmitte d,
Dir ec tor of E:ltc :::ol og y
C. H . ALDEN, Dir ector

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
In sects a n d pl ant di seases are a lw ays a se r ious probl em t o th e farm ers but this ye a r, due t o th e mild winter, and cool r ainy sp r ing, th ey ha ve been w or se th an usual . Th e boll-w eevil had a hi gh w inter sur vival and h as caus ed m or e d a m a ge than in many yea rs. This is ge nera lly tru e of m ost of our eco no m ic p ests and th e Dep artm ent f ound it n ecessary t o increa se it s a cti vities throu gh-out th e Stat e. As a r esult, ex pe nditu r es we re up some fr om the previ ous year, a bout $1 36 ,0 00 being spe nt in 19 49 as compared with $ 126,000 in 1948. It h a s bee n n ece ssary to sup p le me nt th e $60,000 a nn ua l appropriation by q ua r ter ly a llo t ments from th e St at e Em erg ency Fund but t he la st sess ion of th e Ge ner a l Assem bly r ai sed th e annual a p p r op ri a ti on t o $118 ,000 a nd it is pl ann ed to op erate on t he r egula r a llot me nt for th e en suing year.
e All of th e pr oje cts a nd laws enfo rce d b y th e Dep a rtm ent w ere carried out wit h ben efit to the f arm ers a n d ot he r citiz en s, in th e control of noxi ou s pest s. Th e White Frin ged beetl e was prevented from furth er sp r ea d, and the d am ag e ca us ed by this in sect to crops r emains low . A new infestation of th e Jap an es e be etl e w a s found at th e Atl ant a a ir po r t, a ve ry d angero us point from whi ch th e beetl e could sp rea d ove r the State, but it w as promptl y tr eated and th e beetl es kill ed. P r obabl y th e m ost difficult thin g to handl e th is year h a s bee n th e hu g e volume of new in secticides a n d f un gi cid es, a nd n ew d eal ers in th ese products. Thou sands of bra nds, sa m ples, lab el s a n d r ecommendation s h av e been r eviewed (in coop erati on w it h th e Com m iss ione r of A gri culture) and whil e m ost of th e brand s g ave goo d r esults, a f e w have b een f aulty, and one (n ow prohibited from sa le ) caused th ou sand s of d oll ars of dama g e to p eanut g ro we rs by se r ious ly reducin g the g ermination of t r eated p eanut seeds .
D urin g th e ye a r , f ourteen m ain proj ects were a d m iniste re d by th e D epartment besid es man y sma lle r proj ects on a part time basis. Sev eral of th ese projects w ere ca rrie d out in coop erat ion with th e U. S. Bureau of Entom olog y a n d Plant Qu arantin e a nd on e with th e Com m issio ne r of Agricultu r e . These a g encies have been ve r y h elpful t o th e Departm ent and th e 'wor k cou ld not hav e b een don e without th eir personnel and fin anci al su p po r t. A brief sum ma ry foll ow s on th e various a cti vities and d eta iled r eports are av a ila ble f ro m th e Dep artm ent's Atlanta Office. Some Counties had as many as nin e pr oj ects on in sect and plant dis ease co nt ro l, a nd one or mor e proj ects w ere in effe ct in 156 Co unt ies du ri ng th e fi scal year covered by th is r eport.
4

COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Projects ca r ried on w it hin t he State in cooperation with the U. S. Burea u of Ento mo logy a nd P la nt Qua ra ntine were as fo llows: W hite Fringed Be etle, Sw eet Potato Weevil, and J apane se Beetle Eradication; Ph ony Peach Disease Cont r ol ; P ink Bo ll Worm and Go lde n Nematode scout ing; and g enera l insect p est a n d p la nt di sease surv ey s.
ATLANTA OFFICE
T he Depa r t me nt's ma in office is in t he State Cap itol, with fi eld offices and laboratories in Cornelia, and T ifton; and cooperative pro ject of fices in Macon, Cov ingt on, Dublin , F itzg erald, Oglethorpe, Statesboro a nd F or t Va lle y .
Du ring th e f isca l year t h e Atlanta Office h a d 4,660 incoming te lep hone calls; 1,479 visit ors ; wrote 16,657 letters; mai led out 12,337 packages and bulletins ; mad e 493 in spections; and issu ed ce r t if icates , tape , licen ses and ot h er info rmatio n to farm ers a n d oth er s, a s fo llows : 1,000,000 tomato plant certificates; 800,000 ya r ds of swee t pota to certificat e t ape; 4 05,000 nursery tags ; 120,000 mimeograph circu lars; 68,000 sweet po tato tags ; 60 ,600 pac kage bee ce rtificates ; 32,000 ca bba ge p lant ce rtificates; 20 ,000 soft-bod ied p lant st icke rs; 16 ,000 queen bee certificates ; 6,000 p urchasers' and selle rs' affidavits; 3000 special bee permits ; 3000 order blanks; 1,500 spe cia l pe rmits; 3000 d up licate n ursery licenses ; 624 n urser y lice nses; 300 co urtesy tags; 175 n ursery agent's lic enses ; 151 nursery d ea lers' lic enses; 500 t erminal in sp ection tags; and 150 stencils. In addition , the fi eld offices in Cornelia, Maco n and Tifton answer ed t housan ds of letter s and m ail ed out circula rs of in f or ma tion to all on the mailing list s. Deta iled inspe ct ion r ec ords are on fi le in th e Atlanta a n d Macon offices and are available for information and exa m in at ion .
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICAnON
This is a cooperative proj ect betwee n the Department and t he U. S. Bu rea u of Entomo logy and P la nt Quarantine . This insect h a s now sp read t o 57 counties in th e State , but on ly in ve ry limit ed area s. So far it has caused only a sma ll amount of damage to farm crops and every effort is being mad e to er a d ica t e t he bee t le, a n d sup p r ess its sprea d . It h a s be en found on many of our important cr ops, such as cotton , p eanuts, t obacco, corn and truck crops. Onl y twelv e new in f estations were fo und d ur ing t h e year, in dica ti ng th at mo st of t he inf ested areas a re now k now n in t h e State . Most counties h a ve only small a reas inf est ed and in many cases are in cities, so t ha t agricu ltural crop d amage r emains low .
5

During the yea r covered by this report, there was an average of 56, and a p eak of 79 employees (State and Fe dera l) assigned to t his project in t he State, working in 117 co unties. A tota l of 4, 14 1 acres of infeste d fa r m la n d was treated with DDT at t he rate of 10 poun ds per ac re, and 65 acres of n urseries at the rate of 50 pounds per acre; 58 ,393 acres received foli age applications of DDT at th e rate of III:! to 1 p ound p er a cre ; 16,518 properties w ere in sp ected and 57 ,196 certificates issu ed; a t ota l of 122,700 p ounds of DDT was us ed , of whi ch the State furnis he d 95,000 pounds.
Revi sed State a nd F ed er al Quara ntines 'were issu ed to a ll int er est ed pa rties , giving t he r eg ul a t ed prod ucts, areas, an d con ditions governing mo vement of crops and commodities from infested areas. The h eadquarters for this work is at 616 Mulberry Stre et, Macon , with d istrict off ices at Covingto n, Dublin, Fitzgera ld, Ogl ethorpe and Statesb oro, and a research office at F or t Valley. Vacuum f umigators for treatm ent of n ursery sto ck are se t up at Ft. Va lley a nd Maco n . The Feder a l Govern ment is f urnishing most of t h e eq uip m ent used in co ntrol, consisting of jeep blowers, t urbine blow ers, a irp lane' sp r a y ers , tractors, and many ot her implem ents necessary for the sup pr ess ion and contro l of this in sect on farm s, nurseries, greenhou ses, and city properties.
A la r g e a m ount of time has be en spe nt by t h e in sp ection forc e d elimiting properties a nd a tota l of 22,9 13 man ho urs w ere sp ent on it d uring t he past season . As a r esu lt of t hi s work, 5,950 additiona l acres were fou nd inf est ed , out of a to ta l of 26, 309 known infested acres since the ini t ial find in 1946. Of the total known infest ed acrea ge , 7 ,376 farm acres ha ve been t reated with a 10 pound do sage of DDT, and 145 acres of nurseries treated with a 50 pound dosage, and barrier foliage , ground and airp lane do sages put around all infested a creage. P lans are und er way to comp lete treatments of 10 a nd 50 pou nd s dosages of DDT on a ll far m and n ur sery in f estation as rap id ly as funds . supplies. and eq uipm ent permit.
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During th e 1949 season, 5,662 acres of tomato p lants w ere inspected and abo ut 500,000,000 plants were certified for sh ipm ent , mostly to the north ern markets. Th e plants w ere grown u nder contin uo us insp ection and were kept p roperly co ver ed by app roved sprays a nd dust s t hro ug hout t he gro wing season . As a resu lt, very littl e acreage h ad t o be refused certification on account of d isease . The most prevalent di sease, as usual, was alternaria, followed by bacterial wilt, nematod es and southern blight . Th e leading va r iety produced for shipm ent was Rutgers, followed by Garden State, Marglob e, Pritchard, Stokesdale, and Baltimore.
6

This year the Department set up its own office, la b or a t or y and eq uipment, except greenho use space for seed germ inat ion, w hich was f urn is he d by t he Georgia Coastal P lain Experiment Station . Th e la bor a t or y is we ll eq uippe d for to mato see d testing as r equ ir ed in t he r egula ti ons and a ll seed used by t he growers of certified p lants was checked an d approved or disapproved by the Department's plant pathologist.
All certified plants were grown, inspected and shipped un d er r ules and reg ulations prom ulgated and d istributed to t he trade by t he Departme nt, and certificates were f urn ished to q ua lif ie d g rowers fo r each pa ckage of p lants shippe d. Last season t he p lants were grown in 13 so uth Georgia co unties.
SWEET POTATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
For t he 1948-49 season, the Department's inspectors made sweet potato f ield, storage. and plant bed insp ecti ons for 1,297 g rowers in 100 co unties. About 3,000 acres were in-
spected in t he fie ld for plant d iseases a nd 16 '/c; of th e acreage
was with draw n fro m certification. A to ta l of 141,6 21 bus hels of potatoes was insp ect ed in storage an d 9,574 b ushe ls were condemned as unfit for bedding. In addition, shipments were checked at planting time in the various markets to see that t he fa rmers got clean, disease free p lants for potato product ion . T he growing p lants and storage and bedded potatoes were checked for ste m ro t, blac k r ot , a nd sweet po tato weev il, a nd when a ll inspect ions showe d freedo m fro m insect p ests a n d p lant diseases, th e growe rs were furnishe d certificate tape a nd tags fo r t he sa le an d shipment of plants. Each grower was assigned a tape number and all plants were t ied with t his tape in bund les of 100, so that the p lants could be id enti f ied at a ll t imes. This tape is printed a nd f urnished to t he growers at cost by t he Departme nt. A ll certified plan ts are grown a nd so ld un d er a set of r ules a nd r egula ti on s p r omul g ated by t he Depar t me nt each year, an d th ese a re fu rnish ed t o a ll growers of ce rtified p la nts. A ll sweet po tato plants, other than grown by t he farme r for h is own use, must be ce rtified. To carryon this business, the Department iss ues tags, tape, application blanks, certificates, affidavits, transfers , dipp ing inst ru ct ions, master growers' lists, certified ta pe lists a n d inter -state shipp ing reg ulations.
BEE INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
Dur ing the year 79, 654 colonies were inspected in 1,801 yards in 97 counties. T here were 54,058 colonies inspected for the package and queen bee shippers and 25,596 colonies for the honey producers. Abo ut 10,000 colonies were inspected for resident mi g r a t or y bee keepe rs, a nd 20,000 co lonies fo r
7

n on-resid ent m igr a t ory b eekeep ers. By m eans of this annual in spection se r vic e, be e di seas es a re k ept we ll und er con trol a n d last year on ly 289 ca ses of Am eri can f oulbrood and 495 cases of Europ ean f oulbro od w er e f ou n d . Th e Am erican f oulbrood co lon ies w ere b ur ne d a s th e Georgia R egulation s d o n ot p ermit th e use of sulfa dru g s as a m ean s of gettin g rid of fo ulbrood . In addition to th e insp ection se rv ice , th e Departm ent en fo r ces qu arantines a gainst da n g erous bee di sea ses a n d issu es a nn ua l certificate to certified b eekeep ers f or shi p me nt of di sea se fr ee be es t o all st a tes a n d Ca n a d a.
Many of our Sout h Geo rgia beekeep ers mo ve th ei r b ee s into Fl orida for a p ortion of th e year t o get st ores f or th e b ee s. In 194 8, th e Florid a Legi slature p as sed a co m b em bargo law that prevented the Georgi a b ee ke epers fr om m ovin g th ei r bees on co m b into Florida a n d se r io us ly h andicapp ed th e South Geor gi a b ee industry, a s under th e Florid a la w th e G eo r gi a ce r t ifi cate of di sease fr ee b ee s could n ot b e h on ored by the Fl orida Stat e Pl ant Boa rd . Action was tak en by t he beeke ep ers, th e Director, th e Governo r, a n d th e Ge orgia legi slature, to see if this law co uld be rescind ed. A sp eci a l legi sl ative committee was ap pointed that w ent to Tallahassee whil e th e legi sl ature w a s in session and prepared a st a te me nt fo r th em a n d th e Governor , g ivin g th e Georgia law a n d th e n eeds of th e b eeke ep ers. The Fl orid a legislature t ook fa vorabl e action, r escind ed the e m b a rgo law, and now ha ve one simil ar t o th e Ge or g ia law th at allows th e fr ee' interch ange of bees and be e equipm ent betw een th e two st a tes when prop erl y certified .
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICATION
This is a coop erative proj ect between th e Dep artm ent a nd th e U . S. Bureau of Entom ol ogy and Pl ant Quaranti n e . During the ye a r 16,489 in sp ections were mad e in 18 co unt ies wh ere th e w eevil was kn own , or suspe cte d mi ght exist . Since the outbreak in 1945, a total of 319 p ro pert ies in 10 counties have been found infested, a n d of th ese 257 have been cl ean ed up a n d rele a sed fr om quarantin e r estrictions. This y ear, 60 n ew infestations were found, a n d tw o prop erties w ere ca r r ie d over from the p r evi ou s y ear. A s a wh ol e, very g ood coop eration wa s rec ei v ed from the f armers, a nd th ere w ere only 35 qu arantin e viol ati on s durin g the ye a r .
A r evi sed quar a nt ine w a s iss ue d during th e y ea r , listing a ll infested p r op erties, a n d g iving condition s govern ing mo vem ent of sweet p otatoes and plants. Non-potato zones wer e m aint ained f or th e mil e en viron s aro un d infested prop erties r esu lt ing in th e cl ean u p of the w eevil and infested potatoes. Prosp ects a r e fo r a dr a stic r educti on of th e q u a r a nt ine a reas for th e n ext growin g se ason a n d mo st of th e infested pro p er ti es ca n b e r eleased fr om furth er r estriction s.
8

FRUIT PEST AND PARASITE LABORATORY
Parasite and predator production and fre e distributi on for the control of noxious insects was continued a s in past years. During th e year over 12 ,000 ,000 Trichogramma minutum p arasites wer e mailed out to p ec an and appl e g ro we rs in 3 6 counti es f or th e control of the nut ca se bearer a nd co d li ng m oth ; for th e control of th e fruit moth in p each or cha r ds, th e la borat ory staff d eli vered 518 co lon ies (122 ,000 Ma croc en tru s a ncyliv orus wasp s) in 30 counties ; a n d f or th e control of co tto ny cu shion scal e on fruit and orn a me nt a l plants, the lab oratory mailed out 130 col oni es of V edalia beetles in 54 co u nt ies. There was no di stribution of th e T. minutum parasites t o p each or ch a r ds this ye a r because of the wid espread use of organic compounds which kill the pa rasites as w ell as th e injurious peach in sects. Th es e be nefi cia l in se ct s we re di stributed in 89 counties durin g the ye a r .
Life history and spray experiments were conducted for the control of p each _and apple in sects and disease s. Material s te sted on appl es w ere DDT, Parathion , Rothane , Zerlate, Pan Sp r ay, lead arsenate, ch emical hydrated lime, w ettable sul fur, nutrazinc, liquid lime sulf ur , oil em ulsion, DN Dry, and Bord eaux mixture . Results obt a ine d have r esulted in putting out a new typ e DDT spray sch ed ule th a t is ve ry effect ive , es pe cia ll y a g a inst the codling moth. This sche d ule was prepared and distributed to the apple growers in time for th e spring and summer control program. Life history and bait pot tests were continued on th e codling moth . Two in sect s, th e r ed banded leaf roller, and the r ed mite have st a rte d giving troubl e since the advent of th e new sch ed ule, and control measures a re being w orked out for th ese.
Sev eral n ew or g a nics are being tested in the exp erim ental peach blocks and enough data has been accumulated so that a new typ e sp r a y schedule was given to the p each growers this yea r . Several agencies have been making t ests, and in the interests of uniformity it was decided to get together and issu e a joint pe ach sp r ay schedule. The following a ge n cies prepared and di stributed this sche d ule in tim e f or th e g rowers to use it f or t he 19 49 se ason; D epartment of Entom ol ogy, Agricultural Exten sion Se r vice, Georgia Experiment Station, College of Agri culture and th e U . S. Bureau of Entomol ogy a nd Plant Quarantine. Many favorabl e comments have been received on th e sche d ule , especially on the improved control obtain ed with the new synthetic organics. Life hi story a n d jarring r ecords on peach in sects w ere con tinu ed by th e laboratory sta ff.
Oth er proj ects carri ed on by the st af f w ere as fo llo ws : in sp ect ion of nurseries, sweet potato plants, orch ards, and cotton
9

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES - July I, 1948 - June 30, 1949

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A . White Fringed Beetl e E r adi cati on (117 Cou nt ie s ) B. T om a to Plant Ce r ti f ica t io n (1 3 Co u nties ) C. Sw eet P otat o Plant Cert ificat io n (100 Co u nt ies ) D. Bee In sp ection a nd Ce rtifica t io n (H7 Co u nties ) E . Sw eet Potato W eev il E rad icatio n (1 8 Co un t ie s ) F . Ben ef ic ia l I nsect Distribution (8H Co u nties )

G. Nur~ery In sp ection a nd Cer t if ica t ion ( HO Co u nt ies ) H . Gen era! Pest Co ntro l ( G4 Co u nties ) J . Phon y P ea ch D isease Co nt ro l (;~ 2 Co u nt ies ) K . Japan ese Beetl e Eradi cation ( ;~ Counties ) L. In sect an d Disease Id ent:fi cat ion ( G7 Co un t ies )

f ie lds f or certific ati on a nd in sect a n d plant disease co nt ro l; gene ra l cor respo ndence, m ostl y on p est co ntro l; mailin g out circul ars of inform ati on on p ea ch a nd ap ple in sects a nd diseases; a n d in s ect a nd plant di sea se id ent ifica t ion .
NURSERY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
Insp ection and certification of nurser y stock in t h e State w a s mad e fo r 321 nursery co m p a nies in 90 co unt ies. Over 38 ,000 ,000 trees, sh r u bs , vin es, bulbs, seed lings, and soft-bo d ied plants were ins pe cte d fo r inju ri ou s in sect s a n d pl ant di sea ses. In a d dit io n, 303 out-of-state nurseries were qualified fo r sh ip m ent a n d sale of th eir stock in t he State a nd 151 d eal ers a n d 17 5 agents we r e licen sed on a n a n n ua l ba sis. A ne w q uara ntin e on ca me llia flo we r blig ht w as promul g ated f or t he protection of t he nurserym en. A se pa r at e in sp ecti on was mad e f or th e whit e-fringed b eetl e in inf ested nurseries a nd in uninfested nurseries wh ere n eed ed . All nurseries infest ed with w hite-fringed beetl e operate d und er th e r estrictions imp osed by th e State and F ederal quarantin es, so that th eir stoc k can be safe ly ship ped in this and other st a tes. A list of ce r t if ie d nurserymen a n d d eal ers w a s prep ared g iv ing name and locati on of nurserym en a n d th e a mo unt and kind of stoc k they had fo r sale . A se t of rul es a n d r egulations, a n d r ecip r ocal agreem en t s w as pu blish ed f or t he g uidance of th e tra de . A t ermin al inspe ction d e pot is m a int ained at t he Ca pi tol fo r t he movem en t of sma ll sh ip me nts of pl ants by citiz en s of the State so they g et cle an pl ants fre e of noxious p est s.
GENERAL PEST CONTROL PROGRAM
Insect s and p lant di seases not in th e r egular proj ects are enfo rce d under th e g en eral p est cont ro l program. During th e yea r this was on ca b bage, onion a n d pepp er pl ant in sp ection ; boll we evil, pepp er w ee vil , ca mell ia fl ow er blight a n d ot he r in sect a nd pla nt d is ea se surveys; pin k boll w or m g in t rash inspection (in cooperation w ith t he U . S. Bureau of E ntom ol ogy and Pl ant Qu arantin e) ; cotton seed cert ific ation; in sp ection of seeds and plant s f or sh ip ment t o f or eign co unt r ies; t ermite, Arg entin e Ant, a nd h ou sehold in sect control ; f ield t r ips as needed on farm in se ct and plant di sease co nt ro l; a nd lectures a nd dem on strations t o f a r m and civic or ganiz ations . Ge orgia sh ip pe r s of certified cotton see d to oth er States must hav e their co tto n f ields in sp ected fo r wilt and anthracn ose a nd if f ound clea n, cer t if ica tes a re issu ed so th at see d ship pers will be q ua lifie d to ship interstat e . In a d d it ion, g ins are chec ke d t o in sure t he buyer getting cl ean , one -va r iety seed. La st seaEOn abo ut 8,000 a cres we re in sp ected fo r t he cotto n seed g rowers .
12

PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
This is a coo pe rat ive p r oj ect between th e D epartme nt and the U. S. Bu r eau of Entom olo gy a nd Pl ant Qu arantin e. Du rin g th e ye a r 2,33 8,759 peach t r ees w ere in sp ected in com me r cial orcha r ds in 32 co unt ies and 51 ,502 di seased phon y t re es fo un d and r emoved to p revent spre a d of this di sease . In a ddition, 20 n urse ries in 17 counties, in volvin g 1,0 24 prop erties a n d 3 10,54 8 p each trees, h ad th e a nn ua l nursery env iro ns inspe ct ion fo r ph ony pe ac h , a n d 522 di sea sed trees within a on e mil e r adius w ere r emoved July 1, a s r equired by the q ua r a nt ine . A revised qu arantin e was publish ed , listing a ll th e infe cte d quarantined ar ea s in th e Unite d States an d rul es und er which all regulate d products ca n b e sh ipped a nd certifi ed.
TIFTON LAB ORATORY
Durin g th e year, the Departm ent se t up it s ow n office a nd laborator y at Tifton t o g ive more efficient se rvice to th e South Georgia f a r me rs. A f ull-t ime p athol ogi st is a ssig ned t o this of f ice, with th e n ecessa r y assistants a s need ed . Proj ects ca r r ie d on a full-time basis th ere are t omato plant in spection a n d certification, t omato see d t esting, swe et potato w eevil er a d icat ion, and cabbage certification ; projects carried on th ere on a part-time basis a re sw ee t potato plant cer t if ica t ion, nursery in sp ection, and g ene r a l pest cont r ol. A compl etel y equipp ed lab or ator y is maintained exce pt f or green ho use space which is furni shed by th e Coa sta l Plain Exp erim ent Stati on . All probl ems pertaining to insect a nd pla nt dise a se control f or South Geor gia farm ers can b e handled f r om th at office.
JAPAN ESE BEETLE ERAD ICAT ION
This is a coop erative proj ect b etween th e Department a n d th e U . S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantin e. Quite a h eavy infestation was found in Dahlonega la st year and again this year, but so f a r through treatments, th e beetl e h as be en prevented from spreading ove r the state . Traps w ere put out in sever a l places where th e b eetle w a s known to exi st or wh ere it was sus p ect ed it might hav e gained a fo othold . A new infestation was f ound this year at the Atlanta Airport, but through prompt action, all th e b eetles were kill ed by sp r aying with DDT. Onl y three counties w ere found in f ested this year and in most ca ses th e beetl e population w a s ve r y light. Japan es e be etl es f ound this ye a r w ere a s fo llo ws : Dahlon eg a, 52 3; Atlanta , 3 0; Atlanta Airport, 29; and Austell , 21. All infested areas wer e treated on e or more tim es wit h DDT . The Federal Go vernment furni shed the t rap s, p ow er sprayers and oper at ors for this w ork, and th e State furn ished
13

the DDT a nd th e in sp ectors fo r putting out , ch ecking a nd ta king up the tra ps. Th ou sands of ins pe ct ions w ere mad e, and throu gh th e j oint a ctivit ies of th e t w o ag encies th e beet le h as bee n greatly limit ed in it s sprea d, a lt ho ug h it h a s bee n p resent in th e State since 1936. It h as sp rea d ove r several states nor th of Georgia, a n d each yea r d oes a tre me ndo us a mo unt of da mage t o a gricultural and horticultural crop s.
INSECT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION
In sect a n d pla nt d isease specimens were se nt int o t he Atlant a Offi ce from 67 co unties. Th ese w ere id en ti fi ed a nd control m easures f ur nish ed . Th e bo ll w eevil has been w or se this yea r th an in a bo ut 25 yea rs a nd th e farm ers h a ve bee n p oisoning co nti n uo us ly t o k eep it unde r cont ro l. In ge ne ra l, mo st insects a n d pla nt d isea ses h a ve bee n bad, d ue to t he mild winter a nd ra iny sp r ing. The pean ut growers lost t ho usands of po unds of see d planted t h is spring du e t o so il fun g i and a w eak see d protectant. Th e peach curculio and br ow n r ot did a lot of d am a g e t o th e p ea ch crop whi ch w a s ve ry light this year beca use of la ck of do r ma ncy in t he so ut hern porti on a nd f rost injury in t he northern a nd mid dl e portions of t he state. Little leaf a nd needl e cast of pines was r ep or t ed f ro m wide sp rea d areas in t h e sta te f or the firs t tim e. A new di sea se of Ca me ll ias w as r eported call ed fl ow er blight. Mim osa w eb worm and wilt co nt in ue t o in crease. Other in sects a n d plant d ise ases fr equentl y r e ported we re as fo llows: bag wo r ms, c ut worms, pean ut wo r ms, leaf hoppers, sp it tle insects, weevils of vario us kinds, powde r p ost beet les, ter m ites, pine borers, bl ack w ido w spider s, ticks, whit e fl y , a p h ids, thrip s, millip ed es, cotton y cu shion sca le , boll worm, bliste r be etl es, sa wfli es, a lte rnar ia, so ot y fun gu s, twig bligh t , late blight, bl ack spot, b lister rust, mild e w , scab, lea f cur l, a nd ne mato des.
REGISTRATION OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
This Department, in coop eration with th e State Department of Agricul ture, enfo rces the ins ecticide a n d fun gicide law of 192 0, w hich re g ula t es t he r egi stra t ion a nd sa le of th ese product s f or use on agr ic ult ur a l a nd h orti cu ltural crops. All manufacturers and d eal ers are r equired to r egister all br a nds a nnu ally that a r e sold in this st at e and all brand s are ch ecke d by th is D ep artm ent t o see th at th ey m eet p ub lis he d sta ndar d s f or active a nd in ert in gred ients, a nd a re safe a n d effective t o use on crop s f or in se ct an d p la n t d isease con tro l. During th e year, 962 brands from manufacturers and d eal ers in 22 St ates w ere exa m ine d and approved or di sapproved fo r r egistrati on .
14

QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
T his Department promu lgates and enforces quarantines against serious p ests which are not found in Georgia or w hich have not become generally spr ead over the State. A new q uarantine was add ed th is year on Camellia Flower Blight, a disease g enerally present in California, and on e t hat, if it beca me w idesp read, wou ld r uin the camellia p lantings a ll over the state . Oth ers t hat h a ve been in force for t hree or more years that are enforced j ointl y w ith th e Fed era l agenci es are White Fringed Beetle, Sw eet Potato Weevil and P hony Peach Q ua rantines and inf or m at ion on t h es e is f urnish ed elsewh ere in this report . Ot h er quarantines enforced by th e State are Japan ese Beetle, W hite Pi ne Blist er Ru st , E urop ean Corn Borer, Pepp er Weevi l, and T oba cco Et ch Mosaic Disease . All of the se q uarantines are revis ed a n d brought up to da t e a nd inspectors a ssi gned to enforce them, as n eeded .
PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
Th e fo llowing p ubl ications were issu ed d uring t h e year a nd are availab le for distrib ut ion t o farm ers a nd oth ers concerned : A nn ua l Report ; W hite fring ed beetle, sweet p ot ato weevil, p hony peac h, tobacco et ch mosaic, and cam ell ia f lower blight q uarantine; r ul es and reg ula t ions for beekeepers, n ur se rym en, an d swe et potato a nd tomato plant growers; spray a nd dust sc he d ules for peach es , app le s, tomatoes, grapes a n d ornamenta ls; co ntro l of t he peach t r ee borer; h ou seh old ins ect s ; co ntro l of in sects attacking st or ed grain an d se eds ; how to co lonize Veda lia beetle s: contro l or preventio n of fo ur common insect pe sts; control of t h e boxwood leaf m in er ; transit inspect ion; sweet po tato seed t reatm ent; list of certified sweet po tato and tomato p lant growers and b ee shipp ers; list of certified n ursery me n with classification of stock grow n ; r eci p r ocal nursery and sw eet po tato p lant agreements ; a nd a t a p e order list of swe et po tato p lant g row ers. Ed ucatio na l colored m oti on picture f ilms w ere shown in vario us p laces in t h e State as fo llows : q ue en bee, pac kag e bee, J a p a n ese beet le, be n eficia l pa rasites, sw eet po tato weevil, a nd f lower gardens; films were loa n ed fo r showing in Ten ne ss ee, Mis sis sip pi and Fl orida , and th e British Government ma d e copies of our pac kage a nd q ueen b ee film s for sh owing in that co untry.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
Th e m a p ins erted (pag es 10 a nd 11) g ives a genera l sum ma ry of activities of th e D ep artm en t for t he fisca l year Jul y 1, 1948-Jun e 30, 1949. Each lett er repr ese nts fro m one to ma n y inspect ions or ot h er se r vices performe d in th e va r io us cou nties, an d during th e year, th e Dep a rtm ent , toget h er with
15

Federal cooperating agencies worked in 156 counties in the State. During the year, thousands of these services were carried on in the State for the enforcement of quarantines; certification of plants and bees; eradication of the Japanese beetle, white fringed beetle, and sweet potato weevil; control of phony peach disease and fruit, pecan , field crops, and household peds; production and distribution of beneficial insect parasites and predators; nursery stock inspection and certification ; terminal insp ection depot; insect and plant disease surveys; identification of in sects and plant diseases; and general control of noxious in sects and plant diseases wherever found in the State. About 2,500,000 certificates, tags, tape, and licenses were issued to farmers and others during the year to enable them to ship their farm and oth er products in this and other States.
16

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

T he statement of income and disbursements of t he Geo rgia Department of Entomo logy for t he fisca l year J uly 1, 1948June 30, 1949, fo llows: a lso th e amount of funds sp ent by the Federal Government on the cooperative projects with the Departmen t .

F r om c a sh on h and

$ 10,8 22 .G7

C hec ks from th e S tate Tr -easu rer

114,2 4 3 .8 5

U ndra wn f r om S'la t e Treasu r e r ____________________________________ 8,0 00 .00

From f e e s c oll e cted ________________ ____________________________________ 2 1,75 D.1G

T 0 TAL

$ 15 4,825 . G8

EXPENSE OF THE PROJE CTS

Whte F rin g ed B e e t le Er ad ic ation

T omato P lant Cert ifica tion

Sweet Potat o P la nt Ce r t ific ati on

B e e I n sp e ct ion a nd C e rtifica t' on

Swe et P otato W e evil Eradicati on
A tl a n ta 0 ffi c e

Fruit P e st Lab oratory ___________ _

Nursery In sp e ct ion a n d Ce r t ificat io n General P est Cont r ol

P h ony P ea ch Contro L

Ti fton L ab orat ory

__

J ap an ese B e etle E radi c a t ion

State
$ 3D,505.4 0 _ 18,041. 84 _ 1G,8G3 .G5 _ 14,807.40 _ 14, 21 ::l .51 _ 7, 87 5.0 8 _ 7, 801.4D _ 4, n2 D.0 3 _ 4,8 0 G. 10 _ 3 ,43n .5 0 _ 2 ,D25.8 5 _ 1, ::l D7.14

F ed eral $2 70 ,::l 52. 0 0
33 ,3 0 0.0 0
2 ,000 .00 40, 8 89 .00
1,G4 8.00

$ 13 G,G0 5.nD $3 48 ,18D.00

Allotment to Department of Commerce

$ 33 0.0 0

Cash on hand a n d in S tat e Tr e a sury ____________________________________ 17,88 D.GD

Total State a n d F ed e r al E x p endi ture s

$48 4,7n4.D D

Exp enditures b y t he F ederal Go v e rnm ent on th e va ri ous co ope r a t ive proj e cts in th e S t ate w ere pa id d ire ctl y from th ei r own d isbursin g offi c e.

Th e pa yments b y th e State D e partm en t of Ent om ology on th e v a r io u s proj ects w ere as foll ows ;

Personal Servi c e s

T r a v el Exp en se

.

Supplies and Mat erials

Commu nication Services

H eat, L ight, Power, a n d W a t er

Printin g a nd Publi cit y Rep ai rs

R ents

"

Insurance a nd Bonding

I ndemnities

.

E quipment M ;seeII a neo u s

$ 74 ,4 8 5. 87

.

_ 2D,0 !l8 .1 5

_ 2 3,5GG.7 3

_ 1,408.07

_

2D2 .48

~_. _ 5, 23 1. %

_

8 0.15

_

GOO .OO

_

12.50

_ noo.oo

------------------------

8 7G.::l4

_

5374

$13 G,G05 .DD

17

-r;/r / /11/0 0 . .: /3 I rI: I Bulletin 94

J December, 1950

ANNUAL REPORT

Department of Entomology

July 1, 1949 - June 30, 1950

GE ORG I A DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
C. H . Alden, Director

State Capitol

Atlanta, Georgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Letter of Transmittal ________________________________________________________________ 3

Intro d uction

4

Coo per a tive P r oj ects

4

Atlanta Office _

5

White F ringed Beetle Eradication

5

Sw eet Potato W eevil Eradication

6

Sw eet Potato Plant Certification

7

Tomato Plant Certification

7

Bee Inspection and Certification

8

Fruit P est and Parasite Laboratory

8

Phony P each Disease Control

9

Nu rsery Insp ection and Certifi cation

12

Tifton Laboratory

12

GeneraI P est CentroI

12

Cotton Seed Certification

.

13

J a pan es e B eetl e Eradi cation

13

Insect a n d Plant Dis ease Id entifications

14

Registration of Insecticides and Fungicides

14

Quarantines Against Serious P ests

15

Publications and Motion Pictures

15

Summary of Activities Map

10-11

Incom e an d Disb urs ements

17

Cover-Grasshoppers ea t ing up the corn.

To th e H onorab le, H erman E. Talmadge, Governor of Georgia, and Memb ers of th e Ge ne r a l Assembly :
I hav e th e h on or t o su bmi t , h erew ith, th e annual r ep ort of th e Georgia D epartment of Entomology for th e fis cal y ea r, Ju ly 1, 1949 - Jun e 3 0, 19 50 .
Resp ectfu llv su bm itte d,
C./r/. ~ Director of E ntomology
C. H . ALDEN, Director

Al'NUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTI ON
For the past three years, Georgia has had very mild winters, with no killing frosts in parts of the State. Certain crops, such as peaches and apples, r equire low t emp eratures to put them into a resting period so that th ey will produc e normally and the State has had two successive years when this did not occur in middl e and south Georgia . As a r esult of th ese conditi ons there ha ve been r educed cr op yie lds caused from abnorm al w eather and severe injury from insects and plant d i s e a s es.
It has been n ecessarv t o increase th e work on th e white fring ed be etle, J'apau es e beetl e, and sw eet potato w eevil in ord er t o prevent in creased injury by th es e insects to f a r m and ornam ental crops. Th e inspection and ce r t if icat ion work has also in creased; for instance, th e Department us ed t o ce r t if y about 5000 acres of co tt on for certifi ed seed and now it ce r t ifi es ov er 3 0,000 acres. For th e first tim e in th e history of th e State, we had a severe outbreak of grasshoppers, comparable to injury ca use d by th e w estern range grasshopp ers. As a r esult of increased services and increased cost s of o pe r a t in g th e Department, th e State ex pe n d it u res w er e $ 152,3 98 .24 fo r t he f isc a l ye a r as co m pa re d with $136, 605. 00 for th e previous fiscal ye a r ,
During the y ear, f iftee n main proj ects w ere administered on a full time basis by th e D epartment, in addition to many smaller proj ects on a part tim e basis. Sev eral of th es e proj ects were in cooperation with th e United States Bureau of Entomo logy and Plant Quarantin e and one w ith th e Commissioner of Agricu lture, Th es e agenci es have been very helpful to th e Department and th e w oi -k could not hav e been compl eted without their p ersonnel and finan cial support, A summary is giv en of th e va r ious activiti es and d eta il ed r eports are availabl e for public in f ormation at th e D epartm ent's Atlanta Office. Some Counti es had as many as t en proj eets on insect and plant disease control , and on e or more projects w ere in effe ct in all of th e 159 Cou nt ies during th e fiscal ye a r cove re d by this report.
COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Proj ects carri ed on within th e State in cooperation with th e United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine w ere as follows: White fring ed beetl e, sw eet potato w eevil , and Japanese beetl e er a d ica t ion ; phony peach disease control; pink boll worm and go ld eu n ematod e scouting; and g en eral insect pest and plant disease surveys.
4

ATLANTA OFFICE
The D epartment's main office is in th e State Capitol, with field offices and laboratori es in Cornelia and Tifton; and cooperative project offices in Atlanta, Fitzgera ld, Fort Valley, Macon, Oglethorpe and Statesboro.
During the year, the Atlanta office had 4221 incoming t el ephone calls; 1712 visitors; wrote 13,308 letters ; mailed out 16,387 packages and bu ll etins ; made 566 inspections; and iss ued certificates, tape, licens es and other in f or m at ion to farmers and others as fo llows : 927,000 yards of sweet potato certificate tape; 800,000 tomato plant certificates; 402,000 nurs ery cer ti f ic ates; 125,000 mim eograph circulars; 59,000 sweet potato tags; 35,000 package bee certif'icates ; 23 ,500 cabbage certificates; 20,000 soft-bodi ed plant stickers; 13,400 queen bee certificates; 8000 seed sweet potato certificates; 3 850 r epl y post cards ; and 10 ,000 miscellaneous nursery, sw eet potato and cotton seed certificates , In addition, th e field offices in Cor ne lia , Macon, and Tifton answered thousands of letter s and mai led out q uaranti nes and circ u lars of information . D etailed insp ection and oth er r eports are on fi le in th e Atlanta and Macon off ice s a n d are availab le for information and exam inat ion .
Routine work in th e Atlanta offic e to ke ep th e Departm ent properly functioning is as fo llows: preparing q uarterly budgets ; paym ent of salary, mil eage, ex pe nse , and supp ly bills ; filing of records of inspections and reports; printing and distrib ution of tags, tap e and certificates ; a comp lete set of books kept, giving a record of a ll transactions; a t erm inal plant insp ection depot maintained ; a ll insects and plant disea se s submitted are id entifi ed and control m easures giv en ; stencils are cut for all quarantines, r egulations and circulars issued; nurs ery, bee and other licenses iss ued; insecticides and f ungicid es approv ed 01' rej ected; the State insect co llection cared for and increased ; th e library maintained; bulletins prepared, printed and distributed; and an annual report made.
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICAnON
This is a cooperative proj ect between th e Departm ent and th e United States Bureau of E ntomo logy and P lant Quaranti ne. This insect now infests parts of 59 co unties invo lving 34,47 1 acres of la n d. It is still causing on ly a small amo unt of damage to farm cr o ps and ornamental plans and th e proj ect has been very su ccessful in drasti call y suppressing this insect and preventing its wide spread over the State. Fourteen new infest ations were fo und d uring the year, a n d only twelve the previo us year, indicating that most of the infested areas in the State are now known.
5

During t he period co ve re d by this r eport , t he re was a n average of 68, and a pea k of 90 em p loyees (State a n d F edera l) assig ned t o this proj ect in th e State, working in 135 cou nties . During t he year, a t ot al of 45 55 a cres of inf ested fa r m land w as tre ated wi th DDT a t th e rate of 10 pounds p el' acre, maki ng a t otal of 11 ,95 9 farm a cres treated t o d at e; a n d 248 ac res of n urseri es a t th e r ate of 50 pounds p el' a cre ; 57 ,005 ac res r eceived fo liage 'a p p licat ions at t he r ate of 1,4 po und pe l' a cre. As a n add ed protect ion, 82, 14 9 sq uare feet of greenhouses and 14 4,21 0 sq ua re feet of nurs eries w ere protect e d by m et al barr -i ers a nd 16,767 square f eet of g ree nhou se growing areas w ere treate d with DDT at t he r a te of 25 pounds t o th e ac re. Th ere WE're 5118 prop erti es insp ected a nd 44 ,379 r egulatory ce rtif icates issu ed . During th e ye a r, 95,659 pounds of 50 /50 DDT, and 34, 20 5 pounds of t echnical DDT wer e appli ed t o th e in f ested prop erti es and as barrier foli age app lication s.
Rev is ed State and F ed eral Quarantin es w ere issu ed t o all interested parti es , listing th e r egu lated products, ar eas, and conditions governing m ov em en t of cr ops and com m od it ies fr om infested areas . Th e headquarters f or this w ork is 632 Mulberry Street, Macon , with distri ct offices at Atlanta , Fitzg eral d , Og leth orpe, and Stat es bo ro. A n ew treatment of pyrethrin-pip erouyl butox id e soa k has been d ev el op ed for nursery stoc k th at is just as satisfacto ry as vac u u m f um ig ation fo r t he co ntro l of t he w hit e fr inged b eetle larva e a nd mu ch safer fo r t h e tr eat ed plants. Th e F ed eral Govern m ent is f u r nis hing m ost of t he eq uip m ent use d in t he co nt ro l, co ns isti ng of jeep a nd t ur bin e bl owers, a irp la n e s prayers, tractors, a n d m any other impl em en t s n ecessa r y for th e co ntro l of th is ins ect on f a rms, n urseries, gre en ho us es a nd city proper ti es. T h e State is f urn ish ing m ost of t h e DDT used fo r t h e treatm ent of inf est ed fa r m lands an d ba r ri er fo liage a pp lications to pr event local a n d lon g di st a nce spr ead of t h e w hite fr inged beetl e.
SWEE.T PO T A T O WEEVIL ER AD IC A nON
This is a coo perati ve proj ect b etw een t he Departm ent and th e Uni te d St a t es Bu r eau of Entom ology and Pl ant Quarantin e, During th e vea r 14. 3 99 inspe ctions w ere mad e in 3 9 co u nt ies wh ere th e w eevil was kn own, or sus pecte d might exist. Si nce th e out bre a k in 1945, a tota l of 622 prop erti es in 23 co un t ies ha ve been f ound infested, and of th es e 3 02 have been clea n ed up a n d r el eased from quarantin e r estrictions. This y ea r 298 n ew prop erties ha ve b een f ound infested and placed und er q ua ra nti ne, a n d 52 prop erti es w ere r el eased fr om q uara nt ine, including all in th e Co u nt ies of Coo k, Colquitt a nd W orth . T h e cl ean up has been very di ffi cult this vear as th e three larg e Cities of Albany , Vald osta , and Fitzg era ld a r e in t h e quara ntin e d a re as . As a w ho le , goo d coo pera-
6

tion was r eceiv ed from th e fann ers, and th ere w er e 72 quaranti ne vio lations d uring t he year, b ut onlv on e that r equ ir e d cou r t action.
A r evised quara ntine was issu ed d uri ng th e y ear, listin g a ll infested prop erti es, and gi ving con d it ions gover ning m ovem ent of sw eet potatoes and plants. Non-potato zones w ere maintai ned f or th e mil e enviro ns aro und infeste d prop erties, and k e pt fr ee of sw eet potato es or any parts th ereof in ord er t o starve out th e w eevi l and mak e it possib le fo r th e far m ers to r esume planting of swe et pota to es at the ea r liest dat e possib le. Ma ny pro p erties hav e a lrea dy be en r el ea sed a nd mo st of th e ba lan ce wi ll b e r eleased in t im e f or th e n ext pla nting sea son .
SWEET POTA TO PLANT CERTIFICATION
For t he 1949-50 season , th e insp ectors mad e sw eet potato f ield, sto rage, a nd pla n t bed ins pectio ns for 1607 growers in 11 4 Co unti es. Ove r 430 0 a cr es wer e insp ected in th e fie ld fo r pl a nt d iseases and insects, a nd 10. 7 ';: of t he a creage was f ound dis ea s ed and withdrawn from ce r ti f ica t ion . A tota l .of 210,77 3 bush els of s weet potatoes w ere insp ect ed in storage and 16,452 b us he ls, or ab out 8.0 ';: w ere cond emned as unfit fo r b edding. In addition, plants w ere check ed on th e b eds and d uring t h e planting season t o see t hat far me rs g ot cle a n . disease fr ee p la nts for potato productio n. The growing' pla nts and storage a n d bedd ed potato es w er e checke d for stem rot, black rot, and sw eet potato w eevi l, a nd w h en a ll inspections showed fr eedom from insect pests and plant dis eases, th e grow ers w ere Iurn ish ed ce rtif ica te tap e and tags f or th e sale and sh ipm ent of plants and seed stock . All cer t ifie d plants are grown and sold und er a set of r egulations prom ulgated b y th e Department ea ch year, and t h es e are f ur nis he d to all gro w ers of ce r t if ie d plants. The tap e is iss u ed annually for tying th e ce r t ifie d p la nts a nd is prin t ed and furn ish ed to t h e grow ers at co st b y th e Departm ent. All sw eet potato plants, ot her than th os e grown by th e farm er f or hi s own us e, must be cert if ie d. T o carry on this ins pe ctio n se rv ice, which has b een in f orc e f or man v ye a rs, th e Departm ent issu es t o th e fa rm ers, tags, tap e, app lication blanks, certificat es, affidavits, transfers, d ippi ng instructi ons a nd inter-state sh ippi ng r egulatio ns .
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During th e 1950 season , 5456 a cres of tomato plants w ere insp ected in 12 south Ge or g ia cou nt ies, and about 500,000 ,000 plants certifi ed for sh ipm ent, m ostl y to th e north ern mark ets . Th e plants w ere grow n fr om ce r t ifie d t ested seed and w ere
7

k ept cove re d by approv ed sprays and dusts throughout t he growing seas on. All p la nts sho win g di seases of a ny kind were r efused certification. Th e m ost preval ent dis ease this ye a r was bacterial wilt, fo ll owe d b y alternaria, so ut he rn blight, a n d n em atod es. N o late b lig ht w as fo un d in a ny of th e ce r t ifie d f ie lds . Th e leadin g va r ie ty pr o du ced fo r sh ipme nt w as Rutgers , fo llo w e d by Gar de n St a t es, Stok esd al e , Prichard, a nd Marglob e ; in a d di tio n , ove r 100 a cres of th e n ew i m proved h ybrid t omato p la nts w er e cer t if ie d a n d shipp ed.
All see d us ed for pl antin g was checke d f or bacteria and f u ngi in t h e De p a rtm ent's la boratory a n d all seed w a s t ested f or g er m inat ion in th e gre en ho uses of th e Coasta l Plain E x perim ent Station , a n d n o se e d w as all ow ed t o be planted unl ess it m et th e stan d a rd s se t up in th e Departm ent's r u le s and r egul a ti on s fo r gro wi ng ce r tifie d t omato pl ants, promulgated eac h ye a r a nd d istribu t ed t o th e t om ato in dus t ry.
BE.E INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
During th e 19 49- 50 se aso n 73,9 33 co lon ies w er e insp ected in 1519 ya r ds in 87 co u nt ies . Th er e were 49 ,0 31 co lon ies inspected for th e pac k a g e a n d qu een b ee shipp ers and 24,902 co loni es fo r t h e h on ey produ cers. Abo ut 10,000 co lon ies w er e insp ected f or r esid ent mi grator y b ee k ee pers a n d 10 ,000 co loni es for n on-resid ent mi gr atory b ee k eep ers. By m eans of this a n nua l ins p ect io n servic e, b ee d iseases are k ept und er co ntro l, a n d last seaso n 185 cases of Am erican f'ou lb roo d an d 27 1 cas es of European fo u lbroo d w ere fo un d, wh ich w as less th an 1.0 '/; . In a dditio n t o th e ins pectio n service, th e De part m en t issu es rul es a n d regulatio ns fo r q u ee n a n d p a ckag e b ees a n d hon ey pro duc ers, en f orces quaranti nes aga inst dan g erou s b ee d ise a se s , and iss u es ann u a l ce r ti f ica tes t o certi fi ed b eeke epers f or s hipm ent of di sease fr e e b ees t o a ll States a nd Cana da. Th is yea r th e r egu lations w ere r evis ed on ent r y of b ees on com b a n 1 us c : bee b;e l1ing eq u ip m ent so as to pr ev ent ent r y of b ees in t o t h is Stat e t h a t w ere n ot a ctiv ely rear ing br ood. A special b e e ex h ib it was prepared in cooperatio n w it h t h e North G eci'[;'ia B ee ke ep ers As so cia t ion a n d a Dep artm ent insp ecto r d is p lc y c .l r.n d exp la in ed it at th e So uth eastern F ai r .
FRUIT PEST AND PARASITE LABORATORY
P arasit e a n d predato r dist ri bution w as cont in ue d , b ut du e t o th e wi de s pread us e in fru it orcha r ds of or ganic inse cticide s that kill b en efi ci al parasit es as we ll a s n ox iou s in se cts, th e r cariu g a n d d ist rib utio n of th e parasite T ri ch ogramma minutum was di scontinu ed at th e Corne lia Station. The staff conti n ued to co llect and r ear th e V edalia beetl es for th e control of the Cottony Cushion Scale on ornamenta l plants and
8

th e fruit moth larval parasite, Ma crocentrus ancyl ivorus. During t h e ye a r , th e laboratory staff distributed 26 ,850 Macroc entru s anc vliv orus wasps t o peach grow ers in 20 co u nti es f or th e cont r ol of th e p each fr uit moth, and 124 co lo nies of V edalia beetl es in 57 counti es fo r th e cont r ol of th e Cotto ny Cushion Sca le.
Life history and spray ex pe r ime nt s w ere conducted for th e cont ro l of p each and a p ple insects and dis eases, Materials t cst e .l we re summ er oil em u lsion , w ettabl e sulfur paste, DDT . Rh ot han e, Parat h ion, Bo r d ea ux m ixture and Pan Appl e Spray. Ba it po t st u d ies w ere con ti n u ed on th e co d ling m oth em erge nce t hro ugho ut t h e s easo n. Tw o ne w in sects, t h e ba n d ed ~ c:ll r oll er, an d Eu r opean r ed m it e, that have b een giv ing ~i'c u b l e w ere bro ught un d er good cont r ol this ye a r by an im proved s pray sch edu le.
N ew a nd improved s pray sc h ed ules w ere issu ed f or th e co ntr ol of peach a n d app le insects a n d diseases . Thes e w ere j oin t publications issu ed by this D epartment, th e Geo r gi a E xp erim ent and Exten si on servi ces, th e Colle ge of Agriculture, a n d th e U. S. Bureau of Entom ology and P lant Quarantin e a n d th es e ar e listed und er th e s ecti on on publi cati on s and m oti on pi ctures.
Ot her pr oj ects on wh ich th e staff ass ist ed du ring t h e ye a r a re as fo llo ws : insp ectio n of nurseri es, sweet potat o plants, sw eet potato es in storage, f r uit orch a r ds , cotto n fi elds fo r cer tifica t io n, an d in sect and pla nt dis eas e contr ol ; ins p ect ion f or fl ower a n d st r uctura l pest s; corres pon de nce on p est contro l; m a il ing out cir cu la rs on pea ch and a p ple pests, a n d g en era! fi eld trips t o f a r ms as r equ ir ed .

PH ONY PEACH DISE A SE CONTROL

T his is a co ope r a t ive pr oj ect b etw een th e Depa rtm en t a nd

th e Unit ed Stat es Burea u of En t om ol og y and P la nt Quaran-

t ine. During t he y ear 2,36 2,50 7 peac h trees w er e ins p ected

in commerc ia l or chards in 32 co u nties a n d 63, 3 90 diseased

ph on y trees fo unel a n d r em oved . In a d d it ion, 10 nurseries in

7 cou nti es . involv in g 85,94 0 pea ch nu r sery t r ees, had t h e

annu al nurserv env iro ns ins pection fo r ph on y p ea ch an d a ll

di s eas ed t r ees within a one mil e r ad ius w ere r emoved bv Julv

1, as r equired in th e q uarant in e.

..

It h as r ecently b een found that th is virus disease is transmitted by insects (lea f hopp ers) th at f eed on th e stem s and th at th e lea f hopp ers g et th e vir us from a di s eased tree and t r a nsmit it t o a h eal th y tree throu gh th e stems. It was fo r m er ly beli ev ed th at it was a r oot bo rn e dis ease. In th e light of th es e f in d in gs , it w ill be n ecessary t o com plete ly r evis e our pres ent phon y pea ch qu arantin e and it is planned t o d o th is in time f or th e 1951 insp ection season .

9

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES - Jul y 1, 1949 -June 30 , 1950

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A . W hite Fring ed Beetle Era dicati on ( 133 Cou nt ies ) B. Sw eet Potato W eevi l E radi cati on (39 Cou nt ies ) C. Sw eet Potato Plant Certification (114 Co u nt ies ) D. Tomato P la nt Ce r t if ica t io n (1 2 Cou nti es ) E . Bee I nspect ion and Cer t if ica t io n (87 Co u nt ie s) F . Frui t P est Lah oratory (70 Coun li e ~ )

(; . P hon y P ea ch Di sease (3 3 Cou nt ies ) H . N ur se r y I nspect ion & Cer ti f ica t ion (8(; Cou nt ie s ) J. Gen eral Pest Con tr ol (;2 Cou nt ies ) K . Cotto n Se ed Certification (1 :1 Cou nties ) L. Japanese Beetl e (3 Co u nt ies ) l\I. I ns eet & Disea se Id e nt if ica t ion (8 3 C () lI nt ie ~ )

NURSERY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
In sp ecti on and certification of n ursery stock in the State was mad e for 341 nursery companies in 86 co unties. Abo ut 65,000,000 trees, shrubs, vin es, bu lbs, se edlings, and softbodied plants were insp ected for injurious insects and p lant diseases. In addition 34 7 out-of-state nu rs er ies w ere qua lified for shipment and sal e of th eir stock in th e State and 184 d ealHS and 150 agents w ere licensed on an annual basis. A separate insp ection was mad e for t h e white fringed beetle in infested n urseries and th es e nurseries op erate und er r estricti ons imposed by th e State and F ed eral white fring ed b eetl e q uarantines, so that th eir stock can be safely shipp ed in this and other states. A list of cer t if ie d nurs erymen and d ealers was prepared giving th e nam e and location of th e nursery and the kind and amount of stock they had for sale and this was distrib uted to th e trad e. A set of r ul es and r egu lations, and r eciproca l agreem ents was publish ed for th e guidance of in-state and out -of-st ate nurserym en, A t erminal insp ection d epot is maintain ed at the Capito l for th e movement of small shipm ents of plants so that citi z ens of this and other States are assured of cl ean, h ealth y plants fr ee fro m injurious insects and plant dis eases.
TIFTON LABORATORY
Th e Departm ent mainta ins its own office and la b or at or y fo r s ervice t o South Georgia farm ers, and t h is is comp lete exce pt for greenhouse space which is f ur nishe d by th e Coa st a l P lain Exp erim ent Station . A f u ll tim e patho logist is assigned to this off ice, with n ecessarv assistanc e as n eed ed throughout th e season . P ro jects car-ried on a f u ll-ti me basis are t omato pla nt certifi cation , t om ato seed t esting, sw eet potato w eevil er a d ica t ion, and ca bba g e certification; this laboratory a lso loo ked afte r t he f ie ld co ntro l w ork on th e grass ho p pe r infestati on s in 41 co unt ies . Proj ect s ca r r ie d on a part tim e basis are sw eet pot at o plant ce r t ifi cat ion . n urs ery insp ection , and g en er a l p est con t r ol a n d letters a nd cir cu lars of inform ati on are se nt out directl v t o fa nners fro m th e lab ora t orv.
GENERAL PEST CON TROL
In sects a nd plant dis eases not in th e r egu lar proj ects are enf or ce d und er the g en eral pest control program. During th e m cnth of Jun e, sev eral r eports ca me in on grasshopp er dam<'.I;C a nd ~s th e s ea son progress ed, it becam e evide nt t ha t Geo rgia was fac ed with th e wo rst outbreak of the American bird g r ass ho p per th at has eve r OCCUlTed in th e State. Em erg en cy f un ds w ere provid ed by th e Go vernor and th e hopp ers WHe fi na lly cont r olled . As m ost of th is work was com plete d
12

after th e close of this fisca l year, a co mp lete report wi ll be g ive n in the annual r epo rt for 1950-51. A special report on this work has been prepared and d elivered to t h e Governor,
A survey was m ad e by State a nd F e deral emp loyees duri ng th e wi nter m onths for came ll ia flow er bl ight , a disease g enera lly presen t in Ca lifornia a nd Orego n, a nd t ho usan ds of ca me llias a ll ove r th e State w ere exa m in ed, No n ew in f ectio ns we r e fo u n d in th e State b ut t he blight w as fo u n d in pa rt s of No rth Ca ro lina a nd Louisiana and t he Georgia q uarantin e was r evised to in clu d e a ll kn own inf ected areas , Gen eral surveys w ere mad e for bo ll weevil , pepp er w eevil and pink bo llwo rm gin trash insp ection (in coop eration with the United States Bureau of Entom ology and Plant Quaranti ne) . Ot her activiti es w ere inspecti on of seeds and plants f or shipm ent t o foreign count r ies ; t ermite, Argenti n e A nt, and household insect contro l : lectures and d em onstrat ion s to f ar m a nd civic organizations; a nd fi eld tri ps as need ed on far m insect and pl ant dis ease co ntro l.
COTTON SEED CERTIFICATION
Cotton fi elds hav e b een inspected for many ye ar s fo r s eed certification to oth er States , and usu all y abo ut 7,00 0 acres are insp ected . Last year th ere was a big jump in acreage t o 34 ,114 a cres, as an increa sing numb er of f a r mers w ent into th e certifi ed s eed busin ess; of th es e, 356 a cres w ere r ej ected f r om certification b ecause of to o mu ch wilt and anthracnos e, All ginning faciliti es we r e ch eck ed to ins ure a clean , on e vari ety see d fo r certificatio n . Duri ng t h e season, fi elds w ere insp ected in 13 Noith Ge or g ia co unt ies a nd certificates f urnis h ed to a ll elig ib le grow ers fo r sh ipm ent of ce r t if ied cotto n s eed t o ot he r States and Mexico .
JA PAN ESE BEE TLE ERADICATION
This is a coo pe rat ive project betw een th e Departm ent and t h e Unite d St at es Bureau of Ent om ol ogy anel Plant Quarant ine . Tra ps put out for catch in g t h e Japan es e b eetl e ca ug ht t he hi gh est numb er ever r ec ord ed in th e State, as f oll ows : Dahl on eg a, 4,257; Atlanta A irport, 1,040 ; Cit y of Atlanta, 1,000 ; and Auste ll , 129. T h e infestation at th e A irport is very dang ero us on acco u nt of t he possibi lity of long distance spread by a ir ci-aft. It w as t h er efo re n ecessary to t reat a ll of t h es e ar eas w it h fo liage and soil app lications to kill t h e a d ult beetl es and th eir gru bs in t h e soil. Th e fo liage treatm ent s were m a d e w it h a DDT spray us ing two app lications 27 days apart, treating 10.5 sq uare mi les in Dahlonega, 250 acres at the Airport, FO a cres in Atlanta, and 50 acres in Auste ll. During th e period J uly 17-26, 3 65,900 square f eet of soil was treated at Dahlonega ; 2,218,832 square fe et at th e Atlanta Airport; 532,296
13

sq uare fe et in A t la nta, a nd 364,984 sq uare f eet in A uste ll.
Materia ls used were 5 % Chlordane dust , 42 'A; Ch lordane s pr a y , 25 ~,;, conc entrate DDT solution, and 10 'A DDT d ust
and appli ed by airplane, oscill a t in g spra y er, hydrauli c s pr ay er a n d dust distributor. So f a r a s is known, t h es e are th e onl y in f ested areas in th e State, and th e treatm ents mad e will prevent, 01' at least d elay, furt h er spread in th e State. This insect is wid e ly dissiminated in North Ca r olin a and app ears to b e gr a d u a lly s pr ea d in g south, although th e w ork of th e joint a g en ci es has gr eatly r eta r d ed it s s pr ea d in G eo r gi a s in ce it w as first fo un d in 1936.
INSECT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATIONS
Ins ect and plant disease sp ecim ens w ere se nt into th e Atlanta offic e f ro m 83 co u nt ies. Thes e w ere id entifi ed and co nt ro l m easures f ur ni sh ed . The boll w eevil co nt in u ed b a d all over t h e co tton b el t a n d had t o b e poisoned r egularl y throughout th e growing s easo n . Gr assho p pe r s w ere r eported fro m 51 counti es and contro l m eas ures w er e app li ed by t h e D epartm ent and th e farm ers in 41 counties involving about 17,000 a cres. A th orou gh s urv ey was mad e fo r ca m e llia fl ow er blight b ut t his disease was fo u n d on ly in Fulton Co unty wh ere it ha s b een kn own f or s ev er a l y ea rs. The Argentine Ant is on th e in crease throughout th e State and is es pe cia lly bad in cit ies in So uth G eorgia . Th e eye gnats w ere very worrisom e throughout middle and south Georgia during the summer m onths and cause d so m e sore eyes, especia ll y am ong c h ildr en . Mi mosa w e b w or m and wi lt co nt in u e t o s pr ea d a n d t h e wilt has kill ed m any Mimosa trees . The f a ll w eb w orms are the w orst th ey hav e b een in many ye a r s, es p eci a lly on sa ssafras, p ersimmon, and uns pr a y e d p ecan trees . Ga r de n m ill ep ed es s ur vive d th e winter in en or m ous numb ers and th e offi ce had a large numb er of ca lls and visits t o g et co nt ro l m easures. In g eneral, m ost ins ect p ests a n d pl ant d isea ses w ere b ad du e t o th e mild wi nter and coo l rainy spring. Ot h er insects and plant dis eases fre q u ent ly r eported w ere as foll ows: ea r ly a n d la t e blight, sca b , brown rot, bitter r ot , w ilt, anthracnos e, leaf s po t , mild ews a mo ng th e di s eases ; an d th e p oplar b eetle, w hi t e gru bs , t er mit es , sc a les of va r io us kind s, aph id s , w h it e fli es, Full ers Rose Beetl e, Blister b eetl es , b a g w orms , powd er p ost b eetl es, an d b oll w orms a m on g th e in sects ; and in add it ion, many r eports on black widow s p id er s, d og ticks , milip ed es , ce nt ipe d es , mites , and n ematod es , which d o not b elong t o th e in s ect class, but a r e handl ed by th e D epartm ent's sp ecia lists.
REGISTRATION OF INSECTI CID ES & FUNGICIDES
This D epartment, in co operation with th e State D epartm ent of Agriculture, enf or ces th e E conomi c P oisons Act of 1950 ,
14

wh ich tak es th e p la c e of th e insecticid e and f u n g ic ide a ct of 1920. The new act went into effect F ebruary 17, 1950, and greatl y bro a dens th e functi ons a n d pow ers of th e Commissiorier a n d Dire ctor and tak es over cont r ol of poisons a nd d evi c es not previo usl y covered by th e old act. Und er th e n ew act, a ll manufacturers and oth er processors are r equire d t o r egister a ll bra nds ann ua lly a nd pay a registratio n f e e in li eu of th e stamp tax prev io us ly r eq uir ed. D uring th e year, 1654 brands w ere examin ed and 14 brands w ere r efus ed r egistration ; in addition, 5 brands w ere placed on an ex p er ime nt a l basis and 11 brands on a conditiona l basis, Th ere w ere 17 9 Co m pa n ies r egistered f ro m 26 States.
QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
This Departm ent promulgates a n d enf or c es quarantin es against s erious p ests which are n ot fou nd in Georgia or which hav e not b ecom e g en era lly spread over t h e State. Quaran ti n es in force are the White-Fringed Be etle, Cam ellia F lower Blight, Toba cco Etch Mosaic, White Pine Blister Rust, Japan es e Beetl e, Swe et Potato W e evi l, and Phony P each; some of th em are enf or ced jointly with the United States Bureau of Entomo logy and Plant Quarantine and that agency f ur n is hes a large am ount of funds a n d p ersonn el in th e State .
Qu arantin es r es cind ed during th e y ea r w ere th e European Co rn Borer and P each Mosaic Dis ease . All of th e quarantin es in forc e a re r evised a n d brought up to date and insp ectors assign ed t o enf orce th em , a s n e ed ed.
PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
Th e foll owing pub licati on s w er e issu ed durin g th e y ear and w ere distributed to f arm ers and ot her s co nc er u e d ; Annual R eport ; white fring ed b e etle, s w e et potato w e evil, phon y p each and ca me ll ia fl ower b lig ht quarantin es; rul es a n d r egula ti ons for b e ek e ep ers, nu r ser ym en , d ea lers , a nd s w eet pota t o and t om ato plant grow ers ; spr ay a n d d ust sc h e d u les for p eaches, p eppers, a p p les, t oma t oes , grap es , veget a b les , a nd or na menta ls; inter-stat e r eciprocal a gr eem ents on nursery stock and sw e et potato plants ; co nt r ols of th e p each tre e bo r er; control of th e co t t ony cus h ion scal e; co nt ro l of th e sweet potato w e evi l; list of ce r t if ie d s wee t potato and tomato p lant grow ers and b e e shipp ers; list of cer ti f ie d n urs erym en and d ea lers, with a classifi cati on of sto ck g ro w n ; and a t ap e or der list of sw e et potato p lant g ro wers . Edu cati onal co lo r e d m otion picture films on th e qu e en b e e, package b e e, Japan es e Be etl e, b enefi cial para sit es, swe et potato w e evil, w h ite f r inge d b e etl e, and Geor g ia fl ower g ard en s w ere s h ow n in va r ious pl a ces in th e State a n d loan e d fo r s ho wi ng in t h e States of
15

Virginia, N ew York , Mississippi, Florida , and th e Country of Mexico.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES Th e map ins erted (pages 10 and 11) gives a g en eral s um ma ry of a ctivit ies of th e Departm ent fo r th e fi scal year Jul y 1, 1949 - Jun e 30 , 1950. E a ch lett er on t h e map r e pres ents f r om on e t o man y insp ection s or ot h er s ervi ces perf ormed in t h e vari ou s Counties. During th e yea r , t h e D epartment, t og eth er with th e F ed eral coop erating agen ci es work ed in all 15 9 Coun t ies. Th ousands of insp ection s, and ot he r s ervic es w er e perfor m ed on t h e enf or ce me nt of q uar a ntin es ; cer tificati on of soft-bod ied p la nts, nu rsery stoc k, b ees and ot h er com mo d iti es ; er a d icat ion of w h it e frin g ed b eetl e, sw eet potato w eevil , and Japan es e Beetl e ; cont ro l of phon y p each dis ease, and fr uit , f ield cro p, and st r uctur a l pests ; t ermin al insp ection d e pot s ; distribu ti on of ben efi cial parasit es a nd predato rs; id enti fi cation of insects a n d pla nt dis eases ; and g en eral co nt ro l of insects and plant diseas es wh erever fo u n d in th e State, Ab out 2,400,000 ce r tificat es, tags, tap e a n d lic enses w ere issu ed t o f a r m ers and oth ers durin g th e year t o en a ble th em t o ship fa r m a n d ot h er com mo d it ies in t his a n d ot h er St ates ,
16

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

T he statement of incom e and disb ursements of t he Georgia Depart ment of Entomo logy for the fisca l ye a r July 1, 194 9J un e 30, 1950, fo llows: a lso th e amo unt of funds spent by th e F ed er al Gov ernm ent on th e coop erative proj ects with the Departm ent.

