Bulletin [Nos. 51-63 (Jan. 1918 - June 1922)]

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, Stat e Entomolo gist

BULLETIN 51

JANUARY 1918

TWENTIETH
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1917

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA.

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZ ATIO N .
HON. J . J . BRO WN , Chair man, Commiss ione r of Ag riculture, Atlanta.
HO N. R. C. BERCKMANS, Aug usta.
HON. JNO. A. COBB , Am ericus.
E. LEE WOR SHAM, State Entomologist and Secre tary of t he 'Boa r d, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWI S, Assistant State Ent omologist, At la nta.
W. V. REED , Assistant E ntomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CH AS E , .Assist ant Ent omologist, Atlanta.
1. W. WI LLI AMS, Cotton Specialist , Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDON, Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
W. F . TURNER, Assistant Entomologist, Thomasville.

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1917
To the Hon or able Members of th e Georgia State Board of Entomology, Atl anta , Ga. :
I have the hon or as State Entomologist to sub mit he re wit h a r epor t of t he work of you r Boa r d for 1917 .
Th e personnel of the staff has r ema ined practicall y t he sa me as it was in 1916. Mr. C. G. Cr it te nden, our pathologist at t he Thom asvill e Station, r esigned in t he spr ing t o enter Military Training School and is now a lieu t enant in the United States Artillery somewhere in France . Mr. J . D. Smit h, who has been ' engaged in boll weev il in vesti gations at Vald osta, re si gn ed in Decem ber t o acce pt a posi ti on wit h U. S. Bureau of Ent omology.
The work of the Board has cons isted of r esear ch and contro l work on t he insects and diseases that are' se r ious ly in jurious t o Georgia's crops, and enforcement of qua rantine laws, bot h State and F ederal , on the movem ent of plants and mat erial s that a re liable to introdu ce insect s an d diseases in places where they do not now occur.
DAMAGE TO CROPS IN 1917 BY IN SECTS AND DISEASES.
The amou nt of damage to our cro ps in 1917 was quite varied. In middle and nor th Geor gia the damage was about as one w ould normally expect, being somet h ing like 10ro to 12 % of cro ps produ ced. In south Georgia the damage ranged from 1010' to 95';' >, t he hi gh er percen t age' being char ged t o boll weevil in extreme sout h Georgia . I am delighted t o r ep ort that nezara , the green soldier bug that did such a vast amo unt of dam age in 1916 t o cot to n, f or a ge and garden cr ops, was r edu ced to a minimum in 1917 , due probab ly t o attacks of natural parasit es. Th e damage by
o
d

mole cricket in sout heas t Georgia was nothing like as great a s in previous years. In some localit ies where it was so abundant three years ago , the damage to crops in 1917 was scar cely noticeable. Observations show that the large crow blackbird has evidently played a large part in holding this insect in check. One new insect, the sweet potat o root weevil, was located in the sout hern part of Charl to n County, and it promises t o do serious dama ge unless proper cont r ol measures are a dopt ed. The damage amounted to 50 % to 75 00/ in t he secti on where it is locat ed. This insect occurs rather extensively in Florida and farmer s are warned to exercise great care in the sh ipment -of pot ato plants from Florida. It is car r ied both in potat oes a nd plants.
RE SE ARCH WORK.
Th e research work of the Board has consisted ma inl y of investigations of insects and diseases attacking cotton, pecan, peach, apple, and truck crops.
Th e cotton work has been conducted by A. C. Lewis, C. A. McLendon , J. D. Smith, Ira W. Williams, and C. G. Crittenden; pea ch and a pple pests, W. W. Chase; pecan pests, Wil - ~ liam F. Turner; truck cr op pests, W. V. Reed.
Other men have been emp loyed to assist in field work who are not technically trained entomologists or pathologists. These men collect data concerning our field operat ion s that are valuable to the men conducting the different lines of exper iment al wor k and the people we are trying to serve.
BOLL WE EV IL.
The severe cold weather of February and dry weather during the spring months are two factors that played an important part in boll weevil damage f or 1917. In some localities there was serious damage, especially t o late cotton and to the ordinary var iet ies of Sea Island cot t on in sout heast Georgia. On the whole the damage to the cotton crop was considerably less than in 1916 and the advance was not as great. The map on page 5 shows the boll weevil line for 1917 as fixed by the Board and t he Un it ed States Bureau of Entomology.
4

Your staff has mad e a syste mat ic fight on this destructi ve insect. In March we closed a se r ies of me etings begun in August, 1916 , in which we visi t ed mor e t han a hundred count ies wh ere t he boll weevil was kn own to occur . All of t hese meetings we re well at t ended by f armers a nd bus iness men who are in t erest ed in t he welf are of t hese count ies. At these meetings we discussed eve ry phase of the boll weev il problem as it a pplies to Georgia, giv ing t he m the r es ults of our in vestigati ons at Thoma svill e and Va ldos ta on bot h sho r t and long cotton, the work your Board is doin g on cotton diseases which a re equa lly as important as the boll weevil, and the r esul t s of our t ests on va r ieties t hat we ha ve fo und t o be best adapted t o the di fferen t sec t ions of the State.
Ten-acre te sts with varieties of cotton developed by the Board were conduct ed in all the count ies wh ere t he boll weevil wa s expected to be a problem in 1917. Our men visited these tests throughout the gr ow ing season in order t o sh ow the growers how t o fight the weevil and t o make obse rv at ions on these t ests as com par ed with ot he r varieties in the same localities.
On the whol e there has been less damage in Georgi a from boll weevil thus f ar than in any of the princip al cot t on- growing states. It is true t hat it has only occur red in the State a bout th ree years. The re ha s been cons ide rable damage t o the cotton cro p itself , but t he vast ma j orit y of fa r mers are not so disco uraged that they a re w illing t o aban don cotto n . A good fight has been mad e on t he boll weevil, cotton acreage in boll weevil te r ritory has been r edu ced t o make place fo r more foo d cro ps, and fo r this r ea son t he re has been a conspicuous absence of t he usu al demor ali zati on of labor condit ions and bus iness and redu cti on of land va lues. Geor gi a is t he first state to be infest ed by boll weevil t hat ha s not suffered a se r ious r edu ction in value of far m lands.
RE SE AR CH ON BOLL W E EVI L.
The r esearch work f or 1917 wa s in co-operation with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and ha s been confined t o studies of the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthon om us gmnd-
is , Boh.) in its r elations to Sea Island cotton. It in cludes
hibernation exper iments, investigations of longevity, various pos sible food plants, and the biology of the weevil, pro-
G

