Bulletin [Nos. 81-90 (Dec. 1940 - Dec. 1947)]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANTS

5

BE DBUGS

8

BOO KLI CE

24

CA MEL-CRIC KETS

9

CARPET BEETLES __

11

CLOTHES MOTHS

14

F L E AS

__

16

H0 USEFLY

18

HOUSEHOLD INSECTICIDES

3

MITES

20

MOSQUIT OES

21

POWDER POST BEETLES______________________________________________ 23

PSO CIDS

__ __ __

24

R0 ACHES

._

25

SILVERFISH

27

TERMITES -------------------------------------------------------__ ______
- - - - -- - - -
CO V ER

__ 29

T ermite sh e lt er tubes or tunnels crossing a foundation wall to enter wooden struct ure above. Exposed tunnels often aid h omeowners in loca ting termite infestations. Thes e tunnels should be scra ped away when found .

HOUSEHOLD INSECTS
by
M ILL EDGE M URP HE Y, J R.
Entomolog ist
Ge orgia 's mild climat e makes it possible f or a large number of househ old insec ts to br eed and multi pl y in the open, and due to these favorable conditions housekeepers ar e continuall y t h reaten ed by r oaches, be db ugs, mosquitoes an d oth er h ouseh old pests.
No other group of insects is more annoying to man than those that enter his home. Household p est s not only worry man through damagin g his prop erty, but a few are vectors in t r ans mitting some of man's most ser ious diseases.
The lif e hi st ory and ha bits of h ouseh old insects ar e very littl e und ersto od , and in this bulletin a brief account is given of the life history of each insect a long with current control sugg estions .
HOUSEHOLD INSECTICIDES
In general, insect control is divided into three types, namely: fumigants, contact sprays and powders, and stomach poisons.
1. Fumigants. There are sever al fumigants that can be used for the control of household pests. Under some conditions it may be necessary to fumigate the entire building, but when an infestation is localized a treatment of chests, closets or rooms is often sufficient.
Hydrocyanic Acid Gas: The best fumigant to use i11 hou se s is hydrocyanic acid gas. This gas is made by the action of sulph ur ic acid on a cyanide salt . The gas is a d eadly poison to man, animals and plants, but is non-injurious t o f abrics or other household articles, bu t will tarnish some metals. Due to the poisonous nature of t h is gas we recommend its use ONLY BY EXPERIENCED PEOPLE. When a room or building is treated with hydrocyanic acid gas it is nee-
3

essary for the occupants to be out of the building for at lea st 24 hours.
Paradichlorobenzene: This is a wh ite crystall ine mat erial which vaporizes a g as that is toxic to insect life, but is consider ed non infl ammable and n on toxic t o humans. It is m ostly used in trea ting closet s and chests. It is an excellent r epell en t for use in stor ing clothes.
Napthalene: This is a white crysta lline mat erial most comm only kn own as moth ba lls . It is ve ry effe ctive as a r ep elle nt, and is a lso a fumi gan t fo r ce rta in insects. Para dichlorobenzene acts much q uic ke r as a fumi g ant than does napthalene.
Sulphur: Sul ph ur is a n effective f umigant whe n b ur ne d at the r ate of tw o pounds t o eac h 1,000 cub ic f eet of ai r sp a ce . Since sulphur causes corrosion of metal s and bleaching of fabrics, we do not r ecommend its use und er h ou seh old cond i t i o n s.
2. Contact Spr-ays and Powders. Th e most common contact insecticide used in the hom e is fly spray . Wh ere a quantity of fly sp r ay is used , it is ge n erally ch ea p er to prepare it at home. Most fly sp r ays cons ist of lethane or py reth r um extracts added to an oil base such as kerosen e. Wh en th e a bove ex t r a cti ves are n ot av aila ble a g ood fly sp ra v ca n be made by soakin g one p oun d of p yr et hr um powder in one g a llon of kerosene or mi n eral sp ir its f or 48 h ours, durin g which time th e mixture is st ir r ed sev er a l times. St r a in the pyrethrum powder out of the .liquid , and if a pl ea sant odor is .d esir ed add on e ounce of sy nth etic oil of wintergre en to each gallon of s p.r ay. The toxic element is volatile , t h er efo~ethe spray should.be kept in tightly closed containers. All fly sprays are inflammable and must be used away from fire.
fyrethrum" Powder r This powder is made by grinding dried blooms of pyrethrum flowers and is non-poisonous to man, Most of the pyrethrum powder used in this country is imported . The effective ingredients in this material are volatile and it sh ould alw ays be kept in t igh tly clo sed con tainers.
' Ro te non e : Rotenone comes from the roots of certain tropical plants. It is considered non-poisonou s to man but hi ghl y toxic to insects. For t h is re aso n it is becoming very pop ula r
4

as a n insecti cide. Rot enon e is used more for agricu ltural ins ects than fo r t hose inf esting househol ds.
3. Stomach Poisons. T h e sim plest way for the average housek ee per to con trol p ests is to p ut out a poisoned foo d that is attractive to the inse ct. Most sto mach poisons used in contro lling in sect s are a lso p oison ou s t o m an ; t herefore, extrem e car e sh ould be exercised in th eir use .
Sodium Fluoride : So d iu m Flu ori d e is a fin e powder wh ich is t he standard control fo r roaches. T h is powder is po isono us to m a n and sho uld be carefully han d le d aro und foods.
Arsenicals: Arsenicals have been used for a number of years in controlling insects. Sodium arsenite wh ich is effective against te r mites as a soi l poison is one of t he most co mmon arse nicals used in t he h ou seh old . All arsenica ls are vio le nt po iso ns and th eir use sho uld b e r estricte d to places where th ey a re out of r ea ch of children and pets.
ANTS
Ants are one of our most t ro ub lesome ho usehold pests, because while in the h ouse they feed mainly on m an 's food . There are several species that may be found in the house, and t heir feedi ng h a bit s vary consid er a bl y . These d iffer ences in feeding h a b its ca use ants to be divide d into two gro ups; t hose that fee d on sweets and t hose t hat fee d on meat s and greases. In order to simp lify cont r ol t he sweet eaters must be fe d a diff er en t poison fro m the grease eaters. V ery few ho useho ld ants sting.
Ants living quarters vary a cco rding to species from nests in the ground to nests in old or decaying wood. These woo d infesting species are not very destructive to wood and sho ul d not be confused with termites, because they do not feed on wood but m er ely make t heir nests in it .
Life History: A n ts are social insects a nd t he ir lif e hi st or y is very co m p licated. A t cer tain seasons win g ed mal es a nd fe ma les lea ve th e old n ests an d mate, after w h ich t he ferti le fe male or q ue en locat es a d esir a bl e p lace fo r h er n est ; breaks off h er wi ngs, an d begins h er colony. Th e m al e dies soon after mati ng. The w orkers, the ones that ar e f ound in the pantry, are ster ile fe males. As soon as enough workers are deve loped t h ey carry on t he work of t he colon y an d the q ueen devotes
5
Iv-
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her time entirely to egg laying and may live as long as 10 to 15 years. Some species have specially developed ants with large heads to act as seed crushers, which are commonly called "Soldiers." Ants have four stages in their development, the egg, the larva, the pupa and the adult.
Control: Ant control is accomplished in two ways, by fumigating the nest, and by feeding the workers poi soned food. In the use of either method the ultimate aim sh ould be to kill the queen.
Fumigation: When ant nests can be easily found, fumigation is one of the easiest ways of eradication. Several holes should be punched in and around the nest and into each hole one tablespoonful of carbon bisul phide, or calcium cyanide, should be poured. The holes should then be tightly filled and where possible the treated area should be covered with newspapers or a damp cloth for several hours to keep the poisonous gas in the soil. Usually when the queen is killed the colony will die . Carbon bisulphide will kill grass and is inflammable. Both of these material s are poisonous.
Poison Baits: If ant nests cannot be easily located, a slow killing bait should be fed to the workers, so the poison will be carried back to the nest a n d fed to the young and queen before the workers are killed themselves. There are quite a few baits that can be used successf ully in this way, however, the food to which the poison has been added mu st be attractive to the species that is to be killed.
All ant poisons are poisonous to man and animals. Care must be used to keep children and pets away from all ant baits. There are a number of ways in which ant poisons can be made available to ants and yet unavailable to pets and children. The poison can be placed inside a small mouthed bottle, in a small rubber tube, or in a small tin can with holes punched near the top. Such containers make the poison available to ants, and safe from children and pets. The following formulas recently issued by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for poison baits have given good results, but no one formula can be relied upon to destroy all kinds of ants under all conditions.
Formula 1. Dissolve 4 ounces of sugar in 1 quart of water and stir in one-half ounce of tartar emetic.
6

Formula 2. Dissolve one-half pound of sugar in 1 pint of hot water and add one-seventh ounce (62.5 grains) of sodium arsenate, bring to a slow boil and strain.
Formula 3. Recommended particularly for the Argentine ant: (1) mix 9 pounds of granulated sugar, 6 grams of crystallized tartaric acid, and 8.4 grams of benzoate of soda in 9 pints of water; boil the mixture slowly for 30 minutes and allow it to cool. (2) Dissolve 15 grams of sodium arsenite (C . P.) in one-half pint of hot water and allow to cool. Add
(2) to (1) and stir we ll, then add 114 pounds of strained
honey and mix thoroughly.
Formula 4. For ants that will not eat sweets but prefer grease and meat: Work small quantities of tartar emetic into grease or pieces of bacon rind.
Formula 5. For control of large black carpenter ants: Mix 1 teaspoonful of Paris green with one-half pound of chopped meat or hamburger steak. Cook the meat in a frying pan sufficiently to brown it slightly to delay decay. Granulate or pick it apart and place it in a tin box, with a tightfitting cover, through which holes large enough for the entrance of the ants are punched. The box with poison should then be attached to a tree, log, porch rail, or wherever the ants forage.
Formula 6. When lawns or gardens are covered with small ant hills, sca tter broadcast a mixture of 1 ounce of Paris green and 1 pound of brown sugar at the rate of 1 pound of the mixture per 10,000 square feet needing treatment. A second treatment is usually necessary after a period of 10 days. Scatter the mixture so finely divided that birds or pets will not pick it up.
Thallium Sulphate ant baits are becoming very popular and in a large number of cases are more effective than the arsenical baits because they are less repellent to ants. There are quite a few satisfactory tallium sulphate ant baits on the market and it is suggested that these be purchased already prepared; however, if a formula for a thallium sulphate ant bait is desired, the State Entomologist will be glad to furnish one upon request.
Ants such as the Argentine ant may become a community
7

probl em. When it is n ot iced t hat one species of a nt is ab un dant t h r oug h out a city b loc k or over a larg e area, a nt con trol, to be successful, will h ave to be m ad e as a co mm un ity effort, because under such conditions individual effo rt will be in effective. The State Entomologi st will be glad t o furnish inf or mation on t h e cost a n d carrying out of suc h community c a m p a i g n s.
BEDBUGS
The dread of a ll goo d housekeep ers is be db ugs. Our on e sp ecies of bed bu g t hat a ttac k m an can b e so easily sp rea d from p lace t o p la ce in ba ggage and cl othin g t h at it is r emarkable h ow fe w ho use s do become in f est ed wit h t h is co mmon insect. Slee ping q uar ters a re mo st commonly in f ested, Lut th ey m a y be f oun d throu ghout the house in upholst ered furniture , in cracks, et c. At times, public pl ac es such as theatres, hotels, rest r oom s, etc., become infested and suc h places may be the so ur ce of hom e infestation.
Bedbugs feed at ni ght and hide by da y. When bed bugs bite they in ject a fluid und er th e skin to a id t he flow of bloo d . To man y pe opl e t he bite is unn oti ce d bu t to so me t h is secre tion cause s welt s whi ch a re accomp ani ed by much itch ing. Bedbugs a r e no t kn own t o t r a ns mit di seases of man.
Life History: Bed bu gs a re wingless sma ll br own flat insects a bout 1/ 5-inch in len gth. Th e f em al es m ay live fro m six to eig ht months durin g which tim e th ey lay in t he ir hidin g pl ac es fr om 50 t o 500 eg gs . Under f avora ble con d it ions the young bedbugs will she d t heir skins five t imes, tak e five blood meals a n d r ea ch maturity in f our to six wee ks . They feed after ea ch m olt. Th e characteristic odor of bedb ugs is fr om a n oily liquid secreted by sce nt glands loc at ed near wh ere t he legs a re attache d to t he bo dy. In Georgia fo ur to six gene rations occur during the year .
Control: At th e first sig n of bedbugs contro l m easures should b e instituted , beca use th ey ar e likely t o be hi ding about the sea ms a n d tufts of the m attress, a n d can b e easily controll ed. If control is del ayed the bedbugs beco me scattere d throu ghout the room and eradica tion is m ad e mu ch more d ifficult.
Fumigation: The easiest a n d s urest way to elimin ate bedbugs is t o h ave th e building fumigat ed wi th hyd rocyanic a cid
8

gas. Hydrocyanic acid gas is deadly to man and for this reason should be used by experienced people only. Professional insect ex terminators sh ould be called upon if t h e use of this gas is required.
Sul phur dioxid e mad e by burning sulp h ur a t t he r at e of two pounds to ea ch 1,000 cubic fe et of air sp a ce in rooms k ep t ti ghtly closed fo r 12 to 24 hours will kill be db ugs. Sul phur dio xide will cause metals to t arnish, wall p a per to bleach and fabri cs t o fade and ro t , and for t h is r eason sh ould be used in out-buildings, chicken houses a n d other places wh er e such damag e is unimportant.
Contact Sprays: Min eral sp ir its, kerosene or g as oline applied thoroughly to all cracks and hiding pl aces of th e bedbugs will give some control. The operator sh ould keep in mind that these liquids will have to com e in direct contact with the in sects to kill th em; therefore, all hiding places such as cracks between baseboard and wall , cracks in floor, around bed ca sters, springs, et c., will have to be soak ed with the fluid s. Min eral spirits and gasoline do not st a in and are prefera ble to kerosene. These materials are hi ghl y infl ammable a n d sp r ay ed rooms sho uld be thoroughly a ire d after treatment. Th e use of sp rays containing pyrethrum or Leth ane will be more effect ive in killin g bedbugs. Such sp rays can be bou ght in the f or m of fly sprays or made at home. (S ee page 4 on h ow to make fly sprays.) These sp r ays can be a pplie d with t h e or din ar y han d spr a yer ; how ever, pow er sp r ayers do a more t ho ro ug h j ob. All bed bugs ma y no t be killed w it h t h e first a pplicati on. Th e t reat ment sho ul d be re pe ated wh en t h e first b ug is see n.
Infested Furniture: Wh en on e or t wo pie ces of f ur n it ur e are in f ested wit h bedbugs they sh ould be r emoved f r om the building a n d thorough ly w et with fly spr ay or mineral spir its.
Super Heating: Heating the infested rooms to a temperature of 125 degrees F. a n d mainta ining this temp erature for six to eight hours will kill bedbugs. Taking a dva ntage of summer heat this method is practical in buildings which have an efficie nt heatin g system .
CAMEL-CRICKETS
The in sects called camel-crickets or ca ve crickets live in dark damp places. Th ey are frequently both ersome in basements and cellars, es pecia lly t h ose having earth floors. Camel-
9

crickets have a habit of jumping when disturbed and due to this jumping habit along with their long legs and antennae they are many times thought to be jumping spiders when first noticed. They are harmless to persons, and in basements and garages cause little or no injury, though may become a pest in green houses and flower beds.
A female camel-cricket slightly reduced.
Description and Ha bits: Camel-crickets belong to the long horned grasshopper family and are not true crickets. They are curiously shaped insects with long legs, long antennae and very short rounded bodies. They are generally a pale mottled brown. The females are easily recognized from the males by having a long ovipositor protruding from the end of the body. In basements the crickets are generally found hanging on the walls or ceiling.
Control: Since camel-crickets are generally found in basements hanging on the wall the use of the fly swatter is as good as any control measure and in most cases is much easier to use than chemicals. The thorough wetting of camelcrickets with fly sprays will also give control. When the infestation is such that swatting or spraying is ineffective, the crickets may be controlled by scattering infested basements with a grasshopper bait. Such a bait can be made by the following formula:
1 pound bran
1f2 ounce Paris green
2 ounces molasses 1 to 2 pints of water.
Mix the bran and Paris green thoroughly. Dissolve the 10

mol a sses in th e water and. spr ink le it on th e bra n-P ar is g r een mixture, st ir r ing to d amp en th e bran t ho ro ugh ly. Wh en the bran is pr op er ly wet the mi xture will cr um b le eas ily, an d . is not sog gy.
Scatter the bran bait evenly over th e basem ent floor . On e to two p oisonings sh ould be sufficient to kill a ll the ca me lcrickets.
Caution : Bran bait is poisonous to anim al s and sho uld not be pla ced where chick en s, birds or pets can eat it .
Ca mel-cr ickets a n d r oa ch es be long to t he sa me g ro up of insects. Roach po isons like so d.i um flu orid e or pyrethrum powder du sted on baseme nt walls will kill ca me l-cr ic kets if it com es in contact w it h them. For success f ul use of t hese poisons for camel-crickets it is a lmost ess ent ia l that a dust g un be used in applyin g the powder. One t o two pounds of p ow der properly used will give control.
CARPET BEETLES
One of t he d estru cti ve h ou sehold in se ct s t hat w e have, a nd one that is rarel y n oti ced until con sid erable d amag e is do ne, is t he ca rpet beetle . These small beetles fee d on a large g r ou p of househ old articles r anging from sto re d foo d t o ru gs, clothes and f urs.
We have f our species of insect s which are known as ca rpet beetles. They are small oval hard-shelled beetles, th e largest being only 3/16 -in ch lon g. Due t o the sm a ll siz e of th e adult be etles an d to the habit of the larvae in hiding in protected cr a cks between f eedings, carpet b eetl es m a y b e in a house months bef or e t hey a r e noticed.
Life H istory an d H a bits : Th e lif e hi st ories and h a bit s of the f our carp et beetl es are approximat ely th e sa m e . Th e a d ult femal es lay some 100 small white eggs in floor cracks , a bout baseboards, and in the nap of rugs and f urn it ure . The eggs hatch in about 10 days and the fo llowing eig ht to 10 months is sp ent in the larval stag e. It is th e la r va which causes damage to household furnishings. During this period the larva sh eds its skin 6 to 10 tim es, g en era lly b etween feedings, in well protected places, a s behind baseb oards, cr a cks in mant les , around d oor f ac ings, etc. The larvae sh un light, being quite different f r om th e adults wh ich m ay b e f oun d crawling
11

on wind ow sills or f ee d ing on flower p ollen in t he bri ght sunsh in e. This habit th e larvae have of cra wling q uite so m e d istanc e t o fin d a pro te cte d place is on e r ea son why a f ew da ys after th e infested r oom has b een thor ou ghl y spraye d or fumigated, so me live larvae m a y be found.
Th e black carpet beetle laroa and ad ult. En larged J0 times. Control: Car pe t beet les, du e t o t he ir hidin g h abits, ar e difficult to contro l. Wh en a house is ge ner a lly infeste d the housekeep er h a s to b e p ersist ent and thorou gh to co m p letely g et ri d of t hem . Fumigants: Fumigation with h ydr ocyan ic a ci d gas is th e q ui ckest a n d surest way t o eli minate th em compl etely . H ydrocy anic ac id gas is d eadl y poison t o m an and f or t his reas on sh ould be used by EXPERIENCED P E OPLE ONLY. Professional insect exter minators sh ould be call ed up on if t he use of t his gas is r equired. P aradichloroben z en e or Na ptha le ne can be ve ry sa t isfact or ily used in prot ect in g st ore d cl othing
12

from carpet beetles. In ti ght chests or trunks eit h er of these crystals scatter ed between the layers of clothing at th e r ate of about one pound to each chest or trunk will g ive protection . Closets which are se ld om used can be prot ected by hanging mu slin bags filled wi th paradichlorob enzene usin g one to two pounds of th e crystals to each 100 cubic fee t of closet space . Th e effe ctive ness of suc h t r eatm ent is de pend en t up on k eeping the clo set tightl y clo sed.
T he com m on carpel beetle larva and adult. En larged 12 ti mes. Ru gs t o be sto re d sh ould have paradi chl orob enz en e crystals scattere d ove r t he m after t h ey h a ve been sw ept or va cuum cl ean ed on bot h sides. Roll t he ru gs t ig htly and faste n each end with pap er. Sprays: For m ost h ou sekeepers fly spra ys co nta ining pyreth r um or Lethane will be easy to obtain and use. Suc h sprays sh ould be used to t ho ro ugh ly wet a ll po ssi bl e cr a ck s in t he room. Cr a cks around ba seb oards and quarter r ounds, a ro und door facin gs and man tl es sh ould be drench ed with th e liquid , using about one to two g a llons to the avera ge ro om. Rem ember ea ch insect mu st be wet with the spra y to be kill ed . El ectric sprayers are de sirable in fightin g carp et beetles ; however, persistent use with hand sprayers will a lso g ive th e de sired results. Nothing is more helpful in ridding a house of carp et beetles than the thorough cle aning of rugs and carpets. Both sides of th e carpets sh ould b e frequently sw ept or vacuum cl eaned ,
13

es p ecia ll y the edges of the r ugs. Thorough cl eaning sh ould g o hand in hand with thorough spr a ying .
When upholstered f urn it u r e con ta ining hair beco mes inf est ed it sh ould be se nt to a f um ig at ing firm for treatme nt. If suc h a firm is n ot ava ilab le the thor ough dren ch in g of t he fu rn it ure wi th a liqu id sp ray w ill kill t he ca rpet beetles. If t he above sp r aying a nd clea ni ng trea tm en t d oes n ot give r eli ef, it is suggested t hat t he infeste d roo m or b uildi ng be fumi g a t ed wi th h ydrocya nic acid gas.
CLOTHES MOTHS
Th ere are tw o kind s of clothes moths t h at ma y b e f oun d in Ge orgia homes, n am el y: th e w ebbing cl oth es moth , a buff colore d mo th, less th an a h a lf inch lon g , and th e ca se bearin g clot hes moth which is sim ila r in size and color bu t which has sma ll indistinct dark spots on t he win gs . These mo th s differ g reat ly in th eir larval stage. Cl oth es moths d eri ve the ir comm on n am es from th e p eculiar h abit s of the la r va e . Th e ca se bearin g moth la r va lives in a silke n protectiv e case wh ich is ca r r ie d wher eve r it go es . Th e w ebbing clo th es moth larva mak es a protective web und er whi ch it lives a n d fee ds . All dama g e ca use d by m oths is do ne in t he larval stage. The a d ults d o not fee d durin g t he ir brief life of two t o fo ur wee ks. Th e food of clot hes m oth larvae consists of n early a ll an im al produ cts r angin g from woo l, h a ir and fe athe rs to fish mea l, d ried a ni ma ls and d ea d in sects. Th e larva e do not d a mage cotton or r a yon . Wh en goods of t h is nature' a re da mage d look fo r r oa ch es or silverfish .
Life History : Th e fe ma le m oths lay f rom 100 to 300 soft white eggs singly on or n ear ma t erial s in which th e larva e will feed . Th e eggs genera lly h a t ch in five d a ys' tim e a nd th e young larva be gins fe eding a n d s pin n ing it s prot ecti ve covering. Full grown larvae are white with a dark brown head and a bo ut one-ha lf inch long. The mature la rva e t r a nsfor m into brown pupa e from which t hey e me rge in t o adul t s. Cloth es mo th s r equire from 50 d a ys t o ove r thre e y ears t o compl ete t h eir lif e cycle. Th e speed of d evelopment is d ep end en t on moisture a n d t emperature. Clo th es moths pref er d arkness and do n ot flit a bout lights. If sma ll b uff colored mo ths are noticed flyin g a bo ut lights or in a windo w , they a re so me ot her species and are p r oba bly h arml ess to clothin g.
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Control: Clothes moth control is not easy. When.houses
become overrun with moths and damage is being -d orie toTUgS

and overstuffed furniture as well as clothing, fumi gation with

hydrocyanic acid gas is th e easiest m eans of er a d ica t ion . Hy-

drocyanic acid gas is poisonou s to man which makes it nee-

es sary that all occupants be out of the building which is be-

ing treated. It sh ould he us ed by EXPERIENCED PEOPL~ ONLY. If your moth probl em warrants fumi gation it is SU g~

gest ed that you call in 'a competen t pest control operator:

Burning sulp h ur at the rate of two pounds to each 1,000 cubic feet of a ir space a n d h eld in the room for at least, , 2 4 ~o u rs will kill moths. Du e to the damaging effe ct s U l p h l; r" h~~ , .on

fabrics we do not suggest its use in mo th control.

, I,

.

Closets: For th e avera ge houseke ep er, an in sect sp ray is the easie st m eans of cont r olling cl othes moths, (se e page 4 for m akin g insect sp r a y ) . 'Wh en a cloth es clo set becomes inf ested all clothes sho u ld be removed , thorou ghly brushed, particular attention being g iven to all seams. The brushed garments sh ould be hun g in direct sun lig h t , bein g turned once or twic e so both sid es will be exposed, Whil e eve r yt h ing is out of the clo se t , it sh ould be clea ne d thoroughly with sp ecial attention given to cra cks and crevices to see that all lint is r emo ved . Such cracks, capable of harborin g clothes moths, should be fill ed with plastic wood or crack fill er. Spray the close t thorou ghly, directing th e spr a y into all remaining cracks and crevices. Rem emb er insect spr a ys kill by contact with the in sect, so do not fill the closet with a mist and expect to ob tain moth control. When the clo set has aired sufficiently, the brushed, sunned cloth es sh ould be returned. Another method of ridding a closet of moths, is after a thorough cleaning to han g mu slin bags with paradichlorobenzene, at the rate of one pound to each 100 cu bi c feet of air space, among the clothes. Paradichlorobenz ene acts as a fumigant and repellent a n d if t h e cl oset is kept ti ghtly clo sed for a long enough period all moths will be killed.

Stored Clothing: Before cl othin g is st or ed , it sh ould be brushed and sun ne d, or thoroughl y cl eaned. Dry cleaning or washing with a st r ong solution of soap will kill all moth life; howev er, neither of these treatments will prevent reinfe station. Clothing should be stored in a tight closet or chest and a fumigant such as paradichlorobenzene or napthalene should be sca tt er ed throughout the garments. Use one pound to the

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average closet or chest. Cedar chests or cedar closets cannot be relied upon to protect clothing from moths.
Temperature: As stated before, moth development is dependent on favorable temperatures. Zero weather for two or three days will kill moths . Buildings which can be superheated to 125 to 130 degrees F. and kept at this temperature for about 10 to 12 hours will be rid of all insect life. The heat must be continued until all space in the room, including the interior of furniture, has been raised to the above temperature. Superheating is an easy and effective means of insect control. 'Bef or e superheating is begun, all inflammable materials, such as matches, must be removed.
FLEAS
Fleas can be a troublesome household pest. In Georgia homes the cat flea and the dog flea are mo st commonly found. Houses and basements become infested only when animals have access to the building. All fleas require a blood meal to reproduce, and this feeding is very irritating to man. Some people are highly susceptible to fleas and on such individuals flea bites develop into large red welts which may remain for days.
There is no true "sand flea" breeding in sand without animals to feed upon.
Certain species of fleas which infest rats and other animals are vectors in the spread of some diseases of man, such as bubonic plague, endemic typhus and certain internal parasites. Such fleas are found in Georgia. All rats and other hosts should be kept under control to prevent their increase .
Life History: Fleas have four stages, egg, larva, pupa and adult. The eggs are generally laid by the females while on the host and drop to the ground. In a few days they hatch into small, white, legless larvae which live in san d and loose soil. After feeding for two weeks to several months on vegetable and animal refuse, the larva changes into the pupal or resting stage. In one week or more the adult fleas emerge. After mating and obtaining a blood meal the cycle is repeated. It requires from 17 days to over a year for the cycle to be completed. For this reason it may require repeated treatments of spraying, dusting or fumigating to completely bring fleas under control.
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Control: The elimination of fleas m ust begin with t he cleanup or destruction of the normal h ost , otherwise flea control is impossible .
Dogs and Cats: Animals which frequent houses can be kept practically free of flea s by occasionally applying a powder containing approximately 1 % rotenone along the back and neck and on top of the head , and rubb ed into the fur. A le vel te aspoon of t he powd er is sufficient to kill the flea s on a large dog. On sma ll er dogs or cats, less rotenone dust is required . Under mo st conditions a thorough dusting every two weeks will keep the flea s under control. Rotenone kills slow ly so do not expect a ll th e fleas to drop off immediately . Rot enon e is considered non-poisono us to m a n and a nimal, t herefore , ca n be used safely on pets.
A long wit h t he d ust ing of a nima ls, t he ir sleeping q uarters should be t horo ugh ly cleaned. Ol d be d d in g sho uld be sterilized by bo iling or wash ing in min eral spir it s or be r epl a ced w it h n e w .
Basements, Garages, Etc. r Un der ordinary conditions, sp r a ying is m ost satisfactory. A sp r a y of wood creosote at t he rate of one gallon to t he a ver a g e size h ouse , applied evenly and thoro ugh ly ov er th e groun d and floor will r educe the infestation. Creosote has an objectionable odor, and will kill plants, th erefore , it can b e used on ly in cell ars, outbuildings, bene ath po rche s, et c.
Where care must be exer cised no t to st a in, a thorough spra ying with a fly sp r ay is helpful. In sp r aying for fleas with an oil spr a y, it mu st be k ept in m in d t hat all fleas must be w et with the spr ay materia l. For an in exp ensive sp r a y, kerosen e oil e m ulsion has been used to good advantage in co ntro lling flea s. T hi s spr a y is ma d e by di sso lving one -half po und of la und ry soap in on e-ha lf gallon of h ot water. W h en t he so a p is t ho rough ly di sso lved , add slow ly one ga llo n of k er osen e, be ating an d st ir r ing t he mi xtu r e un t il it beco mes creamy w it h n o free kero se ne . This emu ls ion is t hen di l ute d at t he ti me of sp raying at t he r ate of one part e m uls ion to t hree parts water . Th e entire floor of th e basem ent or out b uild ing sho uld be wet w it h t he d ilut e sp r a y. Ge nera lly two or three sp ray in g s at w eekly intervals wi ll co mp letely elim inate fleas . A ft er using any oil sp ray u n d er a b uilding, it sh ould be thoro ug h ly ventilate d t o eli mi nate fire h a z ards.
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-Living Quarters: After th e source of infestation has been freed of flea s, those in the living quarters can be easily collected by running a vacuum cleaner quickly over the floor of .t he infested rooms. The dust removed from the cleaner sh ould
be handled sci that all the fleas coll ected will b e killed. When
a vacuum cleaner is unavailable , the spreading of four to six pounds of napthalen e flake s or paradichlorob enzen e over the floor of the infested room and tightly clo sing the room for 24 to 48 hours will kill all of the fleas. This treatment can be used in tightly constructed basements with good re sults. A fly sp r a y is alsolielpful in keeping down flea s indoors.
Lawns: Occasionally fleas will spread from infested hou se s to yards and lawns. Keeping the grass clo sely cut and w ell watered will usually correct this sit ua t ion . Fleas do not liv e long when exposed to sun and rain. Sprays st r ong enough t o kill ft.eas will g en er a ll y injure grass and shrubbery.
HOUSEFLY
The common hou sefly is not only annoyin g t o man but is al so the known carrier of som e of his mo st serious di seases, including typhoid, tuberculosis, dy sentery and intestinal worms. Houseft.ies breed in manure and decaying vegetable matter. A day's travel may carry them from manure, garbage and other filth to man' e food or baby's bottle . Germs are carried on small hairs located over the legs and body or within the digestive tract. Wherever ft.ies crawl it is po ssible for them to leave a trail of di sease germs.
Houseflies cannot bite . When a biting ft.y is found in the house, it is probably the st a ble ft.y which looks similar to the houseft.y. The houseft.y is equipped with sucking and lapping mouth parts and feed s entirely on liquids. Solids, such a s sugar, are dissolved by saliva or regurgitated st oma ch ft.uids before it can be taken into the fly's stomach .
Life History and Habits: The female hou seft.y lays 500 or more white eggs in ma sses of about 100 in cracks in manure or fermenting vegetable matter. Fresh horse manure is preferred, although houseflies will breed in all kinds of damp manure. The eggs hatch in eight to fourteen hours into sma ll white maggots which can complete their growth in four to five days. When full grown the maggots are approximately one -half inch long and at this time they work their way to
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so me dry p lace, where they change into the p upal stage. Three or fo ur days lat er an adu lt fly emerges to carry out a career of ann oye r and d isease bearer.
There may be 20 or 25 generations of houseflies a year in Georgia . With suc h a short life cycle it is easy to understand h ow h ous eflies m ultip ly so quick ly during the su mmer months. Ho usefl ies overwinter mostly in the larval and pupa l stages. The adu lt fly normally lives three to six weeks.
Control : Whe re possib le, housefly contro l should begin wit h t he cleaning up of a ll breeding p laces. If such breed ing places, such as old garbage, man ure and other filth, are left undisturbed, la r g e n u mbers of flies may be expected d urin g the summer months.
Treatment of Breeding Places: A simp le and effective treatment of manure is to thin ly scatter it over the fie lds before it is three days old . Houseflies cannot breed in thin ly scattered manu re . Another treat ment is to sprinkle the manu re pi le dai ly with a weak sol ution of borax made by di sso lving one po und of borax in 20 gallons of water. T his will ki ll t he eggs and maggots and prevent further egg la yin g . Screening of ma nure pi le s is a lso he lpful.
Fly Sprays: W hen build ings beco me inf est ed , t h e easiest means of contro l is by the use of fly sprays. The infested roo ms should be filled with a m ist of fly spray, and kept closed for ha lf an ho ur. F ly sprays ma y be used out of doors b ut under such cond itions t he flies must be wet with t he liq ui d . (See page 4 for information on making fly sprays.)
Flypaper, Fly Poisons, Flytraps and Fly Swatter: F lypaper, fly poisons, flytraps and f ly sw a tt er s are he lpful in reducing t he nu mber of flies. A good effective fly poison is ma d e by adding one tab lespoon of commercial forma lin to one pint of m il k or water, to w hich h as been added a littl e brown suga r. T he po ison can be exposed in sha llow dishes in which pieces of bread float to afford a resting p lace for t he flies. An oth er way of exposing the poison is to fill a g lass about h al f f ull of t he liqu id. A saucer is t hen lin ed with a piece of blotting paper a nd p laced on t he g lass. This is t hen inverted and a piece of ma t ch sti ck is in ser t ed under the edge of the g lass. For best res ults fly poisons shou ld be p laced in
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windows, preferab ly in direct sun light. Fly traps are som eti mes he lpfu l in reducing the n umber of flie s. For information on fly traps write to the State Entomologist.
MITES
Most mites are practically invisible to the naked eye, being less than l /50-inch long , and the first signs of mites in the house ho ld is a biting, it ch ing sensation , seem ing ly caused by noth ing. Some mites are capable of transmitting d isea ses of man , and if for no other reason, control meas ures sh ould be gin when they are fir st n oticed. In r ecent years the tropical rat mite has been found infesting office s and homes in a number of Georgia cities. T his mite is one of the known carriers of a . type of typhus fever , which is a widespread ma lady of man. Another common mite that Georgians have become acquainted with is the red bug or chigger. This species is not found in the ho usehold, but at times yards and la w ns become infested , and therefore control measures w ill be given .
Control : T he control of inites such a s the t ropica l rat mite begins with the elimination of the principal ho st. When mites appear in buildings in which rats have acc ess, rat eradication sh ould begin im mediately. A ll rooms in which mites appear sh ould be thoroughly sprayed with an in sect spra y or minera l spirits . Such spray materials kill by contact, so all cracks or possib le hiding places, as 'well as the floors and walls, sho uld be wet with t he liq uid . A power spr a yer would be de sirabl e for this spr a ying , b ut a good hand sp r a yer properly used will give control. Mites are rep elled by sulp h ur and if it is necessary to oc cupy the building durin g this treatment, th e occupants should be dusted with du sting su lphur. In most cases the dusting of the lower extremeties is sufficient. The sp r a y treatment sh ould be repeated at the fir st sig ns of reinfestation. Other mites found in buildings should be treated the same way.
If birds or bats have access to the attic, or nest nearby, they may be a sour ce of mites. Attic entrance ho les sh ould be scr een ed first , t h en all inf est ed rooms sh ould be thorou g hly sp r a yed . Mites may at t imes infest clothin g. Such clothing sh ould be dry cleaned or washed in a strong solut ion of soa p . If mites ha ve no access to anima ls they will starve to death in a sh or t tim e.
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Red Bugs or Chiggers: P eopl e wh o f re q u ent wo od s which are infested with red bugs or ch ig ger s sh ould dust themsel ves with powdered sulphur. A salt sh a k er is an easy way to apply powdered sulphur. Dusting hiking clothes with sulph ur is al so helpful in preventing attack.
- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
When lawns be come in fested wi th red bugs, th ey sho uld be dusted with sulphur at the rate of 50 to 75 pounds per acre . Another simple remedy is to dip h eavy sacking in kerosen e, wringing out the sur p lus, and dragging th e damp sa cking ov er the lawn.
When woods known to be in fe sted withredbugs are visit ed and no r epellent is appli ed to the body and clothing, it is ad visable t o treat all body p arts as soon a s po ssible af t er exposure. Kerosene or 95 p er cent alcohol will kill redbugs. A thick lather of soap applied over the body and left for 10 minutes is al so eff ect ive.
MO SQ U:ITOES
Mosquito es not only ann oy man by biting , but are al so carriers of f our of man's m ost ser ious di seases: malaria , yellow fever , d engu e and certain f orms of fila riasis. F emal e mo squitoe s fe ed on blood and they a r e the true vector s of th ese di seases. The males have w eak mouth-parts and mainl y sip water and nectar from flow ers. In Ge orgia the Anophel es m osquito, th e yellow f ever mo squito a n d the common house mosquito are mo st fr equentl y found in and a r oun d the house. The Anopheles is dangerous because it transmits malaria; however, the common house mo squito may be more annoyin g.
Mo squito es breed only in water. Some sp eci es such as th e house mo squito may fly as f ar as a mile from it s b r eed ing place, and for this r eason sh r ubb er y and houses may becom e infested when their breeding places cannot be easily f ound.
Mosquito es attack all kinds of animals, including dogs, cows, horse s and som e specie s even fe ed on turtl es a n d sn a kes.
Li f e History : Th e An oph eles m osquito breeds in ponds and slow moving streams. Th e eggs are d eposited near the water's e dge . Under f a vo r a ble conditions th e eggs hatch in two days int o sma ll la r va e, commonly known as wiggle-tails, which live under th e sur f a ce of th e w at er, breathin g mainly
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t hro ug h a tube wh ich is pu shed above th e surfa ce of the w ater. In six days t he larva changes in to th e pu pal stage . in w h ich t he w iggle r und ergoes a t rans fo r m ation into a d ult mosqui t oes. It r equir es fro m nine to twe lve d a ys to develo p f ro m egg t o ad ult. Th ey hi bern a t e as a d ults d ur ing t he wi nte r months. T he ye llow fever mosq uit o breeds in old cans, bottles, flower vases, cess pools, drai n pipes or ot her man-m a d e r eceptacles. Th e life histo ry is si mila r to the Anop heles, in t hat t he eggs a re lai d near t he wat er, a n d h at ch w hen wet . Th e eggs may r em a in dormant for wee ks or even mon th s. Th e co m mo n h ou se m osquit o breeds in r a in bar re ls, sha llow pools, etc . Th e eggs are laid on t he surfa ce of t he wate r in t he form of a ra ft. If th e eggs b ecom e d ry th ey ge ne ra lly di e. This specie ove rw inte rs entire ly in the adult stage, hidin g in protecte d pl a ces suc h as h ou ses, se we rs and base me nts.
Control: Sin ce a ll mosquit oes bree d in wat er , co ntrol begins with th e elim ination or treatm en t of all bree d ing places. All tin cans , bottles a nd ot he r vesse ls ca pa ble of h olding wat er sho uld be r em oved . Gutters sho uld be cleane d p eri odicall y t o eliminate stagna nt wat er. Sha llo w poo ls in t he ya r d sho uld be drain ed or t reate d w it h oil.
Stagnant Water: F or treating stagnant wate r, k er osen e oil po ured on th e surface at t he r at e of one pint to each 250 sq ua re feet w ill kill a ll m osquit o larva e. It is necessary to reo il t he s urface every two or three w eeks to k eep the mosq uitoes und er control. R a in barrels ca n be k ept f ree of m osqu it oes by a d di ng two or t h ree ounces of bo rax to each gallon of water as a per manent treatme nt. T he An oph eles mosquit o can be co ntro lled by du sting t he infe st ed pon ds an d strea ms wi th a mixtu r e of one part P aris g reen to 10 0 parts of t al c or ot her fill er.
Houses: Ca r ef ul sc reening is esse ntia l in k ee pin g m osquit oes out of th e h ou se. Und er t he m ost careful co nd it ions, mo squitoes will enter th e h ou se and at such tim es t he infested ro om s sh ould be ti ghtl y clo sed and t ho r oug h ly spraye d with a g ood fly spr a y .
The spray sh ould be a p p lie d with a sprayer a nd th e ai r sho uld be filled with a fine mi st. Ca r e sh ould b e t aken to spr ay back of pi ctures, und er beds a n d ch airs and in clo set s. The room mu st be kept clo sed for 15 to 20 minutes after spraying .
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Spra ys a re f a ir ly effectiv e on ope n porch es, but und er t h ese condit ion s it is a dv isab le t o sw eep up and d estroy th e fa lle n m osquitoes, because so m e m a y have be en on ly st un ne d .
Repellents : Th ere a re seve ra l odo ro us oil s that can be used in r ep elling mo squito es for a few hours. Oil of citron ell a is on e of the best and when ap p lie d to all ex p os ed sk in may rep el mo squitoes for three or four ho urs.
POWDER POST BEETLES
A sma ll p ile of fin e saw d ust appe a r ing on t h e floor, in a dra w er, or und er sills in t he base me nt is t he first noti ceabl e sign of powder post beetles. A cl ose exa m ina tion of t h e sma ll pil es of sa w d us t will reveal sm a ll h oles f r om 1/16 to 1/8 inch in diam et er. Th ese a re eme rge nce h oles of th e tiny powd er po st b eetles. H eavi ly inf est ed wood may be compl etely de stroyed by t h e sm a ll grubs of t hese hard-backed be et le s tunn elling dry wood . Powder post be etl e tunn els ar e packed with fin e sa wdust and ge ner ation after ge nerat ion ma y d ev elop with comparativ el y sma ll extern a l dama g e to th e w ood. Powd er post be etl es ca n in f est lumb er whil e seaso ning in t he lum b er yar d and suc h lum b er m a y be used fo r buildings a n d f urn it ure with ou t kn owledg e of infestation . Months later sm a ll h oles and fin e sa w d ust a p pe a r, being t he first sig ns of damage . Frequ ently a leg of a ch a ir, tabl e or a drawer in a chest will co ll a pse with t h e wood being completely ea te n by the gr ubs.
Life History : Th ere are a numb er of spe cies of powd er post beetles, mo st of th em being a r oun d one-tenth of an inch lon g . The sma ll f em a les la y their eggs in th e p or es of w ood . Th e larva e bor e in a nd g ro w t o sma ll whit e g r ubs a bou t 1I3-in ch lon g wi th t he h ead end la rge r th an t he post erior en cl . Under out d oor conditi ons t h e winter is spe nt in t h e larval st age a nd pupates during the spr ing months. Th e sma ll adults e me rge from the wood durin g the sum m er , mate and begin anoth er generation . Th e adult stage is se ldom notic ed . T h e damag e is done in the la r val st a g e.
Control: Cont ro l measures sh ould begin at the first sig ns of powd er po st beetl es. When floors, sills and oth er house st r uct ur es are infested , they sh ould be t r ea t ed with or tho dichlorobenzene . This chemical can be app lied to t he surf a ce
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of t he woo d with a paint brus h or sprayer. Specia l care sho uld be give n ti mbers w h ich show ti ny h oles and fre sh sa wdu st . Orthod ich lo robenzen e penetrates the wood a nd t unnels , k illi ng the insect s. Under mo st conditions it is necessary to spot treat a ll areas where sawdust continues to appear. Orthodichlorobenzene evaporates within a few weeks and is not con sidered har mful to wood and finishes . A mixture of one part creosote and three parts kerosene is effective in r educing powder po st beetles; however, orthodichlorobenzene is preferred . Pa inting or va r nish ing wooden surfaces will pre vent eg g la ying , but such treatments will not k ill the grub s within the wood .
PSOCIDS OR BOOKLICE
When mu st y papers and books a re opened , ver y sma ll white insects may be se en r unn ing across t he pages. T hese are psocids. Psocids are h arml ess, th ey do not bite a n d t hey fee d exclus ive ly on mi cr oscopi c m old s. At tim es t hey in cr ea se to s uch propo rtio ns t hat they beco me a pest a nd at suc h ti mes co ntro l measures sho uld be co mmenced .
Life History: Psocids are very pri mitive insects. Th ey live in protected damp places where t hey carryon a simp le lif e hi story. Only fe ma le s are produced and they la y about 50 eggs. They begin laying when they have reached t h eir fu ll growth of 1/20-inch. Under id eal conditions, d evelopment from eg g to adult may be ' completed in three to fo ur weeks.
Control: Si nce psocids have delicate bodies a n d r equire moi st places in which to live, the thorough drying of infested rooms w ill greatly r educe their number. H eating infested house s to 125 degrees F. is sufficient for control.
Th e spraying or du sting of all places frequ ented by th ese insects with a good fly spray or pyrethrum powder is he lpful. In any spraying or dusting operation , t h or ough n ess is essentia l.
W hen t he so urce of in f est at ion can be fo und , s uc h as in fested uph olst er ed f urniture, packi ng boxes, m at t r esses, etc ., t h ey sho uld be r em oved a nd treated . The drenching of s uch article s with mi ner al sp irits or gasoline wi ll kill th e psocids.
Stored books, papers, cloth es , et c., can be k ept fr ee of pso cid s by regular f umigation of the st or a g e cases or closets wi th
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paradi chlo r obenzene or napthal en e flake s a t the rate of on e pound t o each 100 cubic f eet of sp a ce . Such cases or cl osets sh ould be k ept tightly clo sed during fumi gation .
ROACHES Ro aches a re nocturn al in hab it , an d hide durin g t he d a y in sh elter ed , darkened places, wher e th ey congre g ate in larg e numbers. Dur in g th e ni ght they come out of hiding a n d fe ed on var ious food st uffs as well a s starch y m at erial s, suc h as bo ok bin d ings. Th e off en sive, sickeni ng od or left b y r oach es is du e t o an oil se crete d by sce nt g la n ds and b ody di sch arg es, whi ch are left wh erever the r oach cra wl s, on di sh es, f oodstuff, et c. This r oach od or is easily rem oved by washing th e a rticl es with ho t soapy water .
D ust inq u ndersid es o f drawers. drawer ru n ner s and baseboard cracks lor roac h co n trol . A goo d t ype of dus t gun fo r h o useh old
use is in u pper riq b t ha nd corner. Life History: All five of th e common house r oach es live a bo ut t he sa me. Th e eggs a re laid in b ean-l ik e ca ses w h ich contain 25 t o 30 eggs. These egg ca ses are often seen p rotruding f'rornth e bo d y of the fe ma le . E g g ca ses m ay b e g lue d to some ob ject, b ut are ge ne rall y dropp ed by th e f emal e dur-
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ing h er rambles . The sma ll roaches after h at ching look very si milar to t he ad ult, b ut di ff er in that they do not have wings. It takes fro m fo ur to twe lv e m onths for roaches to reach m at urit y .
Control : Roa ch es a r e easi ly eliminated from a bui ldin g when the so urce of infestation ca n be controlled . It is ha rd to keep loosel y constructed bu ildings entirely free of roaches, and contro l measures sh ould be r esum ed at t he appearance of the first roach . In Georgia, roaches m a y d eve lop outdoors and for t h is reason ho uses may be re infested by roache s craw ling or flying in . After ridding a h ou se of roaches, it is necessary to be watchful for t he m on a ll baskets, boxes and bags of food that are bro ug ht into the h ou se . A common way roaches are brought int o a h ou se is with a bag of Ir ish potatoes. K ill t hese st r a y r oa ch es with a fly sw atter or crush the m underfoot.
Sodium Fluoride: Sodi um flu or id e powder h as proven the best all-round powder at the present date for roaches. Th is powder gives t he best results when used w it h a sm a ll du st g un . It should be d usted in a ll cracks, behind baseboard s, m ol d ing s, un d er kitchen drawers, aro und sinks, etc. In the average kitchen it w ill take from 30 to 40 mi n utes to do a good job of d usting for roaches . Th e operator sh ould keep in min d t hat a ll hi di ng p laces of r oa ches sho uld receive a coat of d ust. If a dust g un is not h a ndy, fa ir resu lts may be obtained by sp rinkling the powder aro und t he above ment ion ed p laces a nd in the roach r uns. Roaches clean t heir body parts by passing t hem through t heir mo uth, a nd in t his way the r oa ch is killed if it on ly crawls thro ug h the poison . If t he sp r in kling method is used , the powder sho uld be left out for two or t h ree d a ys before be ing swept up. Sodium fluoride is poiso no us to ma n a nd sh ould be used wi t h care .
P yrethrum Powder: Pyrethrum powder is non-poisonous, and g ives excellent contro l fo r roaches w he n app lied in all cracks, etc., as described above . It q uick ly stupefies the roache s, ca using them to t urn on t heir backs. T hese st up efied r oa ch es sho uld be sw ep t u p and destroyed . T his material is not very effective un less used with a dust g un .
T he brown banded roach , a comparatively new species, whic h is fast becoming a h ouseh ol d p rob lem in Georgia, pre-
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sents a different prob lem in control. This roach liv es in the living room as well as the kitchen. They can be ea sily recognized by the light colored bands which extend across th e body.
It is doubtful if th e above-mentioned control measures will completely eliminate th is roach. In addition to the thorough dusting w ith either sodium fluoride or pyrethrum powder, small amounts of a sweet tha llium su lphate ant bait will give some relief if sm eared in the countersunk screw holes found under chairs and other articl es of furnitur e .
Remember to du st all cracks and hiding places thorou ghly with the material you decide to use . Best results are ob t a ine d when a hand dust gun is used .
SILVERFISH
Silverfish are sma ll wingless, silvered colored insects, approximate ly one-half inch long when full grown, with sl end er appendages loca t ed at each end of the body. In most h om es silverfish are first noticed crawling in bath tub s, or oth er plac es from which they cannot escape, or when stored pap ers or books are sud d en ly mo ved . These small primitive in sects cause damage to boo k bind in gs , wall pap er, st a r che d clothing, rayon and sim ila r goods. They are nocturnal in habit and do mo st of their damage in dark places. Rayon drap eries which have small holes to appear along the folds and se a ms have usually been attacked by silverfish. Sizing eaten off of bookbindings, or wali paper coming loo se from the wall, starched cotton, or rayon dresse s which have minute holes to appear, sh ow damage done by this pest. Silverfish prefer damp, warm dark places to live, and probably the recent increase of this in sect is due to better buil t and better h eat ed h o u s e s.
Life History: Silverfish are very primitiv e insects. Th e young look just like the adults except for size . Th e femal es lay about a dozen eggs which hatch binder favorable conditions in six to ten days. Seven months to tw o years later the young reach t he ad ult stage and the lif e cycl e is repeat ed . Sil verfish have been known to live over 300 days with out food . This ability to live long p eriods without food mu st account for the large numbers t h at a p p ea r in buildings, sin ce t h ey de velop ver y slow ly and h ave few young .
Contro l : In the home, sil verfish can be easil y controll ed by
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t he use of a starchy po iso n . A go od bait can be mad e as fo llows:
Fl ou r, 1 1;2 cups
W hite Arsenic, 14 teaspoonful
Gran ulated sug a r , 1;2 teaspoonful
Salt, 14 teaspoonful
Water to ma k e paste .
Mix flour, wh ite arsen ic, sugar and sa lt together, t he n add water t o m a k e paste, h ea t ing if necessary . P ut h al f teaspoon of t his starchy paste on sma ll squares of ca rdboard and p lace w here silverfish h ave been noticed . Cards sh ould be put in out-of-the-way places so t h ey can be left indefinitely. Boo kca se s, bureau drawers, on top of clo set shelves, and in st or age boxes in t he attic and basement a re good places to p ut the poison. If rayon draper ies h ave been inj ure d, a sm a ll ca rd of t he starchy poison ca n be p inne d in t he fo ld of t he drap ery or p laced on t he w indow sill s behin d them . It is advisab le to write "Silverfish Poison" on each card so others w ill know what it is. This bait is also po isonous to other animals and sh ould be placed so pets and children cannot eat it .
Another starchy poison m ay be m a de by substit uting oatmeal fo r t he flou r in t he above fo r m ula . T o use t h is bait , mi x oatmeal, w hite arsenic, sugar an d salt together, then add enough water to ma ke m oist. Dry and grind into a powder. Sprink le the powder in all places where silver fish have b een noticed . A teaspoon of the bait put in sh a ll ow boxes wi th a crump led paper p laced over t he top is a good way to p ut it out.
Pyrethru m powder or fly sprays w ill kill silve rfish if it comes in contact with t hem. Silverfi sh are fo und in so many out-of-the-way places that it is doubtful if the average h ousekeeper can eliminate them through the use of these materials.
If t h e buil d ing is inf est ed w it h carp et beetle s, moths and othe r h ou seh old insect s as we ll a s silverfish, f umigatio n w it h h y dr ocyan ic acid gas wo u ld be adv isab le . T h is gas is po iso nou s to ma n , therefore, we reco mmend it s use by EXPERIENCED PEOPLE ONLY. Your local pest control operator sh ould be called in if your insect infestation warrants fumi g a t i o n.
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TERMITES A swarm of "flying ants," appearing in the house some warm day during the early spring or middle summer, is usually the first indications the housekeeper has that the house is infested and possibly being damaged by termites. Even then, the insects are often regarded as only a temporary nuisance, and are sprayed with fly spr a y, drowned with boiling water and swept up, or allowed to disperse naturally. And no more thought is given the matter until the performance is r epeated the following season.
A worker termite and a worker ant . T erm it es are easil y di stinguished from ants b y having no body restrictions
and differ ent anten nae. Usually the "flying ants" leave their nests and work their way up into the house, or finding cracks in foundation walls and concrete porches, may swarm directly on the outside. In some cases a pile of broken-off wings is the only sign the housekeeper has that a termite swarm has occurred. The insects are black and ant-like, with clear narrow wings about twice as long as the body. The wings are easily broken off which accounts for finding piles of cast wings around emergence cracks after the insects have all disappeared.
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These insects are ter mites and not ants, but be cause they are so mewh at ant-like in app earance an d b ec ause th e wh ite w orkers live in large col oni es or nests in th e ground or in woo d, t hey are of t en call ed "white ants" or "wood lic e" and t he win ge d fo r m " flying ants."
There are three types of t ermites, which incl ude nearly 2,000 differen t specie s fo un d in th e wo r ld . The su bt er r a n ea n or soil-nesting te r m ite is t he m ost co m mo n typ e f oun d in Ge or g ia, a nd t h is will be t he on ly ty p e d iscussed in th is b ull et in . In t he so uthernm ost pa rt of the state will be fo un d so me of t he dry w ood termites or no n-su bter rane an typ e. This type is not of g reat ec on omic importan ce in Ge or g ia. Th e third typ e occ urs only in th e tropics an d build mounds in which it makes it s n est. Th ese do not occur in Ge org ia .
Termites fe ed on wood and other cellulose material s and ca n do an incalculabl e amount of damag e by destroying the sup po r ts, timbers and flooring in buildings as well a s st or ed m aterial s, such a s books, sh oes, cl oth , ru gs, etc. T ermite d am a g e is different from " dr y-r ot ." Timber rots, such as " dr yr ot ," a re often found in damp , un ventilated places, th e wood h a ving ch ecks and cr a cks an d being solid ly punky. However, t h is differs from t ermite injury, which con sists of hollowedout chamb ers, longitudinal gall er ies or tunnels mad e by the in sec ts . Both t ermite a nd r ot in jury can be prevente d.
T ermites are no t n ew insects, b ut m an-m ad e co n d it ions h a ve bro ught t h em int o pro mi nen ce as destructive p ests. They h ave exi sted for ages in the soil of fore sts, burrowing through t he earth in sear ch of d ead w ood on which t o fee d. Twigs or branches lying on t h e g r oun d are entered from a point where th ey are in contact wi th t he soil, and t he in side eaten out. When stum ps or fallen logs are encountered, they ar e attacked in a simila r manner, la r g e numb ers of th e in sects mo vin g to or being r e ared in such favorable places.
Liv ing plants are se ld om attacked by the subt er r a n ean termite . Cr ops or sh r u bb ery which are pl anted in n ewlyclear ed land , and where an abundanc e of st um ps and roots have been left, make favorabl e conditions f or termite propagation , and injury by t ermites. It is difficult to treat living pl ants f or termites. In mo st ca se s th e failing su pply of sat isfact ory f ood cause s t he termites to die.
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When building s a re erecte d on t ermite-infested so il, th e in sects readil y transfer th eir atte nti on to th e wo od in th ese if th ey can ga in a ccess to it . Un f ortunatel y , m od ern methods of con stru ction usu all y m ak e th is easy. Chea p , hasty or faulty constru ction is largel y r esponsible fo r the in crea se in d am a ge in r ec ent ye a rs by ter m ites. In f estati on s of eco no m ic imp ortanc e may b e a nt icipate d a ny where, wh en st r uc t ura l d ef ects ar e such as to in vit e atta ck.
\V orh er t erm ites fou n d by tearing aw ay a port ion o f infest ed tim ber. E n larged 2 times .
Habits of Termites : T ermite col onies, wh ich may num ber f ro m on ly a f ew in sect s to lens of th ou sands, are comp osed of individuals of seve r a l f orms, princip al a m on g which ar e th e r eprodu cti ve forms, t he wo r ke rs, and th e soldie rs , t og ether with th e y oung of a ll of t hese. E g gs are laid n ot on ly by th e qu een , wh ich found ed th e colony, but by ot her win gl ess fem al es which d evelop la t er. Th e work ers whi ch outnu m be r all oth er form s, m ak e t un ne ls in the so il, excavate ga lle r ies in w ood , ca rry moisture w he n nec essary, care for th e eggs a nd yo ung (al th ou gh t he yo ung a re active a n d ca pab le of f eeding th em selv es ve r y soon afte r hatch in g) , a n d p erf orm suc h oth er t asks a s a re n ecessary for t he life of th e colon y. Th e so ld iers, a form po ssessin g elongate d h ead s, are d efense units effective mainly throu gh t heir a bility to block entran ce hol es t o th e n est with the ir h eads, presenting toward in trud ers a p air of lon g st out mandibl es.
Subterrane an t erm it es live und erground or in dam p wood , which th ey may m oisten wi th w ater se cur ed fro m th e soil. All
31