From cas h on h a nd ..

~ 9, 8 8 9.69

Check s from Stat e Trea su re r

125 .974.52

From f ee s colllO ct ed... ..... ................... .......... ........ ......... 22.6 34 .71

Total

$ 1 58, 4 9 8. 92

EXPE NSE OF THE PROJE CT S

State

White F rin g ed Be etl e Eradi ca t ion

$4 7, 7 4 G. 84

Sw eet Po tato W eevil Eradi cati on

2:l .109.5 4

Sw eet P otato P lant Ce r tif ica t ion

2 0, 14 2.78

T omato P lant Ce r ti f ica t ion

15,514 .07

Bee Insp e ction and Certif ica tion

11 .909 . 9 :~

A t1an ta Offic e..... ............................... ....... .. ........ . 10 ,65 9.95

Fruit Pe st La boratory...... ............... ................. .. 6.35 0. 18

Ph on y P each Dis eas e Co nt r o!.. .... ..... ...... .. ......... 5.14H.:l6

N u r sery In sp ection and Ce r t if ica ti on ...... ..... ... .. 4,4 3G.' 66

Tifton Lab ora tory.................................. .............. :3.45 G.7 5

Gen eral P est Contr o!.. ...................... ...... ........ ... . 1,4 83.40

Cott on Se ed Ce r t if ic a t io n.... ...... ..... ...... ... ....... ... 1, 37 G. 70

Jap an ese Beetl e Eradi cation.. ..... .... ............... ... . 1,OG2.0 8

F ederal $2 92.00 0. 00
35 ,00 0 .0 0
41 .455 .00 2,000.00 4,200 .00

$ 15 2. :398. 24

All otm ent t o Other Departm en t & Misc ...........

208.55

Total State Expenditures

Cas h on hand

$ 5, 8 9 2. 13

$1 5 2.GOG .79

Total State & Federal Expenditures

~:l 7 4 .G 5 5 . 0 0
$ 5 27,2 G1. 79

E xp enditu re s by th e Fed eral Go ve rn me nt on th e coo pe r a t ive proj ects in t h e State were paid from their di sb ursin g' office.

The pa ym ents b y th e State Departm ent of Entomolog y on th e various projects w ere as foll ow s :

P ersonal Services

$79,720.75

Travel Expense

3 2.1 11.3 4

Supp lies and Materia ls. ... ... .......... ... ......... .... ....... .... ...... :l 0.55 3. 32

Co mm un ication SE:rvic es. ..... .... .... ........ ....... ............ ...... ... 1.626.7 1

Heat. Lights. Water. Power.. ... ... ...... ................. ........ ..... 261.2 3

Printin g and Pub licity... .... ... .......... ... .... ..... ... ... ... ........ .. . 5,613 .7 9

Repairs

234 .00

Rents

600.00

Equip me nt

505.72

Pensions

170.76

Indemnities

:..................................... .................. 900 .00

Mi sce llan eo us

100.62

$1 52.3 98. 2 4
17

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Bulletin 95

May, 1951

Insect and Disease Control In the Home Vegetable Garden

By W. E . BL ASIN GAME , Entomolog-ist

V egetabl e g ard en s ar e subj ect to atta ck by a h ost of noxious

ins ects a nd dis eases , but most of th em ca n b e cont r olle d by

prop er and time ly spraying and d usting, seed treatment, and

cu ltural and crop sanitation pra ctices . No attempt is mad e in

this b ull etin to give th e life-history and d escription of the va-

rio us inse cts and p lant dis eases, but bri ef symptoms andcon- -

tro l m easures are given.

, . ..- ----- -- v t

Th e equipment need ed will be a g~~l;~ard eil\or\'l~ n'aps~~k

type sprayer, ho ld ing about three gallons a n d a hand d us ter

that w ill ho ld u p to five po unds of dust. For small g ai;dens,

abo ut 2 quarts of liquid spray or 2 ounces of d ust mixture is

n eeded for ea ch 50 foot row on eac h appli cation. In case th'e'

gard en er is in do ubt about th e ins ect or disease~attacking th e

plants, it will b e identifi ed b y th e Entomo logy Department

so that prop er cont r ol m easures ma y be us ed.

Many insecticid es and f ungi cid es, especia ll y th e organics such as Ch lordane, DDT, Methoxych lor, f'arbam and oth ers a re extrem ely toxic to warm blood ed a nim a ls in concentrated amo unts. N ev el' app ly th ese materi a ls t o ed ible veg etables within 30 days of harv est. For safest and most satisfactory r es ults fo llow close ly th e man ufactur ers directi ons for appl ying pest cont r ol materials.

Do not app ly Ch lor d a ne t o fi elds wh ere root Cl'OpS are growing or wh ere th ey are to b e grown within 6 w esks after th e app lication . Chlordan e has b een known to impart a n off flavor to certain root cr ops.

T h e fo llowing sch edu le is f'or th e mo st com m on insects attack ing veg etab le cr ops in Ceorgia :

GEORGIA DEPARTME NT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H . Alden , Direct or

STATE CAP IT OL

ATLANTA, GA.

CRO P General Garden Crops
Beans Cabba ge
and Co lla rd s

P E ST Cutw or ms Ants Mole cr ickets Grassh oppers Root-Knot Red Spide r s Bli ster beetles Wire worms 'White grub s Mex, bean beetl e Cabbage worm Aphids Harlequin bug
Flea beetles
-

SYMPTOMS

CONT ROL

TIME OF ApPLICATIO N

Plants or parts cu t of f Nests in garden Tunnels near su rfa ce Presence of h oppers Stunted plants Pl a nts lose color H eavy f eed in g on f oli a g e Stunted plants Si ckl y, di scolor ed pl an t s Sk el et oni zed leaves

Poison bait (1) DDT ( 16)
Ca r bon bis ulf ide ( 2) Chlordane (17)
Sodium Fluosilicate (3) Chlordane (1 8)
Chlor da ne (18) P oison ba it (4 ) DDT ( 16)
Resistant vari eti es Soil Fumigants (1 9)
Du stin g su lf u r
Chlor da ne (1 8 ) Barium f lu osilicate (5 ) DDT ( 16 )
Drainage and liming Chlor da n", (18 )
Cult ivat ion Chlor da ne (1 8 )

"

Rot en on e a nd cryolit e ( 6)

Meth ox ychl or (2 0)

W orm h oles in lea ves

Denis or cube (7) DDT (16)

Plant s wilt, cu rl a n d di scolor Wh ite blotches, pl a n t s wi ther

N icot ine sulf a te (8) TEPP (21)
Clea n cultiv a t ion, trap cr ops, ha nd pi ck ing
Sabadilla dust 20 %

T'in y holes in f oliage
-

Chlor da ne (17)
Bor deau x (9)
_ _ L~? T (16)

- t- - - --

Late afternoon Warm days When soil is damp

E arly morning

Before planting
Whe n first not iced
Fir st s ig n of beetles
A p ply wh en soil is moist and warm
Befo re pla n t ing
Wh en eg gs a r e f ou nd on pl an ts a nd eve r y 7 days thereafter
\Vh en worms a re f ir st see n. Do not a p ply DDT after head f orm s
Wh en firs t seen

When fi r st seen

'When bettles a r e numer-

ous . U se no Chlor da ne

or DDT after head s

fo

r

m-

.
.

.

.

-
\,~ o r n
Cuc um ber; Squash
and Melons

I /.;",. \\1' III

--I::;111' , ..1 Lip" (:u.tt:n

.

Stalk borers

I
I P lants wilt and die
,

Pi ckl e wo r m

H oles in f rui t

Ap h ids

Pl an t s wil t , curl a n d di scolor

Beetles

Lea ves a nd ste m s ea te n

Sq uash bug

Pl a nt s wilt

Egg P lant Okr a Peas
( E nglish ) Peas
( Field )
Pepper
Po ta to (Irish)
Po ta to ( S wee t )
T omato

Squash borer
Ap hids P la nt bugs A phids P od weevil Pl a nt bugs P um pkin bug-s A p hi ds
We evil
A p h ids Potato beetle W e e vil F r uit wor m Horn worms

W il t ing of r unn ers
Pl a n t s wil t , t urn yello w Sh runk en pods W ilting' of pl ants P ods st u ng Sp otted , sh r u nke n pod s S potted, shr unken pods Pl an t s beco me ye llo w
P epper s dr op
Plants beco me ye llow Leaves eaten Tunnels in potato es H oles ea te n in fr uit F olia ge eaten

1-':; ,,:/ ,t ' ''' .. ul oi l c t o r ] , U , . I' in m ineral o il ) 2 2)

--

1'''/,. " -a n ; i n Ir;" ~'~ '"
or pink When injury is n ot ed on

.'

Pull u p an d dest r oy damaged

old pl a nt s , 3 or 4 a pe

pla nts

pli cati on s at 7 da y in -

DD T ( 16)

t erval s when plants

are 15 to 20 ins. h ig h

Tra p cro ps - Lead A r sena t e in Wh en worms or moths

Bo rdea ux ( 11) Ea r ly planting. a re f irst seen

A pply Cryolite dust

Cryolite at bloom

Nic ot ine sulfa te (8)
TEPP (2 1)

'Whe n first see n

Ca lc ium a rse na t e a nd g y psu m (12 ) R ot en on e (6 )
Methoxyc hlor (2 0 )

During first m onth of pl an t g ro wth

Collec t b ugs by h and , crush egg

masses Rotenone (6)

Wh en a du lt bug s appea r

Methoxychlor (20)

Slit stem s, cr us h borers, cove r st ems w ith dirt. R ot en one (6 )
i\Iethoxychlor (20)
Nicotine sulf a te (8)
TEPP ( 21 )

\Vhe n runners wi lt When f irst seen

Hand collecting in ker osen e Sabadill a Du st 20 0/0
Nicoti ne sulf a te (8 )
T EPP (21)
Du s t ing with Fluosilica tes (1 3)

I n early m orni ng \Vhen firs t seen \Vhen f irst seen

Hand coll ecting in kerosen e Sa ba d ill a Du st 20 %
H an d coll ecting i n kerosene Sabadi lla Dus t 20 %
N icotin e sulfate (8)
TEPP (2 1)

I n ea rl y mor ning In ea rly morning Wh en f irst see n

P ick up an d destr oy inf est ed pod s
2 or 5 % DDT ( 16)
Ni cotine s ulf a te (8)
T EPP (2 1)
P a r is Green ( 14) 2 % DDT Du st

As soon a s th ey f all
Wh en first seen 'Whe n bee tles are la yi ng
eg gs

Con t a ct Ga . De pt . E n t om olog y
Lea d arsenate in Bordeaux ( 11 ) Cr yolite Dust
H an d pi cki ngCr yo lite Du s t

W he n fr uit s a r e f or med Wh en see n

Turni ps
and Mustard

F lea bee tles A ph ids Worms

T iny holes in f oli a g e Pl an t s disco lore d Foli age ea ten

Borde a ux mi xtu re (9) Roten on e (6 )
N ico t ine s ulf a te (8)
TE P P (2 1)
Lead arsenate du st ( 15) DDT ( 16)

Wh en inj ur y is noted When fi r st see n On young plants only

( 1) (2 )
( 3) (4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) (9)
( 10) (11) ( 12 ) (13) (1 4 ) (15) (16)
(17)
(18)
(1 9 ) (20) (2 1) (22)

1 1k lbs, b ra n, 1 oz. P a r is Green , 1 pint water-For lot 50 x 1 00 f eet . Mix an d apply wh ile fre sh , around base of pl an t s. 1 teaspoonfu l t o 2 ta bles poo nf uls ac cord ing t o size of nest. P u nch hole in ne st wi th a sha r p stick, pour in liquid and tamp dow n w ith f oot. 2 parts (by we ight) of Sodium fluo silica te to 25 of bran-co ver w it h an i nch or two of soil. 1 % Ibs. bran, 1/16 pint liquid Sod ium Arsenite, % pin t bla ck s t r a p m ola s ses, 1 p int water. T hi s is enoug h to broadcast on a lot 50 x 100 f eet. 1 part Barium flu os il ica te t o 3 pa rts of t a lc or du st in g g y ps u m ap pli ed a s a du st.
% oz. ( 3 level t a blesp oonful s ) de rris (4 70 rote no ne ) to 1 gallo n of soa p y wa ter or 1 oz. ( 3 level tablespoo nf uls) of cr yolit e to 1 gallo n of wa ter- cov er u nder s ide of lea ves. Do not use Cr yolite after pods beg in to f orm . Du st wit h 1 pound of de rri s or cub e (4 % r ot en on e conte nt ) t o 5 lbs. of ta lc or g y ps u m .
1 or 2 tea spo onful s ni cotine sulf a t e and 1 gallon of wa ter m a d e soa py by di ssolvi ng 1 tablespoonfu l of laun dry soa p. 1-1- 12 Bordea ux m ix t u r e cons is t ing 1 lb. bl uestone, 1 lb. lim e a nd 12 g a llons wa t er. Dissolve bluestone a nd lim e i n se pa r a te buckets in 1 g a l. of water and pou r t ogether simultaneously i n 10 g a llo ns of w a t er. DO NOT USE METAL CO N T A I N E R S. 14 teaspoonful P yr eth r u m oil ( com mercial preparati on on m arket ) per ea r applied wit h an a to m ize r. 1 oz. lead arsenate t o 3 gallons of Bordeaux. 1 part ca lc iu m arsenate to 9 pa rts burned gypsum.
Dust w ith Sod ium f lu os ilicate undiluted . F our appli cation s at 10 da y in t ervals begin n ing a t bloom . 2 level table spoonfuls of P a r is Green-2 level tablespoonfuls h yd r a t ed li me t o 1 ga llo n wa te r . 8 oz. lead arsenate m ixed w ith 4 Ibs. h yd r a t ed li me an d a pp li ed a s a dust. 2 Ibs. of 50 0/0 wetta ble DDT powd er per 100 gals. of w ater or 2 tables poonfuls per g a l. of w a t er . A lso u se 5 % DDT du st at t he rate of 15 to 20 pounds per acre. P ou r 5 0/0 Chlor d a ne we ttable powd er or 6 0/0 Chlor da ne du st into a nt hill s and wa te r into g r ou n d.
F or gra sshop pers , wirew orms , wh ite g r u bs a nd m ole cr icke t s, use 40 t o 100 Ibs. of 5 % Chlor da ne du s t per ac re or use 50 % wetta bl e Chlor da ne powd er a t t he rate of 2 lbs, per 100 gallo ns of w a t er ap pli ed as a sp r a y at t he rate of 100 gals. per a cre. 40 to 47 % em ulsifiable Chlor da ne conc entrate , 2 to 5 qt s. pe r 100 g a ls. of water per acre ca n a lso be used . Apply com mer cia l soil f u m igants a s direc t ed by manufa ctur ers.
= 50 % wetta ble Metho xychlor at t he r a t e of 2 ta bles poonsfuls p er gallon of water.
TEPP T et r a et h yl py r oph os ph a t e. D ilu ti on is 1 1k t ea spoonful per gallon of water.
25 % em uls if ia ble DDT 3 quarts in 2 1k g a ls . of w hite m in er al oil mi xed in 25 gallo ns of water. Apply when silks appear a nd repeat a pplica ti on in two days. Do not u se on cor n wh en f odder is t o be fe d livestock w it h in 30 days of spraying.

CR OP Be ans
Cabb a g e a nd
Collards C uc u mbe rs, Melons
and S qu ash
Egg Pl a nt
Lettuce Ok ra O nio n P epper
Potato ' ( Iris h )
P o ta to (Sweet)
Toma to
T u rni ps a nd
Mu s ta rd W a t e r melo n

THE FOLLOWING SCHEDULE IS FOR THE MOST COMMON PLANT DIS EASES ATTACKING VEG E TABLE CROPS IN GEORGIA

I

DISEASE

,,;

SYMPTOMS

CONTROL

TIME OF ApPLICATIO N

Leaf spot

Spots on leaves

2-8-copper lime du st

Thru blossom period

Anthracnose

Sunken s pots in pods

Cer t if ied seed

When purchased

Bacterial blight Spotted lea ves a nd pod s

Cer t if ied see d

Wh en purchased

Powdery mildew White mold on leaves

Du sting sulfur

When fi r st see n

Leaf spot

Bl ack s pots on leaves

Sp ergon 1 oz., 1 'h gallons water W eekly afte r se tt ing

Black leg

Rotted, black en ed ste m

Treated certified seed (1)

Before pl an tin g

Powdery mildew Whi te m old on lea ves

Du sting sulf ur

Wh en fir st see n

Damping off

See dli ng s dy in g

T re a t seed with red coppe r oxid e (1)

Before planting

Anthracn ose

Sl ate colore d lea f s pot s

1-2-25 Bordeau x (2) Fa rba m (3)

Weekly

Downy m ild ew

Yell ow lea f s pot s

1-2-25 Bordeau x ( 2) F urbarn (3)

Weekly

Early blight

Brown s pots on lea ves

2-8-Co pper lime du st

Weekly

Tip-over

W ea k s tems-deca yed fr uit

Certif ied see d 1-2-25 Bordeaux ( 2) F urbam (3)

W eekl y

Down y mi ldew

Yell ow a nd dead lea ves

2-8-co ppe r lim e du st

U ntil h eadin g t im e

Leaf s pot

Round spots on leaves

2-8-co pper lim e du st

U ntil heading t ime

Leaf spot

Ligh t s pots on lea ves

1-2-25 Bordeau x ( 2) Fnrbam (3) Keep fo liage covered

Bulb r ot

Soft r ot with shr ink a ge

Dry cure a nd r ef ri gera ti on

After ha r vest

Smut

Da rk blot ch es on bulb

1-2-25 Bordeau x ( 2) F'a rbam (3) Wh en h alf g ro wn

.f;,nth r a cn ose

Sunken fr uit spots

1-2-25 Bordeau x ( 2) Fa rbam (3) W eekly

Blossom end rot Bl ack m old y pods

Treated see d-a dequa te fe r til izer and water

During season

Leaf spo t

Large dark s pot s on lea ves

1-2-25 Bordeaux ( 2) F'arbam (3) W eek ly

: Ring r ot
E arly bli ght

Yell owe d plan t s- rin g rot in sid e I t ubers
I
Sm all , belte d spot s on lea ves

Cer t if ied see d

_-_ Bef or e planting

- -- _...

..--- - - - -

2-2-25 Bo rde aux ( 2) F arbam (3 ) W eekly wh en f ound

Late blight

Large t an s pots

2-2-25 Bordeau x ( 2) F'a rbam (3 ) W eekl y wh en f ound

Sca b

Sc ab by s pots on tu bers

Cer tif ied treated see d

Before pl an tin g

Stem r ot

Stem s bla ck in sid e, plan t wi lt s

Cer ti f ie d t r eated see d, cro p r otati on

Before plant in g

Black r ot

Black spot s on stems- su nke n blac k s pots on tubers

Cer ti f ied treated seed, cro p r ot ation

Befo re pl a nting

Bl ossom end rot I Deca yed at blossom end

Regular f ertili za ti on a nd wa ter app lica t ion s

Through ou t seaso n

Wil t

I Yell ow, w ilted, r oll ed lea ves

Wil t i esi stu nt va r ietie s, wil t free soil

Before pl a nti ng

Lea f spot

I Sma ll, circ ula r s pots on lea ves

1-2-25 Bordea u x (2) Furb um ( 3) Every 10 da ys

E a rly blight

Sma ll, brown, be lted lea f s pots

I P owd ery mild ew Wh ite mold on lea ves

1-2-25 Bor deau x (2) F urba m (3) E ver y 10 da ys

Du sti ng su lfur

Weekl y wh en fo und

Blac k rot An thr acn ose

Lea f edge s t urn brow n Yellow lea ves , f r u it s potted

Cer t if ied t rea te d seed

Befo re pl a nt ing

2-2-25 Bordeaux (2) F urbam (:n W eekl y durin g seas on

Down y mildew Stem en d rot W ilt

Bl otch y, di scolor ed lea ves
I
I Melon rotted at s te m e nd
I! P la nts s t u nted an d wilted

2-2-25 Bor dea ux (2) Furbam (3)
Clip st em a nd ap ply coppe r sulf a te paste
Resi st a nt variet ies

Weekl y du r in g season At ha r vest Bef or e pla nting

( 1 ) One of t he best mea ns of preven t ing pl an t d iseases is by pla nting clea n , t rea t ed seed. Cabbage, colla r d, t urni ps a nd ot her cr ucifer s

should be t r eated wi th cor ro s ive su blima te- l ou nce to 7 % gallons of wate r . Soa k t he seeds for 20 minutes, wa sh 15 minut es a nd

d r y. Cuc um ber seeds a re soa ke d for 5 m i nut es ; eg g pl a nt 10 mi nu tes; pe pper 2 min ut es ; waterme lon 5 m inu tes ; pot a t o ( Irish)

1 ho ur ; sweet pot a to 10 m inu t es; to mato (1 oz. to 15 gallo ns) for 5 minutes. Semesan , as dir ect ed on t he package, should be used

on sna p be a ns, corn, on ions and pea seeds. L im a bean s should be trea te d with re d coppe r oxide powd e r , % level t a blespoonfu l to

1 pou nd of see d. Th e chemicals r ecom mended are po isono us a n d ca re should be u sed in h a nd lin g and disposin g' of t he used m a t erial.

Bu y certif ied , t reated seed if possible.



( 2) Dir ection s fo r ma kin g Bordeau x are g iven on pa ge 4 of t he in sect spr a y schedule. Sanita t ion is ve ry impor t an t . See d beds should be pl an ted on new land or on so ils t hat ha ve been s te r ilized a nd a ll seeds should be di sinf ect ed before pla ntin g a nd whe n di seases occu r on t he g ro wing cro ps , t hey sho uld be t reated as g iven in t he schedule.
( 3 ) Farba m = F erric Dimeth yl Di thi ocurba mute. St anda rd dilu t ion 2 t a blesp oonfuls per gallon of wate r .

D ecember , 1951
AN NUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology
July 1, 1950 - June 30, 1951
1

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C . H . A ld en , D ire cto r

State Ca pitol

Atlanta, G eorgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Letter of Transmittal

.. .

.

.

3

Introd uction __._. ..

... _.

.

.__ _ 4

Cooperative Proj ects .

...._.

Atlanta Office . .

.._.. .

._. 4 4

Grassh opper Control .

. ._.

..

.5

White Fringed Beet le Eradication

.. ..

._. 5

Sw eet Potato W eevil Erad ication ... Tom at o P lant Certification . .

._. . ...

7 .7

Sw eet Potato P lant Certification _._..

. .__ ..__ . .__ 8

Bee Insp ection and Certification __ .

. . . .. . 8

Nursery In spection and Certification . Fruit P est Laboratory . . ._.

..__ ._ .

9

.

. 12

Tifton Laboratory ._. .

. .. . .._._ . .12

P h on y P each Disease Cont ro l.c.; __.

. ..

.__._. 13

General P est Contro l .

.__._. ._._ .. ... . . . .. ..__ 13

Cotton Seed Certification

.

. .. . .._. 14

Japanes e Beetle Eradication --. -- .--.---------. __. ._.

. . ._ 14

Insect and Plant Disease Id entification -- _. __ .. .

. 14

R egistration of Insecticides and F ungicid es . ..

.. 15

Quarantines Against Serio us P ests -.------- - .__ ..

.

.._15

P ub lications and Motion Pictures .-------- .__.__. .. ..15

Summary of Activiti es Map .--- -- .---.-- --- - --- _.

. 10 -11

Income and Disbursem ents --. - ---- ---.--.--.--.- .

.. 17

Cover-C ertifi ed Sw eet Potato P lants.

To the Honorabl e, Herman E . Talmadge, Governor of G eorgia. and Memb ers of th e Gen eral Ass embly :
I have the honor to submit, h erewith, th e annual r eport of th e Georgia D epartm ent of Entomo logy for th e fis ca l ye a r. Ju ly 1, 19 50 - Jun e 30, 19 51.
Resp ectfully submitted ,
c.#. ~
Dirccte r c! I:.::.:.:.rnoio Qv
C. H . ALDEN, Dir ector

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
During th e year, sixteen main proj ects w ere admin istered on a f ull-tim e basis by t he Department, in a d di t ion to m a ny part- t im e proj ects . Severa l of t h es e w ere in coop eration. with th e U . S. Burea u of E nto mo logy, a n d on e on th e insecticide and f ung icide la w, with t h e Commission er of A gri cult ur e. T h ese agen ci es w ere ve ry h elpful t o this Department and th e wo r k cou ld not hav e b een co m plete d without th eir personnel and f ina nc ia l support.
Th e worst outbr eak of grasshoppe rs eve r to occ ur in th e State was ex pe r ie nced in 1950 a nd t he Departm ent f ur nish ed assistance t o t h e farm ers in cont r oll ing th em in 4 1 count ies. As a result of th e f un ds ex pe n de d on grassh opper co nt ro l, which was a n ew proj ect, th e amo unt ex pe n de d by th e Departm ent was $185 ,542.20 for th e fisca l ye a r f or a ll proj ects, as com pared with $152,398 .24 for t h e pr evio us fisca l year. E xcl usiv e of grasshop per cont r ol, t h e a mo unt of f un ds expend ed during th e fis ca l ye a r for regular proj ects was un d er th e am ount ex pe nde d th e prev ious ye a r .
A summary of activ iti es (wit h map) is giv en of the vario us proj ect s in th e State and detailed r ep or t s ar e available f or pub lic inf orma ti on at t he Dep artm ent's Office in th e St a t e Capito l. Work was p erformed in 157 of th e co unties, with from on e t o nine proj ects in eac h county on insect and plant disease co nt r ol. Insects, su ch as th e sw eet potato w eevil . white-fringed be etle , and Japan es e beetle, have b een pr evente d f ro m spr ea ding ov er t he State , a nd th e cro p damage ca us ed by th em h as b een k ept low .
COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
P roj ects carri ed on w it h in th e State in coope r at ion with th e U. S. Burea u of E nto mo logy a nd P la nt Quara ntin e we r e as fo llows : W hit e fri nged be etle, swe et potato weevil , J a p an ese b eetl e, a nd Durr a stem bo r er er a d icati on ; pho ny peach disease control; pink bo ll worm , go ld en nematod e, and imported fire ant sc outing; and g en eral ins ect and plant disease surv eys.
A TLA NTA OFF ICE
Th e Depa rt m ent 's mai n offic e is in th e State Cap ito l, w ith fi eld offices a nd la borat ori es in Cor ne lia and T ifton; and coop erative proj ect office s in Ma con, East P oint, Fitzgerald , Fort Va ll ey , Og lethorp e, and States boro .
During t h e y ear t h e At la nta offic e had 5424 in coming t elephon e ca lls ; 156 5 visitors; wrote 14 ,849 letters ; m a iled out
4

18,483 packages a n d b ull et ins; mad e 566 in sp ect ion s ; a nd iss ued ce r t if icates, t ap e, licen ses, a n d ot her infor mation t o f arm ers a n d oth ers as fo llows : 580, 000 ya r ds of swee t potato ce r t if icate t a pe ; 1,500,000 to mato p la nt ce r t if icates ; 334 ,000 nu rsery ce r ti f icate t ags ; ] 30, 000 mim eogr a ph circ ulars ; 30,000 sweet po t a to tags; 33 ,000 pac kag e b ee ce r t ifi cates ; 13 ,000 q ueen b ee certificates ; 18,000 cabbage ce r t if icates ; 25,000 soft bodi ed plant stick ers ; 3,0 00 r eply post ca r ds; 6,300 seed sw eet potato certif icates; and 10,000 mi scell a n eou s n u rs er y, s weet potato, an d cotton seed certificat es . In addition, th e f ie ld offices in Maco n , T ifton , a nd Corn elia , a nswer ed t h ou sa n ds of letters and m a iled out quar a ntin es a nd circulars of inf orm a ti on. D eta iled in sp ecti on a nd ot h er r e ports a re 0 11 fi le in t h es e a n d th e Atlant a Offi ce a n d a r e av a ila b le fo r informa tio n and ex a m ina t ion.
GRASSHOPPER CONTROL
In 19 50, Ge or g ia exp erienced th e worse out br ea k of grassh opp ers that has eve r occurred in th e State; fi fty -one cou nti es r eported damage, and th ere was suffi cien t injury in f ortyon e co unt ie s to r equire treatm ents. A lmost all of th e damage was ca used by th e Am erican bird grasshopp er, Sch istocer ca a m eric a n a , a native s p ec ies that built up from three successi ve mild winters and a partial ch a n ge in our f or m of agri c ult ur e from r ow cro ps t o pastu r e and cover cro ps .
Through eme r ge n cy f un ds f urn ish ed b y t h e Go vernor, poiso ns w er e ap pli ed as th e h oppers wer e fo u nd a n d m illi on s w er e k ill ed in tim e to pr event w id es pread se ri ous dama g e t o cr ops. Th es e t re atm en ts a lso prevented a h eavy ca rryov er of t h e grassh op p ers, and as a r esult very littl e injury was r epo rt ed during t h e 1951 season .
Th e D epartm ent f ur nis h ed in s ecti cid es for tr eat m ent 0 11 16 ,999 a cres a n d th e crop d amage is esti m ate d at $209 ,000. 00 a n d t h e cro p saving at $8 25, 000.00. Th e prin cipal crops damaged w ere cor n, peanuts, p ecans, pastures , t ob a cco, cotto n , lesp ed eza, and gra ins. Farm ers, cou nt y a g ents, a nd ot h er agri cultural work ers coo per a t ed wit h th e D epartm ent on th is w ork , a nd th e State ex pen de d $4 2, 72 1.5 1 f or insecticid es, eq uipment , personal services, a n d com m u nicat ions .
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a coop erative proj ect b etw een th e D epartm ent and th e U nit ed States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quar a ntin e, This insect now in f ests parts of 53 counti es in volvin g 3 9, 754 ac r es of land. This proj ect, since it was st a r t ed in 19 46 , h as prevented th e w id es prea d d istributi on of th is in sect ov er th e St a t e, materially r ed uce d its abund an ce, er a d ica te d
5

it f r om som e areas previously inf ested , and prev ented any la r ge amo unt of inj ury to cro ps . Seve n n ew infestations w ere fo und duri ng th e year and 6 co unties w ere r el eased from quaranti n e, as fo llows : Clay, Clayton, Hab ersham, Muscogee, Spalding and Tr ou p .
During th e p eriod co vered by this r ep ort, th ere was an a verage of 48 and a p eak of 54 em p loyees (State and F eder a l ) assign ed to this proj ect in Georgia , working in 100 co unti es . A to ta l of 269 3 a cres of infested farm la n d was treate d w it h DD T at t h e r ate of 10 po unds of t ec h n ical grad e , m a king a to ta l of 14, 65 7 far m acres t r eate d to dat e; all k nown inf est ed nurseries h ave b een t r eated at th e r at e of 50 po unds of DD T pel' acre; 56,005 acres r eceived fo liage appl ications at th e r at e of % pound pel' acre. Th er e were 8668 prop erties inspected and 32,570 r egulatory ce r t if icates issu ed . During th e yea r 76,00 7 pounds of t ec hnical DDT and 280 5 po unds of 50 /5 0 DD T was ap plie d to inf ested prop erti es a nd as barri er fo liage app lications.
Revised State and F ed er al Quarantines were iss ue d to a ll int er est ed parties , listing t h e r egu lated prod ucts, areas, and conditions governing movement of crops and comm o d it ies f ro m infested areas. A new film on this insect was prepared by the Proj ect Lead er, that is availabl e for f ree showing to schools, civic a nd garden cl ubs, and farm organizations. T h e headq uarters for th is wo rk is 632 M ulb erry Str eet, Macon , wi th district offic es in East P oin t , Fitzgerald , Fo rt Vall ey, Og lethorpe, and Statesboro . T he n ew treatm en t of pyreth ru mpip ero ny l butoxid e soak for n urs ery stock h a s work ed so we ll that va cuum f umigatio n , which caused plant injury, was us ed very littl e th e past shipping season.
T h e F ed eral Gov ernment is furn ish ing most of th e eq uipm ent used in contro l, co nsist ing of trucks, jeep and t urbin e b lowers, airp lane sprayers, tra ctors, and ma ny other implem ents nec ess ary for the co ntro l of t his insect on far ms , nu rseri es , green h ou ses, rai lroads, h ig h ways, and city prop erti es . Th e State is f'urnish ing most of th e DDT us ed for the treatm ent of infested la n ds a nd barri er f oliage appl ications to prevent local and long distanc e spread of th e white fring ed b eetle . T h e work in previo us y ears has b een so effe ctive that th e State was ab le to r ed uc e its ex pe n d it ures w ell b elow that ex pe n de d in 1950. Great progress h as b een m a d e in th e Stat e in co ntro lling th is insect , as t h e fo llowing fig ures show : 37 7r of a ll known infest ed acreage has b ee n soil treated with DDT to k ill a ll of th e white fringed b eetl e grubs in infested soi l; 84 7r of th e remaining acreage supports very low larval and ad ult b eetle populations; 13 ~/( of th e r em a ining a creage supports m edi um inf est ati ons and only 3 ifr of th e rema ining un treat ed a creage is classed as h eavily infest ed .
6

SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICATION
This is a coope r at ive proj ect betw een th e Dep artment and th e U . S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine . During th e ye a r 11 ,6 59 insp ections and trips w ere mad e in 34 count ies, wh ere th e weevil wa s known or susp ected might exist, and infestations w ere found in 18 counties . This year 282 n ew infestations were f ound and 26 4 properties w ere cle a ne d up and r el eased from p lanting rest ri ctions . Counties r el eased from quarantin e during th e ye a r w ere as follows: Laniel', Irwin, Charlton and T errell. As of Jun e 30, 19 50 , 325 properties w ere conside re d und er quarantine r equirem ents. T h er e w ere 93 violations of the quarantine du r ing th e p eriod covered by this r eport and a ll of th em were corr ected without legal r eco urse. A r evised quarantine was issued d uring t he yea r, listing a ll infested prop erties, a nd giv ing co nditions governing mov ement of swe et potato es aud plants.
A n exte nsive educational program w as carried on in t he State t h is year to acq uaint farm ers a nd others abo ut the sweet potato we evi l erad icatio n program . During t h e year 155 m eetings were h el d in 22 co unties and ta lks mad e and pictur es shown t o farm ers, farm b ureau m em b er s, on -the-farm train ing classes, 4-H cl ubs, agricu ltural h igh school classes a nd civic cl ubs. Inf or m at ion was given on the distrib ution of the weevil in the United States, the lif e history of the w eevil, description of damage, quarantine areas, nec essary farmer cooperation, methods of eradication, and ways to prevent weevil infestation. This information was disseminated by newspapers, radio, posters, leaflets, state laws and regulations, meetings, moving pictures, displays, pres erved specimens of damaged swe et potatoes and weevils, and with maps showing infestations in local areas in the State and g eneral areas in. th e United States . This work will h elp to prevent use less spread of th e weevil and to eradicate it wherever it becomes established.
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During t he 1951 season, 6664 acres of tomato pla nts wer e inspected in 15 South Georgia co unties a n d a bo ut 600,000,000 pla nts certified for ship m ent, m ostl y to th e No rthern markets . Th e p lants we re grown from ce r tified, tre ated, a nd t ested seed, a nd k ept covered by approved sprays and d us ts thro ughout t he growing season. A ll p la nts sh owing d isea ses were r efused certification . Th e m ost prevale nt d iseases th is year were Southern b light, bacter ia l wi lt, a lternaria, bacterial spot, and nematodes. Th e lea ding variety pr odu ced for ship ment was Rutgers, fo llowed by Garden State, Marglobc, Baltimore. Pritchard , a nd Stokesdale; in addition abo ut 1000 acres of
7

the new improved hybrid tomato p lants were certified and shipped.
A ll seed used fo r planting was checked for bacteria and fungi in the Departments' la bor a t or y at T ift on and all s eed was tested for germination in th e gre enhouses of the Coasta l P lain Experim ent Station . No seed was a llowed to b e planted u nl ess it m et th e standards s et up in th e Department's R ules arid Regu lations for growing cer t if ie d tomato p lants, promu lgated ea ch ye a r and distributed to the tomato plant ind ustry.
SWEET POTATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
For th e 19 50-51 season, th e insp ectors mad e sw eet potato fi eld, storage, and p lant b ed insp ections for farm ers in 11Lj. counti es . Fi eld insp ections w ere mad e in 373 3 acres for in-
sects and plant diseases, and 12.8 'Ie was found dis eased and
with dra wn from certification. A tota l of 145,290 b ush els of sw eet potatotes w ere insp ected in sto rage and 9650 b ushe ls , or 6.6 jf w ere corid emned as unfit for bedding. In addition , plants were che ck e d on th e b eds a nd d uring th e planting s eason to see that th e farm ers got clean , diseas e-free p lants for po tato production , During th e s eason, approximately 17 5,000,000 sw eet potato plants w ere ce r t if ie d. Th e grow ing plants and stored potato es w ere ch eck ed f or stem rot, black rot, and sweet potato w eevi l, and when all inspections showe d fr eed om fro m insect pests and plant dis eases, th e growers w ere f urnish ed certificate tap e and tags for th e sale and shipm ent of plants and s eed stock . A ll certifi ed plants are grown and so ld un d er a s et of r egulations prom ulgated b y the Departm ent ea ch year, and th ese are f urnish ed to th e trade. Th e tape is issu ed ann ually for t ying th e certifi ed plants and is printed and f urnish ed to th e growers at cos t by th e Department. A ll swe et potato p lants other than thos e grown by the farm er for his own use, m ust b e certified . In ad dition to th e inspection service , th e Departm ent furnish es th e farm ers th e n ecessary certificates , transfers, affidavits, dipping instructions, and interstate r egulations to ena ble th e farm ers to s ell th eir plants in this and other states .
B,EE INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
During th e 1950-51 season, 70 ,11 3 co loni es were insp ected in 161 3 yards in 81 counti es . Th er e w ere 39,905 colon ies inspected for the package a nd q ueen b ee shipp ers a nd 30,2 08 colonies fo r the hon ey prod uc ers. About 14,000 co loni es were r einsp ected for resid ent migratory b eeke ep ers for mov em en t into oth er states and about 3400 co loni es inspected or permitted en tr y on certificate for migratory beek eepers moving into this State. In addition , several r einspections w ere mad e
8

for yards under quarantine unti l t hey w ere cle a ne d up of fou l brood and r eleased .
By m eans of this annual insp ection service, b ee diseases have been greatly reduc ed and last season onl y 20 5 ca ses of Am erican fou l brood and 89 ca se s of Europ ean fo u l brood w ere f ound , wh ich is less t h a n 0.5 j~ of th e co lon ies insp ected . All cases of Am erican fo u l brood fo u n d w ere d estroyed b v burning a n d all case s of E uropean fo ul brood w ere cl eaned up by r e-qu eening. Th is is t he low est numb er of cases of fo ul broo d fo u n d si nce th e insp ect ion servi ce w as started ove r 30 ye a r s ago.
In add iti on t o th e insp ection servi ce , th e Departm ent issu es rul es and r egu lati ons fo r queen, pa ckage b ee, and h on ey producers ; enforces q uar ant ines against dangerous bee diseases; and issu es annual certificates to ce r t if ie d b eek eep ers for shipm ent of disease-free bees to a ll states and Canada . A special bee exh ibit was prepared in coo pe rat ion with th e North Georgia Beek eep ers Asso ciation a nd a Department insp ect or displa yed it at th e South eastern and Macon fa irs .
NURSERY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
In sp ecti on and ce rtifica t ion of nursery stock was mad e for 34 2 nurseri es in 93 count ies. Approximately 50, 000,0 00 trees , shrubs, vine s, bu lbs, see dlin gs, and soft bodi ed plants w ere in sp ected f or inj uri ous ins ects and plant diseases . In addition, 46 1 out -of-st a te nurseri es w ere q ua lifie d f or shipm ent and sale of th eir stock in th e State a n d 17] d eal ers a n d 16 5 a g ents w ere licensed on an annual basis,
A list of ce r t ifie d nurserym en a nd d eal ers w as pre pa r ed, g iving th e nam e and location of t he nursery and th e k in d an .d am ount of stock th ey had fo r sale and this was d ist ribut ed t o th e t rad e. A set of rul es a n d r egulations, and rec iproc a l a greement s was publish ed fo r th e guidance of in -state and out -of-st ate nurserym en . Th e r egulations w ere r evis ed to in clu de collect or s and s ell ers of wild p lants and sp ecial tags were printed and insp ections mad e to protect th e custom ers, and th e r egular nurserym en a n d d eal ers in cult ivate d nursery stock.
T erminal insp ection d epots w ere maintained at th e Capitol and sub stations in Corn elia , Macon, and Tifton, f or th e m ovem ent of small shipments of pla nts so that citiz ens of this and oth er states are ass ured of clean, h ealth y plants, fr ee from inj urio us insects a nd plant diseases. A s eparate insp ection was mad e for th e white fringed b eetle in n urs eri es inf est ed with this insect and th es e nurs eri es op erate under r estrictions imposed by th e State and F ed eral quarantin es so that th eir stock ca n b e certified as f ree of this insect and th e nursery
9

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES-July 1, 1950-June 30, 1951

FJ<\D
G
FLA
A . Grassho pper Control (51 co unties) B. Wh it e F rin g ed Beetle Eradicatio n ( 100 co unties) C. Sweet Potato W eevil E r a d ica ti on (34 co unties) D. T oma t o P la nt Certification ( 15 co unti es) E . Sweet Potato Pl a nt Cert ifica tion ( 114 cou nt ies ) F . Bee I nspecti o nu nd Ce rtification ( 81 cou nt ie s )

G. Nu rse ry I nsp ecti on an d Ce rt if icatio n (93 co u nties) H . Fruit P est La borat or y (62 co u nties) J. Phony Peach Dise ase Contr ol ( 17 cou nt ies) K. Gen eral P est Cont r ol (57 co u nties)
1. I neludes cott on se e d certifi ca ti on , Japa nese Beetle e ra d ica t ion, an d Pi nk Bo llworm su rvey )
L. Insect and P lant Disea se I dentification (70 co u nt ies )

stock allow ed to b e transported anywh ere in th e United States.
FRUIT PEST LABORATORY
Exp erim en tal tests w ere co nt in ue d in p each and a ppl e orch a r ds f or th e co ntr ol of noxi ous insects a nd pl ant dis eases, m ostl y wi th n ew sy nthetic orga nic compounds. In th e appl e p lats, m aterials t ested we re as fo llo ws : parath ion , Pan appl e, lime sulfur, Rothane, wettable sulfur, DDT, Bordeaux mixture, magnetic sulphur, and lead ar se nate . From r esults obt a in ed in this and previou s ye a rs, a n ew 19 51 spray sch edul e was issu ed j ointl y with Exten sion, College of Agriculture, and ex pe r iment station servi ces. In th e p ea ch plats t ests w ere co n d ucte d with Aldrin , Dilan parath ion , w ettabl e sulfur , lime su lf ur and DDT.
From r esults obtain ed from this and previ ous ye a rs t ests, a sch edul e was prepared j ointl y with th e Exp erim ent Station, Extension s ervi ce, Colle ge of Agriculture, and th e U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantin e and issu ed to th e p each grow ers.
Lif e history , jarring r ecords, a n d bait pot st u d ies w ere co nducted on pea ch and a p p le insects. Oth er proj ects on which th e staff assisted during th e ye ar w ere as fo llo ws : Inspection of nurseri es , sw eet potato pl ants, sw eet potatoes in storage , f r uit orch ar ds and co tto n fi elds f or ce rtificat ion, and insect a n d plant disease co nt ro l; inspection f or f lower a n d structural pests; cor respo n de nce on p est co nt ro l; m ailing out circulars on peac h, app le, or na me nt a l and structural pests, an d a b u lletin pre pared on th e co nt ro l of th e co tto ny cushio n scale . In a dditio n, fie ld tri ps we re mad e t o f a r ms as r equ ire d f or insect a n d plant d is eas e co ntro l. Surveys were m a d e for th e Europ ean cor n. borer, t h e Durra stem bor er and t he J apan es e b eetl e. W ork was p erform ed in 62 counties in th e State.
TIFTON LABORATORY
Th e lab oratory and office a t Tifton conti n ue d as in th e pr evious ye a r , to f ur nish ad vice to South Georgia farm ers on insect and plant dis ease cont r ol. A full tim e pathologist is as sig ne d to this office; with n ecessary assistants as n.eed ed, to run th e various proj ect s, t ests, and trips to farms. This service is compl ete, exce pt f or greenhouse space which is f urnishe d by th e Coastal Plain Exp eriment Station. Last season, this office sup ervis ed th e grasshopp er co nt r ol program in 41 middl e and south Georgia counti es .
Proj ect s ca rrie d on a f ull tim e basis ar e tomato plant certifi cation , tomato se ed t esting, sweet potato w eevil er a dic at ion, a n d ca b ba ge plant certification ; proj ects ca rri ed on a part
12

tim e basis are sw eet potato plant certif ication , nurs ery inspection , bee insp ection and ce r t if ica t ion, g eneral p est control , and letters, qu aranti nes, and circ ula rs of in formati on t o f a r mers.
PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
Th is is a coop erative proj ect b etw een th e D epartm ent and th e U n ite d States Bureau of Entom ology and P lant Quarantin e . During th e ye a r , 1, 514 ,946 p each trees w ere in sp ecte d in comm ercial orchards in 17 co unt ies and 43, 190 di seas ed ph ony trees w ere fo u n d and r emoved. In additi on, 10 nurse ries g r owing 85 ,940 pe ac h trees were in sp ected in 8 cou nt ies and all di s eased trees within a one -m ile r adius, w ere remove d .
In v ie w of th e f act r ec ently es t a blishe d th at th e lea f h op p el'S transmit this vir us disease in peach and plum trees , t h e old quarantin e was abo lish ed and a n ew q uarantin e promu lgated and mad e effe ctive for th e 19 51 s eason . This qu arantin e lists th e r egulated areas, r egu lated products, conditions governing sh ipm en t , and th e r equirem ents f or ce r t if ic at ion. as follows: ea ch nursery shall appl y to th e q ua r a nt ine offi cia l fo r approval of nursery growing sites on or b efore August 15th of each ye a r ; se lecte d sites sh all b e 300 ya r ds f ro m wild plums, on e-half mil e from com mercia l p each orc har ds and urban a re as ; th e one-h a lf mil e enviro ns shall b e insp ected b y Octob er 1st and all ph on y trees r em oved b y N ov emb er 1st; and all budding shall be r estricted to th e slip-bud m eth od.
GENERAL PEST CONTROL
In sects and plant diseases not in th e r egular proj ects ar e carri ed on und er th e g en eral pest cont r ol program . Surveys w ere mad e in coop eration with th e U . S. Bureau of Entomol og y and Plant Quarantin e for boll w eevil , gold en n ematod e, grassh opp ers, European corn borer , Du rra stem borer, importe d f ire a nt, and pink bo ll w orm. Gin trash in spectio ns sho wed no pink boll w orms pres en t in th e State a nd n o gold n em atod es w ere found . Both of th es e p ests ca use s erious cro p loss es in ot her states . Oth er activities w ere insp ecti on of seed s and plants fo r shipm ent t o foreign cou ntr ies ; t ermite, Argentin e ant, and ho us ehold in s ect control; lectures and demo nstrations to farm and civic organi zations; and fi eld trips as n eed ed on farm insect and plant disease cont r ol. A program was set up for the Georgia tomato green wrap. growers to prev ent la t e blight, a serious disease of tomato es, and arrangements mad e with Fl orida to sh ip in only cl ean certifi ed t omato plants, as it is n ec essary for th e Georgi a f armers t o have ear ly plants f ro m Fl orida in or de r t o produce their crop f or the market.
13

COTTON SEED CERTIFICATION
Last year, 26 ,3 15 ac res of cotton we re inspected for insects a n d pl a nt diseases for cotton seed ce rtification. A ll ginni ng faci lities w ere ch eck ed to insure a clean, one variety seed for certification. During th e season , fi elds were inspected for the cotton seed prod ucers in 11 North Georgia count ies an d certificat es f urnish ed t o all eligib le gro wers for shipment of certifi ed cotton seed to oth er states and Mexi co .
JAPANESE BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a coop erative project between t h e D epar tm en t and th e Un it ed States Burea u of E nt om ol ogy and P lant Quara ntine . T r a ps were put out in various citi es wh ere th e b eetle was known or susp ected to exist and adult Japanes e b eetles were caught as f ollows : Dahlonega, 270 8 ; Atlanta Airport, 37 8; North Atlanta, 339; A ustell, 36 ; To ccoa, 8; and Marietta, 1. Th e n umb er caught was 34 70 as com pa re d with 642() last year. Th is r ed uction was bro ught a bo ut th r ou gh ext en , sive soil and fo liage t r ea tm ents last year. to k ill ad ult b eetles and grubs in the soi l. Additiona l fo liage treatme nts w er e m a de again this ye a r to kill th e beetles, and so il treatments w ill be mad e in th e fa ll to exte nsion of areas not treated last ye ar. This project has b een in op eration since 1936 and has k ept th e Japanese b eetle from spreading ov er th e State a nd a lso preve nted it f ro m ca using a n y ser ious crop losses.
INSECT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION
Insect and plant disease specimens were sent into the Atlanta offic e from 70 counties . Th es e w ere identified and contro l measures furnished. Due to a ve ry sev ere winter, p ests that had b een building up in serious n umb ers were greatly r ed uced and th e bo ll we ev il da mage was less than it h a d bee n in previo us years, an d grassh op p ers were r eporte d as of m in or econom ic importanc e.
T h e im por t ed f ire a nt, which has be en know n to exist in adj acent states for sev eral years, was found for th e first tim!' in Georgia this ye ar , mostl y in nurseries in sev en widely scattered co unties. A ll owners of infested prop erties w ere giv en th e propel' control measur es a nd most of th e infestations h ave been eradicated . T h e d urra stem bo rer came into t he State f ro m infeste d broo m co rn fro m Ital y , d ue to fai lure at the port of entry to properly f umigate a sh ip load of broo m corn, A ll invo ices from this sh ipme nt were ch ecked and a ll th e broom corn was r efumigated und er State sup ervision with methyl bromide and it is b elieved that this inc ipi ent infestation of a dangero us for eign insect was er a d icat ed .
Army wo r ms di d a lot of damage t o crops in th e State and
14

climbing cut worms did considerable damage to cotton. Th e m imosa webworm a nd wi lt continued to spread and k ill ed many mimosa trees, esp ec ia lly in th e F ulton a nd D eKalb Counti es . Oth er insects and diseas es f r eq u ently r eported w ere bag worms, ea r wigs, mites, mi ll ep ed es, lea f spots, and m ildews. T h e severe Nov ember fr eez e k ill ed or damaged millions of do llars wo rth of ornam ental trees a nd shrubs and thos e damaged w er e in man y ca se s lat er attack ed b y insects a nd diseas es , and th e slime flux fung us was th e on e m ost f'requ ently r eported . In g en eral, most insects and dis eases were less in j urious than in sev eral years, d u e to th e severe winter and dry spring.
REGISTRATION OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
T hi s Departm ent, in cooperation w ith th e State D epartm ent of Agriculture , enforces th e Eco nomic Poisons Act of 1950 . During the y ea r 2409 brands of econom ic po isons were approved for r egistration and sale in th e State; on e brand was r efused r egistratio n, 2 brands w ere approved on an ex p er im ental basis only, arid one was registered on a con d iti on a l basis. Th ere were 344 com p a nies regist ered from 34 states.
QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
T h is D epartment p ro m ulgates and enforces quarantin es against serio us pests wh ich a re not fo und in Georgia or which hav e not b ecom e generally spread ov er th e State. Quarantin es enforce d and revised during th e yea r are: Phony Peach Dis ease, Cam ellia F lower Bl ight, Sw eet Potato Weevil, and White Fringed Beetl e; quarantines enforced but not r ev ised are : Tobacco Etch Mosa ic, White Pine Blister Rust, a nd Japan es e Beetle; a n ew quarantin e p romulgated was on Oak Wi lt Disease, whic h is doi ng serio us inj ury to oaks and Chin es e Ch es tnuts in th e Midd le W est but is not known to oc cu r in this State. Some of t h ese quarantin es ar e enfor ced jointly w ith the U. S. Bureau of E ntomology and P lant Quarantin e and that ag ency f urnish es a la rge amo unt of f unds an d p ersonnel in th is State. A ll th e quarantines in force ar e r evised and brought up-to-date and insp ectors assign ed to enf orce them, as n eed e d.
PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
Th e fo ll owing p ublications w ere iss u ed d uring th e ye a r : Annual Report; Phony Peach, Sw eet Potato W eevi l, White Fringed Beetle, camellia f low er blight, and oak wi lt dis ease quarantin es; r u les and regulations for beek eep ers, n ur ser ym en and dea lers, and sw eet potato and tomato plant growers; spray and dust schedu les for app le, cotto n, grap e, p each , do r mant fr uit tr ees , ornamental plants, tomato, b lister b eetl es,
15

boxwood leaf min er, cottony cushio n scal e, mites a n d ch ig ge rs, slugs and snails, ce d a r bag w orms, mimos a we b wo r rn, arm y worms, p each tree bor er, and t omato green wr a p diseases. A n ew bull etin was publish ed on insect and d isease co nt ro l in hom e ve ge t a ble gard ens ; interstate r eciprocal agreements on nursery stock and sweet potato plants; dip instruction s for ce r t if ie d sweet potatoes; a list of ce r ti f ie d nurs erym en , with a classification of stock grown ; and a list of certifi ed sw eet potato and tomato plant growers.
Edu cational co lore d motion picture f ilms on insect s and gard ens w ere sho w n in 24 co u nt ies in th e State and loa n ed fo r sh owing in th e States of V ir gin ia, N ew York , N ew J ersey. Fl orida , Missi ssippi , a n d Illinois. Films a va ilabl e on loan a re queen b ees, package b ees , se a isla n d cotton, b enef icial parasites, sweet potato weevil, white f r in ge d b eetl e, and Geor gia flower gardens.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES Th e map inser t ed (Pages 10 and 11) gives a g en era l summary of activiti es of th e Departm ent for th e fiscal y ear July 1, 19 50 - Jun e 30, 19 51. Each letter on th e map r epres ents from on e to many insp ection s or oth er s ervices perf orm ed . During th e ye a r, th e D epartm ent, t og eth er wit h th e F ed eral coo pe r at ing agenci es, w ork ed in 157 co u nt ies in th e State . Th ou san ds of in specti ons, and ot her ser vices w ere p erform ed on th e enforcement of quarantin es ; ce r t if ica t io n of p lants, nursery stock, b ees and oth er com m o dities ; er a d icat ion of th e white fr inge d b eetl e, sweet potato w eevil, and Jap an es e be etle; surve ys f or noxious insects and plant diseases; cont r ol of phony p each dis ease, a nd fruit , fie ld cro p , and structural p ests ; t erminal ins p ection d epots; id entification of ins ects and plant diseas es; and g en eral control of ins ect s and p lant diseases w h erev er found in th e State. Ov er 2,000,000 ce rtifi cates , tags, tap e and licenses w ere issu ed t o f a r mers and ot her citize ns during th e ye a r t o en a b le th em to sh ip fa r m a n d other co m mo d ities in this and ot her States .
16

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

Th e statement of incom e and disbursements of th e Geo r g ia D epartm ent of Entom ol ogy fo r th e f isc a l ye a r Jul y 1, 1950Jun e 30, 1951 , fo llows : a lso th e am ount of f u n ds s pe nt b y th e F ed eral Governme nt on t he cooperative proj ects w it h t he Departm ent.

From ca sh on ha nd

$ 5,SH2 . 1:3

Che cks from State T r ea su r e r. .

1 62 ,4 H2.03

From f ees co llec t ed ........................... ............ ... .............. 22,226.66

T ot a l.

$ 1~)0,G10 . 8 2

E X PENSE OF THE P R OJ ECTS

Grass hop per Co ntro l. W hite F r in ged Beetle Eradicati on Sweet P ot at o Weevil Erad icati on T om ato Pl a nt Certif ic atio n
Swee t P otato Plant Certifi ca t ion Atlanta Office
Bee In spection and Cer t ifi ca t io n Nursery In sp ection an d Ce rt if ica t io n Fruit Pest Laboratory Tifton La boratory Ph ony Pea ch Contrnl ..
Cotto n Seed Ce r ti f ica t io n J a pan ese Beetle Erad icat ion Ge nera l P est Co nt ro l

Sta t e

$ 4 2,7 21. 51

.. 32, 47a .:n

.. 2 7,5 1 1.2:3

. 2 0 ,02 D.5 1

. 1 6,71 2. 54

. 13,7 34.0 2

.. 11, 250 .5 G

.. 5 ,0 5(j.4 0

.. 4 ,65 H.30

.. :3 ,4HG'.35

. 3, 115.44

.. 1,47 4 G3

.. 1 ,:W O.3 9

..

92 5.65

Federal $223 ,00:3.00
4~), 117.00
42, 125. 00 4 ,70 0.00 2 ,0 00 .00

T ot a l

$ 18 4 ,4 6 0. HO

Allotment t o ot her De pa r tm e nt s.. .... .. .... .. .. .... .. 1,081. 3 0

Total State Expenditur es

$ 18 5 ,5 4 2. 20

Cash on hand

$5 ,0 68 .62

Total Departm ent and Federal Expenditures

$:120 ,94 5. 00 $505 ,405. 90

E xpenditures by t he Federal Govern ment on t he cooperative pr oj ect s in the State we r e paid f r om th e ir own di sbursing office.

T he payme nt s by t he Sta t e Departm en t of Entomo logy on t he various pr oj ect s wer e a s fo ll ows :

P ers on al Services

T r av el E xpen se

Supplies an d Mat erial s

Com m u nica ti on Servi ces

Heat, Light, Pow er a nd W at er.

P r int ing , Publicati on s

Repair s

Rent

In suran ce and Bonding

Indenmities

P en si on s (T o Emp . Ret. Fund)

:

Equipment

Miscellan eou s

$ 8 1,5 4 1.90

. 35,765.05

.. 5 7,088 .15

. 1,727.47

.

2H1. 10

.. :3,93 8 .9 5

.

11. 98

.

GOO .OO

.

12 50

.

GOO .24

. 2, 76 7.3 9

.

65. 0 0

..

51.17

$ 184,460 .9 0

17

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT
of ENTOMOLOGY
C. H . ALDEN, Director

BULLETIN NO. 97

February, 1952

Peach Insects and Diseases
By L. G . MOULTRIE Entomologist

~'

i.
Curculio Feeding on Peach

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

TABLE OF CONT ENTS
1. Conde nsed Peach Pest Co ntrol Sched ule __ Sche dule N o. ( Pa rath ion or EP N ) _ Sche dule No . 2 (Lead Ar sen at e )

PAGE

_

4

_ __ _____ __5-6

______ _____ 7-8

2. Important Peach Insects (a) Plu m Cu rcu lio (b ) Peach T ree Borer (c ) Oriental Fruit M oth (d ) Sa n J ose Sca le _

_

_9

_9

_

10

_

11

_________ 12

3. Import ant Peach D iseases (a) Brown R ot (b) Scab _ (c ) Leaf C url (d ) Bacterial Spo t (e) Ph on y Peach _

_ _
_

_

14

_

14

____ 15

15

15

16

4. Less I mp ortant Peach In sects an d Diseases

_

17

(a) Sho t H ole Borer

17

(b) Lesser Peach Borcr.. _

17

(c) Co rn Ear Worm __

17

( d ) Grasshop pe rs

17

(e ) Crown Ga ll

17

( f) R osette and Yellows

_

18

(g ) The Ne matode Wor m

18



5. Beneficial In sects and Di seases..

18

6. In secticides and F un gicid es

19

7. Ph otogr a ph s

_

23

CONDENSED PEACH PEST CONTROL SCHEDU!..E
Winter or Dormant Spray Schedule
For Control of San J ose Scale: Spray wh en trees a re t ho r ough ly dormant with eithe r liq uid conce n trated lim e sulph u r solution 1 ga llon to wat er 8 ga llons; or lubrica ting oil em ulsion 9 ga llons to wat er 191 ga llons. T rees incrusted with sca le ca n be sprayed twi ce- once in December and once in ea rly Februa ry with either lim e sulph ur o r oil em ulsion .
For Control of Leaf Curl: Spray when trees a rc dor mant and before leaf a nd fruit buds have swelled, wit h eithe r lime sulph u r 1 ga llon to wa ter 8 ga llons ; or 4-4-50 Bordea ux M ixture. T he lime sulph ur used for sca le con tro l wi ll control lea f cu rl ; or the 4-4-50 Bordeaux Mixture ca n be co mbine d wit h the oil em u lsion as giv en for the San j ose Sca le to con trol thi s d isea se. (Note : if sp raying for the con trol of lea f cu rl only- one application is suffi cient ) .
Control of Peach Tree Borer
Pa r athion a nd DDT Treatmen t :
Eff ectiv e con trol of this pest ma y be secure d by sp raying the trunks and ladder lim bs of th e trees with Parathion 15 % W et table Powder 2 po unds to water 100 ga llons; or with Pa ra thion 15 % Wettab le Powder 2 pounds plu s DDT 50 % W ettable Powder 4 pounds to wa tcr 100 ga llons.
T im e to a pp ly: For th e North Geor gia area m a ke tw o app lica tions ; th e first sho uld be a pplied Au gust 20th an d th e seco nd should be m ad e September 10th.
For Middle a nd South Geor gia pea ch areas m a ke three a pp lica tions . The first sho u ld be a pplied August 1st, th e seco nd Au gust 18th , and the third September 8th.
Pa r adi chl orobcn zcn c T reatmen t: Trea t 4 and 5 yea r old pea ch
trees with a % ounce dose an d expose for fou r weeks . Trea t older
tr ees with a 1 ounce dose and expose for six weeks. Trees under four years sho uld no t be treated with p aradich lor ob en zen e.
T ime to apply: North Georgia , Sep tember 25th to O ctober 5th. Middle and Sout h G eor gia, O ctob er 10t h to 20th.
Eth ylene Di chl orid e Emulsion Treatment : Apply a t th e sa me
tim e as give n for p a r adi chl or ob en zene. U se Ys p int on 1 year old tr ees, Yt pint on 2 yea r old tr ees, and Y2 pint on trees three yea rs
old and older.
[4]

,.

I

SPRING AND SUMMER SPRAY SCHEDULE PEACH SPRAY SCHEDULE NO. I (Pa rathion or EPN 300)
To be used only by those who will observe all precautions with Parath ion or EPN 300.

N ame and Time of Spray

M at erials p er 100 g als. of Spray

P ests to Co n tro l

R emarks

DORMANT After all leav es a re off and before buds begin to sw ell in
late winter

Do rm ant oil spray 3 % a ctual oil (dilute acc ord ing to manufac turer's d ir ections ) or liquid- lim esulphur 12 ga ls. or oil ( 3 %) + Bordeaux 6-6-100 .

Scal e Leaf cu rl

,--,
U1
L.......J BLOSSOM

Liquid lim e-sul fu r (32 degr ees Baume ) 1 ga l. or we ttable sulfur (s ulfu r 80 % or more )-6 lbs.

Blossom bl igh t ca used by the brown rot fun gus .

If San Jos e or Forbes sca le is the major p est, oil or lime -sulf ur may be used . Fo r con tro l of wh it e p each sca le, two dorman t oil sprays applied two weeks apa r t are necessary. L eaf cu rl is con tro lled by a dorman t appl ica tion of lime-sulfur or Bord eaux. Do not spray if freezi ng temp eratures are expecte d wit hin 4 hours.
Su lfur sprays d uri ng bloom may aid in redu cing blossom blig h t. Sever al applica tions a re often ne cessary to control it eno ugh to red uce brown rot at harvest . W ettable sulfurs wit h less th an 80 % su lfu r m ay be used a t ra tes to giv e a t least 5 lbs. actual sulfur in 100 g als. of spray.

PETAL-FALL After all pe ta ls a rc off and before pe ach is showi ng

W e ttab le sulfu r ( 80% + ) - 6 Ibs. p lu s
Par athion ( 15 %) 11> to 2 lbs.
or EPN 300 ( 25%) 1 to I Yo Ibs.

Plum curc ulio Brown rot Catfaci ng Insects .

Thorough spraying abso lu tely necessary if good con tro l is exp ected .