gress of infestation, dust ing with sulphu r and a rsenate of lead as a possi ble means of control, and a complete reco rd of weather observations.
Hibernation.
From October 30th to Nove mber 19, 1916, approximate ly 6,000 weevils were collected and placed in la rge cages supplied wi t h such she lter as would be ava ilable under nat ural cond itions . The first weevils eme rged lat e in Februa ry, though some had never taken shelter. The last emergence occurred ~lay 23rd.
Longevit y.
The weevils which emerged in t he cages we re place d upon va rious kinds of food to ascer ta in t he length of lif e upon eac h. Th ey lived upon young cotton plants f ro m 2 to 72 days, a nd upon othe r malvaceous pla nts f rom 2 to 25 days. Weevils taken f rom t he fields were t reated as those from the cages, and the average longevity upon young cot to n plants was : for caged weevils 331/~ days, for weevi ls f rom field 36 1/ 2 days.
Food Plants .
New ly emerged weev ils (out 6 to 24 hour s ) when placed upon cotton blosso ms began feed ing as early as 20 mi nu tes afterwar ds. When placed up on Hi bi scus blossoms (okra , or the w ild species H. inconus and H. aculeatus s feedin g began in 5 hours or mor e. Whe n placed upon Sida spinos, fee ding was never observed earlier than 24 hour s, but when they had begun eating it , t hey seemed to like it , eating blosso ms, seed pods, and leaves, but especially the petals. These constitute the first r ecor d of Sida spinosa (locally known as tea wee d) as a food plan t of the weevil. One specimen survived 25 days upon the leaves of this plant.
Biology of the Weevil.
Squares were punctured at t he r at e of 1 t o 12 a day, bu t usu ally 7 or 8. One t o 3 eggs were deposited in each, but more when in fe station was heavy. The sq ua res dropped in 2 t o 19 days after ovi position-about 8 days on the aver-
7

age. The adult em erged in 13 t o 31 da ys-18 da ys on the average. Mating occur re d 2 t o 4 days after eme rgence, a nd ovipos it ion began 1 t o 4 days later.
The egg required 3 days t o hat ch , the larval sta ge lasted 7 t o 11 days, the pupal stage 5 to 6 day s, a nd the adult r em ain ed in the squa r e 2 days or longer before eme r gin g. Some specime ns ca me t hro ug h in shorter periods, but t he stages were not unde r deta iled observation. The fo re going figures are applicable in the hot months only, running mu ch hi gh er a nd mor e irregul arly in Se ptember and Oct ober.
Progress of Infestation.
Beginning wh en weevils were first discovered in the young cotton on the E xp eriment Farm, the st at us wa s t ak en ab out every two week s. Five plants in five diff erent parts of the field were examined, the squar es and bolls counted, and the numb er of live weevils and infested for ms noted. From these figures the per cent of infestati on was calculat ed.
Dusting With Arsenate of Lead and Sulphur.
Wh en the material arrived fo r this experimen t it was t oo late in the season to do anything more than get an idea from the results as to what the possibilities might be in a more ext ens ive experi me nt of t he kind lat er.
A gas-power du sting machine w as used, a nd an a pplication of sulph ur and arsenate of lead was mad e September 15, October 15, and Oct ober 22.
On October 29, 70 weevils wer e collected and placed under favorable condition s. At the same t ime 100 weevils were collect ed from a clean field and treated sim ila r ly. In the course of 16 day s 54 % of the du sted wee vils a nd 470 of the check were dead.
On October 26 examinat ions of 25 plants of the du sted cotton showed 60 clean squa r es (19 70) , 251 infested ( 81 '1t;) , and 53 live weevils. At the same time similar examinations of the cotton left as a check showed 20 clean squa re s (4 ';',),528 infested (96 70), and 105 live weevils.
This work was conducted by J. D. Smith.
8

BOLL WEEVIL QUARANTINE.
At the fir st killing frost in October the boll w eevil wa s kn own to occur in the f ollowing count ies :

Ap pl ing
Baco n Bak er Baldwin
Bartow Ben Hill Ber rien
Bibb Bleckle y
Bro oks Bryan Bull och
Burke Butt s Ca lh ou n Ca mde n Ca mpbell Ca n dle r
Ca rr oll Charlto n Chatham Chatto oga Cha t t a hoochee
Ch ero k ee Cla y Clay t on Clinch
Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia

Cowe ta Crawf or d Cr isp Dad e Decatur DeK alb D od ge Dooly Dou gh er t y Dou gla.s Early E chol s Effin gh a m Elbert Emanuel F ayet te F loy d Fulton Gla s cock Glynn Gr a dy Gr e e n e H an cock Haralson
Harris H eard H enry Hou ston Irwin J a sp er

J eff Da vi s Jeffer son J enkins Johnson J ones Lauren s Lee Lib erty Lowndes l\IcD uffie
McIntosh Ma con Ma r ion Meriwether Mill er Mitchell Monroe Montgom er y Mo rg an Muscogee Newton Pauldi ng Pi erce Pi k e Polk Pulaski Pu tna m Qu it m a n Randolph Richmond

Rockdal e Sc h ley Scr even Spa lding Ste wa rt Sumte r T a lb ot
Taliaferro Tat t na ll Tayl or Telfair T e r r ell Thomas Tift To omb s Troup
Turner Twiggs Upson Wal ker Walton Ware W arren Wa shington Wayne W ebster Wh eeler Wil cox W i l k i n s on Worth

All ar t icles liable t o harbor boll weevils are forbidden by law to move from these count ies or from the additional quarantined area sh own on map accompany ing this report to sect ions not infested by weevil. Su ch ar t icles as cotton seed, cotton seed hulls, cotton pickers' sacks and corn in the sh uck are included in the list of quarantined articles. Parties who are interested should write for special circular on quarantine regulations.

COTTON BREEDING.
The cotton breeding work in 1917 was conducted in south Georgia by A. C. Lewis; in the eas t and northern part of the State by C. A. McLendon ; and on Sea Island cotton by Ira W. Williams at Valdosta.

9

The breeding of the w ilt-resist ant str a ins at DeSoto ha s been con t in ued by A. C. Lewi s on Hon. M. B. Council's plantation. Over 150 progen y rows . were planted of th e wilt-resistant va r iet ies, Lewi s 63, DeSot o, and Counc ilToole. Six of the progeny rows were select ed and saved separately on account of their earliness, fruitfuln ess, and disease resistance. Four in crease plots were sa ved f or seed t o plant next year. A field of 9 ac res of Lewi s 63 from the latest pedigreed seed made 15 bales. This cotton began f r uit ing close t o the g ro und and set fruit very ea r ly and r apidly.
The Dix- Afifi long-st aple, upl and , wilt -resistant cotton has been gi ving very satisfact or y r esul t s under boll weevi l condit ions in south Geor gia . The breeding on this cotton is now being done in south Georgia on J. B. Wight's f a r m at Cairo . An effor t is being made to sec ure a longer and mor e uniform length of fiber. One progeny row had very uniform and long fiber, 1 5-16 in ches, and was fruitful and ear ly. This will be propa gated as r apidly as possible.
CO-OP E RAT IVE COTT ON BREEDING WO RK.
One way the Geor gia State Boa rd of Ent omology is t ry ing to help t he cot to n growers is by assisti ng t hem t o improve their cotton by in di vidu al se lect ion. Those th at take up this wor k star t wit h good seed of a va r iety that is a da pte d t o t heir section. In a fe w years by this method the cott on may be improved so that th e g ro we r will ha ve pedigreed seed to sell.
10

Co-Operative Cotton Breede rs, 1917.

(A. C. Lewis)

CO-O P E l tA TO lt

I'OSTO FFICE

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Co-Operative Cott on Breeders, 1917. (I ra W, Williams)

CO -O P !<}RATOR

" O ST OFF I CE CO - O P E I1A T O R .

l'OST OF FICE

- - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - -- - - 1- - - - - - -- - - _ ._ .._ -

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G ree nv i lle

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N ewton
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Dawson F it7.g e ra l(l

11

Co-Operative Cotton Breeding, 1917.
(C. A . McLendon) The cotton wor k of 1917 conducte d under the directi on of C. A. McLendon was di stributed in m or e than t we nty count ies of the eas ter n a nd nor thern portions of the State. The va r iety t ests t o det ermin e the va r ieties best suited to grow in the different localities have been conducted in only five of these counties this yea r. Th e r esults of t hese tests f or this season, wi th r ecommenda ti ons as t o t he varieties t hat ca n be pr ofit a bly gro wn next season, have been pu blish edi n our Bulleti n No. 50, " Cotton Va r iety T ests, " copies of which wiII be gladly f urn ishe d up on r equ est. Only r eliabl e and progressi ve f a r me rs a re r et ained as our co-ope rato rs, a nd only t he lat est improved methods a re em ployed in the breeding operations . N o seed is offered fo r sale fo r planting purposes by t hese breeders until it is highly improved a nd it s local ad aptability has been det ermined in act ua l t ests. Wi th our a ssi stance these cooperative br eeders are gradua lly developing cotto n see d centers, from which all the ot her fa r me rs of the r esp ecti ve communities ca n get fr esh supp lies of pure see d of t he ri ght v a r i e t i es .
These co-operative breeders a re alr ea dy distributing limited quantities of pure see d of a f ew good variet ies at r easonable prices, a nd it will pay all f armers interested in improved see d t o supply them selves with as much of it as they can possibly obtain through these breeders. If this seed is properly ca re d fo r in the g r owing, handlin g, and ginning its purity can be maintain ed indefinitely , thereby r endering it unnecessary f or these f a r me rs t o obtain a fresh supply for eve ry seas on . This seed is being improved f or t he benefit of all th e fa r me rs of the St ate, a n d not one bu shel of it sho uld be sacr ificed in the oil mills. Further in f ormation as t o t his see d will be gla dy furnish ed up on w riting to thi s Dep artment.
In conduct ing this co-operat ive breeding hundreds of se lected plants are pi cked 'se pa rat ely , and all of t his cotton is ginne d on our little hand gin. We al so gin hundreds of selections sent in by ot he r fa rmers who hav e become interested in improvin g t he ir cotton see d according t o the m ethods we advocate. As alr ea dy mentioned, personal att ention is gi ven the wor k with our co-ope rat ive breeders, and in structions as to how to proceed with the work are furnish ed from tim e t o time t o all othe r s who are trying to
improve their seed . 12