members of th e colony exce pt the full y developed reproductive forms, are white or light colored and so thin-skinned that exposure to the outside air will in a sh ort time cause their death through th e evap oration of moi sture. Colonies exi sting in wood above ground w ill die if their contact with moi sture is cut. This is one of the principal methods used in controlling infestations in buildings. T ermites shun th e ligh t and when they encount er some obj ect above gr oun d too hard t o b e p en etrated, they construct, over its surface, shelter tubes or tunnels made of ea rt h and bits of wood, permitting travel to t h e wood beyond. These sh elt er tubes often aid in locating t he source of infestation . In som e cases, tubes found hanging perpendicularly from the timb ers above sh ow wh ere t ermites have been cut off fr om their supply of moi sture and have attempted to re-establish a connection with the ground . Such tubes are rarely more than a foot or 18 inches long , and if the soil is not reached w ithin th at distance, th e insects apparently give up the attempt or die before comp leting it .
Typical mud tunnels o f termites att empting to reach ground m oi sture from under structure.
Termites work through th e so il se ar ch ing for wood on which to feed. Wood resting on the surf a ce of the soil is readily entered and the interior portion eaten out. Termites carefull y refrain from ea t ing through to th e outside, since they mu st conserve m oisture in the wood to exi st. The remainin g sh ell , often less than l i S-inch in thickn ess, gives no external evid en ce of infestation , therefore, sus p ect ed woodwork shou ld be po und ed or prob ed to determin e it s condition . Sma ll
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holes, from which fine sawdust is protruded, are not signs of termites, but of another wood-boring in sect, the powder post beetle. (See page 23 .)
Termites may extend their galleries in the woodwork as far as the second floor if th ey are able to secure water to maintain a moist condition in their workings. Excavation of the wood usually follows the softer layers and sheets of the "grain" or harder parts are left. All varieties of wood commonly used in Georgia are subject to termite attack, unless it is thoroughly chemically treated. Such damage to supports allows the settling of buildings with the attendant cracked plaster, ill fitting doors and sagging floors . Damage of this nature, being so apparent, is frequently repaired long before complete collapse becomes possible, but if conditions allowing infestation are not corrected, there ensures a cycle of neverending need for repair.
The question is often asked a s to the amount of time it takes a termite colony to cause appreciable damage. There are so many factors involved that no definite answer can be given . It should suffice to say that some particularly su sceptible parts of structures have needed replacement within six months and that damage has occurred in buildings not over two years old.
In the spring, and occasionally at other times, large numbers of winged males and females are reproduced, and these, the "flying ants," swarm out of some convenient opening in the nest. Their bodies are black and much harder than any of the underground forms so that these individuals can live in the drier outside air. New colonies are started by a pair of the winged insects which have found a favorable place to lay eggs, and such colonies grow slowly for several years. Very few of the new colonies survive, since many of the sw a r ming insects become the prey of natural enemies. Not many of them succeed in finding sites for new nests, which must have the necessary food, moisture and protection against their enemies. New infestations are generally due to the extension of some older colony near by.
Swarms of "flying ants" are not considered dangerous in themselves but such swarms do indicate the presence of a strong colony of termites which should be located and treated immediately. Likewise, the finding of workers in woodwork
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which is being r epaired or r eplaced ca ll fo r investigation a n d ste ps whi ch w ill prevent the r ecurrence of t h e tro u ble.
Control of Termites: T ermit e control, as a rul e, is neither easy nor ch eap , b ut is easier a n d ch eap er than con st an t repa ir.
The basic princip le of co ntr ol is t he insulatio n of wood w ork f ro m th e g ro un d an d, t herefo re, fro m t h e te r mites. This pra cti ce may be su p p le me nted by th e use of ch emical s.
No two inf estations a re exactly a like, an d for t hat r eason n o set of rec ommend ati on s ca n be g ive n th a t wo u ld be effec ti ve in a ll ca ses a n d not be excessive and wasteful in many. Each ca se mu st b e stud ie d, wi th the h abits of t he inse cts a n d th e control principles in mind , and th en method s of treatmen t employed whi ch se em t o be st fit t he con d it ions as found .
Whether t h e infestation is on ly sus p ected, or h as been definitely indicated by the app earance of " flyin g ant s" or th e findin g of oth er form s, th e first ste p is a thorough insp ection under the building to locate the colony. For t h is work, a hamm er, scr ew dr iver and flashlight or extension cord a re sugg ested . The actual time of em ergence of a sw a r m of " flying ants" may not occup y m ore t h an 15 or 30 minutes, but is often h elpful in locating t he n est . Lacking this f eature , t he baseme nt sh ould be carefull y examined f or w ood in conta ct wi th the ground , fo r ea rth she lter t ubes over walls, a n d f or dam a ged timb ers, rememb ering t hat w ood w ork w ill not show exter na l ev idence of inf estati on bu t mu st be t h umped or so unde d fo r in teri or damage.
AT P RE SENT THERE IS NO TREATMENT K NOWN TO BE PERMANENTLY EFFECTIVE IN PREVE NTIN G TERMITE DAMAGE TO THE WOOD IN BUILDIN GS EX CEPT CONSTRUCTIO N OR RE CONSTRUCTION WHI CH WILL EFFECTIVELY INSULATE THE WOODWORK FROM THE GR OU ND. Ch emica l trea tm ent sh ould be considered only a s a su p p le me nt a r y t re a t me nt followin g th e reconstru ction. Where r econstruction is impractical , prop er che mica l treatment, which sh ould give protection for se ver a l years, is recommend ed . Spraying or brushing an insecticid e on t imbers in place is no t an effe ctive treatment, nor is fumi gation as ordin arily practiced , since practicall y no p enetration of t he wo od is sec ure d by these m eth od s. With the above in mind , suggestions on treating som e of the vari ou s types of infest ati on s are g iven .
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Many infestations will be fo und to be confined to scraps of boards, fir ew ood , or old lumber ly ing on the ground , or st umps or ot her wood in the ground, with no infestation of t he h ou se ti mbers. T he r emova l of t his matter generally ta kes care of such an infestation . T he g ro un d un d er t he bu ild ing sho u ld be r ak ed cl ean a n d the r efu se b urned . F irew ood sho u ld not be a llo we d t o r em ain on t he g ro und or floor ve ry lon g at a tim e, b ut sho u ld be elevated on so me so lid suppo rt suc h as m a sonry, concrete or ir on , where it w ill keep dry. Even h er e, it sho u ld not be kept too lon g . O ld lum ber is bette r stored in a rack suspended from t he timbers above . Stu mps sho uld be re moved, but this is sometimes imp ractical by reason of their being deep ly buried by fill s or covered w ith a concrete floo r. In su ch cases t hey can be a llowed to remain, bearing in mind the fact that they constitute a per manent m en a ce, a nd th a t w hen fin all y co ns u med, t he ter m ites t hat th ey h a ve h a r b or ed w ill m ak e d etermin e d effo rts to invade th e woodwork of t he h ou se before dy ing out or being fo rced to m ove.
Next in degree of im p ort a n ce are probab ly t he infestat ions originating in wooden supports, either temporary or supposed ly permanent, cellar stairs, partition walls, window frames and other simi lar structures wh ich extend f rom t he gro und or n ea r the gro und to the ti mbers above and afford id eal m ea ns of access to t hese t imbers. Such su pports sho u ld b e r e m oved, a nd w here necessary r e pl a ced wit h m asonry, concrete or iro n, or if w ood be used , it sho u ld be set on a n I8-in ch base of s uc h m at erial. Board or fibe r partition w all s sho uld like wis e be set up on so me base, a nd m et al wi ndow fra mes shou ld be substitute d fo r wooden ones which co me close to t he ground lin e, either insi d e or out.
Th e infestation in the timbers or flooring above these "leads" will not, as a rule, require further treatment. When th e insects a re cut off f rom their supp ly of soil m oist ur e t hey w ill d r y u p and d ie . T hey m a y atte mpt to spa n t he in tru d ed ins u lating m at eri al wit h earth she lter tub es, both from above a n d bel ow , and t hese sh ou ld be swe pt down as ofte n as t hey appear un til t he b ui lde rs are disco uraged. A n app lication of creosote h ere is often effective as a r e pell a n t.
A nother m a nne r in w h ich ter mites ga in access to woodwo r k, a type fo und most often in dark, da mp p laces under b uildings, and partic ularly when t he fo undation wa lls are
35

low , is by earth she lter tub es b uilt ove r th e f ounda ti on wa ll. Tr eat men t of such a case sho uld include providing ad dit ional ve ntilation un til th e Governme nt rec omm end ati on of two sq ua re feet of ve ntilator openi ng pe r each 20 lin eal feet of wall is attaine d. It sho ul d be noted t hat ventilation a lone is not sufficie nt, but is he lpful. The shelter tubes sho ul d be kept do wn , an d t he ground a long th e wall spade d or bro ke n up and saturated to some d epth with one of t he insecti cide s descr ibed lat er. The t reatme nt of a ll t he soil under a b uilding is imp ra cti ca l and is n ot r ecommended.
Treatm ent of in f est a ti ons in sills lying n ex t to concret e or til e po r ches present t he greatest diff icul ty. Th e di rt fill und er such p orch es alio ws the ter mit es to r ead ily enter such tim bers, whil e th e r epair man is face d with a diffi cul t an d costl y job in gaining access to t hem.
On e pl an is t o r emo ve the sills f r om th e inside a n d r eplace t he m with chemicall y-treated sills which a re immun e t o attac k. Wh ere th e floor j oists run parall el t o th e sill , this work can usu all y be d on e at fro m 50 cents to $1.00 pe r lin eal f oot , b ut j oists h eading into t he sill mu st be cut off an d la ter patched, a n d such wo rk may cost fo ur t imes as mu ch.
H a rdl y so satisfactory is th e meth od of opening up t he concrete porch floor a long the sill on t he outside an d app ly ing a r ich concrete mixture which will effectually seal the woo d, at all points, fro m t he earth of t he fill. P erf ect contact, wit h no cracks, between the conc rete an d t he sill and up per part of t he fo undat ion wa ll, mu st be secure d . It is possib le t hat a concrete for m wh ich wo uld h old liquid as pha lt um against t he face of t he fo undation w all an d t he sill wo uld be mor e satisfactory .
Treatm en t of t he infest ed sills a n d t he earth of t he fill, as co uld be practice d by t he h ouseh old er, wo u ld proba bl y be of on ly te mporary va lue . Treatmen t by on e of t he fir st cla ss t ermit e-extermin ating compan ies wh o a re eq uip pe d wit h th e n ec essary machinery would be more sat isf a cto r y. P oisoning th e gro un d all a ro un d a n infest ed sill might be satisfact or y, but in t he a bsen ce of d efinite information on t h is p oin t , it can not n ow be r ecommended.
Concre te or brick w ork used for prot ect ion agains t t er mit es mu st be of g ood q ua lity. Termites a re n aturally fitt ed f or digging their way through h ard gr oun d, a nd t hey h ave
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little difficult y in p enetrat ing crumb ly mor tar or concrete. Sometimes t hey wo rk t he ir way up to t h e woo dwork t hro ug h poor foun dation walls, cracks in walls or a long t he cavit ies of hollow t ile. Treatm ent of such cases r equires t he fillin g of the cra ck s with ce me nt or as phalt an d th e ca pp in g of t he wall with a la yer of im perviou s concrete . It is no t necessary to jack up t h e house t o d o this-a few bricks at a time can be removed from the t op ti er an d th e concrete p la ced .
Chemicals for Termite Control: CRE OSOTE for t ermite control is useful princip all y fo r im pregn atin g w ood. Wood proper ly t reate d at a creosote plant se ems to be permanently immune to termite dam a g e or rot an d th is woo d may be used in loca ti ons wh ere suc h protection is n ecessary. P aintin g creosote on timbers is n 01 effective, a lt h oug h a d egree of immunity t hat may la st sever a l years can be sec ure d by appl yin g five h eavy coats, wi th proper dryin g interval s, to ev ery surfa ce of the timber.
Cre osote is al so used as a repellant on walls over which termites a r e building she lt er t ubes, a n d is fr equ ently h el pful but not a lways enti rely effective f or t h is p ur pos e. It is a lso used , diluted with t hre e part s of k erosene , fo r treating the soil a nd is of some va lue in this connection, bu t n ot p erm an en tly so . Th e od ors fr om sma ll qua ntities of creosot e used abo ut a building ar e no t objectionab le, bu t f r om larg e qu antiti es are decidedl y unple asant and may r emain so for a con sid erable period.
KEROSENE may be used for soil treatment. It is al so f a irly effective in infe sted timbers if forced , with an oil gun or large syringe , into sma ll h ole s bored t o connect wit h the t er mite chamb ers wi thin . The fire ri sk of usin g kerosene mu st be r emembered an d t h is t reatment used only un d er well vent ilated buildings an d at a time wh en the f urn a ce, water heater or pilot light are no t in use.
ORTHODICHLOROBENZENE is a liquid wh ich gives off a heavy gas deadly to insects, but not particularly injurious to man. Heavy concentrations of the gas will cause some smarting of the eyes a nd the liquid spilled on the skin also causes irritation. It penetrates wood better than any other insecticide in common use, althou gh it cann ot be counted on to kill t ermites inside of woo dwor k unl ess it be in j ect ed int o a boring which inters ects th e ter mite galleries . It evaporates within a sho rt time a n d t reate d woo dwork is subject to r e-
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infestation. A spr ay of orthodichlorobenzene in a confined space is con sidered inflammable and explosive in the presence of flame or sparks. This material is used mainly as a gro und fumigant where stumps cannot be taken out or where strong colonies exi st in the earth along foundation wall s or su p p orts and persist in building sh elter tubes back up to timbers that have been infested.
Orthodichlorobenzene is understood to be the base or carrying a g ent of a ver y sat isfa ct or y termiticide originated and used by one of the larger exterminating companies, other toxic subst an ces in th e mixture which are deposited on evaporation giving more perman ence t o t he treatment.
Orthodich lorob enzene is stocked in Atlanta and supplies can be secur ed from drug or chemical su pply houses. The cost in large lot s is approximately 75 cents per gallon small a mo unts might be expected to cost in t he ne ig hborhood of $1.00 per gallon .
P ARADICHLOROBENZENE, sometimes called by a trade name "Paracide ," is a crystal obtained from orthodich lorobenzene and has similar insecticidal properties. It evaporates slowly , giving off gas th at sinks down through t h e soil. Tons of th is material are used in this State every year to fumigate the soil around peach trees for borers in the roots an d more recently it has be en f oun d useful for fumigating furniture, clothing, etc., for moths. It is available from drug stores a nd seed stores at 50 cents to 60 cents per po und , la r g er quantities from chemical supply houses may be obtained at 35 cents per pound, wh ile in peach sect ions an agricultural grade sho uld be obtainable at 20 cents or less.
Paradichlorobenzene may be used for timber or ground fumigation the sa me a s orthodichlorobenzene, and if desired in liqu id form, ma y be disso lved -two pounds in one gallo n of kerosene or mineral spirits.
SODIUM ARSENITE in a 10 % solut ion, has long been reco m mended for po isoning the soil along the inside of foundation walls where strong colonies of termites persist. Recentl y a 5 % solution prepared by dissolving one pound of the chemica l in 2 1/2 gallons of water, has been fo und to be abo ut as satisfactory. Some diff icu lty h as been experienced in securing sodium arsenite locally, since only the expensive pure grade is st ock ed by drug companies. Some tree-killing preparations,
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obtainable from seed stores, contain 35 to 40 % sodium arsenite and these may be used diluted with about seven or eight parts of water. Sodium arsenite is a violent poison to animals and plants and should not be used outside the building where it may reach plant rcots. Under buildings, treated ground should be covered with fresh earth .
COPPER SULPHATE (Bluestone) and ZINC CHLORIDE have been used extensively for a number of years to impregnate or surface-treat wood for the prevention of rot. Both are water soluble and will leach out of wood which is repeatedly wetted. These substances are known to be poisonous to insects under certain conditions, and while they have not been thoroughly tested against termites, it is believed that either one will be found satisfactory for soil treatment. They are readily obtainable and cheap enough to be used in generous quantities. The recommended solution (10 % ) is obtained by dissolving four pounds of the chosen chemical in five gallons of water.
BORAX at half the above strength has also been recommended.
Termite Exterminating Companies: It is possible for a home owner to treat his own home if he is willing to take the necessary pains and thoroughly understand the task confronting him. If for any reason he does not care to do this, there are a number of reliable exterminating companies whose services are available. These companies are not under State regulation, and the home owner should satisfy himself as to their competence and reliability before contracting for their services. Such treatment should embrace the removal of stumps, litter and vulnerable woodwork where possible, the providing of adequate ventilation, followed by chemical treatment of the soil adjacent to foundation s near infestations and under filled porches or terraces. We have not been convinced that the treatment of the entire under-part of a building is always, or even usually, necessary. Many infestations are confined to comparatively small units of the structure, and it is believed that intensive "spot treatment" of these points and of a safety factor zone around them would be equally effective, and much more economical.
References
Ga. Dept. Ent. Cir. No. 42; USDA E-series No. 415; USDA Leaflets Nos. 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 182, 186.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Bee Diseases a nd In sect Ene mies

14

Be e Equip ment

6

Ca t ch ing th e Swarm

7

H ow to Secure Bees

7

Opening t h e Hi ve

13

Package Bees

10

Th e Col ony

3

Transferring Bees From a Gum to Rem ova ble F r ame Hive 7

W h en to Start _

5

Wo rking Yo ur Bees ________________________________________________________________ 11

BEEKEEPING
By
MILLEDGE MURPHEY, JR., Entomologist.
Most Geo rgia far m ers ca n pr ofit abl y k ee p a fe w co lonies of bees. A few se ct ions of Geo rgia h ave sufficie nt n ectar producing p la nts to m ak e commercia l beekeeping, of hundreds of colonies of b ees, a success, h ow ever , t h r oug h out t he state t here w ill be fo un d pl en t y of h on ey producing pl ants fo r th e sm a ll be ek eeper t o produce h on ey for hi s h om e needs wit h so me over fo r local mark ets.
Th e beginner bee keeper sho uld a lways start on a sma ll scale , and if th e fir st f ew co lonies thri ve, t he n t he a p ia ry can be increased . Like all agricultural pursuits, b eeke ep ing sh ow s a large profit on pa per, b ut it is not always s o easy t o r ealize in practi ce . With n ormal h on ey flows, a yi eld of f ro m 30 t o 60 p ounds of ho n ey a year can be expected fr om a st ro ng hi ve. Some ye ars 100 pounds or more of honey per colony may be produced. To obtain such hi gh yields the be es have to be worked . Lik e any crop , neglect r esults in failure. Going t h r oug h each hi ve three or four t im es a year is gen er all y sufficient to keep t he colo nies in a healthy cond i t i on.
It is true that all strains of bees st ing, but if a gentle strain of be es is kept such a s the Italian, th e beginner be ekeeper can w or k hi s bees with few ill effects.
This book let is writ t en for th e beginner beekeep er. As th e beginner progresse s in experience and knowledge, it is suggested that he obtain a good book on b eekeeping which will be of immeasurable help in answering the many questions that will arise f r om t ime to t ime .
THE COLONY
To be successful, the beginner must have a general knowl-
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Brood comb wit h layin g queen .
edge of th e colo ny . In every colo ny w ill b e fo un d t h r ee d istinct kin ds of bees, t he queen, t he dron es a nd t he wo r kers. T he q ueen can be easily r ecogn iz ed as h a vin g a very lon g abdo me n and short wi ngs. She gene rally h a s a num ber of atte ndants gro uped a rou nd her w ho feed a nd groom h er. The q ueen's d uty is to keep t he colo ny well stoc ke d w it h worker bees. Preceding and d uring the honey flow, the q ueen may la y her weight in eggs each day, laying as many as 1,500 to 2,000 eggs a day. Queens may live for 6 to 8 years, but most beekeepers replace them every two years in order to maintain a thrifty colony.
The worker bees are the most n umerous in the colony. A strong h ive will have forty to fifty thousand worker bees. It is t heir job to gather t he nectar, nurse t he young, clean t he hive, draw co mb and protect t he colony fro m robbers and ene mies. T h e queen and the workers are capable of stinging; h ow ever, the q uee n rare ly ever stings.
Th e drone or mal e is m uch larg er than the wo r ker and h as a larg e blunt r ound ed abdo men. Th er e is se ldo m ove r two or t h ree h u ndre d dro nes in a colo ny, an d t heir so le p urpose is to ma t e w it h virgin q ueens. Th e d r on e ca n no t sting. During the fa ll or wh en t here is a shortage of h oney t he drones a re k illed or driven by t he wo rker bees fro m t he hive to die .
The q ueen can lay two kinds of eggs, fe rtile eggs which
4

Equipment needed fo r t ran sf errin g fro m box hiue t o removab l e f r ame hiue.
produ ce workers or qu e en s , d epending up on th e kind of f ood t hat is fed th e larva e , a n d infe rtile eggs which pr odu ce dron es. Th e eg g is laid in a ce ll which ha s b e en p oli sh ed by t he w orkers and h atch es in t hre e days in t o a s ma ll whit e g r ub or larva . Th e larva g l'OWS very r apidl y , b ein g con tinu all y fe d wi th a milk-lik e foo d of po lle n and hon ey by t he w ork er bees. In 10 d a ys t he ce ll co ntai n ing t he larva is se a le d , a n d t h e larva ch anges in t o t he p upa l stage. D uring t hi s stage , w h ic h la sts 10 to 11 d ays, t h e g r adua l ch ang e int o an adult bee ta kes p lace. T w e nt y- on e days after th e egg is laid t he wo rk er be e e m er ges f r om t h e cell. It req uir es 24 days fo r t h e d r on e to deve lop and a litt le less fo r the q u e en. Soon a ft er e me r g ing t he worke r bee begi n s he r d utie s a s a n ur se b ee . La t er h er w ork cha n g es to g a t h e r ing n ectar a n d po lle n, an d com b b uild ing. During t h e h on ey flow t he w ork er be es m a y w ork t h e m se lves to d e ath w ithin 4 to 6 w e eks.
WHEN TO START
Th e tim e for th e b eginn er t o st a r t b e eke epin g is in th e s p r ing wh en th e b ees are bu sy g a t he r ing n ectar. During a h on eyfl ow bees are less lik el y t o s t ing, and th e begin n er can learn t o op en t he hi ve a nd exa m ine t he b e es w it h littl e di sco mfor t . A b e e y a r d st a r t e d in t he sp r ing is m ore lik el y to s ucce e d bec a use t he bees h a ve seve r a l m on th s in wh ich to b uild up th e colo ny a n d st ore h on ey a n d po ll e n fo r t he w inter.
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Smoking en trance o f bo x hioe.

Driuing the bees from the box hioe by sm ok ing and drumming .

BEE EQUIPMENT
T h e co mp lete bee h ive co ns ists of bottom-board, hivebody, removab le fra mes w ith fo undation, super and cover. A lt hough r emova bl e frame h ives are m or e costly t han t he old fash ioned "bee g ums", t he add it ional cost is generally offset t he first year in in cr eas ed h on ey prod uction . The re m ova bl e fra me hive a llows t he bee keeper to examine h is bees at any tim e to determine whether t hey are q ueen less , fixing to swarm, diseased or abo ut to run sho rt of stores. A ltho ug h a m an who is h a n d y w it h too ls can build a satisfactory removab le f ra me h ive, it is best for the beginner to purchase h is first h ives, so h is eq uip ment wil l be standard and int erchangeab le.
A good smo ker, strong vei l and hive t ool shou ld be obta ined before atte mpting to work wit h bees. Some beginners li k e to use h eavy long ga untlet gloves to prevent st in ging on t he h a n ds an d arms. T his equip me nt can be obtained fro m one of the many bee supp ly h ou ses, if yo ur local hardware or seed store ca nnot supp ly you . Ot h er equipment that can be secured later are queen excluders, several supers w it h f ra mes and fo undatio n, uncapp ing kn if e, honey extractor, bee brus h , etc.

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A piece of cardboard help s dri ve bees to th e new hive.

Th e bees are pu shed toward t he en trance o f th e new hive.

HOW TO SECURE BEES
Before obt a ining your bees, the hive with full sh eets of f oundation sh ould be pl a ced at t h e location selec t ed for t h e bee yard . A good bee location is a well drained area that is partly sh a d ed , such a s a fairly open woodland.

There are seve r a l sour ces where bees can be obtain ed to st a r t with. A bee hi ve may be purchased f ro m a no t h er be ekeep er, a swarm may be caught , an old bo x hive b e p urch ased, or a package of bees may be bou ght from a bee sh ipper .

Catching the Swarm : T here are several ways to catch a sw a r m of bees. One of the easiest methods is t o fasten a box large enough to hold the sw a r m on a long pole to reach t h e swar m hanging in t h e tre e. The box sho uld b e placed und er a n d a ro un d t h e bees a n d then g iv en sev er a l j a rs t o sh a ke the bee s into the box. Th e box full of be es can th en be carried to the n ew bee hi ve a n d sh a ken out in front of the hive. A sw a r m of bees, if ca ught early enough , can be h andled with ver y littl e danger of st inging . It is when the swar m is sever a l d ays old, and the bees a re beginning to get hun gry , th a t t hey a re me an and will be ba d a bo ut stin g ing .

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S plitt ing the old h iue len gthwise so com b can be rem oved in sheets .

C u tt ing out w hole sheers o f br ood com b for LIse in th e new hioe.

Transferring Bees From A Gum to Removable Frame
H iv e : T oo much cann ot be sa id in fa vor of beginning with r em ovabl e f r a me hi ves, or t he us e of f ull she ets of w a x fo un dation in th e f r a mes. Th e mod ern hi ve or r em ov a bl e fra me hi ve will produ ce fo r t he be ekeep er f ro m t w o t o t h ree ti mes a s much h on ey as the old g u m. Wax fo u ndat ion is sheets of beeswa x which a re cr impe d t o t he exact size of t he worke r bee cell, t hat is, used in t he f ra mes fo r the bees to dra w comb on . F ou n d a t ion n ot only k ee ps t he h on ey and broo d comb straig ht, b ut also red uces to a mi nimum , t he a mou nt of d rone co mb .
Like cat chi ng a swa r m, t here are a numb er of ways to transfer bees from a " bee g um" t o the modern r emovable f ra me hive. In so me local iti es a n easy a nd in exp en si ve w a y t o star t be ekeeping is to p urchase a " bee g u m ." As soo n as po ssibl e t he b ees sho uld be tran sf erred to a m od ern hi ve .
Transf erring is best do ne durin g a h on ey flow and a g re ate r success will be h ad if yo u wait until t he bees are a cti ve in gath ering sto res be fo re ch anging th em . At this tim e th ere will b e less chan ce of " r ob bing" by ot her bees a nd th e bees tran sf erred will h ave pl enty of n ect ar t o draw co m b and build th e n ew hi ve.
First , afte r p utting on your ve il and lighting t he smo ker, ge ntly t ilt th e g u m and smo ke th e ent r a n ce . Move t he g um

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Two combs wit h h oney , po llen and sealed brood should be selected for th e new hioe.

.

l

Prne straw m ak es a good bee brush. Brush ,

t he bees in front of t he new hioe.

ab out two fee t in fro nt of t he old stan d . P lace t he new hi ve on bricks or a stand on th e old locati on . The n e w hive sho uld h a ve 8 fra mes w it h f ull sheets of fo un dation an d two f ra mes wi t h n o fo undatio n. A cl oth sho uld be spread in f ront of t he new hi ve . Next, p lace the gu m on t he cloth with the entrance fac ing the n e w hi ve. R emove t he t op a nd begin smo king t he bees t hro ugh t he top and drumm ing on t he side of t he box. T he smoking a nd drum m ing w ill drive the bees out of t he g u m onto t he cloth in fro nt of t he new hive . If the gu m is not too heavy it is h el pful to jar it on t he cloth severa l t imes to help get t he bees out of t he g um. A s t he bees co me fro m t he g um t hey w ill craw l into the new h ive. A piece of cardboard can be used t o g uide t he bees int o the hi ve entrance. W hen m ost of t he bees have been jarred or driven out of the old g um it sho uld be sp lit open. T w o good combs of b rood, with seale d brood, po llen and h on ey , sho uld be se lected and cut to fit the two fra mes w hich did not h a ve fo undation in t he m . A string or ru b ber band ca n be used t o h old t he brood co mb in th e fra me . Whe n sec ure ly faste ned in t he fra mes t he top shou ld be re move d from the n ew h ive, an d the fra mes of brood comb p laced in the ce nter of t he hi ve an d the other f ra mes sho uld be p us hed t ig htly against t hem, a n d the top put on. Th e old g um, with h on ey and brood, sho uld be re moved f rom t he yard t o prevent robbing.

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Cutting a selected brood comb to fit the frame .

String or rubber bands are used to h ol d the comb in th e frame.