SHUCK-FAL L or FIRST COVER
% shu cks off
See P la te I

W ettab le sulf ur ( 80% + ) - 6 Ibs.
plus
Parathion ( 15 % ) 11> to 2 lbs.
or EPN 300 ( 25% ) 1 to 1Yo Ibs.

Plum cu rcu lio Brow n rot Scab

Spray throug h ly trunks and larger limbs In a d dition to sprayi ng tops of trees i n each cover spray to aid in con tro l of lesser peach tr ee bo re rs.
-

Name a nd Time of Sp ray
SE COND CO VE R 7- 10 d ays la ter

T HIRD CO VER 12- 1+ d ays afte r second cov er

,.--,

5-WEEKS -BE FOREHAR VES T

O'l

.........

3-WEEK S-BEFORE HARV EST

P R E -IIA R V E S T O ne week befor e

No. ! (continu ed)

M at erials per 100 ga ls. of Sp ra y
+ Wettable sulfu r ( 80';', ) - 6 Ibs.
plus Par athi on ( 15(ij ) I y" to 2 Ibs.
o r EPN 300 ( 25'/() I to I Yo Ibs.
+ W ettabl e sulfur ( 80"fr; ) -6 Ibs.
plus Par a thi on ( 15'/r,) I y" to 2 lbs.
o r E PN 300 ( 25'fr) I to I Yo lbs.
+ Wettabl e sulfur ( 80'fr ) - 6 lbs.
plus Par ath ion ( 15'fr) I y" to 2 Ibs.
or E PN 300 ( 25'fr) I to 1Yo Ibs.
+ W ettab le sulfu r ( 80'fr. )- 6 Ibs.
plus Parathi on ( 15% ) I y" to 2 Ibs.
o r E PN 300 ( 25% ) 1 to I Yo lbs.
+ Wettabl e sulfur ( 80';' )- 6 lbs.
or L iq uid lime-sulfur- 2 to :1 q ts.
or Dust ing- sulfur (80% or more act ua l sulfur )

Pests to Co n trol
Plum curc ulio Brown ro t Scab
Sca b Plu m curculio Brown rot
O rien tal fruit mo th
Plum curc ulio Brown rot
O rien tal fruit moth
Plu m cu rc ulio Brown rot
Brown ro t

R em arks An import ant scab sp ray
U se Par ath ion or EPN 300 only where curc ulios a re presen t.
Ad d itiona l sulfur, p ref erably as d usts, should be ap plied before a nd du ri ng harvest if br ow n rot is pr esen t or ra iny hu mid weath er occ urs. U nde r cer ta in co nd itions liqu id lime-sul fur may ca use in j ury, parti cu larl y to the leav es.

N ame and Time of Spray D ORM AN T
After all leav es a re off a nd befor e b uds b egin to swe ll in la te wi n ter
,.....,, BL O SSO M
L-J
PETAL-FALL
% of p eta ls h ave fall en

PEACH SPRAY SCHEDULE NO.2

(Lead Arsenate)

M at er ial s for 100 g als. of spray

Pest s to Co n trol

D or man t oil sp ra y, 3 % ac tua l oil

( d ilu te accord ing to m anufa ctur -

ers d ir ection s )

or

liq u id lim e-sulfu r 12 ga ls.

+ oil ( 3%)

or Bord ea ux 6-6- 100

Sca le Leaf curl

L iq uid lim e-sulf u r ( 32 0 Ba ume ) 1 ga l.
or W et tabl e su lf ur (sulfur co n ten t 8QfJ, or m or e ) - 6 lbs.

Blossom bl igh t ca used by th e br ow n ro t fun g- us.

Wett ab le sulfur ( 80 'lr + ) - 6 lbs. Zinc sulfa te (3 6 % ) - 4 Ibs. Spray lim e - 8 lbs. Acid lead arse na te - 2 Ibs.

Plu m C ur cu lio Brown ro t

R em arks
If Sa n J ose or Fo rbes sca le is th e m ajor p est, oil or lim e-sulfur may be used . For co n trol of wh it e p each sca le, two dorm a nt oil sp rays ap p lied tw o weeks apar t a re ne cessary . L eaf cu rl is con trolled by a dorm ant appl icat ion of lim e-sulfur or Bord eaux. D o not spray if fr eezin g temper atures ar e exp ect ed within a few h ours.
Su lf ur sprays during bl oom m ay aid in red u cing blossom bligh t. Sever al app lica tions a re often necessar y to con tro l it enoug h to redu ce brown ro t a t h ar vest. W ettabl e sul furs with less th an 80 % sulfur may be use d a t rates to give a t least 5 Ibs. actual sulfu r in 100 gals. of sp ra y.
Zin c sulfa te used is 36 % mo no hy dra te ( a nhyd rous) zinc sulfat e. If pe n ta hydra te zinc sulfat e is used, 8 Ibs. instea d of 4 will be n ecessary. In m ixi ng, add zinc sulfat e, lime, sulfu r , and lea d arsen a te to tank in orde r n am ed . Certa in comm er cial " one -p ac kage" combina tions of lead a rsena te, wettabl e su lfu r, a n d basi c zinc su lfa te h av e prov ed satisfactory

Name a nd T ime of Spray
SHUCK-F ALL -or FIRST COVER
% sh u cks off
See Pla te I
SECOND CO VER Two weeks a fte r fi rst cove r

,....., THIRD COVER

CO

Two wee ks lat er

'-J

4-WEEKS-BE FO R E HARVEST
F our weeks b efore rip ening of a give n variet y.

PRE-HARV EST

No.2 (continued)

M a teri al s for 100 ga ls. of sp ray

. Pests to Co n tro l

W etta bl e sulf ur ( 80 % +) - 6 lb s, Zinc sulfa te (36 %) - 4 Ibs. Spra y lime - 8 Ibs. Acid lead arse na te - 2 Ibs.

Plum CurcuJio Brown rot Scab

Wettabl e su lfu r (80 %+ ) - 6 Ibs. Zin c su lfat e (36 %) - 4 Ibs. Spra y lime - 8 Ibs. Acid lea d arse na te - 2 Ibs.
W e tt abl e sulfur ( 80 % +) - 6 Ibs. or
Dusting sulf ur ( 80 % +)

Plum C u rcu lio Br ow n rot Scab
I Sca b Brown rot

W etta bl e sulfu r (80 % +) - 6 Ibs. Zin c sulfa te (36 %) - 4 Ibs. Spray lim e - 8 lb s. Acid lead arsena te - 2 lbs.

Plum Curculi o Brown rot O rien tal fruit
mo th

W ett abl e sulfu r ( 80 % +) - 6 Ibs. or
L iqui d lim e-sulfu r 2 to 3 qt s. or
Dusting su lf ur (80% or m or e )

Br own rot

R emarks
An importan t sca b spray. Pi ck up an d d est roy all d rop s at int erval s of 4-5 days.
Pick up an d destroy all d rop s. Important scab spray.
This ap p lica tion is necessar y on va riet ies rip ening with H iley or lat er. Wher e orien ta l fruit moth is a ser ious p est , in clu d e DDT (5 0 % ) a t 2 lbs . per 100 gal. Additi on al su lfur , preferabl y as du sts , sho uld be ap p lie d b efor.e a nd during h arvest if brown ro t IS present or ra iny humid weath er occu rs. U nder cer ta in cond itions liquid lim e-sulfur may cause inj ur y, p articul arl y to th e le a v es .

PEACH INSECTS AND DISEASES AND HOW TO CONTROL THEM
Important Peach Insects
The four most important pea ch insects a ttacking peach tr ees a rc th e plum curc ulio (Cono trachelus nenuphar Hbst. ), th e peach tr ee bor er (Conopia exitiosa Sa y ), the Oriental fruit moth, (L aspeyrcsia mo lesta Busck ) , and th e San J ose sca le (Aspid io tus perniciosus Coms t. ) . T he a bove-n am ed insects accoun t for mor e th an 901jC of th e losses in the comme rcia l a nd hom e orchards in th e st at e,
Plum Curculio
T his is the wor st insect a tt ac king both green and ripen ing peach es in th e sta te. The ad u lt is a sma ll snou t beetle th a t emer ges in th e spring a t a bou t blossoming time and fir st feed s on th e blossom s a nd opening lea ves. Whi le th e peaches. are small th e fem ale inserts eggs in to th e flesh of th e peach . A tin y worm, or gr ub, h a tch es from th e egg a nd g rows by feed ing on th e pu lp, mos tly around the seed (See Plate 2) . It ca uses th e green peach es -to fall an d ruins many of th e ha rvested peach es for ship p ing . T here a re one or two genera tions per yea r, dep ending on the season, a nd when th er e is a la rge seco nd gene ra tion ma ny of th e rip ening peaches ar e stung, resulti ng in a high per cen ta ge of wormy peaches a t ha rvest.
Control: The spray sched ules given on Pages 5-8 a re th e most importan t con tro l measures. Supplem entary measures that a re necessa ry a re p ickin g up d rops, cult iva tion, orchard sanita tion a nd af ter h ar vest sp raying of peach tr ees.
U ndo ubted ly the mo st impor tan t supplemen ta ry con trol measure is to pick up th e d ro ps. T hey should be p icked up at least three tim es sta r ting about on e mo nth after full bloom wit h the following two collec tions five a nd ten d ays la ter. All d rops picked up should be immedia tel y taken from the orchard an d bur ied tw o feet und er g round or dest royed by chemica ls or by burni ng. T o lea ve even a sing le basket of d rops overnigh t in th e orchard results in the escape of ma ny gru bs into th e soil.
C ultiva ting th e soil fr equen tly benea th a nd close to th e t ree fro m abo u t th e fir st of M ay until th e last of June will destroy many of th e pu p al cells in th e soil. The la rvae pu pa tc almost entirely in th e top three inch es of soil and th e g round sho u ld be bro ken to a t least th at depth.
Af ter ha rvest spraying will kill man y beet les feeding in th e orcha rd before th ey go into hibern ati on . The trees shou ld be thoroughly sp rayed fo ur weeks afte r ha rvest, or just before foliage is shed, with Pa rathion 15% Wetta ble Powder 2 poun ds to wa ter 100 ga llons. As th e ad ult curculios spend th e winter in th e woods and
[9]

simi lar cov er aroun d pea ch orchards, many ca n be killed by spraying th e ed ge of the woo ds, hedge rows and terraces with the above spray.
Practi ce of sani ta tion such as clea ning up terrace and fen ce rows, rem oval of all dropped p ea ch es a nd mummies after harvest , and th e removal of prunings and brush piles, will resu lt in elimina ting many hibernating places for the bee tles in the pea ch orchard.
Spray Schedule
Sch edule No .1 , as give n of Page 5, wi ll con trol this p est. Those grower s wh o have light infest ation can get very go od con trol by sp raying with lead arsenate (Sched ule No .2, as shown on Page 7 ) or b y du sting with lead arsen ate and lim e as giv en in th e dust sche d ule below ).
Dust Schedule
'F irst a pplication : When 75% of the petals have fa llen , use lead a rsena te 5 % , h ydrated lim e 95 % , for the con trol of curculios and grassho p pe rs.
Second application : When shucks a re she d d ing ex po sing small peach es; same a s fir st application .
Third ap plica tion: Two weeks after seco nd ap plica tion, use dusting sulp h u r 80 % , lead arsen ate 5 % , h ydrat ed lim e 15 % , for con tro l of brown rot , scab and curculio.
Fourth applica tion: F our weeks before each va rie ty is due to rip en ; sa me as third appli cation .
Fifth a pplica tion: One week before harvest, dusting sulphu r 80 %, hydrat ed lim e 20 %, to con tro l brown rot. (Add ition al su lphur du sts may be a pp lied p rior to and during h ar vest if brown rot is serio us) .
After Harvest Curculi o Control: Dust with 90 % lim e and 10% lead arse na te four week s a ft er harvest and again tw o week s later.
Peach Tree Borer
This insec t is one of th e m ost serious pests a ttacking pea ch trees, ca using g rea t d am age to th e base a nd root s of th e tr ees. It is th e larval stage, commo nly ca lled bor er , that d oes th e d am a ge (See Pl at e 3 ) . The m oths emerge m ost ly in Au gu st a nd September and th e fem al es la y eggs on th e tr ees a nd on tr ash a nd weed s up to a bou t th e fir st of O ct ob er (Sec Plat e 4 ). The borer s hatch fr om th e eggs , work th eir w ay in to the base a nd roots of th e tr ee and a re a ll feeding b y O ct ob er 15th. T hey become fu ll fed in th e sum m er months a nd leave th e tr ee to cons truc t silken cocoons in the gro und a t th e base of th e tr ee. H er e th ey pupat e a nd th e a d ult moths emerge in th e late summe r a nd ea rly fall. Ther e is but on e ge ne ra tion a year .
[ 10 J

The peach tr ee borer ca n be con tro lled b y spraying th e tru n ks a nd ladder limbs with Pa rathion or Parathion p lus DDT (See Page 4- ); or by th e u se of Pa radichl orob enz en e (See Page 4- ); or by th e use of ethy lene di ch loride em u lsion (Sec Pa ge 4 ) .
Befor e a p plying paradich lorob cn zcn c, the soil for abo u t a foot a rou nd th e tr u nk sho uld be cleaned of tr ash and grass and th en smoothed wi th th e ba ck of a sh O\"C1. No mound ing is ne cessary befor e applying, exce p t wh er e th e bor er s a re working abo ve th e soil level ; th en th e soil level sho uld be raised so that th e crys t als a re abo ve th e topmost borer ga lleries. The paradi chl orob enzcn c sho u ld be a pplied in a cir cle aro und th e trunk a bo u t one in ch fr om the bark (Sec Pl ate 5 ) . Abo u t six sho velfuls of dirt are th en pl aced in a cone shape a ro u nd th e tree O\Tr th e ba nd an d pac ked dow n com pac tly (Sec Plate 6 ) . The first sho ve lful of dirt should be shaken O\Tr th e band ca ref ully to avo id ge t ting th e crysta ls agains t th e trunk . The mound s sho uld be rem ov ed afte r four week s on four a nd five veal' old tr ees. and after six weeks on six ve a l' and old er tr ees. Fr~sh soil should be returned to the tr ees to it~ origina l level befor e cold weather, to avoid winter inj ur y.
Ethylen e di chl oride em ulsion tr eatment should be a pp lied in th e fa ll a t abo u t th e same time as given for p ar adich lor ob cnzcn c. N o prep aration of th e soil is necessary on loose, level grou nd . In some cases it ma y be necessary to loosen th e soil arou nd th e trunk sufficien tly to permit th e liquid to be read ily abso rbed. Sever al shovelfuls of soil sho ul d be placed agai ns t th e t runk of th e t ree a fter treatmen t to prevent su r face. loss of th e fu migan t. The treatmen t requires no later a t te n tion . A tin hou seh old measuring cup th at holds one- half pint with m arks for one -eigh th a nd one -fou r th pint, is usef ul in a p plying th e em ulsion. Sever a l of th e insecti cid e co m panies in th e sta te hand le paradichl or ob enz en c a nd ethy lene di chlor ide emu lsion whi ch is read y for a p plica tion.
I n case the fa ll ap plica tion was not mad e, fairl y effec tive results can be obtaine d by a p plying th e pa radi rhlor ob cnz cn c or ethy lene di chl oride emu lsion in th e sp ring abo u t April I. The spring tr eatments a rc not as effec tive as wh en applied in th e fa ll because th e la rv ae a rc la rger and harder to kill.
The Oriental Fruit Moth
The Oriental fruit mo th is found a ll ove r th e state wh ere fruit is g rown but is of minor eco nomic im porta nce sou th of M a con . It is esp ecially impor ta n t as a pea ch pest on both twi gs a nd fruit in the upper middle and northern sec tio ns of th e sta te . There arc from fiv e to seven broods an nu ally. The ove rwin tering la rvae pupate in th e late winter and ea rly sp ring . T he moths have been found la yin g eggs in M arch a nd th e larvae begin en te ring th e tender twi gs during th e month of April (Sec Pl at e 7 ) . During th e sp ring a nd ea rly su m me r, th e la rv ae a t tack th e twi gs only bu t as th e lat e va rieti es of peach es begin to ma tu re , many larvae a ttack
[11 ]

th e fruit. They fee d on th e twi gs until the twi gs become too hard for th e newly h atch ed larvae to effec t an en tra nc e. I t is the larval stage that ca use s all th e injury and th eir work in p ea ch es is som ewh at sim ila r to th e injury caused by th e plum curculio (See Plate 8 ) . The av erage life cyc le for eac h brood is about th irt y-five d a ys, although during th e su m me r it is com ple ted in a som ewhat sho r te r time.

Control
Overwintering cocoons on th e g ro u nd ca n be kill ed if buried four in ch es deep in th e soil. Carefu l p lowing a nd deep cultivation in th e sp ring abo u t tw o weeks before blossoming time will b u ry th e cocoons so deeply th at th e ad u lts will not be abl e to reach th e surfa ce. N early as effec tive results m ay be obt ain ed by sim ilar cu ltivation in th e fa ll if gro we rs prefer to do th eir orch a rd cultiva tion at th at tim e.
M an y frui t moth la rvae live over the winter in cocoons construct ed in cra te s, baskets, corruga te d paper , etc., ins ide the pack ing she d . When ever possible , a ll pa cking sheds should be screene d with tw enty m esh house scr eening to prevent the moths tha t eme rge from th ese cocoo ns from lea ving t he p acking sheds in th e spring for th e adj acent orc h a rds .
Other host pl ants to th e fru it moth arc plum, quin ce, p ea r, a pricot and several othe r fruits and th ese plants sho uld be sp rayed or elim inated .
The best m ethod of con t rol is to app ly th e Parathion or EPN 300 sp ray sche d ule as give n on Page 5.

The San Jose Scale

The San J ose scale is a tin y, flat sca le-lik e object , circ ula r in shape wi th a rai sed tub ercle in th e cen te r (See Plate 9 ) . The female sca le is abou t th e size of a pinhead ; th e m a le scale is sligh tly sm all er and m ore elon gated . The ac tu al in sect is underneath th e scale covering a nd feeds th ere by in serting its tube or bea k into th e sap and pumping out th e pl ant juices into it s body.

U nl ike m an y other insect s, no eggs arc d ep osit ed as th e fema le

ejects livin g you ng ca lled craw ler s. These young hav e legs a nd ca n

mov e a ro u nd . They soon set tle down and feed , losing th eir legs

and a ll means of locomotion , and a t th e same time forming a sca le

covering over th em selves. T h er e is a p eriod of abou t thirt y days

in Georgia for each gene ra tion, so that th ere are m any ge ne ra tions

in fu

lol nger~vwcanr

and when ma les and

th cv fen; a

laersecba rneebdeinfgo~na

dll

stage s at th e

from sa me

cra wlers to tim e. The

fu ll g ro wn fem al es a re \T ry helpless and ha ve no wings or legs at

an y stage a fter th e fir st d ay o r tw o. T he males, however , hav e legs

and a sing le pai r of wings wh en full gro wn and ca n fly in a feebl e

m a n n er.

[ 12]

Most of the inj ury is caused by the terrib le speed that th ese in sect s multiply, the progeny from on e female bein g estimated a t 1,608 ,040 ,200 females in on e season . I n Georgia th e gr eatest amount of br eeding is d on e in th e fa ll and spring. There is ver y little breeding in the summer or d uring th e colde st parts of th e winter. They hib ernate in all stage s but the ones th at su rv ive a rc mostly fu ll grown females and half g row n sca les. It a ttacks a ll pa rt s of th e tr ee, including the fruit. Its gre a tes t d amage is done to th e trunk a nd bran ch es and will soo n ruin a pea ch orcha rd if left un chec ked .
Control
San J ose sca le can be controlled by an ap plication of either oil emulsion or liquid conce n t ra ted lime su lp h u r during th e winter months wh ile th e tr ees a rc dormant . U sc lime su lphur a t th e rat e of one ga llon to eight gallon s of water or oil em ulsion a t th e rate of nin e ga llons to 19 1 gallon s of wat er.
Grow ers in the mi dd le a nd sou the rn dis tricts from Thomaston so u th usu ally have very little trouble wit h leaf cu rl and ca n usc eithe r th e lim e sulp hur or the oil em ulsion for th e con tro l of sca le. Growers in the northern d istr ict, how ever , freq uentl y have severe infections of leaf cu rl and if u sing th e oil em ulsion for sca le contr o l, mu st usc a 12- 12-200 Bord eaux mixture wi th th e nine ga llons of oil em ulsion .
All a p plica tions for scal e sho u ld be put on wh en th e tr ees arc dormant a nd a fte r all lea ves have fall en . It is usu all y best to wait until th er e have been on e or two killing fro sts. Th ~ peri od from D ecemb er 1st to F ebruary 15th is th e best time for sca le control in Georgia , a nd it is best to ge t the a p plica tion on ea rly if th ere is a hea vy infest ation . Wher e tr ees a rc incrust ed with sca le, two sprays can be ap plied, one in D ecember and one in Februa ry.
D orm a nt sp rays must be ap plied ca ref u lly to give effe cti ve results. Scale ca n not be con tro lled unless every p art of th e tr ee abo ve th e ground is cove re d with th e sp ray m at eri al. Hi gh pressu re sp ray ou tfits must be used in orde r to give uniform coverage without wast ing material. It is ad visab le, if po ssible, to ge t the pruning done and the p ru nings ca rr ied out of th e orch ard before the do rm an t sprays arc app lied .
Commer cial liquid con centrated lime sulp hur shou ld have a d ensity of 3 1 to 33 d eg rees Bau me a t 60 degrees F. Commer cial oil em ulsion sho uld con tain not less th an 66 % oil by vo lume exclu sive of fa tt y acids .
How to Make Bordeaux Mixture and Mix with O il Emulsion
Fill th e tank h alf full of water and, with agitator running, ad d 12 po unds of finely powd ered cop pe r su lphate. T hen a d d 16 po unds of chemica lly h yd ra ted lime. Wash materials through a
[1 3 ]

strai ner. T he nine g a llons of oi l em ulsion sho uld be added while th e motor and agitator a rc ru nning a nd th en th e ta nk filled to the tw o hund red ga llon ca pac ity. Sim ilar proportion s sho uld be used for tanks other th an th e 200-gall on size.
It h as been not ed th at wh er e Parathion has been used in a t lea st three summer sp rays th e scale inf esta tion h as been g re a tly reduced . However , sufficien t d ata h as not vet been avai la ble to st ate th at th e usc of Pa rathion in th e su m mel: sp rays will eliminat e th e necessity fo r th e d orman t a p plica tions.
Importa nt Peach Disea ses
T he four most impor tant pea ch di seases a rc brown rot (Sclcro t ini a cine rea ) , peach sca b (C lad osporium ca rpo p hilu m ), leaf cu rl (Exoaseus deforma ns) a nd ba cteria l spo t (Ba cteriu m pruni ) . T he first a rc fu ng us diseases a nd th e last named , whi ch is com mo nly ca lled ba cteriosis, is a bac ter ia l di sease. All of th ese di sea ses ca ll for spec ia l con trol me a sures by pea ch g rowe rs to avo id ser ious losses.
Brown Rot
This d isease a tt ac ks fruit, twigs and bl ossoms bu t is of most serio us conse q ue nce on ripen ing frui t. In th e sp ring abo u t bl ossoming time u nder fav orable weather cond itions, th e disease en ters the blossom a nd twigs, fr equentl y killing them ou tr ight. It fir st ap pears on th e fru it a s a small circ u la r b rown area whi ch ra pi d ly en la rges u n til the en tire fruit becomes a soft brown ro t, giving off th ou sands of spo res wh ich infect other pea ch es. (Sec Pl ate 10 ) . If left on th e tr ees th ese rotten pea ch es mu mmify and turn bl ack a nd eithe r hang on th e tr ee or drop to th e g ro u nd and furnish spores for r einf ecti on th e following year. The di sease is very bad during warm, humid weather , especia lly wh en th ere is a heavy eu rc ulio in fes ta tion . T he cu rculio pun ctures th e pea ch skin for feeding purposes or egg layin g a nd th ese skin ruptu res m ak e a n ea sy plac e for th e b rown rot spo res to en te r so th at the con tro l of th e cu rculio is one of the fir st essen tia ls fo r th e sa tisfac to ry con trol o f b ro wn ro t.
Contro l
The best fungi cid a l con trol for brown ro t is liquid concen tr at ed lim e su lph u r. Ther e a re seve ral propriet ary sulph urs put ou t by di ffer ent m anufa cturer s which also g ive very goo d con trol a nd th ey should be applied ac cord ing to th e direct ion s given on th e p ack age. The sp raying d irect ion s a rc given in the combined sp ray sche d ules for th e con trol of cu rrulio. b rown ro t a nd scab. (Sec Sch edule N o. 1 on Page 5, or Sch edule N o.2 on Page 7) .
T he removal of mummifi ed fruit a nd rotten peaches fro m the t rees a nd grou nd is necessa ry for good con t ro l. These m ummies a nd ro tte n fr uits should be ta ken fro m th e or cha rd in su m me r and
[1 +]

fall a nd bu ri ed several fee t in th e ground to prevent th ese fruits from giving off spores a nd st arting inf ection th e following spring.
Peach Scab
This is a disea se of the fru its, twigs a nd lea ves but is m ost serious on th e fruit. It first appe ars as small olive to brown spots on th e surface, grad ually en la rgi ng a nd som etimes fusi ng a nd turning da r ker until th ey becom e nearly bla ck . It ca uses th e skin of the fru it to becom e tou gh so that it will no t expa nd with th e normal gro wth resulting in cracked a nd mi ssh apen fruit . (Sec Plate 11 ) .
Control
Either Sp ra y Sch edule No. I given on Page 5, or Sch edule No. 2 as shown on Page 7, will con tro l peach sca b in Geor gia.
Leaf Curl
In un sprayed or improp erl y sprayed orcha rds, leaf curl is a seriou s dis ea se in th e northern ha lf of th e sta te, but is of little conseq ue nc e in th e middle a nd sou th Geor gia pea ch belt . It work s a lmos t en tire ly on th e new g ro w th causing th e unfolding leaves to becom e swollen a nd d istorted a nd in juring th e blossoms and tw igs (See Pl ate 12 ). Affe ct ed leaves become pu ffed and tw isted with much thi ckening a long th e m idrib a nd veins, a cquir e a red di sh color a nd lat er becom e bro wn and drop off . The worst injury from lea f cu r l occurs wh en th e sp ring is cold and th e rains a rc fr equ ent. During dry, sunshiny weather th e di sease is of minor conseq uence.
C ontrol
T his d isease can be cont ro lled by a n applica tion of either con cen tra ted lime su lph ur solu tion or Bordeaux mi xture. If sp ray ing for sca le, th e lime sulph ur used a t th e rat e of one ga llon to eigh t ga llons of w a ter, will cont rol leaf cur l. If usin g oil em ulsion fo r sca le, add a 3-3-50 Bordeaux mixture to contro l th e leaf cu rl. If spraying op era tions a rc di rect ed agains t leaf cu rl only, th e Bordeaux m ixture a lone or th e liquid concentra ted lime su lph ur one ga llon to water 12 ga llons will con trol th e leaf cu rl. Also if spraying for leaf curl on ly-one applica tio n is sufficien t. T he im portant points to rem ember in spraying for leaf curl a re th orou ghness and timeliness. The wh ole tr ee a bove th e g round a nd especia lly th e buds mu st be covere d with th e sp ray and it must be applied whil e th e tr ees arc dorman t a nd befor e th e buds have sta rted to swell.
Bacterial Spot
T his d isease, commonly ca lled ba ct eri osis, a tta cks most of th e va r ieties of pea ches grown in Geor gia, but is of minor econom ic import ance on a ll ea rly varieti es except Early Ro se. The bact er ia at -
[15 J

tack the leaves, twigs and fruit, and fr equently cause premature defoliation . The fir st indication of its presen ce is small irregular dark spots on th e leaves which later cau se shot-holing and finally th e leaves turn yello w and drop off (See Pl ate 13 ) . On the frui tit first appears as a small purple spo t wh ere the skin crac ks a nd fin ally results in a crac ked brownish ar ea that may ex te nd over most of th e surface (See Pl ate 14 ) . It is mu ch worse on ligh t gray lands and on weak and undernourished trees. Until more is known about th e con trol of thi s di sease, g ro wers arc urged to maintain good vigor in th eir orc ha rds . Some va lue is gaine d through th e use o f zin c sulp ha te as a saf en er wh en arsen ate of lead is used as th e insecti cid e. (If cond itione r is need ed see lead a rsen a te sch edule on Page 7 ).
Pho ny Peach
This d isease ha s been fou nd in m an y pea ch g ro wing sec tions but th e fir st au the n tic case wa s found in Georgia more than fift y yea rs ag o in a com merc ial pea ch or chard . It did not, howev er , become comme rcia lly important until 191 S. Sin ce that time more th an 2,000 ,000 diseased phon y pea ch tr ees hav e been r emoved in a n effo r t to prevent its sp read in th e St ate.
It is a virus di sea se tr ansmitted b y lea f-hop pers which suck th e sa p from diseased phony tr ees and th en inj ect it into health y tr ees. This di sease does not kill th e tr ees but do cs redu ce th e size of th e peach es a nd th e len gth of th e bud -wood so th at in a few yea rs the p ea ch es a re unfit for m arket. T rees affec ted with thi s disease d o not sho w the first sympto ms u ntil a fter th e secon d yea r of growth . The on ly o ther kno wn host fo r thi s di sease is plum trees, both wild and cultiva ted, but th e sym p to ms a re very d iffi cult to det ect in plum tr ees. The plum a nd pea ch fruits a re not ca rr iers of thi s di sease and it ca n be spread on ly by th e leaf hoppers th rou gh th e tw igs of the plan ts.
Control is very d iff icult a nd very little p rogress ha s been m acle with spray s, altho ug h DDT sho ws promise of becoming a su p plem ental con tro l. The m ain con tro l is b y qu arantine ac tion a nd tree rem ov al a nd thi s procedure is now bein g followed a s a coo pe ra t ive p rogra m between thi s D ep art ment, th e U . S. Bureau of Entom ology a nd Pl an t Qua rantine a nd the peac h growers.
The qu arantine, whi ch is uni form in all in fect ed St ates req uires th e ap p ro val of pea ch nurser y sites on or befor e Au gu st 15th ; selected sites sha ll be 300 ya rcls from wi ld plums, on e-half mil e fr om commercia l pea ch orcha rds a nd urban a reas; and th e one-half mi le environs shall be inspect ed by O ct ob er I st a nd all phon y trees rem oved by November I st, an d a ll budding shall be r estricted to the slip-b ud metho d.
In a d d ition, the coo pe ra tive age nc ies are m ak ing annu al in spec tions for di seased phon y pea ch t rees in commercial orch ards ancl
[16]

u rb an areas a nd the di seased trees are removed by property owners. An ex tensive cam paign is a lso bein g waged by th e com me r cia l pea ch growers, with th e assistance of th e phon y pea ch in sp ectors, to r em ov e all wi ld plum thi cket s within 300 yard s of a ny com mercia l peach orc ha rd .
Less Important Peach Insects and Diseases
O th er insects a tta cking the pea ch in Georgia a re th e sho t-hole borer (Scolyt us r ugu losus ) , lesser peach borer (Aegeria pi ctip es}, the corn ca rwo rrn (H eliothis obso leta ) a nd several species of g rass hop pers a nd pl an t bu gs. O th er di seases a re C rown ga ll (Ba cteriu m tumefacien s) , ro sett e, a nd pea ch yellows. A nem a tod e worm (H eterode ra ra d icicola ) a lso ca uses inju ry to th e ro ot syste m .
The sho t-ho le bo rer a ttac ks th e branches and tr unk, usually choosing trees weak en ed by other insects, d iseases and win ter inju ry . It ca uses th e tree to send ou t grea t q ua n tities of gum th ro ugh exit holes m ad e by th e beet les. The tr ee when hea vily inf est ed , is covered with tin v holes abou t the size of bird sho t. The best cont rol is to cu t ou t ' an d bu rn bad lv infested tr ees and br anches. T he vigor of th e rem a ining tr ees sh~u ld be incr ea sed by ap plying fer tilizers, prop er d ra in age and eff ective insect con tro l.
T he lesser peach tree borer inju res th e trees in a simi la r m anner to th e pe a ch tr ee borer exce p t th at mo st of th e d amage is don e abov e gro u nd . This insect seldo m en te rs th e tr ees th rough healthy bark but th rough ca n kers a nd ot h er in juries, and its con tro l is essenti all y th e ma tt er of keeping th e trees as free as possible fro m can kers, wounds and winter injury. The regu lar parathion spray sch ed ule (Sched ule No. 1) usu all y gives effec tive con tro l.
T he co rn ca rwo rrn occa siona lly in jures peach es, especia lly when cover crops hav e been p lan ted in th e peach orchard . When feed ing on cove r crops th e worms become vcry n u mero us and feed and migrate simila r to a rm y wo rm s. When th e worms a re nearl y fu ll grown th ey leave th e cov er cro p a nd fin ish off by feedi ng on th e g ree n pea ch es. If CO\T r cro ps a rc plan ted in th e orc har d, th e tr ees should be sp ra yed with parathion as recom m end ed for the cu r cu lio , (Sec Sched ule N o.1 ) .
Sever a l species of grass ho p pers feed on pea ch frui ts a nd foliage, espec ially in th e sp r ing wh en th e pea ch es a rc sma ll. Plant bu gs sometim es inj u re yo ung peach es, ca using d eform ed or " Cat -fa ced" peach es. T h is is especia lly tru e in a reas with heavi er soils a nd in orc ha rds where legume cove r cro ps ar e gro wn . Both the grass hop pers and the p lant bugs ca n be con tro lled by sp raying with parathi on as shown in Sch edule 1.
C rown gall is a com mon d isease in th e orch ard but is p a rticu la rly ba d in th e nu rsery and on you ng trees. The d isease is known in tw o forms: a ha rd ca llous on roots a nd cro wn; a nd a kind of hai ry root wh ich form s th ick m a sses of fine roo ts th a t choke ou t th e
[ 17]

lateral healthy feeding roots. If diseased nursery stock with either kin d of gall is planted, it dev elops in the orchard and fr equently kills th e tr ees after a few years of sic kly existe nce. No cu re is known after it gets into th e tree. The best preventive is to plant clean nurser y sto ck, properl y inspect ed by state inspectors.
Ros ette an d peach ye llows ar c occasi onally found in the state. T hey arc infect ious vir us d iseas es from whi ch th e causitive organisms have never been isolat ed . The rosette di sease ge ts its name from th e stun ted g ro wth a nd abnormal number of shoots which give th e tree a peculiar rosetted a ppearance. The foli age falls prematurely a nd th e tree di es within tw o years a fter th e first sym ptoms a p pear.
Yellows ca use th e fru it to ripen p rem aturely a nd th e fruit has red spo ts on th e surfa ce and strea ks in th e flesh . T he foliage turns yellow and th e shoo ts form numerou s clus ters. The tr ee a ffected di es within three years a fte r th e first sym p to ms arc not ed . The con tro l for both ro sette a nd yellows is to dig up and burn th e affect ed tr ees.
Nem atod e Worm
The mi cro scopic nematod e worm (H eterodera radicicola ) is com mo nly fo und feeding on th e roo ts of peach tr ees and under certain cond itions, become very inj urious. It ma kes kno ts or ga lls on th e feed root s, stu n ts the grow th a nd in severe attacks, kill s th e trees, espe cia lly yo u ng tr ees. T his worm a lso feeds on o ther pl ants g ro wi ng in th e orc ha rd suc h as co tton, wat ermelon , ca n ta lou pe, so:: bean, potato, tomato, cow pea s and com e weed s. The best con tr ol is to avoid planting orcha rds on land kno wn to be in fested with th is worm . The light sa nely la nd s a rc particu larly a p t to be inIcstcd . If peas ar e used as an orcha rd crop, on ly those immune var .ctics suc h as Br abham, I ro n or I ron hybrids, sho uld be planted . Soi ls infest ed with nem at od es ca n not be freed of th em exce p t by rota tion of erops im mune to a ttac k. If tr ees arc kcpt in a hi gh sta te of vigor a nd pl anted on a goo d gra de of land, thi s worm is not a p t to give serious trouble.
T wo new m at erial s, DD (D ich lorp rop ylene ) an d E thylene dib romid e h ave recently been d evel op ed fo r th e con trol of nem atod es in peach orchards bu t th is work is still in th e experim en ta l stages a nd a ny peach growe rs th at want to use it sho uld get information from th e m anu fa cturer s.
Beneficial Insects and Diseases
T he be ne ficia l in sect s a rc ca lled paras!tes and pred ators . Cer -
tai n J: .gi ar c also ben efi cia l in th at th ey feed on a nd kill m any in-
scr: -. T ~ :cse three fa ct ors acco un t for th e red uction of m any of ou r .: .por ta n t orch ard pests a nd arc a gre a t na tural a id to th e growe rs, often doing more to check the in sect pes ts tha n suc h artificial con trol mea sures as sp r ay ing and du sting.
[1 8]

The San J ose sca le is fr equen t ly found in th e orchard wi th a tiny hole in th e cen ter of th e sca le covering which is th e exit hole of an y of severa l specie s of tin y h ymen op terou s p arasites. One of th e most im portan t a nd wield y d istributed of th ese is Aphcli nus fuscip ennis. .Others parasitizin g th e San J ose sca le a re Aphclinus m yt al asp idis, Asp idi o tiphagu s cit rin us, a nd P ro sp alta aura n tii. A very import ant pred at or is C hi locorus biv ulnerus which feed s on th e sca le in sect s throughou t th e ye a r. T his predator is com monly ca lled the tw icesta bbed ladv bird beetl e a nd is a small ro u nd bl ack beetle with two red spo ts, one on eac h win g cove r. M ost gr owers have seen this lit tle beetle in their pe ach orcha rd ru nni ng abo u t looking for sca le insects on which to feed . T he Sa n Jose sca le is a lso a t ta cked by th e red head fun gus (Sp hacrostilbe cocc oph ila ) a nd th e bla ck fu ngus (Jv' I yria ng u m du riaci }.

The plu m cu rculio has two im portant parasit es th at some time kill a high percen tage of eggs a nd la rvae. They a re both wasps, one bein g th e egg parasite (Ana p hoid ia conotr ache li) and th e other th e larva l para sitc (T riasp his curcu lion is) . Both of th ese parasites are common a nd abu nd a n t in Georg ia .

Very few parasit es have been recorded on th e p each tr ee bor er and th ose recorded parasiti ze a ver y sm all percentage of th e host. An egg pa rasit e, T clcn om ou s qu aintan cei, is p robab ly th e best of the lo t. The pra yin g mantis (Stagmoma n tis ca ro lina ] wh ich is q uite com mon in Georgia has been not ed lying in wait a t th e base of pe ach t rees an d poun cin g up on th e ad ult moths as th ey emerge from the cocoons a nd also while th e fem ale moth is deposit ing eggs.

T he Orien ta l fr ui t moth is a ttack ed in th e egg stage by th e egg

parasit e T r icogra m m a m inut um and in the la rval stage b y M acro-

ccn trus a ncylivorus. A white mold has also been fou nd killing th e

larvae in cocoons . mostlv aro u nd th e base of the tr ee or on th e

g ro u nd .

"

O th er parasites a nd p red ator s of some va lue in pea ch orc ha rds are Syrphid fly la rvae, la ce wing fly larvae, T a ch in id flies, assa ssin bu gs, g round beetl es a nd sever al species of lad y-bi rd beetl es.

Insecticid es and Fung icides
The following chemica ls a rc used as inse cticides a nd fun gicid es for th e protect ion of th e fruit a nd th e tree by pea ch growe rs in Geor gia : DDT, Parathion , EPN, Ar senate of lead , H ydrated lim e, Su lphu r, Copper sulphat e, Lubricating oil em u lsion, Liquid concen tra ted lim e su lphur, Zin c sulphate, Paradi ch lorob enzen e, Eth ylen e di ch loride em u lsion, Dust mixtures, several propriet ary sulphur co mp ounds, and mi scib le oils.
DDT: A syntheti c orga nic com pou nd and th e most permanent and durab le of all th e rom mo nlv used con tact in secti cid es. DDT is formulated as dusts, wettable 'powde r, and em ulsifia ble conc en tr ates. DDT ac ts either a s a con ta ct or stom a ch poison aff ect ing
[1 9]

the nervous system and sensory organs. Pure DDT is relatively non-toxic to humans, but DDT in oil solu tion is absorbed by the skin a nd long expos ur es shou ld be avoided .
Parathion : An organi c phosphate the technica l material of whi ch is a da rk brown liquid having an unpleasant garli c odor and is from 90 to 98 per cent pure. Parathion has proved effective against a wid er variet y of inse cts than any other insecti cid e. Parathion has a relatively short residu al act ion and may be safely used on pea ch es if applied not later than th ree weeks befor e harvest. Parathion is formulated as 15% and 25% wettable powder and as 0.25% to 2% dusts. Parathion ha s proven to be extrem ely toxic to humans, especially in th e vapor st at e, and gr eat ca re shou ld be used in hand ling a nd applying it. SINCE PARATHION IS A KNOWN HAZARD TO THOSE HANDLING OR APPLYING IT, ITS USE IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR THE GENERAL P UBLIC. HOWEVER, IN VIEW OF THE VALUE OF PARATHION FOR THE CONTROL OF CERTAIN PESTS, ITS U SE MAY BE J USTIFIED FOR COMMERCIAL PLANTINGS WHERE SITUATIONS DEMAND AND WHEN THE OPERATOR IS IN A POSITION TO ENFORCE PROPER PRECAUTIONS. THE MANUFACTURERS STATE THAT IF FOR ANY REASON U SER S ARE U N ABL E OR U N W I L LI N G TO COMPLY WITH PRECA UTIONS AS GIVEN BY THE MANU F ACT U R E R, T H E MATER IAL SHO ULD BE RETURNED TO THE DEALER FROM WHOM IT WAS PURCHASED AND A REF UND WILL BE GIVEN .
EPN : T his is a br owni sh liquid with an unpleasant odo r, whi ch is sligh tly soluble in water and solubl e in common or ganic solven ts. This mat er ia l is' formulated as a 25% wettab le powd er. It ap pea rs to be more selective than par athion in its insecti cid al action. Whi le thi s material is a ppa ren tly abou t one fourth as toxic as p ar athion , AS A HEALTH HAZARD IT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED I N T H E SAME CATEGORY WITH PARATHION AND T H E SAME PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN.
Ar senate of Le ad : The powd er ed form is pr acti ca lly th e only one in comme rcial usc and it should con ta in not less than 30% total ars eni c pcntoxidc, not mor e than 0.51J1,- wa ter soluble ars eni c pentoxidc and not mor e th an 0.3% total arseni c trioxide. It is a fin ely div ided powder and will stay in suspension with ordinary agitation as provided in power or hand spray outfits. R easonable precau tions against burning the fruit and foliag e should be taken when using this ma teri al. It shou ld not be used stronger than one pound of lead arsenate to 50 ga llons of water and should not be applied when tr ees ar e wet or wh en the temperature is above 90 degr ees F . For each po und of lead ars enate used, th er e shou ld be added 4 poun ds of chem ical hydrated lime to eae h 50 ga llons of th e spray mixtur e.
Hydrated L ime: Hydrated lime is used as a ne utralizer for lead
[ 20]

arse nate and in combina tion wi th sulp hur to mak e liquid conce ntr ated lim e sulphur, a nd wit h coppe r sulp ha te to make Bor de aux mixt ur e. H yd rated lime is also used as a filler in various du st mixtur es. Only a good gr ade of lime shou ld be used for sp ray ing a nd d usting an d should con ta in not less th an 90% calcium hyd rox ide. Finely scree ned lim e will decrease nozzle stoppages.
Sulphur : Sul phu r, combined with other che mica ls, is one of the most importan t mater ial s used for spraying and d usting peach or chards, as some of th e com binations act bot h as insecti cides a nd fu ngicid es. Variou s fo rm s a re in use, suc h as du sting sulphu r, wettab le sulp hu r an d wett abl e sulphur p aste. It is pra ctically a lwa ys clea n and pure as received from th e manufact urers.
Copper Sulphate : Copper sulpha te (bluestone ) is com bined with hyd rated lime to make Bordeaux mixture. Bor deaux mixture is unsafe to usc when th e pea ch tr ees a re in folia ge bu t can be used as a dorm a nt ap p lica t ion in the win ter as a cont rol for leaf curl. There are severa l form s of thi s mix tur e such as 2-2-50, 3-3-50 a nd 4 ~4-5 0 . In all case s, the first numb er deno tes th e pound age of cop per sulp ha te, th e secon d number th e p oundage of lime a nd th e th ird nu m ber th e ga llons of wa ter .

How to Make Bordeaux Mixture

The 3-3-50 mix tur e is the one most commo nlv used a nd di rect ion s for m aking this streng th a re as follows: .

Cop per Sulph ate (bluestone) finel y powd ered for m

3 pou nds

Chemi ca lly hydrated lim e

..

3 pounds

W ater

50 ga llons

Put 25 ga llons of wat er in th e ta nk and, with agita tor r unning , add 3 po un ds of finely powd er ed copp er sulph a te. Then add 3 pounds of chemi ca lly hyd rated lim e. W ash m at eria ls through strainer. T hen add th e other 25 gallons of wa ter.
Direct ion s for making Bordea ux mixt ure a nd mixi ng with oil emulsion will be found on Page 13.
Zinc Sul ph ate : T his materi a l is combined wit h hyd ra ted lim e at the rate of 2 pounds of zinc sulpha te- 36!fr-an'd 4 pounds of h ydr at ed lime to 50 ga llons of water . Fill the sp ra y ta nk abou t
% full of wa ter a nd , with ag ita to r ru nning, ad d the requ ir ed
a moun t of zinc sulphate a nd th en th e hydra ted lim e. It can be used in combina tion with a rsena te of lead .
Li quid Concen tr at ed L ime Sulph ur Solution : T his is a n old rem edy for th e con tro l of the San J ose sca le and is also used to con trol o ther sca le insects a nd lea f cu rl. T he comme rcia lly ma nufact ured prod uct is in very wide use by the grower s and th is should test fr om 31 degrees to 33 degrees Baume at 60 degrees F . a nd should con ta in not less than 29 % of calcium polysulfides.

[ 21J

Lubricating O il E mul sion: Commercial oil emu lsion should con tain not less th an 66 % oil by volu me, exclusive of fatty a cids, and h ave a viscosity by the Sa ybolt test of not less th an 125 secon ds a t 100 d eg rees F . Oi l emulsions in Georgia are used a lmost en tirely as a dormant control of the San J ose scal e a nd at the 3% stren gth, whi ch is 9 gallons of oil emulsion to 191 ga llons of water.

Pa rad ir hl orobcnzcnc : This che mica l is used to con tro l the pe a ch tre e borer. It sho uld be not less than 98 % pure subl im ed p arad ich loro ben zene and of th e fin en ess of gra nu la ted sugar or fin e fla kes. It sho uld never be used on trees in Georgia that arc less than four years old. Complete directions for its use will be found on Page II.

E thl vlcnc di chl orid e emu lsion : This mate r ia l is used as a con trol for th e' peach tr ee borer a nd is especia lly va luable on you ng tr ees to whi ch paradichl or oben zen e ca n no t be a pp lied safely. It is somewh at a naesthetic in ac tion a nd care sho uld be tak en not to b reathe too mu ch of th e fumes wh ile working on th is m ateri al. Directi on s for its use will be found on Page II.

Dust Mixtures: Pea ch D us t Mi xtu res con ta in powd er ed lead a rse na te, h ydrat ed lim e and fin ely grou nd sulp hu r. No t less th an 95% of th e su lp hu r a nd 90 % of th e mi xtu re sho uld be fine eno ug h to pass th rou gh a 300 mes h screen . The 80-5 - 15 mixture con tains
80 % sulp h ur, 5% lea d arsenate a nd 15 % hyd rated lime a nd is th e on e mo st widely used as a d us t cont ro l for curc ulio, brown rot a nd scab. O th er dust mix tures use d arc th e 0 -5-95, con ta ining 5 % lead a rsena te an d 95 % hyd rated lime ; 90- 10 containi ng 90 % hy-
d rated lim e a nd 10 % lead ar sen at e. The 0-5-95 is used a s th e fir st
d ust in th e regula r pea ch dust sche d ule and th e 90- 10 as an a fter harvest con trol for cu rcu lio.

Proprietary Su lp hur Compounds and Miscibl e Oils: Severa l pro-

priet ary su lp h u r compoun ds and miscib le oils arc on th e m a rk et

a nd arc used as a cont rol for variou s peach insect s a nd di seases.

If th ey have been thoroug hly tested by ex periment sta tions and

grower s, it is sa fe to use them as recommen d ed by the manufa c-

turers. All suc h p rodu ct s should be lab eled so that the g rower ca n

kn ow the tot al per cen tage of ac tive a nd in active ing redi en ts. The

su lph ur compou nds ar e use d main ly as a con trol for th e plan t di s-

eases suc h as br own ro t a nd scab. whi le th e m iscible oils a rc mainlv

used as sca lcci des during the do'rm ant peri od .

'

Co m plete Sp ray s: Ther e a rc seve ra l com plete sp ray mixtures on

th e m arket whi ch arc compo u nde d for th e con tro l of m ost pea ch

insect s and di seases. The m at eri al s ar c pa ck aged ready -mixed by

th e manufactu rers and ca n be dumped direc tly int o th e spray tank

thu s avo id ing th e weighing, m easuring and handling of th e various

ingr edi ent s. Only th ose comple te spray mi xtures whic h ha ve been

th oroughl y tested by experimen t st ation s sho u ld be used , a nd the

m an ufa ct urer's. in struction s as to th eir usc sho uld be stric tlv fol -

lowed .

'

[22]

PLATE I Peaches in the right stage for the second application In the standard spray schedule
which is the most important for the control of the curculio
[2 3J

PLATE II Curculio Larvae (grubs) feeding in ripe fruit
[ 24]

PLATE III The peach tree borer and its work
in the t runk and ma in roots
PLATE IV Adult female peach tree
borer
[ 25J

PLATE V One ounce of paradichlorobenzene spread in even band one inch from base, ready for
covering
PLATE VI The Con e - Shaped mound of so il placed over the ring of para-
d ichlorobenzene
[ 26]

PLATE VII Fruit moth larval injury to twigs. On left-Advance stage, larva has left twig;
middle-Early stage, larva still in twig-on right-Normal twig
PLATE VIII Fruit moth larval feeding
[ 27]

PLATE X Peach infected with Brown Rot , showing spore masses
PLATE IX San Jose Scale on Peach Limb
[28J

I
,i

I

I

l

._ _

PLATE XI Scab on Ripe Peaches

[ 29]

PLATE XII Peach Leaf Curl
[ 30J

PLATE XIII Bacterios is on Leaves
PLATE XIV Bateriosis on Fruit (advanced st ag e)

Bu.lletin 98

December, 1952

ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology
July I, 1951 - June 30, 1952

;

1 I

MAY A

i

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H. Alden, Director

State Capitol

Atlanta, Georgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Letter of Transmittal Introduction __ Coo pe rative Proj ects Atl anta Offi ce __

3 __ ______ ________ __ _ 4
___ _________ ___ 4 _______________ 4

Whit e Fringed Beetl e Erad icati on

5

Sw eet P otato W eevil Eradicati on

___ ___ _________________ ____ __ 6

Tifton Laboratory

7

Tomato Plant Certification

7

Sw eet P otato Plant Ce r t if ica t ion

10

Bee In sp ecti on & Ce r tificatio n __

_

10

Ph on y P each Disease Contro l

11

Gen era l P est Control ..

11

Fruit Pest Laboratory _

_

11

Nurse ry Insp ection and Certifi cation

12

Japan es e Beetl e Eradication

__ 12

In sect & Pl ant Dis ease I d en t if icat ion _____ _____ ______ ___ ____ __ 13

Registrati on of E con omic Poisons and Devices

13

Quarantin es agai nst s erious p ests

13

P ub lications and Motion Pictures

14

Summary of Acti viti es

14

In com e and Disbursem ents __ _

15

Cove r-New Tifton Laboratory

T o th e H on orabl e, H erm an E. T alm ad g e, Gov er n or of Georgia , a nd Memb ers of th e Genera l Assemb ly :
I ha ve t h e hon or to sub mi t, h erewith. t h e a n n u a l r eport of th e Geo rgia D epartm en t of Entom ol og y fo r th e fi scal yea r , J ul y 1, 1951 - J un e 30, 1952,
Resp ectfull y s ubm itted,
T)irector of E"lc;;:,c loliY
C, H, A ld en

ANNUAL REPORT
INT RODUCTION
During th e ye a r, sixteen ma in proj ec ts w ere a dm ini ster ed on a full -time basis by t he Departm ent, in add ition t o several part tim e projects. Th e Bureau of Entom ol ogy a n d Plant Quarantine coo perate d on f ive of t he insect a n d plant disease control projects, and th e Director and Comm issione r of Agriculture enforced jointly th e E conomic P ois ons A ct of 1950 . T hese agencies hav e b een very h elpful to this D epartm ent, and the work cou ld not hav e b een don e without th eir personnel and financial support.
Funds ex pe n de d f or th e ye ar en d ing Jun e 30, 1952 were $ 185, 278.4 8, as co m pare d with $ 185, 542.20 fo r th e previous f isc a l ye ar .
A summary of activiti es (with map) is giv en of th e various projects, and d etai led reports ar e availab le for public information at th e Department's off ice in th e State Ca pit ol. Work was p erform ed in 158 count ies, with from one t o eig ht proj ects in eac h county on insect and plant dis eas e cont ro l. Insect s su ch as th e whit e fr inged beetl e, J apan es e beet le, and s weet potato w eevil were prevented fro m spread ing ove r th e st a te, and cr op damage ca use d by th em co nt in ue s to b e k ept low .
COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Proj ects carri ed on within th e State in coope r a t ion with the U . S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantin e were as foll ows : Wh it e f r in ge d beetl e, sweet potato w eevil and Japanese beetl e er a d icat ion ; ph on y p each dis ease cont ro l; pink boll worm , gold en n ematode, imported fir e ant, and camellia flower blight sco uting and gen eral insect and plant disease surve ys .
ATLANTA OFFICE
The D epartment's ma in of fice is in th e State Capitol , with field offices and laboratories in Cornelia and Tifton, and with cooperative project offices in Macon, East Point, Fitzgerald, Fort Va lley, Oglethorpe , a nd Statesboro.
D uri ng the year the Atla nta office ha d 7,26 7 incomi ng telephone calls, 2,345 vis itors; wrote 15,743 lett ers ; mailed out 19 ,230 packages and bu lletins; made 679 inspections of parcel post and express shipments of plant products; and iss ued certificates, tape, licenses, and other information to farmers , and others as follows : 45 7,000 yards of sw eet potato certif icate tape; 1,6 50,000 to mato p la nt certificates; 367,00 0
4

nurs ery ce rtifica te tags ; 28 ,000 sw eet potat o tags ; 34,000 package b ee certif icat es; 11,000 q ueen bee cert if icat es; 8,000 cabbage ce r t if ica tes; 30,000 soft bodi ed plant stickers; 90,000 mim eograph circulars; and 10 ,000 miscellaneous nursery, sweet potato and cotton seed certificates. In addition, the field offices answer ed thousands of letters and mailed out or delivered quarantines and circulars of information. Detailed r eports are on file in th e Atlanta Office and are available for information and examination.
The work and ex pe nse s of th e Atlanta Office has b een increased, du e to all eligib le em p loyees go ing into th e Merit and Retirem ent Systems and the Department's share of the cost of op erating th es e agen ci es is charge d t o the Atlanta Offic e. Th ere has also b een an incre a se in salaries to co nf or m with th e schedul es as set up for Stat e em ploye es by th e Merit System of P ersonn el Administration.
A summary of activities (with map) is given f or the various projects in the State. Work was performed in 158 counties , with from on e to eight projects in ea ch county on insect and plant disease control. Noxious insects and plant diseases not g en erall y distributed ove r the state have b een prevented, through quarantine and contr ol acti on , from spreading over th e State, and crop damage ca use d by th em has been kept lo w.
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a cooperative project between th e Department and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. This insect now infests parts of 51 counties involving over 40,000 acres of land. Since the project was started in 1946, the quarantine and control program has prevented widespread infestations of this insect in th e state, reduced its abundanc e, er a d icate d it from some areas, and prevented serious injury to crops. Two ne w in f estations w ere found during the yea r and in addition to th e six count ies r el eased from quarantin e last ye a r, th e foll owing co unties we re r eleased in 1952: Evans and T el fair .
During the period cove re d by this report, th ere was an average of 41 and a peak of 43 em ployees (State and F ed eral) assign ed to this project in Georgia, working in 99 counties. A total of 1730 additional acr es of farm lands w ere treated with DDT at the rate of 10 pounds of technical grade p er acre, making a total of 16 ,403 acres treated to date ; 331 acres of nursery land has b een treated with DDT at the rate of 50 pounds p er a cre ; 1,119 additional non-cultivated acres of land w er e surface treate d w it h 25 pounds of DDT per a cre ; 9,747 ac re s r ec eived f oliage applicati ons at the rate of 1 pound
5

of DDT p el' acre; and 640 tons of DDT-f ertiliz er mixtures w ere us ed on infested f arm lands,
Inf est ed la nds are classified as foll ows: No sp ecim ens fo und in 195 1, 28 ,870 a cres ; light pop ulations, 14 ,788 acres ; mod erate populations, 3,2 18 a cres; h eavy popul ations, 659 a cres . Although 659 a cres are shown as having h eavy population s, th e on ly crop damage r eported was from a n ewly f ound infestati on neal' Manassas in Tattna ll Co u nt y . Th e 10 , 25 , a nd 50 pound tr eatm ents will not have to be r etr eated for s everal y ea rs, and it is beli ev ed th at t he n ew DDT-f ertiliz er tr eatm ents inau gu rated t his year wi ll maintai n an ins ecti cid e d osage sufficient t o kill grubs and adults of th e w h ite fring ed beetl e so t hat no r etreatm en ts w ill be n ec essary on prev ious ly infested farm lands. It ca n al so be st a t e d that all infested n urs ery sto ck produ cin g la n d in th e State has b een tr eated, and, exce pt for sm a ll ba ck yard pl antin gs, th e certi f icat ion probl em associat ed w it h t h e m ovem en t of nu r sery stoc k ha s been so lve d .
Th e h eadqu art ers f or this proj ect is 590 Mulberry Street, Ma con , wi th d istrict offic es in Ea st P oin t , F it zgeral d , Ogl eth orpe, an d Statesboro, Th e F ed eral Gove r n me nt is fu r nish ing most of th e equ ipme nt and th e State is f ur nish ing m ost of th e DDT use d in th e treatm ent of infested lands and barri er f oliag e appli ca t ion s t o preven t local a n d long d istan ce s pr ea d of t h e white fring ed beetl e. In a d d it ion to t he St at e and F ed eral f ina nc ia l support, a very substantial sum in th e am ount of $ 144, 27 6.00 has been cont r ib ut ed by cit ies , cou nt ies, and in d ividual s on t he co ntro l of th is in s ect,
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICAnON
This is a coo p er a t iv e proj ect betw een th e D ep artm ent a n d th e U. S. Bureau of Entom ol ogy and Pl ant Ou aruntin e. During th e y ea r 27,27 3 insp ections w ere mad e in 43 cou nt ies wh ere th e weevi l was known t o 01' susp ected might ex ist , and infestat ions w er e fo u n d in 18 cou nties . This ye a r 186 n ew in f estati on s w ere fo un d and 3 17 prop erti es w ere cl ean ed and r el eas ed from p lanting r estricti ons , Cou nt ies r el ea s ed from quarantin e during th e year w ere Appl ing, Ba con , Bak el', J eff Davis and Lee. There w ere 83 vio la t ions of th e qu a r a nt ine during th e peri od of this r eport a n d all w ere cor r-ecte d with out legal r ecours e. A r evised quar antin e was iss ued during th e yea r , list ing infested areas, and g iv in g ' conditions governing mo vem ent of sw eet potato es and plants .
An exte nsive ed uca t ion a l program was ca r r ie d on in th e State to acquaint farm ers and oth ers about th e sweet potato w eevi l er a dica t ion program . Duri ng th e year 130 m eetings w ere h eld in 11 counties with ab out 7 ,000 in attendance, Talks w ere mad e and pictures shown to f a r mers, f a r m bureau m ern-
6

b el's, on-t he -f a r m training classes, 4-H clubs , high school s, and ci vi c clubs. Informati on was a lso diss eminated b y n ewspap ers, radi o, posters , lea fl ets, la ws and r egulations, preserved specim en s of w eevil s and infested potatoes, and by ma ps show ing t h e in f ested area s in the Unite d States . In a ddition , d is plays we r e shown a t State a nd co unty fairs t o m ore t ha n 170 ,000 peopl e , Th is work is of gr eat va lue in h el ping to preven t t h e sp r ea d of t he w eevi l a nd er a d icate it w h er ev er fo u n d in t h e St ate .
TIFTON LABORATORY
Th e D epartm ent has r ecen tl y built a new offic e, la b orat ory a n d gr een ho us e on t h e Coast a l Plai n Exp erim en t Station gro u n ds, a nd is now f u lly eq uip pe d t o furni sh se r vice t o South Ge or g ia fann ers on in sect and plant d iseas e co nt ro l. A full -tim e pathol ogi st is a ssign ed t o this off ice , with n ecessary ass ist a n ts a s need ed t o run th e va r ious proj ect s, t ests, and t r ips to f'a rrn s . Th e Board of R egents hav e kind ly furnish ed th e n ecessary la n d for th e bui lding and is coo pe rat ing in ot he r wa ys t o mak e thi s laboratory of va lu e to th e farm ers .
Proj ects ca rrie d on a ful l tim e basis are t omato pl ant cer t if ica t ion , t omato and ot h er see d t ests, s w ee t potato w eevil er a d ica t ion , ca b bage plan t cer t if ica t ion , and r earin g of Vedalia b eetl es f or cotto ny cus hio n sc a le contro l; proj ect s ca rri ed on a part tim e basis are ch ec k in g Fl orida to m ato pl ants s hi p pe d into Geo g ia f'or t h e green wrap industry, sweet potato pl ant, nu rs ery and bee insp ect ions , g ene r a l p est cont r ol, an d letters, q ua r a nt in es a n d circ ula rs of info r mation t o fa r m ers a nd other citiz ens .
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During th e 19 52 s easo n , 7, 585 ac r es of to ma to pla nts w ere insp ected in 16 South Georg ia co unt ies and a bo ut 650 ,000 ,000 pl ants cer t if ied f or s hi pm e nt, m ostl y t o th e No r t h er n mark et s . Th e pl ants were grown f ro m cer tifie d , treated , a n d t ested s eed, a n d k ept cove r e d by approved sprays and du sts throughout th e growing se aso n . A ll plants showing ins ect OJ' plant di sease inj ury 01' not m eeting th e r eq uired standards w ere r efu sed ce r t if ica t ion. Th e m ost prevalen t dis eases thi s ye a r w ere n ematod es, alternaiia, bacterial spot, so ut he r n bl ight, and ba ct erial wi lt. Th e leading variety po duced f'or shipm ent w as Rutgers, fo llow ed by Ga r de n State and Pritchaid ; in a d d it ion about 1,000 a cres of hybrid plants w ere cer t if ie d and shipped,
A ll s eed us ed for planti ng was ch eck ed for bacteria and f un gus in th e Departm ent's laboratory at Tifton and a ll s eed w as t ested for g erminati on in th e green hous es of th e Coast a l
7

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES-July 1, 1951 -June 30 , 1952

A. W hite Fringed Beetle Eradication (99 counties) B. Sweet Potato Weevil Eradication (4 3 counties) C. Tomato Plant Certification (16 counties) D. Sweet Potato P lant Certification (111 counties) E. Bee Inspection & Certification (86 co unties) F. Phon y Peach Disease Control (18 counties) G. Nursery In spection & Cer t if ica t ion (95 counties )

H. Insect & Plant Disease Identification (75 counties)
J. General Pest Control (122 counties)
1. Includes-Japan ese Be etle Eradication (118 counties) Camellia Flower Blight Quarantine (46 counties) Vedalia Be etle Distribution (44 co unties) Pink Boll Worm Survey (32 counties) Imported Fire Ant Survey (9 countie s ) Got t on Seed Ce r t if ica t ion (6 counties )

P lai n Ex p erim en t Station. No se ed w a s a llow ed to b e planted unl ess it m et th e standards set u p in t h e De partm en t 's r ul es and r egulations for growing certifie d tomato p la nts, prom u lgated ea ch ye a r and distributed t o th e tomato plant industr y.

SWEET POTATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
F01' t h e 195 1-52 s easo n, th e f ield forc e mad e sw ee t p ot a t o fi eld, storage, a nd p lant bed inspections for farm ers in 1 11 co unt ies. Fi eld inspecti ons w ere mad e in 1,192 acres f 01' in sects and pl ant d is eases, a nd 7.0 Ii ; w ere fo u n d disea sed a n d withdrawn fro m ce rtif ica t ion . A t otal of 67, 333 b ush els of sw eet potato es w ere inspect ed in storage a nd 801 b ush els, or 1. 2 j ;, w ere cond em n ed as unf it fo r b edding, In add iti on, plants w ere exa m ine d on th e b ed s and du ring th e sal es season to see th a t f a r mers g ot dis ea se free plants fo r potat o P1'Odu cti on . Th e growing plants and sto re d potat oes w ere c hec ke d fo r stem r ot, black r ot and sw eet potato w eevi l, and wh en a ll insp ections show ed fr eedo m f ro m in s ect pests an d p lant dis eases, th e grow ers w ere f urnish ed with ce rtifica te tap e and tags f or th e sa le of p lants and seed stock . A ll certifi ed plants a re grow n an d so ld un d er a set of r ul es and r egu lation s promu lgated by th e Departm ent eac h ye a r, and th es e a r e f urnish ed to t h e trad e. Th e tap e is iss u ed on a n annua l basis f or tyi ng th e ce r t if ie d pla nts and is printed and furnish ed to th e grow ers at cost by th e Departm ent, All ce r t if ie d plants, ot he r than those gro wn by th e f a r mer fo r hi s ow n us e, must b e ce r t if ie d, In a d d itio n t o t he in s pecti on se rv ice , th e Departm ent fu r nis hes th e farm er th e necessary ce r tifica tes, transf ers, affidavits, dipp ing instructi ons, and interstate r egu lations t o ena ble t h e far m ers to s ell t h eir p lants in th is a nd oth er states ,

BEE INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION

During th e 19 51 -52 se aso n, 63,7 39 co lonies w ere inspected in 1,540 ya r ds in 86 cou nt ies. T h ere w ere 3 5,144 colon ies in s pect ed fo r t h e pac kage and q ueen b ee sh ipp ers and 28 ,605 colo nies f or t he ho n ey p r od uc ers. T h ere w ere 12,501 colonies ins pecte d fo r r esid ent migratory b eek eepers fo r m ov em ent into ot he r st ates and 5, 44 2 co lon ies in sp ected or permitted entry u n d er certifi cation fo r migratory beek eepers m oving into t his State , In add ition, y a r ds un d er quarantin e were r ei nsp ected unti l th ey w er e clea n ed u p of fo ul brood a nd r el eased ,

F or th e ye a r , the fi eld apiary force fo u nd 459 cases of

Am eri can fo u l brood and 85 cases of Europ ean f ou l brood ,

whi ch

is

approximatel y

0.8 1 ; ; ';

of th e coloni es ins pe cte d.