c o-Operative Breeders and Gr owers, Wit h Select ions Ginned

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TOTALS

_. \ ~

..2S I S4" I ~ 1 14 I 12

COTTON VAR IE TY TESTS.
In 1917 we conducted fo ur variety tests in so uth Geor gia an d three in east a nd north Georgia , in a dd it ion t o the va r iety t est s at t he stat ions located at Thomasville and Valdost a. F or a f ull r ep ort up on t he va r iety t ests see Bulletin No. 50, Cotton Variety Tests, 1917 .

13

DIS TRIBU TION OF WILT-RESISTANT COTTON SEED.
During the year 1917 , 4,000 bus he ls of w ilt-resistant cotton seed we re distrib uted. T his seed was sent out in one to ten-bushe l lot s with the understanding that t he same amount of seed would be returned to us , or delivered to whomsoever we desiginated. Much of this seed was sent int o many counties where seed had never been distributed before . All of it was grown under our direction from pedigreed seed t hat t he Georgia State Board of Ent omology ha d bred up fo r wilt resistance and earliness. Our wiltr esi st ant va rieties, Lewi s 63, Counc il-Toole, DeSot o, and Dix-Afifi are now getting well distributed over the State, a nd good see d of t hese va r ieties may be purc hased from a n umber of cotton growers t hat are growing a nd improvi ng t he m und er our di r ecti ons.
FIELD STA TIONS , THOM ASVILLE AND VALDOST A.
Th e F ield Statio ns at Thomasvill e and Vald osta we re establishe d by the Georgia State Board of Entom ology to investigate and atte mp t to solve the diff erent problem s pe r taining to insects and diseases of cotton and ot he r plants, carrying out t he laws enacted by . t he Gene ral Assembly and doing the work required of t he Board by t hat body.
The primary object of these stations is to breed, deve lop, a nd test the different varieties of cotton for production in so uth Georgia where the boll weevil is apt to be the most destructive and where t he diseases of cotton are. most serious.
The diseases especially to be overcome a re the nematode, black arm, wilt a nd anthracnose, whi le t he greatest insect pest is the boll weevil.
It was also the object of the Board in establishing these stations to show how both long and sho rt cotton ca n be grown successfully w it h t hese diseases and t he hea vy infestation of t he boll weevil.
In ad dit ion t o t he ex per iments ca r r ied on to eliminate disease and find a nd breed up t he best va r ieties of cotton fo r ea r ly nroduction , exper iments were made w it h all t he different distances fo r planting cotto n. wit h all t he fe r tilizers that can be used , and t he diff erent r ot ations of crops t o find out which would yield the best under boll weevil condit ions.
14

EXPERIMENT STA TION AT THOl\IASVILLE .
Th e Station at Thomas vill e is laid out in three sections : Section A includes :
The test for Anthracnose-six acres, eve ry ot her block rotated with corn and velvet beans.
The va r iety test of cotton- three acres pla nted to forty-eight varieties. These va r ieties we re pla nted in r epetition fo ur t imes and r ot at ed t hro ug ho ut t he field.
The distance test-three acres la id out in 5-foot 6-inch rows, 4-foot r ows, 2-foot 9-inch rows with distances in the drill 4 inches, 12 inches, 18 inches 2 st alks , 18 inches 1 st alk, 24 inches, and 30 inches. Thi s was repeated, making thirty-six distances in all, on wh ich counts and weig hts were kep t.
Th e fe rtiliz er test-ni ne and one -half acres.
Section C, front, consists of one -half acre blocks for twelve blocks. The first block was planted to tomatoes to find a wilt-resistant variety. This test was conducted by the pathologist, Mr. Crittenden, and t he entomologist, Mr. Turner, and t he results are given in their r epor t s. Th e seco nd block was plante d t o a va r iety test of ten va rieties of velvet beans . The remaini ng ten blocks we re devoted to the cotton -breeding work where the individual selections and progeny rows were planted and tested out.
Section B is lai d out in one -half acre blocks, twenty-two blocks being plan t ed t o corn and beans, eve ry ot he r block having beans in the corn. From Block 12 to t he r ailroad, this section is laid out in an extensive nematode te st, sixteen diffe rent blocks. The rear of this section is planted to oats and corn and beans for rotation .
In the var iety t est, most of t he gro und bei ng sub ject to wilt and infested with nematodes, only the r esistant va r ieties gave good r esul t s. The wilt-resistant varieties we re
15