Several weeks later the old brood co mbs sho uld be removed and rep laced with frames with f ull sheets of foundation.
Package Bees: There are a number of beekeepers in Georgia who sell bees and queens in packages. Packages range from 2 to 5 pounds in size and may be had with or without queens. A three pound package with a caged queen is most com monly used, and consists of three pounds of worker bees, about 12,000 bees, with one caged queen. The bees are shipped in a sc reened cage w it h a can of sugar syrup fo r them to feed on w h ile in trans it . In Georgia each package of bees carries an insp ecti on certificate bearing t he bee shipper's name certifying that the bees came from colonies inspected by the State Entomologist. Inspection as sures the purchaser of the package that the bees are disease free.
Before the package is received the new hive should be p laced on the permanent locati on and wax foundation should be w ired in all of the fra mes. One way to release t he package bees is to re move suff icient frames fro m one side of t he hive so t he package can be placed in t he hi ve with t he top up . Re move the board top from the package, take out the can of sugar syr u p and the caged queen. Release the que en by opening the end of the cage, sh a k in g her into the opening in the top of the package, tighten the frames against the package and put the top on the hive. A week later open

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Two frames of o ld brood are placed en th e cen ter of t he new bioe.

The hio e couer shou ld be tigh t l y fitted.

th e hi ve, re move t he p a cka g e, fin d th e q ueen to be sure th at she was accepted, t he n rep lace a ll of th e fra mes, ti ghten th em up w it h th e hi ve too l an d p ut t he t op on . If th e q ueen cannot be fo un d it is ge ne rally a sig n t hat she was not ac cepted, an d in such cases it is ne cessary to order a new q ueen. In so me cases package b ees w ill be r eceived when there is n o h on ey flow . Un der suc h cond itions it is necessary to fee d th e bees w ith sugar sy r up to prevent t hem f ro m starving to death. Sugar syrup ca n be ma de by using one part gran ulated sugar to two parts h ot water. Sugar syrup ca n be fe d by fill ing a f r uit jar with syrup, p unch several h oles in the t op an d p lace it top d own on t he f rames in th e h ive. H on ey m a y be used to feed starving bees, but beca use it can sp read bee disea ses, it should no t be used un less the beekeeper is posit ive th at it cam e from d isease free colonies.

WORKING YOUR BEES
T he brood cha mber of each colony sho uld be examine d several tim es a year, t hree ti mes be ing t he mi n imu m . During t he early sp r ing, at the ti me of the first h on ey flow , t he brood chamber sho uld be go ne into t o see if t he queen is functioning, and h ow the bees w intered. Th e n umber of bees in t he h ive, whether disease is p resent and th e a mo unt of stores, p oll en and h on ey, sho uld be noted. If the bees a re r unn ing short of stores, and if the h on ey flow at t hat t ime of t he year in
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I n opening a hioe, sm ok e first th e entrance, th en crack th e couer and smoke
the top o f the b ioe.

Pu ll frame s slo w l y to heep fro m exciting t he bees.

yo ur local it y is sho rt, it ma y be n ec essary to feed th e co lony s ug a r syr u p u ntil a suffic ient flow co me s on . If the q ueen is d ea d , sh e shou ld b e r epl a ced w it h a new q ue en .
Du ring t he m ain honey flow t he bees sh ould be go ne into, making a r ou t in e check of th e co lony . At t h is t ime it is im p ortant t o watch fo r qu een cells. W he n t he co lony begins t o get crowd ed du rin g th e h on ey flow , th e in stin ct to swar m is br ou ght a bout. When q uee n cells , larg e cells abo ut an in ch a nd a h al f lon g and t h ree-fo ur t hs in ch in di am eter, are being drawn in t he brood ch a m be r, th e b ees are gett ing r ea dy to swa r m . Swar min g ca n so metimes be prevented by tearing out t he q ueen ce lls a n d gi vin g t he bees m or e r oom in wh ic h to wo r k. An empty su p er placed between t he broo d cha mber a n d t he partia ll y fill ed su p ers is h el pfu l. Duri ng t he flow an empty s up er sho uld be placed on t he col on y as soo n as t he last super is t h ree-fo urth s fill ed w it h n ectar. During a n ormal n ectar flow a t lea st three su p er s will ha ve to be add ed t o ea ch co lony . It is b est t o w ait until one su pe r is thre e-f ourth s fill ed befor e a d d ing th e next su per . Th e e mpty super sho uld a lways be slip pe d between t he broo d cha mb er a n d t he partia lly fill ed su p er .

In t he fa ll, j ust before f rost, t he bees sh ould be checked for d isease, wax moth, h on ey and po llen st or es an d t he activ-

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Releasing a new queen. A w eek later remoue the cage and check to see if queen is accepted .

A bee working gallb erry blossoms. on e of Georq ia's finest hone ys.

ity of the q ueen. At t his time of the year very littl e brood will be fo un d in the colony . A large number of beekeepers like to r equ een their co lonies d ur ing t he fa ll, beca use at th at t ime q uee ns m ay be p ur chase d ch eap er t han d ur ing t he spring. In Georgia it is advisable to lea ve w it h each colony one super of honey for w inter stores. If less h oney is left with the co lony, it shou ld be examined early the fo llowing year to see if t he bees a re st a r ving .

OPENING THE HIVE
Before opening the h ive, the sm ok er mu st be started and g iving out p le nty of smo ke . A h a n dful of pine straw, j ute sack, or wo od p un k m a k es a good smo king f ue l. T he f uel is first lighted a n d th en p us he d into th e smo ke r a n d t he be llows pum p ed until a good vo lume of smoke is g ive n off. It is advisable for the new beekeeper to wear a veil ove r his face a nd neck.
In open ing a hi ve, first smoke t he ent rance w ith two or three p uffs of smo ke. Crack t he cover, se n di ng seve ra l p uffs of smoke t hrough the crac k, t hen lift off t he cover . Smoke causes bees to eng orge with hon ey, and when eng or ge d th ey beco me sl ug g ish an d easily hand led. If a super is taken off, as soo n as it is r em oved se nd sever a l pu ffs of smoke ove r t he t op of t h e super or broo d chamber be low . W h ile work ing,

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A m od em Georgia hon ey producing ap ia r u .
if the bees appear to become m ad , give t hem a littl e smoke . In withdrawing frames, they should fir st be separated from each other with the hive tool, then g r as p the ends of the frame with the thumb and first finger of each hand and slowly withdraw it. Any movement necessary sh ould be made very slowly. A s udden movement or jerk ma y excite the bees, causing them to sting.
After examining the hive, the frames should be replaced, pushed tightly together a n d the cov er put on . Bees which are worke d often are less likel y to sting t han t hose w h ich are looked into or robbed once a year.
When it is absolutely necessary to go into th e hive when the bees are mad, use plenty of sm ok e and disturb the colony as littl e as possible. T he first time you work your bees be sure t hat they are busy working a h oney flow .
Surplus honey should be removed from the bees when the frames are completely sealed or capped. About two weeks after t he peak of the honey flow you m a y expect to find sealed ho ney .
BEE DISEASES AND INSECT ENEMIES
Bees are subj ect to two bacterial disease s, American and European foulbrood, which attack the developing brood. T hese diseases are harmless to man and do not affect h on ey for human consumption.
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Of th e two di seases, American foul brood is by far th e more s er ious. If American foul brood is not stopp ed wh en it is fir st f ound in th e be e yard all of t h e col onies ma y be d estroyed .
Th e present treatment f or American foulbrood is g assing and burning the entire colony, including hon ey, frame s and hiv e.
F oul brood is easily r ec ognized by the larger larvae d yin g and dryin g up , and t he di se a sed larvae gi ving off a fo ul odo r . If you at any time think that you have American or European foul brood, write to the State Entomologist, who will se n d on e of th e st at e bee inspectors t o inspect yo ur bee yar d .
Th e wax m oth is our mo st common insect ene my of bees in Geor gia . The wax moth larvae ar e found on ly in w eak ened hives. If the bee range is not over-worked, requ eening will control the wax moths. The wax moth can cause serious injury to sto r ed combs in supers during the w in te r months. If you have this prob lem it will b e necessary f or you to fumi gate your st or ed combs. Sulphur burned at the rate of two pounds to each 1,000 cubic fe et of storage sp a ce and the ga s kept in the room for 24 to 48 hours will kill all wax moths. The fumigating room sh ould be tightl y constructed , and a ll metal , fabrics and other va lua ble articles should be removed before fumigation. Sulphur g as causes metal s to ru st and fabric s to fade and rot.
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APPLE INSECTS and DISEASES
by
CHARLES H. ALDEN, Entomologist
CONDENSED APPLE PEST CONTROL SCHEDULES
Dormant Application
For Control of San Jose Scale: Spray when trees are thorough ly dormant w ith either liqu id concentrated lime su lphur 1 gallon, to water 8 gallons; or, lubricating oil em ulsion (66 fir ,) strength 9 gallons to water 191 g a ll ons. Trees encrusted with scale sh ould be sprayed twice, once in December and once early in February, with either lim e sulp h ur or oil emulsion.
For Kill ing Green and Rosy Apple Aphid Eggs: Spray j ust before t he cl uster buds open in t he lat e winter or early spring with 1 14 po unds of Dinitro-ortho-creso l to 100 gallons of water. If scale control is needed, use enough oil emu lsion to make an oil content of 2 'i~) in 100 ga llons .
Delayed Dormant Application
For Control of Aphids, Scale Insects, Scab and Leaf Spot : Spray wit h liqu id concentrated lime sulp hur 10 gallons to water 90 gallons at t he time t he leaf b uds of the different
varieties are cracking ope n. To this spray add 1 % p ints of
nicotine su lphate when a contro l for aphids is required .
Spring and Summer Treatment
For Control of Codling Moth, Curculio, Aphids, Scab, Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot: Spray when 50 'f, of the petals have
fallen and wh ile the calyx cups are open, with 1 % po unds
lea d arsenate and 5 quarts of liquid lime s ulphur to 50 ga llons of water. About eight or nine additional sprays at fortnightly interval s are necessary to properly control app le
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insects a n d di sea ses t hrougho ut t h e seaso n an d th ose a re g ive n in de tail und er t he control of t he cod lin g moth . Other control measures a dv ise d a re a spe cia l bl ossom blig ht spr ay fo r fi re blig ht, ap p lication of che mi cally treate d bands, t h inning an d r em ova l of stung a n d wo r my a pp les, orchard a nd p a ck in g h ou se sanitation , and colonization of parasites. E arly app les r equire less spraying t h a n mid-sea son a n d lat e varieties but a ll spraying sho uld be co mp leted abo ut fo ur wee ks before each va r iety is du e to r ip en t o avo id excessive s pr ay r esidue . All f r uit sho uld be washe d at harvest w ith a di lute h ydroch loric ac id or ot her cl eaning so lut ion to m eet t he lea d a nd a rsen ic t olerance r eq ui r eme nts.
IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS
Th e most im p or t a nt in sect s attac ki ng app le tr ees ill Ge org ia ar e t he cod lin g m oth (Carpoc apsa pomonella L.) , t he San Jos e sc a le (A spid iotus perniciosus Coms t .) , a n d t h e fo ll ow ing aphids : ro sy ap hid (A nura phiss roseus Bak er) , g reen a p p le a ph id (A ph is pomi D eGeer ) , and t h e w oolly a p ple a ph id ( Eriosom a lanigerum Haus ) . T h ese insects ca use injur y t o t h e f r uit, le aves, roots a n d th e tree it sel f , and are r esp onsible fo r most of th e insec t in jury t o a p ple trees in t he state, a lt ho ug h t here a re sever a l ot her insects of m or e or less eco no m ic importance .
THE CODLING MOTH
This is th e wo rst insect pest attackin g a pp les. It atta cks t he f r uit through ou t t he g ro w ing se aso n a nd is r esp on sibl e f or most of th e wo r my a pp les in both g re en and ripe ning fr uit s. Th e va lue of th e a p ple crop is g reatly r edu ced ea ch yea r by the r a va g es of t h is insec t. Th e inj ury is ca use d by t he worm, or la r va l sta ge , wh ich bores int o th e app le a t a n y po int a nd feed s on t he pu lp and cor e. This f eeding ma k es ma ny of t he app les f a ll and t h ey a r e usu all y unfi t f or sa le or sa le a ble on ly a s culls.
Life History and Description
T h e codlin g m ot h passes throu g h f our st ages- the a d ult or moth, t h e egg, t he larva or w or m , and th e p up a or r estin g st age (Pl ate 1 ) . Th ere a re f ro m three to fo ur brood s a n-
4

nuall y in Georgia with activity commencing in A pril and continuing until October. Th e winter is passed a s h ibern ating larvae in dense cocoons under bark, trash and other prot ect ed p laces. In t he early spr ing the larvae t ransfo r m to pu p a e and abo ut t he f irst of April t he moth s emerge . As soo n as t he weather beco mes warm, t he m oth s la y eggs on th e app le leaves, usu all y on t he und er side . Th ese eggs h at ch in f ro m f ive to te n d a ys a nd the t iny worm ma y fee d a littl e on t he lea ves a nd t hen go to the apple. In t he early sp ring, ma ny of them enter th ro ugh t he calyx a ltho ug h some go in at t he side and st em . The worms grow r a pi dl y and become full f ed in about three weeks. They then leave the apples, crawl down the trunk and get under the bark
PLAT E I . Codling m oth . Eg gs on leaf , larvae, pupae and adults. and ot her prot ect ed p laces where th ey sp in cocoons . Th e larva e t ransfor m to p upae insid e t hese cocoon s a nd in a wee k or ten d a ys t hese pup a e tra nsf orm t o moths w h ich eme rge and sta rt a no t her brood .
The Adult: A moth, having a wing spr ea d of fro m oneha lf to t h ree-fourth s of an inch . T he fore wings are striped with irregular dark gray and brown bands except the tips
5

w hich have a dark brown m et a llic colored spot. The hi nd wings and body are grayish brown . The moths are most acti ve a t dusk at wh ich t ime t he fe ma le d ep osits most of h er eggs.
The Egg: A flattened disc-like object la id singly on the fr uit a nd fo liage. It is abo ut t he size of a p in h ea d , m il k white in color when first la id, and covered with tiny ridges. After a f ew days a black spot appears insi d e t he egg, sho r tly fo llow ed by a r ed r ing, w h ich is t he outline of t h e embryo larva .
The Larva : When new ly h a t ch ed it is abo ut on e-sixteenth of a n inc h lon g , d ingy white in co lor a nd w it h a black h ea d . As it grows it assumes a pinkish co lor and when full fed is about t h ree-fo urths of an inch long , pink in color with a brown h ead . On co mp let ing it s feed ing it lea ves t he app le, crawls to a protected dark place and sp ins a cocoon and in a few days changes to a pupa. (Plate 2).
P L ATE 2. Full qro iun cod l i n g m oth larva feedin g in apple, sho u i-
ing type of injury .
The Pupa: It is one -ha lf inch lon g and light brown wh en first formed but turns darker before moth emergence. The ab dom inal segme nts h a ve a d ou bl e r ow of spines t hat a ssi st in moth emer gence.
Control
Ther e are seve ral m eth od s for controlling the codling moth and all of the m sh ould be used in the heavily infested sections to get a crop of app les free fro m worms . T he
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meth od s a dv ise d are spraying, app ly ing che mica lly trea t ed ba n ds, r emoval of earl y brood st ung ap ples , pick ing u p drops, scr a ping bark, thinning of a ppl es, or ch ar d a n d p acking house sa nit ation a n d artificia l co lo nizat ion of p ara sit es.
Spraying : Th e fi rst arse nica l sp ray sho uld be p ut on in ad van ce of codling m ot h eme rge nce when about 50 <yo of t he petals h a ve fa llen an d wh ile t he ca lyx cups a re still ope n on the diff erent vari eties. (P la te 3 ) . This spray sho uld contain 1 % pounds of lead arsen ate , 5 q ua r ts of liq uid lim e sulp h ur and 50 ga llo ns of water. A drivin g spray th a t t horo ug h ly covers a ll parts of t he t ree is n ecessary as t he n e wl y h at ch ed larva e freq ue ntly feed on t he lea ves before going to t he f r uit. Th e second app lication sho uld be p ut on t hree weeks
PL t\TE 3. Right . tim e t o apply cal yx sp ra y . L eft . t o o lutc t o app ly calyx spray .
afte r t he first a nd sh ould co ns ist of 1 1/ 2 po un ds of lea d a r se n a t e, 4 po unds chem ical h yd r a t ed lim e a n d 50 gallo ns of water . Th e t h ir d sp r ay sho uld be a pplie d tw o w eeks lat er a n d co ns ists of 1 1/ 2 po unds of lea d a rsenate in a 1-2- 50 bo rd eau x mi xtu r e, p lus 2 q ua rts of sum mer oil emulsion . T he fo urth and f ifth sp rays sho uld be ap plie d two a nd fo ur w eeks afte r t he t h ir d a nd sh ould cons ist of 1 1,4 p ounds lead
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arsenate in a 1-2-50 bordeaux mixture, plus 1 1/ 2 quarts su mmer oil emulsion . The sixth and sev ent h sprays shou ld be applied two and four weeks after the fifth application and consist of l lh pounds lea d arsenate in a 2-2-50 bordeaux mixture, plus 1 quart of summ er oi l emulsion . The e ig h t h and ninth applications should be applied two and four w eeks after the se vent h for late varieties and consists of 1 V2 p ounds lea d arsenate in a 1-2-50 bordeaux mixture. Tested proprietary copper compounds may be substituted f or the home made bordeaux mixture if desired and directions a s furnished by the manufacturers should be followed. Life history and bait pot records of the codling moth are taken each year by the Experiment Station and timely bulletins are se nt out to the growers telling them what sprays and other control meas ures to use and when to app ly them. Th e earlier a variety matures the less spray applications needed b ut in no case sh ou ld sprays b e app lied clo ser than four weeks b efore harvest. See page 36 for method of makin g s um m er oil e m ulsion .
Banding a nd Sc raping : One of the be st methods of kill in g the full fed worm s durin g the sp r in g and summer months is with chemically treated bands. Yo ung trees should not be treated as on ly old b earing trees with rough bark can withstand the effects of the chemical without injury. The best band material is a sin g le-f a ced corrugated paper cut two inch es wid e. The average tree will r equire a band about two feet long. The formula to use is beta-naphthol (technical grade) 1 pound and lu br ic at in g oi l (viscosity 100 to
300) 1 Y2 p ints. Mix the beta-naphthol and oil in a container
and h eat until all the beta-napththol h as gone into solution. Us e on ly enough heat to ho ld th e beta-naphthol in so lution, sin ce if too much heat is maintained, the chemica l coating w ill not be s uff icien t ly heavy. Take care to prevent t he flame from coming in contact with the so lution a s hot oil and beta-naphthol readily catch on fire. If availab le, the use of steam in closed coils is desirabl e. The best range of temperature for th e sol ution is from 250 to 265 degrees F.
In order to get a heavy coatin g, it is best to doub le dip the bands. Each yard of single-faced corrugated band two inches wide sho uld contain about 3 ounces of t he chemical
8

coating. A roll of pap er 250 fe et lon g w eighs a bout 41/~ pounds a nd to this is added about 15 pounds of bet a-naphth ol and oil. The method of dippin g consists of taking th e r oll an d immersing it for a mom en t in the h ot so lut ion wi th t h e t ub es in a ver t ica l po sition. It sho uld be dipp ed to one -ha lf the w idth of th e band . Th e ba n d sh ould t hen be r em oved , t urne d on it s side a nd a llowed to cool. F oll ow t he sa me pro ce d ure with th e other r oll s un ti l all have h a d a sing le dip
PLAT E 4 . Chemicall y tr eated bands for k ill in g codling m oth larvae .
covering one-half the width of the roll. When the first 250 foot roll has cooled, dip th e other half of it in the sa me manner, thus completing a sing le coating. This whole procedure is gone through over again, after th e first coating is cool, to complete the second coating.
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Before applyin g th e band , th e loo se bark sho uld b e scra p e d from the tree trunk. The whol e roll sho uld be bro ug ht t o th e or ch a r d a n d cu t to th e d esired len gth fo r each tree. (Plate 4). Bands sho uld b e fa sten ed j ust below th e crotch with a sin gle bi g h ead ed tack. Th e tack sh ould be in serted upward so that the chemical cann ot run into th e tree. Bands sho uld be placed in p ositi on ab out May 15 and not r e mo ved until the f ollowing winter wh en the y sh ould be tak en fr om th e tr ee and burned . Fresh ba n ds mu st b e mad e ea ch se aso n and sh ould be applied in a slig ht ly di ffere nt po sition than in t he p revio us season.
During the w inter m onths many codling moth larva e can be kill ed by sc rap ing th e bark fr om th e t r ees and t akin g th e scrap ings from the orchard and burning th em. A sp ecia l w orming t ool in t he f or m of a curved blade w it h a shar p p oint sh ould be used f or r emoving the ba r k. All ot her pl a ce s w he re th e wo r ms a re hib ern atin g, such as cracks and broken lim bs, sh ould be carefull y exa mine d and th e codling moth larva e r emoved and kill ed.
Thinning: Wh en thinning f r uit care sho uld be taken t o r em ove a ll st ung and wormy apples. This f r uit sho uld no t be thrown on th e ground , but placed in baskets and t aken fr om th e orchard and buri ed t wo fee t below th e soil sur fa ce to prevent the moths from es ca p ing back in the orchard . This procedure is es pecia ll y important wh en thinning out th e sm a ll apples that contain the fir st brood worms. Varieties that produce fruit in clusters, such as Yates, sho uld have the clusters broken up so that th e apples will not be touching one another. All culls throughout the se as on and at picking time sh ould be tak en from the orch ard and sold or buried .
Orchard and Packing House Sanitation: Prunings, apple drops and other trash, should be removed from the orchard so there will be fewer protected places for the larvae to hibernate in through the winter. Props, apple picking boxes, a n d other mo vable equipment, should be put in a tight room and kept th ere until all the moths have emerged and died, and all m oths sh ould be kept from returning to the orchard. If a tight room is available for this movable equipment, many of the hib ernating larvae in it ca n be killed by fumigating with m ethyl bromide. Good results may be ob-
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tained if such equipme nt can be placed u n d er a r ubberized tarpau lin and f umigated. Methyl bro mide is used at the r at e
of 1 % po unds per tho usand cubic feet of space, when the
temperature is above 60 degrees F . and the la r va e shou ld be exposed for forty-eight h ours or longer. This is a new material for codling moth control and any growers desiring to use it should f irst consult with t he E x p er im en t Station regarding details of app lication.
Many codling m ot h la r va e h ibernate in the packing shed in the grading mach inery and other equip ment, and a lso in cracks in the wa lls, f loo r a nd cei ling. To prevent the escape of the moths in the spring and su mmer, a ll doors and w indows shou ld be kept closed and a ll open p laces screened. Ordinary sixteen mesh house screening is satisfactory for this purpose.
Colonization of Parasites: The egg parasite, (Tr ich ogramma minutum R.), is being b red artificia lly each year by the Georgia Department of Ento mo logy at their Fruit Pest and Parasite Laboratory at Cornelia. These parasites work on t he eggs of t he codling moth and preve nt t he worms from hatch ing. Li mited nu mbers of t hese are available for free distribution to app le growers and a ll growers in the state wanting t hem should write to the laboratory. T he parasites t hat are p laced out artificially will breed and m ultip ly n a tura lly in the app le orchards as long as t he h ost eggs, such as cod ling moth eggs, are availab le as food.
SAN JOSE SCALE
Life History
The San Jose scale is a tiny flat scale-like object, circular in shape w ith a raised t ubercle in t he center. Th e fe male scale is abo ut t he size of a pinhead ; t he male scale is slightly smaller an d m or e elongated. The actual inse ct is un d erneath the scale covering and feeds there by ins er ti ng its tube, or beak, into the sap an d p umping out t he p lant juices int o its body.
Un li ke many other insects, no eggs are deposite d as th e fe male ejects livin g young, called "crawlers". Th ese yo ung h ave legs and ca n m ove arou nd . They soon settle down and fee d, losin g t heir legs and a ll m eans of locomotion an d at
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the same time f or ming a sca le covering ove r t h ems elves. Th ere is a period of ab out thirty days in G eorgia for ea ch g en er at ion so that there are many gen erati on s in on e year and wh en th ey are breeding , all st ages from crawl ers t o f ull g ro wn males and fe ma les can be fo un d at t he sa me ti me . Th e f ull grown fe ma les a r e very h el pless an d h ave n o wings or legs at a ny stage a fter t he f irst day or tw o. Th e ma les, h ow ever, h a ve legs and a single pair of win gs whe n f ull g ro wn a nd can f ly in a f eebl e manner.
Most of t he injury is ca use d by t he t erribl e speed of multiplication of t h ese in sects, t he progeny fro m one f ema le
P L A T E 5. San Jose scale o n fru i t. being estimated at 1,608,000,000 female s in one seas on. In Georgia the greatest amount of breeding is don e in the fall and spring. There is very little breeding in the su m m er or durin g th e cold est parts of t he winter. They hibernate in all stages b ut t h e ones t hat surv ive are mo stl y full g ro wn females an d half grown sca les. The sc a le in sects f eed on all parts of the tree above ground , probably doing the worst
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injury to the trunk a n d branches although they are fond of the apples also. (Plate 5). They slowly sa p the life out of the tree, giving the bark layers a reddish di scoloration and when very numerous, completely encrusting the trunk and branch es. They first cause th e top to die al~d 'lat er kill the whole tree. (Plate 6) .
Control
The San Jose sca le can b e controlled by an application of either oil emulsion or liquid concentrated lime sulphur during the winter months while the trees are dormant. Use lime sulph ur at the rate of 1 gallon to water 8 gallons; or oil emulsion at the rate of 9 gallons to water 191 gallons.
PLATE 6 . Apple orchard showing branches hilled by San J ose scale.
For growers with a small number of trees, it is probably better to use the commercially prepared oil emulsion for scale control as the cost is low and the emulsion will hold up longer than the home made kind. Lime sulphur when used at the strength recommended for dormant applications, should test from 31 to 33 degrees Baume. Oil emulsion should contain not less than 66 % oil by volum e, exclusive of fatty
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acids, and should h a ve a visco sity of not le ss than 150 seconds by the Sa ybolt t est at 100 d egrees F.
Comm ercial oil emulsion and lime sulph ur will not mix and tanks that hav e lim e sulph ur residue sh ould be thoroughl y cleaned before using them for oil emulsion. "When hard water is used f or spr a ying , the calcium ca seinate em ulsion sh ould be used, a s the soa p-oil emulsion will break down in hard water (see pages 34-37 fo r m ethods of m akin g home made oil em u lsion and lime s ulp h ur ).
All d ormant applications mu st be a ppli ed carefully to g iv e effecti ve re sults. San Jose sc a le cannot be cont r oll ed unl ess every part of the tree abov e ground is covered with the sp r a y material. Whenever po ssible , power outfit s havin g 250 p ounds pressure should b e us ed in order t o g ive a uniform coverag e without 'wasting m at erial. It is advisabl e to get th e pruning don e and pruning's ca r r ie d out of th e orchard before the dormant sprays are applied. The period from Dec emb er 1 to February 15 is th e be st tim e f or sca le control in Ge orgia and it is be st to g et the applications on early if th ere is a h eavy infestation. When trees are encr ust ed with sca le two spr ays can be appli ed, on e in December and one in February.
APPLE APHIDS
Life History and Description
There are three aphids that cause ser ious loss in Georg ia apple orchards; two of th em, the green apple aphid and the rosy appl e aphid, feed on the foliag e and fruit; the third, the woolly apple aphid , feed s on the roots and to a less extent on the trunk and branch es. The first two ar e very bad in certain se as ons when w eather conditions are favorable to th eir de velopment. Th e wo olly apple aphid is practically always pres ent in apple orchards and is especially injurious in newl y planted orchards and nursery trees. Unl ess regular cont ro l measures are used, these aphids cause seriou s annual lo sses to appl e growers, especially in r educin g the a m ount of merchantable fruit . They feed by suckin g the sap from the plant through a beak or tube thrust down into the plant ti ssues .
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The lif e hi stor y of a ll ap hi ds is rather co m plicate d a n d sim ila r in mo st spe cies . Th e true m al es a n d f ema les are developed in th e f all from vivip a r ous or n on -egg la ying forms and at th at tim e th e f em al e lays the so-ca ll ed winter eggs. These egg s a re sm a ll , black, and d eposited on the twig s, buds and und er bark sca les of the app le or oth er host p lant. Th ese eg gs h atch in th e sp r ing and p r od u ce the stem-
P L AT E 7 . G reen apple aphid s o n app le twig . mothers. These ste m-m ot hers in turn produce wingl ess viviparou s fe m a les whi ch produce living young a sexually . There are al so produ ced w ing ed vivip arou s fe ma les or mi grants, whi ch a lso produ ce yo ung asex ua lly a nd mi grate t o oth er h ost p lan ts .
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The green apple aphid is green in color with black legs, antennae and honey tubes (Plate 7). Its eggs are yellow when first laid, later turning a shiny black in which stage the winter is passed. In the spring a small percentage of these eggs hatch into the stem-mothers. These stem-mothers mature in about ten days and produce between forty and fifty living young. Some of these young become migrants and form new colonies and some remain wingless. They mature in about seven days and produce other winged or
PLATE 8. Aphid apples. wingless forms. This continues for many generations until the true sexes appear in the late summer or fall and the females lay eggs which remain on the tree over winter.
The rosy apple aphid is pink to purple in color, except the stem-mothers which are green when first hatched. The life history is much the same as the green aphid except this
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sp ecies lives part of its lif e cycl e on t he long leaf plant ain, while the ent ire cy cle of t h e g reen aphid is spent on the apple tree. The r osy a ppl e aphid al so cause s a much more severe cur ling of t he lea ves th an t he green a p h ids.
The woo lly ap hi d is r edish brown in co lor an d covered w it h a soft cottony secretion w hich almost com pl et el y hides the in sect. T hey wo r k in co lon ies a n d th e aer ia l fo r ms a r e ve ry n otic eabl e, du e t o t he h abit of clustering a n d th e se creti on of t he w h ite cotto ny su bstance over t he individual s in the colon y . The su ck ing of juices f ro m the r oot s ca uses th e f orma t ion of galls a n d f ina lly r esults in t he d eath of t he r oot s a nd so metimes the tree itself. T he lif e h ist or y is si milar to that given for the preceding species.
Control
During th e do r mant p eriod of t he tr ee a che mical kn own as dinitro-or tho-cresol or dinitro-or th o-cycl o-h exyl-ph en ol can be app lie d to kill the aphi d eggs t hat pass th e w inter on the b ranches. The spray sho uld be app lied j ust before t he cluster buds ope n in t he la t e winter or ea rly spring and is used at t he r at e of 11ft. po unds of dinitro co mpo un d to 100 gallo ns of wa te r . So mewhat better r esul t s a re ob t a ined if oil em uls ion is used and in th at case a combina ti on sca le a n d ap hi d con trol can be ob t ain ed by usin g 1 14, po un ds of dinitro
co mpo und a n d a 2 % oil in 10 0 gallo ns of water. In p repar -
ing t he spray, first p ut about 20 ga llo ns of water in the t a nk, then start m ot or and agitator and add the oil emu lsion, t hen ad d th e dinitro compo u nd a n d co mp lete fi ll ing t he tan k w it h water . All p a rts of th e tree, p art icul a rl y t he small br anches a n d twig s, must be t horo ug h ly covere d t o ge t a goo d control of th e ap hids. Dinitro co m po u nds sho uld n ot b e us ed in co mbination w it h soap or bordeaux emu lsion .
A t t he delayed do rmant period, when the leaf b uds a re
cracking open, a n ap pl ication of 1 % pints of ni cotine sul-
phate, 10 gallons of concen tra t ed lime su lp h ur so lut ion, a n d 90 g a ll ons of water sho uld b e used if t he a p h ids a r e st ill t ro u bleso me. If t he gree n a n d r osy a p hi ds a re still present when the calyx app lication fo r t he co d ling m oth is app lied, 1 pint of n icot in e sulphate sho ul d be ad ded to the dilute sp ray used against t he codling moth an d other in sect s a n d di sease s.
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Sprays for aph ids, to be effective, must be applied befo re the lea ves have curled from the colonies of aphids feeding on the m. The trees should be pruned during the winter months and a ll prunings removed and b urned to get rid of t he winter eggs on t he tree. (Plate 8).
The woo lly aphids on the roots can be controlled very la r g el y by keep ing t h e trees in a thrifty condition by fertilization and cu ltivation so that sufficient feed roots are formed in spite of the attack by the woolly a p h id s. The aeria l forms can be controlled by the sa me m et h od s a s given for t he green and rosy app le ap h ids.
IMPORTANT APPLE DISEASES
T he four most important app le diseases in Georgia are scab, (V e n tu r ia in a eq u a lis), bitter rot ( G lom e re ll a cingu lata), fire b light ( B a c illu s amylovorus ) , and crown ga ll ( B a c terium tamefaciens ). The first two are f ungus and the other two bacterial diseases. A ll of these diseases are fo und in app le orchards and are very variab le in effect, depending lar g el y on weather conditions.
Apple Scab
T h is disease is readily controlled w hen the trees are properly sprayed but in unsp r a ye d or poorly sprayed orchards, t he injury is very severe . The scab fung us attacks t he leaves, twigs and f ruit in the sp r ing a nd su mmer and lives over t he winter on the fa llen leaves. It is u p on t he fru it that it is m ost freq uently noticed and a lso where t he worst injury is d on e . It first appears as small brown spots which vary in size from specks to blotches about one-half in ch in d ia meter. These spots freq uently fuse and later t he app les crack and fa ll to th e ground (Plate 9). T he sa me brown spots a lso appear on the fo liage, usu all y on the u n d er side of the lea f . Coo l rainy weather is very favorab le to the deve lopment of this disease and in such seasons it is diffic ult to control.
Control
The orchard should be plowed in the early spring to b ury the spores on the fa llen lea ves so t hat they will not be a source of infection w hen deve lopment starts in the spring. Wh ile t his method r edu ces the n umber of spores, it m ust be
18

supplemented by spraying with lime sulph ur concentrate. The first sp r a y sh ould be put on when the leaf buds are cracking open , usin g 10 gall ons of lime sulph u r so lut ion to 90 gallons of water. Th e n ex t sp r ay sh ould be put on just before t h e blossoms open , using 5 q ua r ts of liquid lime sulphur t o 50 g a ll ons of wat er and sh ould b e put on within a thre e day period for th e m ost eff ectiv e re sults. This is the m ost important sca b spray in a w et season . Th e next sp r ay sh ould be put on just after th e blossoms fall , using 4 quarts
P L AT E 9. Apple scab . of liquid lime sulphur to 50 gallons of water. If sca b is bad , it may be necessary to sp r a y again ten days to two weeks after the blossoms fall and again in July but these applications are not necessary in a normal season. The grower must be guided by weather conditions and the amount of infection in the orchard .
Bitter Rot This disease usually does not appear until about the first of July in this state and its severity depend s upon the kind of weather and the variety of apples involved. Hot humid weather during June and July generally me ans a sever e epi-
19

d emic of this di sease, especia lly on such varieties a s Ben Davis, Gano, Kinnards Ch oice, York Imperial , Stayman, and Gold en D elicious.
Bitter r ot f irst app ear s on t h e a p ple a s small brown sp ec ks und ern eath the ski n . Th ese specks gro w ra pidly a n d form a se r ies of r ai sed con cen tric rings on the surface w hile beneath is a r otten a re a w h ich exten ds d eep into the f lesh forming a soft watery brown r ot. These r in gs fo r m small bla ck sp ots just be n eat h t h e surfa ce an d later break throu gh an d f or m pinkish colored sp ore m asses. These spores are blo w n oft" or w ash ed off and set up n ew infections on the f r uit . Bitter
PLATE lO. B itte r rot on rip e apple, sho wing spores. rot develops very rapidly and can often ruin a crop in a few d ay s (Plate 10) . The whole apple becomes decayed and rotten an d the infe cted fruit may fall to the g r oun d or remain on the tre es ov er winter a s shr iveled bl ack mummies. This di sease al so mak es bl ack cankers on the twigs and branch es but do es not affe ct th e leave s. Bitter r ot cankers
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are cracked, depressed portions of the bark b en eath which the w ood becomes discolored and de ad.
Cont rol Th e be st control is wi th a 2-2-50 bord eaux mixture a pplied in the summ er months. (S ee page 34 g iving d ir ections f or making bordeaux mixture) . Th e control of t h is d isease is accomplished by t h e use of t he regul ar spray sch ed ule fo r th e control of the codling m oth and other in sects and dis.' ease s gi ven on page 7. Five a p plications are usually r equired, consisting of two spr ing a pp licat ions of lime sulph ur and three summer applications of bordeaux mixture. The
P L AT E 11. Fire blight on fruit (G lob ules on surfa ce) form ula required and dates of application are given in bull etins issued periodically each year by the Georgia State Departm ent of Entomology. In addition to spr ayin g , th e r emoval of mummied appl es fr om the tree and ground and th e removal of cankered limbs, h elps to control this di sease.
Fire Bl ight This is a bacterial di sease that is more injuriou s t o p ears than apples but so me t imes causes ser ious loss in a p p le 01'-
21

chards, especially in the early spring. It occ urs in the or chard in several different forms known as blossom blight, twig blight, ho ld -over blight and co llar blight. Fire blight varies in its severity bu t is not destructive every year and may go for several years without causing any economic los s. It is a di sease which is influenced b y temperature and oth er w eather conditions such as a cool wet sp r ing . Hot dry w eather destroys th e germs a n d checks th e development of the blight.
Blossom blight kills the flow er clusters and is spr ea d rap idl y by bees and other in sects carrying the germs from flower to flower. Twig blight is ca used by the bacteria working down the cambiu m la y er an d ca us ing w ilting and d isco loration of the lea ves a nd twigs. T he in f ection m a y spread dow n into the lim bs a nd trunk and a lso effect t he fr uit (P la te 11) . Ho ld -ove r b lig ht oc curs as spots on t he t r unk and branches and ca rries the d isea se over f rom year to year, p rod ucing a sticky viscid substance in th e sp r ing that prod uces m ill ions of germs . Collar blight occurs a s cankers at t he base of t he tree a nd is a se rio us f or m of fi re blight as it will continu e to grow unt il it entirely gi rdles and ki lls the tree.
Control
Blo ssom blight is th e most serious form of fire b light in Georgia and is ver y injurious on som e varieties, es p ecia ll y if the seas on is fa vorable to bl ight development. A sp ecia l spray that is very effective is advised for this form of fire blight. It consists of a 1-3-50 bordeaux mixture, having 1 pound of copper sulph a t e and 3 po unds of chemical hydrated lime, to 50 gallons of water . It sho uld be app lied at t he fo l-
low ing ti mes ; cl uster bud or pin k sp r ay ; w hen 25 'It, of the blossoms a re open; w hen 80 'It) of t he blosso ms a re open ; and when % of t he petals h ave fa lle n . Of t he fo ur app licat ion s a dv ise d, t he one w here 80 'lr, of th e blosso ms are ope n
is t he m ost effective . Lea d a r se nate shou ld n ot be used wi t h a ny of t hese sp rays.
The twigs that have been killed should be cut off and b urned. T he h ol d- over b light cankers sho uld be r emoved and the wo und disinfected . T he best ti me to do th is work is
22

in t he lat e f a ll just bef ore th e leaves drop, wh en it is easier t o locate the di seased twigs and cankers. All cu ttings sh ould be m ad e at least six inch es bel ow t h e di seased area in the case of twig s and in all ca ses th e tool s sh ould be ster ilized with a di sinfectant so lut ion b etween each op erati on . Disinfe cta nt so l ut ions recommend ed are eit her a 5 'I;; so lution of fo r ma lin or bich loride of mercury (cor rosive su bli mate) 1 part, to water 1,000 parts.
Apple Crown Gall This is a bacterial di sease and is preval ent in both orchards and nur series and is especially injurious to you ng trees. There a re two fo rms, one known as "hairy ro ot" and the other as "crown gall" (Plate 12) .
PLATE 12 . Hairy root f orm of crown gall . Control
No good control for th is disease is know n . It may be lessened in the n ursery by b udding instead of grafting the nursery stock . Wounds m a d e in the seedlings w hen in serting the s cions offer ideal conditions for the entrance of the disease and are t he m ost common source of infection in th e
23

nursery. Nursery trees showing either crown gall or hairy root sh ould not be sold or p lanted in the orchard. P lant trees with a healthy clean root system to avoid getting the disease started in newly planted orchards.
LESS IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS AND DISEASES
Other insects of lesser importance attacking app le trees in this state are the plum curculio ( Conotr a chelu s nenuphar ), Oriental fruit moth ( La speyre sia molesta ) , round headed apple tree borer (Saper da candida ), f lat headed apple tree borer ( Ch rysobothr is femorata) , corn ear worm ( H elioth is obsoleta), and three species of leaf hoppers (Empoasca fabae, Empoasca maligna, and Empoa rosae ). Other diseases of lesser importance are cedar r ust (Gymnosporangium juriiperivirginianae ) and leaf spot (Sp haer opsis malorum ) .
Plum Curculio
A ltho ugh t his is primari ly a peach pest, it w ill attack app les. T he main da mage is caused by the adults making feeding and egg laying punctures t hat cause the apple to be malformed and when the weevils are numerous, result in a large percentage of culls and low grade fruit. A few of the curculio grubs reach maturity in green dropped fruit , but for the most part the growth of the apple kills the egg and the newly hatched larvae.
Life History and Description : The adult is a small snout beetle about one-fifth of an inch long with a proboscis, or snout, about half as long as the insect it self. It is black and gray in color with a few dull white spots and has the elytra ridged and humped. When disturbed it folds up its legs and snout and "p lays possum" . The egg is smooth, white in color, elliptical in shape and is inserted into the pu lp. The fe male cuts a characteristic crescent shaped slit in the skin after the egg is deposited, in an effort to prevent t he egg fro m be ing cr ushe d by t he growth of the fru it.
The la r va when full grown is abo ut three-eighths of an inch long w ith the body dingy white in color and t he h ea d brown. It is very sluggish in its movements. The p upa is one-fo urth of an inch lon g, white when first formed, and turns brown before emergence of the adult curculio .
24