In

add ition to th e inspection s er vice, the D epartment issu es r egu-

la ti on s for qu een, package, and h oney pro d uc ers ; enfo r ce s

quarantin es; a nd iss u es a n n ua l ce r t if icat es to certifi ed be e-

10

ke epers 1'01' shipment of diseas e fre e bees to a ll states and, Canada. Bee ex hibits w er e shown at th e South eastern, Macon , and Swainsboro fairs.
PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
This is a coop erative proj ect b etw een th e Departm ent and th e U . S. Bureau of Entom olog y and P lant Quarantin e. During th e ye a r, 1,727,167 p each tr ees w ere insp ect ed in co m me r cia l or c ha rds in 11 co u nt ies and 106 ,44 1 dis eased p hony peach trees were f ound and r emov ed. T en n urseri es with 179,170 trees w ere in sp ected in 9 co un t ies and all ph on y trees within a mil e r a diu s of ea ch nursery we r e r em oved . In a d diti on , a large numb er of w ild p lums, which are ca r r iers of th e di sease , w er e r emov ed fr om th e h eavi ly infected ar eas. A r evised quarantin e was issued during th e year, g iving th e r egulated areas in th e Un it ed St ates, t he r egulated produ ct s, t he co nd iti on s g over ni ng sh ipm ent , a nd r equirem en ts fo r ce rt if icat ion of nursery stock .
GENERAL PES T CONTROL
In sect and pl ant di s ea ses not in th e r egular co nt ro l proj ect s are ca r r ied in th e g en era l pest co ntr ol program . Wo rk w as perfo rm ed in 122 co unti es as fo llows : On Japan es e beetle er a d ica t ion (118 counti es) ; cam ellia f low er b light quarantin e (46 count ies); pi n k boll worm su rv ey s (3 2 co unties ) ; imported f ir e a nt (9 co u nt ies ) ; co tto n s eed inspection (6 co u nt ies) and V cda lia beetle distribution (44 cou nt ies ). Gin trash ins pect ion s s ho w ed no pink bo ll worm in th e state, and no new infections of cam ellia fl ow er blight were fo u n d ; imported fir e a nts w ere f oun d in sev en co u nt ies b ut on lv in isolated s pots, Th e Vedalia beetles w ere distribut ed f r ee t o citi z en s of th e state for th e con t r ol of th e cotto ny cush ion scale . Oth er activiti es w er e insp ection of seeds and p lants f or for eign sh ipm ent; t ermit e, Arg entine a nt , a n d h ou s eh old insect co ut ro l : lectures a n d d em onst rati on s and d isplays t o fa r m a n d civic orga n iz a ti ons a n d St a t e fairs and fi eld trips a s n eed ed on f arm ins ect and plant dis ease contro l. Th e program f'or and insp ection of plants f or th e Geor g ia t omato green wrap trad e wa s co nt in ue d , a nd m ost of th e plants w ere obt a ine d fro m El ori rla t hr ough a j oin t ins pect ion ser vice w ith th e Fl orid a State Plant Board ,
FRUIT PEST LABORATORY
Experim en tal t ests w ere co n d uc t ed in appl e and p ea ch orchards for th e control of noxi ous ins ects and plant dis eases. In th e app le p lats , t ests w ere con d ucte d w ith th e f ollowing materia ls ; EPN, F ennat e, Pan Appl e Spray, Parath ion, DDT , Nuton ex su lfur , Trico p, and Manza te . In th e pea ch p lats ,
11

tests were conducted with EPN, DDT, Parathion and Manzate. From resu lts obtained from this and previous years, peach and app le schedules were prepared and iss ued to fruit growers by the fo llowing agencies: Georgia Extension Service, Georgia Experiment Station, Georgia Mountain Experiment Station, U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and this Department.
Life history, jarring records, and bait pot studies were conducted on peach and apple insects. Other projects on which the staff assisted during the year were as fo llows: Japanese beetle trapping ; inspection of nurseries; field and storage inspection of sweet potatoes and plants; fruit orchard inspection; cotton seed certification and inspection for flower, structural pests, and phony peach; correspondence on pest control; mailing out circulars on peach, appl e, ornamental and structural pests; and a revised bulletin prepared on peach ins ects and diseases. Field trips were made to farms as needed, and work was p erformed in 24 counties.
NURSERY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
Inspection and certification of nursery stock was made for 327 nurseries in 95 counties. About 30,000,000 trees, shrubs, vines, bulbs, seedlings, and soft bodied plants were inspected for injurious insects and plant diseases. In addition 455 outof-state nurseries were qualified for shipment and sale of their stock in t he State, and 170 dea lers and 185 agents were licensed on an annual basis.
A list of certified nurserymen and dealers was prepared, giving the name and location of the nursery and the kind and amount of stock for sale and this was distributed to the trade. A set of rules and regulations and reciprocal agreements was published for the guidance of in-state and out-of-state nurserym en. Terminal inspection depots were maintained at the Capitol and sub-stations in Cornelia, Macon, and Tifton, for the movement of small shipments of plants so that the citizens of this and other states could get clean, healthy plants, free from injurious insects and plant diseases. Separate inspections were made for nurseries infested with the white fringed beetle, so that as far as now known, all certified nurseries have been treated and the white fringed beetle eradicated from t hem.
JAPA NESE BEETLE ERAD ICATION
This is a cooperative project between the Department and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. A total of 532 traps were put out in 23 cities where the beetle was known or suspected to exist and adult Japanese beetles
12

were caught as follows: Dahlonega, 2,100; Atlanta airport, 238; North Atlanta, 257; Austell, 67; Toccoa, 49; and Marietta, 1. This is a considerable reduction from 1950 and 1951, except at Austell and Toccoa, which showed an increase in beetles. Foliage applications of DDT were applied with power sprayers to kill adult beetles as follows: Dahlonega, 18,390 gallons; Atlanta Airport, 10,240 gallons; North Atlanta, 2,505 gallons; and Austell, 2,380 gallons. In addition, four acres of infested land at Dahlonega had soil treatments applied with Chlordane, and about 200 pounds of DDT dust to infested shrubbery. This project has been in operation since 1936, and has kept the Japanese beetle from spreading over the State and also prevented it from causing any serious crop losses.
INSECT AND DISEASE IDENTIFICATION
Insect and plant disease specimens were sent to the Atlanta office from 75 counties. These were identified and control measures furnished. Insects and diseases reported frequently as doing damage were as follows: Army worms, mimosa web worms, clover mites, tent caterpillers, fleas, elm leaf beetles, various types of borers, slime flux, late blight, anthracnose and native blister rust.
REGISTRATIONS OF ECONOMIC POISONS AND DEVICES
The Department, in cooperation with the State Department of Agriculture, enforces the Economic Poisons Act of 1950. During the fiscal year ending June 30 , 1952, 2,704 brands of economic poisons and devices from 390 companies in 33 states were offered for registration. Of these, 6 were refused, 24 were returned for correction, and a total of 2,698 were approved for registration and sale.
QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
The Department promulgates and enforces quarantines against serious pests which are not found in Georgia or which have not become generally distributed over the State. Quarantines revised during the year are: Phony Peach, Camellia Flower Blight, Sweet Potato Weevil, and White Fringed Beetle; Quarantines in effect but needing no revision are: Tobacco Etch Mosaic, White Pine Blister Rust, Oak Wilt Disease, and Japanese Beetle. Part of these quarantines are enforced jointly with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and that agency furnishes a large amount of funds and personnel in the State. All quarantines in force are revised and brought up to date, as needed, and the necessary inspectors assigned to enforce them.
13

PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
The fo llowing p ub lications w ere iss u ed d uring th e ye a r : A nn ua l Re port ; P ho ny P eac h , Sw eet Potato W eev il, W hite Fringe d Beetle, and Cam ellia Fl ow er Blight q uarantin e; r u les and regulations for beekeepers, nurserymen, and sweet potato and tomato plant growers ; spra y and dust sch ed ul es f or app le, cotton , peach, d ormant fr uit trees, t omato plants, grasshoppers, tomato green wrap dis eases and p each tree borer. Circ u la rs w ere di stributed on ye llo w m eal worms, boxwood leaf m in er , cottony cushion scale, mites and c higge rs, slugs a nd snai ls, army worms a nd m im osa webworrns : a n ew b u ll eti n was pu bl ish ed on peach insects a nd diseases ; interstate r eciprocal agreem ents, dip inst ru ct ions f or sw eet potato es; a list of certifi ed nurs erym en with a classification of st oc k grown and a list of ce r t if ie d sw eet potato and t omato plant grow ers and beek eep ers,
Edu cati onal colore d m otion pict ure f ilms on insects w ere show n in vario us cit ies in t h e state and loan ed out in th e states of N ew York a nd F lorida , F ilms ava ilab le on loan a r e q ue en bees, package bees , ben efi cial parasit es, sweet potato w eevil and Georgia f low er gard ens, A n ew film in d up licate was prepared on th e wh it e fring ed b eetl e .
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
T h e m a p ins erted (Pages 8 and 9) giv es a g en eral summa ry of activities of t h e D epartm ent for th e f iscal year J u ly 1, 195 1Ju ne 30 , 1952 . Eac h lett er on t he map r epres ents from on e to many inspection or oth er services performed . During th e ye a r, th e Departm ent staff, togeth er with th e F ed eral coope r a t ing agen ci es , w ork ed in 158 counti es in th e State. Thousands of insp ections a n d ot he r s ervices w ere ca r r ie d on in the enf or ce me n t of q uara ntin es; certification of plants, n urseri es, bees, a nd oth er co mmoditi es, er a d icat ion of th e w hite fr in ged beetle, sw eet po tato weevi l an d J a pan es e b eetle ; surveys fo r noxi ou s insects and pla nt dis eases; cori tr ol of p hony peac h dis ease, and fr uit, f ield crop and str uctural pests; t erminal insp ection d epots; id entification of insects and plant diseases ; and g en eral co nt ro l of ins ects and plant diseases wherever fo und in the State. Over 2,500,000 ce rt if ica tes, tags, tape, a nd licens es w ere iss ued t o far m ers and other cit ize ns du ri ng th e year, to en a b le th em to ship f a r m and other commo d it ies in t his a nd oth er states.
14

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

The statement of income and disbursements of the Georgia Departm ent of Entomology f or the fisca l year Ju ly 1, 195 1Jun e 30, 1952 fo llows : a lso t h e a mo unt of f u nds sp ent by t h e F ed er al Gov er nm ent on t he coop er a t ive pro jects w it h t h e D epartment.

F r om ca sh o n h and .. ..

._ .

From f ee s coll ected __.. .. _. _.. .... ._._. .... _.... _.. ..

Chec k s fr om th e State 'I'rca surcr. i. .. _. .

__..__ $ 5 .0 68 .62 . 22. 856 .1 8
.__... 165 .452 .70

T otal... _.. __.. _.. _.. .. _.__ ._.. .. .. _.. .. _._.. . $ 1 9:~ ,:377.5 0

EXPENSE OF THE PROJECTS

State

Whi t e Fring ed B eetl e Eradi cati on .. ._.. .... _.__ $ 3 9. 2 93. 5 8

Swe et P otato W eev il Eradicati on ._.

. 3 1,0!J8.68

T ifton La b ora t ory ._. .

._. ._.. .. .

.__ 23 .528.9 4

T om at o Plan t Ce r tifica tio n._. ... __.. . . 18.7 84 .32

Atlanta Offi ce _.._.. __.. _._.. _.. .__ . ..

.__. _ 18,0 :32.25

Swe et Potato P lant Ce r t if ica t io n

. ._. _ 13,0 11.02

Be e I n sp ect ion and Ce r t if ic a t io n __ .__.__.__. .. 11 .142.10

Phon y P ea ch Con t r ol

_ 9.:3:3 0.(j2

Ge n e r al P est Co nt r ol _.. Fruit P est La b or at ory

_.. _ 5,82 9.2 4 _ 5 .8 2 5.2 1

Nursery In sp ec tion and Ce r t if ica t io n.. .. .. _... .. . 5.640. 85

Japanese Beetl e Erad ica t io n.. .. _.... . .. _. 2.5!J 1.GO

Federal $ 158 ,5 7 0.0 0
4 9, 5 GO.0 0
27 .000.00 4 ,50 0. 0 0
5,4 14.00

T otal... __

__ ..

$ 18 4, 108 .4 1 $24 5,04 4.00

All otm e n t to ot h er Dep art m ents _

__ 1,170.07

T otal Stat e Expenditu re s

__ 1 8 5. 27 8.4 8

Ca sh o n Han d ... _._ ....

.

.. 8, 0 99 .0 2

To tal State and F ederal Exp e nditur es.. ._... __ . .... ... _... _$4 2!J, 152.4 1

Expenditures by th e F ed eral Gov ernme nt o n t h e coop era tive proj ects in t h e Stat e were paid fr om th ei r ow n di sbu r si ng off ice.

Th e paym ents by th e State Dep artm ent of Entomol og y on th e va r iou s proj ects were as follows :

Person a l Services _ _.. __ ... _...... _... __ ...

_.. __

_$ 94. :l5 2.n

Travel Exp en se

__ . .

.

__ .. __ .. _ _ _ 3 4 ,5 17 .8 0

Supplies a nd Ma t eria ls __ .

__ _

_ 2 2.4 6'1. 2 3

Com m u nica t io n S ervices __ .

.. _ _ __

_ 1,3 20 .3 8

Heat. Li ght, Power & Water

__ __ . . . . .

169.9 8

Prin ti ng' Pu bIica tion s.. .__ .. _ _ .. __ .. __ .__

Repairs

.

. ..__ . .__ __ __

.. .. _. _ 4.G7 4.4 7

.._ .

197.00

Rent s .__

_ _.

.

.

.

552.00

In su ranc e , Bo nd i ng' _._. .

.._ _.__._. _.

.

117 .2 5

Pension s (To Employees R etirem en t Fund)

Eq uipm ent _ __. ._. _. .._.

_._ . .

.. 5, 836 .7 8

..

192.15

1\1isce Ila neous .. _.

. ._.. __.__ . .. _._" .__._

_

53.24

Outla y-New Bu ildi ngs ..;__ .__._.__ .. _

__

__ .. 19.663.40

T ota L. ._.. .__ .

.. __. .__ $ 18 4. 10 8.41

15

DECEMBER 1952

TABLE OF CONTENTS Co n dense d Appl e P est Co nt ro l Sch edul e

Page

Sc he d u le No . 1 A rs enate of Lead or DDT) _

5

Sc he d u le N o.2 ( Par a t h ion a n d DDD)

7

Important Apple Insects

a . Th e Co d lin g Moth

_

9

b . San J os e Scal e

_

13

c. R ed-band ed Leaf Roll er

15

d. European R ed Mite

17

,A

e. Appl e Aphid s

18

1. Gre en Appl e Aph id

18

2. Rosy Appl e Aph id

19

3. Woo lly App le Aph id

20

Important App l e Diseases

a . Appl e Scab

21

b . Bittel' Rot

22

c. Fire Blight

24

d. Appl e Crown Ga ll

25

Less Important Appl e In sects a n d Disea ses

a . P lum Curc u lio __

26

b. Ori enta l Fru it Mo t h _

28

c. Round H ead e d a n d Fla t H ead e d A ppl e Tree Borers 28

d . Co rn E ar W 01'111

30

e. Appl e Lea f H opp ers

31

f . Ce d a r Rust

32

g . Bl a ck Rot

32

Ben efic ial Ins ects and Dis ea s es

33

In s ecti cid es and Fungicid es

34

Th e author a ckn ow led ges a ssistan ce in t he pr eparati on of S pray Sc he dules Nos. 1 a nd 2 fro m t he f oll owing : George H. Firor, H orti cultu ri st , Agricult ur a l E xt en sion Service, A t he ns; Dr . .Juli an H . Mill er , P lant P a th ologi s t , College of Ag r ic ult ure , A t he ns; an d to J ack T a ylor, Ass is ta nt P la nt P a th olog ist, Mou nta in E x perimen t Sta ti on , Blairsville, Geo rg ia, fo r ass is t ance in prep ar in g the sc he dules and for t he picture of Bl ack Rot ; to t he late S. W. H a rm an of th e New York Sta te Ex pe ri me nt Sta ti on for in f ormati on on th e Red -banded Leaf Roller.

APPLE INSECTS and DISEASES
by
L. G. MOULTRIE, Entomologist
CONDENSED APPLE PEST CONTROL SCHEDULES
Dormant Application
For Control of San Jose Scale: Sp ray wh en t r ees are tho ro ughly do r ma nt with eit he r liqu id concent r a te d lime sulp h ur , on e ga llon t o wate r eig h t gallons; or lu bri catin g oil em ulsion (66 'j" strength) nin e ga llo ns, t o wat er on e h u n dre d an d n in et y-on e ga llons. T r ees enc r uste d with scale s ho uld b e spra yed twic e, once in Dec emb er a nd once in ea r ly F eb ru a r y, with eit he r lim e sulphur or oi l em u lsion , (It has b een not ed that in orc har ds w he re parathi on has b een us ed in th e spring and summer spra y sc he d ule , th e sca le infestation has b een greatly r ed uced) ,
For Killing Green and Rose Apple Aphid Eggs: Sim:1 Y just befo r e t h e cluste r bu ds op en in t he la t e w inter 0 1' ea rl y s pri ng wi th 1 ~-J< po u nds of Dinitro-or th o-cr esol to 100 ga llo ns of wat er. If scale cont r ol is n eed ed , us e en oug h oil em u lsion to mak e a n oil content of 2 'i~, in 100 ga llo ns . (Do not a p ply dormant " d in itr o" materia ls in any form after b uds b egin t o sw ell in th e s pr ing as in j ury t o trees and fr u it m a y r es u lt) .
Delayed Dormant Application
For Control of Aphids, Scale Insects, Scab and Leaf Spot: Spray with liqu id co nc entrated lime sulp h ur 5 gallon s, to water 95 g all on s at th e tim e th e leaf bu ds of th e di ff erent var iet ies a r e cr ac king op en . If contro l of a p hids is r equ ir ed ,
a d d 1 pi nt of 40 'l , nicot in e su lp hate to ea ch 10 0 gallo ns of
w a t er,
Spring and Summer Treatment
For Control of Scab: If scab has b een prevalent III th e

orchard , a pre pink and a pink spray shou ld b e appli ed . This spra y co nsists of 5 quarts of liquid lim e su lphur to water 100 gallons or 8 pounds of w ettabl e sulphur paste to water 100 gallons.
For Control of Codling Moth, Curculio, Aphids, Scab, Leaf Spot and Bitt er Rot: Wh en 50 '/ of the peta ls hav e fallen apply lead ars enate spray as shown on Sch edule 1, or wh en 80 'i~1 of th e petals hav e fall en appl y DDD and Parathion as shown on Sch edul e 2. About eig ht or nin e add itional sprays at intervals of t en days t o tw o w eeks are n ecessary t o prop erl y cont ro l appl e in sects and diseases and th os e ar e g iven in d etail in th e spray sch edul es on page 5.
Oth er cont r ol m easures advis ed ar e a sp ecial blossom blight spray for fire blight, thinning and removal of stung and wormy appl es, and orchard and packing ho us e sanitation. Early appl es r equire less spraying than mid-s eason and late vari eties but all spraying should be com ple te d about four w eeks before ea ch vari ety is du e t o rip en t o a void excess ive spray r esidu e. All fruit should be w as he d 01' th oroughl y brush ed b efore being offered fo r sal e.
4

SC H E DU LE I
SPRING AND SUMMER SPRAY SCHEDULES WITH ARSENATE OF LEAD OR DDT

T h is s p ray sc h ed u le is ar-ra ng ed to co n tr o l c od ling" m oth . o r ie n ta ) fr u it m oth , lea f ro lh-r, mi t ex, sca b. leaf sp o t. b lot ch a nd b it t er r o t.

T IME O F APPLICATION

MATERIALS FO R 100 GAL S. OF SPRAY

PESTS T O CONTR OL

R EMARKS

I . Prt- pink

q ts, liqu id lim e-sulphu r or
Ibs . w ct ta b !e s u lp hur pa st e

Sca b

Cri t ica l sca b s p ra y .

2. Pink

q t s. liqu id li llie- sul p h u r
or B lhs. wet t a h h- s u lp h u r pa st e

Sr-a h

If n 'da r -a p l' !l' r ust is a prob lem . ad d :VI Ih . Ic rb a m 10 wct rabh- "III p hil! " p a st r-. T hi s is a c t-iti ca l sca b s p r ay .

:L \VIH'JI 5{)fy,. o f p v t a ls h a n ' [alle n

4 . T e n d a ys la te- r.

01

F ir"st ("(;\'t' r s p ray

:). Te n d a vs la te r.
Sec o nd co\"(" sp ray

lbs. h-ad a rs cn a n q ts, liq ui d li me-su lph ur
or
H lbs . wct t a h le s u lp h u r pa s tt
a Ibs. s p ray lim e
~ Ibs. lea d a rsena u -
:) lbs. le a d a rs en a te 5 q t s . liq ui d lim e-sul ph u r
or lb s. we tt ab le su lp h u r pa s n lbs. sp ra y lime lhs . lea d arscu a n-
2--t- l(lO Bo r d ea ux Mi xture :~ q ts, s u m me r o il e m u lsi o n
p lu s ll . le-a d arx e natr-
or Ihs. :-)(jrlr wet t a h h- DDT po w de r

Sca b C od ling ~ I ot h Ori e n ta l F r uit M ot h Lcuf R olh-r
Sc a b Le af Sp OI Hlo tc h Codli ue Moth O rie n ta l F r ui t ~ I ot h
Scab L ea f S po t Blo tch Bitt er Rot Cod li ng ~I () th Orien ta l Fruit Mo th Le a f H op p er
~I it e s
Aphids Sca le Cra wlers

If c cda r-a p p !r r us t is a p rob lcm . a dd :VI lb . Icrb am ttl wet ta h lr- su lp h u r pa st r-. Th is is a c ri ti ca ! sca b sprnv.

J)t. If a p hi d s appear , a d d I

-lOf"k nico t ine s ul p ha te IH'-

lon' lean's b eg in to cu rl. :. Ills . o f w et tablv DDT powd vr

plu s B ibs. o f s u lp h u r pasn- mav he suh sti t n t r-d for k-ad

.n-senu n-. s u lp h u r pa s te a nd s pr ay li n u-.

II a p h ids a rv un con t roll ed . a d d 1 p t . 4 ()(fr l n ico tin e slll-
ph a n-. Impo r ta nt s p ra y for- cod li ng m n th . a !' wr-Il a s io r
a ll In n uu s d isea st's.

h. Two wee ks lat e r. T h ird c o ver- sp ray

2-4 -J(HI Bordea u x Mi x nu-c :~ q ts. s un u n r-r o il em u lsio n
plus
Ihs. lead a rxcna t r
or
Ihs..lor;,. we t ta h le DDT po wd er

Scab Leaf SPOI Blotc h
Bit te r R ot Co d ling M oth O ri enta l Fr u it lIl oth
Le a f H op p er
~ li t l' S
Aph id s Sr-a le C rawl er

If ap h id s ar t' un c ont ro lled , a d d I p t. 4Ot.1r nico t in e :\11 1-
p ha tr-. T ho ro u g h co ve r ag e fr om t h is ti nu - is im po r tant fo r d ft'c t i\"t' co n tr-o l o f hi t n-r r o t as w ell a s oth er insec ts a nd di sta sts.

TIME O F APPLI CATIO N 7. Two wee ks la t e r. Fo ur t h covc r sp ra y
8. Two week s lat e r. F ifth co ve r- sp r a y
9 . T wo wee-ks la te r. Si xt h ('0\'( ',. sp r a y
10. T wo wee ks lat e r, Seve n th cove r spray

M AT ERI ALS FO R 100 GALS. OF SPRAY
kep t-at :'\ 0 . fj Sp ray
Repea t Xo . fi S pr ay
-1- -4- 1110 Bordea u x Mixt u re :! 'I ts. s umm e r o il em u lsion
plus :{ lhs. lea d a r scnu tr-
or :! Ibs , 5UcY, wct ta bl e DD T powder 4-4-100 Bordeaux M ixt u re
~ 1I~:: It~~nJ n~(~~('::~h~' m li ls ion

II a nd 12. T wo wee ks la tcr , 2-4 - 100 Bo rd ea ux Mi x tu re Eighth an d ninth co ve r :\ lbs. le ad arse na ns p r a ys, tw o ,..-e cks a part
0">

PESTS TO CONTROL

Co ntrol of sa lli e i ns ec t s

'"'0. a nd diseases as in

S p ra y

6

Con tro l o f sa m e in sect s
a nd di sea se s a s in Spra y :\0. 6

Co n t r o l of sa me i n sec ts
a n d d isea ses a s ill S pra v ~o . Ii

Co ntrol o f sa me inse c ts a nd d isea ses a s in S p ra y :\0 . 6 Plus Lea f ro ller
Con tro l th e sa ult' in sec ts an d di seases a s in Spray :\0 . 9

REM ARK S T horou g h co ve rag e is im p o rt a n t [trr e ffec t ive c o n t r o l o f di seu ses a n d ins ect s. T hi s is a lso an importan t sp ra y fo r co d ling" mo t h . Thorouu h CO \ 'I Tage is' imp ort an t Icu- eff ect ive co urro l o f d is-
ca ses a n d i ns ec ts . l mport r. nt sp r a y f o r t lu- r-on t ro] o f codlinu mot h ad u lt s .
T h is sp r a y is impo rta n t f'ur t lu- con u-ol of bi t ter rot.
If t h vsv sp r ays a n ' not a p pli cd , bi t n -r r o t m a y b e COIB t scri ou s .

SC HE DU L E 2

SPRING AND SUMMER SCHEDULE W ITH PARATHION AND DOD

Sin ce th e a d ve n t o f n ew sp ray m a t er ial s fo r the co n t r o l o f cod ling m oth , th ere ha s hr-en a m a rk ed incrr-ase ill t lu- in fcs ta i io ns o f red -ba nded leaf r oll er a nd r ed m ite. Thi s sp ray sc h ed u le is a rra ngvd to co n tro l co d li ng m ot h , o rie n ta l fr u it m o th . scu b , leaf sp o t , bl ot c h , hi tt er r o t. a n d espec ia ll y lea f r o ll er and re d mit e .
CAUTION: Some of th e New O rg an ic In secticid es Ar c H ighl y T ox ic a n d \\'h en Us ing th ese M u tcr ial s it is Vit a lly Impo rt ant t hat t he M an uf act ur er s' Instrucl io ns Be R ead Ca r efu ll y a n d th a t All Pr ecaut ion s Re commend ed by Th em be S t ric t ly O bse rved .

TI M E O F APPLI CAT ION

MA T E R IA LS FOR 100 GALS . O F SPRAY

P EST S TO CO NT RO L

R EM AR K S

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IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS
Among the m ost im p or t a nt insects atta cking app le trees in Georgia are th e Cod ling Moth ( Ca r poca ps a pomonella L.) . th e San Jose Scale ( A sp idi otus perniciosus Comst.), th e Red band ed Leaf Ro ll er (A rgyr ot a en ia velu t in a n a W lkr.) , th e European Red Mite (Paratetranychus pilosus C and F) , and th e fo llowing aphids : Rosy Apple Aphid (A n u r a p h is roseus Baker) , Green App le Aphid (A p h is pomi D eG eer) and th e Wool y Appl e Aphid (Eri osom a lanigerum Hausm .) Thes e insects cause inj ury to the fruit , lea ves, roots and th e tree itse lf, and are r esponsib le for most of th e insect injury to appl e trees in th e state, although th ere a re s ev eral ot her ins ects of more or less ec ono m ic importance .
THE CODLING MOTH
This is on e of th e worst ins ects attacking app les. It attacks th e f r uit throughout th e growing s eason and is r esponsib le for most of th e worm y appl es in both gre en and rip ening fruits. T h e va lu e of the app le cr o p is greatly r ed uced ea ch ye a r by th e ravages of this ins ect. Th e injury is ca use d by th e worm or la r val stage, which bores int o th e appl e at any point and f eeds on th e pu lp and core . T his f eeding mak es many of th e appl es f a ll and th ey are usuall y unfit for sa le 01' saleab le on ly as cu lls.
Life History and Description
The cod li ng m oth passes th ro ug h fo ul' stages: t h e ad ult, or moth, the 'egg, the larva or worm, and the pupa or resting stage (Plate 1 ) . There are from three to foul' broods ann ua lly in Georgia with activity com me n cing in Apri l a nd continuing until October. Th e winter is passed as hib ernating la r va e in d ense cocoons und er bark, trash and other protected plac es . In the ea r ly spring the la r va e tra nsform to p upa e and about th e first of. April th e moths eme r ge . As soon as th e w eather becomes warm , th e moths la y eggs on t he app le leaves , us ua lly on t he un d er sid e. These eg gs hatch in f rom five to t en days and th e tiny w orm may f eed a little on th e leaves a nd t hen go to th e app le . In t h e early sp ring, m any of them ent er through the ca lyx a lthough some go through the sid e and stem. Th e worms grow rap idly and bec om e fu ll fed in about three weeks. T hey t hen leave t he apples, cra wl down t he
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trunk and g et und er th e bark and oth er protected places wh ere th ey s pin cocoo ns. Th e larva e transform t o pupae in sid e th es e cocoo ns and in a w eek or t en d a ys th es e pupae transf orm t o moths w hic h eme r g e a n d star t an oth er br ood.
P L AT E 1. Cod liny m o t h . Egys o n leaf . larvae. pupae and adult s. The Adult: A m ot h , ha vin g a wing spread of fr om one-
hal f t o th r ee-fo urths of an inc h . T he f ore w ings a r e strip ed with irregul ar dark gray a nd br own bands exce pt th e t ip s whi ch h av e a dark brown m etalli c colore d s po t. The hin d wings a n d bod y are gra yish brown. The m oths a r e m ost active at du sk , a t whi ch t im e th e f em a le d eposits m ost of h er eg gs.
The Egg: A flatt ened disk -lik e obj ect laid sing ly on th e fr uit and f oliage. It is about th e siz e of a pin h ead , milk white in color wh en first laid, and cove r ed with tiny ridges . After a fe w days a black sp ot app ears ins id e th e egg, shortly follow ed by a r ed ring, whi ch is th e out lin e of th e em b r yo larva .
The Larva: Wh en n ewl y hatch ed , it is about on e-sixteenth of an in ch long, dingy white in color and with a black h ead . As it grows it assum es a pinkish color and wh en full fe d is ab out three-fourths of an in ch long, pink in color with a brown h ead . On com p let in g its fe ed ing it lea ves th e appl e, crawls
10

to a protected dark p lac e and spins a coco on a nd in a f ew . days changes to a pupa . (Plate 2) .
The Pupa: It is one -ha lf inch lon g and lig ht brown wh en first form ed , but turns dark er before moth emer ge nce . Th e abdomina l se gment s have a doub le r ow of spines that assist in moth eme r ge nce .
P LAT E 2. Fu ll gro w n codling m oth l ar va f eedin g In app l e. sho iu -
ing type of injury.
CONTROL There are several methods for controlling the codling moth, and all of th em should b e us ed in th e h eavil y infested sections to g et a crop of app les fr ee fro m worms . The methods advised are spraying, r emoval of ea rly brood stung app les, picking up drops, thinning of appl es and orchard and packing ho us e sanitation . Spraying: The first spray should b e put on in ad vanc e
of codling moth emer ge nce wh en 50 '/<' t o 80 'i~ ' of the petals ha ve fa llen and w hi le the ca lyx cups are still open on t he var ious varieties (Plate 3 ) . A driving spray that thoroughly covers all parts of th e tre e is n ecessary as th e newl y hatched la r va e fr eq uently fe ed on th e lea ves before go ing to the fruit . Propel' timing and thorough cov erage are ess ential if effective insect control is obtained. Life history and bait pot r ecords of the cod lin g m ot h are tak en ea ch yea r by th e E x per im ent Station and information is avai la ble to the grow ers as to what sprays and other contro l m easures to us e and wh en to app ly them . The earlier a va r iety matures , th e f ewer spra y appli-
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ca t ions ar e n eed ed , but in no case sh ould s prays be a p p lie d close r than fo ul' w eek s bef ore harvest. Spra y sc he d ules shown on pages 5 and 6 hav e g iv en effec t ive contr ol of th e co d lin g m oth .
P L A T E 3. R ight , time to ap p ly cal yx sp ray . L ef t . too lat e to apply calyx spray .
Thinning: Wh en thinning fr uit, care shou ld be tak en t o remove all stung and wormy ap ple s. This f r uit sh ould not be thrown on t he ground , but sh ould be t aken fro m t he orc har d and d estroy ed t o prevent th e m oths from esc a pin g back t o t he or char d. This pro cedure is es pe cia lly important wh en t hi n ning out t he sm a ll ap ples that contain t he first brood worms. Vari eti es that produ ce f'r ui in clusters should have th e clusters brok en u p so th at th e app les w ill not b e t ou ching one a nother . All culls thr oughou t th e seaso n sho u ld b e ta k en fr om th e orchard and sold 0 1' d estroyed .
Orchard and Packin g House Sanitation : Prunings , a p p le dro ps an d othe r trash s ho u ld be removed fro m th e orchar d so th ere will be fe wer protect ed pla ces fo r th e larva e t o hib ernate in through th e winter. Props, a p ple pi cking box es an d othe r m ovab le eq uip ment should b e p ut in a tight r oom a n d k ept th er e until all th e m oths have emer ge d and die d.
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Many cod ling m ot h la rv a e hib ernate in th e packi ng shed in th e grading machinery and ot he r eq uipme nt, and a lso in cr a c ks in th e walls, flo or and cei ling . T o prevent th e esc a pe of the m ot hs in the spring a nd su mm er, a ll doo rs a nd windows shou ld be k ept clos ed and a ll open pla ces screen ed . Ordinary sixtee n m esh house sc ree ning is satisfactory fo r th is p urp os e.
SAN JOSE SCALE
Th e San Jose Scale is a tiny flat sc al e-lik e obj ect, circ u la r in sha pe with a r ais ed t ub ercl e in th e cent er. The fe m a le scal e is abo ut th e size of a pi nh ead; th e mal e sca le is slightly small er and more elon g a t ed . T h e a ct ua l ins ect is u n d ern eath th e sca le cove r ing and f eeds th ere by inserting its tub e, or beak , into t he s a p and pumping out th e pla nt jui ces into its bod y.
Unlik e many oth er insects, no eg gs are deposited as th e f ema le ejects living young, ca lle d "craw lers ." Th es e you ng have legs a n d ca n m ov e around . Th ey soon settl e down and fee d, losi ng th eir legs and all m eans of locomotion and at th e sa m e ti m e forming a scale cove r in g ov er t h emselv es . There is a period of abo ut th irty days in Georgia for ea ch g enerati on so that th ere are many gen erations in on e ye a r and wh en th ey are breeding, all st a ge s from crawl ers t o fu ll grown f ema les a nd m al es ca n be fo und at th e same tim e. The f ull grown f ema les ar e very h elp less and hav e no wings or legs at any stage after th e first day or two. The ma les , howev er, have legs and a singl e pail' of wings wh en f u ll grown and ca n fl y in a f eeb le mann er. Most of th e in j ury is ca used by th e t errib le speed of m ultiplication of th es e insects, th e progen y fr om on e fe m a le b eing est im a te d at 1,608,000 ,000 femal es in one season. In Georgia, th e greatest amount of breeding is done in t h e fa ll and spring'. There is very littl e breeding in the sum m er or th e colde st part of th e wi nter. T h ey hib ernate in a ll stages but th e ones that surviv e are mostly full grown fe m a les and half grown scal es . Th e sca le insects f ee d on all parts of t h e tree abov e gro und , probably d oin g th e worst inj ury to th e trunk and branch es a ltho ugh t hey are fond of th e app les also. (Plate 4) . Th ey slowly sap th e life out of th e tree, gi ving th e bark layers a r eddish discoloration and w hen very n um erous, co mp letely encr ust ing th e trunk a nd branch es. T hey f irst ca use t h e top to die and later k ill the who Ie tree (Plate 5) .
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CONTROL The San Jose Scale can be controlled by an application of eit her oil emulsion or concentrated liquid lime sulphur during th e winter months wh en th e tr ees are dormant, Us e lim e sulphur at th e rate of 1 gallon to water 8 gallons ; or oil em u lsion at th e r ate of 9 gallon s t o water 191 gallons. Lim e sulphur wh en us ed at th e strength r ecommend ed for dormant appli cations, should t est from 3 1 to 33 degrees Baum e. Oil em u lsion should cont a in not less than 66 f)i, oil
P LAT E 4 . San J ose scale on fruit. by volume , excl usive of fatty acids and should hav e a viscosity of not less than 125 seconds by th e Sa ybolt test at 100 d egrees F.
Commercial oil emulsion and lim e sulphur will not mix and tanks that have lim e sulphur r esidu e should b e thoroughl y cleaned befor e using th em for oil em u lsion.
All dormant applications must be applied carefully to gi ve effe ctive r esults. San Jose Scale cannot be controlled unless
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ever y part of th e trees abov e gro und is cov ered with the spray materia l. It is adv isab le to g et the pruning done a nd t h e prunings carried out of t he orchard before the dormant sprays are app lied . W h enever possib le, power outfits having at least 250 po unds pressure should be used in order to give a uniform coverage without wasting material. The period from December 1 to F ebruary 15 is th e b est tim e for scal e control in Georgia, and it is best to get the app lications on early if there is a heavy infestatio n. When trees are encrusted with scale, t w o sprays s ho uld be app lied, one in Decemb er and on e in F ebruary.
P L AT E 5. Apple orchard sho w in g bran ches killed b y San J ose
scal~ .
In those orchards wh ere th e Parathion sch edul e (See Page 7) has b een follow ed, th e sca le in f estation has b een greatly r edu ced.
RED-BANDED LEAF ROLLER Until r ec ent ye a r s th e Red-Banded Leaf Roll er has not been a s erious threat to th e appl e crop . H ow ever , with th e general us e of n ew insecticides fo r th e control of Cod ling
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Moth , this sp ecies is a major pest, especia lly in tho se orchards whi ch are sprayed w ith DDT .
Trees Attacked : Th e Red-Band ed Leaf Roll er is a g en eral fee d er and has b een r eported on all tree fruits . It has a ls o been fo un d on many small fr uit s, tru ck cr ops, 'w eeds and ornam entals. As the ins ect is usu al ly pres ent in w ood lots and wild land, it is not difficu lt f or it to f in d its wa y into th e orc ha r ds.
Life History and Description : In th e fa ll, after b ecoming f u ll grown fro m f eeding on fruit and foliage, th e larvae drop to th e ground wh ere th ey transform into lig ht , brownish colored p upa e, in which state they p ass th e winter m on t hs. Th e spring broo'd of m ot hs emer ge soo n after t h e app le b uds op en, to d eposit eg gs on th e und ersid e of t h e la r g er lim bs. T h e m ot hs ar e sma ll w it h a wi ng ex p a nse m easu r in g fro m one-half t o f iv e-e ig hths inc h . T h e distingu ish in g mark on t h e fo r ewi ngs is a wid e, reddis h-brow n, V-shaped b an d n ea l' t h e ce nter. Ah ead of th is band t h e co lor is rusty brow n; be hi nd th e band a r e two' t riangular a r eas of r eddis h-brown scales . T he tips of th e fo r ewings aloe light co lored, T h e hind wings a r e mo us e gray with a wid e fring e of fin e hairs . Duri ng th e pre-blossom period, th e pa le, yellowish-colored eg gs are la id in masses , cont a inin g an av erage of 50 eggs. Th e eg g hatch ab out p etal-fall into small larvae, which are pale green with y ello w ish h eads, F eeding of th e f irst brood larvae is m ostly co nfine d t o th e foliag e in th e ce nter of th e t ree, es pecia lly on water sprouts; although th ere is occasional fee d in g on th e small f r u its at this tim e . The la r va e f eed on th e und er su rf a ce of th e lea ves alongsid e th e midrib 01' a large ve in and produce injury similar to that caused b y the la r va e of th e eye -s potte d b ud moth . T h e la r va e f eed u n d er a light protective w ebbing, but may b e fo un d susp ended on a si lk en thread whi le s eeking n ew f eeding gro unds. W h en disturb ed th e la r va e wiggle vio lently in the ir efforts to esc a pe . Th ey ha ve a h a b it of ro lling lea ves a nd w eb bin g th em toget her to for m a shelt er. Th ey a re m atur e by t h e la st of J un e 0 1' th e f irst of Jul y, at w hic h ti me th ey again go in t o t he p upa l stage , Th e seco nd brood larva e em erge in A ugust, a nd feed on both fo liage a rid fr uit. Th e Red-b and ed Leaf Roll er is b est k nown by t h e inj ury it ca uses on matur e fr uit j ust prio r to harvest. The sma ll lig ht green to straw-co lored caterp illars f eed on th e surfa ce of th e fruit, prod uci ng extensive shallow and irregu lar scars on th e
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surfac e of th e appl e, and al so in th e calyx and stem caviti es . The in jur y commo n ly occurs at t he point wh ere two or more fr uits t ou ch or w here a portion of the fr uit is cover ed with a leaf. A light web usually covers th e inju r ed area and the f ull grown caterpillars are fr equ ently found f eeding at t h es e locations at h ar vest t im e.
Control : Th e r ed -band ed leaf rol ler m a y b e controlled by a spray of lea d ars enate, 3 po unds to water 100 gallons, app li ed in th e peta l-fa ll and first covel' sprays and again in th e A ugust spra ys . Or this pest may b e cont ro lled by a spray
of DDD 50 'It W ettabl e Powd er, 1 1/ 2 pounds to water 100
gallons, app lied in th e p etal-fall and again in th e fo urth cove l' spra y, which is tim ed for th e second brood emer ge nce. Parath ion sprays ha ve been fo un d t o al so gi ve ve ry good control of this p est, but have not proven as effe ct ive as DDD . Wh en spraying for th e contro l of th e r ed-band ed lea f roll er, it is esse nti a l that th e un d er surfa ce of th e leaves b e th or oughl y co ve re d .
EUROPEAN RED MITE
Th e Europ ean Red Mite has becom e an important p est in or chards si nc e t h e adv ent of n ew organic spra y m at er ia ls for th e cont ro l of th e Co d lin g Moth . Light inf estations cause t he fo lia ge t o app eal' pallid a n d sickl y or to have a bron z ed app earance . W h en injury is extensive , m a n y of th e leaves drop off' and th e fruit is sma ll and of a POOl' color.
Th e lif e history of th e Europ ean Red Mit e is esse nt ia lly that of oth er mites fo und in orchards, (s uch as th e TwoSpotted Sp id el' Mite) , exce pt that it passes the winter in th e egg stage. The egg has a distinct stalk about as long as the diam eter of th e egg a nd is of a bright r ed t o orange color. Th es e eggs hatch in the spring just before th e app les bloom. Th e newl y hatched nymphs cr a w l t o th e leaves wh ere th ey b egin f eeding by su cking th e plant juices fr om th e foliage. Und er favorable climatic conditions, development from t he egg t o th e adu lt st a ge may be co m ple te d in on e w eek to t en days . There are several gen erations p el' ye ar , w it h gen erarations over lapping. Hot, dry w eather spe eds up m it e d evelopment with r es ulting increase in infestation. The adult fe m a le s range in color f ro m bright t o brownish r ed , are un s potte d and are just b early visible to t h e n a k ed ey e.
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C.ontrol Measures: Thorough spraying with a dormant oil emulsion at 2 to 3 p ercent aids considerably in control because it destroys their eggs and delays mite damage th e following summer, and is almost a necessity when a DD'I spray schedule is to be applied . When as many as four to six mites are to be f ound per leaf in June , Jul y or August, summer treatment is n ec essary to prevent injury. There are several miticid es on the market which have given effective control . However, those growers who follow the Parathion Spray Schedul e, as shown on Page 7, will find that it gives good co nt r ol of this p est.
APPLE APHIDS
Lif e History and D esc rip tion
There are three aphids that cause serious loss in Georgia apple orchards ; two of them , th e green apple aphid and th e rosy appl e aphid , fee d on th e f olia ge and f r uit ; the third, th e woolly appl e aphid , f eeds on th e roots and to a lesser ext ent on th e trunk and branch es . The first two are very bad in certain seasons when weather conditions ar e favorabl e fo r th eir devel opment. Th e wo oll y appl e aphid is practically always pres ent in apple orchards and is especia lly injurious in n ewly planted orchards and nurs ery trees. Unless regular co nt r ol m easures are us ed , th es e aphids cause serious annua l losses t o appl e growers, es pecia lly in re duc ing th e amount of merchantabl e fruit. They f eed by sucking th e sap from th e tree through a b eak 01' tub e thrust d own into th e plant tissu es.
The lif e histor y of all aphids is rath er compiicated an d similar in m ost sp eci es . The tru e mal es and fe m a les are d eveloped in th e f a ll f r om vi viparous or non-egg laying forms and at that time the femal e lays the so-called winter eggs. Th ese eg gs are small, black , and d eposited on th e twigs, buds and under bark scales of the appl e tree or other host plants. These eg gs hatch in th e spring and produc e the stem-mothers. These stem-mothers in turn produce wingless viviparous f emales or migrants, which also produce young asexually and migrate to other host plants.
The green appl e aphid is green in color with b lack legs, antennae and honey tub es (Plate 6) . Its eg gs are yellow wh en first laid , later turning to a shin y black in which stage
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th e winter is passed . In th e spring, a sm a ll pe rcent a ge of th es e eg gs hatch into th e stem -moth ers. Thes e stem-mothers mature in about t en days and prod uce b etween f or ty and f ifty living young . Some of th ese yo un g becom e migrants and form new co lonies and so me r emain wingl ess. Th ey mature in ab out seven da ys a n d pro d uc e other winged or wingl ess fo r ms . This co ntin ues fo r m any gen erations until th e t r ue se xes app ea l' in th e late summer or fa ll a n d th e fe m a les la y eg gs w hic h r em a in on th e tree over winter.
PLAT E 6. G reen app le aphids o n apple t w ig. The rosy appl e aphid is pink t o purpl e in co lor, exce pt t he stem-mothers wh ich are green w hen f irst hatched. Th e life history is th e same as th e green aphid exce pt this sp eci es liv es part of its life cycl e on th e long leaf plantain, whil e th e ent ire cy cle of th e green ap hid is spent on the app le tree. Th e
19

rosy app le aphid a lso ca us es a m uch more sev ere cur lin g of th e lea ves t han th e green ap hids.
The woo lly appl e aphid is r eally of a redd ish or purp lish color but is n earl y hidd en und er masses of b luish-white cottony wax that is exu ded by th e insect. They w ork in colon ie s a n d th e a erial f or ms are very n oticeabl e, du e t o th e habit of cl ustering and th e secretion of th e white cottony substance ov er th e in d ividu al s in th e colony. T h eir most sev ere in jur y is ca us ed by feeding on th e r oots , T he suck ing of j ui ces from t he roots ca us es th e formation of galls a nd fina lly r esu It s in th e death of th e roots and som etimes th e tree its elf. The lif e historv is sim ilar t o that g iven f or th e preceding sp eci es .
Control
A phids overwi nter in th e egg stage on app le tre es and th erefore can be effe ct ive ly contro ll ed by th e app lication of a dormant spray containing a "dinitro" preparation manufactured for that purpose. They may b e purchased r ead y mix ed or a " d in it ro" material fo r dormant application can be purchase d and add ed to a com merc ia l oil emu lsion. Better r esults are ob tain ed if a n oil em ulsion is used and in that case a combination sca le, m it e and aphid co ntro l can be obtained by
usi ng 1 Vi. po unds of "dinitro" com poun d a nd a 2 'A) to 3 fir)
oil in 100 gallons of water. In preparing th e spray, f irst put ab out 20 gall on s of water in th e tank , th en start th e m otor and agitator and add th e oil em u lsion, th en add th e " d in itro" com p oun d and complete filling th e tank w ith water, A ll parts of the t r ee, pa r tic ularly th e sma ll branch es a nd twigs, m ust be t horo ugh ly cov ered to get a good cont r ol of t h e a phids.
If aphid contro l is not a ccomplished w ith a dormant " d init r o" spray , th e insects can b e kill ed in th e spring with Parathion us ed at the rate of 1 pound of 15 'lo W ettabl e P owd er to water 100 ga llons; or, if th e lea d ars enate sch ed ul e is
being fol lowed, 1 pint of 40 % nicotine su lp hate can b e add ed
to ea ch 100 gallo ns of com ple t e spray.
Sprays, for aphids, to be ef fe ctive, mu st be app lied b efor e th e leaves have cur le d from th e colonies of aphids f eeding on th em . The trees shou ld b e pruned during th e winter months and a ll prunings r emoved and burned to get rid of th e wi nter eg gs on t h e tree.
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The aer ia l for ms of th e wooly a ph ids ca n be co ntro lled by th e sa me m ethods as gi ven fo r th e green a n d r osy appl e aphids. .Th e best m eth od t o combat th e d amage from wooll y aphids on th e ro ots is to k eep th e trees in a thrifty con d it ion by f ertilization and cult ivatio n so t ha t suffi cient f eed er r oots are f orm ed to offset th e effect of th e aphids.
IMPORTA NT APPLE DISEASES
Am ong th e m ost important a p ple dis ea s es in Georgia are sc a b ( V e n tu ria in a eq u a lis) , bitter r ot ( G lo m e re ll a cin gul a ta ) , fire blight ( Erw in ia a mylovora) , and crow n gall (A g robacteri u m tumef aciens ) . Th e f irst tw o are f un gus and th e ot her tw o bacteri al dis eases. All of th ese di s eases are f ound in appl e orc ha r ds a n d a re ve ry variabl e in eff ect, d ep end in g largel y on w eather con d iti ons.
APPLE SCAB
This di sease is r eadily controll ed wh en th e trees are prop erly spray ed but in un spra yed or poorly spra yed or ch a r ds th e injury is ve ry sever e. The sc a b fu ng us atta ck s th e lea ves , t wigs and f r uit in t h e s pr ing a n d sum m er a n d lives ov er t he w inte r on th e f a lle n leaves. It is up on t he fr uit t h at it is m ost fre que nt ly noti ced ' and a lso w h ere th e wo rst injury is don e. It first app ears as sm a ll brown sp ot s which vary in siz e fro m sp ecks to blotches about on e-h al f inch in diam eter. Thes e spots freq uently f us e and lat er th e apples cr a ck and fall to th e gro und (Plate 7) . Th e same brown spots app eal' on th e foliag e, usua lly on th e und ersid e of th e leaf. Cool rainy w eath er is very f avor a b le t o th e d ev elopment of th is dis ease and in su ch s ea son s it is di ff icult t o contro l.
Control
A d elay ed dormant spray sho u ld b e appli ed wh en th e cluster buds of th e di ff erent va r iet ies are cr ac kin g op en. The spray shou ld consist of 5 gallons of liq uid lime su lphur to water 95 ga llons. A prepink spray shou ld b e app lied, and th en a pink spray shou ld b e a p plie d . Thes e sprays consist of 5 quarts of liq uid lim e su lphur to water 100 gallons. Thes e tw o sy r ays are th e mo st important scab s pr ays, es pe cia lly in
a w et season . Th e next spra y should b e a p plied when 50 'It,
of th e petals have f a lle n us ing 5 qu a rts of liqu id lime sulphur t o 100 gallons of w a t er. If scab is bad it may b e n ec essary t o
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spray aga in t en days later and again in Jul y, but th es e applica t ions are not n ec essary in a n ormal season. The grow er must be guid ed by weather co n d it ion s a n d th e am ount of inf ecti on in th e orchar d.
P L A T E 7. Apple scab . BITTER ROT
This d isease usually does n ot a p p eal' until ab ou t t he fi rst of Jul y in this st ate a n d its severity . dep ends up on th e kind of w eath er and th e var iety of appl es in volved. H ot hum id we at her during Jun e and July gen erall y m ean a severe epidemic of this dis ease es pecia lly on su ch va r iet ies as Ben Da vis, Gano , Kinnards , York Imperial , Stayman and Go lde n Delicious.
Bitter rot first app ears on th e app le as small brown specks und erneath the skin . Th es e specks grow rapid ly and form a seri es of raised conc entric rings on th e surface whi le ben eath is a rotten area whi ch exten ds d eep into' th e flesh f or m ing a soft watery brown rot. Th es e rings form small black spots just beneath the surface and later break through and form pinkish co lor ed spore masses. Th ese spores are blown off 01' washed off and set up n ew in f ections on th e fruit . Bittel' rot develops
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very rapidly and can often ruin a crop in a few days (Plate 8). The whole appl e becomes d ecayed and rotten and the infected fruit may fall to the ground or r emain on th e trees over winter as shriveled black mummies . This diseas e also makes black ca n ke rs on th e twigs and branch es, but do es not affect the lea ves. Bitter r ot cank ers are cr a cke d , depress ed portions of th e bark b en eath whi ch th e wood becom es dis colored and de a d.
Control
The best control is w ith a 2-4-100 bord eau x mixture appli ed in th e summer months. (S ee page 5 giving directions for making bord eaux mixture) . Wh en Parathion is us ed f or insect
PL A T E 8, Bitter rot o n rip e apple, shocoinq spo res,
contr ol , it is advisable to us e F erbam at th e rate of 1 % pounds t o 100 gallons of water since th e com pat a bilit y of Parathion a n d lim e is doubtful. Th e control of this dis ease is accomplished by th e us e of th e r egular spray schedul e fo r th e control of insects and dis eases gi ven on page 7. H ow ever, under ce r t a in con diti ons additi onal s pr ay applications are necessary
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t o contro l bitter r ot eve n a fter t h e last inse cticide s prays h av e been appli ed . In addition to spraying, th e r emoval of mummi ed appl es from th e tr ee and ground and th e r em oval of ca n kere d limbs, h el ps t o co nt ro l this dis ease.
FIRE BLIGHT This is a bacterial di sease th at is m or e injurious t o p ears t ha n ap ples , but som etim es ca use s serious loss in appl e orc ha r ds, es pecia lly in th e ear ly spring. It occu rs in th e orc har d in several di ff erent fo r ms k no w n a s bl ossom blight, t w ig bl ight, hold-over blight and co ll a r bl ight. F ire bl ight varies in sever ity but is n ot d estructive every ye a r and ma y go fo r several y ea rs w ithout ca us ing any eco no m ic loss . It is a di s eas e whi ch is
PLATE 9 . Fire blight o n fr uit ( G lob ules on surf ace) influ en ced b y t emp erature a n d ot he r w eather con ditions suc h cs a cool w et spring. H ot dry w eath er d estroys th e g erms and chec ks th e d evel opm ent of th e blight.
Blossom blight kills th e f lower clusters a n d is sprea d rapidl y by b ees and ot her in s ects ca rryin g th e ge r m s f ro m f lo we r to fl ow er. T w ig blight is ca use d b y th e bacteria w or king d own th e ca m bium la y er an d ca using wilting and discol ora-
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tion of th e leaves and twigs. The infection may spread down into' th e limbs and trunk and also affect th e fruit (Plate 9) . Hold-over blight occurs as spots on th e t runk and branches and carri es th e disease ov er from year to ye a r , producing a sti ck y viscid substance in th e spring that ca r iies millions of g erms. Coll a r blight oc curs as cank ers at th e base of th e t re e and is a s erious fo r m of f ire blight as it w ill co nt in ue t o grow until it en t ire ly g irdl es and kills th e tree.
Control
Blossom blight is th e most serious form of fir e blight in Geor g ia, and is very in j urious on so me varieties, espe cia lly if th e se aso n is f avorab le t o bl ight d evel opm en t . Sp raying for fi re bl ight co ntr ol is only effective during th e bl ooming period. Bord eaux mixture is th e only f u ng icide th at has proven t o be ef fe ctive against this di s ease. This spray consist s of a 1-3-50 bord ea ux mixture, having 1 pound of cop pe r su lph at e and 3 pounds of chemi ca l hydrated lime t o 50 gall ons of water. It should be appli ed at th e fo llow in g tim es : cluster bud 0 1' pin k s pray; w he n 25 '1t of t he bl ossom s a r e ope n; w he n 80 '/;
of th e bl ossoms are op en ; a nd wh en 18 of th e p etals have fall en . Of th e f our app lications advised, th e one wh ere 80 'X
of th e blossoms are op en is th e most eff ective . N o insecti cid e should be us ed with any of th es e s pr ays.
T h e twigs that h a ve bee n kill ed sho uld b e cut off a n d burned. Th2 hol d -over bl ight cankers sho u ld be remove d a n d disinf ected. Th e b est t im e t o do this w ork is in t he lat e f a ll just before th e lea ves drop , wh en it is ea sier to locate th e dis eased twigs and ca n kers . A ll cutt ings sho uld be mad e at least six in ches b elow th e di seased area in th e case of twigs, and in all cases th e t ools should be steriliz ed w it h a disinf ectant between eac h ope ration. Disin f ectant so lutio ns r ecommend ed
are eit he r a 5 'l solu ti on of fo r m a lin 0 1' b ichl orid e of m ercu r y
(co r rosive su blim a te ) 1 part to w ater 1000 parts.
APPLE CROWN GALL
This is a bacterial dis ease and is preval ent in both or ch a r ds a n d nurs eri es and is es peci a lly injurious t o yo u ng trees. There are t wo fo r ms, one known as " h ai ry r oot " and th e other as "cro w n gall " (Plate 10) .
N o good cont r ol for this disease is known . It may be
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lessen ed in the nursery by b udding instead of grafting the nursery stock. Wo unds made in the seedlings when inserting the scions offer id ea l conditions for the entrance of t he disease and are the m ost common source of infection in the nursery . Nursery tre es showing eit h er crown ga ll or hairy root should not b e so ld or planted in the orchard . P lant trees with a hea lthy clean root system to avoid getting the d isease started in new ly p lanted orchards.
PL AT E 10 . Hairy roo t f orm of cro w n gall. LESS IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS AND DISEASES
Oth er ins ects of lesser importanc e attacking app le trees in this state are th e p lum curc u lio (Conotrach e lus nunephar ) , Oriental fruit moth ( Grap ho litha mol esta }, r ound-h ead ed app le tree borer (Sap erd a candida ) , flat head ed app le tree borer ( Chrysobot hris femorata ) , corn ea r worm ( H e li othi s armigera ) , and three sp eci es of leaf hopp ers (Em po asca fabae, Empoasca maligna, and Empoa rosae), Other disease s of lesser im por t a nce are cedar rust ( Gym nos p or a ngium juniperi-virginianae ) and black rot ( P h ys a los pora obtusa ) .
Pl um Curculio A ltho ugh this is primari ly a p each pest, it wi ll attack
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appl es . The main damage is cause d by t he adults mak ing f eeding and egg laying punctures that ca use th e appl e to' b e m al form ed and wh en th e w eev ils are num erous, r esult in a large percentage of cu lls a n d lo w grad e fruit. A fe w of th e curcu lio grubs r ea ch maturit y in green dr op ped fr uit, bu t fo r t he m ost part th e growth of t he a p pl e kills t he egg and t h e newly hatched larvae.
Life History and Description: Th e adult is a sm all sn out beetl e about one -f ift h of a n inch long with a probos cis, or snout, abou t half as long as th e insect its elf . It is bl a ck and gray in co lor wit h a few dull white s pots a n d has t he ely t ra r id ge d a n d h um ped . Wh en disturb ed it fo lds up its legs and sno ut a n d " p la ys possum. " Th e egg is smooth , wh ite in co lor, elli ptic a l in s ha pe a n d is in serted into th e pulp . The fe m a le cuts a char acter istic cresce nt shap ed slit in t he sk in afte r th e eg g is d eposited, in an effo r t to prevent th e eg g f ro m bein g cr us he d b y th e grow th of th e fruit .
The larva w h en f ull grown is a bo ut t h re e-e ig hths of a n inc h long w ith th e body d ingy white in co lor a nd t he head brown. It is ve ry sluggish in it s m ovements. Th e pupa is on efo ur t h of a n inch long, wh it e wh en f ir st fo r me d, a n d turns brown before emer ge n ce of th e adult curculio.
The adults pass t he winter in p r otected pl a ces in an d aroun d th e orchard and emer ge in th e spri ng a bo ut b losso m ing t im e. They fee d on t he yo un g leaves and blos so ms befor e going to t he fr uit. They la y th eir eg gs in th e fr ui t and thes e hatch in from two to tw el ve days d epend ing on w eather co n ditions. The tiny worms enter th e appl es and f eed f or about two w eek s in th e fruit unl ess kill ed b y th e rapid growth of th e appl es. Th ey th en leave th e appl es a n d enter th e soil forming ce lls tw o or three in ches b el ow the ground in w hic h t hey pupat e. They spend abou t thirty-fi ve days in th e ground and th en emer ge as adults. Fi fty to f ifty-f ive days a re r equired for th e curculio to compl ete its life cycl e in Georgia. There are on e or two' generations p er ye a r , d epending on w eather conditions, but it is only the f irst, or spring brood, w h ich injures the appl e.
Control: The spray schedule gi ven for the cod lin g moth on Pages 5 and 6 will give prot ection t o th e fruit f r om th e eg g la ying and f eeding punctures of the adult curculio.
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The Oriental Fru it Moth
Life History and Habits : The insect passes th e winter as a f u ll grown larva insid e a co co on und er bark, trash or other sh eltered plac es , Th e la r va e st a r t t o pupate in F ebruary and th e m oths emer ge in March and st a r t d epositing eg gs a day or tw o after emer ge nce . Most of th e eggs are la id singl y on th e upp er sid e of th e lea ves a n d hatc h in an a verage of fo ur days. From th e eg g com es a tiny worm whi ch bores into th e soft tissu es, d iscard ing th e outer e pide r m is and doing no f eeding until insid e . Th ey b ecom e f ull grown in a bout tw o w eeks, lea ve th e fruit and sp in cocoons on th e tree or ground. Th ey p upat e withi n th e coc oon a n d in abo ut tw elve days th e next g en eration of moths app ear. There are fro m fiv e to s ev en g en erations p el' ye a r in t h e state and th e la t er broods ai e ove r-la p pin g . Th e eg g is g listening w hite, circu lar in shap e, a nd abo ut .03 inch in d iam eter. Th e young la r va e ar e w hite with a black h ea d a nd tho ra cic a nd ana l shi elds. W h en f u ll grown they a re white t o pinkish, hav e t h re e pa irs of pro-legs, a brown h ead, a nd brown thoracic and ana l s hi elds, and are abo ut on e-half inch long wh en f ull f ed . T h e ad ult moth is grayish brown in color, slightly mottled a nd with a wing expanse of about on e-half in ch .
Control : Many la r va e liv e ove r in cocoo ns co nst r u cte d in cr a tes, bask ets, et c ., insid e th e packing h ouse. Wh enev er possib le, packing hous es should be screen ed with sixteen m esh screening to prevent m oths that emer ge fro m th es e coc oons fro m leaving th e h ouses in th e spring for adjacent orc ha r ds.
Th e b est m ethod of contro l is to appl y t he Parathion sprav sch ed u le as given on page 7.
THE ROUND HEADED AND FLAT HEADED APPLE TREE BORER
Life History and Description : The ad u lts of th e ro u n d h ea d ed app le tr ee borer app ear in May an d Jun e. T h e f ema le d eposits eggs in slits cut in the bark, n eal' t h e base of t h e t r ee. The eg gs hatch in f ro m f ifte en to twe nty d a ys and t h e la r va e tunnel their way into the bark and during t he first year feed on t he sapwoo d . Th e wi nter is passed in a disc-s hap ed bu rrow and f eeding is n ot resum ed unt il the spring of th e s econd year. T h e la r va e increase in siz e rapid ly d uring th e second ye a r and
28