damaged to some extent by the nematode. Accurate count on each variety was kept at two different places of the number of blooms, amount of fruit set, number of bolls picked, etc. The boll weevil was found on almost all of this cotton by the time it came up, this entire section being heavily infested with the winter weevil.
The object of the distance test was to find out the right distance to space the cotton in order to have it produce the largest yield under boll weevil conditions. We found that too wide spacing resulted in a decreased yield, that two stalks in a hill did not increase the number of blooms, the amount of fruit set, or the production. This year, in this test, the closest spacing seemed to give the best results. However, we do not recommend extremes either way. Our judgment from the results obtained is that 18 to 24 inches in the drill, one stalk in a hill, in a 3 to 31j2 ft. row, will give maximum returns, especially if a boll weevil fight is to be made. The picking of the winter weevil can be easily done if each stalk stands out by itself. By this method of spacing, each stalk has a chance to produce the maximum amount of fruit early in the season. Accurate counts were kept in all the different distances, of the bloom, the fruit set, bolls picked, etc .
In the fertilizer test the same records and counts were made as in the other tests in order to determine the kind of fertilizers that would give a maximum yield where the boll weevil infestation was great. It is plain that peanuts in alternate rows with the cotton does not add anything to the production of the cotton; in fact, it seems to decrease the yield. Also we find that acid phosphate alone is not a good fertilizer. Acid phosphate applied to those portions of the blocks where velvet beans were grown last year seems to give good results; while on the land where there were no beans the year previous, the results were very poor. For early fruitage and production with the boll weevil, nitrogen seems to be the element in fertilizer that should predominate. In the average fertilizer formula, it should be increased. Stable manure gives the best results. Rock phosphate seems to give good results only when compost-
ed with stable manure. In Section B, the object of the experiment was to find
out if beans would injure the corn. The results show that there was a small decrease in the yield of corn per acre, say about one to three bushels, but this small decrease in the
16

yield would not equa l the fertilizing value of the beans to the land.

Fertilizer Test, Thomas ville Sta t ion, 1917.
Block s 25 to 43, Inclusive.
One kind of f ertilizer to eac h block. Size of blocks one. half acr e. Repeated one t ime wit h check block in between.

Amount of F er t ili ze r Us ed per Block
BL OCK S 43 and 33 500 lbs. Acid Phos pha t e with peanut s every othe r row

Average Yield of See d Cotton per Acre
216 lbs.

BLOCKS 42 a nd 32 2 tons S ta ~le Ma n ure

603 lbs,

BL OCK S 41 and 31 2 tons St a bl e Manure and 1,000 Ibs ,
Rock Phos ph ate mixed in r ow on application .,, 602 lb s.

BLOCKS 39 and 29 2 to ns Stable Manure and 500 lb s, Aci d Phosphate mi x ed in row on a pplica tion __ 845 lbs.

BLOCKS 38 an d 28 250 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal a nd 1,000 lbs. Rock Phospha t e

466 lbs.

. BL OCKS 37 a nd 27 250 lbs. Cotton S eed Meal s.nd 250 lb s. Acid P hosph a t e

504 lbs.

BL OCKS 36 a nd 26 500 lbs. 9-2-2 lh F ert ili ze r

685 lb s.

BLO CKS 35 and 25 1,000 lbs. Rock Phospha te and 3 tons Stable Ma nure, com po st ed f our w eeks befo r e a pplicat ion

834 lbs,

BL OCK 34 CH E CK - No Fertilizer

119 lbs.

17

Variety Test of Forty-eight Different Varieties of Cotton at Thomasville St ati on, 1917.
This test is laid out t o be cont in ued fo r th ree years with the same va r iet ies. It is planted on land most of which is heavily infected by wilt and partially infested with the nematode. The r esults as gi ven in the table are va lua ble only fo r soil of th is character . . The va r ieties which show the sma llest number of stalks living and t he smallest yield were more inf erior than is shown beca use a large number of the stalks counted were ver y mu ch damaged by the diseases. The t est was so large that it was impossible t o make a thorough examination a nd determine exactly the per cent of he althy stalks. Th e table will gi ve som e valuable in fo r mat ion, as it shows the blooming count on twenty-five st a lks count ed in two places on eac h va r iety a nd av eraged for eac h week , al so the a verage t otal, t he number of stalks per acre living, and the per-a cre yield of the different var ieties. The yield of the wilt-resistant va r iet ies would have been very mu ch larger if t hey had not been damaged by the nematodes. The land was poor and not very hi ghly fertilized.
18

Blooming Record of Variety Test at Experiment Station, Thomasville , 1917.

\".-\ ltJETY

e le "ela n d

. . .1 6

Tri-C ook

18

Dixie Improv ed

16

C h ristophe r H ea~ Y Frui t er .

11

15 5

L eWI S 63 Sun b eam

12
. 1 .,.,

18 I 19 I ~ ~ I 93 \ 15 I 1~ I

1 ~: ~g~ I ~~ i gJ ~6 I ~9 I

30 69 I

19 1 28 I

II

II

\1

I 6
~2

II

::~ 1

14
8~

I1

51 1

1:; 12

9I

:9.~ ;6) II 1 2~ 8G I 122:1~

3 685

ImIm 1 I 117 I ~88
~

1 1 63 : 176

'I

II .,_c, ~c~03 C.