The ad u lts pass t he winter in protecte d p laces in a nd aroun d t he orchard and emerge in the sp r ing abo ut blos so ming t ime . They enter the orchard an d feed on the yo ung leaves and b lossoms before going to the fruit . They la y their eggs in t he f r uit an d t hese h at ch in fro m two to twe lve da ys, dep ending on w eath er co n d itio ns . The tiny w orms enter t he a pp les a n d fe ed fo r abo ut two weeks in th e fr uit un less kill ed by t he rapid growth of t he app les. They t hen lea ve the app les a n d enter t he so il for mi ng ce lls two or t hree inch es bel ow t he gro und in which t hey pupate . They spen d a bout thirty-fi ve days in th e gro un d an d th en eme rge as a d ults. Fifty t o f if ty-five d ays are r equir ed f or the curculio to com pl et e it s lif e cy cl e in Georgia. There are one or two generations pe r year, depend ing on weather con ditions, b ut it is only t he f irst, or sp ri ng brood, whi ch inj ures t he ap ples.
Control: The sp ray sche du le as given fo r th e co d ling moth on page 7 w ill g ive protect ion to t he fru it fro m t he egg laying and feedi ng pu nctures of t he ad ult curc ulio .
The Oriental Fruit Moth
Life History and Habits: The in sect p asses t he winter as a f ull grown larva insid e a cocoo n und er bark, trash, or other shelte re d p laces. T he larva e start to pupate in Febr uary an d m oths eme rge in Marc h a n d start dep osit in g eggs a day or t wo afte r emergence. Most of th e eggs a re laid singly on t h e up p er side of t he leaves a n d hat ch in an average of fo ur days. From t he egg co mes a t iny worm which bores into t he soft tissues, d iscarding t he outer epider mis an d doin g n o fe ed ing until inside. They bec om e f ull gro wn in a bout t wo w eek s, leave th e fruit and spin coc oons on t he tree or gro un d . They pu p at e w it h in the cocoo n an d in abo ut tw elve da ys the next gene ration of moths appear . There are f ro m f ive to seven generations pe r year in th e state a n d t he later broods are ove r-la p ping. The egg is g listening whit e, , cir cular in sh a p e, and a bout .0 3 inch in di amet er. The y oung larvae are white w it h a bl ac k h ead a n d t ho racic an d a nal shields. W hen fu ll grown t hey are wh ite to pinkish, h ave t h re e p a irs of pro -legs, a brown h ea d, a n d brown t h oracic and anal sh ie lds, a n d are a bout on e-ha lf in ch lon g wh en f ull fed. Th e a d ult m oth is g rayish bro wn in colo r,
25

slightly mottled , a nd w it h a w ing expanse of a bou t on e-half in ch .
Control: Over-w inter in g co coo ns on th e g ro un d ca n be ki lled if b uri ed fo ur inc h es d eep in th e so il. Ca r ef ul p lowing a n d d ee p cultiva t ion in t he sp r ing ab out two w eeks befo r e blossom ing t im e w ill b ur y t h e cocoon s so de ep ly t hat t h e a d ults w ill n ot be ab le t o r each t he so il surf a ce . Ne a r ly a s effect ive r esul t s m ay be ob ta ine d by simi la r cul ti va tion in t he fa ll if g rowers p refe r to d o t he ir orc har d cultivatin g at t hat ti me . Many larva e live over in cocoons constructed in crates, baskets, etc. in sid e t he packing h ouse . W he never po ssib le, pac king h ou ses sho uld be scr ee ned w ith sixte en mesh scr ee ning to prev ent th e m oths t hat e me rge from t hese cocoo ns f ro m lea ving th e ho uses in th e sp r ing for a dj a cent or chards. Data ob ta ine d over a t en year pe rio d indic at e t hat th e colo n iz a ti on of th e egg parasit e, Trichogramma minutum R. , is g iving good resu lts in keepi ng t he Ori ent al f ru it m ot h in ch eck in t he a p p le orchar ds .
The Round H eaded and Flat Headed Apple Tree Borer
Life History and Description: T h e adults of the r ound h ead ed a pp le t ree bo rer a p p ear in :M ayor Jun e. Th e fe ma le d eposit s eggs in slits cut in th e ba rk , n ear t he base of t he tree. T h e eggs h a t ch in fr om fi ft een to tw en t y days a nd t h e la r va e t un n el t h eir w ay into th e bark a n d d ur in g t he first y ea r f eed on t h e sa p-w ood . T h e wi nter is pa ssed in a di sc sh a pe d b urr ow a nd fee d ing is n ot r esu m ed un t il t h e sp r ing of t he secon d year . T h e la r va e in cr ease in size rap id ly d urin g th e secon d year a n d ext en d t h eir fee d ing into t h e h eartwo od . Th ey h ib ernate durin g t he second winter a n d t h e t h ir d sp r ing and sum m er beco me f ull fe d a nd pupat e just ben ea th t he bark . - T h ey eme rge as a d ult beetles d uri ng May and J un e (S ee plate 13) . The ad ult is ab out one inch lon g , lig ht brown a bove a nd white un d ern eath. Two w hit e st ri pe s ex te n d t h e len gth of t he b a ck. T h e larva is ab out one in ch long wh en f ull fe d , yellowish w hite in co lor , footless a n d w ith brown h ead a n d black mand ib les.
Th e a d ul t of t h e f lat h ead ed ap p le t ree bo rer is a bo ut oneha lf in ch lon g , one fo urth inch wid e a nd tapers fr om th e center to ward both ends. It h a s a bron ze appearan ce, wi th meta llic g reen and bron ze r ef lect ions. The a d ult be etl es ap-
26

pear in th e ear ly spr ing a n d th e f emal es la y eggs att ac he d to the bar k which hatch in f ro m f iftee n t o t we nty d a ys. The lar va e tunn el into t he sap-wood an d lat er in t o t he h eart -w ood a n d become fu ll fed in one year . T he wi nter is p assed in t he larval, or p u pa l, stage an d t he a d ult s eme rge t he f oll owing spri ng from th e tr ee th r ough an ell ipti ca l h ol e cut in th e b ark.
PLATE 13. R ound headed apple tree borer, adult.
Th e presence of th e r ound h ead ed bo rer can b e d et ected by di scol ored sun ken p atches on t he trunk a n d by castings thrust out through slits in the bark, mo stly within a f oot of t he g ro un d . The f lat h eaded bo rer works in both th e trunk a nd bra nc hes and ca n be located by d isco lo red, d epressed a reas of ba rk.
Control: Methods of control are simila r for both spe cies . The trees sho uld be wormed with th e ne cessary tools during
27

the month of Septemb er. Th ese con sist of a hawk-bill knife, a piece of st out wire about a foot long with a sm a ll hook at one en d and a rin g at t he other, a gard en trow el , a bottl e of carb on bis ulfide an d so me cotton batting. The bo r ers can be r emoved wi th th e knife or t he burrows op en ed up and the la r va e killed by prodding with the wire. Th e channe ls can al so be op ened , a littl e cotton batting soaked with th e carbon bisulfide inserted , and the h ole plugged with moist dirt. The f umes g ene rat ing f ro m th e ca rbo n bisulfide will kill the larva e in t h eir burrows. As carbon bi sulfide is very inflammab le, it sh ould b e kept away from all flame s by the operator.
Corn Ear Worm
Th e corn ea r wo r m, a ls o so metimes call ed th e vet ch w orm, is occasionally injurious t o apples, especially when vetch has been planted in Or near th e orchard. Th e larva, or worm, when full fed is a bout one and one-half inches long, g r een to brown in color, w it h indistinct variable str ipes. The moth is yello wish br own w it h a one a n d one -half inch w ing spread . It is the larval stage th at doe s th e dam a g e to t he g ree n a n d ripenin g fruit by g ouging out ho les nearly the siz e of a lea d pencil and some t imes exten d ing into th e core . Wh en feeding on vetch , they fr equ entl y become very num erous an d f eed and migrat e sim ila r to a r my w or ms, oft en leaving th e vetch in th e last larval in stal's and going to adjacent apple orchards.
Control: They can b e controlled by making a deep furrow between the vet ch f ield an d th e apple orchard with the sid e next to the or ch a r d m ad e very st ee p . Post hol es sh ould be dug at frequent intervals in the furrow s to trap the worms a n d these can be ki lled by crushing. If t he vetch has been planted in the orchard poison bran bait sh ould be broadcast or t h e orch ard spr ay ed with arsenate of lead as r ecommended for the curculio. (See page 37 f or p oison bait formula .) Many of them can be prevented from climbing t h e tre es by banding with a sticky su bst an ce, such as tree tanglefoot. As a rule it is be st not to plant vetch in or near apple orchards.
APPLE LEAF HOPPERS
There are three sp ecies of leaf hoppers attackin g a p p les : t he apple leaf hopper ( Em p o a sc a faba e) , t he ro se leaf hop-
28

per (Empoa rosae) and another a pple leaf hopper (Ernpoasca maligna). The first one is the mo st common and injurious in a p p le orchards in this st ate. The apple le af h opp er p a sses t h e w inter a s an adult in sect hidd en in leaves und er orchar d t rees a n d adjacen t w oodl ands. They bec om e active in t h e spr ing and when the leaves appear begin laying eggs which are p us he d int o t he midribs or larg er veins an d stems of the leaves. Th e f irst gener ation nymphs a ppear a bo ut t he ti me t he le ave s a re full g rown a n d both the nymphs a nd a d ult s
PLATE 14. C edar ru st on apple leaf. feed by sucking the sap from the undersid e of th e leaves. The nymphs are pale green in color, without wings, an d are very active, running forward , backward or sid ew ise . They become mature in early summ er and deposit eggs for a sec-
29

and generation which beco m e full grown in the fa ll. The eff ect of the feeding is t o cause the foliage to become pale in color, with sp ecks of gr eenish white sh ow ing through f ro m the underside. Youn g f olia ge becomes curled , t h e marg in of th e leaves t urn bro wn, a n d t h e f r uits are speck ed with exc re ment . Badly in jured le aves fa ll from th e t rees. Th e control of all species is t he sa me .
T o control, sp ray with ni cotin e, or derris, or r ot an on e co m po un d ; additi on of 1 p ound of p otash-fish-oil soa p to eac h 50 gall ons of dilute spr ay makes these materials more effe ctive. Treatm ent sh ould b e st a r te d wh en th e nymphs be come numerous in th e spr ing . Bordeaux mixture is an ef f ect ive r epellent for leaf hopp ers, preventing egg laying and sh ould be used at t he 4-4-50 strength. Clean cultivation and pruning will reduc e th e number of these insects.
Cedar Rust
This in an a lt erna t e ho st di sease, part of it s life cycle being spent on t h e apple tree and part on the co mm on red cedar. It appe ars on th e fruit and leave s as yellowish el evate d bodies which form black sp or es . The sp or es must a lig ht on a cedar tree to g er minat e. On t h e ced ar they are kn own a s cedar balls a n d t ake two years to co m p le te th eir life cy cle and form sp ores to r einfect the a pp le. (See Plate 14.)
Control: The delayed dormant application of lime sulphur, plus the regular spray schedule advised, will check this di sease. The be st method of control , however, is to remove all red cedar trees within a mile of the app le orchard, thus preventing the d isease from appearing at a ll. If this is done, the disease soon becomes of little or no importance in the comm ercial app le orchards.
Apple Leaf Spot
Leaf sp ot , or frog-eye f ung us, is t he most destructive fo liag e disease on app le trees in Georgia. It appears on t he inside of the leaf in the sp ring and early sum mer as sma ll gray circ ular sp ot s. When mature, these spots have a diameter of three-quarters of an inch with a grayish white spot about one-eighth of an inch in diameter in the center sur r oun d ed
30

by several brown ri ngs. Th e whole area h a s a dead brownish appearance . It is especially bad in wet years in the mountaino us regions where the app les are mostly grown. (Plate 15 .)
Control: The regu lar sch ed ule as advised for the con tro l of bitter rot and sca b will al so control lea f spot. The de layed
P L AT E 15. App le lea f spo t . dormant a pp licat ion as advis ed fo r th e San Jose scale will a lso a id in co ntrolling this d ise a se.
BENEFICIAL INSECTS AND DISEASES Th e beneficia l insect s, ca lled parasites and pre dators, a n d ce rtain f ungi, fe ed on an d kill m any of t he inj urious species of insect s. Th ese t hree facto rs are of great a id to the g rowers
31

and often do more to control noxious in sects than t he artif icia l control measures such as spr a ying a nd du sting.
The codling moth is attacked in the egg st a g e by t he eg g parasite, T. minutum. Codling moth egg collections in the Corn elia sect ion sh ow this parasite is very active in parasit izing codling m oth eggs, especially those of th e la t e broods. Of thou sands of cod lin g moth eg gs coll ected over a ten year period, th ere was an a ver age of 65 % parasiti z ed by t his insect an d som e collections sho we d 100 '/1, para siti zati on . Larva l p arasites fo un d naturall y in t he state a re A scoga ster car pocapsae and Bassus carp oc a psa e. Th e f ir st one, A . carpocapsae , kills a n average of 10 ';1, of t he larva e ann ua ll y in this st a t e . Of th e predators, ants a n d t he Pe nnsy lvan ia soldi er beetl e a re th e m ost active and effective in sect s. A white mold has al so been found killin g th e larva e in cocoons, mo stly around the base of th e tree or on t he ground.
Th e Or ie nta l f r uit m oth is a lso attack ed in t h e egg stage by T. minutum a nd r ecord s ob t a ine d sh ow t hat a bout 25 '/;, of t h e early broo d to 7 5 % of t h e lat e brood eggs a re pa r asit ized by t h is in sect. A larval parasit e, Macroc entrus ancylivor u s, has been imported into t his st ate f r om N ew Jersey fo r t he past ten years and co lonized succe ssf ully . T h ir d brood larvae h ad 43 % a n d fo urth brood larva e 70 ',; parasit ize d in the col oni z ed a re as .
Th e San Jose sca le is fr equ ently f ound in t he orchards wi th a t iny hol e in t he center of t h e sca le cov ering which is t he ex it h ol e of a n y of seve ra l spe cies of t iny h ym e nopt erou s para sites. One of th e mo st im por t ant a nd wi d el y d istrib uted of th ese is Aphel inus f u scip e rmis, Oth ers parasit izing t he Sa n Jose sca le are Aphelinus m yta lasp idis, Asp idiotiphagus citrinus, and Prospalta aurantii. A ve ry im po r t a n t predat or is Chilocorus bivulnerus, which f eeds on th e sca le in sects t hroughout the year. This predator is commonly ca lled the twice st a b bed la dy- bir d beetle and is a small round black beet le with two re d spots, one on each w ing cover. T he San Jose sca le is al so attacked by the r e d h ea d f ungus, '( Sp ha e rostilbe coccophila) and the black f ungus ( Myr ia ngum duriaei) .
Natural enemies of the apple aphids include sever a l species of parasitic hymenopterous wasps and two important
32

predators. T he lady-bird beetle, ( H ip p o d a m ia convergens) feed s on aphids in both the larval and adult stag es . The predator mo st commonly seen in orchards feeding on aphids is the lar va of t he sy rp hid f ly (Allograpta obliqua ), T hi s la r va , or maggot, is co mmo nly found fee di ng on t he aphids curled up inside the appl e le a ve s and is an importan t natural check to the m ult iplicat ion of both the green and ro sy app le ap hids.
INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
T he fo llowing che micals are used as insecticides and fungicides for th e protection of the fruit and tre e by appl e growers in Georgia; lead arsenate, st on e and hydrated lime, sulp h ur, copper sulp hate, liq uid concentrated lime sulp h ur, lu br icat ing oil emu lsion, beta-naphtho l, nicotine sulphate, summer oil emulsion and proprietary copper and sulp h ur compounds and mi scible oil. In secticides are of two kind s, stomach po isons t hat are used against insects t hat chew and swa llow t he ir food; an d contact insecticides t hat are used against insects that suck the plant juices so that t he in sect mu st be killed by actual contact.
Lead Arsenate : T hi s is on ly for m of stomach poison that has pro ven to be sat isf a ctor y and safe to use on apple trees. The powdered form is the only one in comm er cia l use a n d it
should co ntain not les s t han 30 '/0 total arsenic pentoxide, not
more t ha n 0.5 '/iJ water so lub le arsenic pentoxide , a nd not more than 0.3 % total arsenic trioxide. It is a fine ly di vided powder and will st ay in sus p ens ion with ordinary agitation as provided in h a nd or p ow er sp ray outfits. Reasonab le preca utions against burning th e fr uit and fo liage sh ould be taken when using this material. It sh ould not be used stronger than two pounds to fifty gallons of water and should not b e app lied whe n t he t re es are wet or when t he te mp erature is above 90 de grees F .
Stone and Hydrated Lime: These are used as neutralizers for lea d arsenate and in combination with sulp h ur and blu est on e to m ak e suc h m at erial s a s liqui d concentrated lim e sulph ur and bordeaux mixture . Only a good grade of lim e
33

sho u ld be used fo r spraying a n d sho u ld co nta in n ot less t han
90 % calci um h ydrox id e.
Sulphur: Sulphu r , co mb ine d w ith other che m ica ls, is one of t he m ost imp ort ant mat erial s u sed for sp raying orchards a s some of th e combination s act bo t h as in se cti cid es a n d fun gi cid es. V ari ou s f orms a re in use such as g ro un d br imsto ne, fl ow ers of su lp h ur, a nd s uperfine s ulp h ur. It is p ractica lly a lways clean an d p ure as rece ived f rom t he m a n ufactu rers.
Copper Sulphate: Copper su lphate (b luestone) is combined with either stone or hydrated lime to make bordeaux m ixture. Th ere a re several formu las of th is mi xtu r e such as 2-2-50, 3-3-50, a n d 4-4 -50. T he 2-2-50 is t he one m ost co mmonl y used and dir ecti on s fo r m akin g t h is stre ngt h are as fo llows :

Copper s ulp hate ( b luestone) ';' St on e Or h ydr a t e d lime
Water

2 po unds 2 po unds 50 ga lIons

';'A better product results if stone li m e is used.
Dissolve t he b luestone in a 50 ga llon wooden ba r rel conta in ing 25 ga llo ns of water by suspending it in a sack just be neath t he s urface . Slack t he stone lime a littl e at a t ime in a seco nd barrel and dilut e to 25 ga llons. Po ur the two m ixtures together sim ultaneo usly, a b uc ket f ull at a t ime, th ro ug h a stra iner into a t hird barre l 01' d irectly into t he spray tank. Larger quantities can be prepared observing the sa me proportions as above.
Liquid Concentrated Lime-Sulphur Solution : This is an old remedy fo r the control of the San Jose Scale and other sca le inse ct s. The commercia lly man ufactured product is in very wide use by growe rs and sho u ld test 3 1 to 33 degree s Baum e at 60 d egrees F ., and contain n ot less t h an 29 'I; ca lci um po lys ulf ides. D irect ions fo r ma ki ng on t he fa rm a re as fo llo ws:
T he n ecessa r y in g r e di ent s and equ ipment fo r making are co mmercia l gro und su lp hur, stone lim e conta in ing not more tha n 5 ';;, magnesium ox ide, water and a cooking vesse l that will ho ld 7 5 gallons. Heat

34

a bo ut 10 g a llo ns of water in th e vesse l a nd to it add 50 po unds of stone lim e. W hen the lime begins to slack, add 100 pounds of sulp h ur by degrees, stirring all the while to brea k up the sulphur. After the su lp h ur is added a nd t he lim e sla ck ed , d ilute to 50 gallon s a n d bo il one h ou r . Water sho uld be adde d at int er val s t o r e pl a ce t hat w h ic h evaporates. A lways keep the full 50 gallons in the vessel whi le t he cooking is in progress. If not to be used at once, st r ain int o t ig ht barrels or drum s. T h e density can be determ ined w it h a n h y dr om et er acco rd ing to t he fo llowing table:

Table Showing Dilution of Lime-Sulphur of Different Densities

H ydrom e te r Readi ngD eg-re e s on Baum e Spindle
35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28

No. Ga llo ns w a t er to eac h Gnf lon S olution
9 8% 8 lh 8 7 !j:! 7 1) 1.
6:Y,.
6 lh

H ydr om eter R ca d irur
D cm-ccs Baum e
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

No. Gallon s water to eac h Ga ll o n S olu ti on
6 5% 5 1ft. 5
4 ~~ 4 V~
3% 3 II:!

Winter Luhricating Oil Emulsion: Th e oil em ulsio ns ar e both commercia lly ma nuf a ctu r ed and h om e mad e . Th e com-
mercia l oil em ulsion sho uld contain not less t han 66 'i; oil
by vol ume exclus ive of fatty acids and have a viscosity by t he Saybolt test of no t less than 150 se conds a t 100 d egrees F. Oil emu lsions in Geo rgia are used alm ost e nt ir ely as a dormant co ntro l of t he San J ose sca le and at t he 3 '/; st rengt h , w hich is 9 ga llon s of oil em ulsion to 191 ga llons of water. Directions for ma k ing h om e made emulsion by th e co ld p ump m ethod is as fo llows '

Red engine oil or oi l of sim ilar g r a d e 30 gallons or 55 gallons

Water __ _

.15 ga llo ns or 27 lh ga ll ons

Ca lciu m ca se inate

.

4 p oun d s or 7 !j:! po und s

35

The equipment necessary for the small formula is two 50 gallon barrels, one duplex or triplex pump , and one three to fi ve h.p. engine (the ordinary power sprayer with suction attachment). The 4 pounds of calcium caseinate is thoroughly st ir r ed into 2 gallons of water in a bucket; this is then placed in a 50 gallon barrel and 13 additional gallons of water added and thoroughly stirred. Then add 30 gallons of oil and stir again. Then place suction hose in barrel and start motor. Allow ingredients t o be sucked through the pump under 250 pounds pressure and out through the spray rod with the discs removed into another 50 gallon barrel. Repeat the operation until all the ingredients have passed through the pump three times.

If the larger amount is made, a 120 gallon container is necessary. The calcium caseinate and 4 gallons of water are beaten together and poured into the spray tank with the motor and agitator running. Then the additional 23% gallons of water are slowly added and followed by the 55 gallons of oil which can be skidded in the drum on top of the tank and allowed to run directly in with the agitator and motor running continuously and with the pressure cut off. Then run through the pump under 250 pounds pressure and out of the spray rods with the discs removed and pump back into the tank onto itself for about twenty minutes. Then run it directly through the rods and into the 120 gallon container.

Summer Oil Emulsion: These emulsions are satisfactory for spraying apple trees in Georgia. If the emulsion is made on the farm the oil sh ould be clear or light pale straw in color, have a viscosity of from 65 to 70 at 100 degrees F. ,
and have a sulphonation range of 85 % or better. A formula
for making on the farm is as follows:

Oil

..__ _ _

00__00_00_ 55 gallons

Water

0000_ 17 gallons

Ammonia (28 '/0) 00 00__00________________________________ 1 pint

Vegetable emulsified

9 pounds

Put 17 gallons of water in the spray tank and with the agitator running add the ammonia. Make the emulsifier into a paste and as soon as it is thoroughly mixed with the water, add the oil slowly. Stir the mixture thoroughly with

36

the agitator for about five minutes and then pump at about 250 pounds pressure through the spr a y ho se into an empty drum . It is advisabl e to pump the mixture twice under pressur e if it is not to b e used immediately.

Nicotine Sulphate: Mainly used in this state a s a control of aphids a t th e rate of 1 part of nicotine sulphate to from 500 to 800 p arts of water, d epending upon th e sever it y of the infestation. It can be used in combination with other materials such as lead arsenate and liquid lim e sulph ur.

Poison Bran Mash: Bran Whit e arsenic
Bla ck strap mol a sse s Amyl a cet at e

25 po un ds 1 po un d
2 qu arts
%. ounce

Mix th e bran and white arsenic dry and then add th e blackstrap and amyl acetate diluted with enough water to make a slig ht ly moi st mash . Broadcast at the r ate of 10 p ounds p er a cre .

Proprietary Sulphur Compounds and Miscible Oils: These are used a s a control for various apple in sects and di sease s. If they hav e be en thoroughly tested by experiment st at ions and gr owers, it is safe to use them a s recommended by th e manufacturers. All such products sh ould be lab eled so th at th e gr owe r can kn ow the t otal p ercentage of activ e a n d inert in gredients.

How to Make Bordeaux Mixture and Mix With Oil Emulsion: Su sp end 48 po un ds of blueston e in a sa ck at the top of 48 gall ons of water in a wooden barrel. This will dissolve in 24 hours or less. Slack 48 pounds of stone lime into a thick paste and th en m ake it up to 48 g a ll ons by a d d ing w at er. Measure out 16 gall ons of the blu estone solution aft er th orough stirr ing, and pour into a spr ay tank that has been fi ll ed about two-thirds full of water. Th en slow ly pour 16 g a ll ons of the st ock lime solut ion , aft er thorough st ir r ing, into the tank with the motor and agitator running. The 9 gallons of oil emulsion sh ould be add ed while the motor is running a n d th en the t ank filled with water to the 200 g a ll on ca pacit y . Simil ar pro p ortion s sh ould be used for tanks oth er th an th e 200 gallon siz e.

37

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P a ge

1. Cond ens ed A pp le Pest Contro l Schedul e________________________ 3

2. Im portant A p pIe In sect s _________________________

4

a . The Cod ling Moth ________________________________________________________ 4

b . San J ose Sca le _______________________________________________________________ 11

c. App le A ph id s

14

1. Green A ppl e Ap hid ________________________ _

15

2. Rosy A pple A phid _______________

16

3. Wooll y App le Aph id

17

3. Im portant Ap ple Diseases a. Seab b. Bitter Rot c. Fir e BIight d . Cr ow n Ga ll

18 18 19 . 21 23

4. Less I mportant A pp le In sec t s an d Diseases

a . P lum Curc ulio

.

b . Orienta l Fruit Mot h

24 24 .______________ 25

c. Round H ead ed an d F la t H ead ed A p pl e Tree Borers 26

d. Corn E ar W or m __________

28

e. Leaf H op pel'S .__________ ______________

28

f . Ced ar Rust __

31

g. Leaf Sp ot

.__________________ ______________________________ 3 1

5. Ben efi cial In sects and Disease s

31

6. Insecti ci d es a nd F un gi cid es

.

33

';l'he a ut ho r gratefully a ckno wle dges assi st a n ce in th e ex perime nt a l a n d photography work in prepa r ing t his bu lle tin by th e f oll owing m ember s of t h e st a ff : J . E . W ebb , J r ., W . H . Clarke, an d Mill ed g e Murph ey, Jr.

38

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, I ' Bulletin 84
r

Gl ERAl Ll BH R~ :

JUN 25 [947

I Decerrrber, 1942

I UN IVERSITY OF GEORGIA

ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology

July 1, 1941 - June 30, 1942

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

J. H. Gi rardeau, State Entomologist

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

. .J.~':_: 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal _ Introd uction _ _

Coop er a t ive Proj ects and Offices

Ge rie ra l Summary With Ma p

_

Field In s p ecti on and Lab oratory -W or k ____________

Incom e and Di sbursem ents

_

Page 3
--_5 6 8 10

Cover
Packing Georgia Ce r ti fie d Tom a t o Plants in a South Georgia Packing Sh ed .

To the Governor of Georgia and the Honorable Members of the General Assembly:
As State Entomologist, I herewith submit a brief report of the work and activities of the Georgia Department of Entomology for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1941, and ending June 30, 1942, with a summarized statement of expenditures during that period.
Respectfully,
~o( c/e GA-U\.,.
J. H. Girardeau, State Entomologist.

ANNUAL REPORT
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
Th e St ate De partm en t of Ent om ol og y h as ch arg e of the w ork on ins ect p est s and p la nt di sea ses in th e state. It enf orces th e Entomolo gy A ct of 1 937 , th e Bee Di sease Law of 1920, and with th e Departmen t of Agriculture th e In secticide and Fungicid e Law of 1920. During th e fiscal year en d ing June 30, 19 42, th e followin g pro jects w ere carried on: sw ee t pot ato pl ant certific ati on ; t oma t o pl ant certificati on ; f r uit p est in vesti g ati on s; produ ction and d istri bution of b eneficial pa r asites ; b ee disease er a d ication; q ua r ant ines a gainst se r ious pe sts; nurs ery inspection ; packag e and qu een bee certifi cation; cotton seed ce rtifica t ion ; enforcement of th e insecticid e and fun gi cide la w ; issuing of informational literat ure on plant p ests; id entification of in sects a n d plant di seases; mountin g spe cime ns a nd care of t he st ate insect coll ection; producti on and colon ization of V edalia beetl es ; control of min or p ests; sh ow ing ed ucati ona l col or ed m otion pi ctures ; and scout ing f or white fr inged beetle and potato tuber moth .
Proj ects carried on in cooperation with th e U . S. Bureau of Entomol ogy an d P lant Quarantin e w ere a s follows: Jap anese beetl e er a d icatio n; sweet po tato weev il era d ication; white pine bli ster rust control ; pho ny pe ach d isease control; and insect pe st su r veys.
T he Departm ent has it s h ead office in th e State Ca pit ol and field offices and la bor at or ies in Cor ne lia and Tifton ; and coop erative proj ect offices in Thomaston and Dahlon ega. During the yea r th e Atlanta off ice h ad 3, 984 incoming t el eph on e ca lls , 2,10 3 visit ors, wrot e 12 ,16 8 letters, mail ed out 16 ,9 49 bulletins and 3, 184 p acka g es; a n d mad e 670 in sp ections. In addition, th e F r uit P est and Parasite laboratory at Corne lia an d t he T ifton field office answered hundreds of lett ers and se n t out thousands of circulars to farmers on the mailing list.
The field in spe ct ors, includin g t h ose on t he cooperative proj ect s mad e approx im at el y 80,00 0 inspectio ns . Det ail ed in sp ection reports are on file in th e Atl anta office and ar e available for exa m in a t ion.
5

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES - JULY 1 , 1941 . JUNE 30, 1942
Counties in Which Work Was Conducted

1. Sw ee t p otato Plant I nsp ection s. 2. T omato Pl an t Insp ectio ns. 3 . Sw eet p ot a t o 'V eevil Eradication .
45.. BI neseecItnsapnedctiPol nan. t Disease Id en ti fication .

7. P arasit e Distribut ion . 8. Cotton S eed Certification . 9. J apanese B eetl e Eradica tio n . a . phony P ea ch Disease Control. b . White Pine Bli st er Rust Control.
c. V edalia Beetl e Col oniza t ion .

6. N u r sery Insp eNcutimonb.er Coun t ies in \\' h ich 'V ork 'V as Don e by The Stat e De partm en t of E nt OlllOlogy_1 46.

Th e sweet potato pl a nt indu stry is d ep end en t on th is d ep artment f or th e certificati on of its plants and by this in sp ecti on th e spre a d of di sea sed plants is prevented. Durin g th e ye a r t he field men ma d e a bou t 3,000 inspections in 81 co u nties and the p la nt grower s shippe d 300 ,000,000 pla nts wh ich so ld for $4 50,000. Georgia produ ce s m or e certifi ed sweet p ot at o plants th an any other st ate.
Georgia has a new to mato pl an t industry t hat is br inging in a la rge sum of mon ey to South Georgia far me rs each year. La st year t h is De part m en t insp ect e d 5,80 6 acres in 15 counti es fr om whi ch w ere pull ed and so ld 58 6, 000,000 plants valu ed at $85 0,000. All di sea se f ree plants w ere certifi ed by th e De partm ent an d a s m ost of t hese pla nts move into n or t h ern st a t es , Geo rgia h a s b eco me n ati onall y r ecog ni zed for it s certificati on of to mato pl a nt s.
Th e sweet p otato w eevil has r ec en tl y invad ed the state and an effo r t is being m ad e, in coop erati on with th e U . S. Bureau of En t om ol ogy and P la nt Qu aranti ne, to er a d ica te t h is pest , and in a n um be r of counties it h as a lready bee n a ccomplish ed. This w ork is sti ll in progress as a pr otecti on t o our $8 ,000,000 sweet po tato crop. During th e year, 10 ,496 inspections w ere mad e in 21 counties.
E ach year th e D e pa r tm en t in spect s a ro und 75,000 colo nies of bees fo r fo ul broo d a n d a bou t 30,000 hi ves for shi p me nt of certified qu eens a n d packa g e bees. La st year, th e b ee inspe cto rs mad e approximately 1,600 in sp ections in 53 counti es. The va l ue of th e hon ey produced w a s $5 00, 000 a nd th e q ue ens an d package bee s w ere so ld f or app roximate ly $350,000 . Georgia sh ips mor e q uee ns a n d pac kage bees t h a n an y other st ate .
This De partm ent h as f or ye a rs ma in tain ed a Fruit Pest and Para sit e la bor at ory fo r t h e co ntro l of f ruit p ests. Bulletins and circ ulars are issu ed to t he fr uit g r owe rs a nd field inspecti on s are mad e on r equ est. In a d d itio n , this lab oratory produc es ben eficial parasit es f or th e con tr ol of in sect pe sts and durin g th e yea r produ ced a nd distribut ed free 19 8,64 5,000 Trich ogramma pa rasite s in 69 counti es f or pe ac h, ap ple, peca n, an d tr uc k g r ow ers. At co m me r cia l r at es, t h es e pa rasit es if bo ug ht by th e fa r mer s, w ould h a ve cost $20, 000, as ide f ro m th eir va lue in pro te cting crop s f ro m inju ri ou s in sects. This
8

la bor at ory a lso produ ced a n d di stri buted Ve da lia beetl es for the control of th e cott ony cus h ion sc a le. During th e yea r ab out 100 colo nies of t hese pre dato rs were di stributed in 40 co unti es.
Phon y p each di sea se co nt ro l has bee n in progress fo r man y ye a rs . This is a cooperative proj ect w it h th e U. S. Bureau of Entom olog y a nd Plant Qu aran tin e . During t he year 1,6 55 prop erties in 28 counti es were in sp ected . Of t he 6, 351,70 3 trees ex a min ed , 68,236 were f ound inf ected with phony di sease and these h ave be en r emoved . In spections were al so mad e of th e on e mile env iro ns of 28 nurseries g r ow ing 1,663 ,1 00 peach nursery t rees in 19 co unt ies and 95 7 phony t rees w er e fo un d a nd r em oved f ro m t he env iro ns of 16 nurseries t hat h ad p ho ny t rees wi thin a one mil e radiu s.
Each y ear th e p lant in sp ectors of th e D epartm ent insp ect over 290 nurseries in Georgia a s r equired by la w . Last year 214 insp ection s were mad e in 69 counties. This se r vice has been in force fo r man y years a n d protect s t he pu blic by pre vent ing the sh ip me nt of di seased a nd insect inf est ed pl an t s.
Th e Jap an ese beetle, a serio us insect pest on a wide ran g e of host plants, has been f ound in a f ew localities in th e st ate. This D epartment, in coop eration w ith t he U . S. Bureau of Entomology and Pl ant Quarantine, is attempting to er a d icate it in th e inf ested areas a nd has treate d t he infested so il to kill th e b eetle gr ubs. All kn own infested areas have been spray ed with a hi gh con centration of lead arse nate a n d wat er, which is the be st kn own con trol m ea sure. If t h is pest spre a ds over the st ate , it will cause a loss of millions of doll ars to th e f a r m ers . Last year 48,000 insp ecti ons were made in five counties and 32 a d ult Japan ese b eetl es were captured , mo stly in th e Atl anta se ction .
Whit e pin e blister ru st is a n a lte rn ate h ost disease that is killing th ou sands of whit e pin es in t he inf ected a re as in th e United States. So far it has not in vad ed Ge orgia and eve r y effort is being made to prot ect our 800,000 acres of wh ite pin e for ests. This D ep artm ent, in coo pe r a t ion with th e U. S. Bu r eau of Entomol og y and Pl ant Quarantin e, has a program f or the r emova l of Rib es (c ur ra nts a nd gooseber r ies ) which is t he al t ernate h ost, to prev en t t he white pin es f ro m b ec oming infecte d . T o date millions of th ese plant s, mo stly g r owing wild,

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ha ve been rem oved and la st yea r 67 ,77 2 ac res w ere in spected in five counties.

Man y activities are carried on under our ge ne r a l p est contro l program . D urin g th e la st fiscal year w e enf or ced all th e q uarantin es again st se r ious pests; ca rri ed on Argentin e ant control programs in se ver a l p laces; mad e t h e necessary cotton fie ld in spections f or th e certification of cotton seed in se ven counties; certifi ed and r egi stered, in cooperation with t h e St a te Department of Agriculture, all in secticides and fun gicid es sold in th e state t hat m et our sta nd a r ds ; mad e Irish po t ato in sp ect ions in North Georgia; ide ntified in sect s and pla nt di sease spe cimens se nt in f ro m 69 co u nt ies and gave t he n ec essary control mea sures ; mad e in sect p est s ur veys on t he cotton boll we evil , p eppel' w eevil , white f ri nge d beetl e, and potato tub er moth; mo un ted and la bel ed a ll in sect sp ec im en s coll ected a nd f umigated a nd partly r eclassified the st a t e insect co llection; and p erform ed some field cont ro l exp eriments on th e sweet potato we evi l, orn a me nt a l pl an t in sects and dise ases, cabbage aphis, pickl e w orm , meal y bu g, termites, and loose in s ect s and di sea ses.

Th e map in sert ed (P ages 6 a n d 7) g ives a ge ne ra l su mm ary of the activities of th e D epartment f ro m t h e fisc al ye a r ending June 30, 1942. Each figure or letter r epresents work don e by the Department st a ff in th e various counties and ea ch fig ure or lett er represents one to ma ny in sp ections and other services for each county . In a ll , more than 80,000 insp ection s w ere mad e in 146 co unties.

The st a tem ent of income and d isbursements of th e Geor g ia Dep artment of Entomol og y fo r t he fiscal yea r July 1, 1941 throu gh Jun e 3 0, 1942 , is as fo llo ws :

Che cks f ro m Stat e Treasurer

F ees Colle cted

__

$ 63,3 22.3 9 18 ,026 .58

Total from Fees and Treasurer

_

Less J un e, 1941 , Exp en se and Mi leage

$ 81,348 .97 2,220 .00

1941-42 Payments

$7 9, 128 .97

:0

EXPENSE OF P ROJECTS

Sweet Potato P lant I ns p e cti on

$19,326.53

Tomato P lant Cert ifica t ion

13,24 1. 32

Sweet P otato Weevil Eradication

11 ,424 .04

Bee Inspectio n and Ce r t ific a t ion _______ 8, 327 .70

Fruit Pest and Parasit e Lab oratory.... 8 ,149.75

Atlanta Office (1)

4,199.46

Pho ny Peach Disease Cont r oL ___________ 3, 5 47 .9 1

N ursery Inspection

._________________ ___ 3, 25 6. 15

J apanese Beetl e Eradi cation __ ______________ 2,8 95.57

G en eral Pest ControL _______________________ _ 2,81 1.29

Whit e Pine Bli ste r Ru st Co ntroL ________ 1,949 .25

To ta l Expenses 194 1- 42

_

P aid on Jun e 19 41 Ac counts .

_

$ 79, 1 28.9 7 2,220 .00

T ota l Amount Pa id 194 1-42

_

$ 8 1,348. 97

(1) Pa rt of t he expe nse of runni ng t he A tl ant a off ice w a s charg ed back t o th e fie ld proj e cts, a s muc h of t h e tim e of th e Stat e Entom ologi sts a n d assista nts in th e A tl an t a office is d ev ot ed to w ork 0 11 the fie ld activ ities.

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Bulletin 85

May, 1943

Insect and Disease Control In the H OlDe Vegetable Garden

By C. H. ALDE N, E ntomologist
Vegetable gardens are suhj ect to attack by a host of noxious insects and dise ases, but most of them can be controlled by proper and t imely spraying and dusting, seed treatment, and cultural and crop sanitation practices. No attempt is made in this bulletin to give the life history and description of the various insects and plant diseases, but brief symptoms and control measures are given.
The equipment needed will be a good garden or knapsack t ype spr ay er , holding about three gallons and a hand duster that will hold up to five pounds of dust. For small gardens, about 2 quarts of liquid spray or 2 ounces of dust mixture is needed for each 50 foot r ow on each application. In case the gardener is in doubt about the insect or disease attacking the plants, it will be identified by the State Entomologist so that proper control measure s may be used.
The following schedule is for the most common insects attacking vegetable crops in Georgia:

GE ORGIA DEPARTM ENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
'.. ~
J . H . Girardeau, State Entomologist

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

---
CROP

PEST

SYMPTOMS

Gener al
Garden Crops

Cutworms Ants

Plants or parts cut off Nests in garden

Mole crickets

Tunnels near surface

Grasshoppers
Root-Knot
- -- -
Red Spiders
- - ---
Blister beetles
Wire worms

Presence of hoppers
- - --- - - --
Stunted plants

Plants lose color

._ - -

Heavy feeding on foliage

---

Stunted plants

---
Beans
-- --- - -
Ca bbage and
CoBards

White grubs

Sickly, discolored plants

Mex. bean beetle

Ske letonized leaves

Cabbage worm

Worm holes in leaves

Aphids
P~~l nN" '~ .... -:_ ~

Pl ants wilt, cur l and discolor

- - ............ "

-
. . .....l ........~ ClI ... ... ,...; ~ h_

CONTROL

TIME OF APPLICATION

Poison bait (1)
-- - ~ --- - -
Carbon bisulfide (2)
-
Sodium Fluosilicate (3)

Late afternoon Warm days When soil is damp

Poison bait (4)

Early morning

--

Resistant varieties

- -_.- .- - -

-- - - - -

Dusting sulfur

When first noticed

_...

--

Barium fluosilicate (5)

First sign of beetles

Drainage and liming

Cultivation Rotenone and cryolite (6) Derris or cube (7)

Before planting
-
When eggs are fo und on plants
When worms are first seen

Ni cotine sul fat e (8)

-- -

-_.

r: ~ Cllaiv"t.inn . t.r"n c r o p " .
--

Wh en first seen
\'v h ~ n fir q ",;:r>pn
I

. - -- -
--

Co r n
-
Cucu mb er; Sq uash
and Me lons
----
Egg P la nt -Okra

Pl ea beetle s
- - - - -- Ear Worm
- - - - ----- --
Stalk borers
Pickle worm
Aphids
Beetles

Tin y h c le s in f'oliag'e

.. - --

---.

Silk and tips eaten
. ----~--

P lants wilt and die
--

Holes in fruit
-

Plants wilt, curl and discolor
_. -

Leaves and stems eaten

Squash bug

Plants wilt

Squash borer

Wilting of runners

Aphids

Plants wilt, turn yellow

Plant bugs

Shrunken pods

\ Dor d' eaux (9'I -- -- --
Pyrethrum oil (10) -_.._--- .-

\ When beetles are numerous
When silk is green or pink
------ -

Pull up and destroy damaged

When injury is noted on

plants

old plants

- ---- --

Trap cr ops- Lead Arsenate in Bordeaux (11)
---- -_.- -- -

When worms or moths are first se en

Nicotine surfate (8)

When first seen

Calcium arsenate and gypsum (12)
Collect bugs by hand, crush egg masses
Slit stems, cr ush borers, cover stems with dirt
--_.
Ni cotine sulfate (8)

During first month of plant growth
When adult bugs appear
When runners wilt
When first seen

Hand collect ing in kerosene

In early morning

Peas (English)
Peas (Field)

Aphids P od w eevil

Wilting of plants
--
P ods stung

Nicotine sulfate (8)

When first -seen

Dusting w ith Fluosilicates (13) When first seen

P lant bugs

._-_. -- - - Pepper

Pumpkin bugs Aphids

Spotted, shrunken pods ._-
Spotted, shrunken pods
Plants become yellow

Hand collecting in kerosene
I
Hand collecting in kerosen e
Ni cotine sulfate in Bordeaux (14)

In early morning In ear ly morning Wh en first seen

Weevil

P eppers drop

Pick up and destroy infested pods

As soo n a s they fall

. _ - --- - -
Potato (Irish)
- - .-._0-
Potato (Sweet)
- - --Tomato

Aphids P otato beetle W e e vil Fruit worm
--

Plants become yell ow
-- -----

Le aves eaten

. ----

Tunnels in potatoes

H oles eaten in fruit

N ic otine sulfate in Bordeaux

(14)
- - - - - - - - - -- - --

- --

_.. .. -

Paris Green (15 )

--- .,--

Wh en first seen
_..._- -
When beetles are laying eggs

Thorough clean-up

After harvest

- - -. -- - -

--

L ead a rsenate in Bordeaux (11) Wh en fru its are formed

- -~- -

--

Horn worms
-- --

F oliag e eaten

Hand picking - ---- -_. -

When seen

. . -

Fl e a beet les -

Tin y h oles in f oli a g e - ---- -- - -

Bordeaux mi x ture (0) -

When injury is noted

Turnips and
Mustard

_ _ Aphids

- -_.