exte n d th eir f eedin g into th e h eart-w ood. Th ey hib ernate du ring th e second winter a n d th e third spring and summer b ecom e full f ed a n d pu pate just ben eath th e bark. They emerge as adult beetl es during May and Jun e (Plate 11). Th e adult is ab out one in ch long, light br own a bove a nd whit e und erneath. Tw o white strip es ex te n d th e length of th e back . The larva is ab out on e inch long wh en full f ed, ye ll ow ish white in color, f oot le ss and with brown h ead and bl a ck mandibl es.
P L ATE 1 I. R ound h eaded apple tree borer . adul t.
The adult of th e flat h ead ed appl e t r ee borer is ab ou t on ehalf inch long, on e-fourth in ch wid e and tap ers fr om th e ce n ter toward both en ds . It has a bronz e app earanc e, w ith m etallic green and bronz e refle ct ions. The adult b eetl es a pp eal' in th e early spring and th e f emal es la y eggs attac he d t o th e bark, wh ich hatch in from fift een to tw enty days . Th e
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larva e tunn el into th e sa p-woo d a nd later into th e h eart-wood a n d become full f ed in one ye ar. T h e winter is pass ed in the larval , or pu pal , stage and th e a du lts emer ge th e following s pr in g fr om th e tr ee thr ough an elli ptic a l hol e cut in th e bark .
Th e pres enc e of th e r ound h ead ed borer ca n be d etected by discolo r ed sunk en patch es on th e trunk a n d by ca sti n gs thrust out thr ough slits in th e bark, m ostl y with in a f oot of th e groun d. Th e fl at h ead ed bo rer w orks in both th e trunk and br a nc hes and ca n b e located by discol or ed, d epress ed ar eas of baric
Control : Meth od s of cont ro l a re simila r fo r both sp ecies . T h e trees s ho u ld b e worm ed wit h th e n ecessary tools during th e m onth of Septemb er. Th ese co nsist of a hawk-bill knif e, a piece of sto ut wire a bo ut a foo t long w ith a small hook at on e en d a n d a ri ng at th e other, a gard en t r ow el , a bottl e of car b on bisul fid e a n d some cot to n batting. Th e borers can b e r emoved wit h th e kn ife or th e burr ows ope ne d up and th e larva e kill ed by prodding with th e wire. The channels can als o b e op en ed, a littl e cot to n batting soa ke d with th e carbon bisulfid e inserted, and th e hol e plugged with moist dirt. The f u mes g enera ti ng fr om th e ca r bon bisulf id e will kill th e larva e in th eir burrows. As carbon bisulfid e is ve ry inflammabl e, it sh ould be k ept a way f r om all flam es by th e op erator. Som e growers r eport t h at wh ere th e orc h ar d is sprayed with DDT or Parathion that th e adult inse cts a re co nt r olle d to som e extent and th e infestation is d ecreas ed. H ow ever, this m ethod has not proven as su ccess ful a s th e m ethod rec om mende d a bove.
CORN EAR WORM
Th e corn ea r worm, sometimes ca lle d th e ve tc h worm, is oc casiona lly in jurious t o appl es espe cia lly wh en vetch has be en planted in or n ear th e orchard. 'I'he larva, or wo rm, when full fe d is about on e and one-ha lf inches long, green to brown in color , with indistin ct va r ia ble str ip es. The moth is yellowish brown with a on e and one -ha lf inch w in g spread. It is th e larval stage that do es th e damage to th e green and ripening fr uit by gouging out hol es n ea rl y th e siz e of a lead p encil and someti me s exte n d ing into th e core. Wh en f eeding on vetch, they frequ ently become very numerous and feed and migrate similar to army worms, often leaving th e vetch in th e last larval stages a n d go ing t o ad jacent a p ple orc ha r d s.
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Control : This pest can usually be cont rolled by the schedule given for control of the codling moth where DDT 01' Parathion is used .
APPLE LEAF HOPPERS T h er e are thre e sp ec ies of lea f h op p er s attacki ng app les : the apple leaf hopper (Empoasca fabae), the rose leaf hop per ( Em p or a rosae) , and another apple leaf hopper (Empoasca maligna ). Th e first on e is th e most comm on and injurious
P L AT E 12. Cedar ru st on app le leaf. in app le orc hards in t his state . T h e app le lea f hop per passes the winter as an adu lt insect hid d en in the leaves under orchard trees and adjacent wood lands. They becom e active in th e spring and when the leaves appear begin laying eggs which are pushed into' the midribs or larger veins and stems of th e
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leaves . The first g en eration nymphs app ear about th e tim e th e leaves are fu ll grown and both th e n ymphs and adults f eed by sucking th e sap fro m th e und ersid e of th e leaves . Th e nymphs are pal e green in co lor , with out wings, and ar e ve ry ac t ive, running fo r wa r d, backward or si dewise . They becom e mature in ear ly summ er a n d d eposit eggs for a seco n d g en erati on which b ecom e f ull gro w n in th e fa ll. The effect of t he fee di n g is to ca use t he fo lia ge t o becom e pal e in co lor, with s pecks of greenish w hite sho wi n g throu gh fro m the und erside . Young fo liage becom es cu rle d, th e margin of th e lea ves turn brown, and th e f r u its a re spec ke d with exc reme nt. Badly injured lea ves fa ll f ro m th e trees. Th e co nt ro l of a ll species is th e sa me .
Control : On e pint of 40 'I; nic otin e su lp hate t o 100 g a llons of com plete spray in t h e pre pin k spra y wi ll gi ve go od cont r ol of th es e ins ects.
CEDAR RUST
T his is a n a lt ernate host disease, part of it s lif e cy cle bei ng spent on th e app le tree and part on th e co mmo n r ed ce da r. It app ears on t he f r uit and leaves as ye llow is h elevate d bodies whi ch form b la ck spores . T h e spores must alight on a ce d a r tree to g ermina t e. On th e cedar , th ey are known as ce d a r balls and tak e two ye a rs t o co m p lete th eir lif e cyc le a nd form s po res t o r einf ect th e a p ple (P late 12) .
Control : The d el a y ed dormant appli cation of lim e su lphur, pl us th e r egular spray schedu le ad vis ed, will c heck this disease. T h e b est m ethod of control is t o r emove all r ed ce d a r trees within a mi le of th e orch a r d, thus preventing th e disease from app earing at a ll. H ow ever, if this ca nnot b e
d on e add % po unds of F er b a m to w ettable su lp h ur paste as r ecom m end ed in t h e Pi nk a n d 50 'il" P et al F all spra ys .
BLACK ROT
This dis ea s e has r ecently been ca usin g consid era ble dam age to ap ples , and usu all y a ttac ks at t h e ca ly x en d, starting as a sma ll brown spot whi ch la t er t urns black and in vol ves t h e w ho le fr uit and ca uses it to shrivel and f ina lly m umm if y . It has for m a ny ye a rs ca use d damage to th e fo liage, in t h e imp erfect st a ge wh en it is cl ass ed as a lea f spot or frog- ey e
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f ungus. It a lso ca us es cank ers on th e twigs . Th e f ungus win ters ov er as dormant s pores and incubates to start infections in th e spring on th e foliage.
Control: No good contro l has been d ev eloped for this disease. Th e r egu lar sch edu le as advis ed for bitter rot and scab will give a partial con t r ol and th e d elay ed dormant ap p li-
PLATE 13 . Apple Black R o t ca t ion of lim e sulfur as ad vis ed for th e San Jose scal e will also aid in controlling this disease. Sanitation m easures advised are r emoval and burning of a ll mummied appl es on t h e tre es and ground, and cutting off and burning the cankers on the twigs. (Plate 13) .
BENEFICIAL INSECTS AND DISEASES Th e ben eficia l insects, ca lled parasites and predators, a nd ce r t a in fungi, f eed on and kill many of th e injurious speci es of ins ects. Th es e three factors are of great aid to th e growers and often cIo more to co ntrol noxio us insects than t h e artifi cia l co nt r ol measures. Th e cod lin g m oth is atta ck ed in th e eg g stage by th e egg parasite, T . Minutum. Larval parasites found natura lly in th e state are Ascogaster carpocapsae and Bassus carpocapsae. Of th e predators, ants and th e P ennsylvania sold ier be etle are th e
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most activ e and eff ecti ve insects. A white mold has a lso been fo un d killi ng t h e la r va e in cocoons, m ostl y aro und the b a se of t he tree or on the gro und .
The Oriental fr uit moth is a lso attack ed in t h e eg g stage by T. Minutum.
The San J os e Sca le is fr equ ently f ound in th e orchards with a tiny ho le in th e ce n t er of th e scal e covering which is t he exit ho le of any of s everal speci es of tiny h ymenoptero us parasites. One of the m ost im por t ant and wid el y distrib uted of t hese is Aphel inus fu scipennis. Others parasitizing th e San Jose sca le are Aphelinus mytalaspid is, Asp idiotiphagus citrinus, and Prospalta aurantii. A very important predator is Ch ilocorus bivu ln erus, which f eeds on th e scal e in se cts throughout the ye a r. This predator is commonly call ed th e twi ce stabbed la dy- bir d b eetle and is a small, ro und, black beetle w ith two r ed spots, on e on ea c h w in g cover. Th e San Jose scale is a lso atta ck ed by th e r ed head f ungus, (Sph ae rostilb e coccophila) and th e black fungus ( Myriang um duriaei).
Natura l ene mies of th e a p ple aph ids include sev eral s pecies of parasitic hym en opterous was ps and tw o imp ortant predators. Th e la dy-bir d beetle (Hippodamia convergens) f eeds on aphids in both th e la r val and ad u lt stages. The predator m ost com m on ly s een in orchards f eeding on aphids is th e la r va of th e syrph id fl y ( A ll og ra p ta obli qu a ). This la r va , or maggot, is commonl y f ound fe ed ing on th e aphids cur le d up insid e th e a p ple lea ves and is an important natural c h eck t o th e multi plication of both th e green a n d rosy app le aphids .
INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
T h e fo llowi ng ch emicals are used as ins ecticides and fungicid es for th e protection of th e fruit and th e tree by appl e growers in Georgia: DD T, Parathion, Arsenate of lead, Hydrated lime, Sulphur, Copper sulphate, Liquid co ncentrated lim e su lp h ur, Lub ri ca t ing oil em ulsion, Nicotine su lp hate, Sum mer oil em ulsion, sev eral pr opri eta r y copper a nd su lp h ur com poun ds, an d misc ib le oils .
DDT: A synthetic organic compound and the most pe rma nent and durab le of all the commonly used contact insecticid es. D DT is form ulated as d usts, wettab le powder, and em ulsifiable concentrates. DDT acts eit h er as a contact or stomach poison
34

aff ecting th e n ervou s system and se nso ry or ga ns. Pure DDT is r elatively non-toxic to humans, but DDT in o'il solution is absorb ed by th e skin and long ex posures sho u ld b e a void ed .
Parathion: An or ga nic phosphate, th e t echnical material of which is a dark bro wn liquid having a n unpl easant garli c odo r and is f ro m 90 t o 98 percent pure. P arathion h as proved effective a gainst a wid er va r iety of insects t ha n any oth er ins ecti cid e. Parathion has a r el ativel y short r esidual action and may be safely us ed on appl es if applied not later th an
four weeks bef ore harvest. Parathion is formulat ed as 15 'Ir and 25 % w ettabl e powd er a n d as 0.25 'X t o 2 fir) dusts.
PARATHIO N HAS PRO VEN TO BE EXTREMELY TOXIC TO H UMA NS, ES PECIALLY I N THE VAP OR STATE , AND GRE AT CARE SHO ULD BE USE D IN HANDLING AND AP P LYING IT. SINCE PARATHIO N IS A K NOWN HAZARD TO THOSE HANDLING OR APPLYING IT, ITS USE IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC . HOWEVER, IN VIE W OF THE VALUE OF PARATHION FOR THE CONT R OL OF CERT AIN PESTS, IT S USE MAY BE J USTIFIED FOR COMM ERC IAL P LANTINGS W H ERE SITUATIONS DEMAND AND WHEN THE OPERATOR IS IN A POSITION TO ENFOR CE PROPER PRECAUTIONS . THE MANUFACTURERS STATE THAT IF FOR ANY REASON USERS ARE UNABLE OR UNWILLING TO COMPLY WITH PRECAUTIONS AS GIVE N BY THE MANUFACTURER, THE MATERIAL SHOULD BE RETURNED TO THE DEALER FROM WHOM IT WAS P UR CHASED AND A REFUND WILL BE GIVEN.
Arsenate of Lead: The powd ered form is practically th e onl y on e in comme r cia l us e and it s hould cont a in not less
th an 30 fir total arsenic p entoxid e, n ot more than 0.5 'j,) water so lub le pentoxid e a n d not more than 0.3 fit t otal arsen ic tri-
oxide . It is a f ine ly divid ed powd er a n d will stay in sus pe ns ion with agitation as pro vid ed in power or hand spray outfits . Reasonable precautions against burning th e f r uit and foliage should be tak en wh en using this material. It should not be
us ed stronger than 1 % pounds of lead arsenate to 50 gallons
of water and should not be appli ed wh en t re es are wet 01' wh en the t emperature is ab ove 90 degrees F. For eac h pound of lead arsenate us ed, th ere should be add ed 3 to 4 pounds of che mica l hydrated lime to the spray mixture.
35

Hydrated Lime : Hydrated lim e is us ed as a n eutra liz er fo r lead arsenate and in com b in a t ion with sulphur to mak e liquid conc ent r a te d lim e sulphur, and with co p pe r sulphate to mak e Bordeaux mixture . Onl y a good grad e of lime sho u ld b e use d for spraying and should contain not less than 90 I;; calcium hydroxid e. Fine ly screened lime wi ll d ecrease nozz le stoppages .

Sulphur : Su lph ur, co mbin ed with oth er ch emi cals , is on e of th e most important materials us ed for spraying orchards as som e of th e co m b in a t ions act both as insecti cid es and f un g icid es. Various f or ms are in us e, such as wettab le sulphur and wettab le su lphur paste. It is practica lly a lways cl ea n and pure as r ec eived from th e man ufacturers.

Copper Sulp h ate : Copp er sulphate (blu eston e) is combined with hydrated lim e to make Bord eaux mixtur e. Bord ea ux mixture is made in sev era l fo rm u las s uch as 2-2-100 , 2-4- 100, and 4-4-100 . Th e 2-4- 100 is th e one most commonly us ed and directions f or making this strength are as f oll ows :

Copper su lphat e (b lu estone) ... Hydrated lim e .... Water.

. 2 po unds . 4 po unds ..... 100 gallons

Fi ll tank ha lf f u ll of water and w ith agitator ru n n in g , add 2 po unds of fin ely powd ered copper s u lphate for each 100 gallons of water. Then add 4 pounds of hydrated lime for each 100 gallons of water. This will make a 2-4-100 Bordeaux mixture. Wash materials through strainer.

Liquid Concentrated Lime Sulphur : This is an old r emedy f or th e co nt r ol of San Jos e Scal e and other scale insects. Th e com mer cia lly manufactured prod uct is in very wide us e bv growers a nd sho u ld test from 3 1 d egrees to 33 degrees Baume
at 60 degrees F. , and contain not less than 29 'Ir ca lc ium
polysulfid es .

Winter Lubricating O il Emulsion: Commercial oi l em u l-
sio n sho u ld contain not less t han 66 11r oi l by vo lume, excl usiv e
of fatty acids, and have a viscosity by the Saybolt test of not less than 125 seconds at 100 d egrees F . In Georgia , oi l emulsions are us e d a lmost entirely as a dormant co ntro l for San Jose Scale and at th e 3 Ii'; strength , w hich is 9 ga llo ns of oi l em u lsion to 191 gallons of water.

36

Nicotine Sulphate : Mai n ly used in th is state as a contro l of aphids at th e rate of 1 part of nicotine su lphate to from 500 to 800 parts of water , d epending upon the sev erity of t he inf estation . It can be used in combinatio n w it h other mat er ia ls suc h as lea d arsenate and liqu id lim e sulph ur.

Summer Oil Emulsion: Th es e em u lsions are satisf'actorv for spraying app le trees in Georgia. If th e em u ls ion is mad e on t he farm t he oi l s ho uld be clear or ligh t pa le straw in co lor, ha ve a viscosity of from 65 to 70 at 100 d egrees F ., and h ave a su lphonation range of 85 '/ or better. A f or m ula f or making on the farm is as follows:

Oi l .

.. _

Water .

_

Ammonia (28 ji,)

____________ __ .

55 ga llons ..17 gallons
1 pint

Vegetab le Em uls ifier

9 po unds

P ut 17 gallons of water in t h e spray tank and with th e agitator running add th e a mmonia . Mak e th e em ulsif ier into a past e and as soon as it is t horo ugh ly m ix ed w it h t h e water, add th e oi l s low ly . Stir t h e m ixt ur e tho ro ug hly with th e agitator f or about f ive m inutes and then pump at about 250 pounds pressure through the spray hose into an em pty drum. It is advisab le to' p um p th e mixture tw ice un d er pressure if it is not t o b e us ed im me diately .

Proprietary Copper and Sulphur Compounds and Miscible
Oils. Th es e are us ed as a cont r ol f or vario us app le ins ects a nd d iseases , If t hey ha ve be en th or ou ghl y t este d by ex pe r im ent stations and grow ers it is safe to us e them as r eco mm end ed by the man ufactur ers. All su ch pro-ducts shou ld be la bele d so that th e grow er ca n know th e total percentage of ac tiv e a n d ine rt ingr ed ients.

Complete Sprays : T h ere are s ev era l comp lete sp ray mixtur es on th e mark et whi ch are compound ed for th e control of most ap p le insects a nd d iseases. T hes e m a t eri al s are package d r ead y-m ixed by t h e m anu f a ctu r ers a nd can be du m p ed directly into the spray tank th us avoid ing th e w eighing, measuring and hand ling of the various ingredients. Only those co mp lete spray mi xtures w hi ch h a ve been thoro ughly t ested by ex per im ent stations sho uld b e us ed , a nd th e m anu f a ctu r er 's instructions as to th eir use shou ld be strictly follow ed .

37

G E O R G IA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY C. H. ALDEN. DIRECTOR
STATE CAPITOL ATLANTA. GEORGIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANTS

5

BEDB UGS

7

BLA CK WIDOW SP IDER

8

CARPET BEETLES _

10

CLOTHES MOTHS

_

12

FLEAS _

14

HOUSEFLY, GNATS

15

lVII TES, REDB UGS

17

lVI OSQUIT OES

_ ___

__ 15

PAN T RY PESTS

_

19

PO W DER PO ST BEETLE

19

ROA CHES, WATERB UGS _

20

SILVERF ISH

23

TERMITES _

24

TI CK S, SCORP IONS

35

COVER
T ermite s h e lt er t ub es 01' tunn e ls crossing a foundati on wall t o e nte r woo d en str u cture a b ov e. Exp osed tunn e ls oft en a id h om eo wners in loca t in g t er mi t e infestatio ns . Th ese t unn e ls s ho u ld b e scra ped away w h en fo u n d .

H 0 USE H 0 L DIN SEC TS*.
by
w. E. BLASI N GAl\ 1E
This bookl et was assembl ed for th e purpos e of providing practica l control r ecommendations for som e of t he co m m on inse ct p ests that in vad e th e hom e. That insects are of ma jor im po r t a nce is r eadil y seen by a glance at th e cost of damage inflicted by th ese p ests . Conservative est im a tes by e nt om ologists in loss es to clothing, rugs, furnitur e and oth er furnishings by cloth es moths, ca r pe t b eetl es and similar pests are f r om two hundred to fi ve hundred million dollars annuall y. Add to this alr ead y impressiv e f ig ure fifty million dollars paid annually b y individuals to comm ercial pest-control firms, th e prop erty damage inflicted b y su ch p ests as t ermites and powd er post b eetles, damage t o stored foodstuffs in th e hom e, and t he n eed f or insect co nt ro l becom es in creasingly app arent. As th e pres ent population trend from rural to urban areas co nt in ue s we ca n ex pe ct our in sect probl ems t o in crease; cit ies b ecom e larger, hom es are buil t clo ser t ogeth er, both providing s it ua t ions fa vorabl e fo r ins ect d ev el opment.
Geor gi a 's m ild cli mate m ak es it po ssi b le fo r a la r g e numb er of household insects to b r eed a n d multiply out-of-doo rs and d ue t o th es e fav orabl e cl im atic co n di ti ons p est co n tro l in th e h ome is usu fllly ye ar-ro un d in sco pe.
Na t ure of th e d amage inflicted by househ old p ests is va r ia b le ; som e insects ar e ca r r ie rs of human di sease, so me attack t he hom e itself and wood f u r n it u re, others atta ck clothing, r ugs, upholstery and foo d. So me insects occasi onall y found in th e hom e ca use no particular damage but are obnoxious beca use of th eir pres en ce 01' b ecause th ey ar e ca pa b le of stinging.
Th ere ar e a numb er ofeft'ective materials r eadil y availabl e f or th e cont r ol of household in s ects. No material howev er eff ective ca n be us ed as a substitute for cl eanlin ess and sa nit a-
" Thi s is a r evisi on of Bullet in 8 1 a nd 92 .
3

ti on . Goo d insect co ntro l can be obt a ine d if th e fo llo w ing ge nera l rul es are f ollo we d:
1. Remove or a lter t he ca use of th e in f estation.
2. Kn ow th e type of insect in volved.
3. Use th e co r rect in secticid e at th e prop er r ate a n d strengt h, a pp lied to t he p r oper places .
If yo u do not r ecogniz e th e inse ct inv olved, sp ecim en s may be se nt to th e Georgia De partm ent of Entom ol ogy for id entification.
INSECTICIDES
In s ecticid es us ed in co nt ro ll ing household p ests are availabl e in a liquid or dry state. Dusts find th eir greatest usage out -of-d oors, in basem ents, outbuildings and oth er places wh ere app earance of th e material is not ob ject ion a l or unsaf e. In ce r t a in situations b y using hand dusters, dusts ca n b e bl own into small a r eas otherwis e inacc essibl e. Liquids or sprays ha ve eit her a water or oil base . Oil base sprays of var ious inse ct icide s are usuall y purchased r ead y to us e und er a wid e va r iety of trad e nam es fo r indoor use . Water-base spr ays are prepared by mixing a w ettabl e powd er or em ulsifia ble co nce n tr a te with water t o th e d esired dilution.
Oil based insecticid es a re us ed mainly as r esidual s pr ays appli ed to walls, baseb oard s, shel ves , a n d ot her surfaces. T h e s p r ay dries leaving a n a lmost invisi ble coatin g of insecticide . Oil ba se s pray should n ot be used n ear ope n fla mes, on as phalt t ile, on pla nts or on animals.
W ater based inse cticides shoul d not b e used wh ere surfa ces invo lve d will b e dam aged b y water, or wh ere a co lore d r esidu e w ould b e objection a b le .
Liquid insecticid es are also a vailable in a erosol bombs that a re us ed in controlling suc h in sects as fli es and m osquitoes . A erosols are for us e a s spa ce sprays to give a qui ck kno ckd own of inse ct s and do not provid e lasting protecti on .
In using th e various materials suggested in this bull etin it should b e r em embered that all insecticid es are pois ons and should b e handl ed with ca re . Before any material is us ed th e lab el should b e r ead carefull y for information r egarding saf ety precautions and oth er warnings furnish ed by th e manufac t urer .
4

ANTS
Th e co ntro l of ant s is one of th e m ost p ersistent a n d troubl eso me p est pro b le ms co nfronti ng th e h ou sek e ep er. A s ve ry few h ou s ehold a nts sting they are ob jectionab le very lar g e ly b ecause of their fee ding an d mound building habits. There a re many s pecies of a nts that will invad e hou ses and du e t o th ei r d ifferent fee d ing a n d n estin g h abits co nt ro l is a t t im es diff ic u lt . The foo d of a nts r anges f rom hum a n food to d ea d insects . So m e a nts pr efer sweets w hi le oth ers show a pr eferen ce for g r eases . The proper use of ant b a it s is d e p end ent on a kn owl edge of th eir fo od preferences .
N ests of a nts a re usu all y out-of-doors a n d can b e fo un d by fo llow in g th e m ovement of th e wo rker a nts as t h ey s earc h for f oo d . In la w n areas n ests are r el a t ivel y ea sy to s pot d u e t o th e pil es of dirt t hat usu ally surro un d th e o pe n in gs to th e n est. Oth er out do or n ests may b e fo un d und er pav em ent, a ro u n d fo u n dat ions, und er ston es and logs.
Ants Are Not Termites:
Ants do n ot f ee d on w ood , a lt ho ugh th e car pe nter a nts n est in w ood , and should n ot b e co n f use d with t ermites . Both ants a n d t erm it es h av e " w inge d fo r ms" but th ey di ff er in th e fo llow in g r esp ects. Th e bod y of a nts h a s a d ef in it e co nst r ict ion b ehi nd t h e h ead and t h e approximate m idd le of th e body. T erm it es d o n ot hav e th es e co n st rictio ns. Th e win gs of t er mites ar e mu ch longer th an th e b od y a n d b oth p air ar e ap pro x imately t he same si z e. Th e se cond p a il' of w in gs on th e a nt are mu ch sm all er t han t h e f irst a n d the w ings are on ly slig h t ly long er th a n t h e b od y. Se e fig ur es ( 7 ) a nd (8 .)
Control: Ants ca n b e con t r o ll e d b y th e a pp licat io n of cer tain in s ecticid es t o th eir n ests a n d surfac es ov er w h ic h th ey craw l. Prev ent infes t a t ions by f illing cracks a nd crevic es , b y th e pr om pt r emov a l of f ood r ef us e , a nd by k e epi ng stored foo d co ve r ed .
Sprays and Dc.sts : Ch lo r da ne is th e m ost effec t ive in sectici de fo r h om e a nt co nt ro l a n d s ho u ld b e us ed as a tw o perc ent s pr a y 01' a fiv e p er cent pow d er. Li qu id Ch lo r dan e m a y b e app lie d with a s pray er, a pai nt brus h 0 1' in a r eas hard t o r each wi t h a s ma ll o il ca n .
1. Outd oor Ants-Use a wat er bas e s p ray w h ere inju ry t o
5

p la nts is lik el y t o occ ur. T his typ e of spray is prepared by dilu t ing wettable powd ers or concentrated em ulsions with water accordi ng to directions on th e cont a ine rs. App ly directly t o nests and surro unding area . Ch lor da ne powd er may a lso be us ed and is esp ecia lly effe ctive w h en po ured into h oles mad e in and around th e n est. T o prev ent ants n esting out do ors from ente r in g buildings us e Ch lor dane spray or dust around low er parts of th e hous e. und er windows, around fo un dat ions. pipes and oth er places that may be us ed as a runway by th e ants. In lawns or gard ens covered by n um ero us small a nt
hills use t he f ive p ercent d ust at th e r a t e of Y2 po und p el'
1,000 sq . ft . Th e area so tr eated sho uld t h en b e lig htl y spri nk led with water.
2. In d oor Ants-Use Ch lordane powder app li ed with a small hand duster in h ard to r each are as such as sma ll cracks a n d crevic es. The powd er form ca n a lso b e used und er porc hes a n d in t h e b asem en t . Treat t h e n ests if t hey ca n b e locat ed , if n ot app ly a co urse sp ray of t wo pe rc ent Ch lordan e t o a r eas w h ere t h e ants crawl, especially those areas fro m w hic h t h e a nts ap pear t o b e co m ing such as wi n dows, cracks in wa lls a nd floors, arou nd pipes a nd baseboards . A nts that n est indoors are th e h ar d est to contro l and in most cases sev eral treatm ents app lied at t en day intervals ar e n ec essary.
3. Carpenter Ants-V ery large black or r ed ants n esting in th e wood; appl y a fiv e p ercent Ch lordan e or t en percent DDT dust into th e tunn els mad e by the ants or us e f ive p erce nt P entachloroph en ol painted or sprayed ove r t he infested area.
4. Ants such as t he Argentine ant may becom e a comm un it y prob lem . Wh en it is noticed that on e sp eci es of a nt is ab undant thro ugho ut a city block or ov er a large area, a nt contro l, to be successfu l, w ill hav e to be m a d e as a co mm unity eff or t , beca use un der suc h conditions in divi du al eff or t will b e in effective . Th e D epartm ent of Ento mo logy wi ll b e g lad t o f urn is h infor matio n on t h e cost a n d carrying out of such communi t y campaigns.
5. Poiso n ba its ar e so met im e effective in co ntro lling a nts t hat n est in t he wa lls. No on e bait is satisfactory in a ll situa t ions. T here are a number of satisfactory ant baits on t he m a r k et or th ey can b e mad e u p by t h e ind ivid ua l. Selection
6

of the propel' bait depends v ery large ly on th e feeding habits of the species of ant involved. A simpl e bait that is often eff ective in controlling ants that prefer swe ets is made by dissolving foul' ounces of sugar in on e quart of water. One-half ounce of tartar emet ic should then be stirred into th e mixtur e. For ants that do not eat swe ets a bait prepared by working small quantiti es of tartar emet ic into gr ease 01' pi ec es of ba con rind is som etim es ef fe ctive .
BEDBUGS
The dr ead of all good housekeep ers is b edbugs. Our one s pec ies of b edbug that attacks man can b e so e a sily spread f r om plac e to pla ce in baggage and clothing that it is r emarkabl e h ow f ew hous es do become infested with this common insect. Sleeping quarters are most commonly infested, but the y may b e found throughout the house in upholst ered furniture, in cracks, etc. At tim es, public places such as th eatres, hotels, rest rooms, etc ., b ecome infested and such plac es may b e the source of hom e infestation .
Bedbugs feed at night and hide by day. When bedbugs bite they inj ect a fluid und er the skin to aid the flow of blood. To many p eopl e th e bite is unnotic ed, but to some this secretion causes w elts which ar e a ccompanied by mu ch itching. Bedbugs are not known to transmit disease of man.
Bedbugs are wingless, small, brown, flat insects about 1/5 in ch in length . The chara cteristic odor of bedbugs is from an oily liquid secreted by scent glands located n eal' wh ere th e legs are attached to th e bod y. In Georgia foul' t o si x g enerations occur during th e ye a r so that large numb ers will build up if not controlled.
Con trol : At th e first sign of b edbugs control m easures should b e instituted, be cause th ey are lik el y to b e hiding about th e seams and tufts of th e mattress, and ca n b e ea sily controll ed. If co nt r ol is d elay ed th e b edbugs b ecom e scattered t h rou g h out th e ro om and er a d ic a t ion is mad e more diffi cult.
DDT is th e m ost effectiv e b edbug kill er eve r discov ered. When properly applied, one thorough treatment will last six months to a ye a r .
Appl y a fi ve perc ent DDT oil spray eve n ly to mattresses,
7

b edstead, and adja cent wa lls, being sure t o sp ra y in a ll cr ac ks and crevices. App ly it to oth er f urnitur e such as ch a ir s and sofa s, if th ey a re infested. Abo ut ha lf a cup of th e insecticid e wi ll b e en ou g h f'or a doub le b ed .

DDT d oes not kill a ll of th e b edbugs q uick ly, but as th ey

come out of walls, or from behind p ictures f r a mes, t o f eed ,

th ey ar e kill ed . This eme r ge nce may last for a w eek or so .

Th e r esidu e of DDT wi ll co nti n ue to kill th em for many

months, and wi ll ki ll n ew bugs brought into th e h ouse before

th ev ca n m ultipl y.

.

BLACK WIDOW SPIDER
Th e b la ck widow sp id er, which has b een th e r ecipi ent of mu ch ex a gg er a te d p ub li city, oc curs g enera ll y througho ut th e State of Georgia . On rar e occasions it ca n b e found in sid e th e house , but is mor e often found out-of-doors und er ro ck s , or logs, in stumps, around out-bui ldings es pecia lly outd oor toi lets and in th e basem ent.
Th e b la ck widow is a shiny j et-black spider having a bod y ab out on e-half inch lon g . The most r ecognizab le characteristic is th e presence in most cases of a r ed ho urglass figur e on the lower side of the abdomen. There may be a red spot situated posteriorl y to th e hourglass b ut otherwise th ere ar e no oth er markings exce pt in rare ca ses. (S ee Figur e 1.)
Th e w eb of th e B la ck W idow is ragged in app earance and varies in size d ep ending on its loca t ion . Under ro cks th ere may b e no w eb at all.
Although the bite of the black widow should not be m inimiz ed it is v ery rarely fatal. In those cases wh ere d eath occu r s th ere are usu a ll y contributing fa ctors su ch as a history of h eart troub le or other chronic conditions. A ltho ugh th e spid er itself is fair ly com m on, cases of spid er poisoning are rare. This is d u e ve ry largel y to th e sh y and r etiring nature of th e s pi de r. Th ere se ems to b e on ly two inst a nces wh ere th e spicier ma y b e provoked to bite-wh en th e w eb is brushed or wh en th e sp id er is mash ed . Black widow poisoning, a lthough extrem ely painfu l, usua lly runs its cour se in three days and ca use s n o lasti n g effects. Symptoms incl ud e s ev ere pain in most parts of th e body, abdominal cram ps, diffi culty in breathing and nausea . Th e bite itself is not espe cia ll y painful,

8

Fig 11 II: I . U /il}(:r lefl , bla ck w idow f rom below x2 ; u/i/ler rigln, im ma t.urc black tcidou : x2: 101('er Iefl mall' of th e bla ck widow spccu:s x6: low er right , 011 1' of t.hc jllm lii llg spidcrs, P h id ip pu s i nsolc ns
x8 . {C ourtcsy Ark. EX/i. St a.)
9

th e area fi rst app earing w hite as w ith a bee sting. T h e area th en becom es r ed and du e to th e sp eed with which th e poison s pre a ds thro ugh th e bod y th e pain increases rapidly. There is littl e 0 1' no sw elling. If a p erson is bitten the fo llowing m easures are r ecommended:
1. Ca ll a doctor. 2. T r ea t th e bite w it h I odin e. 3. W hi le wa iti ng for th e doctor, t a k e fr eq ue nt baths as
hot as ca n be en d u re d . The physician may b e adv ised that 10 C.c. of a t en percent so luti on of Ca lc iu m Gluconate given intravenousl y is th e m ost effective tr eatm ent known. Control: A p pl y a two t o f iv e p erc ent Ch lor d a ne spray or two p erc ent Lin d an e directly on t h e w eb a n d in bas emen ts , garages , out -door t oil ets , r ock piles, st umps or ot h er areas wh ere la r g e numb ers of spid ers ar e fo u n d . In isolated occurr ences d estru ct ion of th e w eb is effectiv e.
CARPET BEETLES On e of th e m ost d estructive househo ld in sects that w e hav e, and one that is rarely notic ed until consider a ble damage has b een don e is t h e carp et b eetl e. In Georgia th ere are fo ur species of ins ects that are k n own as ca r pe t b eetles . Theil' fo od ha bi ts range fro m lin t a n d hai r f ro m pets to ru gs, cl oth es, a nd f urs . Damage is do ne by th e la r val stage w hic h r an ge s in
Fig u re 2. T'h c com m on carpe t beetl e la rva and ad ult. E nla rged / 2 tim es. 10

Fig u re 3. T he bla ck carpe t beetl e lar va an d adult. Enlarged 10 ti m es.
leng th from one -f ourt h t o on e-ha lf inc h . Figur es (2 ) and (3) sho w th e g en eral s ha pe and app earance of tw o co m mo n ca rpe t beetl es .
Th e la r va e of ca r pet beet les a re m ore a cti ve than t ho se of t h e clo t he s mot h so t h ey may be fo u n d in a va r iety of p la ces. Ca r pe t beetles ofte n live in cr ac ks and cr ev ices in fl oors, wa lls, baseboa r ds , on clos et sh elves, in an d und er f ur nit u r e and rugs.
Control: T h or ou gh cl ean ing remov es lint a n d other m att er on whi ch la r va e breed a n d in add iti on r emoves many la r va e a n d eggs. Close attention s ho u ld be g ive n t o ru gs 0 1' ca r peti ng und er f ur nit ure a n d in othe r u nex posed p la ces. If a vacu um cl ea ne r is used a lways em pt y th e co ntents before r e-u se. No t hi ng is m ore h el pfu l in r id d in g a hou se of carp et b eetles than th e th orough clea ni ng of r ugs and ca r pe t s.
A r esid ua l s pr ay of tw o per cent Ch lor da ne 0 1' one -h a lf per-
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ce nt Lind an e sho uld b e ap plie d t o crac ks a n d crev ices in t h e floo rs , a ro un d m oul d in g and ot h er areas wh ere car p et b eetles may be bree di ng. R ugs may be further protected by spraying t h e ba ck si de of th e ru g a n d bo t h sid es of th e p ad wi t h f iv e per cent DDT. Wh en ca r pet beet les a re breed ing in fl oor crac ks un d er t h e ru gs a t en perc ent DDT powd er ca n be sprin k led on t h e fl oor u n d er th e r ug, brush ed into th e cracks a n d t h e rug r eplac ed . It is es pecia lly im port ant t o s pray t h e ed g es of w all-to-wall car pe t ing with th e f ive percen t DD T s pr ay.
Co ntro l fo r ca r p et b eetl es in closet s or sto r ed clothi ng is essent ia lly th e same as fo r th e clot he s moth, and is g ive n in th e section on th es e insects.
CLOTHES MOTHS Th ere a re tw o kinds of cloth es m oths th at may b e f oun d in Georgia hom es ; th e w ebbing cloth es m oth , a bu ff co lor ed m oth less than a h al f inch lon g, a nd t h e case bea r ing clo t h es m oth , see fi g ure ( 4 ), wh ich is sim ilar in size a n d co lor but has sma ll indistinct d ark s pots on th e wings, Clot hes m oths pref er d arkn ess a n d d o not f lit a bo ut lights. If sma ll bu ff co lore d moths are noti ced f lyi ng abo ut lig h ts or in a wi nd ow , t h ey a re so m e ot h er s pec ies a n d a r e prob a bl y harml ess to clot hing. Clot h es m oths d iffe r greatl y in th eir larval st a g es . Th e case b earin g m oth la r va lives in a silke n prot ective cas e w h ich
Fig ure 4. Case ma kin g clothes m ot h . ( C ourtesy U .S. D .A. B.E.P.Q .) 12

is ca r r ie d w herever it g oes. Th e w ebb ing cl othes m oth larva mak es a protecti ve w eb u nd er whi ch it lives a n d f eeds. A ll damage ca use d b y m oths is don e in th e larva l st a g e . Th e a d ults do not f eed during th eir bri ef lif e of t wo t o fo ul' w eeks. The foo d of cloth es m oths, lik e ca r pet beetles , co ns ists of nearly a ll a nim a l prod ucts ranging fro m wool, hail', and f eathers to fi sh, m eal, dri ed a n im a ls a n d d ead inse ct s . The la r va e do not dam ag e cotton 0 1' ra yon . Wh en g oods of th is natur e a r e d ama g ed look fo r r oa ch es 0 1' sil verfish .
Control : The cont r ol of cl oth es m oth s is esse n t ia ll y t h e sa m e as fo r carp et be etl es. In addition to th e cont r ol r ec omm en d ati ons fo r ca r pet beetl es on page 11 , th e fo llo wi ng pr ocedures a r e r ecomm end ed :
(1) Clos ets- T he cl os et sh ould be em pt ie d and th e fl oors, basebo ard s, corners and sh elv es s praye d with two percent Ch lor d a ne 01' on e-half percent Lindane. E ith er of th es e mat eria ls m a y be appli ed with a p aint brush if d esired . Clot hing a n d oth er apparel f ro m th e clos et should b e hun g in th e su n if possibl e, a n d brus hed th oroughly. A ft er sun nin g and brushing th e cl oth es ma y b e r eturn e d t o th e closet . Treatm ents of t his ty p e sho uld be r ep ea t ed t w ice a yea r.
(2 ) St or ed Clot h ing- Be fo r e sto r a g e all g arm ents sho u ld be dr y cl eaned as this k ills all stag es of cl oth es moths and ca r pe t beetles. Stored woo lens ma y b e f urth er protected by app lying vari ous materia ls as fabric tr eatm ents . Th es e ma y be bought com me rc ia lly und er va r ious trad e nam es 01' a f iv e p ercent DDT oi l spra y can b e us ed on washabl e wool ens. Th e ga r ment s ho u ld be spra y ed lightl y but thoroughly so that all parts are cov ere d . A ne w ma t erial d evel oped b y U . S. Department of Agr iculture ent om olog ist s is now a vaila b le fo r protecting wash a b le w ool ens f ro m fa bric pests. This mat erial so ld und er th e fo r m ula EQ 53 is a co nc en t rate d f orm of DDT plus a special sol vent, a n d is add ed directl y t o th e washing m a chine. It ca n also be us ed in a w ash basin 01' tub. Woo lens so tr eated ar e protectd fr om fabri c pests f or at least one yea r .
W ool en s may also b e protected f'ro rn attack b y st or ing in a ti g ht ly clos ed co nt ai ner s pr in k led wit h Para di chlorob enzene cr yst a ls 01' Naphth al en e fl a k es. Ei th er of t h es e mat eri al s s hould b e s prin k led b etw een layers of clothin g at t h e r at e of
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one po und for ea ch on e h undred cubic f eet of space . T h ese materia ls are n ot effe ctive exce pt in cont a in ers that a re airtight and r emain cl os ed . For add ed protection t he insid e of th e storage contain er sho u ld b e sprayed or brush ed with eit her two p ercent Ch lor d a ne or on e-half p ercent Lindan e.
FLEAS
Fl eas ca n be a tro ub lesome ho us eho ld p est. In Ge or gia hom es th e cat f le a and th e dog fl ea are m ost commonly f oun d . H ouses and basem ents b ec om e in f ested only w he n a n im a ls hav e a cc ess to th e bui lding. All f leas r eq uir e a blood m eal to r eprod uce, and this f eeding is very irritating to man. Some p eopl e are hi ghl y susce ptib le t o fl eas an d on su ch individu als f le a bites d ev el op into lar ge re d we lts whi ch m ay r emain fo r days.
Th ere is no tru e " sand f lea " breeding in sa n d without animals to fee d on.
Certain species of fl eas wh ich in f est rats a n d oth er animals are vectors in th e spread of some dis eases to man, suc h as bubonic p lagu e, en de m ic t yphus and certain internal parasites. Such f le as are fo un d in Georgia . All rats and ot he r h osts shou ld b e k ept und er contro l to prev ent th eir in crease.
Control : Th e elim in at ion of fl eas mu st b egin with th e cl eanup or d estruction of th e normal h ost, othe r w ise fle a co ntro l is impossib le.
Dogs and Cats: Animals whi ch fr equ ent houses ca n be k ept practically f ree of fl eas by occasion a lly a pp ly in g a powd er cont a ining eit her t en p ercent DDT, t w o p ercent Ch lor d a ne or on e-half p ercent Rotenone or Pyrethrum. On lar g e dogs DDT and Chlor da ne powd er should b e appli ed along th e back of th e n eck and sho uld ers an d a lig ht du sting on t he leg s a n d und er lim bs. A level t easpoonful of p owd er is sufficie nt f or
a lar ge dog. On small dogs, p upp ies and cat s, use only % p er-
ce nt Roten on e. Und er no condition sho u ld DDT or Ch lordane be us ed on cats. N evel' use oil s pr ays of DDT or Ch lor da ne on anima ls.
T o control f lea lar va e, th e s leeping quarters of anima ls shou ld b e th oroughl y cl eaned or r eplaced with n ew b edding
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a nd th en du sted com ple te ly with eit he r te n perc ent DDT 01' Ch lor da ne 01' two p ercent Rotenon e.
Basements, Garages, Etc.: F leas ca n be ea sily cont r olle d in basem ents a nd garages by spraying t h e gro u nd 01' floor with Ch lor d a ne as a two to fiv e percent oil 01' water base spra y . Ch lor d a ne oil spra ys are usually bo ug ht r ead y t o us e, th e water base spra y is prepared fr om eit her an em ulsif ia b le concentrate 0 1' a w ettab le pow d er. DD T as a fiv e percent w ater 0 1' oi l base sp ray is a lso effe ctive as a contro l fo r f leas . T en p ercent DDT 01' fiv e-six p er cent Ch lor dan e pow d ers may be us ed w h ere a d ust is preferred
Homes: A ft er th e source of infestation h a s b een f ree d of fl eas, those in th e h om e may be easily coll ected by a vacu u m cl eaner. F iv e p ercent DD T oi l solut ion 01' two to fi ve percent chlo r da n e oil so luti on wi ll do a th or ou g h jo b of elim in at ing f leas in t h e hom e, and wi ll not leave th e visib le r es id u es t hat DDT a nd Ch lor da ne water sp rays and d usts leave.
Lawns : Lawns that are infested with f leas may b e treated with eit he r six p ercent Ch lor d a ne 0 1' t en p ercent DD T dust. A 5 percen t DD T 01' a 2 p ercent Ch lordan e water base spray m a y a lso be used. A close cl ipped la wn is ea sie r k ept fr ee of fl eas th an on e th a t is ov ergrown .
FLIES, MOSQUITOES, AND :G N A TS
H ous efli es , m osqu it oes and gnats are am ong th e most ann oyi ng ho us eho ld p ests. In additio n , ho us eflies and mosq uito es are carri ers of s erio us hum an diseases su ch as t yp hoid f ev er, dys entery, m a la ria a nd y ellow f ev er. Gnats fr eq u ently are th e ca us e of an eye con d it ion ca ll ed "pink eye ."
Control: ( 1 ) Breeding P la ces- Con trol of h ou sefli es and m osqu itoes b egins with t he elimi n a tio n 0 1' treatm ent of breed ing places . Ho us ef lies breed in such pla ces as garbage, manu r e a nd ot h er f ilt h; m osqu it oes breed only in water. A ll tin ca ns , bott les a nd ot he r vess els ca pa ble of h ol d in g w at er sho u ld b e r emov ed . G utters sho u ld be cl eaned p eriod ica ll y to elim inate stagnant water. Shallow poo ls in th e ya r d sho u ld b e drain ed 0 1' t r eated with m ost a ny fo r m of DDT. T o prevent fli es from breeding, garbage cans sho uld be k ept covere d and em pt ie d fr eq ently . Scr eens sho uld be used in outd oor t oilets
15

I
I
I
J
Figu re 5. Th e ad ult house fly. [Courtesy V. S .D .A . B.E.P.Q.)
and barns. A simpl e and eff ect ive treatment of manure is to thinly scatter it ov er th e fields before it is three days old . Ho use fli es cannot breed in thinly scattered manure. Anoth er treatm ent is to sprink le the manure pi le daily with a w eak solution of boiax mad e by disso lving one pound of borax in t we nty gallons of water. Screening of manure pil es is also h elpful.
(2) Sprays- a, Space sprays and a erosols are effectiv e fo r killing fli es and mosquito es on th e wing. An effe ct ive materia l for this purpose is Pyrethrum pl us pip eronyl butoxide . Oth er sprays may contain Pyrethrum and eit h er DDT or Methoxychlor. Space sprays or a erosols do not provid e lasting protecti on ,
b. Residual sprays provid e th e greatest benefi t from in secticid es for th e contro l of housefli es, mosquito es and gnats, Out-
16

of- door spr ays of five percent DDT , five p er cent Methoxych lor , two p ercent Chlordane or on e-half percent Lindane are effective wh en app lied t o screens, porch es , garbage ca ns and othe r p laces wh er e t hese insects co ngregate. P a inti ng th e sc ree ns eve ry fo r ty-e igh t hours wh en gnats are es pe cia lly bad will h el p k eep th em out. In secticid es cont a in in g Lethane ar e part icul arly effective fo r t his pur pose . If t he h ou s e is prop erly screen ed and r esidual sprays ar e us ed out -of- d oors, it is not usu all y n ec essary to a p p ly a r esidu al spray in sid e th e hou se. In t he event it s ho uld become n ecessary, us e either a five perce nt DDT or f ive percent Methoxychlor in a d eod oriz ed k erose ne ba se. Thes e mat erials ca n be ap plied as a spray or with a paint bru sh to th os e a reas w he re t he fl ies g ather.
(3) Rep ell ents-Oil of citro ne lla has long bee n used as a repe llant for m osqu it oes a nd eye gnat s. T he re pe llents list ed on pa ge 18, us ed as directed , ar e a lso effective in r epelling th ese in s ects.
MITE S
Most mites a re practica lly invisi bl e to the na ked eye, bei ng less than 1/ 50-inch long, and usu all y th e f irst signs of mi t es in t he hous ehold is a biting, it ching sensati on , see mi ngly ca used by n oth ing . Some mites are ca pa ble of transmitti ng di s eas es of m an, a n d if for no othe r r eason co nt ro l m easures s hould begin wh en th ey are fi rst noticed . In r ecent years t he tropica l rat m it e has been fo und infesti ng offices a nd ho mes in a numb er of Georgia cit ies. This mite is one of th e known ca r riers of a t yp e of ty p h us fever which is a wi d espred mal a dy of m an . A n oth er com mo n m it e t hat Georgians hav e b ecom e ac q ua in te d w ith is th e r ed bug, or chigger. This speci es is not fo u nd in th e hou sehold , but at ti mes yar ds a n d la w ns b ecom e in feste d, a nd t he refore co ntrol m ea sures w ill b e given .
Vari ous plant fee d ing mites suc h a s th e clover m it e m a y invade t he h ou s e d uri ng th e fa ll m on t hs, seek ing sh el t er for th e winter m onths. With t he f irst warm d a ys of s pr ing th ese mit es emer ge in large numb ers a n d m ove t o th e outsi de .
Con trol : Th e co nt ro l of mites su ch as th e tropi cal r a t mi t e b egins with t he elim inatio n of th e prin cipal h ost. Wh en m it es appear in bu il d ings in w hic h r a t s ha ve access, rat eradication s hou ld begin imm ediatel y .
17

Rooms which are found to be in f ested wi th mi t es should be sprayed with a fiv e p erc ent DDT or a two to fiv e p ercent Chlordane r esidual oi l spray. Sinc e it is difficult to det ermine exac t ly wh ere th e mites ar e located, th e ent ir e room should be sprayed , A power spra yer is best for this, but a large h ousehold spray will su f fi ce, In atti cs or othe r ro oms wh ere th ere is no danger of ruining wall surfac es , a tw o p ercent water spray of th e above m entioned materials ma y b e us ed ,
Clove r mites or other plant f eeding mit es that invad e th e home can b e contro ll ed by spraying th e rooms in volv ed as outlined abov e. It should b e rememb ered that th es e mites move into th e house in th e fall and mov e out in th e spring. If th es e mi t es ha ve b een troubl es om e in th e past, th e appl ication of a good miti cid e to plants around th e h ouse in th e ea r ly fall will be h elpful in controlling th es e pests.
If birds or bats have a cc ess to th e attic, or nest n earby, th ey may b e a source of mit es . Attic en tr a nce holes should be screen ed first, th en all infested r ooms should b e thoroughly sprayed . Mites ma y at tim es in f est clothing. Su ch cl othing should be dry cl eaned or w ash ed in a strong solution of so a p , If th es e mites have no ac cess to animals, th ey w ill starve to d eath in a short tim e.
Red bugs or Ch ig gers : P eople who fr equ ent woods or oth er areas which are infested with r edbugs or ch ig ge rs should us e an insect r epellant on th eir arms and legs, and around ope nings to clo thing. Satisfact ory r ep ell ents should contain Benzyl benzoate, dim ethyl phthalate, d ibutyl phthalate, Indal on e, Rutgers 612, or Navy formula 448, eit her alon e or in combination.
Som e of these r ep ell ents can be bought in th e form of an a erosol bomb whi ch provid es a ve ry conve nie nt m ethod of applicati on. In additi on som e r epell ents contain a sun ta n loti on so that th e ex po se d skin r ec eives a d oubl e prot ection, In using th e various r epell ents that are suppli ed a s a erosols n ev er spray toward th e eyes or mouth .
Wh en laws become infested with r ed bugs, th ey should be spray ed or dusted with on e pound of Lindane or two to four pounds of Chlordan e or T oxaph en e p er acre. In wood ed areas wh ere it is not practical to trea t th e ent ire area , spot treatm ents along paths and oth er areas f re q ue nte d may be treated with any of th es e materials,
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'W he n w oods kn own to be infest ed w ith r ed bugs are visite d and n o r epell en t s ar e us ed, a h ot so a py bath, a llowing th e so a p to dry on th e skin is h elpful if don e b efore th e itc hi n g start s. After it ching b egins all that can be d on e is t o app ly coo ling oint ments.
PANTRY PESTS
Dry ce re a l, flour a n d other f oods t emporarily stored in th e pantry may b ec om e in f ested with va r ious b eetl es or moths a n d th ei r larvae. T o prevent in f estations of t h is t yp e th e pantry sho u ld be k ept clean and foo d sto re d in tight co nt a ine rs . A few ins ects fo u n d in sto re d food d oes not ruin th e f ood for hum an co ns u m ptio n as t h ey ca n be stra in ed out by using a sift er .
Control : Food badl y infested w ith ins ects sh ould b e r emo ved from th e pantry and destroy ed . For light infestations h eat infested materia l at on e hundred and fort y d egrees F. for thirty minutes . Th e pantry shou ld be clean ed thoroughl y and th e floor , baseb oards and shel ves sprayed with a fiv e percen t DDT oil sp r ay . Do not spray foo d or coo k in g uten sil s.
POWDER POST BEETLE
A sm a ll pil e of f in e sawdust app earing on th e fl oor, in a draw er, or und er sills in th e basement is th e first noti ceabl e sign of powd er post beetles . A close examination of th e small pi les of sawdust wi ll r ev eal small ho les fr om 1/16 to 1/8 in ch in diam eter. Th es e are em er ge nce h oles of t in y powd er post beetl es . H eavil y infested wood may b e compl etel y d estroyed by th e sma ll grubs of t he se hard -back ed beetl es tunn elling dry w ood . P owd er post beetle t u nn els are pa ck ed wit h f ine sa w dust a n d g en erati on after g en eration may deve lop wit h com parativ ely sma ll ext er na l dam age t o woo d . P owd er post beetl es ca n in f est lum ber whil e seasoni ng in th e lum ber yar d a n d suc h lum ber may b e us ed fo r buildings a n d f u r n it ur e without know ledge of infestati on. Months later small hol es and f in e sawdust app ear, b eing th e first signs of da mag e. Frequ ently a leg of a chair, t ab le or a draw er in a chest will co ll a pse with th e w ood b eing completely ea t en by th e gru bs .
Th e adult b eetl e is rarel y se en a nd is ab ou t 1/10 of an inch long. Th e dam age is d on e by th e sm a ll w hite larva e of t hes e be et les.
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Control : Cont ro l m easures s ho uld be gi n at t he fi rst sig ns of powd er post b eetl es. Wh en floo rs, sills an d ot h er hou se stru ct ures a r e infested, t hey sho uld be treated with f ive per cent Pe ntac h lorop he no l. T hi s m ixtu r e can b e ap p lie d to t he su rface of th e wood with a paint brus h 01' s pr a y er. Th er e sho u ld be at lea st two ap p lications t en to f if'teend ays apart . Special care sho u ld b e given ti mb ers w hich show t in y ho les and fresh sawd ust. This chem ical p enetrates th e woo d and t unn els, killing t he ins ects. P a in ti ng 01' va rnis hi ng wood en surfaces w ill prevent eg g la yin g, but suc h trea tm ents w ill n ot k ill t he gr u bs withi n th e w ood.
Recent t ests of so me of th e n ew el' organic insecticid es ha ve s hown promi sing r esults fo r powd er post beetl e co nt ro l, es pe cially in preventi n g infest at ion of n ew t imb er.
A five percent DDT oil spray, whil e not as effective as P entachl orophen ol, may b e us ed on infested f urn it ure or insid e r ooms wh ere th e od or of P entachl orophenol wo u ld be objecti on abl e.
ROACHES AND WATERBUGS
Roa ch es are no cturnal in habit, and hid e during th e day in she lt ere d, dark en ed pl a ces w he re t hey cong re ga te in large numb ers . During th e ni ght t hey come out of hid in g a n d fe ed on vario us foo dstuffs a s well as starch y mat erial s such as boo k b in d ings. Th e offensiv e sickenin g odo r left by roac hes is d ue t o an oi l secret ed by scent glands an d bod y d isc harges, w h ich is left wherever the r oa ch cra wls on dishes , foo dst uffs, et c. This r oach odor is easily r em oved by washing th e a rticles w it h hot so apy w ater.
F ar worse than th e odor of r oach es is th e prob ability that th ey may spread su ch dis eases as tub erculosis 0 1' cho lera, wh ere th ey are a ble t o f eed on in f ecti ve exc re ment a n d s put um . It is commonl y kn own that th ey f eed on human foo d in a ll stages of prep aration. Thus through th eir f eed ing habits r oa ch es hav e exce lle nt op por t unity to spread diseases. It is not n ecessaril y a sign of bad housek eeping f or r oa ch es t o a ppeal' in a dw elling, but w it h th e numb er of exce lle nt r oa ch insect ici de s availabl e, it is a bad housek eeping sign t o let th e r oa ch es r emain.
Control: Roa ch es a re easi ly elim in at ed fr om a build ing
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....--/ j
Figure 6. Th e orien tal cockr oach: A , A d ult [cmalc : B, adu lt male : C, sid e view of female; D, h .all-g roicn roach . Enla rged one-half .
( C ourtesy V .S .D.A. B.E.P.Q.) w h en t h e so urc e of in f est a t ion can be co ntro lled . It is ha r d to k eep loos el y cons t r uct ed buil d ings ent ire ly f r ee of r oaches, a n d con tr ol m easures sho u ld be r esum ed a t th e a p peara nce of th e f irst r oa ch. In Geo rgia, r oa ches m a y d evel op out doo rs and f or this r eason h ou s es may b e r einf ested by r oach es craw ling or fl yin g in . Aft er riddin g a h ou s e of r oa ches, it is n ecessary t o be w atch ful fo r th em on all b ask ets, boxes and ba gs of f ood th at are br ou ght into th e h ou s e. A co m mo n w a y r oa ch es ar e bro ug ht int o a hou s e is with a ba g of Iri sh potatoes. Kill th ese st r ay r oa ch es w ith a fl y swatt er or cr ush th em und erf oot .
So m e r oa ch es breed a n d d evel op in th e a r eas wh ere th ey a r e troubl esom e suc h as th e bathroom or ki t ch en , ot he rs d eve lop in t h e basem ent, st or e r oom s, h eat r eg ist ers a nd ot he r
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damp , warm places . It is ve ry im po r t a nt to treat th e source as w ell as th e h iding places of roach es . Th eil' hid ing place ca n usuall y b e fo und by watching w he re th ey run wh en a light is quickly turned on.
If a heavy inf estation of r oa ch es d ev elops it may aid consid erably in cont r ol to know th e sp ecies of roach involved, This is tru e du e to differences in habits of th e various roa ch es . If id entification cannot be mad e by th e individual, sp ecim ens may be se nt to th e Ge or gia Department of Entomology.
Ch lor da ne : Chlo r da ne has proven to b e th e b est all-round co nt ro l fo r ro a ch es in th e hom e. A tw o t o f ive percent Ch lordan e s pr ay in d eod oriz ed k erosen e 01' som e sim ila r solvent should be spray ed th oroughl y in all cr ac ks, b ehind baseboards, m olding, in and und er kitch en draw ers, around sinks, along all jo ints of kitch en shel ves and ca bine t s, et c. Befor e s pr ay ing, r emove a ll sil verware, ch ina , f ood and food contain ers that might b e cont a m in ate d, As soon as th e spray dri es r eplace china, silverware, et c. The r oa ch es ar e kill ed m erely by contact with th e spray r esidu e.
A f ive 01' six percen t dust may b e us ed in basem ents, b ehind baseb oards, bl own in t o cr ac ks 0 1' crevice s 0 1' in ot her places wh ere th e pres en ce of t he m aterial will not be unsightl y or unsafe.
DDT : A fiv e p erc ent DDT spra y appli ed in th e sam e way as Ch lor da ne will control all roach es exce pt th e water bug or German co ckroach. Ch lor da ne must b e us ed to control this insect.
A t en p ercent DDT dust may b e us ed in th e same m ann er a s fo r a p p lyin g th e Ch lor dane du st.
Sodium Flu orid e: F or years t his m at erial has b een us ed as a control fo r roa ch es. Th e n ewel' or ga nic co m po un ds are m ore effect ive and hav e very largel y r eplaced it as a roa ch contr ol.
Pyrethrum: To contro l roa ch es wh ere th ere is a possibility of contaminating f ood 0 1' cooking utensils or wh ere th e mat erial may create a hazard to humans 01' pets, P yrethrum may b e used. This material is usuall y in com bina t ion w ith pip erony l butoxid e t o in crea se its effective ne ss. P yrethrum s pr ays or du sts must b e used m ore f req ue ntly t ha n Chlo r dane or DDT.
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SILVERFISH
Sil verfish are small wingl ess, silver colore d insects, approximatel y on e-half in ch long wh en f u ll grown , w it h sl end er app endages located at eac h en d of th e bo dy. In most hom es silve rfish ar e fi rs t noticed crawling in bath tubs 0 1' ot her places from which th ey ca n not esc a pe, 0 1' wh en stor ed pap ers or books ar e sudd enl y m ov ed . Thes e small pr im it ive insects ca use damag e t o bo okbindings, wall pap er , starch ed cl othing, ra yon a n d sim ila r g oods. Th ey ar e noctu rnal in h a bit and do m ost of th eir dama g e in dark pl a ces. Rayon drap eri es w hich have sma ll h ol es app earing along th e fo lds a n d s eams have usu ally been atta ck ed by sil verfi sh. Si zing eate n off bookbindings 01' wallpap er com in g loose from th e wall ; st a rc he d cotto n 0 1' rayon dr ess es in whi ch m inute h ol es a p pe a l', are evi d enc es of dam age don e b y this p est. Sil verfish pref er damp , warm, dark places t o liv e, and prob abl y th e r ecent d ecrease of this ins ect is du e t o b etter built and b et el' h eated hous es.
Control: Sprays: A f ive p ercent DDT spr ay appl ied t o a ll pl a ces wh ere sil verfish a re ob s erved will g ive efficie nt co nt ro l of this ins ect. A t en p ercent DDT du st may also be us ed .
Two to fi v e p ercent Chlord a ne sprays w h en sprayed th oroughl y will also control silverfish. A fiv e 0 1' six p er cent Ch lor dan e dust may also b e us ed.
Wh ere th ere is danger of cont a m in a t ing foo dst uffrs 0 1' utensils, us e a spra y 0 1' dust cont a ini n g pyr ethrum.
Poison Ba it: In th e hom e sil verfish ca n b e eas ily co nt ro lle d b y th e us e of a starchy poison . A go od bait ca n b e mad e as fo llo ws:
Flour, I 1j2 cups White Arsenic, 1;.'1. t easpoonful
Granulated sugar, % t easpoonful Salt, 11/. t ea sp oonful
Water to make paste
Mix fl our, white arsenic, sugar anel salt t og eth er, th en a d d water t o mak e paste, h eating if n ecess a r y. Put half t easp oon of this starchy paste on small squares of ca r db oa r d and place wh ere sil v erfish have b een noticed . Ca r ds should b e put in out -of-t he -w ay pl ac es so th ey can b e left ind efinit el y. Bookca se s, bureau draw ers, on top of close t sh el ves , and storage
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box es in th e att ic a n d basem ent a re g ood plac es to pu t th e poi son . If rayon drap eri es have been injured , a small ca r d of th e starc hy po ison ca n b e pinn ed in a fo ld of th e drap eri es or p la ced on windo w sills b ehind th em. It is a dvisa b le to wr ite, "Silve r fis h P ois on " on eac h ca r d so ot hers will know wh a t it is. This ba it is al so poison ou s t o ot he r animal s a n d sho u ld b e place d so that pet s a n d chi ldre n ca n not eat it .
TERMITES A swarm of "fly ing ants," app earing in th e hous e som e warm day during t he ea rly s pr ing or middl e summ er is usu ally th e f irst in d ica t ion th e h ou s ek eeper has that th e house is infeste d an d possib ly b eing damaged b y t ermit es . Ev en th en , th e insects are oft en r egard ed as on ly t emporary nuisan ce a n d
.. . ..' ~ .,
Fig u re 7. W inged adult termit e. E nla rged / 0 tim es. (Uo urt esy U .S.D.A . B. E.P.Q~ )
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Fig u re 8 . A ico rk c r term ite an d a tcorkcr a lit . 'Tr rm itcs a re easily d istingu ish ed fr o m an ts by h auin g 11 0 bod y rest ric t io ns an d d il j c rcnt an tenn ae,
a re s pr aye d with fl y spray , drowned wi th boiling w ater a n d s wept up, or allo w ed t o disp erse naturally. No m ore th ou ght is gi ven th e matter un til th e perfor m a nce is r ep eated t h e fo llowing season .
Us ua lly th e "flyi ng a nts" lea ve t heir nests an d wo r k th eir w ay u p into th e h ou se, or fi nding crac ks in fo un dation wa lls a n d conc rete porches, m a y swarm directl y on t h e out sid e , In so me cases a pil e of brok en- of f wings is th e only sign t he hou sek eep er has that a t er m ite s wa r m has OCCUlTed , The insects are black a n d ant-li k e, with clea r narrow win gs ab out t w ice as lon g as th e bod y , Th e w ings a re easily brok en off whi ch a ccounts for f inding pil es of ca st of f wings a r ou n d em er ge nce cr ac ks a ft er t he ins ects have a ll di sapp eared .
Th es e insects ar e t ermites a n d not a nts, but becaus e th ey a re som ew hat ant-lik e in app earan ce and beca us e th e white work ers live in large co loni es or n ests in th e ground or in w ood , th ey are often ca lle d " w hite ants" or "wood lice" and th e winged fo rm "flying a nts."
Th ere are three t yp es of t ermites, whi ch in clud e nearly 2,000 di ff erent sp eci es fo u n d in th e world . Th e subterranean
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or soil-nesting termite is th e most com m on t yp e found in Georgia, and this will b e th e onl y t yp e discuss ed in this bu ll etin. In the southernmost part of the state may be found some of th e dry wood termites or non-subterranean t yp e. This t yp e is not of great econ om ic importance in G eorgia . Th e third t yp e occurs onl y in th e tropics and build m ounds in which it mak es its n est. T h es e do not oc cu r in G eorgia .
T ermites f eed on wood and other ce ll ulose materials and ca n do an incalculable amount of damage b y d estr oying th e su p por t s, timb ers and fl ooring in bui ld ings as we ll a s sto r ed m aterials su ch as books, shoes, cloth , rugs, etc . T ermite dama ge is different from " dry-r ot." Timb er r ots, suc h as " dr yrot, " ar e often f ound in damp , unv entil ated places, th e w ood h a ving chec ks and cr ac ks and b eing punk y . H ow ever, this diff ers from t ermite injury whi ch consist s of h ollowed-out cha m be r s, longitudinal gall eries or tunn els m ad e by th e insects. Both t ermite and rot injury can be prevented.
Hab it s o f Termites: T ermite coloni es, which may numb er from on ly a f ew ins ects to t ens of thousands, ar e co m pose d of individuals of s ev eral forms, principal am ong which ar e th e r eprod uctiv e forms , th e work ers, and th e soldi ers, together with th e you ng of all of th es e. Eggs are lai d not onl y b y th e qu een, which found ed th e colony, but by other wingl ess f emal es which d ev elop later. Th e work ers wh ich out n um be r all ot he r f orms mak e tunn els in th e soil, excav ate gall eri es in wood , carry moistur e wh en n ecess ary, ca re for th e eg gs a n d young (although th e young ar e active and ca pable of f eeding
F ig u re 9 . W ork er t er m ites [o u n d by t earing away a portion of in f est ed timb er . E nlar g ed 2 tim es.
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F igure / 0. T y p ical m ud t u n ncls of te rm it es att e m p tin g to reach gro u n d m oistu re fro m u n d c r st ruc t u re.
th emsel ves ve ry so on a ft er hatching) , and p erform suc h ot he r tasks as are n ec essary f or th e life of th e colony.
Subterran ean t ermit es live und ergroun d 01' in d amp w ood, whi ch t hey m a y m oisten w ith w at er sec ure d f rom th e soil. All m embers of th e colony exc e pt th e f u lly d ev el op ed r eprodu cti v e form s ar e whit e 0 1' light colored and so thin-ski nn ed that ex posu re t o th e out sid e ail' will in a s h or t tim e ca use th eir d eath through th e ev aporat io n of m oistu r e . Co lo ni es existi n g in wo od ab ov e g r ound will di e if th eir co nt a ct with m oistur e is cut . This is on e of th e principal m ethods us ed in co nt r oll ing infestati ons in buildings . T ermites s h u n th e light a n d wh en th ey en cou nter so me obj ect a b ove th e ground too hard to b e p en etrated , th ey cons t r uct over it s s ur f ace s he lt er tub es 0 1' tunn el s mad e of ea r t h a n d bits of w ood , p erm itting t r a vel t o th e woo d b eyond . These s h e lter tub es often ai d in loca ting th e so ur c e of in f est ation. In so m e ca ses, t u b es fo u n d ha n gi ng p erpend icu lail y f r om th e Limbers ab ove s ho w wh ere t ermites hav e b een cut off f ro m th eir su p ply of m oisture and hav e att empted t o r e- est ablish a co nn ec t ion wi t h th e g ro un d . Such t ub es a r e r arel y m ore than a f oot or 18 in c h es lon g , a n d if t h e so il is n ot r ea che d within t h a t di st an ce , th e in sects a p parently g iv e up th e a ttem pt 0 1' di e b efore co m plet in g it.
T erm it es work t hro ugh th e soi l searc h in g fo r woo d on w h ich to f ee d . Wo od r est in g on th e surfa ce of t h e soi l is r ead ily e nte red and th e interi or p orti on eaten out. T ermites ca r ef u lly r ef r a in from e a t in g through to th e out sid e , sinc e th ey mu st co ns erv e m oisture in t h e w ood to exist . Th e r em a ini ng s h e ll ,
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often less than 1/8 in ch in thickn ess , giv es no ext er n a l evidenc e of inf estation ; th erefore, su sp ected w oodwork should be pound ed 01' prob ed t o d etermin e its co n ditio n , S MA LL HOLES, FROM WHI CH FINE SAWDUST IS PROTRUDED, ARE NOT SIGNS OF TERMITES, BUT OF ANOTHER 'VOOD-BORING INSE CT , THE POWDER POST BEETLE. (See Page 19) ,
T ermites ma y ext en d th eir galleri es in th e woodwork as fa r as th e sec ond floor if th ey are abl e to secure water t o maintain a moist condition in their workings. Excavation of th e w ood usuall y fo llows t h e so fter layers and sheets of th e " grai n" 01' hard er parts a r e left, All var ieties of wo od comm on ly used in Georgia are su bject to t ermite atta ck , unl ess it is thoroughl y che m ica lly t rea t ed .
In t he spring, a n d occ asio na lly at ot he r tim es, larg e nu mbers of winged m al es and fe m a les are produc ed , and th ese , th e "flying ants, " swarm out of some conveni ent op ening in th e n est. Th eil' bodi es are' black and much hard er than a ny of th e und erground fo r ms so that th ese indi viduals ca n live in th e dri er outside air. N ew co lonies are started by a pail' of t he winged ins ects which have found a favorabl e place t o lay eg gs, and such colonies grow sl owly fo r sever a l year s. Very f ew of th e n ew colonies surv ive , sin ce m any of th e swarm ing insect s become th e prey of natural ene m ies. Not m an y of th em su cc eed in finding sit es for new n ests, whi ch mu st h a ve th e n ecessary fo od, moi sture a n d protection a ga inst th eir ene m ies. New infestatio ns a r e ge n er a lly du e t o th e ext ension of som e olde r colony n eal' by .
Sw arms of " fly in g ants" are not cons idere d dangerou s in th em selves but such swar ms do in d ica t e t h e presen ce of a stro ng co lony of t ermi t es whi ch should be located a n d tr eat e d imm e d iate ly . Lik ewise, th e finding of work ers in wo odwork which is being r epaired 0 1' r eplaced call for inv estigation a n d steps w hich will preven t th e r ecu r r enc e of t h e t ro ub le.
Control for Termites: T ermite co nt ro l, as a rul e, is n eit her ea sy nor ch ea p, but is ea sier and ch ea per than const a nt r ep a ir.
Th e basic principl e of co nt ro l is th e insulation of w oodwor k fro m t he ground an d , th er ef ore, fro m th e t ermi t es . This pra cti ce may be suppl em ented by th e us e of che m ica ls as soil poisons,
No t wo in f estati on s a r e exa ct ly a like, and fo r that r ea son no
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set of r ecomm end a ti on s ca n be g iven th a t would b e effe ct ive in a ll cases and not b e exc essive and wastefu l in m any. Each case mu st b e stu di ed , w ith th e h ab it s of t h e ins ects and th e cont r ol principl es in min d, and th en m ethod s of treatment empl oyed whi ch see m to best fit th e con dit ions a s fo und .
Wh eth er th e in f estati on is only sus pecte d, 0 1' has b een d efinit ely indicated by th e app earan ce of " fly ing ants" 0 1' th e f in d ing of ot h er fo r ms , t h e first st ep is a th orou gh inspect ion und er th e building t o locate t h e colony . Fo r this w ork a h amm el', scre w d r iver a nd fl as hlig ht 01' ex te ns ion co rd are suggest ed . T he actua l ti m e of emer ge nce of a swarm of "flying a nts " m a y n ot occupy m or e t h a n 15 01' 30 minutes, b ut is ofte n h elpful in locatin g th e n est . La cking this f eature, t h e b asem ent s ho uld b e carefu lly exa m ine d for wood in co ntact with t he ground , fo r ea r t h s h elter tu b es ov er walls, a n d f or dama ged t imb ers, r em emb ering that w oodwork will not sh ow ext erna l evide nce of inf estati on but m ust be thump ed 01' sound e d fo r interi or damage.
AT THE P RESEN T TIME THERE IS NO TREATME NT KNOW N T O BE PERMANE NTLY EFFE CTIVE IN PREVENT IN G TERMITE DA MA GE TO THE WOOD IN BU ILDINGS EX CE PT CONST RUC T I ON OR RE CONSTRUCTION W H I CH W ILL EFFE CTIVELY INSULATE THE W O ODWORK FROM THE GR OUND. Ch em ica l treatm ent s ho uld b e cons id er ed on ly as a suppl em entary treatm ent fo ll owing th e r econ str uction . Wh ere r econstru ction is impracti cal, propel' ch em ica l treatm ent, which should gi ve protection for sever a l y ears, is r ec omm end ed. With t h e ab ove in mind, sug gestions on t r eat ing so m e of t he vario us t yp es of inf estati on s are given .
A . S tru c tural : Ma ny infestatio ns will b e fo u n d to b e conf in ed to sc raps of boards, fi r ewood 0 1' old lumb er lying on t h e groun d, an d st um ps 0 1' ot he r wood in th e gro u nd, with no infe st a tio n of th e h ou se timb ers. Th e r em oval of this m atter gen erally t ak es ca re of suc h an infestat ion . Th e ground und er th e buildin g shou ld b e rak ed clea n and th e r efuse burn ed. Firew ood shou ld not b e a llow ed t o r emain on th e ground or flo or fo r long period s, bu t sho u ld be elevate d on so m e so lid su p por t such a s masonry, con cr ete 01' iro n , wh ere it will k eep dry . Even h er e, it sho u ld not b e k ep t t oo lon g. Ol d lum ber s hould b e stor ed in a ra ck su s pen ded fro m th e ti m b ers above.
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Stumps should be r emoved, if possible , but this is sometimes impractical if th ey are d eeply buri ed by fills 01' cov ered with a concrete floor. In such cases th ey can be allow ed to r emain, bearing in mind th e fa ct that they constitute a p erman ent m enac e and that wh en finall y consumed the t ermites that th ey hav e harbored will mak e d etermined effor t s t o invad e th e wo odwork of th e house before dying out or b eing forc ed to mov e.
N ext in d egree of importanc e are probably th e infestations originating in wood en supports, eit he r t emporary 01' suppos ed ly permanent; cellar stairs, partition walls, window fr ames and other sim ila r structures whi ch exte n d fr om th e ground 0 1' n eal' th e ground to th e timb ers ab ov e and whi ch afford id eal m eans of ac cess to th es e timb ers, Su ch supports sh ould be r emoved and wh ere n ecessary r eplaced with masonry, concrete or iron, or if wood is us ed , it should be set on an IS-inch base of such material. Board or fib er partition wa lls should lik ewise be set up on som e base, and m etal window fram es s hou ld b e substituted f or wood en on es wh ich come cl os e to t he ground line, eit her insid e or out .
Th e infestation in th e timb ers or flooring ab ov e th es e " le a ds" will not, as a rul e, r equire furth er tr eatm ent, Wh en . t ermites ar e cut off from th eir supply of soil moistur e they will dry up and di e, Th ey may attempt to span th e intrud ed in sulating materi al with ea rth sh elter tub es, both f ro m above and bel ow, and th es e should be s we pt d own as ofte n as t he y app eal' until th e build ers are di scouraged , An application of cre osote h ere is often effective as a r ep ell ent.
Another manner in which termit es gain acc ess to woodwork, a type of infestation fo und most oft en in dark, damp places und er buildings and particularly wh en th e foundation walls are low, is by ea r t h sh elter tub es built ove r th e f oun d at ion wall , Treatm ent of such a case sh ould includ e providing additi onal ventilation until th e Governm ent r ecommendation of tw o square fe et of venti lator op ening pel' ea ch tw enty lin eal f eet of wall is attained. It should b e noted that ventilation alone is not suffici ent, but is h elpful. The sh elter tub es should b e k ept down, and th e ground along th e wall treated with on e of th e in secticid es d escrib ed later. The tr eatment of all th e so il und er a building is impracti cal and is not r ecommend ed ,
Treatm ent of infestations in sills lying next to concrete or
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til e p or ch es present th e gre a test di ffi culty. Th e d irt fi ll und er su ch porch es a llo ws th e t ermites t o r ea dil y ente r su ch timb ers, w hile th e r ep airman is fa ce d with a di ffi cult a nd cost ly j ob of gain ing ac cess t o th em.
On e pl an is t o remove th e sills fro m th e ins ide and r eplace th em with che m ically-t reate d sills wh ich a re immune t o atta ck .
Hardl y a s satisf actor y is th e me t ho d of ope n ing up t h e co ncrete por ch fl oor al ong th e sill on th e outside a n d appl yin g a rich conc rete mixture whi ch w ill effectu a lly sea l th e woo d , a t all points, f ro m th e ea r t h of th e f ill. P erfect co ntact, w ith n o cr ac ks betw een th e co nc rete and th e sill a nd upp er part of th e f ou n d a t ion w all, mu st b e sec ure d. It is possibl e th at a co nc re te fo r m w h ic h w ould h old liquid asph altum aga ins t the f ace of th e f ound ation w all and th e sill w ould b e m or e sat isf ac to ry . Metal shi eld s are h el pful in su ch sit ua t ions. The sh ie ld should b e of a n on- corrosive m etal an d pl a ced on or in th e fo un d a tio n betw een th e soi l level and th e woo d stru ctures. Th e shie ld sh ould exte n d at least t w o in ch es ove r eac h si de of th e fo un d a tio n .
A better plan is t o tr eat th e d ir t fill with P enta chl oro ph enol , a chem ica l discussed und er " Ch emi cals f or T ermite Cont ro l." This is d on e b y r em oving a section of th e conc rete n ext t o th e fo un d a t ion or by drilling h ol es through th e con crete down t o th e d irt with a st ar-face d drill, at tw o f eet intervals adja cent t o th e sills. An ir on r od should th en be us ed t o mak e hol es in th e d irt fill a lo ng th e fo un d a tio n . N evel' exte n d th es e h ol es bel ow th e t op of th e f ootings. P our fi ve percent P enta chl or oph en ol through th es e hol es into th e dirt a t th e rate of two gallons f or eac h five lineal' f eet of f ill to be tr eated . The ho les ca n th en b e fill ed wi t h a littl e m ortar. If prop erl y t r eated t hi s sh ould last at least f ive ye ars.
Co nc rete or bri ck wo r k us ed fo r protecti on aga ins t t ermites must b e of goo d q ua lity . T ermit es a r e natu rall y fitt ed for dig ging th ei r w ay throu gh hard gro u n d, a nd th ey h ave littl e d iff'c u lty in pe ne trat ing crum bly m ortal' or concrete. So meti m es th ey w ork th eir w a y up t o th e w oo dw ork throu gh poor f oun d ati on w alls, cracks in w a lls or a long th e cavit ies of h ollow til e. Treatm ent of su ch cases r equi r es th e fi lli ng of cracks w it h ce me nt or as p h a lt a n d th e ca p ping of th e wall w it h a la y er of imp er vi ous conc re te. It is not n ecessar y t o j a ck up
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the ho use to do this- a few bricks at a tim e can be remov ed from th e top ti er and th e concrete p lac ed .
B. Chemicals for Termite Control : CREOSOTE f or t ermite control is us eful principally for impregnating wood . Wood properly treated at a creosote plant seems to be permanently immun e to t ermite damage or rot and th is wood may b e us ed in loca ti ons wh ere su ch pro t ection is n ecessary. Painting cr eosote on timb ers is not effe ctive, a lthough a d egree of im m unity that may last sev eral ye a rs can be secu r ed by app lying fi ve h eavy coa ts, with prop er drying interva ls , to ev ery sur f ace of th e timb er.
Cr eos ote is a lso us ed as a r ep ell ent on wa lls over which t ermites are building sh elt er tubes, and is fr eq u ently h elpfu l but not a lways ent ire ly effecti ve for this p urpos e. It is a lso us ed , di luted with three parts of k erosen e, for treating th e soil and is of som e va lu e in this con n ection , b ut not perman ently so . The odors f rom small q uantities of creosote us ed about a b uilding are not obj ectionabl e, but f ro m la r g e quantiti es ar e d ecid edly unp leasant and may r emain so for a consid erab le p eriod.
PENT ACHLOROPHENOL: is b eing us ed as a wood pres ervativ e and soil poison for t ermite contro l. T h e od or of this material is not obj ectionab le . P entachloroph enol m a y b e purchase d as a concent r a te or in a r ead y-to-us e fiv e p ercent form . If the concentrate is us ed it should be di luted with n umber tw o fu el or Di es el oil to mak e a fiv e p erc ent so lution. This materia l r ead ily penetrates th e gro und and is toxic to t ermites. P entachloroph enol sh ould b e appli ed as a soil p ois on at th e rate of fiv e to ten gallons fo r ea ch t en linear f eet of tren ch, th e sp ecific amount d ep ending on th e d epth of th e trench. In ce r t a in situati ons it ma y b e of some val ue t o treat th e wood as a supp lement t o th e soi l poison . F ive Pe r ce nt P entachlor oph en ol app li ed thoro ugh ly to th e wood by spra ying or w ith a paint brush may be us ed for this purpose. This shou ld be re pe a te d thr ee tim es with an ad equate p eriod b etw een tr eat m ents to a llow for comp lete drying. P entach loroph eno l sho u ld not be used aro und op en fl am es as it is inflammab le. Th e m at erial m a y b e irritating t o th e hands so rubb er glov es sho uld be wo rn .
SODIUM ARSENITE: has long b een us ed as a soi l poison
32