1

''_1".0' ,:"~

C o u n c il - Tooie

1 :l

p ou ln o t

1 '.>

1 D eSoto
Co lleg e K o . 1

11 13

C u lpepper

..... 0

T r u itt' s B ig B oll

1I

20 I 5:; 1 671 :;7 1 11 2 68

I 27 1 50 :; 8 ~o I 32 12

I 18 1 53
I .h;', II 561

78 "I

1H 69

1

1 2~
~6

27 :;2 3"

61
2i s5

I I !! I H I ,,0 50 49 I 2"

8 -1, 0 ,, 1 ,
1 I 20:; I 21>7
II (' 861 28 1 289 27 :! 11 9 :H 4
0 I 236 . 294

T r iu m ph

19

C o ok 307- 6 . 1 12

I 26 I ~ 5 I 29 27 :;3 I 5
30 I so 85 12 1 1 10 9 l 45

0 1 174 253 1 1 ~ 9 3 547

Dix-A ti ti



13

H a lf & H a l f

, 18

Sawyer . . . .
Brow n 's x o. 2

.1 8 15

D ongol o

. . . . . . 10

19 1 61 71

~ :; I 58 I :16

1:; I 1:; I 9,

21 1
27 I

~1 1
fiG I

67 ~'

I89 105

ao'

28 0

37
1.=> 0

I 6- 60

1
I

!9i8.)

4173

9 3 94 :l tJll

I3
0

I I

274 4:;

12 i 222

1 3,,0 :;04

2 :;83 :;9 1

Tiple r

13 2~ 1 68 1 ,, ] 30 \ 12 1 9

0 I 20 7 433

Aca la

r 13 39 I 78 I 86 91 94 I 21

1 1 423 352

U pr ig h t

1 6 I ;' I ;'2 1 71 120 1 120 59

1 ~ 5 0 35 8

Ma t chless

1 25

K ing .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 2~

I I I n :;6 I 7~ I 100 123 I ,,0

47

,,8 n 3"

:11 18

B a n k A ccount

10 34 ~ 7 ,,3 57 28 15

3 I ~ 4 2 440 0 I 326 465 0 I 244 318

P e twa y
1 1 1 I SBirmoapdkwinesll's D . .T.
Garris on
~ ~ Bullard s

12 45 I 72 1 57
97 2212 H40 :9ii9;
1 2 I 12 1 ~ 5 1 19 45 85 1

61 I 43 16
mII ~~ II ~~ 3413 3920 1914

1 1 30 7 I 344

{I ~~~ 1 1g~ 00

j

12,7)06

I
-

312580

Farme rs .. P ettys

I 1 3 I 15 I 50 I 49 ,,5 1 55 33
I 4 I 22 97 I 12" 16" I 191 I G8

I 3 26:; i ~ 'H
6 1 698 5,,1

Math is H ooper

1 8 1 ~ " 107 1 106
1 8 I ,,4 I 1 29 1 98

111 I 8G 1 21
120 11 2 I 38

I 3 I 487 33 1
2 :.61 331

M on e y M al cer Ezy Muny

I 1 22 1 ,, 4 1 141 1 139 176 158 43
1 2 ~ I 47 I 81 1 93 1' 11 2 107 39

0 7 24 :;91 4 507 1 414

90 -Day



1 2" I 46 I 98 1 91 I 95 81 29

0 4G5 317

Ex p r e s s 35 0 .. K ee n a n- Good s on Utop ia

I 1 42 1 68 I 157 1 1,,0 I 138
1 ~ I 13 ~ 5 I 71 I 79 1 ~ I 31 71 I 71 I 109

116 1 42
I63 1 42
108 55

0 71 3 44 2
I 3 320 I 283
3 45 2 39 6

Colum h in

1 19 I GO 1 71 I 6 :~ I 67 fi6 21

0 36 7 208

Dura n g o

1 17 I 62 I 12:; I 11:1 1 ~ 2 88 I 3~

0 sss I 2 1 ~

F os t e r 120

, 2 ~ I 7 5 1 11 11 1 I n:: ]:. 1 98 I 36

0 59 7 I 30 1

L one Rt ar

. . . . . 23 I ,,1 1 88 1 97 10 6 70 1 H

0 476 I 427

K ekl' h i

12 I ,,8 I 122 I 117 14 2 121 I 46

1 G19 I 300)

Ex t ra Ea rl ~'

1 12 I 53 I 119 1 H7 228 203 1 120

" 88 4 I 4,, )

Hlg H oB Expre s s

1 26 1 G4 1 10 -1 1 12 3 14 5 ~' ~_~ ' ~_ 648 1 4:56

19

Cotton Anthracnose Experiment.

The seed for this experiment was handled in the following manner: Blocks Nos. 1, 3 and 5 were planted with field run seed, while Blocks Nos. 7, 9 and 11 were planted f rom seed select ed from disease-free bolls. Blocks Nos . 1 and 7 were treated with bi-chloride of mercury for one hour. Blocks Nos. 3 a nd 9 were treated with sulph ur ic acid, while No s. 5 and 11 received no treatment.
These blocks were examined on August 10th. In ea ch block 20 plants were exa mined, and the t ot al number of boll s and the number of disea sed bolls on these plants determined. All plants were in the midd le portion of the block . Na effort was mad e t o select particul ar plants, excep t that those plant s h aving only a f ew blossoms, that is four or five, we re a voided. The r esults were as f ol-
low s :

Block

Boll s

D i s e a s ed

Percentage Diseased

1

324

53

16

3

262

33

12.6

5

254

27

10.6

7

352

17

4.8

9

264

9

3.4

11

330

21

6.0

Angular Leaf Spot .
Obj ect: To see if t he bacte r ia were st ill ali ve on the seed t wo years old.' See d t reated and planted as fo llows :
Row 1. Two yea r old Biles No. 50. Row 2. Two yea r old Biles No. 50 treat ed wi th sulphur ic acid . Row 3. One year seed saved by Smith. Row 4. One year see d saved by Sm it h , t r eated with sulphuric acid. The pla nts we re examined J une I st , w ith the fo llow ing results:

_ _Ro_w _ 0-
1 2 3 4

Total x,
- - -- P-lant s
206 285 146 139

_ __ __.I.llf~s.t.!.d
14 15 128
4
20

Per cent.
~~fl!stati on
6.3 5.0 46.7 2.8

Angular Leaf Spot, Thomasville Station.
Block 1. Field run seed. Bichloride Mercury (1 h r.) Block 2. Corn. Block 3. Sulphuric Acid. Block 4. Corn.
Block 5. F ield r un seed-cheek-untreated. Block 6. Corn.
Block 7. Seed selected from diseased-free bolls-bichloride.
Block 8. Corn.
Block 9. Seed sele cted from disease-free bolls-sulphuric acid.
Block 10. Corn.
Block 11. Seed selected-cheek-untreated.
Block 12. Corn.
Block No .1 contains 10 rows, No.3, 9 rows, and the remaining blocks 8 rows each.
The first examination was made from June 18th to 20th inclusive. This examination would better have been made about the first of June, since at the time it was made there had been undoubtedly some spr ea d of the infection in the field. It is certain, however, that this was very slight. Examination was made of 100 consecutive plants in rows three to seven inclusive, at about the middle of the block.

In f ect ed Pl an t s.

B LOCK
1
.:;
:.
11

Ho w :~
.,
(j 3
l; 1 i4

1:0,," 4
8 :; 81 H
!13

Row 5
10 6 iO -I
Ij
!H

l10w G
~
1 (;4 to
](I
!H3

!{ ow 7
1.1,
'; 6 1 8
!l :.~

T ot a l
42 19
:~ 5 7
2fl 28 H7

Per cen t I nfe cti on
8.4 3.8
71s..4o
5.6 89 .6

Cook cotton was used for this experiment. August 8, 1917. Attempted another examination. This was a failure, as most of the fo liage had been shed. Slight advantage of su lph uric acid treatment, over bi ch l o r i d e .
The work on anthracnose and angular leaf spot was begun by Mr: C. G. Crittenden and continued by Mr. Wm. F. Turner.
21

Cotton Field on State Board of Entomology Experiment Station, Thomasville, Ga ., July 1, 1917.
Sea Island Cotton on Stat e Board of Entomolo gy Experiment Station, Valdosta, Ga., July 1, 1917.

SEA ISLAND EXPERli\IENT STATION AT VALDOSTA, GA.
For a long time, Sea Island cotton farmers in the interior thought that it was necessary to secure fresh seed from the islands of South Carolina every two or three years in order to keep their Sea Island cotton productive and up to a high standard of quality. This is not at all necessary.
The reason that the Islands have seed of a high quality and keep it up is the fact that they have been breeders of Sea Island cotton for fifty years from individual stalks, and that they keep their cotton away from any short cotton, as it is absolutely impossible to keep up Sea Island cotton when it is close to any other cotton.
This imported seed never did well the first year as no seed changed from one locality to another does well the first year, and the seed from the Islands, having been bred for a high quality of lint, is always late.
With the advent of the boll weevil, it was absolutely necessary to breed up the Sea Island cotton in the areas in which it was to be grown, in order to make it early and productive, and as there had never been any experiment conducted with Sea Island cotton, it was very necessary that some tests should be made.
It was better to do this work only in the Sea Island area and where the cotton would be isolated from the short cotton. Therefore we decided to establish a Station in this area and in a locality where only long cotton was grown in order to make experiments with Sea Island cotton for the production of earliness and breeding it under boll weevil conditions. This is the second year of the Station at Valdosta and some striking and wonderful results have been obtained, one variety of Sea Island cotton fruiting more rapidly than our earliest variety of short cotton.
The experiments at this Station were laid out to test for Sea Island cotton, a large number of important points that were tested for short cotton at Thomasville.
The station was laid out in four divisions: Section A, Blocks 4-9, was given over to variety
tests of different varieties of Sea Island cotton. Section B to fertilizer and distance tests. Section C to breeding work. Section D largely to corn and oats for rotation.
23

In the variety test on Section A, we give the blooming record, and the yie ld per acre of t he different varieties. This was not very good cotton land, nor very highly fertilized. The boll weevil made its appearance early, in fact, by the time the cotton came up, t he infestation of winter weevil was fai r ly heavy. The r esults show the advantages of t he diffe rent va rieties, and enable us to test out t he va r iet ies for br eeding purposes so that we can locate the desirable ones from which to breed. No. 24, No . 25, No . 22, and No.8 are cottons that h ave been bred by the Board for a number of years and for the pa st two year s on the Station they have been ver y greatly improved, a fact wh ich does not show in this table.
Va riety Test , Sea Island Cotton, Valdos ta, 1917.
F ield Sect ion A.
This test was repeated t w ice. The yie ld is t he average yield per ac re of the th r ee series.