.-

Worms

Plants discolored

Nicotine sulfate ( 8)

When first seen

----

" - - - - - - - -- -----

F oliage eaten

L ead arsenate dust (1 6)

On youn g plants only

- --- -_._- --- - - -

(1)
(2)
( 3)
(4)
(5 ) (6)
(7)
(8) (9)
(10) (11) (12) (1 3) (14) (15) (1 6)

1 'h lbs. bran 1 oz. P aris Gr een, 1 pint water-For lot 50 x 100 f eet. Mix and appl y whi le fresh , a r ou nd base of plants. 1 t easpoonfui t o 2 tabl espoonfuls a ccording t o si ze of nest. Punch hol e in nest with a sharp stick, pour in liquid a nd t amp down with fo ot. 2 parts (b y w ei g h t ) of Sodium fluo sili cate t o 25 of bran-cov er with an inch or two of soil. 1 'h Ibs. bran, 1/16 pint liquid Sodiu m Arsenite, 1,4 pint black strap mo la sses, 1 pi n t wat er. This is eno ugh to broad cast on a lot 50 x 100 fe et. 1 part Barium fluo sili cate t o 3 parts of talc or dusting gypsum appli ed a s a dust.
'h oz. ( 3 lev el tablespoonfuls) derri s (4 % r ot en one) t o 1 gallon of s oapy water or 1 oz. (3 level tabl espoonful s) of cryoli te t o 1 gallon of water-cover under side of leaves . Do not use Cr yolite after pods begin to f orm. Dust w ith 1 p ound of derris or cub e (4 % r otenone con t ent ) t o 5 lbs, of tal c or g yp su m. 1 t easpoon fu l ni cotine sulfate , and 1 gallon of water made soapy by diss olvi n g 1 cu . in. of soa p.
1-1 -12 Bordeaux m ixture consisting of 1 lb . bluestone, 1 lb . lime a nd 12 g a ll on s water. Dissolv e blu estone and li m e in se pa r a te bu ck ets in 1 ga l. of water and pour together simultaneousl y in 10 gallons of water. DO NOT USE METAL CON T A I N E R S. 1,4 teaspo onful P yrethrum oil (commercial preparation on market) per ea r appl ied with an atomizer. 1 oz. lead ars enate to 3 gallons of Bordeaux. 1 part ca lciu m arsenate to 9 parts burned g yp sum. Dust with Sodium fluo silicate undiluted. 1 tabl espoonful of nicotine su lfate in 3 gall ons of Bordeaux. 2 level tabl espoonfuls of Paris Green- 2 level tablespoonfuls h ydrated lime to 1 gall on wat er. 8 oz. lead arsenate mix ed with 4 Ibs. h ydrated lime and applied as a dust.

THE FOLLOWING SC H E DU LE I S FOR THE MOST COMMO N PLANT DI SEASES ATTACKI NG VEGETABLE CROPS IN GEORGIA

CROP

DISEASE

SY MP T OMS

CONTROL

: TIME OF A PPLICAT ION

- - - - - - 1 -- ..- ---.-"- - - 1- - - -

_.

-_._-- - - - - - - - - - - - -1

- - - ---

Beans

Leaf sp ot

Spots on lea ves

2-8-copp er lime dust

I Thru bl oss om period

- - 1- - - - - - -- -- -- - -1 -- - - - - - - - - - - -

Anthracn ose

Sunke n sp ots in p ods

1C-ert-ifi-ed-se-e-d------,------ -1-------- 1 When purchased - -

Spo tted lea ves and p ods

Certified see d

Wh en purchased

_ . ..
Cabbage and
Collards
Cucumbers, Melons
and Squash

'\_P_O_W_d_e_r_y_ m_i_Id_e_w_ _ Wh it e m old on lea ves I

Leaf spot

Blac k spots on leaves

I --rn~~k l~g--- -- -- -1- - - - - -- - -- - -- - - -- -

Rotted , blac kened stem

---- - ---- -- 1-- - - - -- - - - - - - - --

Whi t e mold on lea ves

Damping off
- --- - -- -
Anthracnos e

Seedlings dyin g

Dusting sulfur
1 I'
Du sting sulfur Treat see d wit h r ed copper oxide
(1)

ii Wh en first seen

Down y mildew

Yell ow leaf sp ots

1-2- 25 Bordeaux (2)

Weekl y

Egg Plant Lettuce

Ear ly bli ght T i p - ov e r Downy mildew Leaf sp ot

Brown spo t s on leav es Weak stems-decayed fruit Ye llow and dead lea ves Round spo ts on leaves

2-8-Copp er lim e dust Cer t ified seed 1-2-25 Bor deaux 2-8-coppe r lime dust
2-8-copper lim e dust

Wee kly Weekly U nt il h eading time Until heading time

Okra

Leaf spot

Light spo t s on leaves

1-2-25 Bor deau x

K eep f oliage covered

Onion

Bulb rot Smut

Soft r ot with shrinkage Dark bl ot ches on bulb

Dr y cure and refrigeration 1-2-2 5 Bordeaux

After harvest Wh en half grown

Potato (Irish)

Anthracnose Blossom end rot Leaf spot Ring r ot Early blight

Sunken fruit sp ot s f-B- -lack m old-y--p ods- --
Larg e dark spots on leaves Yellowed plants-ring rot insid e
tubers .Sma ll , belted spots on leaves

1-2-25 Bor deaux
Trea te dseed -adequats' fertilizer and water
1-2-25 Bordeaux

Weekly During season We ekl y

Cer t ified seed

Befo re planting

2-2-25 Bordeaux

Weekly when found

Late blight

Large tan sp ots

2-2-25 Bordeaux

Weekly wh en found

Potato (Sweet)
Tomato

Scab Stem r ot Black r ot
1- - - - -
Wil t

Scabby sp ots on tubers
Ste ms black inside, plant wilts Black spot s on stems-sunken
black spots on tubers Deca yed at bl ossom end
Ye llow, wilted, rolled leaves

Cer t ified treated seed
Cer tified t r eated seed, crop rotation

Before planting Befo re planting Before planting Through out season Befo re planting

Leaf sp ot

Small, circular sp ots on leaves

1-2-2 5 Bordeaux

E very 10 days

Early bli ght

Small, br own , belted leaf spots

1-2-2 5 Bordeaux

Every 10 days

Turnips and
Mustard

Powdery mildew B la c k r o t

White m old on leaves Lea f ed ge s t urn br own

Dusting sulfur Certified treated seed

We ekl y when f ound ~e(ore planting

Watermelon

A n t h r a cn os e

Yellow leaves, fruit spot t ed

2-2-25 Bor deaux

Weekl y during season

Downy mildew

Blotc h y , discolored leaves

2-2-25 Bordeaux

Weekly during sea son

Stem end r ot Wilt

Melon r otted at stem end Pl ants stunted an d wilted

Clip stem and apply copper sulfate paste
Resistant vari et ies

At harvest Befo r t planting

(1) One of the bes t means of pre vent ing pl ant di sea ses IS by pl antin g clean, t r eated see d. Ca bbage, colla r d, turnips and ot he r cruci fe r s sh ould be t re ate d wi t h corrosive su bli m ate-l oun ce t o 7 % ga llons of water. Soak th e seeds f or 20 m in utes, wash 15 minutes and dry. Cucumbe r see ds are soake d for 5 m in utes; egg pl a nt 10 minutes; pep per 2 m inutes ; waterm elon 5 m inutes; potato (I r ish) 1 h our; sweet p otato 10 minutes ; t omato (l oz. t o 15 g allons ) f or 5 minutes. Semesa n, as direct ed on t he package , should be us ed on snap beans, cor n, onions a nd pea seeds. Lima bea n s sh ould be treated wi th r ed coppe r oxide p owd er, % level tablespoonful t o 1 pound of seed. The che mica ls r ecom mend ed a re p oisonous an d ca re sho u ld be us ed in h andling and di sp osin g of the used m aterial. Buy cer t ified, t r ea t ed see d if p ossible.
(2) Directi ons f or ma ki ng Bor deaux are g ive n on p ag e 4 of the insect spra y sche dule. Sa ni t ation is ve ry im por t ant . See d be ds sho uld be planted on new land or on soils t h at have bee n ste rilized and all see ds shou ld be disinfect ed befor e planting an d wh en di seases occur on the growing cro ps, th ey shou ld be t re ate d as given in t he sche du le .

Bulletin 86

December, 1944

ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology
July 1, 1943 - June 30, 1944

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H. Alden, Direc'tor

STAliE CAPITOL
r ER,l .. :S l i1 Y ~

ATLANTA, GA.

MAY 1 1 :'1.:';

0: EO ;..

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lett er of Tra nsmittal.

_

I ntrod u cti on

Coope rat ive P ro jects __ _ __

A tla nta Office

_

S weet P otato Plant Ce r t ifica t io n

T om a t o Plant Ce r t ifica t io n

_

Pag e 3 4 4 5 6 6

Sweet Potato W eevil Eradication .

6

B e e Ce r t ific a t ion and Insp ection

_

7

Insect an d Plant Disease Identification

_

7

Phony P each Di s ease Co n t ro l _ N u rsery In specti on __ __ ___ _

10 _ 10

B en efici al Parasi t e a n d Pred a t or Di stribution

10

Whit e Pin e Blister Ru st Co ntroL ___________ __ __ ___

11

J ap an e s e B e etl e Erad ic ati on

_

_. .

.____ _ 11

Co tto n Seed Ce rtificatio n

_

11

Irish P otato Cer t ifica t io n _ ___

12

Fruit P est C ontrol ______________________________________________

12

R egistration of Insecticides and Fungicides

12

Quarantin es Against S erious P e sts_________ ____________

12

Publications and Motion Pictures

13

General Pest Contr ol Program

14

Summary of Activities (W ith Map)

14

Income and Di sbursements

15

Cover - Th e Sw e et Potato W e e vil Em erging From a Sweet Potato.

To t he Honorab le Ellis Arnall, Governor of Georgia, and t he Me mbers of the Ge ne ra l Assem bl y:
I have the honor to submit, herewith, the annua l r ep ort of t he Georgia Dep artm ent of Ento mo logy fo r the fisca l year J uly 1, 1943 - J un e 30, 1944.
Resp ectf ull y s ub mitted,
C.f/.~
Director of Entomoloqy
c. H. Alden, Direct or.

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
In sect p est and plant di sea se control is of great im p ortance in norm al tim es, but durin g t h e w ar eme rge ncy it b ecom es a vital ne ed in or de r t o produ ce ad equate f ood su pp lies f or th e w ar effo r t a n d civi lia n use. Th e D ep artm en t 's staff has a bly fun cti on ed in h elpin g solve th e va r ie d in sec t an d pl ant di sea se probl ems so th at larg e sup p lies of foo d were produced . This w as especia ll y so in th e production of cl ean certifi ed p la n ts such as tomato , sweet p ot ato, cabb a g e, and on io n.
Th e Departm ent of Entom ol og y h a s char g e of insect p est and plant di sease control in th e state. It functi on s und er th e Entomolog y Act of 19 37, th e Bee Di sea se Law of 1920 , a nd w it h th e D epartm en t of A gricul tur e, th e In sec ticid e a n d Fungicid e Law of 1920 . State proj ects, durin g th e f iscal y ear July 1, 1943 - Jun e 30, 1944, were a s f ollo ws: Sweet pota to pl ant certification ; tomato plan t certifi cati on ; p acka g e a nd q ue en b ee cer tificat ion; be e di sea se er a d ic at ion for sh ip pers and hon ey produ cers ; production a n d di stribution of b en efi cial p arasites for control of injurious in sects of fruit, p ec an a nd truck cr ops; fruit pest in vestigation s a n d control ; enforcem ent of qu arantin e aga ins t se r ious in sect pests and pl ant di seases; nursery insp ection; enf or ce ment of the in sect icide and fun gicide law; cotton seed certification; issuing of information al literature on pl ant p ests ; identification of in sects and plant di sease s; m ounting of spe cim ens and care of the State insect coll ection ; produ ction and colonization of Vedalia b eetles for control of th e cottony cu shion sca le ; household in sect control; Irish potato certification; control of minor in sects and plant di sease s and sh ow ing education al colored moti on pictures to farm and civic organizations.
COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Projects carried on within the State in cooperation w ith the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine w ere as f ollows: Phony peach di seas e control; sw ee t potato we e vil eradication; Japanese beetle eradication; White pine blister rust control; White fringed beetle scouting; pink boll worm scouting; and general insect pest surveys.
4

ATLANTA OFFICE
Th e Dep artm en t 's ma in office is in th e State Cap ito l and fie ld offices an d la bor a t or ies in Corne lia a nd T ifton a nd coo perative p ro ject office s in F or t Va lley, Q uitman and Dahlonega . During th e year, t he Atlanta offic e h a d 33 54 in comi ng t elep hon e ca lls ; 2080 visit ors; wrote 6688 let t ers ; mailed out 99 76 b ull etins and packages; and mad e 1322 insp ect ions. In ad d itio n, th e Fruit Pest a n d Parasite la b or a t or y at Corne lia a nd th e f ie ld office a t T ift on a nswe red hundr eds of letters a n d se n t out t ho us a nds of circulars of in f orm a ti on to fa r me rs on th e m aili ng list. T h e fie ld in sp ect ors, in clud ing t hose of State-Fed era l coop erative proj ects, m a d e abo ut 100,000 p r operty insp ection s. D etail ed in specti on r e p or t s on t he variou s p rojects are on fi le in t he Atlanta office and a r e available for examination.
Rou t in e wo r k in t he Atl ant a office to ke ep t he Departmen t prop erly f u nction ing is as fo llo ws : P repar ing q uarterly budg et s ; p a ym en t of sa la ry, mil ea g e, expe nse and su p p ly bills ; f iling of r ec ords of inspect ion a nd r ep orts ; printing a nd di stri bution of t ag s, t a p e a nd ce rtif icates; a co mp let e set of books kep t , g iving a r ecor d of a ll transaction s ; a t ermina l inspection dep ot maintained ; a ll in sects and plant di <;eases subm itte d a r e id en ti fi ed and contro l m ea su r es g ive n ; stencils are cut fo r a ll q uarantines, r eg ul ations a nd circ ula rs issu ed ; nursery , be e a nd oth er li cen ses issu ed; in se ct icid es and f ungicid es a p proved or r ej ect ed; th e St a t e in sect co llecti on cared fo r; th e li brary m a intain ed ; b ulletins p r epa red, print ed an d di stribu t ed ; an d a n a n n ua l r e por t mad e.
5

SWEET POTATO PLA NT CERT IFICA T ION
A ll sweet potato p lants sold in th e State or sh ip pe d into ot her States mu st be ce rt ifie d by t h e Department of Entom ol og y . In orde r t o be certif ie d, t hey mu st be in sp ect ed in t he field an d st or a g e fo r st em r ot , blac k r ot a nd ot h er d iseases and insects t hat attack t he sw ee t potato . P la nt bad inspections ar e al so mad e a s r eq uired. If fou n d cl ean and h ea lth y, t he p lan ts a re t ied with ce rtif icate ta p e f urnish ed a t cost t o t h e g ro we rs a nd on ly tap ed plants are a llow ed to be so ld . E a ch ye a r th e Departm en t issu es pl a nt r egu la t ions, tags, tap e, appl ications, tra nsfe rs, sh ip ping r egul a ti on s, ami inspection ce rtif ication to t he sweet potato growers. Du r ing t he 1943-44 seaso n, abo ut 4000 in sp ect ions w ere m ad e in 7'7 counti es an d approxim a t ely 300, 00 0, 000 pla n ts w ere sol d, br in gin g in t o t he g ro we rs a bout $ 600,000. Geo rgia is th e la r g est of t he st a tes in th e p r od ucti on of ce rtif ie d sweet potato p lants an d in a d d itio n t o f urn ish ing pla nts to Georgia far mers, sh ips into seve ral ot he r states.
TOMATO PLA NT CERTIFICATION
T h e p ro d uc t io n of certif ie d tom ato p lants h as becom e an imp or t a nt pl ant industry in seve r a l So ut h Georgia co unties a nd many nort h ern far me rs a nd to mato ca nne rs a re depend ent on thi s supp ly for th ei r tomato p rod uction . T he se plants are produced und er the reg ulations and ins pect ion of t his Dep art m e nt and Geo r g ia is n ow r ecognized nat ion ally fo r t h e q ua lity a nd prod ucti vit y of it s ce r t if ie d to mato pl ant s. D urin g t h e 194 4 se as on t he growers sh ippe d n ea r ly 600 ,00 0,00 0 tomato p la nts wh ich so ld fo r $ 1,5 00, 000 a n d m ost of t h e sales w ere to n or th ern st a t es to mato prod uce rs . Last yea r t he Department ce rtif ied 5453 ac res of tomato pla nts g rown in 15 counties. The m ost impo r tant va r iety was Ru tg ers an d th e nex t two were Bal tim ore a nd Ma rglob e . Th e m ost p r evalen t p lant di sease for w h ic h p lants we r e re vok ed f r om cert if ica t ion w as stem ca n ke r .
SWEET POTATO WEEV IL ERA DICA T!ON
Du rin g th e 1943-44 sea son , a t ho ro ugh survey was ma de for t h e sw eet pot ato w eevil in 23 co u nt ies wh ere th e w ee vi l
6

h as bee n fo und or wh ere it was s us p e ct e d t hat it m ight h a ve be com e establishe d. N ew infes tatio ns wer e fo un d in Brook s and Chat ha m co unties in sweet p ot a t oes and a n ew q uarantin e wa s set up t o preven t its sp r ea d and to er a d ica t e if p ossible. Th e co nt ro l m easures used have a lr ea dy era dicate d th is pest f ro m se ver a l co unties a nd it is h op ed t h at th e n e w infesta t io ns ca n be era d icate d in a like mann er. Th is is a coope rativ e p roject between th e De pa r t me nt a n d th e U . S. Bure au of E nto mo logy a nd Pla nt Quara ntine an d d ur ing th e past y ea r m ore th an 10 ,0 00 f ie ld in sp ecti on s we re m ad e fo r this in se ct. This w ork is st ill in p ro g r es s, a s t h is is a n ecessa r y proj e ct for th e p ro tectio n of our va luab le swe et pota t o in du stry.
BEE CERTI FlC A n ON AN D INSPECTION
T he " Departme nt's bee w ork is d ivided in t o tw o p ha se s; on e, t h e ce r tific atio n of sh ip pe rs of pack a ge b e es an d q ueeris ; an d two, th e inspectio n of h on ey pr od ucers ' bee yards . T his insp ectio n is f or t he er a d ica t ion of Am eri can F oul Br ood , Eu rop ean F oul Brood a n d ot he r bee d isease s. D uri ng th e y ea r 60,00 0 co lo n ie s of b e es were in s p e ct e d f or t h e h on ey pro d uc ers a n d a bo ut 40,00 0 co lo n ies f or t h e p a ckag e a nd q ue en sh ipp er s . Less t ha n 0. 5 , ; fo ul bro od wa s fo un d 'wh ich indicates a very h ea lth y cond it io n f or Geo rgia bees. This St a te is th e larg est pro d uc er of p acka ge b ee s a nd the sa le of t he pac ka ge bees, q ue e ns , h on ey an d wax amo unts to mor e t han $1, 000, 00 0 eac h yea r.
INS ECT AND PLANT D ISEA SE IDENT! FICA TION
Insect a n d pl ant d isease s pe cim e ns w er e sen t in to the A tlanta office f ro m 52 cou nties a nd t he se we re id en ti f ied and th e proper control m e asur es g ive n . Som e of t h e m or e im p or t ant pests fo und do ing da m a g e to crop s, b uild ings a n d a n ima ls durin g the yea r were as f oll ows : Ba g wo rms; b lister beetle s ; h om w orm s ; boll w orm s ; f leas; t ic k s; mit es ; roach es ; a p hi d s ; sta lk b orers; cottony cushion sca le; h a rl eq uin b ug; g rass hopp e r s; cutworm s ; m ol e crickets; term it es; sca b ; mil d ew a nd r ots. Th e m ost in j ur io us in f esta ti on W[, S fr om th e gra n u la t e cutwo r m, Feltia subterran ea, w h ic h d amage d a bo ut 35, 000 acres of pea n uts in So ut h Geo rgia .
7

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES - JULY 1, 1943 . JUNE 30, 1944
Counties in Which Work Was Conducted

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a . Sw eet Potato Pl a nt Ce r t if ic a t ion . b. T om a t o P lant Cer ti f ica t ion . c. Swe et Potato W eevil E rad ica t io n. d. Bee Certificat io n an d I n sp ection. c. I nsect a nd P lant Di sea se I den t if ica ti on. . Ph ony P ea ch Disea se Control. g. Nursery I n~p ection . h . Parasi te Distri buti on .

j. Japan cs c Bectle Era dication. Ie Ve da lia Bectl e Colon iza t ion . I. W hite Pi ne Bli stcr Ru st Co nt r ol. m . Co t t on Seed Cc r t ifica t ion. n. Irish Po tato Cer t if ica t io n. o. Fruit P est Cont r ol. p . Gen cra l P est Con t r ol. q. Showing Edu cational Motio n P icturcs.

N umbc r of Counti cs in Wh ich W or k Wa s D on c by The Stat c Departm cn t of E nto mo logy- 149.

PHONY PEACH DISEASE
T he h e a vi est in f e ct ion of pho ny peac h di sease occ urs in t h is State a nd fo r m a ny years has ca used co n siderab le loss to t he peac h growers. This is a coope rati ve proj ec t with th e U. S. B urea u of E nto mo logy and P la nt Quara ntin e. During th e year, orchard and n ursery e nvir ons in spections were mad e on 11 37 propertie s in 25 co unti es an d 4 ,069,749 trees wer e in spected fo r t he p hony di sease. Of th ese, 46,8 77 w er e fo und di seased , and a ll of them pro mptly r em ove d . Th e in cidence of thi s di sease is g rad ua lly be ing low ere d by ann ua l ins pe ct ion a n d remo va l of di seased tr e es . Last y ear on ly slig h tly more than 1.0 ~.';. wer e fou nd inf ect ed .
NU RSERY INSPECTIONS
A ll G eorgia nurseries loca t ed in 62 countie s w ere ir.s pe ct e d d urin g t he y e a r by t he Department' s ins p e ct or s . T a gs and certificates were furn ish ed to a ll q ua lified nurserym en so that they co uld sell and ship n urs ery st ock in t h is an d ot he r st a t es . T his servic e protects t h e p ub lic by pre venti ng t he sh ip m ent of di seased an d in sect inf est e d pla nts . A termina l in sp ection d epot is maintain ed in Atlanta for th e movement of sm a ll limi t e d sh ip m en t s of plants by citizens of th e st a te so t hat they w ill be properly inspected before go in g t o d estination . D uring th e y ea r, over 7,500,000 t r ees , shr u bs . vin es , bu lb s and soft bodied p la nts w ere insp ected .
BENEF ICIAL PARASITE A ND PREDATOR D IST RIBU TI O N
For man y yea r s a laboratory has be en m a int a in e d a t Cor n elia for th e f r ee di strib ution of b en eficia l para sit es , mo stly the eg g pa ra site, Tricho gramma m in utu m , w hi ch fe e ds on th e insect eggs of severa l in jurious s p ecies of in sects. Since th e work was started in 193 0, more than 7 50,000,000 parasites hav e b een place d on f a r ms in t he State to control s uc h insect s a s th e Oriental f r uit moth; codling moth , and t h e nu t case bearer. D uring t he past year t hey were p laced out on p each, appl e, pecan a nd tr uck fa r ms in 41 cou nti es.
Th is la b or a t or y a lso di strib utes Veda lia beetl es for t h e contro l of t he cotto ny cush ion scale a nd t hese w ere mailed out to vario us po ints in 32 co untie s during t he year.
10

WH ITE P IN E BLISTER RUST CONTROL
Th e. w ork on wh it e pin e blist er r ust control is located in th e No rth Georgia cou nties where white pi ne s gro w na t u rall y . This is a coo per ative proj ect with th e U . S. Bureau of Entomol ogy and Plan t Quarantine. During th e year , w ork was perf ormed in 1 1 co unti es . So far, t h is ser ious whit e pin e di sease has not inva d ed th e St ate and every effor t is b ein g mad e t o p reve nt it by th e r emoval of w ild Ri bes, which is on e h ost of this alternate h ost di sease; th e ot her h ost be in g
t h e fi ve need le p ines. W h it e pin e is an imp ortant so urce or
lu m ber and t h e volume b eing cut is inc r easing in Ge org ia
acc ording t o U . S. Forest Servic e est ima t es . The number or
bo ard feet cut during t he 1943-44 se aso n was 3 11 ,7 10 an d in 1942 a bo ut 4,500 ,000 boar d f eet . Eradicati on wor k fo r t h e eliminati on of Rib es w as performed on abo ut 100 ,000 a cres of for est a re as in Geor g ia durin g t he year.
JA PAN ESE BE ETLE ERADICAT ION
Th e .Japan ese beetle is a se r ious pe st on a w id e ran g e of ho st p la nts , and is es p ec ia ll y injur iou s to fr uit s. Ea ch ye .u: this D epartm ent, in coopera ti on with th e U . S. B urea u of Ent om ol og y and P lant Qu ara n tin e , places out t r a ps in widel v scatte re d localiti es in t he St a t e as a m ean s of d et ermini ng t h e presen ce of th e Japan ese be etle. Traps w ere plac ed OUi: and 29 ,190 in sp ections w ere mad e in 22 counties, but no beetles were found, except at Atlanta, Toccoa and Augusta . All of t he infeste d a reas w er e tr ea t ed w it h a hi gh co ncen t ra ti on of lea d arsena t e a n d w a t er, wh ich is th e r ecomm ended con trol m ea sure . The spr ea d of this beet le is bein g preven t ed and it is hop ed t hat by r egul ar in sp ection and treatm en t , that it can b e er a d ica te d from th e St ate. Th e tota l n um ber of beetles ca ug ht duri ng th e 1943-4 L1 se as on wa s as follows : Au gu sta , 11 ; Atlanta , 13; and T occoa , 21.
COTTON SEED CERT IF ICA TION
Geo rgia sh ippers of cotto n see d to ot he r states m ust h av e th eir co tton in spect ed in th e f ie ld s in ord er to obta in ce rt if'icates f r om th e Departm ent. T he se in sp ections ar e mad e in th e fall just b efore g inning se as on . Last year ab ou t 70 00
11

ac res of see d cotto n were in sp ect ed in 8 co unties and t he n ecessary ce r t if icates furn ish ed to t he gro we rs f or out -of Sta te sh ip me nt.
IRISH POTATO CERTIFICATION
T he De partm en t issu es rules a n d r egul ati on s fo r th e vo luntary ce rtif icat ion of Irish po t atoes fo r a ll Georgia g ro wers wish ing to sh ip certified see d Irish p ot a t oes. La st yea r abo ut 100 acres were in sp ect ed in 4 No r t h Georgia co unties a n d a ll seed fo und d isease f ree after f ie ld a nd sto rage in sp ecti on s were ce rtif ie d, tagge d, a n d sea le d by t he ins pector. Th ese seed are sh ip pe d to Fl orid a fo r ea r ly Irish po tato p r odu cti on.
FRUIT PEST CONTROL
Th e Dep a rtm en t h a s fo r m any years m aint ai ned a statio n at Corn elia fo r t he be nefit of th e fr uit growers in t he State . E a ch year experi me n ts a re con d ucte d on t he lif e hi st ory an d contro l of peach a n d app le in sects a n d d isea ses, a nd circular s of information a re issu ed t o a ll gro we rs on the m ailin g list s. T est s are co n d uc ted on n ew a n d st a n d a r d insecticides and f ungicides. Th is statio n is al so respo nsib le fo r th e reari ng an d di stri bu ti on of beneficia l parasites and pred at ors. The st a t ion 's staff a lso m a k es r outi n e cotton, sweet potato, n urser y, f r uit orc har d, an d J a p an ese beetle in sp ection s HS r equir ed.
REG ISTRATIONS OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
In coo pe ration w it h t he Stat e De partment of A gricul ture, t h is Departme nt enforces th e In secticid e an d Fungi cid e La w wh ic h r egulates t he regist ration an d sale of a ll in secticid es a nd f ungicides us ed on agric ult ura l a n d h orticultural cro ps in th e State. All m a nu f a ctur ers a nd d eal ers a re req uire d to r egi st er th ei r brands a n n ually w it h th e De part me nt of A griculture ari d a ll bra nds sub m itte d are r evie w ed by th e Depa rtment of Entom ol ogy bef or e sale is allowe d . During the yea r, abo ut 200 bra n ds were exa m ine d and a p p rove d .
QUARANTINES AGAINST SERIOUS PESTS
This D ep artm en t promul g a t es a n d enfo rces q uarant ines
12

against se r ious p ests which are not fo und in Georgia or whi ch have not b ecome gene r a lly sp re a d over the State . Th e qu arantines in force at present cover phony peach di sea se; sweet p ot ato we evil ; Japanese b eetle; White-fring ed beetl e ; Eu r op ean corn borer; p epp er w eevil a n d White pin e blist er ru st . Department in spector s ar e a ssi gn ed to enf orce th ese q ua ra ntin es whenever required.
PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
The followin g publications were iss ued durin g th e ye a r: p epp er we evil quarantin e ; spr a y and du st sc he d ule f or Mi ddle and South Georgia p each es ; phony peach qu arantin e; sweet potato w eevil quarantine ; regulations for qu een and package be es; sp r a y program and g en er al recomm endati ons for Georgia appl e orchards ; g r a p e spray sche d ule; list of certified tomato plant g ro w ers; tomato plant r egulaticns ; blister be etl es ; t h e cottony cu shion scal e; mit es and chig g er s ; control of cherry and plum in sects; nursery r egulations ; see d treatment for Irish potato es; di ge st of regul ations for sh ipm ent of pl ants into other States ; dormant sprays f or p ea ch and apple trees; inform ation for fruit g r ow ers and f r uit stock nurserymen; reciprocal nursery agre em ents; contr ol of peach tree borer; sp r a y sch ed ule for North Geor gia p each es ; sweet potato seed treatm ent; self-working ban ds for codli ng moth control; list of available publications ; swe et potato plant regulations ; applications for sweet potato inspectiou ; check list of sweet potato growers ; check list of t ape or de rs by sweet potato growers; list of certified Georgia nurserymen with classification of st ock grown ; how to colonize t he Vedalia beetle ; a n d directions for putting out parasites.
The followin g educational colored motion pictures wer e shown in the State during the year: Queen Bee; Packag e Bees; Japanese Beetle; White Pine Bli ster Ru st ; Sea Island Cotton ; Flower Gardens of Georgia ; and Beneficial Parasites. Some of them were loaned for sh owing in th e States of Maryland, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Mis souri, South Ca r olina, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. The films are available for free di stribution to sch ools a n d farm and civic organizations.
13

GENERAL PEST CONTROL PROGRAM Many activiti es a re car r ied on in our g ener a l pest control program a s fo llo ws : cab bage , onion and p epper plant inspectio n; h ou seh old in sect control ; t ermit e control; grassh opp er and cut worm control; white frin g ed beetl e, b oll w eevil and pink boll w orm and ot her in sect p est su r veys ; in sp ection a nd cer t if ication of see d f or sh ip me nt t o f orei gn co untr ies ; f ie ld con trol ex per iments on sweet potato weevil , roach es, Mexican bean beetle, and ornamental plant insects and di sease s; fie ld trip s where r eq uir ed to give information a n d control of noxious in sects and plant diseases ; t a lks til fa r m and civic organ izations on pest con trol.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES Th e ma p in serted (Pages 8 and 9) g ives a ge ne r a l summary of t he a ct ivit ies of th e Dep artment fo r th e f iscal year Jul y 1, 19 43 - J une 30, 19 44 . Each letter represents w ork don e by th e Department staff in t he various co unti es and each letter represents on e to many ins pect ions 01' oth er se rv ices fo r each coun ty. During t h e ye a r, nearly 100 ,000 in sp ec tions were made in 149 counties for the certificati on of plants, seeds, and n ursery stock; t he eradication of b ee di seases; Japanese beetle and sweet potato wee vil ; the contr ol of phony peach di sease ; white' pine blister rust a n d fru it pests; and for general control of noxious in sects and plan t d isease s w herever fo un d in t he State.
14

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

Th e st a te me nt of income and di sbursements of th e Ge or-

g ia Department of Entomolog y f or the f isca l year Jul y 1 ,

1943 - Ju ne 30, 1944 fo llows ; a lso t he a mo unt of f un ds spent

by t he F ed eral Govern me nt on t he coop er at ive p ro jects with

t h is Departm en t :

From ca sh on hand
Ch ecks from State T'reasurer. . F rom Fees Co llecte d ..

$ 1,742.54
5 3, 1 :~ 3.86
17 ,140.7 1

T OT A L

$ 72,0 17. 11

E XPENSE OF PROJECTS

State Expend itures Federal E xp enditu r e .

Sweet Potato P lan t In spe ct ion T om a t o P lant Cer t if ica t ion

$17 ,327 .13
1 3 ,1 :~ 8. 71

Sweet Potato Weevil Eradication .c.. !).9 10.45 $13,4 61. 7 5

Bee I nspect ion an d Cer t if ica t ion ______ 7 ,27 8.01

Atlanta Office .

.__ ___ __ ____ ____ _ 7 ,12 7.5 5

Ge ne ra l P est Co ntro L

.___________ 5 ,5 2 3.!)8

F ruit P est a n d Parasi t e La b or a tory 4.294 .2 4

Phon y Peach Dis ease Co ritro l.. :_ 2,505. 74

J a pa nese Bee tl e Era d icat ion ___ ___________ 2, 190.05

Nursery Inspection

1.387.56

17 ,9 8 6.7 0 3,882.88

Wh it e P ine Blister Ru st Control.c....

W hi t e Fringed Beetle Survey

_

P ink Bo ll W orm Survey

_

Total State Expenditures

_

Less Milea g e a nd

Expense for J une 1943

_

1, 3 3:U i!) 15 ,638. 25 4,14 0.0 0 1 ,500 .00
$ 72, 0 17. 11
2,12 1. 42

Cost of State W ork fo r

Ju ly 1, 1 9 43 - Ju ne 30 , 194 4 .

T otal F ed era l E xp enditures

_

$69,895.69

$ 56,6 09 .58

T ot al State a nd F ed eral E xp enditu r es

$ 1 28,6 26.69

E x penditures by t he F ed e ral Go vern me nt on t he va r ious proj ects in t he State we r e pa id directly fro m their ow n disbursi ng office.

Th e pa ym en t s by th e Sta te Depa r tm ent of

va ri ou s pro jects we re pa id out as fo llo ws:

P erso na l Servic es .__.

$42, 42!) .8 5

Trav el Expe ns e

._. 22,23 5.82

E n t om ol og y on t he

Supplies a nd Material s_____________ _________ 1,4 12.4 9

Co mm u nication S ervi ces

1,31 4.10

H eat, Li ght , P ower a nd W a t er __________ 15 2.53

P r in ting .

_. .. _.. _.. __..

:{ ,806.93

Repair s

_

184 .00

Re nts .

.________ 44 3.00

In surance and Bonding

._

5.57

Miscellaneo us Eq u ipmen t . . ..

3 2.8 2

Total Expenses

Ju ly 1, 1 94 3 - Ju n e 30 , 1 94 4.. __

Paid on Ju ne 1 94 3 Ac co u nts

__

$7 2,0 17 .11 2,12 1.4 2

Cos t of State Work Ju ly 1, 1 94 3 - Jun e 3 0, 1 94 4__.. ..

$ 69 ,8 95 .6 9

15

, J1. ir-;

Bulletin 87

Decembe r, 194!)

ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology
July 1, 1~).t 4 - J u ne :10. 1945

,. ,
r

I .......

GEOHG IA DE P AHTME NT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H. A lden , Director

STAT E CAP I TOL

AT LA NTA, GA.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal..

Page 3

Introduction .

4

Coope r ative Projects ...

4

Atlanta Office

Tomato P la n t Cer ti fica tion .

6

Sweet P otato Plant Cer tifica tion

G

Phon y P ea ch Dis ea se Cont ro l

6

Nursery i ns pect ion

.

7

Japan ese Bee t le Eradication

7

Sweet P otato We evil E r adica tion

.

10

Bee Certification and Inspection

"'

10

Beneficial Parasit e and Predator Distri bution .

11

Fruit Pest and Parasite Laboratory

11

White P ille Blister Rust Control

... . 12

In sect and Pl ant Disease Id entification .

12

Registration of Insecticides and Fungicides..

. 12

Quarantine Against Serious Pests

. . . .. .. .... . 12

Cotton Seed Certification

.

13

Publications and Motion Pictures.

13

General Pest Control..

14

Summary of Activities.

.

14

Income and Disbursements .

15

Covel' - Curculio Feeding on Peach (Greatly Enlarged)

To the Honor a ble E llis Arnall , Governor of Georgia, an d th e Members of the General Assem bly :
I have th e honor t o submit , herewith , th e annual report of the Georgia Department of E ntomology f or the fiscal year July 1, 1944 - Ju ne 30, 1945.
Respect full y submitted,
C. H. ALDEN, Director,

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODU CTION
The work of th e Dep artment of E nto mo logy is parti cul arly important t o th e agri cultural in te rests of th e State in th e sup pression of noxi ous insects an d plant diseases and some of th e crops pr odu ced such a s f r uit , bees, and plants fo r ship ping, are very dep endent up on its work. Th e duties are performed under the Entomolog y Act of 1937, t he Bee Di sease Law of 1920, a nd with the Department of Agriculture, t he In secti cid e and Fu ngicid e Law of 1920 . This Dep artment was cre ate d by an Act of Gene ral Assem bly of Georgia in 1897. a nd bega n t o f unc tio n in 1898 with a State E nto molog ist a nd one assistant. Its p ri ncipa l as sig nme nt a t th at tim e wa s t he in sp ection and cer ti ficat ion of nursery sto ck. Its duties, f und s, and personnel were grad ually enla rged th ru th e years until t oda y it employs a larg e st aff of full-tim e E nt omolog ists, P la nt Pat hologists, in spector s a nd pa r ttim e deputies on seasona l pro jects, Man y of th e lin es of work a re ca r r ied on ent ire ly wit h st ate fund s but th ere ar e se vera l impor tant cooperat ive proj ect s wit h the U. S. Bureau of E ntom ology and Pl ant Quarantine th at are suppor t ed by bo th agencies.
During th e fiscal ye ar close d Ju ne 30, 1945, th e St ate P roj ect s in progress or comple ted were as fo llows: Tomat o pla nt cer t ificat ion; sw eet pot ato plant cer t ifica ti on ; pa ckage and queen bee certifica t ion; nurser y cert ifica tio n ; cotton see d certification; Iri sh potato cer tifica t ion ; cabbage and onion plan t cer t ificat ion ; bee disea se er adication f or shippers a nd honey produ cer s ; pr odu cti on a nd di stribution of be neficial parasites f or cont rol of injurious in sect s of f r uit, pecan , and truck crop s; fr uit pest invest ig ation and cont ro l; enforceme nt of quar a nt ine s aga inst in sect pests a nd plan t diseases ; enfo r cemen t of t he insecti cide a nd f ungicide law; iden ti fication of insects and pla nt disea ses ; mounting of sp ecime ns an d care of th e State in sect collecti on ; produ cti on and colonization of Vedalia beetl es f or cont r ol of the cottony cus hion scale ; househ old in sect control ; con trol of m in or in sects and plant diseases ; issu in g of informational lit erature on plant pests ; and lectures and showing of edu cational m otion pictures and exhib its t o farm and civic organizations,
COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Projects carried on within th e State in coope r at ion with the
4

u. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine were as fol-
lows: Phony peach disease control; sweet potato weevil eradication; Japanese beetle eradication; white pine blister rust control; white fringed beetle scouting': pink boll worm scouting; field tests with weedicides on Ipomoea; and general insect pest survey s.
ATLANTA OFFICE
The Department's main office is in t he State Ca pit ol and field offices and laboratories in Cornelia and Tifton and cooperativ e project offices in Dahlonega, Darien, and Perry. During th e year th e Atl anta office had 3422 incoming teleph one calls ; 1i)96 visitor s ; wrot e 8341 lett ers; mailed out 9048 bulletins and , packages ; made 1i527 in sp ecti ons; a nd issu ed certificates, tape, and license s t o qualified growers as follow s: 1,125,000 tomato cer t ifi cates ; 900,000 ya rd s of sweet potato certificate tape; 400,000 mime ograph circ ulais ; 128,000 nursery tags; 100,000 multigraph letter head shee ts; 69,000 sweet potato tags; 60,000 package and quee n bee certi ficates; 20,000 cabbage cer t ificates; 10,000 soft bodied plant st icke rs ; 2,QOO t erminal in spection tags; 1,000 dupli cate cer t ificate s; 500 sp ecial permits ; 400 nursery licenses; 200 ste ncils; and 200 courtesy tags. In addition, the Fruit Pest and Pa rasite lab orator y at Cornelia and the field office at Tifton an swered hundreds of letters and se nt out thousands of circulars of inf ormation t o farm ers on th e mailing lists. Detailed in spection and ot her reports are on file in the Atlanta office and are available f or information 'and examination.
,The wor k of th e Atl anta office to keep the Department properl y f unctioning is as f ollows: preparing quarterly budgets ; pa ym ent of salary, mileage, expense, and supply bills; filing of record s of inspection and reports ; printing and distribution of tags, tape and certificates; a se t of books kept, giving a record of all t ransact ions; a t erminal insp ection depot maintained; all insect and plant disease s submitted are identified and control measures given; stencils are cut for all quarantines, regulations, and circulars issued; nursery, bee and ot he r licenses issued; insecticides and fun gici des sub mitte d fo r registration approved or reject ed; th e State ins ect collection add ed to and cared for ; th e library maintained; bull etins and circulars prepared, printed, and distributed; and annual report made.

TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During the 1945 season, over 8,000 acres of tomato plants were certified, which is the largest season on record. Nearly 1,000,000,000 plants were shipped by the growers, and of these approximately 700,000,000 were certified by the Department's inspectors. All tomato seed used by the growers for the certified fields was checked for bacteria, fungi, and germination by . the laboratory at Tifton. All certified plants were grown and inspected under the rules and regulations promulgated each year by the Department. Most of the plants produced are shipped to Northern buyers. Last season the Department certified 8,030 acres of tomato plants grown in 14 counties. The most important variety produced was Rutgers, followed by Baltimore and Marglobe. The most prevalent plant disease for which plants were revoked from certification was early blight followed by stem canker and bacterial wilt.
SWEET POTATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During the 1944-45 season, over 3,300 acres of sweet potatoes were inspected in the field for certified growers. Potatoes bedded from these fields were inspected in the field for certified growers. Potatoes bedded from these fields were inspected in storage and beds so that the growers would be eligible to sell slips. The growing plants and the stored and bedded potatoes were checked for stem rot, black rot, and other sweet potato pests and when all inspections showed freedom from insects and plant diseases, the growers were furnished certificate tape and tags for the sale and shipment of the plants. About 3,500 inspections were made in 87 counties. All sweet potato plants must be certified by the Department and to carryon this business each year, the Department issues plant regulations, tags, tape, applications, certificates, affidavits, transfers, dipping instructions and shipping regulations to all certified growers on the mailing lists. This service has been in force for many years, and Georgia is now the largest of all the states in the shipment of certified sweet potato plants.
PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
A large force of regular and deputy inspectors are employed each year for the removal or phony trees in the commercial peach orchards and for the inspection of peach nurseri es and their
6

one-mile environs. This is a cooperative project between this Department and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Each year the State issues a new quarantine listingthe infected areas in the United States and issues rules under which regulated products can be shipped and certified. In the commercial orchards 4,904,623 trees were inspected on 1,079 properties in 32 counties on which 60,255 phony peach trees wf!re found and removed; this is an increase of about 15,00OJ over the infected trees "f ound in Georgia the previous year, Twenty-one nurseries and their environs with 926,450 trees; found in 14 counties were inspected and 251 phony trees were located and removed.
NURSERY .INSPECTION
Inspection of nursery stock for insects and plant disease was made on about 17,000,000 trees, shrubs, vines, bulbs, and soft-bodied plants for over 200 nursery concerns located in 64 counties. All qualified nurserymen were furnished cer t ificat es and tags for shipment of their stock to this and other states. A list of certified nurserymen and dealers was prepared giving the name and location of all nurseries in the state and the kinds of stock they had to SEll and distributed to the trade. Rules and regulations and reciprocal agreements with other states were also furnished to all nurserymen and dealers. A terminal inspection depot is maintained in Atlanta for the movement of small shipments of plants by citizens of the state so that they will be properly inspected before going to destination.
JAPANESE BEETLE ERADICATION
This department, in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant QUal'antine, placed out traps in widely scattered sections of the state to determine the presence of the Japanese beetle. Over 20,000 inspections were made from 2,075 traps placed out in 26 counties, Japanese beetles were found in the following places : Atlanta, 13; Augusta, 1; Austell, 1; Dahlonega, 37; Savannah, 1; and Toccoa, 1. The infested areas in Atlanta and Dahlonega were sprayed with a high concentration of lead arsenate and water, which is the recommended control measure. The Federal government furnished the high-powered sprayer necessary to do this work and the State furnished the lead arsenate. The Toccoa area had enough beetles la st year
7

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES - J ULY 1, 1944 - J UNE 30, 1945
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A . Sweet Po ta to Pl a nt Certificat io n. D. T om ato Pl ant Ce rti fica tio n. C. Bee Ce r t ifica t ion and In spect ion.
D . S weet Pot a to W eevil E r a d icatio n. K Phon y P ea ch D ise ase Co n tro l.
F. In sect an d Plant Di sea se Itb nti tica ti on. G. N ursery In sp ection .