f or t ermites and is odo r les s, non-inflammable and r elativel y ch ea p . It is us ed as a t en percent sol ution and can be purchased as a powd er 0 1' as a con centrated liquid. The powd er is diluted by adding on e gallon of water t o each on e pound of Sodi um arsenite. As this material is water solub le it should not be used around w ell s 0 1' springs. This m aterial is also r eadil y abs orb ed by p lants, whi ch wi ll r esult in th eir d eath . T en per cent sodium arsenit e s ho uld be us ed at t he rate of t wo to f oul' gallons for ea ch t en lin eal' f eet of trench. This material is a viol ent poison to warm-b lood ed animals and should be use d w it h caution.
DDT diluted with a numb er two fuel oil is one of th e n ew er and b etter mat erials fo r us e as a soil poison . It is r ead ily availabl e, ea sy t o hand le and d oes not hav e an obj ectionabl e od or. DDT m a y be p urc hase d as a liqu id conc entrate 0 1' a s a wettabl e p owd er. The liquid concentrate is preferred as it is more easily mix ed. A tw enty-fiv e percent DDT em u lsion sh ould be d iluted by mixing one part t o fo ul' parts of a number two fu el oil. Th e mixture is then appli ed at th e rate of fo ul' t o eig ht gall ons fo r each t en lin ear fee t of t r en ch.
CHLORDANE is a highly promising materia l n ow b ein g t ested as a soil po iso n fo r t ermite con trol. The len gth of t im e Ch lor da ne will af f ord protection is not ye t known so this mat eria l is not r ecomm end ed for gen eral t ermite co nt ro l. Wh ere t ermit e cont ro l work mu st b e don e a ro und living pl ants a n d th e r em oval of th ese plants is not practical, Ch lor dane may b e used. This mat erial dilute d wit h wate r w ill not inj ure pla nt lif e. On e pint of a f or ty-five percent Chlor da ne em u lsion m ixed with ten gallons of water s hould be us ed at the rate of fo ul' to eig ht gallons fo r eac h t en lin eal' feet of tren ch.
COPPER NAPHTHENATE painted 01' sprayed on sills and othe r wo od parts may be used as a su p p leme nt t o th e soil tr eatment. At lea st two lib era l appli cations should be mad e with sufficie nt tim e in between t o a llow fo r co m plete dryin g . In areas wh ere it is d esirabl e t o r epaint th e treated w ood as quickly as p ossibl e, this material sh ould be us ed in pref eren ce t o P entachlorophen ol 0 1' Creosote.
H ow To Apply Soil Poisons : Materials r ec omm end ed fo r so il pois ons should b e appli ed in a tr ench a lo ng t he f oundati on wall. Th e application of th e toxicant to th e ent ire SUl"-
33

fac e of t he so il und er th e hou se is not necessary or effective. Many infestat ions are confine d t o co mparatively sm a ll un its of th e structure, a n d it is b el ieved th at inte nsive "spo t tr ea tm ent s" of t hese po ints and of a safety factor zone aro und t h em wo uld be eq ua lly effective and m ore econom ica l.
Th e t re nc h sho u ld b e d ug a long t he interi or s urface w he rever possib le . If th e soi l line is consid erab ly high er along t he exterior of t he fo un dation a t r enc h sho uld a lso be du g in th is locati on . F or sha llow fo un dations th e tr en ch sho ul d be d ug one-ha lf th e dist an ce to t h e top of t he footings . W here t he fo u ndation is deep t h e t rench sho uld be at lea st t hi rty inc he s deep. An a lter nat ive tr eatm en t fo r d eep fo un dat ions is to di g t he tr enc h a pp rox imately fift een in ch es deep a nd th en m ak e a seri es of ho les usin g a cr owba r or a sim ilar too l, eve ry tw elve in ch es t o th e t op of th e foo ti ngs . The trenc h in a ll cases s ho u ld be as wi de as t he shove l. The insecticid e t o be used s hou ld t he n be app lied at t h e proper rate . Ap ply on e h al f t h e m a t eri al in th e bottom of th e tren ch , r epl a ce one hal f t he so il a n d a p ply th e r em a ind er of t he mater ial. Th e r emaining so il shou ld t he n be rep laced . W here h ol es are m a d e a long the trenc h a p ply one h al f the material in t he ho les and t he remai ning half a ppli ed in la yers as th e so il is re place d.
Thes e instructio ns are gen eral in natu r e an d ma ny adaptati on s may be r equired t o fit in d ivi dua l sit uations.
Termite Exterminating Companies: It is possib le fo r a ho m e ow ner to t r eat his own hom e if he is wi lling to tak e th e n ecessa ry pains a nd t h or ou ghly und erst and th e task co nfro nting h im , If for a ny reaso n h e does not care to do this, t h ere a r e a numb er of reliab le exter m ina t ing co mpani es whos e services a r e ava ilab le, These co m panies are not u nd er Stat e r egu latio ns a n d th e hom e ow ne r s ho uld satisfy himsel f as to th eir competence and r eliability before contracting fo r th eir services. Such treatm ent sho uld em br a ce th e r em oval of stumps, litter a n d vu lne ra ble woo dwork wh ere possibl e a nd th e pr ovidi ng of adequate venti lation, fo llowed by ch emica l treatm ent of th e soi l ad j a cent to fo undatio ns near infestations a nd und er f ille d por ch es or t erra ces. W e hav e not been co nvi nc e d that t h e t r ea tm en t of th e entir e und er- part of a bu ild ing is a lways, 01' ev en usu all y, n ecessary .
34

TICKS AND SCORPIONS
Th e Am erican dog tick , a lso known as th e wood tick, is a dangerous pest of human b eings b ecause it ca n ca r ry Ro ck y Mountain Sp otted F ev er and may cause a con d it ion known as tick paralysis. Altho ugh this tick normally f eeds on dogs and ot h er anima ls, it may attach itse lf to p ersons wa lk ing in ta ll grass 01' wo od ed a r eas 01' may b e ca rrie d int o th e ho m e on clothing or on pets.
After visiting w oods or oth er areas wh ere ti cks may occur exa m ine th e body ca ref u lly , es pe cia lly th e h a il' of th e h ead. If t icks ar e fo und t h ey s ho u ld b e r emov ed pro mptly . I n r emoving ticks be carefu l not t o cr us h th em . Th e ti cks should b e g ently pul led out usin g fo rce ps if avai labl e. If th e m ou thparts of th e tick are left em be d de d in th e skin th ey should b e r emoved . Th e area of t h e bite sho u ld b e painted with iodin e .
Another sp eci es of ti ck, th e brown dog tick , m a y b ecome ;.~ hou seho ld p es t if brought into th e h om e by p ets. Th is ti ck may spend its ent ire lif e insid e th e h ou s e.
Nativ e G eorgia sco rpi ons a loe n ot know n to b e carriers of diseas e a nd th eir bite is of minor importanc e. T h ey us ua lly b ecom e p ests onlv in h om es built on n ew ly cle a re d w ood land .
Control : Much can be done toward control by keeping pets fre e of ticks, k eeping un d er bru sh cl eared out, grass mow ed a n d by t h e us e of ce r t a in in s ect icid es in tick infes t ed areas, A 5 p ercent DDT d ust at one-h a lf po und p el' 1,000 sq . ft. or a 5 p ercent water base s pr a y is effe ctive . Ch lo r d a ne 0 1' Lin dan e may also b e us ed. Applications sho uld b e mad e es pecia lly to v egetation a long roads or trai ls as tic ks ofte n congr egate in t h es e areas .
Scorpions may b e con t ro lle d somewhat by spraying w ith a five p erc ent DDT oil s p r ay. Much ca n b e don e t oward controlling scorpions bv r emoving their breeding and hiding p lac es . Rocks , logs and oth er debris s ho u ld b e r emov ed at least f'rom t h e imm ediat e area aro und th e ho us e.

UN IVERSITYOFGE ORGIA

Bulletin 101

MAY 1 8 ~r.; 4
LI BRARI ES

December, 1953

AN NUAL REPORT

Department of Entomology

July 1, 1952 - June 30, 1953

Normal and Phony Peach at Harvest

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C . H. Alden, Director

State Capitol

Atlanta , Georgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P age

Letter of T ransmitt al ..

._ . _. ._

.

3

In t r odu ction

:.

.. _..

4

Cooperative Proj ects . .

.__.._. _._ ._

.. .

4

Atlanta Offic e __.. _.

._. __ _.

.. __ 5

White-Fringed B eetl e Eradication _____ ___ .__

._.. .. .. 5

Sw eet Potato W eevi l Eradication __ .._. . _.. __..

.. 9

Tomato Plant Certification

._ ....._. . _... ....__ 10

Sw eet Potato P la nt Certification .... . _. . ___ _____ ___ __

12

Bee Inspectio n a nd Certification _. _.__ __ .__ ___ __

16

Tifton Laboratory __ ..

.._. . .__

P ensions and Transfers __. . . .

. .__.

17
:1 8

Phony P each Disease Control. .. __ .. __ .

.

18

Nursery Inspection and Ce rtif'ication.

_. __

18

Fruit P est Laboratory

..

. . __ __ ___ ____

19

G en era l P est Contro l ..

.._. .

. . 20

Japan es e Beetl e Eradication _..__ _ __ _ _

21

Insect and P lant Disease Identification

22

Registration and Economic Poisons and Devices

23

Quarantin es Against Serio us Pests __ __

23

P ub licati ons a nd E xhibits

.__ _ _. __

_ 2'1

Summary of Activiti es

24

In com e and Disbursem ents

26

F ront Co ve r- No r m a l and Ph ony P each at Harvest

Back Cove r- E xh ibits at So uth eastern Fail'

T o th e H on orabl e, H erman E. Talma dge, Governo r of Georgia, a n d l\Iemb ers of th e G en eral Ass embl y:
I h av e th e h on or t o submit, h erewith, th e annual r ep ort of t h e Geo r gia D epartm ent of Entom ol ogy f or th e f isc a l ye a r , Julv 1, 1952 - Jun e 30, 195 3.
R es pectfull y submitted ,
C.!l.~
Director of Entomolo'lT
C. H. Ald en

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
Th e D epa rtm ent of Ent om ol og y f u nc tio ns und er th e Entom ology A ct of 19 37 , th e Bee Dis ease Law of 1 920 as am end ed in 1947, a n d th e E con omi c P oisons A ct of 195 0. It is th e on ly agen cy in th e state with pow ers t o enf'or ce q ua ra nti ne s aga inst dan g erous insects and plant dis eas es a n d t o in sp ect a n d certi fy plants and plant produ cts as fr ee f ro m noxi ous in sects and plant dis eases; it is al so th e only state age ncy fo r in sp ecting and ce r t ify ing b ees . Th e Direct or fun ct ions j oint ly w ith th e Comm issioner of Agricu lture on th e r egistrati on and sa le of eco nom ic poisons and d evi ces .
Sinc e 1943 , th e work and servi ces perform ed by th e D epartm ent hav e greatl y ex pa n de d . In that ye a r, th ere w ere seventeen permanent em ployees, and th e Department s pe nt about $70,000 .00 and th e F ed eral Gov ernm ent s pe nt ab out $57,000 .00 on co ope r a t ive proj ects in th e state. T en ye a r s la t er there were thirty-two em p loyees and th e stat e sp ent about $185,000 .00 on th e va r ious proj ects whil e th e F ed era l Go vernment increased its sp end ing on the coope r a tive projects to $245,000.00. A consid erabl e proportion of th e inc re a se in spending was caused b y th e finding of th e White-Fringed Beetl e in th e State in 1946, and placing all known infested prop erti es und er State and F ed eral quarantin e to prevent further spread.
Funds ex pen d ed b y th e D epartm ent for th e ye a r e nd ing J un e 30, 1953, w ere $171,456.18 , as compared with $ 185, 278.48 spent for th e pr evio us fiscal year. The la bor at or y at Tifton was com p lete d , and a n ew proj ect, ca b ba ge pl ant and seed testing and ce rt if ica ti on , start ed .
A summary of activities (with map and ill ustrati on s) is g iven for th e va r ious pr oj ects and d etail ed r eports ar e a vail abl e for publi c inform ati on at th e Department's offi ce in th e State Ca pit ol. Work was performed in 157 count ies, with fr om on e to eig ht proj ects in eac h cou nty on insect a n d plant di seas e contr ol.
COOPERATIVE PROJ ECTS
Proj ects carried on within th e state in coo p erati on with th e United States Bureau of Entomology and P lant Quarantin e w ere as follows: white-fringed b eetl e, sw eet potato w ee vil, and Japan ese beetl e er a dic a t ion; phony p each dis eas e control; pink bol lworm , go ld en n ematod e, imported fir e ant and ca m ellia flow er blight scouting, a n d g en eral ins ect and plant disease surveys .
4

ATLANTA OFFICE
Th e D epartm ent's main off ice is in th e State Ca pit ol with fie ld offices and lab oratories in Corne lia a n d Ti fton, and coope r at ive project office s in East Point, Al pharetta, Monticello, Fitzgerald , Macon, Eastman , Dublin, Sand ersvill e , Ogl et hor pe . Statesb or o, Wayn esbor o, and F ort Vall ey .
Du ri ng th e year th e Atl anta office had 7 ,014 in coming t el ephon e ca lls; 2,271 visito rs; wrote 14 ,15 3 letters; mail ed out neail v 20 ,000 pack a g es and bull etins ; m ad e 1,062 insp ections of pa rc el post and ex press shipm ents of pla nt products ; and iss ue d ce r tificates, t ap e, licen s es a n d ot her in f ormation t o farmers and oth ers a s f oll ow s: 580,400 yar ds of sw eet potato t a pe; 2,000, 000 tomato plant ce r ti fic a tes ; 440, 000 nurs ery ce r tific ate tags ; 2,500 sw eet potato tags ; 34, 000 pack age b ee ce r t if ica t es ; 15 ,000 qu een bee ce r t if ica tes; 70 ,000 cabbage cert ifica te s; 100,000 mim eograph and multigraph circulars; 50,000 soft- bo d ie d plant stick ers; and 10,000 miscellaneous nurserv , sweet potato and cotto n seed certificates .
In addition, th e Atlanta office prepares th e quarterly budgets ; pays sa la ry, m il eage, ex pe nse and supply bills ; fil es re cor ds of insp ection and r eports; prints an d distributes tags, tap e a n d ce r t ifi cates ; k eeps a com ple te set of books with a dail y r ecord of all transactions ; prepares and distributes quarantin es , r egulations and bull etins; issu es nursery , bee, and ot he r lic enses; and maintains th e D epartm ent's insect coll ection and library.
WHITE-FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a coop erative proj ect betw een th e Departm ent and th e U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and both a state and Federal quarantin e is enf or ce d on this insect, and parts of 53 counties in th e State are known to b e inf ested . Th e quarantin e has be en in f or ce since 1946, and by che m ica l tr eatments of th e infested lands has pr evented serious spread of this insect, eradicated it from some areas, and greatlv r educed its abundance in many parts of th e state , so that no serious crop losses occurred in 1953 .
A peak of 47 F ed eral and State em ployees w ere assigned to this work in Georgia, with 32 of th es e being permanently assign ed. Infestations have been found in 60 counties, but only 53 now support active infestations. The following counti es h av e be en r eleased from quarantine restrictions : Clay, Clayt on , Effingham, Habersham, Muscogee, Spalding, and Troup. In addition there are 8 isolated areas in which no beetl es hav e been found for the past thre e years, but they are lo cated in counties which have other active infestations.
During the ye a r n ew infestations were found involving
5

abo ut 16 0 a cr es in six cou nt ies pr evi ou s ly inf ested . A ne w co u nty fo u n d infest e d f or th e f ir st ti m e was Han cock in a sma ll ' a r ea in th e City of Sp a r ta , At pr es e nt 56,64 8 a cres in t he Stat e a re cla ss ed as in f ested , a lt hough durin g 195:3 , no sp ec im ens were fo u nd on :3 1,08 5 a cres . Of t he r em a ining ac r es , ligh t pop u la t ions ex ist on 20,29 1 a cr es 0 1' 3 6 I I : m od erate po pulat ion s on 4,4 77 ac r-es 0 1' 8 I, ; : a n d h ca vv po pu lat ion s of th e ins ect on 79 5 ac r es OJ' a pprox imat el v 1.5 I I o f t h e tot a l. T his f ine showi ng has b een cl ue to a ggr ess ive co ntrol by St a t e. F ed er a l, Co u nty , an d Cit y Gov er nm ents an d pri vate compa ni es a nd individuals. (Plate I)
PLATE I-Turntable Mounted Turbine Blower Spraying DDT. A t ota l of 1,0 90 acr es of f'a r rn land r eceive d t h e 10 pou n d
DD T so il treatment during th e yea r , making a cum u lati ve t ot al of 17 ,49 3 a cres tr eated by this m ethod . Of parti cula r importance is th e progress being mad e in th e use of ins ect icid efe r t ilize r co mbinations, as last ye a r about 800 t on s of t he se mixtur es w ere p urchas ed and us ed by th e farm ers fo r w hitefringed b eetle control which was en ou g h t o tr eat about 4,0 00 acr es of infested lands.
It has been d efinitel y es t a blishe d that th is insect was sp r ea d ove r th e State f r om infested n ursery stock, and f ro m t h e sta r t of thi s program sp ecial effor ts have been mad e t o cl ean u p th e nurs eries. Th e D epartm ent is glad t o r eport t hat 4 14 ac r es of nurseries hav e b een trea t ed with th e 50 pound dose of
6

DDT and t hat a ll comm ercial ce r t if ie d nu rser ies in th e State are now elig ible to ship plants anywhere in th e United States witho ut f ur t her treatment for th e White-Fringed Beetle. (S ee P lates II and III)
An additiona l 1,736 a cres of non-farm land was surface treated during th e ye a r, making a cum u la t ive t otal of 3,458 acres treated by this m ethod . A tota l of 9,643 a cres was treated with f oliage sprays on e or more tim es during th e ye a r, making an aggregate of 24,669 acres. For the first time, communities participated in th es e treatments by providing materia ls and labor for abo ut ha lf of the acreage treated .
During the fisca l yea r co vered by this report, 13,882 acres were treated with soil, surface and foliage t r eatments, excl usive of repeat fo liage app lications, Approximately 42 ,766 acres on which specimens have been reported req uired n o additiona l tr eat m ent s in 1953 du e t o se mi -permanent soi l or

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. , " "", .

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PLATE II-White-Fringed Beetle Damage to Cotton. 7

surface treatments appl ied d uring past ye a rs and t o th e cum u lative effe ct of r ep eat fo lia ge appli cations.
No changes in the q uarantine were n ecessary this year. T h ere ar e portions of 38 co unties un der quarantin e but no describ ed quarantin e area is n eed ed in 22 counties in whi ch inf estations have b een found du e t o th e aggressive co nt r ol program.
Exp enditures by th e Stat e and F ed eral Go vernm ents are gi ven in th e summary of in com e and disbursements. In a d d ition, ov er $162,000.00 was spent on th e proj ect by co unty a n d city governments, and private property owners. Good progr ess is b eing mad e in insecticid e cont r ol treatm ents and af f ect ed la n d owners a re coop erating satisfactorily in th e program. The main r egulatory probl em today co ncer ns th e m ovem en t of farm cro ps and th e principal sp re a d is occ urrin g in f a r m lan d are a s. During th e ye ar, work was don e in 87 co unt ies in th e state on survey , co nt r ol, and r egulations and t hese are listed on th e map giving a summary of a ctiviti es .
... . r--
.. ..
,.; . . . .
PLA TE III-Wh ite-Fringed Beetle Damage to Tobacco. 8

SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICATION This is a coop erative proj ect betw een th e Departm ent and th e Bureau of Entomology and P lant Quarantin e and a ll F eder a l em ployees in th e State a re d eputiz ed t o assist in th e enforceme nt of th e State quarantin e, whi ch is r evised annually in r egard to listing infested areas and giving cond itions governing movem ent of sw eet potato es a nd p lants. A n ew st ip u la t ion on t h e mov em ent of n on-fu m ig a t ed, gr een , fresh ly dug sweet potato es was set up in th e quarantin e for th e first t ime in 1953 , and a llows for fumigation on a r riv a l at d estinati on upon stipulated agreem ents b etw een th e Director and ot her state quarantin e officials. During the year 25,032 insp ectio ns of a ll typ es w er e m a d e a n d wor k was perform ed in 54 count ies in th e State . Th ere a re 10 cou nt ies with active infe st a t ions of th e weevil, which is a r eduction from 18 th e previo us yea r. Th e fo llo wi ng cou nti es w ere r emoved fro m quarantin e : Br a nt ley, Doo ly , Earl v, Lownd es, Mill er, T elf air, Wh eeler, and Worth . Th ere w er e only 58 n e w prop erti es fo und infested th is ye a r as compar ed with 186 last y ear, and good progress is being mad e in er a d ica t in g th is insect from th e St ate (S ee Plate IV) . Th ere w ere 52 violations of th e quarantin e during th e ye a r but all w ere co r recte d without legal action .
PLA TE IV-Th e Sweet Potato W eevil Emerging from a Sweet Potato. 9

An exte nsive edu cat ion a l program was cond ucted during t h e year to acq uai nt far m ers an el others abo ut t he sw eet potato we evi l er a d icat ion, and 208 me etings w ere h eld in 14 counties and attended by 7,775 peop le, In addition, ex hibit s were placed in sev en f a irs in th e State that w ere visit ed by 335 ,000 p eop le, In for mation was disseminated t h r 0 u g h newspap ers, radio, posters, lea fl ets, m a ps and specimens (Se e P late V ) , Th is wo r k has proved to be of gr eat va lue in red ucing th e n umb er of n ew infestations of we evi ls fo und each y ear in th e State,
PLATE V-Damage to Sweet Potato by Sweet Potato Weevil Larvae.
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICAnON Ins pect ion and ce r t if icat ion of tomato plants has b een ca rri ed on by this D epartm ent f'or m any y ears, and Georgia f urnish es m ost of t he ce r tified plants for t h e Northern m ark et es pe cia lly for prod uction of to matoes for the canning ind ustry . During th e 1953 season , 6,81 3 acres of tom ato p lants were ins pecte d in 16 South Geo r gia counti es , and about 600,000 ,000 plants ce r ti f ie d f or shipm ent. The p lants w ere grown fr om ce r t ifie d, treated and t ested seed on la n d approv ed by th e D epartm ent's insp ectors, A ll fi elds g rowing ce r t if ie d plants were sprayed and d usted r eg ularly ac cording to a
]0

schedule furnished to the farmers. (See P lates VI, VII and VI II) .

PLATE VI-Spraying Tomato Plants to Control Insects and Plant Diseases.

Georgia

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PLATE VII-Early Bl ight and Stem Canker Fields Are Plowed Down.
11

PLA TE VIII-Inspecting Tomato Plant Fields.
This was th e w orst ye a r for th e ea rly blight (stem ca n ke r ) disease ever ex pe r ie nce d since th e insp ection service was sta r te d in 1936 , and 1,777 a cres w ere r evok ed from certificat ion on acco u nt of this d isease; other di seases f ou n d w ere bacter ia l spot, bacterial wilt, Southern blight, and n ematod es. Th e leading variety produ ced f or shipment was Rutgers, follow ed by Gard en State and F -2 Hybred .
All seed us ed f or planting w as chec ke d for bact eria, fungi, a nd ge rmination in th e Departm ent's laboratory and greenh ouse. No see d was allow ed to be planted unl ess it m et th e standards set up on th e Departm ents rul es and r egulations fo r growing cer t if ie d tomato plants, whi ch a re promul gated eac h year a n d distributed to th e tomato plant industry .
SWEET POTATO PLA NT CERTIFICATION
During th e 19 52-5 3 season , th e f ield force mad e sweet pot a t o fi eld, storage and plant b ed ins pe ctions for farm ers in 100 counti es in th e state. Field insp ections w ere mad e in 2,23 1 a cres for insects an d plant dis eases , an d 192 a cres or
8.6 'X, w ere co n de m n ed as unfit for ce r t if icat ion. A total of
107,975 bush els of sweet potato es w ere insp ected in storage
and 3, 177 bushels, or 3.0 'Ir, w ere con de m ne d as unfit for b ed -
d ing . In ad d iti on, plants w ere ex a m ine d on th e b eds and dur-
12

ing th e sal es s eason to see that farm ers g ot di sease-free plants f or potato producti on . The growing plants and stored potat oes w ere in spect ed fo r stem r ot , black r ot , and sw eet p otato w eevil , and wh en all insp ecti ons show ed f ree do m f r om inse ct pests and plant diseases , th e grow ers w ere f ur nis he d with certificate tap e and tags for th e sale of plants and seed stock (S ee Plate IX) .
Al l certifi ed plants ar e grown and so ld u n d er a set of r egulations prom ulgated eac h ye a r by th e Departm ent and th es e are furnish ed to th e growers and all oth er interested parties. Th e t a pe is issu ed on an annual basis 1'01" tying ce r t if ie d plants and is f urn ishe d a t cost by th e Departm ent. A II plants, ot he r
PLATE IX-Certif ied Sweet Potato Pl ants. 13

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES-July 1, I952-June 30, 1953

A. W hite-Fring ed Be etle Eradication (87 counties) B. Sw eet Potato W eevil Eradication (54 cou nt ies ) C. Tomato Plant Cert if ica t io n (1 6 counties) D. Sweet P otato Plant Ce rtif ica tion (100 counties) E . Bee In spect ion and Certi fi cation (92 co u nt ies) F . Ph ony Peach Disea se Co ntro l (l4 counties ) G. Nursery In spection and Ce r t if ica t io n (9 7 cou nt ies ) H. Japan ese Be etl e Eradi ca tion and Survey (87 co u nt ies )

J . I nsect and Plant Disease I de nt ifi ca t ion (79 counties) K. General Pe st Control (77 co unties)
1. Includes :-Camellia F lowe r Blight Survey (31 counties) Vedalia Beetle Distribution (21 counties) Pink Bollworm Survey (26 counties) Imported Fire Ant Control (43 counties) Gotton Seed Ce rt if ica t ion (6 counties) Ca bba ge P lant Ce r t ifi ca t ion (11 counties)

than th os e grown b y th e fa r me r fo r his own us e, must b e ce r t ifi ed. In addition to th e insp ection service, th e Departm ent f ur n ishes th e fann er th e n ecessary ce r tificates, shipping tags, t ransfers, affidavits, dipping instructions, and r ecipro ca l a greem ents, to en a ble th e farm ers t o sell th eir sweet potato plants and seed sto ck in intra and int er state channels.
BEE INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION During th e 1952-53 s ea son , 69 ,571 co lo nies of b ees w ere insp ected in 1684 ya r d s in 92 count ies. Th ere w ere 39, 605 co lonies inspect ed for package and qu een b ee shipp ers, and 29 ,966 colonies insp ected f or th e hon ey produ cers. There w ere 16 ,273 colonies insp ected fo r r esid ent migratory b eek eep ers for m ovem ent into ot he r st ates, and 3 ,628 co lonies insp ected 0 1' permitted entry und er ce r t if ication fro m ot her states fo r migratory beek eepers mo ving into this state. In add iti on , ya r ds un d er quarantin e f or b ee di seases w ere r einspected until th ey were cle a ne d up of f oulbroo d and r eleased . T he f ie ld inspectors fo und 35 5 ca se s of Am erican fo ulbroo d
and 39 cases of European foulbro od, whi ch is less than 0.6 'It of th e col oni es insp ected . In additi on t o t he insp ection service, t he Departm ent issu es r egulati on s fo r qu een , p a ckage and hon ey producers ; enforces quan antin es ; a n d issu es annual certificat es t o package and q ueen bee producers fo r sh ipme nt of d isease fr ee b ees t o all states and Ca na da. (See Plate X) .
PLATE X-Queen Bee on Comb Surrounded by Worker s. 16

TIFTON LABORATORY The Department has offices, la bor at or y and greenho use on th e Coasta l Plain Exp erim ent Station grounds and is f u lly eq uip pe d to f urnish service to a ll cit ize ns in t h e State and particu larly to So ut h Georgia f a r mers on ins ect a nd plant dis ease cont r ol. ' A f u ll t im e pathologist is assig ned to t his office w ho a lso a ct s as Chief Ins pector fo r t he vario us fi eld pr oj ects . As sista nts are f ur nish ed as n eed ed to m a k e th e n ecessary insp ecti on s a nd oth er work assigned to th is Station. T h is offic e a lso is use d as h eadq uarters by th e F ed eral sup ervisor of Sw eet potato W eevi l Er a d icati on. (S ee P late XI) .
PLATE XI-Department's Laboratory and Greenhouse In Tifton.
Proj ects of this office on a f u ll tim e basis are tomato and ca b ba g e p lant ce r t if ic at ion , tom ato and other seed t ests, sw eet potato w eevil er a d icatio n , and r earing of Vedalia and colonization of Ve d a lia be et les f or Cotto ny Cus hion Scale control; proj ects on a part ti m e basis are: ch ecking F lorida t omato pla nts s hipp ed into Ge or gia for t he gte enwrap ind ustry , sw ee t pot ato pla nt, nu rser y and bee insp ectio ns, Ca me llia f lo we r blig ht s urv eys, gen eral pest control a nd lett ers, q uarantin es, a nd circu lars of inf orm ati on t o f a r me r s a n d ot h er cit izens .
A n improv ed t yp e of ca bba ge pla nt certification was set u p for t h e first t im e t h is ye a r and was r un a long t h e sa m e ge ne ral lin es as th e tomato plant certifi cation , Nearly 1,000 a cres w ere ins pect ed throughou t th e growing se a son in eleve n South Georgia co unties and ce rtif icat es f urnis he d f or sh ipm ent of pl a nts f ound f ree of insects a nd p lant dis eases,
17

PENSIONS AND TRANSFERS
Since t he De pa r tm ent entered the Me rit Board and Reti r ement Systems, th e Director, Assistant Dir ect or , and book k eeper h a ve ha d t o devote a considerable portion of their ti me to this wo r k a nd t he expense has becom e so larg e th at this year it has been classed as a n activ ity se parate fro m the ro utine work of the Atlanta office. During t he f iscal year , there was withhe ld and r emitted th e following amounts: Federal Inco m e Tax, $9,424 .00; Emp loyees' Retirem ent Fu n d , $11 ,503.1 3 , a nd Gro up Insuran ce $85 1.02 . In ad ditio n transfer of f unds to other departments were as fo llows: to Mines, Mi ni ng and Geology for pro rata care of the State museum, $600.00; and to the Personnel Board for pro rata cost of operating th e Merit System, $5 66.72.
PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
This is a cooper a t ive project between th e De pa r t m ent and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. T his diseas e was first fo und in Georgia in 1890 , b ut it was n ot until 19 29, whe n it becam e so ba d , t hat the coo perative di sease cont r ol program was started , and has be en continu ed ever since. It is a virus disease transmitted by insects called leaf hoppers, a nd serio us ly affects the growth of t he tre e a nd the size of the peaches (see front cover ) . Through the years it has caused tremendo us loss es to the Georgia peach ind ustry a nd h as a lways b een es p ecia lly bad in th e Middl e Georgia peach belt. The best control is th e early r emoval of infected peach trees, b ut it is a lso advisab le to take out wi ld plums near t he peach orchards, as th e wi ld plu m t h ickets acts as a carrier for t h e disease and spread it to adjacent peach orchards.
During th e yea r, 1,42 3,810 p each trees w ere inspected in commercial orchards in 14 co unties and 29 ,873 diseas ed phony peach trees or 2.1 % were fo und a nd removed . One n ursery with 30,000 t r ees was inspected and m et a ll the cer t if icat ion r equirements of the phony p each quarantin e. Grower support f or th e program amounted to about $41 ,000 .00 for d elim bing and removing phony trees and destroying wi ld plum thick ets. Cooperation is b eing continu ed w ith t h e r es earch la bor a t or y at F or t Va lley on spray ex pe r im ent s to control th e ins ect vectors of phony p each .
NURSERY INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION
Insp ection and certification of nursery sto ck was mad e f or 32 0 nurs eries in 97 cou nties in th e state. About 65 ,000 ,000 trees, shrubs, vine s, bulbs, seedlings, and soft-bod ied plants w ere insp ected for inj urio us insects and plant diseas es. In addition 685 out-of-state n urs eri es w ere qua lifi ed for s hipment and sale of th eir stock in th e state and 190 d ealers and 17 5 agents w ere lic ensed on an annual basis.
18

A list of certified nurs erymen and d ealers was prepared, giving the name and location of the nursery and the kind and amount of stock f or sale. A set of rul es a n d re g u la ti on s was distributed and affidavits prepared . The dealers affidavit was r evised and strengthen ed and th e laws p ertaining to trad e and partnership nam es sent to a ll nu rs er ym en. The r eciproca l agr eem ents b etween states on th e mov em ent of nursery stock was r evis ed and agre em ents a re now in f or ce f or th e fr e e mov em ent of stock in all th e Southern States simpl y b y filing a duplicate of th e current ye a r s lic ense with th e quarantin e official of th e state conc erned .
Terminal inspection d epots are maintained at th e Capitol and sub-stations at Cornelia, Macon and Tifton, and dealers in wild plants are r equired t o h av e a sp ecial g r e en tag attached to their plants stating that they are native wild plants, not nursery grown. In addition to the r egular nursery and d eal er inspection, a separate insp ection of nu rseri es was m ad e for th e White-Fringed B eetl e, and all in f ested nurseri es hav e b e en treated, and th e White-fringed b eetl e era d ic a te d f r om them.
FRUIT PEST LABORATORY
This laboratory runs the ex periment a l work of the Departm ent on appl e a n d p each insects a n d dis eases. It also looks after th e inspection w or k in th e north east Geo rgia cou nties . P each and appl e schedul es were prepared and distributed t o the growers in cooper a ti on with th e G eorgia Extension Servic e, Experim ent Stations and th e Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantin e.
Exp erimental t ests in peach a nd appl e orchards w ere conducted with th e following mat erials: Orthophos, Orthocid e, liquid Parathion, Malathon, wettable sulphur, basic zinc sulphate and liquid lime sulphur. Scab d evel oped in all plots , and h eavy and continu ed rains b efore and during harvest caused con sid er a b le brown rot in th e peach orchards. P each tre es w ere jarred to g et the dates of emer gen ce of plum curcu lios (S e e Plate XII), and drops were pick ed up to g et dates of emer ge nce of first brood a d u lts a n d this in formation was f urn ish e d to th e p each g r ow ers. Bait pots w ere placed in th e appl e or chards and ch eck ed f or em er g ence of a d u lt cod ling moths and th e grow ers were advis ed so th at th ey co u ld b etter time their sprays.
Oth er proj ects on w h ic h th e staff assi ste d during th e year w ere as follows: Japan es e b e etl e trap ping; ins pectio n of nurseri es , f r u it orchards, cot t on f ie l ds f or s e ed ce r ti f ic a tion, and sw eet potato pl ants and s eed stock; mailing out circ u lars and co rres po n dence on in s ect a n d d is eas e contro l; and f ield trips t o fa rms as n e ed ed. W ork was p erform ed in 22 cou nt ie s in the State.
19

,. ,
PLATE XII-Curcul io Fe eding on Peach ( en larg e d) .
GENERAL PEST CONTROL
Insect and plant dis ea s e programs, ot he r than those carrr cd in th e r egu lar proj ects w ere as f ollo ws : Ca me ll ia fl ow er b light surv ey (31 count ies ) ; pink boll w orm sur ve y (26 count ies ) ; imported fi re ant (43 cou nt ies ) ; cotton seed ce r t if ication (6 cou nt ies ) ; V e dali a b eetl e distrib ution (21 counti es) ; and ca b bage pl ant ce r tific a ti on ( 11 cou ntie s ) .
Gin trash insp ections sh ow ed no pink bo ll w orm in th e state, and no n ew in f ections of ca me llia f lowe r blight w ere found; imported f ire ants w ere fo und in 6 count ies and Ch lordan e tr eatm ents have b een app lied t o all known in f estations. V edalia b eetl es w ere distrib uted fr ee to citizens of th e state for control of th e cottony cushion sca le. Oth er activities u n d er this program w er e insp ection of seeds and plants for for eign shipm ent; t ermite and Argentine ant contr ol ; lectur es and d emonstrations to f a r m and civic or g a nizat ions ; ex h ibit s at th e South eastern and Ma con fairs; a n d fi eld trips as n eed ed on f arm ins ect and plant d isease cont r ol.
Th e program f or and ins p ect ion of plants fo r th e Ge or gia to m a to green wrap trad e was cont in ue d a n d arrang em ents m ad e with th e F lorida State P lant Board for th e insp ecti on a ri d ce r ti f ic a t ion of to mato trans pl a nts com ing from that State. A q uaranti n e was prom ulgated on a ccount of the lat e blight dis ease a nd no plants w ere p ermitted ent ry in Ge or g ia
20

fro m a lin e so uth of and includi ng t h e Flor ida co unties of Brevard , Osc eo la, Po lk and Pasco . In addition, a circu lar was distributed to th e f a r mers on disease cont r ol in tomato greenwraps. As a r esult of this work and close inspection of tomato plants imported into Georgia , t h e far mers r a ised a n exc ellent crop of to matoes in 1953, that were free f ro m t h e lat e b light disease w hich has be en very injurio us at harv est tim e in past ye a r s.
JAPANESE BEETLE ERADICATION Th is is a coope r ative proj ect between t h e D epartm ent a nd th e Bureau of Entomol og y and P lant Quarantine and has been in effect f or many ye a rs, and as a r esult, th e spread of th e Japanes e beetl e has been strictly lim it ed in th is state . The on ly in f est at ion s known t o exist are at A tl a nta , A uste ll , Dahlon ega , Mari etta, and Toccoa , and so far th e b eetl e has be en prevented f ro m doing any se r ious damage. It is kn own t o d o seri ou s damage in oth er states , both by th e grubs f eeding on plant r oots a nd th e ad u lt beetles fe e ding on fr uit a nd fo liage (S ee P late XII I) .
PLATE XIII-Japanese Beetle (greatly enlarged).
21

During th e year, 616 tr a ps we re pl a ced in 15 cit ies a n d th e f oll ow in g numb er of b eetles ca ught: Dahlon ega, 1,461 ; Atlanta Airport, 548 ; N. Atlanta, 170; To ccoa , 120; Austell , 74 ; Gr ov e Park 16; and Mari etta, 4. Foliage appli cations of DDT w er e mad e in all th e inf ested are as and soil a pplications of Chlordane, DDT and gr a n u lar Dieldrin w er e mad e at th e Atlanta Air port, North Atlanta, Dahlon ega, and T occoa .
INSECT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION
In sect and plant dis ease sp ecim en s w ere sent int o th e Atlanta offi ce f r om 79 counti es and th es e w ere promptly ide nt ifi ed an d control m easures furnish ed. The boll w eevil, w hic h has only lightly in f ested cotton fi elds for th e past thr ee ye a rs, was very bad again in 195 3, and th e farm ers had t o us e large a mo unt s of insecticid es t o cont r ol it. In g en eral, du e t o a mil d winter and a r ainy spr in g, insects a n d plant di seases w ere worse than th ey have b een f or sev eral ye a rs.
The p eriodical cic a da, or th e sev enteen ye ar locust, as it is m ore commonly ca lle d , app eared again in numb ers in N orth Georgia for first tim e since 19 36 . This cicada has th e longest life cy cle of any known inse ct, and most of it s seventeen year s is sp ent as a grub in th e ground suc king sap from tree r ootlets. The adult f em a le cicadas do cons ide r a ble damage making punctures in twigs t o d ep osit eggs . Several a ppl e orc h a r ds were severel y damaged a n d some or chardists a p p lie d poison sprays in an effor t to kill th e adults.
The elm lea f b eetl e and th e mimosa w eb w orm are graduall y spreading over th e state and continu e t o b e es pecia lly b a d in Fulton and D eKalb count ies . Excell ent contro ls are kn own f or both insects but th e average h om e ow ne r do es n ot have th e pow er sprayers n ecessary to spray large sh a de trees. The dura stem borer brought in from Italian broom corn appe ars t o have b een era d icate d . The imported f ire ant co nt in ue s t o give troubl e in sev eral South Georgia nurseri es an d even though a ll ar eas have b een tr eated , th ey are still pres ent in sev en nu r series. This ant g ets its nam e from th e f act that it stings instead of bites , and wh en it backs up on you , it f eels as if yo u hav e b een se t on fi re . Th e Eastern t ent ca ter pill ar was th e worst it has b een in many ye a rs, es pecia lly on ch erry and p ersimmon trees. Oak leaf blister r eached ep ide m ic stages and the office had many ca lls for cont r ol of this dis ease. Dogw ood p etal blight was b ad f or th e f irst tim e and ruin ed m any dogwood bl ooms th is spr in g in th e Atlanta ar ea. Azal ea p etal blight w a s se r io us in th e co ast a l a r eas a n d was f ound as fa r inl and as Macon. As usu al , large numb ers of in quiries were r eceived on black w ido w sp id ers, bagw orms, powd er post beetl es, mites, milliped es , snai ls an d slugs. More re po r ts an d r equ ests fo r inf ormati on on th e contro l of t ermites in h ou ses w er e h andl ed fr om th e Atl anta office than in any year in th e pa st t en year s (S ee P late XIV) .
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PLATE XIV-Adult Termite ( enlarg ed about 10 times ).
REGISTRATION OF ECONOMIC POISONS AND DEVICES
The Department, in cooperation with th e State Departm ent of Agric ulture, enforces th e E conomic Po isons Act of 19 50. During the fisca l year en d in g Ju ne 30 , 1953, 2,984 brands of econ om ic poiso ns a nd devi ces f rom 3 97 compa ni es in 32 st a t es were offered for registration. Of thes e, 4 w ere r efus ed r egistration , 24 w ere r etur ned for co rrection , and 2,980 wer e approv ed for registration and sa le . Two h earings were h eld in the Commissioner's offic e on r equ est of r egistra nts, r esu lting in the rejection of f oul' prod ucts.
QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
The Department pro mu lgates and distrib utes quarantin es against serio us insects and p lant dis eases wh ich ar e not f ound in Georgia, or which have not become g en era lly distribut ed over t he state. A new q uarantine on acco unt of the la t e blight
23

d is ea se of t omatoes was issu ed in 1952. Qu arantin es r evise d d u r-i ng th e y ea r a r e : Ph on y P each , Ca m e llia Fl ow er Blig ht, Sw eet pot a t o W eevil , and Whi t e-Fringed Beetl e; qu a r a nti n es in effec t but not r evised are : T oba cco Etch Mosai c, Wh it c Pin e Blister Ru st, Oak Wilt, and Japan es e Beetl e. All of t h es e quarantin es w ere distributed t o St a t e qu arantin e offic ia ls and ot h ers co ncer ne d. So m e of th ese quara nti n es are enf or ce d j ointlv with th e Bureau of Entom ol og y and Plant Quarantin e, and th c funds ex pe n de d by th em in t hi s State ar e listed in th e finan ci al state m ent. All qu arantin es in fo r ce a r e r evised a n d brou gh t up t o date as need ed , a nd th e necessary State a n d F ed er al person n el assign ed to enf orce t h em.
PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITS
Th e fo llowing p u blication s wer e issu ed du ring t h c y ear : Annual Report, Pink Bo llw orrn , Co ntro l of Gr ass ho p pers, T omat o Green wra p Dis eases , and Phon y P each Dis eas e Contr ol ; th e bull etin on H ou s eh old Insects was co m plet ely r evi s ed and sev eral new pictures a d de d ; Rul es and Regulations w er e promul ga t ed on Pa ckag e and Qu een Bees, Honey Produ cers, Nurs ery , Ca b ba g e, T om ato, a n d Sweet P otato Plant s ; Shipm ents of T om at o P la nts into Geo rgia ; Entry of T abl e Stock Sw eet P ot atoes ; Lists of nurserym en , beek ee p ers and t omato, sw eet pota t o, a n d cab bage pl ant gro w ers w er e pr e pared a n d d ist rib ut ed ; spr ay a n d d ust sc h ed ul es w er e prep a r e d b y t h e De partm en t or w it h ot her Sta t e a g enci es on ap p le, do rmant t r ees, peac h , cotton, gr a pes a nd t om atoes, a n d r eciprocal agreem en t s f or inter-state shipm en t of nursery stoc k and sw eet potato plants.
Exhibits of th e Departm ent's a ctiviti es w ere prepared a n d ex hib ite d at th e South eastern and Macon F airs (S ee in sid e ba ck cov er) and th e St a t e Mu s eum at th e Ca pito l. Edu cati ona l co lor ed m otion pi cture films on ins ect s w ere shown in var iou s cit es in th e Sta t e a n d loaned out in th e States of Vir gini a , Ok la ho ma , Wash ington , and Fl orid a . Films a va ilabl e on loan are Qu cen a n d P ac kage Bees , Ben ef icial P a rasites , Sw eet Potat o W eevil , Wh it e P in e Blister Ru st , Jap an es e Beet le, Georgia Fl ow er Gar d ens an d Wh it e-Fr inged Beetle. .
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
Th e map on pages 14 and 15 giv es a g en eral summary of activiti es of th e D epartment for th e fiscal yea r July 1, 1952Jun e 30, 1953. Each letter on th e map r epres ents from one t o manv insp ections 0 1' ot he r services perform ed. During t he year, th e Departm ent staff , together with th e F ed eral coo perati ng a g encie s, worke d in 157 co unties in th e state.
T ho us a n ds of insp ection s and othe r se rvices were carr ie d on in t h e enf or cem e nt of q ua r a nt ines ; re g ist r at io ns of insec-
24

t.ici d es a nd fu ngicid es; licen sing of individ ua ls a nd corp orati on s ; insp ection a nd cert if ication of p lants, n urs er ies , b ees, a nd ot h er com mod it ies ; er a d ica t ion a n d su p press ion of s pr ead of th e White-Fringed Beetl e, Sw eet P otato W eevil , a n d J ap an es e B eetl e ; co ntro l of P hony P ea ch di sea s e and f r uit, f ie ld cr o p, orna m enta l p la nts, a nd str uctura l p es ts ; ma in t en an ce of t erm ina l in s pect ion d epots ; id enti fi cation of ins ects a n d p lant di seases; ca re of t h e State in sect co llectio n; surveys fo r nox ious pests ; a n d g en eral co nt ro l of insects and p lan t d iseases w h erev er f ou n d in th e Stat e. Over 3, 000 ,000 ce r tifica tes , ta gs , t a p e a n d li cen s es w ere iss u ed t o cit ize ns of this a n d ot h er St ates t o en a b le t h em t o sh ip t h eir f a r m a n d ot h er com mo d it ies in G eo rgia a n d oth er sta t es, Ca n a d a , and M exi co.
25

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS
The Statement of income and disbursements of the Departm ent fo r th e fis cal year July 1, 1952-June 30, 1953, f oll ows ; also th e amount of funds sp ent b y th e F ed eral Gov crnm ent on th e coo pe r a t ive proj ects with th e D epartm ent.

From ca sh Oil hand From f ee s co llected Chec ks f l'o m th e Stat e Trea surer

$ 8, 0!)!).02 2 2,48 7.9 ::1
154 ,1 78. 5 5

T otal

$ 18 4. 7 r,5 .5 0

EXPENSE OF THE PRO.JECTS

Whi t e Fr-in g ed Beetl e Erad ic ati on S we et P otat o W eevil Eradi cati on T om at o Pl ant Cert ific a t io n Atlanta Office S weet P ot at o Pl ant Cert if ica tio n Be e In s pecti on a n d Cert if ic a t io n Ti ft on La hora t or y P en si on s Ph o ny P ea ch Co n tro l Nu rse ry In sp ecti on & Ce r t ific a t io n Fruit P est La h o r a tory G en eral P est Co n t r ol Jupu ncso Beetl e E radi cation

State $ :16,8 7 (;.:31 .. 2 9 ,50 7. 14 .. 22 ,r,::I 1.6 0 . 15, ::188. 84 .. 15 ,1 92 .::l:~ .. 12,:376.6 0 .. 7,97 9.14 . 6,71 D.28
.. 7,2 10.9 1 .. 6,091.91 . 5 ,80:1. 85 .. 2, 7:12.5 7 .. 1,77 8.9 8

Fe de r a l $15 1,170.00
50,9 20. 0 0
:n ,5 2 (;.0 0
4 ,000 .00 5 ,985 .00

T otal A llot m o n t t o oth er D epartm en t s
T ot al State Ex p enditures Cash on Hand T ot al State and F ederul Expenditures

$ 170 ,28!l.4 (; $ 1,16 6.7 2
171,456.1 8 1:1 ,:109 .:1 2

$ 2.j :l .6 0 1. 00 $ 4 15 ,05 7. 18

Ex pe n d it u re s by th e F ed eral Gove r n m e nt o n th e coopc rative pro jects in th e S ta te were pa id dire ctly from th eir own di s bursing off ice.

Th e pa y me n ts by th e State Departm ent of Entom ol ogy on the vario us projects were as f ollows :

P ers onal S ervices

$ 10 7 ,0 1!).2 8

Trav el E xp en se

. :15,5 6 6.95

Su p plie s and material s

. 1:1,50 :1.77

Comm u nica tion Services

.. 1,50 8.02

Heat, Light, Power & Water

..

:1 6 6. 1 6

Printing and Publications

.. 4,0 64.42

Repairs

..

18 .5 8

Rent

..

50.00

P en sion s ( E m p lo yees Reti r ement Fund)

. 6,719.28

I nd em n ities

..

71.50

E quipment

.

12 3 .45

Miscellane ou s

..