IT. Pa ra site a nd Predato r Di st ributi on. .J. J a pan es e Beetle E radic a tio n. !\.. Wh ite Pine Bl ister Ru st Co nt ro l. iVI . Co tto n Seed Ce r ti fica t io n. N. Genera l P est Contro l. O. S howi ng Dep a rt ment F ilm s .

N umbe r uf Cou nt ies in whic h work wa s done by t he State Dep artment of E n t olllo logy- l G3.

to warrant treatment and it was apparently effective, as only one beetle was fo und there th is year. The other areas where only one beetle was fo und at each place did not have a sufficient infestation to require t reatme nt but will be re -scouted again nex t year. By t his cooperative work, t he bee tles have bee n prevente d from sp readi ng t o th e agricult ural sections, where if the beetl es became establis hed, they could do very severe dam age to agricult ural and hor t icultural crops.
SW EE T POTATO WEEVIL ERA DICATION
The cooperative project between this Department and the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and P lant Quarantine was continued during t he 1944-45 season. New inf est ati ons were fo und in Brooks, Camden, Chatham, Glynn and McIntosh count ies . All areas, including th e cities of Brunswick and Darien , were place d un de r quarantine and policed throughout t he growing season, and sweet potatoes or slips were not allowed to be planted in any of the quarantined areas. A survey was made in 28 counties where the weevi l has been found or where it was suspected that it might have become Established, and more than 10,000 property inspections made in fields, beds, and banks. A revised quarantine was issued to all int erest ed and affected parties sett ing up the exact areas infested in the State, all counties in the United States, and the rules and r egul at ions governing the movement of host materia l. T he control measures used have prevented the spread of this noxi ous insect in t he State and in many instances have resulted in its eradication. In addition, preliminar y tests with weedicides were started this year on various speces of wild and cultivated plants belonging to t he genus Ipo moea which is the main host of the sweet potato weevil.
BEE CERTIF ICATION AND INSPECTION
The Georgia bee inspection service has been in force si nce 1920 and now incl udes inspection for hon ey produce rs, package and quee n bee shippers, in sp ect ion of out-of-state bees moved in t o t his St ate, and inspection for Georgia beekeepers wanting to move their bees int o F lorida, An n ua l inspections are made by the Department's bee inspectors and last year 60,267 inspect ions and re -inspections were made in 1,277 yards in 70 counties in the State. There were 17,165 colonies inspected for non -resident beekeepers moving bees into the State and 10,593 colonies for
10

Georgia beekeepers moving bees to other states. The most serious disea se affecting bee s is Am erican F oulbrood and last year from 4 0,607 coloni es inspected f or t he bee shippers, 0.003 5 % 'were f oun d infe ct ed, and f r om 1966 0 colonies insp ected fo r the honey producers, 0.0089 % were found infected . All dis-eased yards wer e placed under quarantine, diseased colonies dest royed, and re-inspections made until .the yards were f ound free of' American Foulbrood. Georgia is .the largest shipper of qu een and pa ckage bees and is als o noted -for the high qualit y hon ey it produc es. This Department is charged by law with the inspection, and issuing of rules, regulations and quarantines for beekeepers. It also issues certificates for shipment of disease free bees to this and other states.
BENEFICIAL PARASITE AND PREDATOR DISTRIBUTION
The Department's fruit pest and parasite laboratory at Comelia breeds and distributes free t o cit izens of this State th e egg parasite, Trichogramma minutum, th e larval para site , Macroc entrus an cyli vorus, and the pre da to r, Rodolea cardinalis. During the year, th e laboratory distributed 107,559,000 T. m inutum parasites f or the control of injurious in sects on peach , appl e, pecan, and t ru ck f arms in 63 count ies; 60 colonies of Vedalia beetles f or th e control of cottony cush ion sca le in 24 counties ; and 28,117 IVI. ancylivorus parasites for the cont ro l of th e Ori ental fruit moth in 10 count ies.
FRUIT PEST AND PARASITE LABORATORY
The work of the laboratory wa s enlarged this year to includ e the artificial rearing and distribution of Macrocentrus 1neyli vorus. The staff consists of an entomologist and tw o lab oratory assistan t s. Peach experiments were conducted at Alt o, Baldwin, and Woodbury, and apple experiments at Cornelia. Life hi story st udies were continued on the codling moth and peach curculio. Fi eld inspections were made for sweet potatoes, nurseri es, cotton, Irish potatoes, and fruit. Circula rs of infor mat ion on insect and plant disea se contro l were sent t o all grower s on t he mailing list. This station also conducts all the Department's work on the rearing and distribution of beneficial parasites and pre dat or s.
11

WHITE PINE BLISTER R UST CONTROL
The wor k on white pine -blist er r ust control is a coope rat ive proj ect between the V . S. Bureau of Entomology a nd P lant Qua r antine , th e U . S. F ore st Ser vice, and this Depa rtment. Du ring the year, work was pe rforme d in 9 No rth Georgia counties whe re. white pines grow na tu r all y . Th e ru st is an alternate host disease of white pines and Ri bes, So f ar this plant disease has not invad ed the state and every effort is bei ng made t o prevent it by sco uting a nd r emoval of wild Ribes. D urin g th e yea r 87,200 acres were scouted a nd 50,48 7 Ri bes pla nts uprooted and des troyed on 511 acres.
INSE CT AN D PL ANT DI SEASE IDE NTIFI CATIONS
In sect and plant disease specime ns were sent in t o the Atlant a office from 60 counti es and t hese wer e iden ti fied a nd control measures gi ven . Some of the more im por t an t pests fo und doing damage t o cr ops, buildings, and a nimals during the yea r were a s f ollows: g ranulate cut wor m, velvet bean ca terpillar, bagwor rn, clog ti el" mealy bugs, wilt, plant lice, ga rd en m illep ede , cat and dog flea, silve r fish, blister beetle, cottony cus hion scale, a nd other sca le in sect s, cock r oa ch, te rmites, Mex ican bean beetle, J apanese beetle, harlequin bug, mole cr icket, car pet beetle, cloths moth. codling moth. plum curculio, white fly, a nts, black r ot, bro wn r ot , leaf cu rl, an d m ildews.
RE GISTRATIO N OF INSE CTI CIDES AN D F UN GICIDES
In cooperation with th e State Department of Ag r iculture t hi s Dep artment enf or ces the In secticide a nd F ungicide Law which r eg ulates t he registration a nd sale of all insecti cides and f ungicides used on agri cultural and horticultural crops in the State. . All manu factu rers an d dealers are -required to register th eir brands ann ua lly w ith th e Dep artmen t of Ag r icult ure a nd -all br a nds s ubmitted are reviewed by the Department of E ntomolo g y t o see t hat t hey m eet t he published st a nda r ds of active a nd inert -ing r edients. During th e year , ove r 300 br ands were exa mined and a ppro ved for r eg istration.
QUAR ANTINES AGA INST SE RIOUS PETS
This Depa r t me nt prom ulgates a nd enforc es quarant ines against se r ious pe sts which are not fo und in Georgia or which
12

have not beco me gene r ally spr ead over the State. Th e quarantines now in forc e a re as fo llows : ph on y pea ch disease, sw eet pot ato weevi l, Japanese beetle, White-fringed beetle, European corn borer, pepper weevil a nd white pine bli ster rust. Departm en t in sp ect or s a re as signed t o enfo rc e t hese quaran t ines as needed. Du ring th e year, the ph on y pea ch , sweet pota to weevil, and whi te pine blister rust qua r ant ines were r evised t o cover the area s f oun d infest ed du ring th e year.
COTTON SEED CERTIFICATION
Georgia shippers of cotton se ed to ot her states m ust have their cotton inspected in the fields in or de r to obtain certificates f r om the Depa r t m en t . In addition, t he gin ning facilities are also checked. La st season abo ut 7,000 acres wer e in spect ed and passed in seven counties a nd th e necessarv cer t ifica t es f ur nishe d t o t he g rowers f or out -of-st a t e sh ipme nt.
P UBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
Th e fo llowing publi cations were issued during th e year : Ann ua l r eport; p hony peach quaranti ne; sweet potato weevil qua rantine ; white pine blis ter rust quarantine ; r egul a tions for quee n an d package bees ; r eg ula t ions Jar th e pro duction of certified t omato plan t s; nur ser y re gu la t ions : sweet potato plant r egula t ions ; control of th e peach tree bor er; do rm ant spr ays f or pea ch and apple trees; spray and dust sche d ule f OI' Middl e an d So ut h Georgia peach es; spray sched ule fo r Nor th Geor gia peaches; spr ing program and gen eral r ecommendations fo r Georgia ap ple orc hards : peac h ro sette; se lf -wor king' ba nd s f or pai -tinl cont r ol of codling m ot h larvae ; list of certified sweet potato growers; dipping in st ructions f or s weet potatoes; che ck list of tape or de rs by swee t pot ato growers ; lis t of certified Georgia nu rserymen with classifica tio n of s tock grown; list of certified t oma to plant gTO\VerS with code n umbers; r ecip r ocal n ur ser y agreements; con t r ol of tile boll weevil a nd cot t on ap hi s; insects atta ck ing stor ed grain; pean ut insect s and disea ses ; con t r ol of t he velve t bea n ca t erpillar ; grape sp ray sche dule; r epo rt of t he tomato plan t policy com mit t ee; r epor t to th e Georgia beek eepers ; and cir cula r let t er t o peach growers on phony peach disease cont ro l.
Th e fo llowing educational colored motion picture films were s hown in the State during tho year : Que en bee ; pack age bees;
13

Japanese beetle; flower garde ns ; white pin e blister ru st ; and beneficial parasites. Some films were also loaned f or sho wing in the states of Pennsylvania, New York, Florida, Mississippi, Sout h Car olina , Tennessee, a nd Virginia. These films are available fo r f r ee showing in schools an d farm and civic organizat ions .
GENERAL PEST CONTROL
Wor k ca rried on in t he ge neral pest contro l program is as follows: Irish pot ato, cabbage, onion, and pepper plan t inspect ion ; Whi t e f r inged bee tle, boll weev il, pink boll worm and ot her in sect pes t surveys; in sp ection and certificati on of seeds and plants f or shi pme nt t o f or eign count ries; t ermite and ot he r househ old insect cont ro l ; field cont rol exp eriments on t he sweet potato wee vil, fleas, and Mexi can bea n beetle; field trips were made as need ed to give information on control of noxi ous insects and plant disea ses ; and t alks and dem onstrati ons were given t o fa r m and civic organizations 0 11 pest contro l.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
Th e map in serted (Pages 8 and 9) gives a ge ne ral s ummary of t he activities of the Depar tment f or t he fiscal yea r July 1, 1944 - June 30, 1945. E ach let t er re pr esents one to m an y in sp ect ions or ot her se rv ices fo r ea ch county. During th e year, thousa nds of inspections or ot her services were pe rf ormed in 153 counties f or the certification of plants and bees, swee t potato weevil and Japanese beetle eradicati on, ph ony peach disease cont rol, nursery stoc k inspection and certification, white pine blister rust suppression, fruit pest control, production and dis tribution of beneficial parasites, insect pest surveys, and the general control of noxious insects and plant diseases wherever found in the St a t e. More than 1,400,000 cer t ificat es and tags were issued during th e year so that Georgia farmers could properly and legally ship their plants and other farm products in this and other sta te s.
14

INCOME AND DISBURSEME NT S

Th e st a t ement of inc ome and disbursem en t s of th e Georgia Department of Entom ology for th e fiscal yea r July 1, 1944 - June 30 , 1945, follows ; also the amount of funds spent by the F ederal Government on the cooperat ive proj ects with this Department:

From Cash on Hand....................

.

Check s from th e State Treasurer

.

F ro m F ees Collec te d

.

. ......$ 5,455.7 4 58,27 4.53
. ...... .... 21,5 31.29

T OTAL.

.

s 85,261.56

EXPE:\ SE OF PROJECT S

To ma to Pl a nt Certi fica tio n...

.

Sweet P ot ato Pl ant Certificat ion ..

Sw eet Pot ato Weev ile Erad icatio n .

Bee In sp ecti on and Cer t ification .

A t la nt a Office .... ..

..

F r uit Pest La bor atory .

P ho ny Peach Control

.

J ap a nese Beetle Eradication ..

Nursery I nsp ect ion

..

lllister Rust ControL

..

Ge neral Pest Control

........

P ink Boll Worm Survey..

Wh it e Fringed Bee t le Survey.

State $15,39!J.fi!l
14,2(;5.4 4 l O,513.2D 8,857.!l7
6,908 .0G (;,411.25 4,D56.05 2,527 .58 2,29 (l.O!) 1,320 .0U 1,429 .7!)

Federa l
10,480 .14
2 :~,OOO .OO
:1,242.00 20 ,272.7!J
1 ,50 0 .0 0 44 2.00

TOTAL.................

.. $74,885.2 1 $58,93 G .9 :~

Cas h on H and-Jul y 1, 1D45... .

10 ,37(j,35

Total State and Federal Expenditures ............. ..

$ 133 ,8 2 2. 14

Expenditures by th e F ed eral Governmen t on t he va ri ous project s in th e .St ate were paid directly from their own dis bursing off ice .

Th e payments by th e Sta te Depart men t of E nto mology on t he variou s

p r ojects were paid out as f oll ows:

P erson al Se rv ices

.

.

$45,019.53

Travel Ex pense

.

..

22,% 3.93

Supplies and Materials ..

..... ..... ............ 1,378.23

Comm uni cation Services ..

1,235 .83

Heat, Light, Power. Water

182 .21

Printing

..

.. 3,5 03.47

Repairs

..

..

7.85

Rents

. 405.00

Ins urance and Bonding

.. 12. 50

Equipmen t

. 124.78

Miscellaneous

..

.. 51.88

TOTA L

.

.

1:3

$74.885. 21

--

INDEX

Page Number The Entomology Act of 1937____________________________________________ 3

Georgia P Iant Quarantines__________________________________________________ 13

Phony Peach Quarantin e________________________________________________ 14

Peach Mosaic Quarantine________________________________________________ 14

Sweet Potato Weevil Quarantine____________________________________ 15

European Corn Borer Quarantine____________________________________ 15

Pepper W eevil Quarantine______________________________________________ 16

PI ant ReguIati 0 ns___________________

16

Sweet Potato Plant Regulations____________________________________ 16

Tomato Plant Regulations________________________________________________ 18
Nurs ery Re gu lations ______________________________________________________________ 2

The Bee Disease Act of 19 20

24 ~_ _ __

Bee Disease Regulations______________________________

27

Package and Queen Bee Regulations________________________________ 31

The Insecticide and Fungicide Act of 1920________________________ 32

Insecticide and Fungicide Rules and Regulations____________ 32

Insecticide and Fungicide Standards________________________________ 34

List of Certificates Issued by Dept. of Entomology____________ 34 List of Quarantine Officials________________________________________________ 35

Laws and Regulations compiled by Milledge Murphey, Jr., Entomologist

2

THE ENTOMOLOGY ACT OF 1937
AS AMENDED MARCH 19, 1943
An act to prevent the introduction into and dissemination within this State of insect pests and diseases of plants; to provide for the regulation of the sale and distribution of articles or substances capable of or likely to harbor or be infested or infected by insects or plant diseases; to assist in the marketing of products of this State to the extent of issu ing certificates of freedom or relative freedom of such products from infestation or infection by insect pests or plant diseases; to establish a State Department of Entomology and to provide for a Director of Entomology, and to define the powers and duties of the Director of Entomology; to provide the manner and means of enforcing said Act and the regulations and the orders promulgated under authority of the same; to provide penalties for the violation of this Act; to repeal all sections of Chapter 5-7 of Title 5 of the Code of Georgia of 1933 relating to the State Entomologist, his appointment and powers, duties, etc.; to repeal Chapter 84-19 of Title 84 of the Code of 1933 relating to nurserymen, horticulturists, landscape gardeners, etc.; to repeal the following sections of 84-99 of the Code, to wit: Section 84-9929 relating to the practice of nurserymen, landscape gardeners, etc.; without a license; Section 84-9930 relating to fraud and false representations in the sale of nursery stocks, etc.; Section 84-9931 relating to the limitation of prosecution under the. two preceding sections; Section 84-9932 relating to delivery of nut or fr uit trees different in kind from that ordered; and for other purposes.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA AN D IT IS HEREBY ENACTED:
Section 1. This Act shall be known by the short title of "The Entomology Act of 193 7."
Section 2. For the purpose of this Act, the following terms, when used in this Act, or in the rules, regulations and orders made pursuant thereto, shall be construed, respectively, to mean:
3

INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASE": Insects or closely related organisms injurious to the agricultural, horticultural or other interests of the State, and infectious or transmissible diseases of plants in any stages of development of such insects or disease.
PLACES: Vessels, aircraft, cars, trucks, automobiles, wagons, and other vehicles, buildings, docks, depots, yards, nurseries, greenhouses, orchards, and other premises where material affected by this Act is grown, produced, kept, stored or handled.
PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS: Trees, shrubs, vines, forage and cereal plants, and all other plants, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, and all other parts of plants; and fruit, vegetables, roots, bulbs, seeds, wood, timber and all other plant products.
NURSERY STOCK: All trees or plants or parts of trees or plants grown or kept for or capable of propagation, distribution or sale.
NURSERY: Any grounds or premises on or in which nursery stock is grown, kept or propagated for sale or di stribution.
NURSERYMEN: Any person engaged in the production of nursery stock for sale or distribution.
DEALER: Any person not a grower of nursery stock who buys or otherwise acquires nursery stock for the purpose of reselling or distributing same independently of any control of the nurseryman.
AGENT: Any person solicit ing orders for or selling or distributing nursery stock under the partial or full control of a nurseryman or dealer.
PERSONS: Individuals, associations, partnerships, and corporations, whether private, public or municipal.
Section 3. (1) There is hereby established a State Department of Entomology, which shall be under the direction and supervision of the Director of Entomology whose appointment is hereinafter provided for.
4

(2) The Director of Entomology must be a graduate of a recognized College of Agriculture and have had courses in entomology and plant pathology and also shall have had experience in field and administrative work in pest control while in the employment of one or more states of the United States or in the employment of that branch of the Federal Government which is in charge of pest control.
(3) The Director of Entomology shall be appointed by the Governor subject to confirmation by the Senate for a term of four years, at a salary of $4,200.00 per annum. He shall be required to give a surety bond in the sum of $5,000.00, the premium to be paid out of the Department appropriation. In case of a vacancy the appointment shall be for the unexpired term. Provided, however, that in no case shall the term of office of the Director of Entomology exceed the term of the Governor, but it is expressly stated that the term of office of the Director of Entomology shall expire with that of the Governor.
Section 4. It shall be the duty of the Director of Entomology to protect the agricultural, horticultural , and other interests of the State from insect pests and plant diseases, and to that end the Director of Entomology is vested with power and authority to:
(1) Inspect or cause to be inspected by duly authorized employees or agents, plants, plant products or other articles, things, or substances that may in his opinion be capable of disseminating or carrying insect pests and plant diseases and for this purpose he or his employees and agents shall have power to enter into or upon any place and to open any bundle, package or other container containing or thought to contain plants or plant products or other things capable of disseminating or carrying insect pests or plant diseases.
(2) Carryon investigations of methods of control, eradication and prevention of dissemination of insect pests and plant diseases and for that purpose may employ the necessary experts and may rent, lease or purchase the necessary land .when required for this purpose.
(3) Visit any section of the State where any dangerous pest is supposed to exist and determine whether any infest-
5

ed trees or plants or other things or substances are worthy of remedial treatment or sh a ll b e destroy ed; and to sup ervise or cause the treatment, cutting or d estruction of plants, trees or other things or substances when deemed necessary to prevent or control the dis semination of insect pests and plant diseases or to eradicate sa m e, and to prescribe rules and regulations therefor.
(4) (a) Inspect or cause to be inspected all nurseries in the State at such intervals as he may deem be st , and h e shall have plenary power to make all rules and regulations governing nurseries and the movement of nursery stock there from or the introduction of nursery stock therein as he may deem necessary in the eradication, control or prevention of the dissemination of insect pests and plant diseases.
(b) Make rules and regulations to govern the sale and distribution of nursery stock by dealers and agents.
(c) Make rules and regulations under which nursery stock may be brought into this state from other states and territories of the United States or any foreign country.
(d) Make such rules and regulations with reference to plants and plant products and other things and substances while in transit through this State as may be deemed necessary to prevent the introduction into and dissemination within and establishment in this State of injurious insect pests and plant diseases.
(5) Demand of any person who has plants or plant products or other things likely to carry insect pests and plant diseases in his possession to give full information as to the origin and source of same, and it shall be a misdemeanor for such person to refuse to give the information demanded, if able to do so.
(6) Declare a dangerous insect pest or plant disease to be a public nuisance as well as any plant or other thing infested or infected therewith or that has been exposed to infestation or infection and therefore likely to communicate the same.
6

(7) Declare a qu arantine against an y area, place, nursery, grove, orchard , county or counties within this State, other states , or territories of t h e United States or any portion thereof of any for eign country in r eference t o d angerous insect pe st s or pl ant di se ases a n d pr oh ibit t he mo vem ent within this State or any part th ereof or the introduction into this State f ro m other Sta tes, or te r r it or ies of th e Un it e d States or an y fo re ig n co untry, of a ll pl ants, pl ant pro d ucts or ot her t hings or subst a nces from such quarantined pl aces or areas which are likel y to carry dangerous insect pests or pl ant diseases, if su ch qu arantine be d etermined, by t h e Direct or of Entomology afte r due investig ation, t o be necessary in order to protect the a gr icult ural, h orticultural or other interests of this St ate . In such cases th e qu arantin e may be made absolute, or rul es a nd r egulations may be adopted prescribing the method and manner under which the prohibited articles m ay be mo ved in to or within , sold or otherwise disposed of within or without this State.
(8) Intercept and inspect wh ile in transit, or after arrival at de stination, all plants, plant products or other things or substances, likely to carry insect pests and plant diseases being moved in this State or brought into this State from an oth er State, or territory of t h e United States, or from a ny foreign count ry, and if upon inspection the sam e be found to be in f ested or infected with a n injurious insect pe st or plant dis ease or if suc h m aterial is believed to be likel y to com m un icate or transmit sa m e or is bein g transported in violation of a ny of th e rules and regulations of the Director of Entomology, then sa id pl ants, pl ant products or ot her things or substances may be treated wh en necessary and released, or r eturned to th e send er, or de stroyed, such di sposition to be d etermined under rul es and re gulations prescribed by the Director of Entomology.
(9) Purchase all necessary materials, supplies, office and fie ld equipment and ot h er things and make such other expenditures as may be essential and necessary in carrying out the provisions of this Act within the limits of the amount appropriated by law.
7

(10) Appoint such assistants, inspectors, other employees and agents as may be required, and to prescribe their duties and fix their compensations, to delegate to such assistants, inspectors and other employees and agents such powers and authority as may be deemed proper within the limits of the powers and authority conferred upon him by this Act.
(11) Enter into cooperative arrangements with any person, municipality, county or other departments of this State, and Boards, officers and authorities of other states and of the United States for inspection with reference to insect pests and plant diseases and for the control and eradication thereof and to contribute a just proportionate sh ar e of the expenses incurred under such arrangements.
(12) Disseminate to the public information and advice on the prevention, control or eradication of insect pests and plant diseases by the publication and distribution of printed matter, by correspondence, and by other methods.
(13) Enforce the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made pursuant thereto by writ of injunction in the proper court as well as by criminal proceedings. It shall be the duty of all public prosecutors to represent the Director of Entomology when called upon to do so. In the discharge of his duties and in the enforcement of the powers herein delegated, he may issue subpoenae duces tecum and require productions of books and papers, administer oaths, and subpoenae and hear witnesses, and to that end it is made the duty of the various sheriffs throughout the State to serve all subpoenae and other papers upon request of the Director of Entomology.
(14) Make rules and regulations governing the conditions under which plants or other products may be produced as will permit such plants or other products to be certified as free or relatively free from insect pests and plant diseases.
(a) Any rules and regulations made by the Director of Entomology relative to the certification of tomato, cabbage, . onion and all other cruciferous plants shall be published on or before December 15th of the preceding year in which said plants are to be grown. Provided, however, that in case of emergency supplemental rules and regulations may be
8

promulgated and published. Provided, further, that certification of tomato, cabbage, onion and other cruciferous plants shall not be compulsory on the grower.
(15) Provide fo r th e r egistration of a ll growers of plant or nursery stock intended for sale or distribution when such plants or nursery sto ck have been d eclared by the Director of Entomology as being liable or likely to be capable of disseminating insect pests or plant diseases.
(16) For the purpose of defrayin g t h e expenses of the registration of nurserymen, dealers, agents and plant growers, and the certification and inspection of pl ants or plant products, or oth er thin gs, assess and coll ect the cost thereof, any surplus to be paid into the State Treasury.
Section 5. All rules and regulations made by the Director of Entomology within the limits of authority conferred by this Act shall have the full force and effect of law. They shall be promulga t ed by publishing same in an official publication of the Department, or by giving su ch other reasonable public notice as may be prescribed by the Director of Entomology. Printed copies of all Acts, rules and regulations, quarantines or notices of the Department" which shall be published under the authority of the Director of Entomology shall be admitted as sufficient evi de nce of such Acts, rules and r egulations, qu arantines or notices in all courts a n d on all occasions whatsoever, provided the correctness of such copies be certified to by the Director of Entomology.
Section 6. Any p erson affected by any rul e or regul ation made or notice gi ven pursuant to this Act may have a review thereof by three Constitutional State Officers designated by the Gov ernor, for the purpose of having such rule, regulation or no tice modified, suspended or withdrawn and such review sh all be allowed and con sidered.
Section 7. Whenever inspection di scloses that any places, or plants or plant products, or other things or substances are infested or infected with a ny dangerous insect pest or plant diseases which has been declared a public nu isance, the Director of Entomology, or his agents or employees, shall give written notice to the owner, or other person in possession
9

or control of the pl ace where found , in person or by registered mail an d such owner or other person sh a ll proceed to control, eradicate or prevent th e dissemination of such in se ct pe st or plant di sease, and to remove, cut or de stroy infested or infected plants and pl ant products, or ot h er things or substan ces within the t ime and in th e manner prescribed by said n oti ce or t he rules an d r egul ations mad e p ursuant to t h is Act, unl ess a n a p peal to three Con stitutional State Offic ers d esig nat ed by the Governor is taken . An app eal may be t ak en within three days, and wh en so t ak en sha ll be h eard a n d determined within three days thereafter during which time the appeal shall act as a stay of proceedings.
Section 8. When ever such owner or ot her person ca nn ot be found, or sha ll fa il, negle ct or r efuse to obey t he r equirements of sa id notice a nd the rul es a n d r egulation s mad e pursuant to this Act, such requir em ents sh a ll b e carried out by the insp ectors or other employee s or a gents of th e Dep artment and the Director of Entomol ogy sha ll have a n d enfor ce a lien f or t he exp ense t he reof against th e p lace in or up on which such expe nse w as incurred in t he same ma nn er as lien s are had and enforced upon buildings and lots, wharves and pi ers for labor and materials furnished by virt ue of contract with the owner. No comp en sation sh a ll be allowed for any trees or pl ants, plant products or ot h er t h ings or substan ces t h at sh a ll be de stroyed.
Secti on 9. In case a ny person or pe rsons r efuse to execute th e dir ecti on s of the Director of Entomolo gy or r efuse to a llow the Director of Entomology or hi s agents to do so, the Jud ge of th e Sup erior Court of the county havin g jurisdiction over sa id person sh a ll, upon complaint fil ed by th e Director of Entom olo gy or a ny free holder, cite the person or person s t o a ppear before him within three d ays after notice is se rved a n d t he said Judge may hear and determine a ll these cases in vacat ion ; and upon sa tisfactory evidence, shall cause the prescrib ed treatment to be executed , and the expenses thereof and costs of court sha ll be collected from th e owner or owners of the affected material.
Section 10. When t wo reputabl e citizens of an y comity in Georgia sh a ll notify th e Director of Entomology from belief
10

that noxious insects or plant diseases exi st in their county, the Director of Entomology sh a ll asser tain as sp eedily as pos sibl e the nature a n d extent to t h e condition reported and com pl ained of an d if after suc h investigation it is determined by t he Direct or of Ent om ol ogy t h at such procedure is n ecessary or d esirable for the public in t erest, h e shall act w it h a ll du e dilig ence t o control or er a dicate said insects or plant disease s, by g iving notice t o t he ow ne r , ten ant, or age nt of t h e ow n er of suc h premises, to tre a t suc h affe cted p la nts or oth er th in gs or substances a cc or ding to th e methods h e ma y prescribe or t o d estroy them within th e period set forth in such notice, a nd if after th e expir a t ion of such p eriod, as se t f orth in sa id n ot ice t he affe cted mat erial s or other things or substan ces h ave not been destroyed or t r eated as prescribe d in the n otice or th e treatm en t h as no t been proper ly app lie d, or is not effec t ua l in ridding th e affe ct ed materi al s, things or substan ces of t h e pest s, th e Director of Entomology shall ca use such affecte d mater ia l, t h ings or substa nces t o be pr ope r ly t r eated, or destroye d as h is j udgme nt warrants . The cost of th e wo r k sh a ll be assesse d a gainst th e own er of the premi ses and sha ll be colle cted in th e sam e manner as th at provide d in Se ction 8 of this Act.
Secti on 11. Th e introducti on into t h is Stat e of any insect in any stage of deve lop me nt or specime n of a ny di sease inj ur ious to pl ants, exce pt und er a special pe r mit issu ed by t h e Dire ctor of Entomolo gy is hereby prohibited.
Sect ion 12. An y pe rso n, including com mon carri ers, w ho re ce ive pl ants, p la nt pro d ucts or ot h er t hings or substan ces sold, give n away, carried, sh ippe d or d eli vered for carriage 01' sh ip me nt within t h is State, as to whi ch provisions of this Act a n d th e rul es and regul ations mad e p urs ua nt th ereto h a ve not been comp lied with, sha ll imm edia t el y info r m th e Direct or of En t om ology or a n emp loyee or age nt of t he D irecto r of Entomology and isolate a n d h old th e said pl ant, plant products or oth er things or subst a nces unop ened or unused subj ect to such inspection and such disposition as may be provid ed by th e Director of Entomology.
Section 13. Whenever th e Director of Entomology under the provisions of this Act shall declare a quarantine a g a inst
11

any place, nursery, grove, orchard, county or counties of this State, or against other states, or territories of the United States, or any foreign country, as to a dangerous insect pest or plant disease, it shall be unlawful thereafter until such quarantine is removed for any person to introduce into this State, or to move, sell or otherwise di spose of within this State any plant, plant produce or other things included in such quarantine, except under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Director of Entomology.
Section 14. It shall be unlawful for any nurseryman, dealer, or agent to sell, give away, carry, ship or deliver for carriage or shipment any nursery st ock except in compliance with the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made pursuant thereto.
Section 15. Any person who shall violate any provision or requirement of this Act or of the rules and regulations made thereunder or of any notice given pursuant ther eto , or who shall forge, counterfeit, deface, de stroy or wrongfully or improperly use any certificate provided for in this Act or in the rules and regulations made pursuant thereto, or who shall interfere with or obstruct any inspector or other employee or agent of the Department in the performance of his duties, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor a n d up on conviction thereof shall be punished as provided by law.
Section 16. In construing and enfo r cing the provisions of this Act, the act, omission or failure of any official, agent or other person acting for or employed by any association, partnership, corporation or other principal within the scope of his employment or office shall in every case be deemed the act, omission or failure of such association, partnership, corporation or other principal as well as that of the individual.
Section 17. Chapter 5-7 of Title 5 of the Code relating to the appointment and removal of the State Entomologist, his salary, powers, and duties, etc., is hereby repealed in its entirety.
Section 18. Chapter 84-19 of Title 84 of the Code relating to nurserymen, their agents and employees, horticulturists,
12

tree surgeons, landscape gardeners, etc., together with all of the provisions, regulations and requirements contained therein, is hereby r epealed in its entirety.

Section 19. It is hereby declared to be the purpose of this Act t o repeal and supersede all previous legislation upon the subject of t he State Entomo logist, his powers, duties and f unctions with respect to inj ur ious insects, plant diseases and other kindred subjects formerly placed under his control and supervision, (with the exception of the Act approved March 28th, 1935 (Ga. Laws 1935, p. 461) relating to the fraudulent sale of plants), to repeal and supplant all chapters and sec-
tions referred to and to be considered as exhaustive of the
subject of the powers, duties and functions of the State Entomologist with respect to the aforesaid subj ects.

Section 20. Section 84-9929, 84-9930, 84:.9931, 84-9932, of

Chapter 84-99 of the Code of 1933 be, and t he saine are her e-

by repealed.

I.

Section 21. All laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be and the same are hereby repealed.

GEORGIA PLANT QUARANTINES
Promulgated u nder the Etomolog y Act of 1937 To protect the Agricultural and Horticultural interest of t he State of Georgia the following plant quarantines have been promulgated. .
No. i . Phony Peach Disease Quarantine
No. 2. Peach Mosaic Disease Quarantine
No. 3. Sweet Potato Weevil Quarantine
No. 5. European Corn Bor er Quarantine
No. 6. Pepper W eevil Quarantine
The above quarantines are digested for your information . For comp let e details of the quarantined areas, regulated materials and conditions of shipment, write to the Georgia Department of Entomology for a copy of the quarantine.
13

PHONY PEACH QUARANTINE
Quarantine No. 1
PEST: Phony Peach, a virus di sease of peach .
AREA QUARANTINED: Entire states of Alabama, Florida and Georgia; and parts of th e st at es of Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.
REGULATING: Peach and nectarine roots and trees.
CONDITIONS OF ACCEPTANCE: Certificate accompanying each shipment issued by authorized official of state of origin.
ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATES: The nursery and its environs within one mile must be inspected and all trees infected with the Phony Peach Disease removed by July 1st preceding shipment, provided no diseased trees were found within the nursery block, in which case all trees in the block will be disqualified.
REMOVAL OF AREAS FROM RESTRICTIONS: When inspect ion shows that no Phony Peach Disease has been found in a county for three years, said county will be removed from the quarantined area.
PEACH MOSAIC QUARANTINE Quarantine No. 2
PEST: Peach Mosaic, a vir us di sease of peach.
AREA QUARANTINED: Parts of the following st at es : Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.
REGULATING: All peach, plum and nectarine trees and parts thereof.
CONDITIONS OF ACCEPTANCE: Certificate accompanying each shipment issued by authorized official of state of origin.
14

ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATES: The nursery and its environs within five miles must be inspected and found free of Peach Mosaic for at least one year.
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL QUARANTINE
Quarantine No.3
PEST: Sweet Potato Weevil (Cylas forrnicarius, Fab.)
AREA QUARANTINED: Parts of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas.
REGULATING: The living Sweet Potato Weevil, sweet potatoes, plants, vines or parts thereof, and vines or roots of all plants belonging to the genus Ipomoea.
CONDITIONS OF ACCEPTANCE: A. Sweet potatoes may enter Georgia under the certificate of state of origin certifying that:
1. They were fumigated with methyl bromide under state supervision.
2. Shipped immediately after fumigation.
3. Car or truck was thoroughly cleaned before loading.
B. Shipper must notify Director of Entomology, State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia consignee, destination and size of shipment before movement.
C. Sweet Potato plants, vines, cuttings are prohibited.
EUROPEAN CORN BORER QUARANTINE
Quarantine No. 5
PEST: European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis, Hubn.)
AREA QUARANTINED: States of Connecticut, Delaware , Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and the following counties of Tennessee, Montgomery, Sumner and Robertson.
15

REG ULATING: Corn and broom corn, including all parts of stalk; all sorghums; Sudan grass; Lima and green shell beans in the pod; beets with tops; rhubarb; cut flowers or entire plants of chrysanthemum, aster, dahlia, gladiolus.
CONDITIONS OF ACCEPTANCE: Regulated materials must carry inspection certificate from state of origin certifying material free from infestation of European Corn Borer and has been handled and shipped under adequate safeguards to prevent infestation.
PEPPER WEEVIL QUARANTINE
Quarantine No.6
PEST :Pepper Weevil (Anthonomus eugenii, Cano.)
AREA QUARANTINED: Parts of Arizona, California, Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Texas.
REGULATING: The living pepper weevil, pepper plants and peppers of all types, whether green or dried (except processed pepper) is prohibited entry into Georgia from the Quarantined areas.
CONDITIONS OF ACCEPTANCE: Prohibited entry.
RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CERTIFICATION OF VEGETABLE PLANTS
Under the Entomology Act of 1937, the Director of Entomology is authorized to promulgate rules and regulations governing the production of certified vegetable plants. A digest of the rules and regulations for the production of Certified Sweet Potato Plants, and Certified Tomato Plants are given below. If additional information is desired on these subjects, write to the Georgia Department of Entomology, State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia for a copy of the regulations in full.
SWEET POTATO PLANT REGULATIONS
The Georgia Law requires that all sweet potatoes and sweet potato plants sold or given away in Georgia to be certified.
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1. APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION: to be made not later than July 15th of the year preceding sale of plants or seed. $1.00 for payment of certific ate tags and tape must accompany application.
2. FIRST INSPECTION: to be made in the field while the sweet potatoes are growing. Certification will he refused on any field in which stem rot disease is found, or which is in such cultural conditions that the presence of the disease cannot be determined.
3. SECOND INSPECTION: to be made while the sweet potatoes are in st or age. Each field is to be banked or stored separately. No tolerance of black rot disease is allowed.
4. THIRD INSPECTION: to be made on the plant bed at the time of pulling.
5. TRANSFERRING CERTIFIED SEED STOCK: Sweet Potatoes that have passed the first and second inspections may be sold as certified seed. The sale and mo vement of certified seed must be super vised by. an inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomology.
6. DIPPING BEFORE BEDDING: All certified seed must be dipped in a fungicide before bedding. For instructions, see complete regulations.
7. CERTIFICATES AND CERTIFICATE TAPE: All sweet potato plants sold in Georgia mu st be in bundles of 100 and tied with valid certificate tape which reads "Georgia Certified Sweet Potato Plants-(date) (Grower's Number). " For each 10 bushels bedded 100 yards of certificate tape will be issued to the grower at cost . Each package of sweet potato pl ants sent by common carrier will be accompanied by a valid Sweet Potato Plant Certificate.
8. SWEET POTATO PLANT DEALERS: shall purchase sweet potato .dealers certificates to be used on each package of sweet potato plants, vine s, and cuttings sent by common carrier. Dealers will handle only plants' tied with valid sweet potato certificate tape.
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9. OUT-OF-STATE GROWERS: must meet the same requirements as Georgia growers. If the state of origin does not require certificate tape, the out-of-state grower must purchase Georgia Tape.
10 . TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES, COMMON CARRIERS, ETC.: are required to refuse to accept for shipment any sweet potato plants that do not carry a valid certificate tag and not tied with valid sweet potato certificate tape. They are required to withhold delivery and notify the Director of Entomology of the arrival 'wit hin the State of Georgia of plants which violate the provisions of these regulations.
TOMATO PLANT REGULATIONS
The production of Certified Tomato Plants is voluntary and the cost of the inspection service is paid . by the grower. This is a large industry in South Georgia and over one billion plants are certified each year with a value of $3,000,000 .00. For complete information write for copy of the Regulations.
1. APPLICATION FOR CERTIFICATION: to be made not later than March 1st of the year the plants are to be grown.
2. LAND ELIGIBILITY: Land used in the growing of Certified Tomato Plants must be approved by the inspector by the following requirements:
a. Must not have grown a crop w'hich is susceptible to root-knot nematode for the past three years.
b. Must not have been planted during the past two years to tomatoes or related crops with the exception of land planted in certified tomato plants provided certification was not revoked because of Bacterial Wilt, Southern Blight, or root-knot nematode.
c. Successive plantings will be allowed until land is rejected because of above diseases.
3. SEED: a. Seed used must be certified tomato seed from
it source approved by the Georgia Department of Ento-
mology. A duplicate invoice must be sent to the Geor-
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gia Department of Entomology, Tifton, Georgia when seed is shipped into the state.

b. Seed must be treated. A composite sample of each variety for each day's disinfection must be submitted for testing, on or before January 15th, giving variety, treatment, quantity, authority for certification, crop year and lot number.

c. Seed must meet this standard: A tolerance of 4 bacteria, or 25 fungi or 25 fungi and bacteria provided not over 4 colonies of bacteria are present per 100 seed. Soil germination of 80 per cent or better is required.

d. Sellers or producers having previous crop must submit composite samples of each 200 pounds of each variety.

e. A charge of 50 cents will be made for each sample tested at the Tifton Laboratory.

4. PLANTING: a. All fields must be planted with approved seed.

b. A ten foot roadway shall be deemed a field separation. Varieties must be in separate fields .

c. All tomato fields must be staked at the time of plant-

ing showing name of grower, field number, acreage,

variety, source of seed and lot numbers. '

.

d. Minimum distance between rows in the field shall be 14 inches.

5. SPRAYING: a. Plants must be thoroughly sprayed with proper fungicides and insecticides at 7 to 10 day intervals. First spray to be applied when the first true leaves appear.

b. Spray machines to be operated at not under 200 pounds pressure and not to be driven in excess of 5 miles per hour.

c. Detailed instructions for spraying cam be obtained from the Department of Entomology, Tif'ton, Georgia.

6. FIELD INSPECTION: a. Each field shall be inspected at regular intervals for disease, insect injury, nematode and. spray coverage.

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. . b. 'Rej ect ions are left up to the descretion of the inspector in charge.

7. CERTIFICATES: a. Certificates are to be delivered to the growers by the inspector in charge.

b. To be used on-first class plants which are free from insect injury, plant diseases, not too soft, from 6 to 11 inches in length, 5/32 inch in diameter, and free from blooms.

c. One certificate must be used on each container of cer-

tified plants sold.

'

d . Certification will be revoked and certificates r ecalled when:

1 . Appearance of infectious diseases or insect injury.

2. Deterioration of plants below satisfactory grade.

3. Failure to comply with these regulations.

4. Misuse of certificates.

5. Use of labels so worded as to be confusing with official certificates.

6. Failure to pay cost of certification.

8. PACKING: a. Plants mu st be mossed well with wet moss.

b. Plants must be packed in containers which will afford proper ventilation.

c. Plants must be packed in sufficientl y small numbers, per container to avoid heating or bruising.

COST OF CERTIFICATION: Charges are $2.00 per acre, with a minimum charge of $50.00. One dollar per acre must be paid at time the plants become discernable in the drill row, and the balance before the grower receives his certificates.

NURSERY REGULATIONS
The' following Rules and Regulations are made pursuant to the Entomology Act of 1937; and governs the movement of nursery stock within and into the State of Georgia.

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DEFINITIONS
NURSERY: An y grounds or premises on or in which nursery stock is grown, kept or propagated for sale or distribution.
NURSERY STOCK: All trees or plants or parts of trees or plants gro wn or kept for or capable of propagation, di stribution or sale; excluding all flower bulbs, corms, tubers, roots and soft-bodied pl ants (such as ferns, cacti, flowering annuals, etc.)
NURSERYMAN: Any pers on engaged in the production of nursery st ock as defined above for sale or distribution.
DEALER: Any person not a grower of nursery st ock who bu ys or otherwise acquires nursery st ock for the p urp ose of re-selling or distributing same independently of any control of the nurseryman.
AGENT: Any person selling, soliciting orders for or distributing nursery stock under t h e partial or f ull con trol of a nurseryman or dealer, except employees regularly employed on the premises of the nurseryman or dealer.
1. APPLICATION FOR INSPECTIO N: Any nurseryman, corporation, f ir m or individual desiring t o engage in , conduct or carryon the business of 'gr owing, selling, dealing in or importing for sale or distribution any nursery st ock shall file an application for inspection and registration with the Georgia Department of Entomology not later than July 1st, of . each year.
2. INSPECTION : Before being registered, all nurseries in the State of Georgia shall be in spected by an inspector of the Georgia Department of Entomology and be apparently free of plant pe sts (in sects, plant diseases, nem atodes, etc.) . Subsequent in spect ion s sh all be made from time to time as deemed necessary by the Director. If later inspections reveal pests, the Director reserves the right to cancel the registration and to recall all unused nursery certificates.
3. NURSERY AFFIDAVITS AND INVENTORY: At the time of registration, each nurseryman and dealer shall file with the Director an executed Nursery Affidavit (Furnished by the Director) stating that he will handle only stock that
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has been inspected and certified or approved as free of plant pests by the Director, that he will attach a valid nursery certificate to each separate plant, package, bundle, box or container of nursery stock sold or moved from his premises, and that he will comply with the Nursery Regulations as issued by the Director. An inventory of all stock on hand at the time of inspection shall be filed with the Director. Each nurseryman and dealer shall keep a record on file of all nursery stock, showing ,source and date purchased, bought for propagating purposes or re-sale which will be available to the Director at all times.
4. INSPECTION AND REGISTRATION COSTS: Nurserymen who have one acre and less of nursery stock shall pay an annual registration cost of $1.00.
Nurserymen who have over one acre shall pay an annual registration cost of $5.00.
Dealers shall pay an annual registration cost of $5.00. Agents shall pay an annual registration cost of $1.00. Out-of-State nurserymen and Dealers shall pay an annual registration cost of $5.00, except where states concerned have entered into a reciprocal agreement with the State of Georgia.
5. NURSERY CERTIFICATES: Certificates will be issued to registered nurserymen and dealers from the Department of Entomology at cost. Every separate plant, package, bundle, box or container of nursery stock moving into or within the State of Georgia must have attached conspicuously a valid Georgia Nursery Certificate. No Nurseryman or Dealer shall use a nursery certificate upon nursery stock which has not been inspected and approved by the Director. Whenever nursery certificates are recalled by action of the Director, it shall be the duty of the holder of such certificates to surrender them to the Director.
6. OUT-OF-STATE NURSERIES: Out-of-State Nurseries and Dealers must file with the Director a duplicate certificate of inspection issued by the official certifying agency of the State of Origin; execute a Georgia Nurseryman's affidavit, obtain Georgia nursery certificates to be attached to every bundle or container of nursery stock moved into or within the State of Georgia, and pay registration costs.
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The Director may ent er into reciprocal agreements with the certifying agency of other States whereby, 1. No registration cost will be required and, 2. Only valid nursery certificates of the State of Origin will be required, 3. And any other reciprocal agreement that the Director may approve, for Out-ofState nurserymen and Dealers who otherwise qualify under these regulations; provided, that the inspection standards of that State are sat isf a ct or y to the Director and that such State will permit Georgia nurserymen and dealers, who otherwise qualify, to ship nursery stock into their State, without being required to pay a registration or permit fee and that only valid Georgia nursery certificates will be required.
7. CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION: The Director reserves the right to cancel registration and recall nursery certificates:
a. When inspection discloses plant pests.
b. When a new or incipient pest is f oun d in or within dangerous proximity of a nursery.
c. When Georgia nursery certificates are used in violation of the Entomology Act of 1937 or the Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder.
8. TERMINAL INSPECTION OF NURSERY STOCK: For the benefit of those not defined by Statute as a Nurseryman or Dealer or Agent desiring to make individual or gift shipments of nursery stock, a terminal inspection point is hereby established at 432 State Capitol, Atlanta. Inspections will be made at this point and if the plants are found apparently free of plant pests, terminal inspection certificates will be attached and the nursery st ock allowed to proceed to destination. The consigner shall be responsible for transportation costs from point of origin to inspection point and thence to destination, whether transported by parcel post, express, freight, bus, truck or other carriers.
9. INSPECTION OF BULBS, ROOTS, SOFT-BODIED PLANTS, KUDZU, ETC.; Plants such as bulbs, roots, soft- . bodied plants, kudzu and other plants that are not classified
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as nursery stock as defined in these regulations anti which do not require inspection under the present Georgia Nursery Regulations, but which are classified as nursery stock by other states and therefore, must be inspected to move in inter-state shipments, will be inspected by inspectors of the Georgia Department of Entomology upon request. The in spection and registration costs, and the certificates issued will be the same as issued to Georgia nurserymen.
10. TRANSPORTATION COMPANIES, COMMON CARRIERS, ETC.: Section 12 of the Entomology Act of 1937 which reads as follows:
Section 12. Any person, including common carriers, who receive plants, plant products or other things or subst ances sold, given away, carried, shipped or delivered for carriage or shipment within this State as to which provisions of this Act and the Rules and Regulations made pursuant thereto have not been complied with, shall immediately inform the Director or an employee or agent to the Director and isolate and hold the said plants, plant products or other things or substances unopened or unused subject to such in spection and such disposition as may be provided by the Director.
BEE DISEASE ACT OF 1920 AS AMENDED AUGUST 12, 1921
An Act to prevent the introduction into and dissemination within the State of Georgia of contagious and infectionus diseases of Honey Bee s; providing for the eradication of Bee diseases ; Regulations for carrying out the provisions of this Act; Prescribing a penalty for violations, and for other purposes.
WHEREAS, The production of honey, and the sale of honey bees and queen bees has become one of the important industries of the State of Georgia, and
WlIEREAS, A disease of the honey bee, known as American Foul Brood has been discovered in this State, which if . allowed to become generally disseminated will wipe out such industry in this State, and,
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WHEREAS, It is important that steps be taken at ones to eradicate such disease and to prevent further introduction of Bee Diseases in this State, Therefore,
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of same, that all honey bees shipped or moved into the State of Georgia, shall be accompanied by a certificate of inspection signed by the State Entomologist, State Apiary Inspector, or corresponding official of th e State or country from which such bees are shipped or moved. Such certificate shall certify to the apparent freedom of the bees, and their combs and hives, from contagious and infectious diseases and must be based upon an actual inspection of the bees themselves within a period of sixty days preceding the date of shipment; provided that when honey bees are to be shipped into this State from other states or countries wherein no official Apiary inspector or State Entomologist is available the State Board of Entomology of the State of Georgia through its chief Executive officer, may issue permit for such sh ip ment, upon presentation of suitable evidence, showing such bees to be free from disease; and provided further that the provisions of this Section shall not apply t o shipments of live bees in wire cages, when without combs or honey.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted that the State Board of Entomology of the State of Georgia, created by Section 2120 of 1910 code of Georgia, shall have full and plenary power to deal with the American and European Foul Brood, Isle of Wight disease, and all other contagious and infectious diseases of honey bees which, in its opinion, may be prevented, controlled or eradicated and shall have full power, and is hereby authoried to make, promulgate and enforce, such rules, ordinances and regulations, and to do and perform such acts, through its agents or otherwise, as in its judgment may be necessary to control, eradicate or prevent the introduction , spread or dissemination of any and all contagious diseases of honey bees and as far as may be possible, and all such rules, ordinances and regulations of said State Board of Entomology shall have the force and effect of law.
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All persons, firms or corporations desiring to carryon a business of the sale of Bees, Queens, Nuclei, etc., shall be required to apply to the Georgia State Board of Entomology for a license so to do, and to accompany such application with fee of $25.00; upon receipt of same, the State Board of Entomology, upon investigation of the party so applying, and at their discretion, shall issue a license to the same. Said license to be revoked by the State Board of Entomology at any time said persons, firm, or corporation shall fail to comply with this law or to carry out the rules awl regulations established by the Georgia State Board of Entomology. All fees collected in this manner shall be turned over to the State Treasury. Any person, firm or corporation attempting to do business without such license, or after such license has been revoked, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished as such .

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted that the State Board of Ento-

mology of the State of Georgia, its agents and employees

shall have the authority to enter any depot, express office,

store room, warehouse or premises for the purpose of in-

specting any honey bees or beekeeping fixtures or appliances

therein for the purpose of ascertaining whether said bees or

fixtures are infected with any contagious or infectious diseases

or which they may have any reason to believe have or are

being transported in violation of any of the provisions of this

Act.

.

The said Board through its agents or employees may require the removal from this state of any honey bees or beekeeping fixtures which have been brought into the State in violation of the provision of this act, or if finding any bees or fixtures infected with any contagious or infectious disease, or if finding that such bees or fixtures have been exposed to danger of infection by such diseases, may require the destruction, treatment or disinfection of any such infected or exposed bees, hives, fixtures or appliances.

Sec. 4. Be it further enacted that the shipment or movement into this State of any used or second-hand bee hives, honey combs, frames, or other beekeeping fixtures is hereby prohibited except under such rules and regulations as may

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be prescribed by the State Board of Entomology in accordance with Section 2 of this Act.
o See. 5. Be it further enacted that any person, firm or corporation vio lating any of the provisions of t h is Act, or any of the rules and regulations of the State Board of Entomology, adopted in accordance with the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, a nd upon conviction shall be punished by a f ine of not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than six months in the county j ail.
Se c. 6. Be it further enacted that all laws and parts of la w s in conflict with this 4.ct be, and the same are hereby repealed.
RULES AND REGULATIONS MADE PURSUANT TO THE GEORG iA BEE DISEASE LAW OF 1920
SH IPMENT INTO GEORGIA:
1. The shipment or movement into Georgia, from other states and countries, of used or second-hand bee hives, honey combs, frames and other bee keeping fixtures is hereby prohibited except when such shipments are accompanied by t h e certificate of the State Entomologist, State Apiary Inspector . or corresponding official of the state or country from which said equipment is shipped or move d to t he effect t hat t he apiary in which such eq uipment originated h a s been inspected and found apparently free from contagious and infectious diseases; provided, that in the absence of facilities for such inspection a nd certification, t he Di r ect or of Entomology may issue permits for the shipment into this state of such second-hand equipment upon the presentation of suitab le evidence going to show that it is not likely to convey any contagious or infectious d isea se of honey bees, or upon its being properly disinfected. The Director of E nt om ol ogy must be notified at least ten days before date of shipment as to t h e approximate number of h ives, honeycombs, frames a n d other used eq uipment contained in the shipment, and t h e destination t hereof.
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2. INFECTED APIARIES QUARANTINED: A quarantine is hereby placed by the Georgia Department of Entomology on all apiaries, beeyards and colonies of bees, within the State of Georgia, wherein American foul brood, or other contagious or infectious disease of honey bees is known to exist and hereafter such quarantine shall become effective upon a written notice from the Director of Entomology to the owner or person in charge of apiaries, beeyards, or colonies of bees wherein American foul brood; or other contagious or infectious disease is discovered. The removal of any and all colonies of bees, queen bees, nuclei and combs from such diseased and quarantined apiaries is hereby prohibited until such times as the Director of Entomology or his duly authorized representative shall have determined and declared that the disease is apparently eradicated from such diseased or infected apiary; provided, that the Director of Entomology may issue permits, prior to such declaration, for the movement of bees or apiaries which have shown infection when in his judgment, such movement will decrease the danger of other apiaries becoming infected or in other ways result in increased protection of the beekeeping interests of the State. The movement of bee hives, frames, supers, extractors and other mechanical equipment from apiaries under quarantine as aforesaid is hereby prohibited, except when such equipment is first disinfected in a manner prescribed , and approved of by the Director of Entomology.
3. EXPOSURE OF DISEASED HONEY, ETC. PROHIBITED: The exposure by any person of hives, combs, brood or honey from colonies or apiaries which are or have been infected with American or European foul brood or other contagious or infectious disease in such a manner as to expose other bees to the danger of infection, is hereby prohibited and , such exposure of hives, combs, brood or honey from infected colonies or apiaries shall be considered a violation of the Act of Georgia, approved August 16, 1920.
4. QUEEN AND PACKAGE BEES TO CARRY CERTIFICATE: The sale, bartering or shipment of queen and/or package bees within or into the State of Georgia is hereby prohibited except when accompanied by a valid certificate
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of the State Entomologist, State Apiary Inspector or corresponding official of the state or country of origin.
5. DISPOSAL 'OF HONEY FR OM DISEASED BEES: The shipment, transportation or movement of honey from the premises of any apiary which is infected with American foul brood or which is under quarantine, on account of the disease having been found therein in accordance with the provisions of this Act, except when such honey is contained in new staridard square one to five gallon tin honey cans, free from lea ks and free from all traces of honey on the outside and secur ely crated in regulation honey or "export" wooden cases is hereby forbidden .
The gift, sale or offering for sale within the State of Georgia of honey produced in any apiary which is infected with American foul brood or which is under quarantine by the Georgia Department of En tomology on account of t he disease having been found th erein is hereby prohibited.
6. DANGER Z ONE ESTABLISHED AROUND QUARANTINED APIARIES: Every apiary, beeyard or colony of be es situated in the State of Ge orgia which is, h as been or sh all become infected with either of the diseases known as American foul brood and E uropean foul brood is h er eby declared to be the center of an infected and dangerous zone, which zone shall extend for two miles in every direction from said center and within which center and zone all honeybees are declared to be exposed to the danger of infection and likely to harbor a n d disseminate such infection.
T h e movement of ho neybees and of used beekeeping eq uipment within such zone and the removal therefrom of honeybees or used beekeeping equipment is prohibited; provided, t hat honeybees and used beekeeping equipment may be moved within s u c h zone or removed therefrom after they have been inspected by a duly qualified agent of the Georgia Department of Entomology and certified as being apparently free from infection.
Th e keeping within such zone , of honeybees in boxhives, log "gum" or other form of hive not permitting of the ready r em ova l of a ll frame an d combs therefrom for inspection is hereby prohibited.
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Whenev er inspection di sclo se s t h at honey bees are being kept in box-h iv es or similar co ntaine rs within suc h zone t h e Director of Entom ology sh all cause wr itten notice to be se rv ed u pon th e owner or ot her person in po ssession or control of such bees or, if t he ow n er ca nn ot be f ound , up on t he ow ne r or person in possession or contro l of th e premises where on said bees a re locat ed, r equiring suc h ow ne r or ot her pe rson to tr an sfer such bees t o mova bl e f rame h ives wit h in a r easonab le ti me ther eafter. In event such own er or other pe rs on sha ll fa il or n egl ect t o ca r ry out th e requirem ent s of said or de r wit h in the time specified, then and in t hat event s uch colonies of bees shall be destroyed by the ins pe cto r of th e Georgia p epartment of Entomology for the purpose of preve nt ing th eir harboring and perp etuating infection .
All th e r equirements of this rule sh a ll r em ain in forc e and effe ct in every such zone until such time as the Director of Entomology sh a ll h ave determin ed and d eclared th at th e dang er ous conditions du e to th e occurrence of Ameri can foul brood no longer exist th erein.
7. BEEKEEPER TO SUPPLY LIST OF BEES AND EQUIPMENT: Every person in the St ate of Georgia who owns or h as in hi s poss ess ion h oneyb ee s or be ekeeping equipment sh a ll up on t he r equ est of a n inspector of t he Georgia Dep artment of Ent om olo gy furni sh said inspector a com plete inve ntory of all h oneybees a n d be ekeeping eq uipm ent own ed or po sse ssed by him an d shall p oin t out same to sa id inspector so that the h oneyb ees a n d beekeeping equip me nt so owned or possessed may be properly inspected and r ep orted by said ins pe ct or .
8. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD A PUBLIC NUISANCE: Each a n d every colony of be es within th e State of Georgia fou n d t o be in f ected wit h Am erican foul brood is hereb y decl ared to be a public nuisance and such inf ecte d colony or colonies sh a ll be de stroyed, without unnecessary delay, by burning by a representative of the Georgia Dep artment of Entomology; provided, that when, in the judgment of the representative of the Georgia Department of Entomology, be e hi ves a n d oth er equipment may be suit a bly a n d adequately safe g ua r d ed by the use of heat or other treatment methods, such treatment may be applied in lieu of destruction .
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9. BEES MAY BE HELD FOR INSPECTIO N: Any an dl
qr a ll b ees an d used beekeep ing eq uip ment subject to t h e
provisions of t he Geor g ia Bee Disea se La w of 1920, wheth er in transit "or in th e h ands of th e possessor, m ay be h eld f or inspecti on by an insp ector of t he Georgia D ep ar tm ent of E nt om ology, regardless of w hether or n ot th ey a re certif ie d, a nd if such bees or used beekeeping equipment are found to h ave been m oved or transp orted in t o t he stat e in violation of t he rul es or r egulati ons of t he Georgia Dep artm ent of Ento mo log y, or if f oun d inf ected wi th any conta gious or infe ctious d isea se, suc h bees or used b eekee ping equip me nt must be d ep or t ed , d est r oyed , or otherwise t reated w ithin twent y fo ur h ours u p on t he or de r of t he Director of Ent omol og y.
RULES AND REGULAnONS FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF PACKAGE AND QUEEN BEES
1. APPLICATIO N F OR IN SPECTIO N : to be mad e n ot later t han J uly 1st of t he y ea r prece d ing shipm ent.
2. INSPE CTIONS will be mad e prior t o sh ipment of q uee ns and package bees.
3. BE E DI SE ASE S: A mer ican fo ul brood d ise a sed col onies will be de stroyed by burning a n d th e ent ir e yard placed und er q uara nt ine, an d t he mo vem ent of b ees and l or equipment p ro hi bit ed. Qua r a nti n e w ill be removed when one clean insp ect ion is made betwe en 3 0 an d 60 d ays af ter infection is f ound .
Eu r op ea n F oul Broo d : the presence of this di sease w ill ca use cer ti fi cat ion to be r evoked un til suc h t im e t hat su bse q ue nt insp ection sh ows fr eedom of di sea se.
4. CE RT IFIC AT ES : Ap iary ce rtificates will be issued to a ll beekeep ers w ho a re lic en sed under p aragraph 2 of th e Bee Disea se La w of 1920 , a n d w hose be es h a ve passe d inspection . Certificates a re issued ann ually, f ro m J an ua r y 1 to D ec ember 31. A certific a t e will be at tache d to each package of qu een s or package bees.
5. CANCE LLING OF CERT IF IC A TES : Certif icates w ill be r ecalled wh en : (a) in spection reve al s dise ase , (b) us ed OR uncertified bee s, (c) or used in violation of the Bee Di sease Law of 1920 and t he r egul at ions pr om ulgated t her eund er.
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6. DEALERS: Certified shippers may ship under their apiary certificates bees or queens obtained from other certified shippers.
7. LICENSE OF OWNERS: (See Section 2, Bee 'Disease Law of 1920)
8. COMMON CARRIERS will refuse to accept for shipment any consignment of package bees, queens or nuclei of bees unless a valid Apiary Certificate is attached. It is their duty to withhold delivery and notify the Director of Entomology of any shipment of package or queen bees which does not carry a valid inspection certificate, until such inspection and such disposition as may be provided by the Director of Entomology.
INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE ACT OF 1920
The Insecticide and Fungicide Law of 1920 places the registration, branding, inspection, and analysis of insecticides and fungicides under the jurisdiction of the . Commissioner of Agriculture, and places the setting of standards and the approval of insecticides and fungicides under the Department of Entomology in Section 6 of the Act.
Section 6. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the State Board of Entomology: is hereby authorized and required to fix a standard for calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, and dust mixtures, containing sulphur, lead arsenate, and lime, and other insecticides and fungicides commonly used on cotton, field crops and fruit, and to make such rules and regulations as, in the judgment of said Board, as shall be necessary for the protection of the people, and make thoroughly effective the provisions of this Act, and such regulations shall have the force of law.
RULES AND REGULATIONS PROMULGATED UNDER SECTION 6, INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE ACT. FEBRUARY 15, 1946
1. No fungicide or insecticide shall be sold or offered for sale in this State for use on agricultural or horticultural crops, which has not been tested and approved for the purpose for
32

which it is sold, by a U. S Governmental Agency or some State Agency approved by the Georgia Department of Entomology.
2. Insecticides and fungicides shall be deemed misbranded if the label be false or misleading in any particular.
3. The Inspectors, provided for by law, are hereby authorized and instructed to withhold from sale any insecticide or fungicide which is misbranded, not branded, not stamped, or irregular in any way until the sale of such lot of insecticide or fungicide shall have been approved by the Georgia Department of Entomology through the office of the Commissioner of Agriculture.
4. Where a number of smaller packages of insecticides or fungicides shall be sold contained in a larger package, the seller may place on the larger container revenue stamps in the proper denomination to cover the entire contents of said larger container.
5. No insecticide or fungicide shall be sold in which lead arsenate is used that does not contain equal or excess portions of lime.
6. All insecticides and fungicides shall be registered with the Department of Agriculture annually, from January 1 to March 1.
7. All companies or individuals, when making shipment or sale of insecticides or fungicides into Georgia, or when making sale or shipment within the State, shall send a notice of each sale or shipment, on date of such sale or shipment, to the Commissioner of Agriculture, giving the name of the consignor, name and address of the consignee, the name of the insecticide or fungicide sold or shipped, and the quantity sold or shipped.
8. Enforcement of the law is vested with the Department of Agriculture.
9. As new materials come into accepted use, additional standards will be set and sent out in mimeographed form.
10. The color of arsenates or fluorides or mixtures containing these chemicals shall be as follows:
33

Arsenates shall be colored pink and fluorides shall be colored blue.
11. When st omach poi sons are used, the antidote shall be given, the word "Poison" shall be in red letters, and the package marked with a sk ull and cross-bones.
INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE STANDARDS Write to the Commissioner of A griculture, State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia for a list of th e Standards of In secticides and Fungicides as set up by the Geor gia Dep artment of Entomology.
rrsr OF CERTIFICATES ISSUED BY THE
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
1. Nursery Certificate (Tag) 2. Nursery License 3. Duplicate Nursery License 4. Terminal Inspection Certificate (Tag) 5. Special Permit, for shipment of gif t nursery
stock (Tag) 6. Courtesy Tags 7. Soft-Bodied Plant Stickers 8. Sw eet Potato Certificates (Tag) 9. Sweet Potato Certificates (Tape) 10. Queen Bee Certificates 11. Package Bee Certificates 12. Bee In spection Certificate 13. Permit to move Bees into Georgia 14. Tomato Plant Certificates 15. Cabbage Plant Certificates
34

PEST-CONTROL OFFICIALS OF THE STATES, TERRITORIES, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, CANADA~ AND MEXICO

Th er e are list ed bel ow t he p lant-inspection officia ls of

the various States, Territories, t he Di strict of Colu m bia , Cana-

d a , a n d Mexi co, wh o a re respons ib le for th e p r om ulgatio n

a n d enfo rcement of th e r esp ective nurser y-insp ection r egula-

ti on s or St a te qu arant in es a pplicable th eret o.



Alabama : B. P. Livin gst on, Ch ief, Divisi on of P lant Industry, Montgomery 1.

Arizon a: J. L. E . Lauderdal e, Sta t e E nt om ol ogi st , P . O. Box 2006, Phoen ix.

Arkansa s: Paul H. Millar , Ch ief Insp ector , State Pl ant Bo ard, Little Rock.

California : H. M. Armitage, Chief, Bureau of Entomol ogy and Plant Qu arantine, D e p a r tment of A griculture, Sacramento 14.

Canada: W. N. Ke en an , Chief, Pl ant Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario.
Color a do : F . H erbert Gates, State Ent omologist and Ch ief , Bureau of Plant a n d Insect Con trol, 20 St ate Museum, Denver 2.
Connecticut: Dr . Roger B. Friend, State Entomol ogi st, Box 1106, New Haven 4.
Dela ware: S. L. Ho p p erstead, Pla nt P ath ol ogist, State Bo ard of Agriculture, Newark.
District of Columbia: Domestic Plant Quarantines, Bureau of Entomol og y a n d Plant Qu arantin e, Department of Agriculture, Washington 25.
Florida: Arthur C. Brown, Plant Commissioner, State Plant Board, Gainesville.
Georgia: C. H. Alden, Director of Entomology, State Capitol , Atlanta 3.
Hawaii: D . T . Fullaw a y, Ch ief Plant Inspect or , Bo ard of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu.
Idaho: Wilson Kellogg , Acting Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, Boise.

35

Illinois: H . F. Seifert, Horticultural Inspection Supervisor, 300 State Bank Bldg., Glen Ellyn.
Indiana: Frank N. W allace, State Entomologist, Indianapolis.
Iowa: Dr. Carl J. Drake, State Entomologist, Ames.
Kansas, North: Dr. Roger C. Smith, Entomologist, Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan.
Kansas, South: Dr. H. B. Hungerford , Entomologist, Lawrence.
Kentucky: Prof. Walter A. Price, State Entomologist, Lexington.
Louisiana: W. E. Anderson, State Entomologist, Box 4153, Capitol Station, Baton Rouge 4.
Maine: S. L. Painter, State Horticulturist, Augusta :
Maryland : Dr. E . N. Cory, State Horticulturist, College Park.
Mass. : Q. S. Lowry, Acting Director, Division of Plant Pest Control a n d Fairs, State House, Boston 33 .
Mexico: Ing. Dario Arrieta, Director General of Agriculture, San Jacinto, D. F. Mexico.
Michigan: C. A. Boyer, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, State Department of Agriculture, Lansing 13.
Minnesota: T. L. A amodt, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Food, University Farm, St. Paul 8.
Mississippi: Dr. Clay Lyle, Entomologist, State Plant Board, State College.
Missouri: Lloyd E. Adams, State Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Jefferson City.
Montana: George L. Knight, Chief, Division of Horticulture, Missoula.
Nebraska: L. M. Gates, Entomologist, Department of Agriculture and Inspection, Lincoln.
Nevada: Geo. G. Schweis, Director, Division of Plant Industry, P. O. Box 1027, Reno .
36

New Hampshire: Dr. W. C. O'Kane, Deputy Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Durham.
New Jersey: Harry B. Weiss, Chief, Bureau of Plant Industry, Trenton 8.
New Mexico: Prof. R . F. Crawford, Head of Biology, College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, State College.
New York: Dr. A. B. Buchholz, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, Dept. of Agriculture and Markets, Albany 1.
North Carolina: Dr. C. H. Brannon, State Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Raleigh.
North Dakota: Prof. J. A. Monroe, Chairman, Department of Entomology, Fargo.
Ohio: John W. Baringer, Assistant Chief, Division of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Columbus 15.
Oklahoma: Joe C. Scott, President, State Board of Agriculture, Oklahoma City 5.
Clyde A. Brower, Chief Inspector, Division of Entomology and Plant Industry, State Board of Agriculture, Oklahoma City 5.
Oregon: Frank McKennon, Chief, Division of Plant Industry, Agricultural Building, Salem.
Pennsylvania: Dr. T. L. Guyton, Director, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg.
Puerto Rico: Luis A. Catoni, Chief Plant Quarantine Inspector, San Juan.
Rhode Island: Frank Leaver, Acting Administrator, Division of Entomology and Plant Industry, State House, Providence 2.
South Carolina: Professor Franklin Sherman, Chief, Division of Entomology and Zoology, Clemson College, Clemson, South Carolina.
South Dakota: Norris M. Paulson, Director, Division of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Pierre.
37

Tennessee: Prof. G. M. Bentley, State Entomologist and Plant Pathologist, 65 Biology Building, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Texas: Walter T. McKay, Chief, Division of Plant Quarantines, Department of Agriculture, Austin.
Ut ah: Earl Hutchings, State Agricultural In spector, State Board of Agriculture, Salt Lake City.
Vermont: Dr. M. B. Cummings, State Nursery Inspector, Burlington. Dr. Harold L. Bailey, Director, Division of Plant Pest Control, Mon tpelier.
Virginia: G. T . French, State Entomologist, 1112 State Office Building, Richmond 19.
Washington: William H. Shaw, Supervisor of Horticulture, Department of Agriculture , Olympia.
West Virginia: F. Waldo Craig, Department of Agriculture, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin: E. L. Chambers, State Entomologist, State Capitol, Madison 2.
Wyoming: Dr. B. Thomas Snipes, State Entomologist, State Department of Agriculture, Powell.
E. R. Sa sser, In Charge, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D . C. Division of Foreign Plant Quarantine.
E . M. Gaddis, In Charge, Division of Domestic Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
38

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Bulletin 89

December, 1946

ANNUAL REPORT
Department of Entomology
July I, 1945 - June 3D, 1946

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

C. H. ALDEN , Director

ST ATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

T ABLE O F CONTENTS

Page

Lett er of 'I'ra ns mitta l

o
'-)

In trodu ct ion __

4

Coo pe r a t ive Proj e ct s _

A tlanta Office _

5

T omato Plan t Ce rtif ica t io n

G

Sweet Potato Plant Cert ifica t ion

G

S w eet P ot a to W eevi l Ei adic ati on

7

Fruit P est and Parasi te Lab orator y

8

P ho ny P ea ch Di sea se Co nt r ol

8

.Ja pa n ese Be etl e E r a di ca ti on

9

N ur se ry In sp ect ion Whi t e Frin g e d Be etl e Era d ication

9 ____________ 12

Be e In s p e ct ion & Ce r tif ica t ion

12

In sect a n d Pl a nt Disea se Id enti fi ca ti on

13

Reg istr a t ion of I nse ct icides an d Fun gici d es

13

O ua rautin es Again st Seriou s Pests

14

Ge ne r a l P est Cont r o l

14

Publications and M otion Pi ctur es

__ 15

Su m m ary of Acti vities

15

In com e and Disbursem ents

17

Cove r-c- Q ue en Be e on co m b s uno un de d by W ork ers (e n la rg e d )

T o t he H on ora bl e Governor of Georgia, a n d Mem b ers of th e Ge ne r a l Assem bly:
I ha ve t he h onor to sub mit, h erewith, t he a n n ua l r ep ort of t he Georgia Dep a r tm en t of Entomo logy fo r th e f isc a l year Jul y 1, 1945 - Jun e 30, 1946 .
Resp ect f ully s ubmitte d,
C . /rl.~ ~ .
Director nl Entcrnotoe -
C. H . AL DEN, Director.

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
The De partmen t of Entom ol og y perfo r ms w ork in practic all y eve ry county a nd se rv ices r equir ed by t he people of the Stat e are in crea sin g ea ch year. H ow ev er, th e a ppro pr ia tio n has not been inc rease d in mor e t ha n tw enty years a nd in or der fo r t he Dep artm ent t o p ro pe r ly f unctio n, t h e a n n ua l a pp ropriation sho uld be d ou bl ed.
In t he past few yea rs it h a s been necessary for t he Depa rtment to ad d several n ew and enlarged lin es of work at a t im e w hen th e d oll ar d oes not go mo re t ha n h a lf as far a s it did t we nty yea rs ago . This year, a n insect n ew to t h is State , t he Whit e Fring ed Beetl e, w as fo u nd in f esting crops in f orty co unt ies , a nd it will cost th e D ep artm ent t ho usa n ds of d oll ars t o pro te ct th e crop s a n d enforce th e q ua ra nt ine t o preven t t he spread of t h is in sect t o ot her co unties a nd state".
It h a s bee n necessary to ca ll on t he Governo r to f urnish emergency f unds to supp ress t hi s in sect a nd a lso t he Sweet Potato We ev il t hat ca used hea vy los ses to far mers in 1945. There a re seve ra l ot her lines of work , such as Bee in sp ecti on, Fru it Pest a nd Parasite lab ora t or y , Jap an ese Beetle Era di cati on , Nurse ry In sp ection , a n d Ge ne ra l P est Co nt ro l, th at a re cost ing more t o ope rate th an in f or me r years. Many of th e proj ect s a re carried on ent ire ly w it h State f unds but th er e a re s eve ra l im p ortant coo perative proj ects with th e U . S. Burea u of En t om ol og y a n d P la nt Qu arantin e that a re sup ported by both agencies.
Du ri ng t he fisca l year clos ed J un e 30, 1946 , t he State projects were as fo llows: T om a t o P lant Cert ification ; Sweet Po tato P la nt Ce r t ificatio n; Pac kage a nd Q uee n Bee Ce r t ifica t ion; Nu r sery In sp ecti on ; Cotto n Seed Ce rtifica t ion ; Cabbage and Onion Plant Ce r ti ficatio n; Bee Disea se Eradicati on fo r sh ip pe rs a n d hon ey producers ; Production a n d Distri buti on of Benefi cial P ara sites for co nt ro l of in juriou s in sect s of f r uit , pecan, a nd tru c k crop s ; F ruit Pest In vestig ati on s a nd co nt ro l; En f or cement of Qu a r ant in es aga inst insect p ests and pla nt diseases; Enf or cemen t of th e In secticid e a nd Fung icid e Law; Writing an d sub mitting a bi ll to t h e Legislature f or
4

licensing commercial p est control ope r a t ors ; Id entification of insects and plant di seases ; Mounting of specim en s and care of the State in sect collection; Production and colonization of Vedal ia Beetles for control of th e cottony cu sh ion scale; Ho use ho ld Insect control; Control of minor insects and p lant diseases; iss ui ng of informationa l literature on plant pests; Lect ures a nd showing of E d ucationa l Motion Pictures and Exhibits to farm and civic organizations .
COO PERATIVE PROJECTS
Projects carried on within the State in coop eration with the U. S. Burea u of Entomology and Plant Quarantine were as fo llows: J a p a nese Beetle Eradication; Sweet Potato Weevil Erad ication; W hite F r inged Beetle Quarantine & Eradication; P hony Peach Disease Contro l; Wh it e Pine Blister Ru st Contro l; Pink Bol l Wo rm Sco uti ng; and General Insect Pest Surveys.
ATLANTA OFFICE
The Department's main offic e is in the State Ca pit ol, with field offices and la bor a t or ies in Cornelia and T ifton, and cooperative p roject offices in Da h lon ega, Perry, Tifton, Th om asvill e, Ft. Va lley, Macon, a nd Eastman .
During the year the Atlanta Office had 2,736 incoming te lephone calls; 1,025 visitors ; wrote 11 ,97 0 letters; mailed out 21 ,655 bu lletins and packages; made 1,3 30 inspections, and issued certificates, tape, and licenses to qual ified growe rs as follows: 2,000,000 tomato plant certificates; 800,000 yards of sweet potato certificate tape; 155,000 nursery tags; 140,000 multigraph letter hea ds ; 105,000 mimeograph circula rs ; 81,000 sweet potato tags; 43 ,000 package bee certifica tes; 25,000 cabbage certif icates; 16,000 q ueen bee certificates; 10,00 0 sweet potato weev il leafl et s ; 10,000 soft-bodied p lant stickers; 2,000 q uarantine tags; 2,000 term inal inspection tags; 2,000 special permit tags; 400 nursery licenses ; 200 stencils and 200 courtesy tags. In addition, the Fruit Pest and Parasite Laboratory at Cornelia and the Field Offices at Ft. Valley and Tifton answered hundreds of letters and
5

se nt out th ou sa nds of circ ulars of in f ormati on to far mers on t h e m ail in g list s. D et a il ed inspection a nd ot her r ep or t s a re on f ile in t he Atl anta Offic e a nd a r e avai lab le fo r inf ormation an d exami nation .
T h e work of t he Atlanta Office , to keep t he D ep artment p roperly fu nctio nin g, is as f ollows : prepa ring q uarterly b udg ets; payment of sa la r ies, m ileage, exp ense and sup p ly bill s; f iling of r eco rds of in sp ection and r ep orts ; pr inting a nd d ist r ib ution of ta gs, tap e, and ce r tifica tes; a se t of boo ks k ept , giving a r ecor d of a ll t ransaction s ; a t erm ina l in sp ecti on d ep ot maintain ed ; a ll in sect a nd plant di sea ses su b m itte d are id entif ied a n d co nt ro l m ea sures g ive n; sten cils a re cut fo r a ll q uara nt ine s, r eg ulation s, a n d circ ul ars issued ; in se cticides and f ungicides su bm itte d f or regist r ation ap p r oved or r ej ect ed ; t h e State in sect coll ection a dd ed t o and cared f or ; t he library m ai nt ai n ed ; b ull et in s and circulars prepared , p r inted , and d istributed; a nd a n an n ual r ep ort m ad e .
TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
Du rin g th e 1946 Seaso n , 10 ,16 3 acres of t om ato p lant s were ce rtif ie d as co mp a r ed with 8,030 acres in 1945 , a n in crease of ove r 2, 00 0 acr es . This is t he la r g est seaso n on r ecord a nd ove r 1,000,000,000 pla nt s we r e sh ip p ed by t h e gro wers. All to m ato seeds used by t he g row ers we re ch ec ked by t he chief inspector at t he lab orator y at T ifto n fo r b act er ia, f ungi, a n d ger mination . All certifi ed p la nts were g row n a nd in spected und er rul es a nd re gu la ti on s promulgated by th e Dep a rtmen t and ce r t if icates f urn ishe d t o all q ua lified g rowe rs fo r each p ack a g e sh ip p ed . Last se ason t h e p lants w ere gro w n in 16 Sout h Ge or g ia cou nti es a n d m ost of t h e plants were sold t o North ern b uy ers w ho prefer Ge orgia f ie ld g ro wn, certified p lants. Most of th e acrea g e was in a variety ca ll ed R utgers w hich is a h ig h-y ielding, w ilt r esist a n t type; ot her leading var iet ies ar e Balti more, Marg lob e, Stokesdale, P r it ch a r d, an d Gard en St ate. The mo st preva lent di sea se f or which plants were re vok ed f rom certificatio n was a lterna ri a , f ollowed by la t e blight a n d So ut h ern blig ht.
SWEET POT A TO PLANT CERTIFICATION
Du r in g t he 19 46 se as on , 3,4 77 acres of sweet p ot atoes
6

were in spected in th e fi eld f or 1,514 certified gr ow ers. Potato es bedd ed from th ese f ie lds w ere in sp ected in st or age a nd pl ant b ed s so that the g row ers would be eligi ble to se ll slips . Th e g r ow ing pl ants a nd th e store d and bedd ed p otatoes w ere ch ecked for ste m r ot, bl ack r ot , and ot he r sweet potato p est s an d wh en all in sp ection s sh owe d fr eedom f ro m insects a nd pl ant di seases, th e g ro wers w ere furni sh ed ce r t if ic a te t a pe and t ag s f or th e sa le a n d sh ip me nt of plants. Ov er 4, 000 inspections w er e mad e in 11 5 co unties. All swe et potato p la nts mu st b e ce r tifie d by th e D epartment and to carryon this bu sin ess each ye a r, t he D epartm ent issu es plant r egulations, t ags, t a pe , appli cations, certi ficat es, aff'id a vits, tran sf ers, dippin g in struction s, a n d sh ip ping r egul ati on s to all ce r tif ie d g r owers. This se rv ice h as been in f orce fo r many years and for m any y ears Georgia has bee n th e largest sh ip pe r of ce rtifi ed sweet p ot a t o plants.
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL ERADICATION
This cooperative proj ect between th e Department and the U. S. Bureau of Entom olo gy and Pla nt Quarantin e w a s con tinu ed du ring th e 19 45-46 season . Th e seve rest infestation of this in sect ev er f ound in this State was located in sever a l counti es la st Fall and ove r 250 sq ua re mil es had t o be pl ac ed und er quarantin e. It w a s a lso f ound t o be bad in other States a n d , as a r esult, f unds availabl e for th e U . S. Bureau of Entom olo gy a n d Plant Quarantine w ere g re at ly in creased in ord er to s u p p ress this dan g erous in sect . Th e Gove r no r of this State a lso g r a nte d e me r ge n cy fund s t o th e D epartm en t for additi onal work in this State. N ew infestation s w ere found in Gr a dy, Tift, W orth , Coo k, Lownd es, a n d Colq uitt Count ies a nd a n ew quarantin e promul gated t o k eep thi s in sec t fro m sprea ding.
Thousands of insp ection s have been mad e fo r sweet p otat o g r owe rs in mo st of th e Sou th Geo rgia counties wh ere t h is in se ct thriv es. Th e r esul t s obt a ine d are very enc our aging, as mo st of th e q ua ra ntine d a re a is now n earl y fr ee of w eevil infest ations a n d ve ry fe w n ew in f estations ha ve bee n fou nd sin ce th e qu arantin e was put int o effe ct . Th e best control is to sto p all gr ow ing of sweet potatoes in th e infested a r eas
7:

as t h is insect do es not f eed on othe r crops. T h is h a s been do ne in Geo rgia wit h exce llent cooperation f ro m th e grow ers a nd co unty officials a n d if no f urther outb rea ks oc cur, it is believed t hat in one m or e sea son , t h e weevil can be era d icated f ro m t he q uarantined area and t h e grow ers a llowed to go back to sweet p otato production.
FRUIT PE.ST AND PARASITE LABORATORY
Most of t h e work of t he La bor ator y this seaso n was on the production and distrib ution of beneficial parasites and predators although the st a ff also ran several a p ple and p each experi m ents and a ssi sted in f ield extensi on and inspection work.
Dur ing t he year, t he Laborato ry prod uce d 19 5,383 ,000 Sitatroga eg g s. Fro m th ese t h e la bora t or y staff bred a n rl di strib uted 119 ,59 1,000 Trichogramma min ut um egg parasit es for t he control of noxi ou s in sects of p each, app le, and truck in 64 counties. About 16,000 Macrocentrus wasps w er-e d istributed to p eac h growers in 17 co unti es. T he Ved a lia Beetle was a lso bre d an d di stri bu t ed , Oil r equ est, for t he contro l of t he cotto ny c us h ion sca le. In ad dition, t he staff a lso m ail ed out period ic circulars of information on t he contro l of fr uit insects and plant di seases .
PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL
Th is is a coope rativ e project betwee n t h is De par t me nt a nd t he U . S. Burea u of Ento mo logy and P la nt Q ua rant ine . D uring th e sea son inspections w ere made of 5,7 28 p roperti es in 33 counties. T ota l trees in sp ected w ere 4,162 ,32 1, of wh ich 77,491 we r e foun d infected with Phony Peach Disease and removed . In add it ion , a ll peach n urse r ies and t heir one-m ile env irons w er e in sp ected fo r P ho ny Peach di s ea se. T w en tyf ive n urseries a nd t he ir e nvir ons with 1,1 40,30 0 t rees in 16 co un ties we re inspected and 64 p ho ny t rees were loca t ed and re mo ved . A revised q ua rantine on t hi s di sease was issued listing a ll t he infecte d q uarantine d a reas in t he Un ited States w it h rul es u nde r w h ich r egul at ed p rod ucts can be shi pped a nd cer t if ie d.
8

JAPANESE BEETLE ERADICATION
T his Depa r tme nt, in coope ratio n w ith th e U . S. Bur eau of E ntom ol ogy a nd Pl ant Quarantin e , placed t r aps in vario us pla ces in th e State t o determine th e p rese nce or absenc e r-f th e J a p an ese beetle, a serious pest of agr icult ura l a nd h or ti cu ltu ra l crops wherever it be comes estab lished . Over 20,dOO in sp ection s w ere mad e f ro m 2, 0 75 tra ps a n d t he ir env irons pla ced out ill 27 counti es.
J a p a n ese beetles we re fou nd in the fo llowing p laces: Atl a nt a 17 ; Au gust a 3; A uste ll 2 ; a nd Da h lo nega 245. Add iti onal treatm ents w ere m ad e ag a in a t D a h lo nega thi s ye a r . usin g lead a rse nate a nd DDT, as r ecom mend ed by t he J a panese Beetle Laboratory.
The F ed eral Gove rn me nt f urn ishe d t he hi gh-p o wered sp rayer necessa r y t o do t h is work a nd t he State f ur nishe d th e labor a nd m a t er ia ls. By t his cooperative wo r k t he sp rea d of t he beetles in to t he agric ult ura l areas h a s bee n p revented as t he in sect h a s been kn own to h a ve been present in th e State si nce 1936.
NURSERY INSPECTION
In sp ect ion of n ursery stock fo r insects and pla nt di sea ses was ma d e on abo ut 20,000,000 t rees, shrubs, vines, b ulbs, a nd so ft-bod ie d p la nts fo r 19 2 n urse ry conce r ns locat ed in 69 counti es. Over 200 out-of-St ate nursery co mpa nies a nd 38 d eal ers we re a lso q ua lifie d by t he D e pa r t men t to do b us iness in t h is State. All q ua lifie d n ursery men we re f urn ishe d certi fi cates a nd tag s f or sh ip me nt of st oc k t o t his a n d ot her . Sta tes. A list of ce rtif ie d nurserym en an d d eal ers was prepare d g iving na me an d loca t ion of a ll nurseries in t he State and t he kinds of stock t hey h ad t o se ll a nd di stribut e to th e t r a de. Rul es a n d Regul ations a nd Reciprocal A greements wi th other sta tes were a lso f urn ishe d t o a ll nurserym en and dea lers. A te r mi nal inspection d ep ot is m aintain ed in At lanta fo r th e m ovem en t of sma ll ship me nts of pl ants by citize ns of th e State so th at th ey will be properl y in sp ected befo re g oin g t o d estination. Several nur series in th e State were fou nd to be in f ested w ith t he White Frin g ed Beetl e fo r th e
9

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES - JULY I, 1945 -JUNE 30, 1946
Counties in Which Work Was Conducted-l 52

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A. T om a t o P lant Cer t if ica t ion . B. Sweet P ot a t o P la nt Certif icat ion. C. Sw eet P ot ato W eevi l E radi ca t ion, D. P hony Peach Disea se Cont ro l. E . J a pa nese Beetl e Eradicat ion . F . N ursery In specti on .