2 :l . 0 6

Outla y- T ifto n Laboratory

. 1,170.59

T otal

$1 70 ,2 89.4 6

26

Exhibit at the Southeastern Fair

I

Bulletin 102 L-_L !-B S~-/--'-. R-I E S-

-DeJember, 1953 t

CROP PEST LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT
OF ENTOMOLOGY

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H. ALDEN, Director

State Capitol

Atlanta, Georgia

Introduction

INDEX

Page Number _3

Th e Entomology Act of 1937, as am ended __________________ ________ 3

Th e Bee Disease Act of 1920, as amend ed __________________________ 13

Th e Economic Poisons Act of 1950 __________________

21

Georgia Plant Quarantines ________________

23

No. I -Phony P each Disease ________________________________________ 23

No . 3-Sweet Potato WeeviL ______________________________________ 24

No . 7-Whit e-Fringed Be etle _______________________________________ 24

No .8-Tobacco Etch Mosaic ________________________________________ 25

No.9-Camellia F lower BlighL _________________________________ 25

No . 10-Oak Wi lt Dis ease ______________________________________________ 21

Plant and Be e Regulations _________________________________________________ 26

Cabbage P lant Regu lations _________ ___________________________________ 26

Sweet Potato Plant Regulations _____________________________________ 30

Conditions for Entry of Sweet Potato Table Stock into Georgia ________________________________________________________ 36

Tomato Plant Regulations _______________________________________________ 37

Regulations for Shipment of Tomato

Plants into Georgia

42

Nursery Regulations __________________________________________________________ 43

Nursery Stock Reciprocal Agreements ____________________________ 48

Package & Queen Bee Regu lations __________________________________ 49

Regulations for Beekeepers ______________________________________________ 51

List of Certificates Issu ed by the Department____________________ 52 List of Quarantine Officials __________________________________________________ 53

1

INTRODUCTION
The Department of Entomology enforces t he Ent om olog y ec.-4
of 19 37 , as amend ed , th e Bee Dis ea se Ac t of 1920, as a me n ded, a nd j ointl y enforces wit h the Comm issione r of Agrt cultur e t he Econ omic P oison s Act of 1950. All m em ber s of th e staff a re em ployed und er th e rul es of th e St ate P ersonnel Board , which r equires written a n d ora l exa m inatio ns fo r class if ied posit ions in the Departm en t , and since July 1, 19 50 , a ll emplo yees are r equired t o becom e m emb ers of t h e Employee's Retirement System of Georgia .
THE ENTOMOLOGY ACT OF 1937 AS AMENDED MARCH 19, 1943
An act to prevent th e introduction into and diss emination within this State of ins ect pests and dise ases of plants; t o provide for t he r egulation of t he sale and distributi on of ar t icl es or substances ca pa b le of or lik el y to harbor or be infested or infected by insects or pl ant dis eases; to assist in the mark eting of produ ct s of t his Stat e to t he extent of issuing certificat es of fr eedom or r elat ive freed om of su ch products fr om in f estation or infection by ins ect pests or p lant dis eases; to est a blish a Stat e Dep ar tment of Entom olo gy and t o provid e f or a Dir ector of Entom olog y, and to define t he pow ers a n d duties of t he D ir ector of Entomology; to provid e th e manner and m eans of enf orcing said Act and the r egulations and the orders promulgated und er authorit y of th e sa me ; t o provid e p enalties for th e violat ion of this Act ; to r ep eal all sections of Chapter 5-7 of Title 5 of the Cod e of Georgia of 1933 r elating to the State Entomologist, his appointmen t and po wers, duties, etc .; to r ep eal Chapter 84-19 of Title 84 of the Cod e of 1933 r elat ing to nurserymen, horticulturists, landscap e gard en ers, et c. ; to rep eal the f ollo wing secti ons of 84-99 of th e Code, to wit: Section 84-9929 r elating to the pract ice of nurserym en, landscape gard eners, etc.; without a lic ense; Section 84 -9930 r elating to fraud and fals e r epresentations in the sal e of nursery stocks, et c.; Section 84-9931 r elating t o the limitation of prosecution under the two prec eding se ctions; Section 84-99 32 relating to delivery of nut or fruit trees different in kind f rom that ordered; and for other purposes.
3

BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA AND IT IS HEREBY ENACTED:
Section 1. This Act shall be known by th e short title of " T h e Entomology Act of 1937 ."
Section 2. For the purpose of this Act, the following t erms, when used in this Act, or in th e rul es , regulations and ord ers made pursuant thereto, shall be construed, resp ectively, to mean:
INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES: Insects or closely related organisms injurious to the agricultural , horticultural or other interests of the State, and infectious or transmissible diseases or plants in any stages of development of such insects or disease.
PLACES: Vessels, aircraft, cars, trucks, automobil es, wagons, and other vehicles, buildings, docks, depots, yards, nurseries, greenhouses, orchards, and other premises where material affected by this Act is grown, produced , kept, stored or handled.
PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS: Trees, shrubs, vin es, forage and cereal plants, and all other plants, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, and all other parts of plants; and fruit, vegetables, roots, bulbs, seeds, wood, timber and all other plant products.
NURSERY STOCK: All trees or plants or parts of trees or plants grown or kept for or capable of propagation, distribution or sale.
NURSERY: Any grounds or premises on or in which nursery stock is grown, kept or propagated for sale or distribution.
NURSERYMEN: Any person enga ge d in th e production of nursery stock for sale or distribution.
DEALER: Any person not a grower of nursery stock who buys or otherwise acquires nursery stock for th e purpose of r eselling or distributing same ind ep end ently of any control of the nurseryman.
AGENT: Any person soliciting orders for 01' selling 01' dis-
4

t ributing nursery stock under the partial or full control of a nurseryman or dealer.
PERSONS: Individuals, associations, partnerships, and corporations, whether private , public or municipal.
Section 3. (1) There is h ereb y est a b lishe d a St at e Dep a rtmen t of Entom olog y, which shall be und er t he directi on an d su pervision of th e Director of En t om ology w hose app ointm ent is h er einafter provid ed fo r .
( 2) Th e Director of Entomology must be a graduate of a r ecognized Coll ege of Agriculture and have had courses in ento mo logy an d pl ant path olog y a n d also sha ll ha ve had exp erience in f ield a n d a dm inist rative wor k in pest contro l whi le in th e em p loy me nt of one or more states of the United States or in th e em p loyme nt of th at branch of th e F ed eral Government which is in charge of pest cont r ol.
(3) The Director of Entomology sha ll be appoint ed by th e Govern or subj ect t o confir mat ion by t he Sen ate for a t erm of f our years, at a salary of $4, 200.00 pe r a nn um . H e shall be r equ ir ed t o give a suret y bo n d in t he sum of $5,000.00, th e premium to be paid out of th e Department a p pro pr ia ti on . In case of a va ca ncy th e app ointment shall be for th e un expired t erm. Provid ed , how ever, that in no ca se shall th e t erm of office of th e Direct or of En t om olog y exceed th e t erm of th e Governor , but it is ex pressly stated that th e t erm of office of th e Dir ector of Entomolog y sha ll ex pire w ith that of th e Gover no r.
Section 4. It shall be th e duty of the Director of Entomol ogy t o prot ect th e agricultural , horticultural, and other inter ests of th e St ate f ro m insect pests and plant dise ases, a n d t o t hat en d t h e Direct or of En t om olog y is veste d with power an d au t hority to:
(l ) Insp ect or ca use t o be insp ect ed by dul y authoriz ed empl oy ees or agents, plants, plant produ cts or other articl es, things, or substances that may in h is op inio n be ca pa b le of disse m inat in g or carrying insect pest s a n d pl ant diseases a nd fo r t h is pur pose h e or h is em p loy ees a nd agents sha ll ha ve power to enter into or u pon a ny place a nd to ope n a ny bund le, package or other cont a ine r con t aining or t hou ght t o contai n
5

plants or plant produ cts or other things capable of dissemin ating or carrying ins ect pests or p la nt dis eases.
(2) Carryon investigations of m ethods of control, eradication and prevention of dissemination of insect pests and plant diseases and for that purpose may employ the n ecessary experts and may r ent, lease or purchase the n ecessary land when r equ ir ed for this purpose.
(3) Visit any section of th e State where any dangerous pest is sup pose d t o exi st and determine whether any inf ested t rees or plants or othe r things or substances are w or t hy of r em edial treatm ent or sh a ll be destroy ed; and t o supervise or ca use the t r ea tm en t , cutting or d estruction of plants, trees or ot he r things or substances when d eem ed n ec essary to prevent or control th e diss emination of ins ect pests and plant diseas es or to eradicate sam e, and to prescribe rules and regulations therefor.
(4) (a) Inspect or cause to be inspected all nurseries in the State at such intervals as h e may de em best, and h e shall have pl enary pow er to make all rul es and r egulations governing nurseries and th e mo vem ent of nursery stock th ere from or th e int r odu ct ion of nursery stock therein as h e may d eem n ec essary in the er a dica t ion, control or prevention of the dissemination of ins ect pests and plant diseases.
(b) Make rules and regulations to govern th e sal e and distribution of nursery stock by d ealers and agents.
(c) Mak e rul es and r egulations under which nursery stock may be brought into this state from other states and territories of th e Un it ed States or any for eign country.
(d) Make such rules and r egulations with reference to plants and plant products and other things and 'su bst a n ces whil e in transit through this State as may be deemed n ec essary to prevent the introduction into and dissemination within and est a blishme nt in this State of injurious insect pests and pl ant dis eases.
(5) Demand of any p erson who has plants or plant products or oth er things lik ely to carry insect pests and plant dis eases in his possession to give full information as to the origin and source of same, and it shall be a misdemeanor for such per-
6

son to r efuse to gi ve th e information d emand ed if able to d o so .
(6) Declare a dangerous ins ect pest or plant dis ease to b e a public nuisance as w ell as any pla nt or other thing infested or infect ed t her ew it h or that has been expose d t o infest ation or infecti on and th erefor e lik el y t o communica t e t he same.
(7) Declare a quarantin e against any area, place, nursery, grove, orchard , county or count ies within this St ate, ot he r states, or t erritories of the United States of any portion thereof of any foreign country in r eference to dangerous insect pests or plant diseases and prohibit the mo vem ent within this State or any part th ereof or th e introduction into this State from other States, or t erritories of the United States or any foreign country, of all plants, pl ant products or other things or substances from such quarantined places or areas which are lik ely to carry dangerous insect pests or plant dis eases , if such quarantine be determined , by th e Director of Entomology after due investigation, to be necessary in ord er to protect th e agricultural , horticultural or other interests of this State. In su ch cases th e quarantine may be made absolute or rul es and regulations may be adopted prescribing th e m ethod and manner und er which the prohibit e d articles may be mo ved into or within , so ld or ot he r wise disp osed of within or wit ho ut t h is State.
(8) Intercept and ins pect wh ile in transit , or after arrival at destination , all plants, plant products or ot he r things or substances , lik el y to carr y insect pests and pl ant dise ases b eing moved in this State or brought int o this St ate f ro m another State, or t erritory of th e United States , or fro m any foreign country, and if upon inspection the same be f oun d t o b e infest ed or infected with an injurious insect pest or plant dis ea se or if such material is believed to be likely to communicate or transmit same or is being transported in viola t ion of any of th e rul es and regulations of the D ir ector of Entomology, th en said plants, plant products or other things or substances may be treated when n ecessary and r el eased, or r eturned t o send er, or d estroyed, such disposition to be d et ermined und er rules and regulations prescrib ed by the Dir ector of Entomology.
(9) Purchase all necessary materials, supplies, off ice and
7

fi eld equipment and other things and mak e such other exp enditures as may be essential and n ecessary in carrying out th e provisions of this Act within th e limits of th e amount appropriated by law.
(10) Appoint su ch assistants, insp ectors, other emplo yees and agents as may b e requir ed , and to prescribe th eir duties and fix th eir com p ensatio ns, to d el egate to su ch assistants, insp ectors and other em ployees and agents such powers and a ut h or ity as may b e deem ed prop er within th e limits of the powers and authority conferred upon him by this Act.
(11) Enter into coop erative arrangem ents with any person, municipality, county or other departments of this State, and Boards, officers and authorities of other states and of th e United States for insp ection with r ef erence to insect pests and plant diseases and for the control and eradication thereof and to contribute a just proportionate share of the ex pe nses incurred under such arrangements.
(12) Disseminate to the public information and advice on the prev ention, control or er a dicati on of insect pests and plant dis eases by the publication and distribution of printed matter, by correspondenc e, and by other m ethods.
(13) Enforc e th e provisions of this Act and th e rul es and r egulations mad e pursuant ther et o by writ of injunction in th e prop er court as w ell as by criminal proceedings. It shall b e th e duty of all public prosecutors to represent the Director of Entomology wh en call ed upon to do so . In th e discharge of his duti es and in the enf or ceme nt of th e pow ers herein d el egated , h e may issue subpoena e duc es t ecum and r equire productions of books and papers, administer oaths, and subpoenae and h ear witness es, and to that en d it is made th e duty of the various sheriffs throughout th e State to serve all subpoenae and other papers upon r equ est of th e Director of Entomology.
(14) Mak e rul es and r egulations gov erning th e conditions und er which plants or other products may b e produced as will permit such plants or other products to be certified as free or relatively fr ee from insect pests and plant dis eases .
(a) Any rules and regulations made by the Director of Entomology relative to the certification of tomato, cabbage, on-
8

ion and a ll other cruciferous plants shall be publish ed on or before December 15th of th e preceding ye a r in which said plants are to be grown. Provid ed , how ever, that in t he case of eme r ge ncy suppl em ental rul es and r egulations may be promulgated and publish ed . Provid ed, f urt he r , that cer ti f icat ion of t omato, ca bb a ge, onio n a n d ot he r cru cif'erous pl ants sha ll not be com pu lsory on th e grow er.
(15) Provid e for th e r egistrati on of all grow ers of plant 0 1' nursery stock in t end ed fo r sa le or distribution wh en 'such pl ants or nursery stock have been declared by th e Dir ector of Entom olog y as being lia b le or lik ely to be ca p a ble of diss eminating ins ect pests or plant dis ea ses .
(16) For th e purpose of d efraying th e ex pe nses of th e r egistration of nurserym en, d ea lers, agents and plant grow ers, and th e certification and insp ection of plants or p lant products, or ot her t hi ngs, assess and coll ect t he cost ther eof, any surp lus to be pai d into th e State Treasury .
Section 5. A ll rul es and r egu lations mad e by th e Dir ector of Entomology within the limits of a uthority confe rre d by this Act shall have th e f ull force and effe ct of la w . They shall be promulgated by publishing same in an official publication of t he Departm ent, or by giving such other r easonabl e public notice as may be prescrib ed by the Director of Entom ology . Pri nte d copies of all A cts, rul es and r egulations, qu arantines 0 1' not ices of th e Departm ent whi ch sh a ll be publish ed und er t he authority of th e Director of Entomolog y sha ll be ad mitte d as suffic ient evide nce of such Acts , rul es and r egulati ons, qu arantin es or notices in all courts and on all occasi ons whatsoever, provid ed th e correctness of such copi es be cer t if ied t o by th e Director of Entomology.
Section 6. Any person affected by any rul es or r egulations mad e or notice giv en pursuant to this Act ma y h a ve a revi ew t h ereof by three Constitutiona l State Officers d esignated by the Governor, for th e purpose of havin g such r ule, regulatio n or notice m odif ied , suspended or wit hd rawn and such r evi ew sha ll be a llowed and consid ered .
Section 7. When ev er insp ection dis closes that any places, or plants or plant products or other t h ings or substances are infested or inf ect ed with any dangerous insect pest or p lant
9

diseases which has been declared a public nuisance, the Director of Entomology, or his agents or employees, shall give written notice to the owner, or other person in possession or control of the place where found, in person or by registered mail and such owner or other person shall proceed to control, eradicate or prevent the dissemination of such insect pest or plant disease, and to remove, cut or destroy infested or infected plants and plant products, or other things or substances within the time and in the manner prescribed by said notice or the rules and regulations made pursuant to this Act, unless an appeal to three Constitutional State Officers designated by the Governor is taken. An appeal may be taken within three days, and when so taken shall be heard and determined within three days thereafter during which time the appeal shall act as a stay of proceedings.
Section 8. Whenever such owner or other person cannot be found, or shall fail, neglect or refuse to obey the requirements of said notice and the rules and regulations made pursuant to this Act, such requirements shall be carried out by the inspectors or other employees or agents of the Department and the Director of Entomology shall have and enforce a lien for the expense thereof against the place in or upon which such expense was incurred in the same manner as liens are had and enforced upon buildings and lots, wharves and piers for labor and materials, furnished by virtue of contrast with the owner. No compensation shall be allowed for any trees or plants, plant products or other things or substances that shall be destroyed.
Section 9. In case any person or persons refuse to execute the directions of the Director of Entomology or refuse to allow the Director of Entomology or his agents to do so, the Judge of the Superior Court of the county having jurisdiction over said person shall, upon complaint filed by the Director of Entomology or any freeholder, cite the person or persons to appear before him within three days after notice is served and the said Judge may hear and determine all these cases in vacation; and upon satisfactory evidence, shall cause the prescribed treatment to be executed, and the expenses thereof and costs of court shall be collected from the owner or owners of the affected material.
Section 10. When two reputable citizens of any county in
10

Georgia shall notif y t he Direct or of Entom ology from belief that no xious ins ects or plant diseases exist in t heir county, the Director of Entomolog y shall as certain as speedi ly as possible th e nature and extent to th e condit ion reported and complained of and if after su ch inv estigation it is determin ed by the Director of Entomology that su ch procedure is n ecessary or d esirabl e f or the public interest, h e shall act with all du e diligen ce to cont r ol or er a dicate said ins ects or plant dis eases, by giving notice to th e owner, tenant, or agent of the owner of such premi ses , to trea t su ch affect ed plants or other things or subst an ces a ccord ing t o th e m ethods he may prescrib e or t o d estr oy t he m within t he period se t f ort h in su ch notice, and if after t he expir ation of su ch period , as set fo rt h in said noti ce th e aff ected materials or other things or substances ha ve not been d estroyed or treated as prescribed in the notice or th e treatment has not been properly applied, or is not effectual in ridding the affected materials, things or substances of the pests, th e Director of Entomology shall cause such affect ed material, things or subst a nces to be properly treated, or destroyed as his judgment warrants. The cost of the work shall be assess ed against th e owner of the premises and shall be colle cte d in the sam e manner as that provided in Section 8 of this Act.
Section 11. The introduction into this State of any ins ect in any stage of development or specimen of any disease injurious to plants, except und er a special permit issued by the Director of Entomology is hereby prohibited.
Section 12. An y person, including common carriers, who r eceive pl ants, plant products or other things or substances sold, given a way, carried, shipped or delivered for carriage or shipment within t his State, as to w hich provisions of this Act and the rul es and r egulations made pursuant thereto have not been complied w it h, shall immediately inform th e Director of Entomology or an employe e or agent of the Director of Entomology and isolate and hold the said plant, plant products or other things or substances unopened or unused subj ect to such inspection and such disposition as may be provid ed by the Director of Entomology.
Section 13. Whenever the Dir ector of Entom ology und er th e provisions of this Act shall declare a quarantine against any
11

place, nursery, grove, orchard, county or counties of this State, or against other states , or t erritories of the United States, or any foreign country, as to a dangerous insect pest or plant disease, it shall be unlawful thereafter until such quarantine is removed for any person to introduce into this State, or to move , sell or otherwise dispose of within this State any plant, plant produce or other things includ ed in such quarantine, except under such rules and r egulations as may be prescribed by the Director of Entomology.
Section 14. It shall be unlawful for any nurseryman, dealer, or agent to sell , give away, carry, ship or d eli ver for car r ia ge or shipment any nu rs ery stock exce pt in compliance with the provisions of this Act and th e rules and r egulations mad e pursuant thereto.
Section 15. Any person who shall violate any provision or requirement of this Act or of the rules and regulations made thereunder or of any notice given pursuant th ereto, or who shall forge, count er f eit , deface, destroy or wrongfully or improperly us e any certificate provided for in this Act or in the rul es and r egulations mad e pursuant thereto, or who sh a ll int erfere with or obst r uct any inspector of other em ployee or agent of the Department in the performance of his duti es, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished as provided by law.
Section 16. In construing and enforcing th e provisions of this Act, th e act, omission or failure of any official, agent or other person acting for or employed by any association, partnership, corporation or other principal within th e scop e of his employm ent or office shall in every case be d eemed th e act, omission or failure of such association, partnership , cor por ation or other principal as well as that of th e individu al.
Section 17. Chapter 5-7 of Title 5 of the Cod e relating to the appointm ent and removal of the State Entomologist, his salary, powers, and duties, et c., is hereby r ep ealed in its entirety.
Section 18. Chapter 84-19 of Titl e 84 of the Code r elating to nurserymen, their agents and employees, horticulturists, tree surgeons, landscap e gard en ers, et c., together with all of th e
12

provisions, regulations and requirements contained therein, is hereby repealed in its entirety.
Section 19. It is hereby declared to be the purpose of this Act to repeal and supersede all previous legislation upon the subject of the State Entomologist, his powers, duties and functions with r espect to injurious insects, plant diseases and other kindred subjects formerly placed und er his control and supervision (with the exception of the Act approved March 28th, 1935 (Ga. Laws 1935, p. 461) relating to the fraudulent sale of plants), to repeal and supplant all chapters and sections referred to and to be considered as exhaustive of the subject of the powers, duties and functions of the State Entomologist wtih respect to the aforesaid subjects.
Section 20. Section 84-9929, 84-9930, 84-9931, 84-9932, of Chapter 84-99 of the Code of 1933 be, and the same are hereby repealed.
Section 21. All laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed .
THE BEE DISEASE ACT OF 1920, AS AMENDED AUGUST 12, 1921, AND MARCH 27, 1947
An Act to prevent the introduction into and dissemination within the State of Georgia of contagious and infectious diseases of honeybees; providing for the eradication of bee diseases; Regulations for carrying out the provisions of this Act; prescribing a penalty for violations, and for other purposes.
WHEREAS, The production of honey, and the sale of honeybees and qu een bees has become on e of the important industries of the State of Georgia, and
WHEREAS, A disease of the honeybee, known as American Foulbrood has been discovered in this State, which if allowed to b ecome generally disseminated will wipe out such industry in this State, and,
WHEREAS, It is important that steps be taken at once to eradicate such disease and to prevent furth er introduction of Bee Diseases in this state, therefore,
Section 1. Be it ena ct ed by the General Assembly of Geor-
13

gia, a nd it is hereby enacted by a uthority of same, that all h on eybees shippe d or m oved into t he State of Georgia , sha ll be accompanied by a certificate of inspection signed by t he State Entomo logist, State A pia r y Inspector, or cor r espon ding official of the State or country from which such bees are sh ipped or mov ed. Such certificate shall certify to the apparent free do m of t he bees, and the ir combs a nd hives, fro m contagious a nd infectious diseases and m ust be based u pon an actual insp ection of the bees themselves within a period of sixty days preceding th e date of shipment; provid ed that when honeybees are to be shipped int o t his state from other states or co untries w herein no officia l A piary inspect or or State Entomologist is available t he State Boa r d of Entomo logy of th e State of Georgia thro ugh its chief Execut ive officer, may issue permit for su ch shipment, u pon prese ntation of suitable evidence, showing suc h bees to be free fro m disease; and pr ovi ded f urt her t hat t he provisions of t his Section sha ll n ot a pply to shipment of live be es in wire cages, whe n witho ut combs or honey.
Section 2. Be it f urther enacted that the State Board of Ento mo logy of t he State of Georgia , creat ed by Sect ion 21 20 of 1910 Code of Georgia, shall ha ve f ull a nd ple nary power to deal with the American and Eu r opea n F oulbr ood, Isle of Wight disease, and all other contagious and infectious diseases of honeybees which, in its opinion, may be prevented, contro lled or eradicated and sh all have f ull power, a nd is h er eby a uthorized to make, promulgate and enf or ce, such rul es, ord inances and r eg ulations, and to do and perform such acts, through its agents or otherwise, as in its judgment may be necessary to control, eradicate or prevent t he int r oduction , sp rea d or dissemi natio n of any an d all contagio us diseases of h on eyb ees and as far as may be possible, and a ll such ru les, ordinances and r egu lat ions of said State Board of Entomology shall have the force and effe ct of law.
All per sons, f irms or corpor atio ns des ir ing to carry on a bu sin ess of t he sale of Bees, Queens, Nu cl ei, etc., sha ll be required to app ly to t he Georgia State Boa r d of Entomology for a license so to do, and to accompany such application with f ee of $25.0 0; upon r eceip t of same, the State Board of Ent om ology, up on inve stigat ion of th e party so ap plying, a nd at th eir
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discretion, shall issue a license to the same. Said license to be revoked by the State Board of Entomology at any time said persons, firm, or corporation shall fail to comply with this law or to carry out the rul es and regulations established by the Georgia State Board of Entomology. All fees collected in this manner shall be turned over to the State Treasury. Any person, firm or corporation attempting to do business without such license, or after such license has been revoked, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished as such .
Section 3. Be it furth er enacted that the State Board of Entomology of the State of Georgia, its agents and employees shall have the authority to enter any depot, express office, storeroom, warehouse or premises for the purpose of inspecting any honeybees or beekeeping fixtures or appliances therein for the purpose of ascertaining whether said bees or fixtures are infected with any contagious or infectious diseases or which they may have any reason to believe have or are being transported in violation of any of the provisions of this Act.
The said Board through its agents or employees may require the removal from this state of any honeybees or beekeeping fixtures which have been brought into the state in violation of the provision of this Act or if finding any bees or fixtures infected with any contagious or infectious disease or if finding that such bees or fixtures have been exposed to danger of infection by such diseases, may require the destruction, treatment or disinfection of any such infected or exposed bees, hives, fixtures or appliances.
Section 4. Be it further enacted that the shipment or movement into this state of any used or second-hand beehives, honeycombs, frames, or other beekeeping fixtures is hereby prohibited except under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the State Board of Entomology in accordance with Section 2 of this Act.
Section 5. Be it further enacted that any person, firm or corporation violating any of the provisions of this Act, or any of the rules and regulations of the State Board of Entomology, adopted in accordance with the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall
15

be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred do llars, or by imprisonment for not mor e than six months in the county jail.
Section 6. Be it furth er en acte d that all laws and parts of laws in conflict with th is Act be, and th e same are h ereb y r ep ealed .
RULES AND REGULATIONS MADE PURSUANT TO THE GEORGIA BEE DISEASE LAW OF 1920
SHIPMENT INT O GEORGIA:
1. T h e shipment or movement into Georgia, from other states and countries , of used or second-hand beehives , honeycombs, frames and other beeke eping fixtures is here prohibited except when such shipments are accompanied by the certificate of the Dir ect or of Entomo logy, State Apiary Ins pect or or corresponding official of the state or country from which said equipment is shipped or mo ved to the effe ct that the apiary in which such equipment originated has been insp ected and fo und apparently fr ee from contagious and infectious diseases; provided, t hat in t he absence of faci lities for suc h inspection and certification, the Dir ect or of Entomology may issue permits for the shipment into this state of such secondhand equipment upon the presentation of suitable evid ence going to show that it is not like ly to convey any contagious or in fectio us disease of h on eybees, or u pon its being property disinfected. The Director of Entomology must be notified at least t en days before date of shipment as to the approximate number of hives, honeycombs, frames and other used equipm en t contained in the shipment, and t he destination thereof.
2. INFECTED APIARIES QUARANTINED: A quarantine is hereby placed by the Georgia Department of Entomology on all apiaries, be eyards and colonies of be es, within the State of Georgia, wherein American foulbrood, or other contagious or inf ect iou s dis ease of honeybe es is known to exist and h ereafter suc h quarantine shall become effective upon a written notice from the Dir ect or of Entomology to the owner or person in charge of apiaries, beeyards, or colon ies of bees wherein Am eri ca n fou lbrood, or other contagious or infectious dis ease is discover ed . The r emoval of any and a ll colonies of
16

bees, qu een bees, n uc le i and combs f ro m su ch dis ea ses and quarantined apiaries is hereb y prohibited until suc h times as th e Director of Entom ology 01' his dul y authorized r epresentative sh all ha ve d et ermin ed a nd decla red t ha t th e disease is appar entl y er a dica te d f ro m such disea ses 0 1' infected a piary ; provid ed, that th e Direct or of Entomology may issue permits, prior t o suc h d eclaration , fo r t he movem ent of bees 0 1' a piar ies which have shown inf ecti on when in his judgment, such m ovem ent will decrease the d anger of other apiaries becoming inf ected 01' in ot he r ways r esult in inc reased prot ect ion of t he beek eeping interest of th e state. The movem ent of beehives, fram es, supers, ext r actors a nd ot he r -m echan ica l equipme nt from apiaries und er quarantine as aforesa id is hereby prohibited exc ept when such equipment is first disinfected in a manner prescribed and approved of by the D ir ector of Entomology.
3. EXPOSURE OF DISEASED HONEY, ETC., PROHIBITED: The ex posur e by any person of hi ves, combs, brood or honey from colonies or apiaries which are 01' have been inf ected with American or Europ ean foul brood 01' other cont a gious or infectious disease in such a manner as to ex pose other bees to the danger of infection, is h ereby prohibited and such exposure of hives, combs, brood or honey from infected colonies 01' apiaries shall be consid ered a viola tio ns of th e Act of Georgia, approved August 16 , 1920.
4. QUEEN AND PACKAGE BEES TO CARRY CERTIFICATE: The sal e, bartering 01' shipment of qu een and/or package bees within 01' into the State of Georgia is hereby prohibited exc ept w he n accompanied by a valid certificate of the Director of Entomology, State Apiary Insp ector 01' corresponding official of th e st ate 01' count ry of or igin.
5. DISPOSAL OF HONEY FROM DISEASED BEES : The shipm ent, transp ortation 0 1' mo vem ent of hon ey from th e premises of any apiary w hich is infected with Ameri can fo ul-
brood or which is und er quarantine, on a ccount of the dis ease having b een found therein in a ccordance wit h t he provisi ons of this Act, except when such honey is contained in n ew standard square one to f ive gallon tin honey ca ns, free from leaks and fr ee from all traces of honey on t he outside and securely
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crated in regulation honey or "export" wood en cases is h ereb y forbidden.
The gift, sale or offering for sale within the State of Georgia of hon ey produced in any apiary which is infected with Am erican foulbrood or which is und er quarantine by the Georgia Department of Entomolog y on account of th e disease having been f ound th erein is h ereb y prohibited.
6. DANGER ZONE ESTABLISHED AROUND QUARANTINED APIARIES: Every apiary, beeyard or colony of bees situated in the State of Georgia which is, has been or shall become in f ect ed with eit he r of the diseases known as American foulbr ood and Europ ean fo ulbr ood is hereb y declared to b e th e cent er of an infected and dangerous zone which zone shall exten d for two miles in eve ry direction from sa id center and within which center and zone all honeybees are de clared to be exposed to the danger of infection and lik ely to harbor and diss eminate such infection.
The movem ent of honeyb ees and of used beekeeping equipm en t within such zone and the r emo val therefrom of honeybees or us ed beek eeping equipme nt is prohibited; provid ed, that hon eyb ees and us ed beek eeping equipment may be moved within such zone or r emoved th er efrom after th ey have been insp ected by a duly qualified agent of the Georgia Department of Entomology and cert if ie d as being apparently fr ee fr om infection.
The kee pin g within such zone, of hon eyb ees in box hives, log " gum" or other form of hive no t permitting of th e r ead y r emoval of all frame and combs th erefrom for insp ection is hereb y prohibited.
Whenever inspection discloses that h on eyb ees are being kept in bo x hives or similar containers within su ch zone t h e Director of Entomolog y shall cause written notice t o be served upon the owner or other person in possession or control of such bees or, if the owner cannot be found , upon th e owner or person in possession or control of th e premi ses whereon said bees are located , r equiring such owne r or other person to transfer such bees to movable frame hives within a r easonable time th ereafter. In ev ent such owner or other person shall fail or n eglect to car r y out the requirements of said order with-
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in the time sp ecifi ed, then and in that eve nt such colonies of be es shall be destroyed by the inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomology for the purpose of preventing t hei r harboring and perpetuating infection.
All the r equir ements of this rul e shall r emain in force and effe ct in every such zone until su ch tim e as the Director of Entomology shall have det ermined and declared that t h e dangerous con ditions du e to the occur re nce of Am erican f oulbroo d no longer exist therein .
7. BEEKEEPER TO SUPPLY LIST OF BEES AND EQUIPMENT: Eve r y person in t he St ate of Georgia who owns or has in his possessi on hon eyb ees or beek eeping equipme nt shall upon th e requ est of an inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomology furnish said inspe cto r a complete inventory of all honeyb ees and beekeeping equi pme nt owned or poss essed by him and shall point out same to said inspector so that the h oneyb ees and beekeep ing equipme nt so owne d or possess ed may be properly insp ected and r ep orted by said insp ector.
8. AMERICAN FOULBROOD A PUBLIC NUISANCE: Each and ever y colony of be es within the State of Georgia f ound t o be infected wit h Am erican f oulbroo d is h ereby declared t o b e a public nuisance and such infected colony or colonies shall be destroyed , without unnecessary delay, by burning by a r epresentative of the Georgia Department of Entomology; provid ed, that when in the judgment of the r epresentative of the Georgia Department of Entom ology, beehives and ot h er eq uipm ent may be suitably and adequately safeguarded by the us e of heat or other trea tment m ethods, suc h treatment may be applied in lieu of destruction. .
9. BEES MAY BE HELD FOR INSPECTION : Any and/ or all bees and us ed beek eeping equipm ent subject t o the provisions of the Georgia Bee Dis ease Law of 1920, whether in transit or in the hands of the possessor, may be h eld for inspection by an inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomology, r egardless of w he t he r or not t hey are cer tified, and if such b ees of us ed beek eeping equipment are found to have been moved or transported into the state in violation of the rules or r egulations of the Georgia Department of Entomology, or if found infected with an y contagious or infectious disease, such
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bees or used beekeeping eq uipme nt must be deported, destroyed , or otherwise treated within twenty-four hours upon the order of the Director of Entomology.
AN ACT-Approved March 27, 1947
To amend an Act approved August 16, 1920, entitled "An Act to prevent the introduction into and dissemination within the State of Georgia of contagious diseases of honeybees; providing for the eradication of bee diseases; regu lations for carrying out the provisions of this Act; prescribing a penalty for violations and for other purposes."
Be it enacted by the General Assem bl y of Georgia, a nd it is hereby enacted by authority of the same.
SEC TION 1
That Section 5-903 of the Code of Georgia of 1933 which reads as follows:
"5-903 . Certificate of inspection. Permits for shipment.
"All honeybees shipped or moved into t he state shall be accompanied by a certificate of inspection signed by the State Entomologist, State apiary inspector, or corresponding official of the state or country from whic h such bees are shipped or moved. Such certificates shall certify to the apparent free dom of the bees, and their combs and hives, from contagious and infectious diseases, and must be based upon an actual insp ection of t he bees themselves within a period of 60 days preceding the date of shipment; Provided, that when honeybees are to be shipped into this State from other States or countries wherein no official apiary inspector or State Entom ologist is available the St at e Entomo logist m a y issu e permits for such shipment, upon presentation of suitable evidence, showing su ch bees to be free from dis eases; and Provided, further, the provisions of the section shall not apply to shipments of live bees in wire cages witho ut combs or honey, be and the same is hereby repealed."
SECTION 2
T hat Section 5-90 6 of the Code of Georgia of 1933 w hich reads as follows:
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"5-906. Second-hand equi pme nt. The shipment or movem ent into this state of any used or second-hand be ehives , honeycombs, fram es or other beek eeping fi xture s is hereby prohibited exc ept under su ch rul es and regulations as may be pre scr ibe d by the State Entomologist in ac cordance with Sectio n 5-902, shall be and the same is h ereb y r ep eal ed. "
SECTION 3
That a ne w Section be ins erted in lieu thereof to be known as Section 5-906 which shall r ead as follo ws :
"Sect ion 5-906. The shipment or mo vement into this stat e of an y honeybees on comb, h one yb ees in hives, second-hand beehives, honeycomb, frames, used bee shipping cages, second-hand honey containers or other us ed b eekeeping fixtur es is h ereby prohibited exc ept under special p ermit issu ed by th e Director of Entomology and und er such rules and r egulations as may be prescribed by him in accordance with Section 5902 ."
SECTION 4
All laws, or parts of laws, in conflict h erewith be, an d the same are hereby r epealed.
THE ECONOMIC POISONS ACT OF 1950
This is an Act a p prove d F ebruary 17, 1950, a nd is enforced j ointl y by t h e Commission er of Agriculture and the Dir ect or of Entomology and is entitle d an Act governing and r egulati ng t he distribution , sale, or t r ans por t ation of ins ect icides, fu ngicides, rod enticides, and other economic poisons (and devices) ; regulating traffic therein ; providing for r egistration and f ees.. examinat ion of such mater ials, imposing penalties, and f or other purposes.
The sections pertaining to the enfo rc em ent by the Director of Entomology are given, as follows:
Secti on 1. This Act may be cit ed as the Georgia Ec onomi c Poisons Act.
Section 2. Definitions.
Sect ion 3. The State Entomologist m eans the State Director
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of Ent omology.
Section 4. Registration.
a. Every econ omic poison which is distributed, sold, or offered for sale within this state or de liv ered for transportation or transported in intra-state commerce or between points within this state through any point outside this state shall be r egiser ed in th e office of th e Commissioner of Agricu lture after approval of th e State Director of Entomology and su ch r egi strat ion sh all be r en ewed a nnually.
d. The Commissio ne r, when ever he d eem s it necessary in t he adm inistrati on of t his Act, m a y r equire t he subm ission of t he com plete for mula of any ec onomic poi son. If it appears to th e Commission and th e State Director of Entomol ogy th at th e com posit ion of th e article is such as to warrant th e proposed claims for it and if the articl e and its labeling and other material r equired to be submitted comp ly with th e r equirements of Section 3 of this Act, h e shall r egister the articl e.
e. If it do es not appeal' to the Commission er and the State Director of Entomology that th e articl e is su ch as to war r ant th e proposed claims fo r it 01' if t he article and its lab eling and other material r equired t o be submitted do not comply with th e provisions of this Act, he shall notify the applicant in writing of the manner in which th e articl e, labeling, 0 1' other material r equired to be submitted fail to com ply with this Act so as to afford him an opportunity to m ake th e n ecessary corrections. If, upon r eceipt of su ch notice, th e app licant insists that such corrections are not n ecessary, and r equests in wr it ing that th e articles be r egi stered t he Commission er shall provid e him wit h op por t unity f or h earing befor e r efu sing to issue r eg istration. In or de r to prot ect t h e pu bli c, t he Commission er, on his own motion, after h ea ring, may at any t im e, cancel th e r eg istration of an economic poison. In no eve nt shall r egistration of an a rt icl e be constr ue d as a de f ense for the Commission er of any offense prohibited und er Section 3 of this Act.
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GEORGIA PLANT QUARANTINES
PROMULGATED UNDER THE ENTOMOLOGY A CT OF 1937
To protect th e agricultural and horticul tural in t erests of t he St ate of Georgia, t he f oll owing pl ant qu arantines a re in f or ce.
No.1-Phony P ea ch Dis ease
No. 3-Sweet Potato W eevil No. 7-White-Fringed Beetle
No . 8- T obacco Etch Mosaic No . 9- Ca me llia Fl ower Blight
No. 10-0ak Wilt Dis eas e
The ab ove quarantin es are cond ens ed f or public information. For complete details of the quarantined areas, r egulated materials a n d conditions of shipment, wr ite to th e Georgia Dep artmen t of Entomolog y f or a copy of th e qu ara ntin e.
PHONY PEACH QUARANTINE NO. I
P est: Phony P each, a virus dis ease of peach and cert ai n other stone fruits.
Areas Quarantined : Entire Stat es of Alabama , Florida, a nd Georgia ; and parts of th e States of Arkansas, Lou isiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, T enness ee and T exas.
Regulated Products: All peach , plum, a pr icot, nectarine, and almond nursery sto ck .
Conditions of Acceptance: Cer tif icate accompanying ea ch shipment issu ed by authoriz ed offic ial of state of Origin.
Iss uance of certificates: the nursery must app ly to Director for inspection of the proposed site on or bef or e August 15th of each year ; th e site shall be 300 ya r ds f ro m plum trees and one -h alf mil e from phony inf ect ed comme rcia l or cha rds ; t he half-mil e env ir ons must be insp ected prior to Oct ob er 1, and
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phony tr ees r emoved prior to Novemb er 1; and all budding is r estricted t o th e slip-bu d m ethod.
R em oval of Areas fr om R egulation; wh en satisfactory evid en ce has been pres ented that n o phony p each disease has b een found for a p eriod of thr ee ye ars in any count y or state affected by this quarantin e, said county or state sh a ll b e r emoved from th ese r egulation s.
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL QUARANTINE NO.3
P est: Sw eet P otato W eevil (Cylas formicarius, Fab .)
Ar eas Quarantined: parts of Alabama, Florida, Georgia , Louisiana , Mis sissippi , South Carolina and T exas .
R egulating: th e living sw eet potato w eevil , sweet potato es , sweet potato plants, vin es or p arts th ereof, and vin es and roots of all plants belonging to the genus Ipomoea .
Conditi ons of A cceptance: sw eet potato es may enter Georgia und er certificate of state of origin certifying that
1. They were fumigat ed with m ethyl bromid e under state sup ervision .
2. Shipp ed immediately after fumigati on.
3. Car or t ru ck was thorou ghl y cl eaned b ef ore loading.
4. Shipper must notify Director of Entomology, State Capit ol, Atlanta, Georgia, the consig nee, destination , and siz e of shipment b efore mo vem ent.
5. Sw eet p otato plants, vine s, and cuttings are prohibited ent ry fro m r egulated areas .
WHITE-FRINGED BEETLE QUARANTINE NO.7
P est : White-frin g ed b eetl e (G enus Graphognathus) in any stage of d evelopment.
Ar eas Quarantined in Georgia : parts of th e f oll owing counties: Baldwin, Ben Hill, Berrien , Bibb, Bl eckley, Bullo ch , Burk e, Candl er, Coffee, Crawf ord, Cri sp, Dodge, Emanu el , Evans, Fulton, Green e, Houston, Irwin, Jasp er, J eff erson,
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Johnson, Laurens, Macon, Monroe, Montgomery, Newton, Peach, Putnam, Richmond, Screven, Sumter, Taylor, Telfair, Toombs, Treutlen, Turner, Twiggs, Washington, Wheeler and Wilkinson.
Regulated Articles:
1. Movement prohibited: living white-fringed b eetles in any stage of development.
2. Movement regu lated: sand, soil, gravel, clay, compost, manure, peat, muck; nursery stock ; grass sod, plant crowns or roots; uncleaned grass, grain and legume se ed; Ir ish potatoes, bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes; hay and straw; peanuts in shells and peanut shells; s eed cotton and cotton seed; scrap m etal and junk; forest products; brick; tile; stone; concrete slabs, pipe, building blocks, and cinders; containers; and other articles, or things, the movement of which may involv e a hazard of spread of the White-Fringed beetle.
Conditions Governing Movement: the movement within or t hro ugh t he State of Georgia of regulated articles wi ll be va lid only when accompanied by a certificate or permit issued by an agent of the Georgia Department of Entomology.
Interstate : The U . S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantin e has a quarantine similar to Georgia, regulating parts of the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Crolina, South Carolina and Tennessee.
TOBACCO ETCH MOSAIC QUARANTINE NO. 8
Pest: Tobacco Etch Mosaic, a virus disease of tobacco.
Quarantined Areas : Co unties of Brevard, Hillsboro and Palm Beach in Florida. Counties of Grady and Tift in Georgia.
Conditions of Movement : No plants from the regulated areas can be moved to non-regu lated areas in Georgia.
CAMELLIA FLOWER BLIGHT QUARANTINE NO. 9
Pest: Camellia F lower Blight (Sclerotinia camellia)
Quarantined Areas: Entire States of California and Oregon,
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and parts of the States of Georgia, Louisiana, and North Carolina.
P r ohi bit ed Prod ucts: Balled and potted camellia plants, cut camellia flowers.
Conditions of Movement : No balled or potted camellia p la nts wit h so il attached, cut ca me ll ia fl ow ers, or pla nts with flower buds showing any traces of color can be moved from the quarantined areas into the State of Georgia.
OAK WILT DISEASE QUARANTINE NO. 10
Pest: Oak Wi lt Disease ( Cha la ra quercina) Quarantined Areas : Entire States of Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa , Ka nsas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oh io, Pennsylva nia, Wisco nsi n, a nd any additional States in whic h this disease may he reafter be fo und. Prohibited Products : Rooted trees and seedling plants of oak (Quercus sp) and Chinese Chestnuts ( Castanea rnollissirna) and any parts of suc h plants fo r propagative p urposes, except seed. Conditions of Movernent : Prohibited products may not be moved into Georgia from the infected areas listed abov e.
PLANT AND BEE REGULATION S
Und er the Entomology Act of 1937 , the Director of Entomology is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations governing the prod uction of certified p lants and bees. The regu lat ions listing certification req uirements are given fo r cabbage, sweet potato, tomato, nu rser y stock and be es.
REGULATIONS FOR PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA CERTIFIED CABBAGE PLANTS
Application for Certification
Regulation 1
A p plicat ion fo r certification and la nd ap prova l m ust b e
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mailed to the Georgia D e pa r tm ent of Entomology, T ifton, Georgia.
Land Eligibility
Regulation: 2
A. Crop history of all fi elds must b e c hecke d and approved by a n inspector of t he Georgia D ep a rtm ent of E nt om ology prior to th eir a cc eptance for th e production of certified p lants .
B. A ll ac r eage to be acc eptab le f or the prod uction of ce rtifi ed plants must m eet th e following r equirem ents :
1. Must b e lan d t hat has not be en p la nted during the past three y ears in crops that are susce pt ib le to r oot-knot n ematod e.
2. Succ essive plantings of certified cabbage p lants will be allow ed unti l th e land is r ej ected for ca use .
Seed
Regulation 3
A. Seed us ed in the prod uction of certified cabbage plants m ust be obtained from a so urce approved by the Georgia De pa rtm ent of E nt om ol ogy. A duplicate in voice must be s ent to th e Georgia Department of Entomology, Tifton, wh en th e seed are shipped or d eliv ered, showing quantity, vari et y, whether t r ea t e d , ki nd of tr eatm ent , cro p year and lot numb er. If th e seller is not th e producer, he shall designate the prod uc er in addition to the above information .
B. Seed must b e treated b efore t hey are acc eptable for the prod uction of certified plants. (Arasan- 10 oz . p er 100 lbs. of seed is r ecom m end ed ) . A composite samp le of each var iety of ea ch day's treatment must be submitted to th e Georg ia D e p ar t m en t of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia . T h ese samp les m ust show t he variety, treatment, q uantity, crop year and lot number.
C. Any seed w h ic h does n ot confor m t o the standards of t he Georgia Departm ent of Entomology will not be accepted for t he prod uction of certif ied cabba ge p lants. A to le rance
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of fourt een ,( 14 ) fungi an d bacteria provide d no t ove r f our (4) colonies of bacteria are present p er 200 see d will be allowed. Soil g ermination of 80 % or better is r equired .
D. Sell ers or producers ha ving previous cr op yea r's seed on hand mu st al so submit com posit e sampl es of each 200 pounds of eac h va r iety t o the Georgia D epartment of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia, for t esting. Each sa m ple mu st be giv en a lot numb er which mu st appear on all containers and dupl icate invo ice s.
E. Cabbage se ed will not be accepted for th e production of certifi ed plants f r om any seller or produ cer w ho does not comply wit h th ese regulations.
F. A ch arge of $2.00 will be made f or each sa m ple . A r eport will be f urnishe d as soon as laborator y tests on sampl es are complet ed.
Planting
Regulation 4
A. All see d mu st be che cke d and approved by an inspe cto r of th e Georgia Department of Entomology before planting an d the id en tit y of the seed must be m a intained f rom th e time of ac ceptance until planted .
B. Entire fi el ds must be plant ed wit h seed a pp rov ed by t he Georgia Department of Entomology. A t en f oot ro adway shall be deem ed a field separation. E ach variety mu st be pla nte d in a separat e field.
C. All cabbage fields must be staked at the time of planting showing the name of th e grower, fie ld number, acreage, variety, source of seed, a n d lot numb er s.
Spraying
Regulation 5
A. P la nts mu st be spraye d or dusted according to di rections f urnishe d by th e Georgia D epartm ent of Entomology, Tift on , Geo r gia. Insp ectors w ill r ej ect fi elds not showing proper coverage at any time.
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Field Inspection
Regulation 6
A. E a ch f ield shall be inspected at r egular inte rv a ls fo r dis ease, ins ect injury, n ematod es, spray cove r age, and gen er a l phys ical con dition of pl ants. E. Rej ections ar e left up to th e dis cretion of th e insp ector in charge.
Certificates
Regulation 7
A. Certificate n eeds must be est ima t ed well in advance of pl a nt mo vement. All or de r s must be placed with the Ge orgia Dep artm ent of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia , and no cer tif icates will be printed unless the printer is authoriz ed by a r epresentative of th e Ge orgia Department of Entomology. Onl y ord ers whic h are ac com panied by payment in full will be accepted . Certificates will b e d elivered to gro wer s by the inspector in charge.
E. Certificates may b e used on first class pl ants from certified fields, th e id entity of which plants shall have be en ca ref ully maintained by t a gs or lab els from the time of pulling until th ey have been packed and lab el ed.
C. On e cert ificate must be us ed on eac h cont a in er of certifi ed plants sold as su ch .
D. The Dir ect or r eserves th e r ight to revoke certif ication and r ecall outstanding certificates for ca use, including:
1. Ap pearance of infectious disea ses or in jur ious insects.
2. Det erioration of plants bel ow satisfactory grad e.
3. Failure to comply with these r egulat ions.
4. Misuse of certificates.
5. Use of labels so word ed as to be confused w ith official cer tif icates.
6. Failure to pay cost of cert if icat ion .
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Packing
Regulation 8
A. Plants must be packed in conta iner s which will afford proper ventilation.
B. Plants must be packed in su fficiently small numbers, per container, to avoid heating or bruising.
Certification Payments
A. A f ee of $2.00 pel' acre will be charged for certification, with a minimum charge of $50.00 . One do llar will be paid at the tim e t he pla nts become discernib le in t he drill row a nd the balance before th e grower receives certificates.
SWEET POTATO PLANT REGULATIONS
Pursuant to the authority vested in t he Director by the Entomology Act of 1937, Stem Rot ( Fu sarium batatatis ) , Black Rot (Ceratostomella fimbriata), and Sweet Potato W eevil (Cylas formicarius), are h er eb y declared pub lic nuisances and in order to prevent the int r oduct ion into and spread within the State of Georgia of stem rot, black rot, and other destructive diseases and insects of sweet potatoes, the im port at ion into a nd movem ent within t he State of Geogia of sweet potato t ub ers for propagating purposes, plants, vines, cuttings, draws, or slips shall be governed by the follow ing regulations:
1. AP PLICATION F OR INSPE CTIO N : A ll growers in t he St at e of Georgia who intend to se ll or offer for sa le sweet po tato plants, vines, cuttings, draws, slips, 01' seed potatoes, the fo llowing year, must apply to the Georgia Depa rt m ent of Ento mo logy for inspection not lat er t han July 15t h in order t o obt a in fie ld, sto rage and bed inspections. An app lication blank is enclosed w ith these r egu lations, and application blanks can a lso be secured by app lying to the Georgia Depa rtm en t of Ento mo logy, Atla nta, Geo rgia, 0 1' yo ur county a ge nt . Only one application is necessary to obtain fie ld , storage and bed inspections. Each application m ust show the location of the fie ld or fie lds for which inspection is desired, and on ly t hose f ields listed in th e app lication will be ins pe cted. Separate a pp lications, accompanied by $1.00 (which w ill b e credited to certifi-
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cate tape account) must b e mad e for eac h t ena nt or grower. If insp ection services are rendered; whether passed or con demned, or no potatoes at t ime of storage inspection, th e dollar will not be refund ed but will apply toward tap e purchases for those growers who are certified. Growers who plan to ship certified plants into states that r equire two fi eld inspe ctions and a bed inspection should request th e bed and additional f ield ins pe ction at th e tim e application is fil ed.
2. FIRST INSPECTION: The first inspection will be made in th e fi eld while th e sweet potatoes are growing. Cert if ication will b e allowed on an y field which is fre e of stem rot, fr ee of sw eet potato w eevil, and is in su ch cultural and physical condition that th e presenc e or absen ce of dis eases or inse cts can be determined. In the case of large fields, a fiv e-foot space betw een plants shall const it ute a separation and ea ch cut, so separated, shall be designated a separate fi eld , provided su ch separation is made at planting tim e. It is r ecommended that sma ll fields be planted.
3. SECOND INSPECTION: Inspection of the roots will be mad e in storage a n d thos e lots of potatoes fre e of Black Rot and Sweet Potato Weevil and r easonably fr ee of scurf, cor k , and soft rot, shall be certified .
4. OTHER INSPECTIONS: Bed insp ections for disease identification and th e presenc e of sw eet potato weevil will be made at th e discretion of the area insp ector. Certifi cation will b e r evoked on beds infecte d with black rot or south ern blight or infested with sw eet potato weevil. Som e states require additional inspections for interstat e movem ents other than those m entioned h erein; therefore, such inspections should be r equ ested when application for inspection is fil ed. Such inspections will be mad e up on r equ est but a t t he ex pe nse of the grow er.
5. TRA NSFERRING CERTIF IE D SEED STO CK : Certif ied swe et potato roots for propagation purposes may be transf err ed t o a not he r par ty onl y wh en such potatoes ha ve passed both field and storage inspection and all sweet potatoes grown by the seller were found free of black rot, stem rot, and sw eet potato wee vil. The actual mo vement of transf erred seed stock must be supervised by an inspector of the Georgia Department
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of Entomology. 'Whe n so t r ansfe rre d, cert if ication wi ll be issu ed to the purchaser.
6. DIPPING BEFORE BEDDING: All sweet potato seed must be dipped in a solution of Cor ros ive Sublimat e (Bichloride of Mercury) on e ounce to eight gallons of water, at the rate of 8 ounces to 75 bu sh els , for 10 minutes before bedding ; or Sem esan Bel, one pound to 10 gallons of wat er for on e minute. (For add itional information on dipping, write to the Georgia Department of Entomology, Atlan ta, 0 1' Tifton , Ga .)
7. ISSUING OF CERTIFICATES AND CERTIFICATE TAPE : Sw eet potato plant certificates and certificate tape will be issu ed to gro wers, at cost, w hose swe et potato es have passed satisfactory field and storage inspection, upon receipt of an ex ecuted Growers Affidavit stating that all sweet potato roots bedd ed are from inspected sto ck, and t hat such sweet potato roots were dipped according to Regulation 6. Certification may be revoked by the Director for cause.
8. USE OF CERTIFICATES AND CERTIFICATE TAPE: All sweet potato plants, vines, cuttings, draws or slips sold, or offered for sale, or given a way in Georgia, must be tied in bundles of 100 plants with valid cer tif icat e tape of the current year. Each package or crate shipped by common car r iers must have attached a valid sweet potato plant certificate. All certified sweet potato seeds must have a certificate attached to each box or bag. Tap e is furnish ed in 100 , 200 , 500, and 1000yard r olls . I r equires 100 yar ds of tape for ea ch 10 bushels of potato es bedd ed and 14 inches of tape are n eed ed to ti e each bundle of 100 plants. No t a pe will be issu ed fo r less than ten bu sh els of certifi ed sweet potatoes bedded.
9. DEALERS: All dealers in sweet potato plants, vine s, or se ed potatoes, are r equired to purchase dealer's certificate tags, to be used on each package to be shipp ed and shall handle onl y certified plants t ied wit h vali d certif icate t a pe of the current ye ar. Tags will be sold at the rate of $1.00 per 100; $3.00 for 500, postpaid , and $5 .00 per 1,000 , expre ss collect.
10 . OUT-OF-STATE GROWERS: Sw eet pot ato r oots for propagating purposes and plants, vines, cuttings, draws or slips may enter Georgia fr om other states and territories not quarantined on account of destructive ins ects and plant dis-
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eases, provided they meet the same requirements as govern the mov em ent of Georgia gro wn sweet potato ro ots for propagating purposes an d pl an ts, vines, cuttings, draws , or slip s. Georgia sweet potato plant certificates an d cer t if icate tape will be issu ed at cost to out-of-stat e growers, who liv e in states that do not issu e certi ficate tape, upon r eceipt of a duplicate ins pection certificate fro m t he Insp ecti on Offic ial of t he state of origin stating the sw eet potato roots, pl ants, vin es, cuttings, draws or slips w ere produced according to these r egulations ; and upon r eceipt of an exe cuted Gro wer's Affidavit stating that all sweet potato es bedd ed are fr om certified stock and that su ch potatoes were dipped according to Regulation 6. All out-of-state plants, vin es, cuttings, draws or slips sold, offered for sale or given a way in Georgia must be tied in bundles of 100 with valid certificate tape, and all shipments must be ac companied with a valid sweet potato plant certificate.
11. TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES, COMMON CARRIERS, ETC. All transportation companies and common carriers including trucks and busses are hereby required to refuse to accept for shipment any consignment of sweet potato plants, vines, seed potatoes, cuttings, draws or slips when such consignment is not accompanied by a valid Georgia sw eet potato plant certificate and the plants, vines, cuttings, draws or slips are not tied with valid certificate tape as describ ed in these regulations. In accordance with Section 12 of the Entomology Act of 1937, it shall be the duty of transportation companies and common carriers including trucks and busses, t o withhold delivery and notify the Director of the arrival within the State of Georgia of any shipment of plants or parts thereof within the sco pe of these regulations, w h en su ch sh ipment is mad e in violation of an y of the provisions of these r egulations.
All transportation companies and common carriers, including busses and trucks, are required to k eep a r ecord of all swe et potato plants, vines, se ed potatoes, cuttings, draws or slips received by them for movem ent within or without Georgia . Such r ecords must show date of shipm ent, numb er of plants, vin es, cuttings, draws or slips and cons ignor and consignee wit h their address es. Su ch r ecords must be kept on both prepaid and C.O.D. shipments and shall be available for inspection by an authorized inspector of the Georgia D epartm ent of Entomology upon requ est. All transportation com-
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panies and com mon carriers, in cluding trucks a n d bu sses , must fu rnish a certified cop y of th e abov e r ecords when r equir ed to do so by th e Director.
AMENDMENT TO SWEET POTATO PLANT REGULATIONS ISSUED JUNE I, 1953
Pursuant to th e authority vested in th e Director by th e Entomology Act of 1937, sw eet potato mosiac is h ereb y declared a public nuisance and in or de r to prevent th e f ur t h er spread of this diseas e w it h in th e State of Georgia all see d sw eet potatoes, plants, vine s, draws or slips for propagation purposes shall be subj ect t o t he fo llowin g r egulat ion s:
1. FIELD INSPECTION: The fi rst ins pe ct ion will be made in the field whil e th e sw eet potatoes are growing. Certification will be allowed on any fi eld which is fre e of stem-rot, sw eet potato weevil, and sweet potato mosaic and is in such physical and cult ur a l condition that t h e presence or absen ce of dis ease or insects can be determin ed. In t h e case of large f ie lds, a fi ve-foot space between pl antings sha ll const it ute a separation, and ea ch cut so separated sh all be d esignated a separate field, provided such separation is made at planting time. If sw eet potato mosa ic is f ound on a fa r m having more than on e fi eld offered for certifi cation, n o po t a t oes will be certified less than one- quarter of a m ile fro m pot atoes known to be infected with sw eet potat o mosaic. Single f ie lds sho w ing a trace of mosaic will be subse que nt ly inspected if the gro wer so desires and consents t o pay th e cost th ereof , which will be on the same basis as for late insp ections, and agrees to rogue his fi elds for this disease as recommend ed. Reinsp ections will be ch ar ged for at t he rate of 6 per mil e fo r a ro un d trip fro m t he n earest ins pector's h ea dquarters.
REGULATIONS GOVERNING SHIPMENT OF GEORGIA SWEET POTATO PLANTS INTO OTHER STATES
ALABAMA: F ile duplicate cer t ificate covering t wo fie ld, one storage, and one b ed inspection. Sign form f urnishe d by Bureau of Plant Industry, Montgomery, Alabama, stating
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that onl y certified seed have been bed ded , seed were dipped before bed ding, lumb er in bed was disinfected, and onl y clean soil was us ed in beds. Onl y Georgia tape is r equired for ea ch bundl e of plants sh ipped into Alabama, and Alabama ta gs are r equired on ea ch sh ipment of plants.
ARKANSAS: Fil e duplicate certificate with State Plant Board, Little Rock, Arkansas. Secure Arkansas tags and attach on e with Georgia tag to each package of plants.
FLORIDA, INDIANA, KENTUCKY, MARYLAND, NORTH CAROLINA, MISSOURI AND VIRGINIA: Georgia 's certificate tape on plants and certified tag on ea ch container.
KANSAS: File duplica te certificate wit h State Entomologist, Manhattan, Kansas. File affidavit as for Alabama. Certi fication includ es varietal purity; no mixed varieties cer tified. Attach Georgia tag to ea ch package.
LOUISIANA: File duplicate cert ificate cov ering two fi eld, on e storage and one bed inspection wit h State Entomologist, Box 4153 , Capitol St ation, Baton Rouge 4, La.
MISSISSIPPI: Fil e affidav it as f or Alabama with State Plant Board, State Coll ege, Miss.; file duplicate certificate based on two fi eld , on e storage and one or more bed inspections made not earlier than two weeks before shipment. Secure Mississippi tags and attach to each package along with Georgia tag.
OKLAHOMA: Write to State Board of Agriculture, Oklahoma City, Okla., for full instructions gov erning shipment into this state.
SOUTH CAROLINA : File duplicate certificate cover ing fi eld , storage and bed inspection wit h Crop P est Commission , Clemson, S. C. Sign affidavit similar to r equirem ents for Alabama, and secure South Carolina tags for each package of plants shipp ed .
TENNESSEE: Fil e duplicate certificate covering field, storage and be d inspection. Also certi f icat es that no white-fringed be etle, swe et potato weevil and Argentine ant exist in the area , with State En tomologist, State Office Build-
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ing, Nashville, and obtain T enn essee permit before shipment is made. Attach Georgia tag to each package.
TEXAS: File duplicate inspection certificate and certificate tape numbers with State Department of Agriculture, Austin, Texas ; attach Georgia tag to each package. Two fie ld inspections r eq uired.
CONDITIONS FOR ENTRY OF TABLE STOCK SWEET POTATOES IN GEORGIA FROM THE QUARANTINED AREA OF FLORIDA
1. The table stock sweet potatoes proposed for shipment into Georgia must be fum igated in a tight chamber with Methyl Bromide at the rate of 3 1/2 lbs. per 1000 cubic fe et for 4 hours at a te mperature of 70 degrees F. or high er .
2. T he fumigation cha mbe r must be approved .by an insp ector of the State Plant Board of Florida an d the fumigation done by a commercial fumigation conc ern under his sup ervision and certified by both as prescrib ed above with a copy of certificates being mailed immediately to Chief Inspect or , Georgia Department of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia.
3. The sweet potatoes must be shipped imm ediately after being fumigated and, in the case of r eloading, the car or truck used in trans porting the sweet potatoes must be thoroughly cleaned to prevent reinfestation .
4. A master certificate furnished by the State Plant Board of Florida must accompany ea ch load and must be surrendered to consignee upon arrival at destination, and each and every container of sw eet potatoes cert if ied must have sec urely attached to it a certificate tag or sticker serially numbered and dated under the master certificate.
5. The shipper must notify the Chief Inspector, Georgia Departme nt of Ent om ology, Tift on, Georgia, by wire at the ti me of shipment giving consignee, destination, size of shipment, truck number, and time of expected arrival.
6. Under no conditions will seed sw eet potatoes, sweet potato plants, vine cuttings or parts t hereof be ad m itted into Georgia from any regulated area.
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7. Swe et potatoes shipp ed into Georgia from th e regu la ted area of Florida without proper certificat ion as outlined above will be confiscated and d estroyed.
REGULATIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA CERTIFIED TOMATO PLANTS
Application For Certification
Regulation 1.
a. Applications for certification and land approval must be m ailed to t he Georgia Department of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia, on or before March 1st of the current season.
b. No app lication will be accepted from any grower having a balance due the Geo rgia Dep ar t m ent of Ent omology from a previous year for any certification service.
Land Eligibility
Regul at ion 2.
a. Crop history of all f ields must be checked and approved by an inspector of t he Georgia Departm ent of Entomology prior to their acceptance for the production of certified plants.
b. On ly f ields approved by an inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomo logy may be used in the production of certified plants.
c. All acreage to be acceptable for the prod uction of cert ified p la nts m ust m eet th e req uirements as stated below:
1. Must be land that has not been planted during the past three (3 ) y ears in crops which are susc eptibl e to root-knot nematode.
2. Must be land that h as not b een planted during the past two (2 ) y ears in tomato es or re lated crops with the exception of lan d planted in certified to mato plants provided certification was not revoked
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on these plants because of bacterial wilt , southern blight, or root-knot nematode.
3. Succ essive plantings of certified tomato plants will be allow ed until the land is r ej ect ed by an insp ector of the Georgia Department of Entomology for any of th e r easons previously m entioned in Paragraph t wo.
Seed
Regulation 3.
a. Se ed us ed in th e production of certified tomato plants mu st b e certifie d a n d obt a ine d f ro m a source appr oved by t he Georgia Department of Entomology. A duplicate invoice must b e sent to th e Georgia Departm ent of Entomolog y, Tifton, Ge orgia, when th e seed are shipped or d eli vered sho wing: Quantity , var iety, whether dis infected, disinfectant used, authority for certification, crop ye a r , and lot numb er. If the sell er is not t he producer, h e shall designate th e producer in addition to the above information. Containers not carrying official unbrok en seals and certificates of the producing state w ill no t be ac cepted as ce r t if ie d .
b . Se ed must be treated b efore th ey are acceptab le for th e production of certified plants. A composite sample of eac h var iety for ea ch day's disinfection must b e submitted to the Georgia Departm ent of Entomology, T,ifton, Georgia, for t esting on or b efore J a nu ar y 15th. Thes e samples must show th e vari ety, treatment, quantity, authority for certification, crop year, and lot numb er. Samples submitted without this information will be disregarded.
c. Any se ed which do es not conform to the standards of the Georgia Department of Entomology will not be accepted for the production of certifi ed tomato plants. A tolerance of 4 Bacteria, or 25 Fungi, or 25 Fungi and Bacteria provide d not over 4 colonies of Bacteria are present per 200 seed w ill be allowed . Soil germination of 80 % or better is required.
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d. Sellers or producers having previous crop year's seed on hand m ust a lso submit composite samples of each 200 po unds of eac h variety t o t he Geor g ia D epartm en t of Ent om ol ogy, T ifton , Georgia, for testing. E a ch samp le must be given a lot number which must appear on all contain ers and dup licate invoices.
e. Tomato seed will not be a cc epted for the production of certified p lants from any sell er or producer who does n ot comp ly 'wit h th es e re gu lations .
f. A charge of $2.00 will be made fo r each sample. A r eport will b e furnished as soo n as la bor at or y tests on a sample are completed. Samples submitted after J anuary 15th of the current year will be charged for at th e rate of $4 .00 per sa mp le .
Planting
Regulat ion 4.
a. A ll seed must be che ck ed and approved by an inspec tor of the Georgia Department of Entomology b efore p lanting and the identity of the seed m ust be maintaine d fro m th e t im e of acceptance until pl a nt e d .
b . E nti r e fi elds mu st b e planted t o seed approved by t he Georgia D epartment of Entomology or fi elds will not be accepted for certification. A t en-foot roadway shall be deem ed a field separation. Thus sev eral fi elds may be made of on e lar g e fie ld . Varieties must be separated in sim ilar man n er.
c. A ll to mato p lant fi elds must be staked at the tim e of planting showing the name of th e grower, fi eld numb er, acreage, var iety, source of s eed and lot numb ers.
d. The minimum distance between rows in th e fi eld shall be 14 inch es.
Spraying
Regulation 5.
a . P lants must b e thoroughly sprayed or dusted with th e proper f ungicides and insecticid es at seven to t en day
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intervals, depending upon the rate at which the plants outgrow cov erage and weather conditions. The initial app lication shall be m a de when t he pl ants have p ut on their first true leaves. Inspect or s will reject fie lds not showing satisfactory cov erage at any time.
b . Sp ray m a ch ines m ust be operated at a nozzl e pressure not und er 200 po unds per square inch a nd must not be driven in ex cess of 5 miles per hour.
c. Deta iled instructions for sp raying or dusting can be obtained from the Georgia Depart m ent of Ent omology, Tifton, Georgia.