G. Wh it e F r in ged Beetl e Era dica ti on. H . Bee I nspect ion a nd Ce r t if ica t ion. .J. Insect and P lan t Di sea se Iden t if ica t ion. K. Gene ra l P es t Contro l. L. Ben ef icia l I nsect Dist rilJu t ion.
:\f. Showi ng: Dep art men t F ilm s.

first time and these nurseries have been placed under quara ntine to prevent t he furt her sp re a d of th is insect.
WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICAnON
This is a cooperative proj ect between the Department and t h e U. S. Bureau of Entomolog y and Plant Quarantin e. T his insect was found for th e first t ime in the State this ye a r. It is a South American spe cie s and h as been know n to be present in s eve r a l ot h er st a t es sin ce 1936. Extensive scouting sh ow ed it to be present in 41 counties but in on ly a comparatively few areas had it bec ome es t a blishe d . Immediate quarantin e a cti on was t ak en by th e Department under a set of rule s and r egu lations promulgated t o p revent it s furth er spre a d in the State . Th e State a nd F edera l Gov ernments hav e se t up parall el q uaranti n es to r eg ulate move ment of th e prod ucts moving inter-state and intra-state . A ll inf est ed material or material likel y to cause sp re a d has been placed und er th e r estricti on s provided in t h e q ua r a nt ines and such products can be mo ved und er p ermit or ce r t if ica te und er th e s upe r vision of St a te-Fed era l ins pect ions . T he infested area s hav e been divid ed up into six di stricts with headquarters at Macon . A vacu um f umigator h a s be en se t up at Ft. Va lley for t h e treatment of nursery stock. Many of th e infested areas were treated with DDT and other che m ica ls to kill th e beetles and grubs on in f ested prop erties. The State and F edera l Gove r n m ents h av e set up a larg e orga ni zat ion to s up press and er a d ica te this in sect, together with th e necessary supplies and ru les to e na ble Georgia producers to ship th eir product s grown in th e q uarantin ed a reas to all points in t his a nd oth er States.
BEE INSPECTION AND CERTIFICAnON
This service inc! ud es in spection for honey producers, package and q ueen bee sh ip p ers , inspection of out-of-state bee s moved into t h is Stat e, a nd in sp ecti on for Georgia beek eepers m oving t he ir bees in F lor ida. During t he year 66 ,461 co lon ies were inspected in 1,1 89 yards in 77 co unti es. There were 42,421 colonies inspected for the package and queen sh ip pe rs for th e movement of liv e. bees, and 24 ,040 colonies for t he h on ey producers. Over 20,000 colonies were inspected fo r m ig r ator y bee keepers a nd m ost of t hese were
12

for non -residents moving their bees into Ge or g ia. 'I'hr u th is .insp ection service, bee di seases h a ve been r ed uc ed to a m inimum a s on ly 388 co lonies or 0.006 ~;{ w er e found infested and these w er e quarantin ed and destro yed.
Georgia is th e la r g est of a ll States in th e ship me nt of live bees a nd is also a bi g sh ip per of h igh q ua lity h one y . Th is Department is charged by la w with th e in sp ection and issuing of r ules, reg ulations, and q uarantines for b eekeepers and also issues t he certification fo r shipment of disease-free bees t o this and oth er States.
INSECT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATIONS
Insect a nd p lant di sease specimen s were sent in to t he Atlanta Office from 64 counties. These w ere identified and control measures f urnish ed . Some of the more important pests found doing damag e t o crops, bui ldings, and anima ls during t he year wer e a s fo llows: Tomato Hornworm , Mexican Bean Beetl e , Japanese Beetle, Termites, Gard en Millip ed es, Do g T ick, Corn Ear Worm, Oak Leaf Min er, Powder Po st Beetle, Bagworrns, Sawflies, Fruit Moth , Ro se Beetle , W hiteFringed Beetle, Twig Gird ler, Swe et Potato W eevi l, Bo ll Weevil, Nematodes, Bli ster Beetle, Cott ony Cu shion Scal e , Peach Curcu lio, Peanut Leaf Spot, P ecan Scab, Blossom End Rot, Late Blight, Brown Rot, Tomato Wilt, Downy Mi ld ew, and Black Spot.
REGISTRATION OF INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
T his Department in cooperation with th e State Departmen t of Agric ulture, enf or ces t he Insect icid e and Fungicide Law wh ic h regu lates t he registration and sal e of a ll insect icides and f ungicides us ed on agric ultura l and hortic ultural cr ops in t he State. Al l manu f a ctu r ers and d ealers are r eq uired to register the ir brands a nn ually with the Department of Agric ulture and a ll brands submitted are reviewed by t he Departm ent of Entomo logy to see that th ey meet th e p ub lish ed standards for active and inert ingredients . During t h e year, over 400 brands were examined and approved for registration.
13

QU A RAN TiNES AGA INST SERIOUS PESTS
This Dep artm ent pr omu lgates and enfor ces q uarantin es against se r ious pests which ar e not f ou n d in Georgia or wh ic h ha ve not beco me gen er a lly sp rea d ove r the St ate.
Th e q ua r a ntines now in f or ce ar e a s follows : Phony P ea ch d isea se, Sweet P otato 'Weevil, J ap an ese Beetle , WhiteFr-ing ed Beetl e , Europ ean Corn Borer, Pepper 'W eevil, and White Pine Bli ster Ru st . State a n d U . S. Burea u of Entomo log y a n d Plant Quarantin e in sp ectors ar e a ssign ed t o e nfo rce th ese q uara ntines. Durin g th e ye a r, t he phon y peach a n d sweet p ot ato w eevil quarantines w ere r evised and th e State and F ed era l Gover nme nts h a ve se t u p n ew intr a and inte r-state q uara ntines on t h e 'W hit e-F r ing ed Beetl e, a p est n ew to t he St ate of Georgia .
GENERAL PEST CONTROL
W ork carri ed on in t h e Ge ne ra l P est Cont ro l Program in clud es ca b ba g e, onion and p epper plan t in sp ection ; boll w eevi l, pink bo ll worm , (Cooperation of U . S. Burea u of Entomology) and other insect p est surveys ; cottonseed certif ication ; whit e pine blis ter rust contr ol ; insp ecti on and certif ication of seeds and plants f or sh ip me nt to f or eig n cou ntr ie s ; t ermite and ot her h ou seh ol d in sect control; f ield trip s mad e as n eeded t o g ive inf ormation on co nt r ol of n oxi ou s in sects and plant di sea ses; and t alks a nd d emonstrations to farm and civic orga n iz a t ions on p est control.
Th e 'W h it e Pin e Bli st er Ru st con trol program was ter mi nated th is ye a r as th e counties invo lv ed w ere cl ea ne d of Rib es p lants, one of t he a lt ernate ho st s of this di sease and a lso beca use of th e fact th a t this di sea se h a s n ever been f oun d on Georgia "White Pin es. However, th e qu arantin e to preven t t h e entr y of t hi s d isease is st ill enforc ed .
Georgia sh ippe rs of cotton seed t o ot h er St ates must have t he ir cotton insp ected in th e fi eld s f or di sease an d, if f ound clean, ce r t if ica tes ar e issu ed by th e Departm ent. In a dd ition, g inning fa cilit ies are ch ecked so t h a t t h e bu yers will b e as sure d of cl ean , on e-variety seed . Last se as on abo ut .6,000
14

acres were insp ect ed and passed in six co unties and t h e n ecessary ce r t ificates f ur nished fo r out -of-state sh ip ment .
PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
The fo llowing publication s were issued durin g the yea r : A n n ua l r epo rt ; sweet potato weev il, p hony peach a nd wh ite p ine b liste r ru st q uara ntines; rul es and reg ulations fo r sweet potato plant, tomato p lant, n ursery and bee certifi cation s ; rul es a nd reg ulations fo r w h ite fr inge d beetle co nt ro l; crop pest la ws a n d r egul a ti ons of t he Georgia Department of Ento mo logy; control of the peach tre e borer; d orman t sp r a ys fo r p ea ch and app le t rees; sp ray a nd du st sc he d ules fo r Geo rgia peaches; Spring program and gener a l recomm endatio ns for Georgia apple orchards; self-working bands fo r part ia l co nt ro l of co d ling m oth larva e; list of cer t ified sweet potato and tomato plant growers; dipping instructions for sweet potato es; chec k list of tape orde rs by sweet pot ato g rowers ; list of ce rtif ie d Georgia nurserym en an d dea le r s with classification of stock grown; rec iproca l nursery agreements; directi on s fo r p ut t ing out para sit es ; J apan ese be etle trapping in Georgia; Sp ray a nd d ust sc he du le for tomato pl a nts; d us ting cantaloupes for pickl ewor rn : Regu lat ion s for co nt ro l of th e sweet po tato w eevil ; co nt ro l of in sect pests of pean uts; report to t he Geo rgia be ekeep ers; and ci rc ular letter to peach growe rs on phon y peac h disease control.
Educa t ion al co lore d motio n p icture fi lms wer e sh ow n in the State as fo llows : Queen Bee, J a panese Beet le , Pac kage Be e, Fl ow er Ga r d ens , Sweet P otato W eevil a n d Whi t e Fring ed Beetl e . Films were loan ed for sh owing in t h e fo llowing States: Pe n nsy lva nia, Fl orida , a nd Mississip pi .
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
The map ins erted ( pages 10 and 11 ) g ives a genera l s ummary of t he activit ies of t he De p art m en t for t h e fisca l yea r July 1, 19 45 - Jun e 30, 1946. Ea ch letter r epresents one t o many ins pections or othe r se rvices for each co unty. Dur ing t he year th ou sands of inspections or other se rvices were pe rfo r me d III 152 counties fo r t he ce rtification of pl ants a n d bee s ; sweet
15

potato weevil, Japanese beetle, and white-fringed beetle eradication; phony p each di sease control ; nursery stock in spection and certification; white pine blister rust suppression ; fruit pe st control ; produ ction and di stribution of beneficial in sect parasites a nd predators ; in sect pest sur ve ys ; and g en eral control of noxiou s in sects and plant di sea ses wherever f ound in th e State . Approximately 2,500,000 certificates, tags, tap e, and lic enses were issu ed during th e year so that Georgia farm ers could p ro pe r ly and legall y ship t heir plants a n d ot her farm p ro d uc ts in this and ot he r St at es .
16

INCOME AND DISBURSEMENTS

The statement of income and d isbursements of th e Geo rgia Department of En t om ol ogy fo r t he f iscal year Ju ly 1, 19 45 J un e 30, 1946 , fo llo ws; a lso th e am ount of f un ds s pe nt by t he F eder al Gover n me nt on t h e cooperativ e projects with t hi s Department:

From Ca sh on H a nd



$ 10,:l76.35

Che ck s from t he S t a t e Trea su r e!".

128,04:1 .4 G

From fe es coll ect ed ................................................ .......... 25,400.:12

T OTA L

$I G3,82 0.1:1

EXPENSE OF PRO.JECTS

To mato P lant Ce r t if ica t io n Sweet P ot a t o Plant Cer t if icat ion Sweet Potato W eevi l E radicati on Bee I n s pect ion and Cer ti fic a tion Atlanta Office Fruit P est L abora tor y P hony P each Con t r ol.. .Jap anese Beetle Eradicati on Nursery Inspect ion Bli ster R u st Control.; W hit e Fringed Be etl e E radicatio n General Pest Coritrol.. Old Debt ':'

State $ 18,987.11 .. 12,403.88 . 20 ,20 :1.28 . 11,977 .92 . :~ ,37:l . 18 . 7,200.24 . 6,30 6.6 1 . 1,508.11 . 2,2 80.75 . 617.93 .. 3, 107 .84 .. 2,07 3.G7 . 55 ,000 .00

F ed eral
s
14,098.00
24 ,825 .00 3, 0 0 0.0 0
2,%5 .00 22,5%. 00
1,700.00

$145 ,040.52 $69,184.00

Ca sh on hand .Jul y 1, 1946

$ 18,7 79 .6 1

T ot al State and F ed eral Expenditures ........... ............ .... ..... .... $214 ,224.52

E x pend itu r es by t he F ed eral Gov ernment on t h e va r ious proj ects in t he State we r e p ai d di r ectl y fro m thei r ow n di sbu rs ing office .

':'P a ymen t of old debt due Ri chs-P iver Com p a ny for ca lc ium arsena t e purchased by Departmen t fr om 1921-1924 as author ized by H ou se Resolution No . 66 , 1946.

17

T he pa ym en t s by t he St a t e Departmen t of Ento m ology on t he va ri ou s p r oj ects we r e paid out as f oll ows :

Personal Services T r a vel E xpen se Su pp lie s and Ma terial s Comm u nica t ion Ser vices H ea t , Lig h t , P ow er, ' Va ter Printi ng and Publicity Rep a ir s Rents I nsurance and Bon din g Equipm en t J l iscellaneous
Dues an d Sub script ion s Freig ht a nd E x press Other-Ol d Debt ';'

$ 52,857.77

. 28 ,485 .74

. 2,895 .08

. 1,246.79

. 266.09

. 3,28 7.60

.

20 .13

. 299.75

.

25.00

. 614.45

.

30.00

.

12 .1 2

. 55,000.00

TOTAL

$ 14 5 ,04 0 . 52

IX

Bulletin 90

December, 194'7

ANNUAL REPORT
DepartIl1ent of EntoIl101ogy
July I , 1946 - Jun e 80, 1947

G[ ER~L LlBft~W

Mfl-R 13 1948

N\\jRSI1'T' Of GEORG'~
GE ORGIA DEP ARTME NT OF ENTOMOLOGY

S ta t e Ca pito l

C. H. A lden, Director

A tla n ta, Geo rjria

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Letter of Transmittal .,

.3

Introdu cti on

.4

Cooperative Projects

.5

Atlanta Office

.5

Tomato Plant Certification

.6

Sweet Potato P lant Certification.......................................... .

.6

Sweet P otato Wee vil Eradication .r.:

,...................

7

Fruit Pest and Parasite Laboratory. ,;. ~ :.:..:.;:.:................................. 7

Phon y Peach Dise ase Cont r ol..

:.:.: :

Japanese Beetle Eradication

White Fringed Beetle Eradication

:.: ; ;.... ...... 7
: : ,,;: ..;:..::..::.::..~;.;~... ... 10 ' ~:..;~.; 10

N ul's e l'y I n s p e c t i o n v ; .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . ..

11

Bee Inspection

.......................................................................................................... 11

Insect and P lant Disease Iden t ificat ions

12

Registration ' of In s ecticides and Fu ngicid es

_ 13

\ .I

Quarantines Against Serious Pests :.:'<:

.. 13

General Pest Con t ro l.,

.. 13

Publications and Motion Pictures

Summary of Activities

.

.. 14

.

8, 9 and 14

Income and Disbu r sem en t s

.. 16

Covel' - White-Fringed Beetle (enlarged)

To the Honorable, 1\'1. E. Thompson, Governor of Georgia, and Members of t he General Assembly:
I have t he honor to submit, herewith, th e ann ua l report of the Georgia Department of E ntomology for the fisca l year, J uly 1, 1946 - June 30, 1947.
Respectfully sub mitte d,
D1reclof of E:1lo:::o1,,'"'Y
C. H. ALDEN, Direct or

ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODU CTION
In creased calls f or ser vices by th e people from thi s Department, particularly on th e suppressi on of noxious in se ct s, mak e it imperative that additional fund s be appropriated t o ca rry out the required work. F or many yea rs , the appropriation f or in sect and di sease cont ro l wor k ha s r em ained the same, and it is hoped th at th e next Gene ral Assembly will see fit t o raise th e appr opriation needed t o car ry out t he re gular a nd new lin es of work re qui red of t his Department,
In orde r t o carry out t he quarant ine for t he White F ringed Beetle, which has now in vaded fift y-two count ies in the State, it is necessary to call on th e Governor fo r emer ge ncy fund s. Additional funds a re also required t o eradica te th e sw eet potat o wee vil which obt ained a dangerous foo t -hold in 1945, but has now been nearly er adica t ed from se veral count ies through inten si ve work by the State and F ederal Departments and the sw eet potato growers.
Other lines of work that a re enla rging a nd bringing in additi onal r evenues to th e fa r mers a re bee in specti on. nursery inspectio n, t omato plan t and sweet potato plant certificati on, pa r asite distr ib ut ion, a nd ge neral pest cont ro l. Many of the projects are ca r r ied on enti r ely with St a te f unds but there a re several, such as White Fringed Beetle, Sweet P otato Wee vil , Ph ony Peach, and J apanese Beetle that could not be run exc ept f or th e ex cellen t coonoratio of t l-o Un ited States Bureau of Fintomolorrv and Plant Quarantin e, from both a personnel and financi al st a n dpoint .
The 'wor k of this Department effects, directly or indirectly, the welfare of all citizens of this State, and t hr ough its work on supression of noxi ous insect s and plant diseases, the welfare of the citizens of many ot her States. During the fiscal year closed June 30, 1947, the State Projects were as fo llows : the cer t ification ' of tomato, sweet pot ato plants, cotton seed, queen and package bee s, cabbage plants, a nd onion plants ; the inspection of nurseries, bee ya r ds, orchards and f arm crops ; the production and distribution of beneficial parasites for control of injurious insects of fruit, pe can and truck crops ; fruit pest in vestigations and control; enforcement of quarantines against insect pests and plant diseases ; enforcement of the insecticide and fun gicide law; identification of in sects and plant diseases; mounting of specimens and care of the State insect collection; production and colonization of Vedalia beetles f or Cottony cushion scale control ; hou sehold insect control ; control of ot he r in sects and plant disea ses; iss uing of informational literatur e on plant pest s ; and lectures a nd sh owing of edu cational motion pictures and ex hibits to farm a nd civic or ga nizat ions .
4

COOPERATIVE PROJECTS
Proj ects carried on within the St a te in cooperation with th e Unit ed St a t es Bureau of Entomolog y and Plant Quarantine were as follows : White Fringed Beetle, Sweet Potato Weevil and Japan ese Beetle eradication : Phony Peach Disease Con t ro l ; Pink boll worm scout ing ; and ge neral insect pest surveys,
ATLANTA OFFICE
Th e Dep artment's main office is in th e State Capitol, with field offices and laboratories in Corn elia , Tifton a nd Valdo sta, and cooper a t ive project offices in Macon, Fort Valley, Eastman, Sandersville, Fitzgerald, Atlanta, and Tifton.
During the fiscal yea r the Atlanta Office had 2,537 in comin g telephone calls; 1,380 vis itors ; wr ot e 9,612 letters, mailed out 15,813 bulletins and packages; made 579 inspections, and issued certificates, tape, licenses a nd ot her information to f armers a nd others as foll ows: 1,600,000 t omato plant certificates; 1,000,000 yards of sweet potato cer t ifica t e tape ; 220,000 nursery tags; 115,000 mi meograph circ ula rs ; 110,000 sw eet potato tags; 107,000 multigraph sheet s ; 84,000 package bee certificates: 30,500 queen tee certificates ; 26,000 ca bbage certificates; 10,000 soft bodied plant stickers; 5,000 white-fringed beetle quarantine sig ns; 2,000 quarantine tags; 1,500 special permit tags ; 750 terminal inspection tags; 400 nursery licenses; 2,000 duplicate nursery licenses; 200 stencils, and 200 courtesy ta gs. In additi on , th e Fruit Pe st and Parasite Laborator y at Cornelia, and the field offices in Macon, Tifton, an d Vald osta an swered hundreds of letters and se nt out th ousands of circ ula rs of in f ormation t o farmers on the mailing lists. Detailed in spection and other re cords are on file in the Atlanta Office, a nd are available for information and ex amination .
Th e work of the Atlanta Office, t o keep t he Departm ent properly f un ctioning, is as f ollows : purchase of supplies and equipment; payment of salaries, mile age, expense a nd supply bills ; preparing qua r te r ly budge ts ; filing r ecords of in spections and reports ; printing an d distributing t ags, t a pe, a nd cert ificates ; a se t of books kept , gi vin g a r ecord of all tran sacti ons; a a terminal in spection depot maintained f or in sp ection of plants and oth er products ; all in sects a nd plant dise ases submit te d are identified a nd contro l measures given; stencils a re cut f or all qu aranti nes, r egulati ons, a nd ci rc ula rs issu ed; insecticides and f ungicides submitted f or registration approved or re jected ; Th e State in sect collect ion added to a nd cared f or; the library maintained ; bullet ins and circulars prepared, printed and distributed ; a nd an ann ua l report mad e.
5

TOMATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During the 1947 season, 7,603 acres of ton:ato plants were certified for shipment. About 750 ,000,000 certified plants were shipped to the northern markets, which is a reduction from the 1946 season, due to an unfavorable early spring season that caused the abandonment of over 2,000 acres set to tomato plants. However, the balance of the season was good, allowing for a greater pull per acr e with less damage from disease. Due to more favorable weather condit ions and an improved spray and dust schedule, all types or disease were less prevalent than in 1946, and late blight which ruined many Georgia plants and green wraps last year did not cause any loss. All tomato seed used by the growers wa s checked and approved or di sapprov ed by the Chief Ir spector. Tests were run at th e lab orator y of the Coastal Plains Experiment Station for bacteria, fungi, and ge r mination. The cer t ified plants were grown and inspected under a revised set of rules and regulations promulgated by th e Department and certificates furnished to all qualified growers for each pa ckage shipped. Last season the plants were gr own in seventeen south Georgia count ies and sold mostly to northern buyers. Most of the acreage was in a variety called Rutgers whi ch is preferred by t .:o t r ad o ; ot her leading varieties are Garden State, Stokesdale, Marglobe, Baltimore, and Pritchard . The most pre valent di sease for which plants w ere revoked from certification was alternaria, followed by bacterial wilt, Southern blight, and nematodes. .
SWEET POTATO PLANT CERTIFICATION
During the 1947 season, 168,632 bushels of sweet potatoes were inspected in storage, of which 155,045 bushels were cer t ified and 13,587 bushels condemned. During the growing season 2,917 acres of sweet potatoes were inspected for 1,257 growers. The growing plants and storage and bedded potatoes were checked for stem rot, black rot, internal cork, and sweet potato weevil, and when all inspections showed freedom from insect pests and plant diseases, the growers were furnished certificate tape and tags for the sale and shipment of plants. Over 3,000 inspections were made in 105 counties. All sweet potato plants, other than those grown by the farmer for his own use, must be certified by the Department, and to carryon this business each year, the Department issues plant regulations, tags, tape, applications, certificates, affidavits, transfers, dipping instructions, master growers list, certified tape list, and shipping regulations to all growers. This service to the growers has been performed for many years, and during all of that period, Georgia has been the largest of all States in the shipment of certified sweet potate plants.
6

SWE ET POTATO WEEVIL ERADI CATION
This is a cooperat ive pro ject bet wee n th e Departmen t and t he United States Bureau of Entomology and P lant Quarantine. Over 400 sq ua re mi les in south Georgia have been under quara ntine since 1946, fo r th e eradica tio n of t he weevil, and t he wor k has bee n so successful t hat practica lly all of it will be removed from quarantine so t hat the sweet potato plant and tuber pro - I ducers can go back in to prod uction in t he 1948 season. T wo years of clea n-up, inclu ding a non-pot ato zone for t he quarantine d a rea, has result ed in the elim ination of the weev il. A few new areas ha ve been fo und infested and these will be placed under quar a nti ne but th e wor k by t he State-Federal agencies and th e growers has resulted in the suppression of sp read of thi s dangerous insect and has placed an important sweet potato area back into pr oduct ion again.
Th ousa nds of in specti ons ha ve been made in ::c--"!l t y-f've sweet potato producing counties, but only seven were fo und infested as fo llows: Colquitt, Gra dy, Lowndes, Mitche ll, T homas, Ti ft , a nd Wor th . Of t hese, all will be r em oved fro m qua rantine, except f01' a few new small areas in Lowndes a nd Tift, providing no f urther outbreaks occur .

FRUIT PEST AN D P AR ASITE LABORATORY

This la bor ator y is used very largely for th e produ cti on of beneficia l in sect parasites a nd predators which are .distributed free to citizens of the State fo r the control of noxious insects of f r uit, pecan , truck a nd ornamental pla nts. Ot he r pro jects conducted by the la bor a t or y staff are experiments on contro l of insects and plant diseases, mai ling of circulars of information on control of fr uit insect s a nd diseases, in sect lif e histo ry stud ies, field extens ion trips, a nd in specti on for certification of nurseries, sweet potato plants, a nd cotton seed.

Dur ing the year, t he staff prod uced a nd distr ibuted 64,498,000 'I'ri chogramma min ut um egg parasites fo r t he control of pea ch. apple, pecan and truck insect s in 64 Counties; and 257 co lon ies of Ma croce ntr us wasps we re d istri b uted in peach or-
chards in 19 Coun t ies, a nd t he Vedalia beetle distri buted in 6 counties.

PHONY PEACH DISEASE CONTROL

T his is a coope rative pro ject be tween this Department and

the Un ited States Bureau of E ntomology a nd P lant Quarantine .

Durin three

~a otuhnetivees

al' ove r and mo

4,000,000 t rees re t han 70,000

were ins pected diseased ph on y

in tre

thi r t yes were

loca t ed and r em oved to prevent spread of this disease. In addi-

t ion, th ir ty-three nurseries in t wen t y-one counties in volvin g

1,315 properties had th e a nnua l nursery env irons in sp ection fo r

7

SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES JULY 1, 1946 . JUNE 30~ 1947

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A. Tom a t o Pl a nt Ce rt ificatio n
B. Sweet Pot at o Pl an t Ce r t ifica t ion C. U e ~ I n ~p 2cti on and Ce r t ifica t ion D. N urs e r y In ~pecti o n
E:. Swee t Potato Wcc\' il Erad icat ion
F. Wh it e F ring-ed Beetl e Eradicati on

G. J apan ese Beet le E rad ica ti on H. P hony Pea ch Dis ea s 2 Con t l'ol J. Gen era l Pest Cont ro l K. In sect a nd Disease Id ent ificati on L. Be ne ficia l In sect Dist ribut ion

phony peach. These nurseries had 1,150,000 trees and 203 phony trees were found within the one mile environs and all removed before July 1. A revised quarantine on this disease was issued listing all infected quarantined areas in the United States with rules under which regulated products can be shipped and certified.

JAPANESE BEETLE ERADICATION

This Department, in cooperation with the United States

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, placed traps in

various places in of the Japanese

the State to determine Beetle, a pest that has

the presence been in the

oSrtaatbeseinncae:

few localities for many years, but by intensive control by the

State and Federal agencies, has been prevented from spreading.

About 25,000 inspections were made for this insect this season

a nd it was found as follows in the following numbers: Dahlonega,

438; Atlanta, 27; Hapeville, 2 ; Atlanta airport, 1; Austell, 1;

Macon, 1 ; and Savannah , 1. Treatments with DDT have been

applied in Dahlonega and Atlanta, the only two places with a

sufficient number of beetles to warrant treatment. The Federal

Government furnished the traps and the high-powered sprayer

and operator to do this work and the State furnished most of

the lab or of making the inspections, and putting out the traps.

By this cooperative work, in force since 1936, the beetles have

been prevented from spreading in to the agricultural areas of

the State.

WHITE FRINGED BEETLE ERADICATION
This is a cooperative project between the Department and the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. This insect was found in the State for the first time in 1946, and extensive scouting that year and this year show it to be present in 52 counties in the State. It feeds on a wide range of host plants including cotton, corn, peanuts, truck crops, grains, grasses, ornamentals and weeds. So far, however, only a minor amount of damage has been done to the agricultural and horticultural crops. Most of its spread has been by infested nursery stock shipped into towns and it is just beginning to get into the agricultural lands.
To prevent its further spread, joint State and Federal Quarantines have been promulgated for the regulations of crops and other commodities, both inter and intra-state. All infested properties are placed under quarantine and products within the infested area can be moved only under inspection, treatment and permit. Most of the infested properties are nurseries or greenhouses and 38 of these have been placed under quarantine, including 26 nurseries. All areas are being treated with repeated treatments with DDT by airplane, ground power concentrated sprayers, and hand sprayers. The Federal Government is furnishing
10

all of the equipment and the State and Federal Governments are furnishing th e DDT. Every effort is being made this year to delimit th e infestations and put barr ier treatments a r ound all infes te d properties wit h the hope of er adica t ion during ensui ng seasons . . All balled and burlaped nursery stock f rom infes ted nurseri es mu st be vac uum fum ig ated wit h meth yl bromide or ba r e-roo t ed and wa shed before shipment.
Approximately 100 people a re em ploy ed on this proj ect with headqua r ters in Maco n. About 80,000 in sp ection s ha ve been mar'e on 19,823 properti es in 159 count ies alt ho ugh m ost of t he wo r k has bee n d on e in th e 52 co unt ies f oun d inf ested; 6,2 06 properties were vis it ed fo r r eg ulato rv purposes ; a nd 5,097 pro perties received cont r ol appli cations, In addition t o the regulat ory wor k, a te chnical unit is conduct ing experime n ts with DDT, methyl bromide, benzene hex ichloride a nd several ot he r mate r ia ls in a n effo rt to develop a pract ical contro l f or the fa rmer to use when hi s property is fo und inf est ed with t he Whit e f r inged beetle. This work so far has r esult el in th e pr oper movement of Georgia products to thi s an d ot he r St a t es with out pla cing t oo gre a t a bu r den on th e produ cer and allow ing- h im t o r emain in business afte r hi s pro pe r t y beco mes inf est ed .
NUR SERY INSPECTION
Inspecti on of nursery sto ck f or in sects ;-n el pla r t c' iseases was ma de on a bout 25,000,000 t r ees, shr ubs, vines, bul bs. and softbodied plants f or 288 nurser y concerns loc-rt ed in 85 count ies . Over 250 out -of -state nu r sery compan ies, 66 dealers, and 224 agents were also qua lified by t he Depa rtmen t to do bus ine ss in t he State . Th e nursery in specti on wor k has g reatly in cr ea sed t his season du e t o th e presen ce of th e white frin ged bee t le in several nurseries a nd nea rly 6,000 m an h ours we r e spent chec king f or t his in se ct in the coil a nd on plants a nd 26 nurseries a re ' now ur de r qua ranti ne for the prevention of spread of the white fr ir gcd beetle t o no n-i nfested portions of th is a nd other states.
1\ list of cer t ified n urserymon a nd deal er s wa s prepi r ed giving name and location of all nurseries in the state ~' nj th e kinds of stock th ey had t o sell ~ n :1 distributed t o the tra de. Rul es a nd regulati on s a nd r ecipro cal agr eement s with oth er States were also f urn is hed to all nu r ser ym en , deal er s a nd agents. A t erm inal depot is maintained in Atl anta fo r the moveme nt of sm all shipments of plant s by cit ize ns of the Stat e sa that they will be properl y in spected befor e goin g t o dest ina t ion .
BEE INSPECTION
This se rv ice includ es in sp ection fo r hon ey produ cers, package and qu een be e sh ipper s a nd inter-state shipme nt s of bee s a nd bee equipment. During the ye ar, 68,756 colonies were inspe cted in 1,525 ya r r.s in ~CG countioc. T her e \7 0 " 0 L13,213 coloni es in spected
i1

for the pac kage and quee n bee sh ippers for the movemen t of live bees, and 25,543 colonies for the honey producers. Over 20,000 colonies were inspect ed fo r mi gr at or y bee keepers and most of these were f or non- resid en t s moving t he ir bees in t o Georgia. By mean s of this ann ua l in spection se rv ice, bee diseases are kept well und er contro l, and last year only 441 cases of Am erican fo ulbrood were f ound, or 0.006 % of th e t otal in sp ections.
During th e 1947 session of the legi slature, t he bee law was ame nded so th at t he shipme nt or movem en t in t o this Stat e of hone y bees on comb, honey bees in hi ves, second hand bee hi ves, hon ey comb, f rames, used bee shipping cages, seco ndhand honey containers or other used beekeeping fixtur es, is hereby prohibited except under specia l permit issued by t he Directo r of E nto mology and un der such rul es and regulations as may be prescribed by him. P ursua nt to this Act, t he Director issu ed a ne w, very str ict se t of r egulati ons t hat were concurred in by th e exe cu ti ve commit tee of the Georgia Beekeepers Ass ociati on. The insp ection se rv ice is now fun ctioning und er t he se regulat ions, copie s of whi ch are av aila ble t o all interested pa r t ies through t he Departmen t's office in Atl anta and th e Chief Bee In spector in the field.
Georgia beek eepers sh ip out t ho usands of pounds of live bees eac h year, and they are also lar ge producers of high quality honey. In addition to t he inspection service, th is Departmen t also enforces quarantines against t he bee diseases and issu es ann ua l certificates fo r sh ipment of disease f ree bees to this and other States.
IN SE CT AND PLANT DISEASE IDENTIFICATIONS
In sect and plant disease specime ns were se nt in to t he At-, lanta office f rom 90 counties. Th ese were identified and contro l measures f urnish ed . Two new insects, the Wh ite-f ringed bee tle, and the Pepper Weevil were fo und for the first time in the State and sent in f rom a good many cou nties. T he pepper weevi l did serious damage in the pimiento pepper fields t he past growing season. A grape sawfly was inj ur ious to m uscadine g rapes fo r th e first t ime in ma ny years. Th e t oma t o pin wor m was fo und iu t he Atlanta State Ma r ket fo r t he first ti me in to matoes fro m Mexico, and th ese t omat oes were condem ned and destroyed. Th e peac h curc ulio did mor e damage to t he peac h cro p th an in any year since 1921. Other insects and plant diseases of econo mic importance during t he year were as follows: White Fl y, F ullers Rose bee tle, Corn Earworm, Pic kle Worm, Cockroaches, Bagworm, Cottony Cushion Sca le, Powder Post Beetles, Termites, Sawflies, Or iental Fruit Moth, Dog Ticks, Vegetable Weevil, Velvetbean caterpillar, Argentine Ant, Fire Blight, Alternaria, Pe can Scab, Brown Rot, Tomato Wilt , Black Spot, and Nematodes.
12

REGISTRATION OF IN SE CTI CIDES AND F UNGICIDES
This Dep artment, in cooperat ion with th e St ate Department of Agricult ure, enfo rc es t he la w wh ich regul ates t he regi strati on and sa le of all insecticides and f ung icides used on agricultural and horticul tural cro ps in t he State. All ma nufacturers and dea lers are re qu ired t o regist er their brands ann ua lly wit h t he Departm ent of Agriculture and all brands sub mitted arc reviewed by the Departm en t of E ntomology t o see that t hey meet t he pu blished standa rds fo r acti ve and iner t ingredien t s, an d a re safe to use on cro ps fo r insect and plant disea se control. During t he year, over 500 brands f rom manufacturer s in t wenty states were examine d and approved or disapproved f or regi strati on.
QUARANTINES AGA IN ST SE RIOUS PESTS
Th is Department promulgates and enfor ces quarantines against ser ious pests whi ch are not found in Georgia 01' whi ch have not become generally spread over the State. Th e quarantines now in force are as fo llows: phony peach, swee t potato weevil , Japanese beetle, white fr inged beetle, European corn borer, pepper weevil, and white pine blister ru st. State and Unit ed States Bureau of Entomology and P lant Quarantine inspecto rs are assigned as need ed t o enforce th ese qu arantines. During the yea r, the ph ony peach , pepper weevil, sweet potato weevil and white fringed beet le quarantines, were r evised and distributed to all interested parties. The white fringed beetle qu arantine is being constantly re vised t o take in ne w area s f ound infested; the sweet potato weevil quarantine in volves a bout 400 sq uare miles of Georgia territor y but has been so effective that most of this area will be removed from quarantine f or the next growing season.
GENERAL PEST CONT ROL
Work carried on in the general pest control program includes cabbage, onion, and pepper plant inspection; boll weevil, pepper weevil, pink boll worm (cooperative of United States Bureau of Entomology) and other insect and plant dis ease surveys ; cot ton seed certification; inspection of seeds and plants for shipment to foreig n countries; termite and ho usehold insect control; field trips made as needed to give information on control of nox ious insect s and plant diseases; and talks and demonstrations to farm and civic organi zat ions on pest control.
The pepper weevil was found for th e fir st t ime in the State la st year and at t he request of the pepper growers and ca nners, a su rvey was made of the Georgia pimiento growing areas and the insect was fo und to be widespread and doing considerable damage, The area was delimited and the information published and distributed to the pepper ind ustry so they could determine wh el'e to plant for the next growing seas on . In addition, a r e-
13

vised quarantine was promulgated and a set of directions distributed so that proper control measures could be used; life history studies were also started and records on hibernation made. A re-survey was made in the spring of 1947, and at that time no pepper weevil was found. Additional surveys will be made so as to keep the industry informed as to the status of this insect and the amount of damage it is doing.
Georgia shippers of cottonseed to other States must have their cotton inspected for disease while growing in the fields. If found clean, certificates are issued to the seed shippers by the Department. In addition, ginning facilities are checked so that the buyers are assured of clean, one-variety seed. Last season about 6,000 acres were inspected and passed in seven counties and the necessary certificates furnished for out-of-state shipment.
PUBLICATIONS AND MOTION PICTURES
The following publications were issued during the year : Annual report; sweet potato weevil, phony peach, pepper weevil, and white fringed beetle quarantines; rules and regulations for sweet potato plant, tomato plant, nursery and bee certifications; regulations for white fringed beetle and pepper weevil control; pepper weevil infested areas in Georgia; dormant sprays for peaches and apples; spray and dust schedules for Georgia peaches; control of the peach tree borer; spring program and general recommendations for Georgia apple orchards; self working bands for control of codling moth larvae; directions for putting out parasites; list of certified sweet potato and tomato plant growers; dipping instructions for sweet potatoes; check list of tape orders by sweet potato plant growers; list of certified Georgia nurserymen with classification of stock grown; reciprocal nursery agreements; the new bee law and regulations pursuant thereto ; Japanese beetle trapping; spray and dust schedules for tomato plants; control of grain insects; control of cherry and plum insects; and grape spray schedule.
Educational colored motion picture films were shown in the State as follows: queen bee, package bees, Japanese beetle, White fringed beetle; sweet potato weevil ; and Georgia flower gardens. Films were loaned for showing in the following States: Mississippi, Nebraska, North Carolina and Florida.
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
The map inserted (pages 8 and 9) gives a general summary of activities of the Department for the fisc al y ea. -Iul z -'- , 1946-June 30, 1947. Each letter represents one to many inspections or other services for each county. During the year thousands of these services were performed in the State for the certification of plants and bees; sweet potato weevil, Japanese beetIe, and white-fringed beetle eradication; phony peach dis-
14

ease, pepper weevil and fruit pest control ; production and di stribution of beneficial insect parasites and predators; nursery stock in sp ection and certification; insect and plant di sease surv ey s, identification of in sects and plant di seases; and general control of noxious insects and plant diseases wherever found in the State. Approximately 2,500 ,000 certificates, tags, tape, and licenses were issued during th e yea r so that Georgia farmers and other citizens could properly and legally ship their plants and other farm products in this and other States.

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15

IN COME AN D DISB URSEMENT S
Th e stat eme nt of in come a nd disbursements of th e Georgia Department of Ent omology f or the fisca l year July 1, 1946, June 30, 1947, fo llows; also th e amo unt of fund s spent by th e F ederal Gove rnmen t on t he cooper a t ive projects wit h th e Dep artm en t.

F rom cas h on ha nd

.

.

Che cks f rom t h e Stat e Trea surer

From f ees collec te d

TOTA L

$ 18,77!J.(jl G!J,2 (j3 .!J7 23, 3 52,40
... .... ..$11 1,3!J5 .!J8

EXPENSE OF P ROJ ECTS

Whit e F ring ed Beetle Er adi cation

T omato Pla nt Certificati on...

Sw ee t Potat o P lan t Certification .

Bee In spect ion a nd Ce rt ifica t ion .

Swe et Pot a t o Weevil Erad ication ...

Fru it Pest Lab oratorv

.

Ph on y Peach Cont lol:..

Atl an t a Office

.

Gen eral Pes t Contro l...

N urs ery Ins pect ion

.

Ti ft on Office ...

J a pa nese Bee t le Eradicati on ..

Stat e
$ 23,5:33.07 18,261.1 4 14,6fJ7.17 12 ,G17.53 11, 2HI .54 G,!J25 .:30 4, 5 G3 .8 8. 3 ,727.33 3 ,4 07 .78 2,197 .01 1,11!J,45 !J 41.0 8

F ed eral $2 G5 ,GO:3.00
:38 ,8 90.0 0 5 5 ,2 10 .0 0
2,200.00
5,300.00

$103,210.28 $:3;7,203.00

Cash on ha nd Ju ly 1, 1947

.

T ot al State an d F ed eral Ex pendit ures .

. $ 8,185.70 . $470,413.28

E xpe ndit ures by th e F ed eral Government on th e various pro je cts in th e State wer e pa id directl y f r om th eir ow n disbu r sin g office .

Th e pa ym ents by the State Dep a rtm en t of Entomo log y on t h e various project s were paid out as f oll ows :

P e r sonal Services..

..

T ravel E xpe nse

.

Su pplies and Materials ..

Com mu nica t ion Se r vices

..

Heat, Li ght, P owe r a nd Water

P rinting and Publicity.

Rep airs ; ..

.

Rents

..

Mis cellaneou s

..

Du es and Subscripti ons

F re ight a nd Express.

I nd emnities

Eq uipme nt

E le ctric Mot ors (2)

Fum ig ator .......

Mul tigraph

Ste a m Cleane r.........

Mul ti g raph Machine so ld.....

Collection on los t pro jec t or...

..
.
. ..
$ J:3 00 73.54
136.95 70.00 43.75
448.03

.

$ 58,9 85.9 4

30,899 .53

7 ,10 9 .0 0

1,31 G. 58

2 13 .50

4 ,297 .31

117.96

183.0()

86. 54

23 1.0()

5'L7fi 893.05

-2 48 .08

$10:3,210.28
16