Field In spection

Regulation 6.

a. Each fi eld sha ll be insp ected at regula r intervals for

dis ease (Bacterial wilt, ear ly blight, late blight, Stem-

phylium leaf spot, Fusarium wilt, Septoria leaf spot,

bacterial leaf spot a nd Southe rn blight) , insect inj ury,

nematodes, spray coverage and general physical con-

dition of plants.

.

b . Rej ections are left to t he discreti on of t he inspect or in charge.

Transfer of Certified Plants
Regulat ion 7.
a. Transfer of certified plants between growers will be made on ly after due notification of th e inspector or inspectors in charge.
b. Certified plants transferred from one grower to another shall carry a label bearing the code number of the producer.

Certificates
Regulation 8. a . Certificate needs must be estimated well in advance of plant movement. All orders must be placed with the
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Georgia Department of Entom ology, Tifton , Georgia, and no certificates will be printed unl ess the printer is a ut hor ized to print th em by a r epres entative of the Georgia Department of Entomology. Only or de rs wh ich ar e a ccompanied by payment in full will be acce pte d. Cer t if icates will be deli vered to the grow er by th e insp ector in ch arge.
b. Certificates may be used only on f irst class pl ants fro m cert if ie d fi eld s, the id entity of which pl ants shall have been ca re f ully maintained by tags or lab els from th e t im e of pulling until th ey h ave been pa ck ed and lab el ed.
c. Fi rst cla ss pl ants r ef erred t o h erein are those pl ants visibly fr ee from insect injury a n d plant dis eas es, not t oo soft , have strong stems of at least 3/ 16 in ch in dia me ter , from 5-11 in ch es in length, and r eas on abl y fr ee f rom blooms. 80 % of the plants p er bundl e mu st conf orm to th ese spe cif icat ions.
d. On e cert if icate must be us ed on eac h containe r of cer tified plants sold as su ch.
Packing
Regulation 9.
a . Plants must be mo ss ed w ell and th e moss must be t ho r ough ly w et before it is used.
b. Plants must be packed in conta in ers which will affor d pr op er ventilation.
c. Plants must be pack ed in sufficiently sm a ll numb ers, per cont a iner, to avoid h eating or bruising.
Revocation of Certification
Regulation 10 .
The Director of Entom ology r eserves th e r ight to d eny or r ev ok e cer t if ica t ion a n d r ecall a ll outsta nding certificates f or causing, in cluding :
a. Willful violation of these or a ny ot he r r egulations of th e Georgia D ep artment of Entomology, espe cia ll y
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those r egula t in g interstate moveme nt of tomato p la nts.
b. Appearance of infectious plant diseases, nematodes, injurious insects or excessive insect damage .
c. Fields becoming too grassy to afford dependab le in spection.
d . Deterioration of plants below satisfactory grade.
e. Misuse of certificates.
f. Use of labels so worded as to be confusing with official certificates.
g. F a ilure to pay certification .
Certification Payments
Regulation 11.
a. Charges fo r certif ication w ill be $2.00 pe r acre, wit h a minimum charge of $50 .00. On e do llar pe r ac re mu st be pai d at t he time t he pla nts become discernib le in the dr ill r ow a nd t he b al a n ce mu st be paid before t he grower receives his certif icates.
REGULATIONS FOR THE SHIPMENT OF TOMATO PLANTS INTO GEORGIA
Pu rsuant to the authority vested in the Dir ect or by the Entomology Act of 1937, the entrance of tomato transplants into the State of Georgia shall be governed by the following regu lat ions:
1. All counties in F lorida on a lin e so uth of and including Brevard , Osceola, Po lk and Pasco are hereby p laced un der quarantine a nd no to mato pla nts f ro m those count ies will be a llowed en t ry into Geor gi a because of t he danger of late blight disease, Phytopthora infestans. .
2. Cert if ied to mato p lants mu st be sprayed or du sted with a n ap proved f ungicide, starting w he n t he f irs t t ru e lea ves appear, and fro m 5 t o 7 da ys t he reafter, and a pre-p ulling app lication made fro m 2 t o 3 days prior to pulling.
3 . All tomato transplants must be fie ld inspected and ap-
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proved as be ing reasonab ly free from inj urio us insects, nematodes, a n d plant diseases; except that no to lerance be a llowed for the lat e blight disease, Phytopthora infestans. Such insp ection shall be made not more than three days prior to pulling and shipping. Certification must be shown by certificates attached to each contain er and each load must have a master certificate giving the total number of containers, the point of origin, consignor, consignee and growers code number. Grower's code number shall a lso app ear on ea ch container certificate.
4. A ll tomato transplants not bearing vali d certificates of ins pecti on a nd certification shall be confiscated u pon in terception.
5. P ena lt ies: Any person who shall vio late a ny of t he abov e r eg u lations or w ho sha ll int erf er e wit h or obstr uct an ins pect or or agent of t he Dep artm ent in t h e pe rforma nc e of h is duties, shall be gui lty of a misd emeano r and up on conviction thereof shall be punis hed by la w . (Sect ion 15, En t om ology Act of 1937.)
App lication for inspect ion shou ld be made to the Fl orida State P lant Boar d, Seagle Buildin g , Gainesville, F lorida.
NURSERY REGULATIONS
The fo llowing ru les and r egulations are mad e pursuant to the Entomolo gy Act of 1937, and govern the mo vement of nursery stock within and into Georgia.
DEFINITIONS
NURSERY : Any grounds or pr emises on or in which nur-
sery stock is grown, ke pt or pr opa gated fo r sale or distribut ion.
NURSERY STO CK: All t r ees or pl ants or par ts of t r ees or pla nts gr own or k ep t for or capab le of pr op a g at ion , distribution or sale; exclu din g a ll fl ow er bulbs, corms, tu ber s, r oots , a nd soft-bodied p la nts (s uc h as ferns, f lower ing annua ls, etc.)
NU RSERY MA N : Any person engage d in the pr odu ct ion of
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nursery stock as defined above for sale or distribution.
DEALER: Any person, not a grower of nursery stock, who buys or otherwise acquires nursery stock for the purpose of re-selling or distributing same independently of any control of the nurseryman.
COLLECTOR OF WILD PLANTS: Any person collecting native wild plants for the purpose of resale must take out an annual license on the same basis as a dealer. Each load collected must be inspected by an authorized inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomology before being offered for sale. Special tags will be sold for this purpose. This does not apply to nursery stock, native or otherwise offered for sale or exchange through the Market Bulletin. This material is handled as described in Section 10, Terminal Inspection of nursery stock.
NURSERYMAN-DEALER: Any person primarily engaged in the production of nursery stock shall be classified as a nurseryman. Any person primarily engaged in the business of buying and selling of certified nursery stock, shall be classified as a dealer.
AGENT: Any person selling, soliciting orders for or distributing nursery stock under the partial or full control of a nurseryman or dealer except employees regularly employed on the premises of the nurseryman or dealer.
REGULATIONS
1. APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION: Any nurseryman, corporation, firm or individual desiring to engage in, conduct or carryon the business of growing, selling, dealing in, or importing for sale or distribution any nursery stock, shall file an application for inspection and registration with the Georgia Department of Entomology not later than July 15th of each year. Any application received after the above mentioned date will be made only when the grower agrees to pay mileage (at the rate of 6 per mile) for a round trip from the nearest inspector's headquarters to the nursery and back plus any subsistence incurred by the inspector while making this trip in addition to the regular nursery fees as subsequently shown herein.
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? INSPECTION: Before being r egistered, all nurseries in the State of Georgia shall b e inspected by an insp ector of the Georgia Department of Entomology and be approved as being apparently fre e of plant pests (insects, plant diseases, n emat od es, et c. ) and in good physical condition. Nurseries must be sufficiently fre e of weeds and grass to afford a dependable inspection. Subsequent inspections shall be made as de emed necessary by the Director. If additional inspections become necessary for cause, ex pe nse s incurred while making said inspections shall be paid for as mentioned above regarding late applications. If later inspection r eveals pests, the Director r eserves th e right to cancel the r egistration and to r ecall unused nursery certificates.
3. LICENSE DURATION: If a license is granted, it sha ll be on an annual basis, from th e period September 1st to August 31st.
4. NURSERY AFFIDAVITS AND INVENTORY : At the time of r egistration, each nurseryman and dealer shall file with th e Director an ex ecuted Nursery Affidavit (furnished by the Director) stating that he will handle onl y stock that has been insp ected and cer tif ied or approved as fr ee of plant pests by th e Director, that he will attach a valid nursery cert if ica te to each plant, package, bundle, box or cont a ine r of nursery stock sold or mov ed from his premises, and that h e will comply with the Nursery Regulations as issu ed by the Director. An inventory of all stock on hand at time of insp ection shall be filed with th e Dir ector. Each nursery and dealer sh all ke ep r ecord on fil e of all nursery stock, showing source and date purchased, bought for propagating purposes or r e-sale ' w hi ch will be available to t he Dir ector at all times.
5. INSPECTION AND REGISTRATION COSTS : Nurserym en shall pay an annual registration cost of $5.00;. Deal ers shall pay an annual r egistration cost of $5.00; Agents shall pay an annual registration cost of $1.00; Out-of-State nurserymen and d ealers shall pay an annual r egistration cost of $5.00.
6. COST OF NURSERY CERTIF ICATES : Nursery certi ficates shall be issu ed by the Georgia Departm ent of Entomology to r egistered nurserym en and dealers at th e following rates:
45

100 certificates (postpaid) __________ _______ __$1.00
500 certificates (postpaid) . . _---- -- ---- --- -- -- 3.00
1000 certificates (express coll ect) -- -- -- -- 5.00
7. USE OF NURSERY CERTIFICATES: Every separate plant, package, bundle or box or container of nursery stock moving into or within Georgia must have attached conspicuously a va lid Georgia Nursery Certificate. No nurseryman or dealer shall us e a nursery certificate upon nursery stock which has not been inspected and approved by the Director. Whenever nursery certificates are re-called by action of the Director, it shall be the duty of the holder of such certificates to surrend er th em t o the Director.
8. OUT-OF-STATE NURSERIES: Out-of-state nurseries and dealers must file with the Director a duplicate certificate of inspection issued by the official certifying agency of the State of Origin; ex ecute a Georgia Nursery Affidavit, obtain Georgia nursery certificates to be attached to every bundle or container of nursery stock moved into or within Georgia, and pay registration costs.
The Director may enter into reciprocal agreements with the certifying agency of the other States whereby: 1. No registration cost will b e r equired and 2. Only valid nursery certificates of the State of Origin will be required, 3. And any other reciprocal agreement that the Director may approve, for outof-state nurserymen and dealers who otherwise qualify under these regulations; provided that the inspection standards of .that State a r e satisfactory to the Director and that such State will permit Georgia nurserymen and dealers, who otherwise qualify, to ship nursery stock into their State, without being required to pay a registration or permit f ee and that only valid Ga. nursery certificates will be r equired.
9. CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION: The Director res erves the right to cancel registration and recall nursery certificates: A. When inspection discloses plant pests; B. When a new or incipient pest is found within or in dangerous proximity of a nursery; C. Current years tags shall be surrendered to the Director if th e nursery goes out of business or operates under a different name; D. When Georgia nursery
46

certificates are used in violation of th e Entomology Act of 1937, or th e Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder.
10. TERMINAL INSPECTION OF NURSERY STOCK: For th e benefit of thos e not defined by Statute as a nursery, dealer or agent desiring to make individual shipments or gift shipments of nursery stock, a terminal insp ection point is hereby established at 432 State Capitol, Atlanta, and at the Georgia Dept. of Entomolog y, Tifton, Ga . Area inspectors are hereby authorized to make similar insp ections a t th eir h eadquarters. The insp ections will be made at these points, and if the plants are found apparently fre e of plant pests, t erminal inspection certificates will be attach ed and the nursery stock allow ed to proceed to d estination. The consignor sha ll be r esponsible for transportation costs from point of origin to inspection po int and thence to destination, whether transported by parcel post, express, bus, freight, truck or other carriers.
11. INSPECTION OF BULBS, ROOTS, SOFT-BODIED PLANTS, KUDZU, ETC.: Plants such as bulbs, roots, softbodied plants, kudzu , and other plants that are not classifi ed as nursery stock as defined in these regulations and which do not r equire inspection under the present Ga. Nursery Regulations, but which are classif ie d as nursery sto ck by other State s and therefore must be inspe ct ed t o move inter-state, will be insp ected by th e inspectors of th e Ga . Dept. of Entomology upon requ est. The cost of such inspections shall be the sam e as for late insp ections previously describ ed (Sec. 1) . Soft-bodied plant stick ers are issued at a cost of $1.00 per 100; $3.00 p er 500; $5.00 per 1000, or up t o 100 . .. 1 eac h .
12. TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES, COMMON CARRIERS, ETC.: Section 12 of th e Entomology Act of 1937 which reads as follows: "S ection 12: An y person, including common carr ier s who receive plants, plant pro du ct s or ot he r things or substances sold, giv en a way, ca rrie d, ship pe d or d elivered for carr ia g e or shipment within this State, as to which provisions of this Act a nd th e Rul es and Regulations mad e pursuant thereto have not been com piled with shall immediately inform th e Director or an employee or agent t o th e Director and isolate and hold th e sa id plants, plant products or ot he r t hings or substances unopened or unused subj ect to su ch inspection and such disposition as may be provid ed by th e Director."
47

NURSERY STOCK RECIPROCAL AGREEMENTS
For your information, we are listing bel ow those States having sp ecial r equirem ents as r egards the movem ent of nurser y sto ck into their r esp ective States.
FLORIDA: Fil e duplicate certificate with State Plant Board , Gainesville, Florida. No tags or fee r equired. Citrus st ock cannot be shipped into Florida from any other State.
NEW MEXICO: A $10 .000 f ee is r equired , as well as both New Mexico and Georgia tags. State Nursery Inspector, State College, New Mexico. Dealers must pay a $25 .00 f ee plus New Mexico tags.
SOUTH CAROLINA: Deal ers must list source of st ock with the State Crop Pest Commission, Clemson, South Carolina.
UT AH: If you advertise nursery stock, or have agents in the state, a $10 .00 fee must be paid to State Departm ent of Agriculture, Salt Lake City, Utah.
WEST VA.: File copy of Georgia certificate with them, attach Georgia tags and make application for West Virginia registration to Department of Agriculture, Charleston, W. Va.
We have made reciprocal agreements with all the other States, whereby no fee is charged and only a duplicate Georgia inspection certificate filed with the nursery officials of the various States is required. Georgia certified tags must accompany shipments of nursery stock. The names and address es of the officials in these States will be furnished on r equest. Nurserymen desiring duplicate certificates for filing with those States, can secure them from this office without cost.
The following States classify soft-bodied plants as nursery stock: Arizona, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, New Mexico, North Carolina, Nevada, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Washington, Vermont. If you plan to ship this type of stock, contact the quarantine official in the States mentioned.
48

REGULATIONS FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF PACKAGE AND QUEEN BEES
The following Rules and Regulations are made pursuant to the Bee Disease Law of 1920, as amend ed, March 27, 1947, and the Entomology Act of 1937, and govern the inspection, issuing of certificates and movement of package and qu een bees in the State of Georgia.
1. APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION: All shippers of package and queen bees in the State of Georgia, who have not yet had inspection should apply to 432 State Capitol, Atlanta, 01' T. J. Ratcliffe, Chief Inspector, Department of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia.
2. INSPECTIONS: There will be one annual inspection for all colonies which are to be used in producing' certified queen and package bees, and the inspection shall be made prior to shipment.
3. BEE DISEASES: American Foulbrood-When inspection reveals colonies infected with American Foulbrood, the infected colonies will be burned and the entire yard placed under quarantine, and certification will be revoked. The movement of bees and/or equipment from quarantined yards is prohibited. When one clean inspection is made within 60 days after infection of American foulbrood is found , the yard will be released from quarantine if found disease free, and certification will be reinstated. European Foulbrood-Certification of yards will be revoked when inspection reveals the presence of European Foulbrood. When inspection shows freedom of European Foulbrood, certification will be reinstated.
4. CERTIFICATES: a. Apiary certificates will be issued to shippers for the movement of certified bees from all yards which have been certified and not under quarantine.
b. Apiary certificates must be attached to every shipment of package bees or queens moved in the State of Georgia.
c. Apiary certificates will be made for the period January I-December 31, of ea ch ye a r .
d. Apiary certificates will be issued by the Director of En-
49

t om olog y at the f ollowing pr ices f or both pa ckage a nd qu een certificat es. Combination of qu een and package bee cer t if icates at th e same price in on e order will not b e a ccepted.

PLEASE INDICATE HOW MANY OF EACH KIND YOU WILL NEED.

100 cer t if ica te s

.$ 1. 0 0

500 cert if icates

:

3. 0 0

1000 certi f ica te s

5.00

5. CANCELLING OF CERTIFICATES : The Director of Entomology reserves th e right t o cancel re gistration and r ecall Apiary certificates :
a. When inspe ction r eveals bee dis eases.
b. When Apiary cert if icat es are used on uncertified or uninspected bees.
c. When application for inspection is not mad e.
d. When apiary certificates are us ed in violat ion of th e Bee Dis eas e Law of 1920 a n d/ or t he Entomology Act of 19 37, or the Rul es an d Regulations promulgated th er eund er.
6. DEALERS: Certifie d ship pers m ay shi p under their A piar y certif icates certif ied bees and/or certif ie d qu eens , obtained f r om other bee k eep ers whose be es ha ve m et t he requir em ents of t h ese Regulations .
7. LICENSE OF OWNERS : (Se c. 2, Bee Disease Law of 1920) " A ll persons, fi rms or corporations desiring t o carryon a business for th e sal e of Bees, Qu eens, Nuclei, et c., shall be required to apply to the Georgia Department of Entomology f or a lic ense so to do , and t o ac company each application with a f ee of $25 .00; upon r eceipt of same, the Georgia Departm ent of Entomology, upon investigat ion of th e party so applying, and at th eir dis cretion, sh all issu e a lic ense. Said license to be revoked by the Georgia Department of Entomology at any time said persons, firm or corporation shall fail t o compl y wit h this law or t o carry out the rul es an d regulati ons est ablished by th e Georgia Dep a rtment of Entom ology. All f ees coll ected in this manner shall be turned over to the State

50

Treasury. Any person, firm or corporation attempting t o do business without su ch license, or after such lic ense h as be en r evok ed , shall be guilty of a misd em eanor a n d upon conv ict ion thereof, sha ll be punished as su ch ."
Th e $25.00 is not an a nn ua l fee , but is good fo r th e lif e of th e bu siness w hi le op erated und er th e same name.
8. COMMON CA RRIERS : All t r a nspo r ta t ion com pan ies and commo n ca rr iers, in cluding trucks and busses are h ereby r equired t o r efuse to acce pt fo r shipment a ny consi gnme nt of package and qu een bees whe n such consignme nt is not a ccompanied by a va li d Apiary certifi cate. It sh a ll b e th e duty of transp ortation com pa nies a nd com mo n ca rr ier s, including tru cks and bu sses, to with ho ld d elivery and n ot if y t h e Dir ect or of Entom ol ogy of th e arrival w it hin the Stat e of Geor gia of any shipment of package or qu een bees, when suc h sh ipm ent do es .n ot car ry a valid Apiary certificate, for such ins pe ct ion and suc h disp osition as ma y be provided by th e Dir ector of Ent om ology.
10 . Certificates f or qu een a n d package bees must be purch ased annu ally, and ex pire Dec emb er 31 of eac h y ear.
The f ollowing rul es and r egulation s are m ad e pursuant to the Bee Disease La w of 1920, as ame nde d March 27 , 19 47 , an d the Ent om olog y Act of 1937 , a nd govern t h e mo vem ent of bees in hiv es, h on eycomb, a n d fixtur es into this State.
RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR BEEKEEPERS
1. The s hipme nt or movem ent into this St ate of any h on eybees on comb, honeyb ees in hi ves, honeycomb, fram es, us ed bee shipping ca ge s, second h and honey containers or used beek eeping f ixt ures is h er eb y prohibit ed exce pt und er Special P ermit issu ed by t he Direct or of Ent om ology.
2. A Sp ecial Per mit will b e issue d und er the following con ditions : when th e Director shall re ceiv e a certificate from the official ap ia ry insp ector of th e Stat e of Origin cert ify in g (1) that th e apiaries of t he shipper have been ins pect ed a nnua lly , inclu ding one inspection wit hi n a perio d of 30 days preceding the date of shipment, and (2) that no Am erican F oulbrood , Europ ean Foulbrood or other infe ct ious dis eases have been
51

found in the apiaries of the shipper for a period of two years prior to the date of the certificate, and (3) that all foulbrood has been destroyed by burning.
3. Permits will not be granted when sulfathiazole has been us ed for treatment of foul brood or when beekeepers have been deputized to inspect their own bees by the State.
4. When the Director of Entomology or his deputies shall find foulbrood repeatedly in bees shipped from another State under official certificates of inspection, the Director thereafter shall refuse to recognize the certificate of such State until such time as he shall receive satisfactory information that its inspection service has again become trustworthy.
5. Permits will not be granted for the movement of bees in hives into Georgia unless they are actively rearing brood, and those coming into the State without brood shall be returned to the State of Origin or placed under quarantine until released by a Department apiary inspector.
6. Permits will not be granted for movement into Georgia of second-hand or used honeycomb unless such honeycomb is in hive actively rearing brood.
7. Permits will not be granted for the movement of bees on comb into Georgia from any State which refuses entrance of bees on comb from the State of Georgia.
LIST OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
1. Nursery Certificate (Tag)
2. Nursery Certificate (Green Tag for Wild Plants)
3. Nursery License
4. Duplicate Nursery License
5. Terminal Inspection Certificate (Tag)
6. Special Permit, for shipment of gift nursery stock (Tag)
7. Courtesy Tag
8. Soft-bodied Plant Sticker
52

9. Sw eet Potato Certificate (Tag) 10. Sweet Potato Certificate (Tap e) 11. Queen Bee Certificate 12. Package Bee Certificate 13. Bee Ins pect ion Certificate 14. Permit to Move Bees into Georgia 15. Permit to Move Bees out of Georgia 16. Tomato Plant Certificate 17 . Cabbage P lant Certificate
PLANT QUARANTINE OFFICIALS
T h ere ar e list ed below the officials of th e va rious States, T err it or ies, the Distr ict of Columbia, Canada, and Mexico, who are responsib le for the promulgation and enforcement of p lant quarantines and regulations: ALABAMA: B. P . Livingston, Chi ef, Di vision of Plant Indus-
try, State Departm ent of Agriculture and Industries, P . O. Box 220 , Montgomery 1.
ALASKA: Hon. Clyde G. Sherman, Commissioner of Agricu lt ure, Box 1101, F a ir ba n ks .
ARIZONA: W . T . Mendenhall, State Ent om ologist , Commission of Agricu lture and Horticulture, P. O. Box 6246 , Phoenix.
ARKANSAS : Paul H. Millar, Chi ef Inspect or , State Plant Board, Capitol Ave nu e and Center Street, Little Rock .
CALIFORNIA: A. P. Messenger, Chi ef, Bureau of Plant Quarantine, Stat e Departm ent of Agriculture, Sacram ento 14.
CANADA: W . N. K eenan, Chi ef, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.
COLORADO : F. H erbert Gates, Bureau of Plant and Insect Control, 3130 Zuni Street, Den ver 11.
53

CONNECTICUT: Neely Turner, State Entomologist, Agricultural Exp er im ent Station, Box 1106, New Haven 4.
DELAWARE: W . Rob ert H ickman, Nu rs ery Insp ector, State Board of Agriculture, Dov er.
DIST. OF COL .: W. B. Wood, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Wash ington 25.
FLORIDA: Eel L. Ayers, Plant Commissione r, St ate Plant Board, Gainesville.
GEORGIA: C. H. Ald en , Di r ector of Entom olog y, St ate Ca pitol, Atlanta 3.
HAW AIl: Wm. C. Look, Plant Quarantine In sp ector in Charge, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and F or est r y, P. O. Box 2520, Honolulu 4.
IDAHO: Hon. D. A . Stubbl efield , Commissioner, State Department of Agriculture, Bois e. M. A. Lyman, Director, Divisi on of Plant Industry, State Dep artment of Agriculture, Bois e ,(Insp ect ion )
ILLINOIS: H. F. Seifert, Division of Plant Industry, State Department of Agriculture, Room 300, Professional Arts Building, Glen Ell yn.
INDIANA: Frank N. Wallac e, State Entomol ogist, 311 W est Washington St. , Indianapolis 9.
lOW A: Dr. H. M. Harris, State Entomologist, 311 Science Building, Iowa State College, Ames.
KANSAS : North: Dr. Herbert Knutson, State Entomologist, State Coll eg e of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan. South: Dr. Charl es D. Mich ener, State Entomologist, Un iversity of Kansas, Lawren ce.
KENTU CKY: Professor Walter A. Price, State Entomologist , Coll eg e of Agr iculture, University of K entucky, Lexington 29.
LOUISIANA: S. J. Mcflrory, State Entomologist, State Department of Agriculture and Immigration, Box 4153, Capitol Station, Baton Rouge 4.
54

MAINE: E. L. Newdi ck , Chi ef, Division of P la nt Industry, St ate Departm en t of Agriculture, Au gu st a .
MARYLAND: Dr. E. N. Cor y, Stat e Entomologist, University of Maryl and, Colle ge Park.
MASSACHUSETTS: Quincy S. Lowry, Assistant Director, Division of Plant Pest Control and Fairs, 41 Tremont Street, Boston 8.
MEXICO: Ing. Dario L. Arrieta, Director Gen eral of Agricult ure, San Jacinto , D.F., Mexi co.
MI CHIGAN : C. A. Boyer, Chi ef , Bureau of Plant Industry, Stat e Department of Agriculture, Lansing 13.
MINNESOTA: T. L. Aamodt, Directo r , Bureau of Plant Industry, State Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Food, Uni versity Farm, St. Paul 1.
MISSISSIPPI: Dr. R . E. Hutchins, Entomologist, State Plant Board, State Coll eg e.
MISSOURI: Julius R. Anderson , St ate Entom ologist, Stat e Departmen t of Agricultur e, J eff erson City.
MONTANA: R. O. Young, Ch ief , Divisi on of Horti culture, State D epartm ent of Agriculture, Labor and Industry, Missoula.
NEBRASKA: C. J. Walstrom, State Entomologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, State Departm ent of Agriculture and Inspection, Lin coln 9.
NEVADA : George G. Schweis, Direct or, Divisi on of Plant In du stry, State Dep artment of Agri cul ture, P. O. Box 1027, Reno.
NEW HAM PSHIRE : Dr . J . G. Con klin, State En tomologi st , Insect and Plant Disease Suppression and Control , State Depa rtm ent of Agricultur e, Durham.
NEW JERSEY: Harry B. W eiss, Director, Division of Plant Industry, State D epartment of Agriculture, Tr enton 8.
NEW MEXICO: Prof essor R. F. Crawfor d, De puty In sp ector, College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, St ate College .
55

NEW YORK: H. B. Little, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, State D epartm ent of Agriculture and Markets, Albany 1.
NORTH CAROLINA: Dr. C. H. Brannon, State Entomologist, State Departm ent of Agriculture, Ral eigh.
NORTH DAKOTA: Dr. R . L. Post, State Entomologist, Dep artm ent of Entomology , North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo.
OHIO: J ohn W . Baringer, Chief , Division of Plant Industry, State D epartm ent of Agriculture, Columbus 15.
OKLAHOMA: Clyd e A. Bow er, Director, Division of Entomology and Plant Industry, Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture, Oklahoma City 5.
OREGON: Frank McKennon, Chief, Division of Plant Industry, State D epartm ent of Agriculture, Agricultural Building, Salem.
PENNSYLVANIA: Dr. T . L. Gu yton, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, State D epartm ent of Agriculture, Harrisburg.
PUERTO RICO: Luis A. Catonia, Director, Plant Quarantine Servic e, D epartment of Agriculture and Commerce, San Juan.
RHODE ISLAND: Alvin J. Lannon, Administrator, Division of Entomology and Plant Industry, State D epartment of Agriculture and Conservation, State House, Providence 2.
SOUTH CAROLINA: J. A. Berl y, Entomologist, State Crop P est Commission, Cle m son .
SOUTH DAKOTA: Frank M. Ti etge, Director, Division of Plant Industry, State D epartment of Agriculture, P ierre.
TENNESSEE: Howard L. Bru er, Direct or, Insect and Plant Disease Control, Department of Agriculture, 704 Employment Security Building, Nashvill e 3.
TEXAS: Charlie Chapman, Chief, Division of Plant Quarantines, T exas D epartment of Agriculture, Austin.
UTAH: Earl Hutchings, State Supervising Inspector, State Department of Agriculture, Salt Lake City.
56

VERMONT : John W. Scott, Director, Division of Plant P est Control, St ate Department of Agriculture, Montpeli er.
VIRG IN IA : G. T . Fren ch , St ate En t omolo gist, St at e Dep artment of Agricultu r e a nd Immigrati on, 1112 St at e Off ice Building, Richmon d 19 .
\VASHI NGTO N : William H . Shaw, Supervisor of H orticulture , State Depa rt m ent of A gricul ture, Olym pia .
W EST VI RG IN IA : F . Waldo Craig, Entom ologist , State Depart m ent of A gr iculture, Charlesto n 5.
WISCONSIN: E. L. Chambers, State En t om ologist , Division of Plant Indu stry, Sta t e Departm ent of Agriculture, 315 North Ca rro ll Street, Mad ison 2.
WYOM ING : Martin P oyn er, Act ing State Entom ologist , State Departme nt of Agricu lture, Cheyenne .
57

rr: /1;,' / ,13/
1 i./ rJ 3
Bu ll e t in 103

December, 1954

Annual Report
Department of Entomology
July 1, 1953 - June 30, 1954

Certified Tomato Plant Field

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H. A lden, Dir ector

S t a te Ca pit ol

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA A tl a nta, Georg-ia

FEB 5 1955

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of TransmittaL. ............ Introduction Cooperative Proj ects Atlanta Office White Fringed Beetle Eradication .. Sw eet Potato W eevil Erad ication..... Tomato Plant Certification Sw eet Potato P lant Certification Bee I nspection and Certification Tifton Laboratorv c. . .. Ph on y P each Dis ease Contro l Nursery Insp ection and Certif ication Fruit Pest Laboratory Gen eral Pest Contro l Japanese Beetl e Eradication Insect and Plant Disease Identification Registration of E conomic Poisons and Devices Quarantines Against Serious Pests Camellia F lower Blight Eradication Cabbage Plant Certification Easter Lil y Bulb Certification Publications and Exhibits Summary of Activities P ensions and T ransfe rs Incom e and Disbursem ents

Page 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9
12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 18

Front Cover - GEORGIA CER TIFIED T OMAT O PLANT FIELD

3

To th e Honorab le, H erman E. Talmadge, Governor of Georgia, and M emb ers of th e G eneral Assemb ly: I hav e th e honor to submit, h erewith, th e ann ual r eport of th e Georgia D epartm ent of Entomo logy for th e fis ca l ye ar , J uly 1, 19 53 to J un e 30, 19 54.
Resp ectfu lly submitted ,
C.!I. ~
Director of Enlor.:lolog y
C. H . ALDEN
-1

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
This D e pai-tment is ch arge d b y law with th e enfo rcement of state plant quarantin es f or th e er a dicati on and prev ention of spread of dangerous insects and plant dis eases n ot g ener a lly spread ov er th e state or not found in th e state. It fun ctions und er th e Entomology Act of 1937 , th e Be e Disease Law of 1920 as am end ed in 19 47 , and jointly with th e Com mission er of Agriculture on th e E conomi c P oisons A ct of 19 50 . Th e D epartm ent also fun ctions jointly with th e U . S. D epartm ent of Agri culture in th e enforcem ent of F ed eral quarantin es on plant p ests in th e State.
Und er th ese laws, quarantin es are promulgated and r evis ed , rul es and r egulations publish ed annuall y , and th e n ecessary insp ections a n d cert if ica t ions mad e for plant p ests and th e shipm ent of b ees and b ee eq uipme nt .
Funds ex pe n de d by th e D epartm ent f or th e f isc a l ye a r en ding Jun e 30 , 19 54 w ere $176,246 .00 as com p a re d with $171, 45 6.18 sp ent for th e previous fis cal year. A n ew proj ect on Easter lil y bulb inspection and ce r t if ica t ion was started during th e year.
A summary of a ctivities (with map) is gi ven for th e various proj ects and d etail ed r eports are availabl e for public info rmation at th e Departm ent's offi ce in th e State Capitol. W ork was p erform ed in 157 counti es, and no increase in th e numb er on th e staff was m ad e during th e y ear. Th ere w ere f r om on e to tw el ve proj ect s in ea ch count y on insect and plant disease control or oth er a ctivity.
COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Proj ec t s ca rrie d on within th e State in coop eration with th e Agricultural R esearch Servi ce of th e U . S. D. A. w ere as f ollows: White fring ed b eetle, swe etpotato w eevil, and Japan es e beetl e er a d icat ion ; phony peach dis ease control; pink boll w orm , imported fir e ant, tobacco cys t n ematod e, and cam ellia flow er blight scouting; and g en eral insect and plant disease survey.
ATLANTA OFFICE
Th e D epartment's main office is in th e State Capitol with fi eld offices and laboratori es in Cornelia and Tifton and coop erative proj ect offic es in Alpharetta, Dublin, East Point, Eastman, Fitzgerald, Fort Vall ey , Macon, Monticello, Ogl ethorp e, Sand ersvill e, Statesboro , and Wayn esboro .
5

Du r ing th e year th e Atlanta office had 735 9 inco min g t el ephon e ca lls, 237 9 visitors, wro te 10,91 5 letters, mail ed out 15,620 packages and bull etins and mad e 660 p la nt product insp ections. Th ere was a lso issu ed tap e, ce rt ifi cate s, tags, lic enses and oth er in formati on as follows : 731,000 yar ds of sw eetpotato tap e, 45 0,000 nurs ery tags, 38, 000 sw eetpotato tags, 35 ,000 que en and package bee ce r t if icates; 143,000 mimeograph and multigraph circulars, and 80,000 miscellaneous plant and s eed ce r t if icates. In addition th e Tifton office issu ed ov er 2,000,000 tomato and ca b ba ge plant certificates .
Th e Atlanta office also prepares th e q ua r t er ly budgets and a n n ua l r ep ort, pays sal ary, mil eage , ex pe nse and supply bills; k eep s t he r ecords for th e D epar tm ent's emp loyees on r etirem en t , m erit sys t em, withh olding tax, and gr oup insur an ce ; k eep s a com p lete set of books wit h a dail y r ec ord of transactions; prepares and distributes q uar a nt ine s, r egulations and bull etins ; issu es bee , nursery and ot her licenses; and maintains th e Departm ent's library and insect coll ection .
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a coop erative proj ect b etw een th e Department and th e U . S. D. A . and both a Stat e a n d F ed eral q uar a nti ne is enfo rce d on th is insect, and parts of 55 co u nt ies in th e Stat e are known t o b e infested .
A p ea k of 42 State and F ed eral em p loyees we r e assign ed t o this w ork in Georgia, with 29 on a p ermanent basis. Inf estations have b een f oun d in 60 count ies but th e following previousl y infested counties hav e b een r el eased from quarantine restrictions: Appling, Clayton, Effingham, Habersham a n d Muscog ee. In addition , th ere are 16 areas in in fested coun ties in whi ch white fring ed b eetl es have not been f ound f or three or m ore years.
New in f estation s fo un d th is ye a r f or th e f irst tim e w ere at Higgst on in T oombs ; LaGrange in Troup; a nd extensio ns of previo us inf estation s at Gr iffin in Spal ding and F t . Gaines in Clay. Th e known pr es ent infest at ions in th e State total 65,201 acres w it h but 3,820 a cres with m od erate in f estations and 3 94 a cres, or 0.6 jf: with h eavy infe st ations.
During th e ye a r , 1603 acres of f a r m land w ere soil t r eated with DDT at th e rate of 10 lbs. p er acre, making a cumulativ e total of 19 ,096 a cres treated. A t otal of 1,764 tons of insecticid e-f ertiliz er mixtures w ere purcha sed and us ed by th e fa r mers on 8, 820 a cres of land . Eighty-three a d dit iona l ac res of nu rsery land w ere treated , and 10 ,977 acres were tre a te d wi th fo liage s pr ays. During t h e ye a r 2,1 97 a d ditional acres of non-f arm lan d w ere sur f ace treated w it h gra nular Di eldrin,
6

which has proved so satisfactory since being a p prove d fo r us e by State and F ederal agen cies.
Exp enditures by th e State and U . S. D. A. ar e giv en in th e summary of incom e and disbu rs ements. In addition, over $3 00,0 00.00 was spe nt b y county, city, oth er go vernm ent agen ci es and private prop erty owners on th e co nt ro l of this insect in th e state. Exc ell ent coop eration b y all citi ze ns has r esulted in th e r etarding of sp r ead of this ins ect a n d prev ented any se rio us crop losses. During th e ye ar, w or k was d on e in 98 coun tie s on su r vey, cont ro l and r egulatory probl ems a n d th e count ies are listed on th e map gi ving a summary of Departm ent activiti es .
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICATION
Th is is a coo pe r ative proj ect between th e departm en t and th e U . S. D. A . A state qua ran tine is enfo rce d joint ly and is r evis ed a nn u a lly on in f ested a reas and con dit ions gover ning mov em ent of sw eetpotato es and plants, and th es e are distributed t o prop erty owne rs and ot he rs in volv ed in th e qua ra nt ine .
During th e ye a r, 47, 03 0 in sp ections w ere m ad e a nd w ork ed perform ed in 40 co unties. Th ere a re 14 co u nt ie s with a ctive infestations of th e w eevil. Th e fo llo w in g co u nt ies w ere remo ved f ro m th e qu arant ine: Mitch ell a n d Pierce . In addition , 70 prop erti es w ere r el eased f ro m qua r a nt ine a n d all ow ed bac k into sweetpotato production . Th ere w ere 71 n ew pr oper ties fo un d in f ested this year, as com p are d with 58 last ye a r. Th ere w ere 29 violat ions of th e qua rant ine , du r ing th e ye ar and a ll w ere co r re cte d w it ho ut legal a ct ion .
An extensive ed uc atio n a l program on th e sweet po t ato weevil w a s co n d ucte d during th e ye ar, in six South Georgia cou nt ies wh ere 135 m eetings w er e h eld a n d attend ed by ove r 5 ,000 p eopl e. In a d dit io n, ove r 60 n ews arti cles and r ad io broad casts w ere sent out, and a large numb er of colore d post er s w ere distributed. A sweetpotato weevil ex h ibit was set up in s even co unty and state f a irs that we re visited b y n earl y a h alf milli on peopl e. This work has proved of great va lue in a cquainting th e f arm ers and ot he rs with th e weevil a n d h ow dangerous it is t o th e sw eetpotato industry .
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
Th ere w ere 5, 94 6 a cres of tomato plants in th e state und er ce r t if ic at ion by th e D epartm ent this ye a r as co m p a red with 6,81 3 a cres last ye a r . Th e r eduction w a s mo stl y on a ccount of th e pl ants b eing damaged by frost in th e early s pr in g. Ab out 45 0, 000, 000 t om ato pl ants we re ce r t ifie d fo r shipm ent in 22 South Georgia co unt ies, a s listed on th e sum mary map . Th es e
7

plants w ere grown fr om ce r t if ie d, treated and t ested see d on land approved b y th e Departm ent' s ins pect or s. All f ie lds growing ce r t if ie d plants w ere spra yed and du sted r egu larl y acco r din g t o sc h ed ules f ur nishe d t o th e f a r me rs .
Th e wo rst dis eas e fo u nd w as ea r ly blight ( A lt er na r ia ) . Th e acreage revocation w as as fo llows : Gr ad e, 4,90 6; A lt er na r ia , 422 ; N em atod es, 22 1 ; Bacteria l w ilt, 141 , G r ass, 116 ; So uth em blight, 82 ; Bact er ia l s pot, 19; ot h er ca us es, 39.
Th e acr eage by va r ie ti es w as : Rutgers, 3 ,609 ; Ga r d e n State, 1,12 4; F2 H~'brid, 363; V a lie nt, 2 31; Margl ob e, 66 ; Sto kesdal e, 60 ; ot her vari eti es, 504,
All planting s eed was chec ke d f or bact eria , f ungi , and ge r mina t ion in th e Departm ent's laboratory and green h ouse. N o see d was planted un less it m et th e standards set up in th e D epartm ent's r egulati ons for growi ng ce r tif ie d t omato plants, which ar e pro mu lgated eac h ye a r and distrib ut ed t o th e tomato plant industry,
SWEET POTATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During th e 19 53- 54 se a so n th e fi eld f'or ce mad e f ie ld, sto rage and plant be d insp ecti ons fo r sweet.potato plant and seed gro we rs in 99 co u nt ies in th e st a te . F ield insp ection s w ere mad e in 2,7 28 a cres f'or in sect s and plant di sea ses a n d 236 ac res or 8 .6 J( w ere co nd em ne d a s unfit fo r cert ification . A to t a l of 16 4,61 0 bush el s w ere in sp ect ed in sto r age a n d 1,28 9 b us h els, or 0.8 J( w e r e co nd em ne d as unfit fo r bedd ing. In addit ion , plants we r e ex a mi ned on th e be ds a nd durin g t he sa les seaso n so that farm ers co uld ob ta in di sease-fr ee plants fo r potato production, Th e growing plants a n d stored potat oes w ere insp ect ed for stem r ot , black r ot, cor k, m osai c and sw eetpot a t o w eevil, a n d wh en a ll in sp ections sh owe d fr eedo m f ro m plant pests, th e grow ers w ere furnish ed wit h ce r tif ica te tap e and t ags f or th e sa le of plants and s eed stock.
All ce rt if ie d p lants ar e grown and so ld un d er a set of r egulations promulgated eac h year b y th e D epartm ent and th es e ar e furnish ed to grow ers and a ll oth er interested parti es . Th e tap e is iss u ed on an ann ual basis for t ying certifi ed plants and is f'urnish e d at cost by th e Departm ent. A ll p lants, oth er t han those grown by t he farm er for his own use, must be certified, In addition to th e ins pection service, th e D epartm ent f urnish es th e farm er th e necessary ce r t if ica tes, tags , transfers, affidavits, dipping in stru ctions and r eciprocal agreements t o ena ble th e f a n ne rs to sell th eir sw eetpotato plants and seecl stock in intra and inter-stat e cha nne ls .
8

BEE INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
During th e 19 53-5'1 seaso n 65, 330 colonies of b ees w ere ins p ec te d in 1 ,6 3L1 y a r ds in 84 co u nt ie s . Th ere w ere 38,33 6 co lo n ies ins p ect ed fo r th e p a ckage and q u ee n b ee sh ip pers and 2 6, 994 fo r th e h oney produ cers. Th ere we r e 16 ,984 co lo n ies ins p ec t ed f'or r esi d ent mi grat ory b ee k eep ers f or m ovem en t into oth er sta t es an d 4, 184 co lo ni es p ermitted ent r y un d er ce r t if ica te fro m ot h er stat es . In additi on 8 ,99 6 pi ec es of use d b ee k ee pi ng eq u ip me nt w er e in s p ected fOI' in t er-state sh ip m ent, a n d y a r ds un d er q ua ra nt in e f or b ee d isea ses w ere r ein spected until th ey w ere cl ea n e d of fo u lb roo d and r el eas ed .
Th e f ie ld in sp ectors fo un d 355 cas es of Am erican fo ulb r oo d and 63 cas es of Europ ean f'o u lb roo d , which is 0 .6 (;~ of t h e co lo n ies ins p ec t ed . In a d d it ion t o th e in sp ecti on serv ic e, th e Departm ent issu es r egu lation s fo r qu ee n, package , and h on ey produ cers , enf or ces q u a r a nt in es, and issu es ann ua l cert if icat es t o p a ckage and qu een b ee prod u cers f or shipment of di seasef'te e b ees to a ll states and Ca n a d a ,
TIFTON LABORATORY
Th e D epartm ent owns offices, la b or at or y and greenh ou s e on th e Coa st a l P lain Exp erim ent Station gro und s and is f'u llv eq u ippe d to f ur n ish s ervice t o f a r mer s and oth ers on in sect and p lant di seas e cont ro l in th e South G eorgia sect io n . A f u ll tim e plant path ol ogi st is assign ed t o th is st a t io n wh o al so a cts as Ch ief Insp ector fo r a ll of th e vari ous f ie ld proj ects. A ssistants are f urnish e d a s n eed ed t o ca r ryon t h e n ecessar y in spectio ns and ot her wo r k assi gn ed. This station al so is used a s h ea d qu arters by t h e F ed eral Su p ervi sor of sw eet pot ato w eev il er a d ica ti on.
During th e past y ea r seed t esti n g was ca rr -ie d on f or co mm ercial see dings and pl ant grow er s on t om ato, cab b a g e, p e pp el' and co ll a r d se eds . App r ox im atel y 600 see d s a m p les w ere t ested a n d 2 50 d eterminations m ad e on insects and plant d iseases . T ests w ere co n d uct e d on t omato f r u it w orms , sw eet p otato m osai c and n ew a zal ea va r iet ies .
Proj ects of th is station on a f u ll tim e b a sis are tomato and ca b b a g e plant cer t if ic a t ion , se e d t esting, sw eet p otato weevi l er a d ic a t io n, and r earing and co lon izin g V edalia b eetl es f or co tton y cush ion sca le contro l; proj ects on a part tim e basis are ch eck ing Florida tomato p lants shipp ed int o G eorgia f'or th e green wrap industry, sweet p otato p lant, nurs ery and b ee in spections, Easter lil y bu lb cer t if ica t ion , cam ellia flow er blight survey, g en eral p est co nt r ol, and lett ers, qu a r a nt ines, and circulars of in formati on t o fann ers and ot h er citiz ens.
9

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES-July 1, 1953-June 30, 1954

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A. Whit e Fringed Beetle E ra di cation (98 counties) B. Sweet P otato We evil E r a dica t ion (43 counties) C. Tomato Plant Cert ifica tion (22 count ies ) D. Sweet P otato Plant Cer tifica tio n (99 counties ) E . Bee Inspection and Cert if ication (84 count ies ) F. Phony P ea ch Di s ea s e Contro l (1 6 counties) G. Nursery In spection a nd Cert if ica t ion ( 108 cou nties) H . J apanese Beetle Eradication a nd Su rvey (100 count ies)

1. In se ct a nd P lant Di sease Identificati on (75 count ies )
J . Ca me llia Flowe r Bli ght Surve y (43 count ies) K. Cabba g e Pl a nt Cert ifica t ion (5 count ies)
L. Easter L il y Bulb Certifica t ion (10 counties)
M. General P est Cont ro l (53 count ies ) 1. Includes : Vedalia Beetle Di str ibution, Im po rted Fire Ant Control, Pink Boll W orm Surve y, a nd cot t on seed certi f ica t ion ,

PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
This is a coo pe r a tive proj ect between th e Departm ent and th e U. S. D. A. Sinc e 1929 , wh en th e proj ect was started , more than 1, 800 ,000 dis eased phon y t re es ha ve b een r emoved. Durin g th e y ea r, 2,004 ,385 p each tr ees w ere insp ected in 16 count ies, a n d of th ese 47, 903 tr ees w ere dis eased and have been r emov ed . Th e m ost st r ik ing circ umst a nce of th e 1953 se as on was th e r elatively small amo unt of phon y dis ea se fo und , it b eing less than ha lf that of th e 19 52 season, and less than a ny y ear sin ce 19 44 . It is probab le that th e extr em e co ld of 19 50 , f ollow ed by gre a t ly r educ ed popu lation of th e ins ect vector th e fo llowing su mm er, is main ly r esponsib le for th e low incid enc e in 19 53.
As w ild p lums a lso hav e this di sease, th e grow ers ha ve bee n r emoving th e wi ld p lum thi ck ets adja cent to th e orchards, th us r ed ucing th e chance of spread of th e dis ease. T h r ou g h th e com bine d ef f or ts of th e governm ent agen ci es and pea ch grow ers, this dis ease has b een k ept in ch eck sufficie nt ly to a ll ow th e comm ercia l prod uction of p each es in th e st a te . Grow er su p por t f or th e program amo unted to abo ut $5 0 ,000.00 and else where in th e r eport is g iven th e amo unt of State and F ed eral ex pe n dit ure s.
NURSERY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION
Ins pect ion and certifi cation of n ursery stock was mad e 1'01' 378 nu rs eries in 108 cou nt ies in th e state. About 82,000,000 p iec es of n urs ery stock w ere insp ected fo r inj urio us ins ects and p lant dis eases . 'I'h ere were a ls o 700 out-of-state nurseri es who q ualifi ed for shipm ent a nd sale of th eir plants in th e state . In add ition, 221 d ea lers and 354 agents were licens ed on an ann ual basis.
A circu la r of certifi ed nurs ery m en and d ealers was piepared and distributed to th e trad e. T his cir cula r gave information on th e nam e and loca t ion of th e n urs ery, th e kind of stock for sa le, and wh eth er who lesal e 01' r etail or both . Ru les, r egulations, affidavits and r eciprocal agreements were prepared and distrib uted t o a ll on th e mai ling list. R ecipro ca l agreem ents hav e b een mad e with m ost of t h e states and a ll so uthern states so that th ere is fr ee int erst a t e mov em ent of plants si m ply b y fi ling a d up licate of th e curre nt year's license with th e quarantin e offi ci a l of th e state conce r ne d .
T erminal insp ection d epots for in s p ecti on of plants a r e ma intain ed at th e Ca pit ol and Corne lia, Ma con and Ti ft on . Dea lers in wi ld nativ e plants are requir ed to h a ve a sp ecial gre en tag a ttached t o t h eir ship ment 01' package, stating t hat th ey w ere not nurs ery grown . In add ition to t h e r egular n ur-
12

sery inspection, a supp lem ental insp ection of nurs eri es was mad e f or th e white fringed beet le.
FRUIT PEST LABORATORY
Th e ex pe r ime nt a l work on app le and p ea ch ins ect and d isease cont ro l is r u n at thi s la bor a t or y . Che m ica ls t ested on apples w ere Malathion , Orth ocid c, liquid lim e su lfu r, Parath ion , w ettab le su lf ur and Bord ea ux mixture. Che m ica ls t ested on p ea ch es w eie Ortho cid c, Oi-tho phos, Ma lathi on, Parathi on, Panthion and lim e su lfur. P each a n d app le spray sc he d u les w ere prepared and distri buted to t h e fr uit gr owers in coope r ation with th e Geo r g ia E xten sion servi ce and E xp erim ent St ations and th e U . S. D . A. P each tr ees w ere jarred for curc ulio em eige nce and ba it pot s w ere r un in th e app le orchards f or cod lin g m oth eme r ge nce . P each drops w ere pi ck ed up and ch eck ed in th e ins ect a ry for emer ge nce of first b r ood curc u lio gr ubs and b u ll etins on th e tim e to spray mai led out in coope r ation with th e Geo r g ia Extension Servi ce.
Oth er proj ects on which th e station staff assisted during th e ve a r w ere as f oll ows : Japan es e b eetle trapping; nurs ery , cott on se ed and sw eet potato plant and t uber insp ections; fi eld trips to orchards and oth er p lac es as n eed ed , and mai ling out circ ulars, r egu la tions, and cor re s pon de nce on insect and p lant dis ease control. Work was perfo rm ed in 22 counti es in th e state, mostl y in th e northeast Georgia a r ea.
,G E N ER A L PEST CONTROL
Insect and plant dis eas e programs, ot h er than tho se ca rri ed in th e r egul ar proj ects, w ere as fo llows: V edalia beetle distribution for th e cont r ol of cotton y cushion sca le in 21 cou nti es; imported f ir e ant cont r ol in 10 co unti es; pink bo ll worm survey in 3 1 counti es ; and cotton se ed ce r t if ica t ion in 5 cou nti es . Oth er a ctiviti es w ere insp ection of s eeds and plants for f'or eign shipm ent ; ho us eho ld and str uctural p est cont r ol ; lectur es and d em onstrations to farm and civic organizations ; ex h ibit s at various county and state fairs ; and f ie ld trips as need ed on ins ect and p lant d isease con t r ol.
Th e program for and ins pection of tomato pla nts for th e gr cenw rap ind ustry was cont in ue d in cooperation with th e F lorida State P lant Board, Abo ut 20 ,000,000 p lants w ere in sp ected at sev eral points in So uth Georgia and th e sa le of thr ee lot s of plants was stopp ed on accou nt of b eing diseased wi th la t e blight, A quarantin e was pro m ulgated r egulating the areas t hat plants could be m oved into Georgia from F lorida , in a n effort to k eep th e Georgia tomato f ields fre e of la t e bl ight. A circu lar was d istr ib uted to th e fa rm ers and co u nty
13

agents on disease control and as a result of this work, a clean dis ease-free crop of tomato es was raised in 1954.
JAPANESE BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a cooperative proj ect b etween th e d epartment and th e U . S. D . A . Du ring th e f iscal ye a r, Japan es e b eetl es w ere foun d as follows: Atlanta Airport, 2,904; North Atlanta, 125; Grove Park, 69; Atlanta Farmer's Market, 12; Austell, 53; Marietta, 3 ; Dahlon ega, 3, 087; and Toccoa , 150 . The most dangerous place from the standpoint of long distance spread is the Atlanta airport, and sp ecial effor t s w ere m ad e to gro und and fo lia ge treat th ere to r educ e b eetl e p opulations and ki ll th e grubs in th e soi l by app lying 2 ,440 ga llons of dilute DDT spray and 278 ga llo ns of concentrate spray . Additiona l treatm ents w ere m a d e in Ju ly of granu lar Di eld rin to th e soi l a nd this wi ll b e reported for th e n ext fisca l p eriod . Other grou nd and foliag e treatments of infested properties w ere mad e in North Atlanta, Auste ll, Da h lon ega, Grov e Park and T occoa.
Sco uting and t r a p pi n g for t h e b eetles was con du cte d in 100 counties, and b eetles co ll ected fro m 10 p lac es in 6 cou nt ies in th e state . To date on ly minor damage from this insect has occ urred in Georgia but other states wh ere it has b ecom e estab lished have had s ev ere inju r y to many crops. Whi le the J a p a n es e b eetle has b een known to b e pres ent in th e state since 1936 , th e co m b ine d q uarantin e and control action of th e State and F ed eral agenci es has limited its spread to a f ew places in 6 counti es.
INSECT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATION
Insect and p lant dis ease specimens w ere sent into th e Atlanta office from 75 counties and th es e w ere id entifi ed and control measur es furnish ed .
An ext r eme ly h eavy infestation of th e cigarette b e etle , Lasiod erma sericorn e, OCCUlTed at a warehouse in Ath ens, infesting 4 1,000 bags of government owned cottonseed meal. In addition to th e damage to th e m eal , the ad u lt b eetles were g etting into ho m es in tremendo us num b er s and causing m uch concern over t he entire northeast sect io n of th e city. On th e r equ est of t he Clarke co unty h ealth a utho rities, this departm ent supervised t h e clean-up contro l of t his infestation .
The clover m it e is becoming increasi ngly bad as a ho useho ld pest in t he early spr ing a nd many calls were r eceiv ed on how to control it. T h e M imosa webwor rn and wilt continue to spread and are serious in De K al b and F u lton co unties. A n exce llent control has been d ev eloped for the w ebworms and the plant breeders have developed a wilt r esistant m im osa w hich
14

is avai lab le thro ugh certain nurseries. The native pine blister r ust which attacks t hree need led pines a nd oaks was the worst it has been in many years. T h e elm lea f beetle completely de foliated elms in many places in the state. House flies were worse than in many y ears and it is probabl y due to this ins ect breeding up a r esistance to DDT sprays.
Other in qu ir ies received in la r ge n um b ers were on cedar bagworms, f leas, cli mbing cutworms, ants, roach es, slugs, b lack widow spiders, and mill ep ed es. As usual , the largest numb er of calls r ec eived was on the cont ro l of t ermites in homes.
REGISTRAnON OF ECONOMIC POISONS AND DEVICES
This department, in cooperation with the State D epartment of Agriculture, enforces the E conomic Poisons Act of 1950. During the fis cal y ea r, 3,259 brands of economic poisons and d evices from 439 companies w ere offered for r egistration. Of t h ese, six brands were r evok ed f rom registration, two bra nds were refused registration, and 10 brands h a d registration delayed until proper evidence was submitted for claims made . Three p ubli c h earings w ere h eld in th e Commissioner's of f ice on th e r equ est of r egistrants, resulting in th e r ej ection of eight products. Most bran ds were fo und to be satisfactory a nd th e law is working we ll for bo th man ufacturers and customers.
QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
Th e Department promulgates and distributes quarantines aga inst serio us insect pests and plant diseases whic h are not fo und in Georgia, or which have n ot beco me generally dis trib uted over the state. Due to the finding of a serio us outbreak of Camellia F low er Blight in Augusta , this quarantine was com plete ly r evised and additi onal r egulations imposed. Other quarantines r evis ed during the ye ar w ere Phony P each, Sweet P otato Weevil, La t e Blight, W hite Fringed Beetle and Oak Wi lt . Quarantines in effect during the y ea r b ut not r evise d are Tobacco Etch Disease, White Pine Blister Rust, and Japan es e Be etl e. Some of th es e quarantines are enfor ce d j ointly b y th e departm ent and th e U. S. D. A. and th e funds ex pen de d are listed in th e financial statement. All quarantin es are revised a nd bro ught u p-t o-d a t e as ne ed ed , and th e n ecessary State and Federal p ersonn el assigned to enforc e th em.
CAMELLIA FLOWER BLIGHT ERADICATION
For the first tim e since th e quarantine was set u p in 1949 a serio us outbr eak of Came llia F lower Blight was fo u nd in t he City of A ugusta in 1953. All prop erti es found w ere placed
15

under quarantine and clean-up measures started and th es e will be continu ed in the 1954-55 season. The quarantin e was r evis ed to includ e all known infected areas and a r evised set of regulations was promulgated in ord er t o prevent th e spread of this serio us dis ease ov er th e camellia growing sections of the state.
An exte nsive survey was co n duc te d in 4 3 counties in th e state and thousands of cam ellia plants exa m ine d for this d iseas e, but Richmond and F u lton co unti es w ere th e on ly on es fo und with diseased pla nts and th e infection is n earl y er a d ica te d in Fulton county. How ev er, th e dis ease is bad in th e Augusta section and it will tak e hard w ork ove r a peri od of ye a r s to eradicate it and to prev ent its f urth er spread. Th e summary map shows th e co unti es surv ey ed for this dis ease ill 1953-54 season . The ex p ense of op erating thi s proj ect was ch ar ge d to G en eral P est Control.
CABBAGE PLANT CERTIFICATION
Cabbage p lant and s eed inspection was started in 1953 and co nt in ue d in 1954, A set of rul es and r egulations for ce r t if icat ion of th e p lants was prepared and placed on a voluntary basis so that a ll farm ers who cared to do so could have certification of t he ir cabbage plants. Ov er 150 ,000,000 p lants in 5 counties were insp ect ed and certifi ed as fr ee of insects and plant dis eases and sold t o th e inter and intra-state trad e.
EASTER LILY BULB CERTIFICATION
A new s ervic e was offered for th e first tim e this ye a r f or th e Easter lily bulb gro w ers. A set of rul es and r egulations was prepared and distributed to th e trad e . Two f ie ld insp ect ions w ere mad e for th e fie ld grown lili es d uring th e fiscal year and a storage inspection made in August. Inspect ions were made for 30 growers in 10 counties, and 22 produc ers w er e ce r t if ie d for sal e and production of dis ease fr ee bulbs .
PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITS
Th e follow ing publications were issued during th e ye a r : Ann ual Report; Crop P est Laws and Regulations; rul es and r egulations on package and qu een bees and hon ey producers, nurseries, cabbage, tomato a nd sw eet potato p lants and Easter lily b ulbs; spray and d ust sch edu les on app le, peach, grap e, tomato, ca b ba ge and cotton insect and plant dis ease control ; s pe cia l circulars on blister b eetles , boxwood leaf miner, dogwood petal blight, elm leaf beetle, t ent caterpillars, peach tree borers, clover m it es, tomato greenwraps, ins ecticide-fertilizer mixtures, and sweet potato s eed tr eatm ents. Lists of n ur ser ym en, beeke ep ers, and tomato, sw eet potato, and cabbage plant
16

gro we rs w ere prepared and d istrib uted, and r eciprocal agreem ents fo r interstate shi pme nt of nursery stock and sw eet p ot atoes w ere mail ed out with th e r egulations on th ese cro ps ,
Departm ent f ilms in color (16 mm) are a vailable on loan on th e fo llowing su bj ect s: Qu een and Pack age Bees ; 'W hit e Fringed Beetl e ; Sweet Potato W eevil ; Beneficial Parasites, and Georgia F lower Gar dens. These were shown at many places in th e state a n d in th e states of Washi ngton and Florida . Exhibits of th e Departm ent's a ctiviti es w ere prepared a n d ex hibit ed at th e f ollowing f a irs : So uth eastern , Macon , V id a lia , Cla xto n , Swainsb oro, Blak ely , Cor d ele a n d th e State Muse um in th e Ca p ito l.
SU MMARY OF ACTIVITIES
Th e map on pages 10 and 11 gi ves a su m mary of a ctiviti es of th e Departm ent f or th e ye a r. Each letter on th e map r epr es ents fr om one t o many insp ections or ot her services perfo r me d . D uring th e year, th e Departm ent staff, t og eth er with th e F ed er a l coope r a t ing agenci es , work ed in 157 counti es in the stat e.
Th ou sands of insp ection s and ot he r s erv ices w ere con d ucted on enf or ce me nt of q ua ra nti nes, licen s ing of indi viduals an d cor por a t ions, in s pecti on and ce r t if icat ion of veget a b le pl ants a n d seed s, nurseries, bees, and ot h er co m mo d it ies ; r eg ist rat ions of ins ect icides, f u ng icid es, r od enticid es, and d evices f or a p plyin g th em ; er a di ca t ion and suppression of s pre a d of t h e white fringed beetl e, sw eet potato w eevil and J apan es e beetle; cont r ol of ph ony pea ch disease and fruit , fi eld cr op, ornam enta l pla nt and structura l p ests; p lant insp ection d epots; id entification and contr ol of injurious insects and plant disea ses ; ca r e of t h e State insect coll ect ion and library ; surveys fo r noxious pests ; and g en era l cont r ol of insects and pl ant d iseases wh erever found in th e State.
Over 3,000, 000 ce r ti f ica t es, tags, tap e, and licen ses w ere issu ed t o cit iz ens of t h is an d ot h er st ates t o en a ble th em to ship a n d se ll t heir f a r m produ ce and ot he r commod iti es in Geo r g ia, ot her sta t es, and fo r eign co u nt r ies.
PENSIONS AND TRANSFERS
During th e f isca l y ea r , th ere was withh eld and r emitted to th e prop er ag encies , th e fo llowing amo unts : F ed eral inco me tax, $8 ,887 .5 0; Employ ee's r etirement fund , $12, 2 98 ,00 ; a n d group in suranc e, $962.7 1. In addition, transf er of f u n ds t o ot he r d epartments w er e as f ollo ws : To Mines , Mining and Geolo gy fo r pro-rata ca r e of th e State mu seum , $600 ,00; t o t h e P ersonnel Bo a r d fo r th e pro-rata co st of operati n g th e St a t e M er it System, $373.48 .
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INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

The statement of income and disbursements of th e Department for the fisca l year July 1, 1953 to J une 30, 1954 fo llows; also th e amount of f un ds sp ent by the F ederal Gov ernment on the cooperative projects with the Department.

From cash on ha nd .

. ._.. .. .

. . $ 13,309.32

From fees collect ed

.

....__._. ._.________________ 24,266.43

Ch eck s f r om the State Treasurer .

151 ,166.91

TotaL

$188,742. 66

EXPENSE OF THE PROJECT S

White Fringed Beetle Eradication

.

Sweet Potato Weevil Eradication.

Tomato Plant Certifica tion__.

. .._.. .

A tlanta Office. . .

Sweet Potato P lant Certification__. . Be e Inspection & Certification .

Pensions & Transfers

Nursery Inspection & Cer t if ica t ion Tif ton Laboratory

P ho ny P each ControL

Fruit Pest Laboratory

..__. .

Ca bba g e Plant Certification Ge neral Pest ControL

Japanese Beetle Eradication.

..

Easter Lily Bulb Certification

State
$ 39,757.90 _ 28,181.43 ._ 21,1 88 .10 _ 20,2 33 .30 _ 18,195.02 _ 11 ,393 .52 _ 7,099.10 _ 6,481.92 _ 5,698.07 _ 5,599.99 _ 4,656.57 _ 2,41 9.18 _ 2,058.91 _ 1,898.04 _ 411.47

Federal $139,2 11.00
42, 800 .00
25,469.00 4,000 .00 7,108 .00

TotaL

.

$175, 272.52

$218, 588.00

A llotme nt to ot he r Departments.c.

$ 973.48

Tota l State Expenditures

. . $176 ,246 .00

Ca s h on Hand ____________________________________________ 12 ,496 .66

Tot a l State and Federal Expenditures

.

._$394,834.00

Expenditures by the Federal Government on the coope r a t ive projects in t he State were paid directly from their own di sbursing office.

The payments by the State D epartmen t of Entomolo g y on the v a ri ou s projects we r e as f ollows :

Per sonal Services

.

Travel

.__.

$102 ,653.83

32,584.52

Supplies a nd mat erial s ____________________________________________________________ Com m un ica t ions

Heat, L ig ht , Power, Water..._________________________________________________

Printing a nd Publi city

.. .

.

._______

R ep airs __.

. ._ ____________________________________________________

Insurance, Bonding

.

. .____

Pensions (Employees Retirement Fund)

.__. ._

Equipment

. . ._________________________________________________________________

Mis ce llaneou s __.

.. .__________

26, 293. 54 1,80 8.92
25 8.41 3, 20 5 .65
53.75 25 .00
7,099.10 1,201. 13
88 .67

T ot a l

..

$175 ,272 .52

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