YARIETY

I1 T otal N o . \T ootfa lSYeeiedl d Bl ooms S e ed Co tto n Per Acre

J . J . J oin e r, 2nd y ear fro m Island

/

914

620

H agan . 1915 s e ed from s talk s election

.:r::>.t r.irc. kwlainndn. ,

1s t year Bristol,

f ro m Isl and Ga., Sowsnoski

!. 1

1191 1036
1 0~2

5~0
580 600

J . J . W irm, B r is t ol, Ga., n ew seed

. 1008

510

J . J enkin s , Nu k ell, Edisto I sl and ,

. 1129

460

E . l\L Seabrook, Ed isto I sl and

. 1 117 '

;;80

Wm . Andell , E dis t o I sl and

1

180

J . S. W h ale y, fin e a n d immun e , E d isto l s ln nd

1 J:l16

;;00

J . G. Mur ruy , Edis t o Isla n d

1

140

J . M . R in e s , ( 8 ), Ed isto Is la nd

1 1461

6~0

J . A. Law t on , E d isto I sl and

\ 1009

fiGO

N o . 24

. 1144

r.SO

~~: ~~ :~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::I

10 14 102;;

520 ;;10

~f .~.~ . : : : : : :. : : ::. : : : : : : :. : :. :. : : : :. : : : :. : :. : : : : : :. : : : : : : : : : : : 1

11 13
ll r.2 1082

580 560 820

::0<0 . 19

1 987

;;10

X o. 13

_

/ 1190

5;;0

Stri ck la nd

1 107 fi

580

Seabroo k. T illman

1 11;;8

550

L ive Oak

1 1203

490

A . B. Smit h . Spe ci al

1 1133

fi~O

The distance test was laid out wi th 6-ft. rows, 5-ft . r ows, 4-ft. rows, and 3-ft. rows, the distances in t he drill being 30 inch es, 30 inc hes 2 stalks, 24 in ches, 18 inches, and 12 inches.

24

In this test the maximum yield was from 4-ft. rows, 18

inches in the drill, and 5-ft. rows, 12 inches in the drill.

From this test we found that neither extra wide nor very

close spacing was advantageous.

In the fertilizer test, acid phosphate seemed to give a

better yield than in the short cotton tes t, but as stated in

the fertilizer test on short cotton, on the half block wh en.

acid phosphate was used after velvet beans good re sults

were obtained. So, in the fertilizer test on this Station, the

seed was planted after a heavy crop of velvet beans had

been cut off the ground for hay the previous year. This

accounts for the fact that the acid phosphate alone gave

better results than cotton seed meal alone.

Cotton seed meal and acid pho sphate did not give quite as

good results as a complete fertilizer.

Where stable manure was used, there was a decided in-

crease in the yield, both with rock phosphate and with acid

phosphate.

.

Section C was given over to breeding varieties of cot-

ton that have been developed by the Board. Careful notes

have been made on all the diff erent points and diseases , as

well as the total yield, number 'of blooms, am ount of fruit

set, number of stalks to the acre, and the resistance of the

bolls to the attacks of the weevil.

With a heavy infestation of the weevil, we prefer to grow

long cotton, using the early varieties which we have devel-

oped, rather than short cotton. The bolls are small; it sets

a larger amount of its fruit; it has less foliage than short

cotton. ther eby admitting more sunshine which is detri-

mental to the boll weevil; and, being more open, makes

the direct fight on the weevil in the early spr ing much

easier.

Fertilizer Test, Valdosta, 1917.

"Biles 50" seed, 4-ft. rows, 18 in . in drill.

BLO CK " B"- l Cotton Seed Meal
BLO CK "B "-2 Acid Phosphate

Average Yield of Seed Cotton per Acre
456 lbs,
510 Ibs.

25

Fertilizer Test, Valdosta, 1917. (Continued). " Biles 50" seed, 4-ft. rows, 18 in. in drill.

Average Yield of Seed Cotton per Acre

BLO CK " B"-3 Cot t on Seed Meal and Acid Phosphate
BLO CK " B"-4 Stable Manure a nd Rock Ph osphate
BLO CK " B"-5 8-2-2 F ertilizer

538 lbs. 670 lb s. 588 lbs ,

BLO CK "B"-6 Sta bl e Manure and Acid Phosphate

688 lbs.

All of the work at the stations at Thomasville and Valdosta, except the entomological and pathological work, has been conducted by Mr. Ira W. Williams. This brief r eport is compiled from hi s notes. Detailed records of the yields, different varieties, progeny rows, fertilizer te sts, etc., are on file and complete report will be made at a later date.

Angular Leaf Spot, Valdosta, Ga. , 1917.

Block A (across road from house) Bi-chloride of Mercury.
Block B (Plot 13) Sulphuric acid.
Block C (Plot) Check.
In Block A, 100 plants were counted on each of rows 9 to 13 inclusive. In Block B, 100 plants were counted in each of rows 3 to 7 inclusive. Block C, contained 4 rows , 200 plants were counted on each of the middle rows and 100 on row 4, next the corn. An examination was made June 27th. The r esults were as follows:

BLO CK A 7 16 3 15 11 Total 52 10.4% infected.

BLO CK B 1 2 0 1 0 Total 4 0.8 % infected.

BLO CK C 84 68 15

Total 167 33.2% infected.

Thi s Cotton is a ll No . 22.

August 6, 1917 . Attempted another examination. F ailure through lack of foliage .

TEN-ACRE COTTON TESTS.

In a large number of the count ies known to be infested with boll weevil in 1917 and especially counties badly in-

26

feet ed wit h cotton wilt, t he Board conducted a te st consist ing of t en ac res of a verage la nd. Seed of one of our ear ly-f r uit ing wilt -resistant va r iet ies was f urnished f re e on condit ion the plant er wo uld fo llow our directions in planting, growing, figh t ing boll weevil, select ing see d, etc .
Reports of r esults fr om all these tests had not been r eceived J anuary 1st, but I submit herewith a list of those fro m wh om r eports had bee n rec eived :

Co-Operative Cotton Growers and Breeders.

\" ,\I:l ETY

iA <:re s j YI EL D

~ . C .

\ Yr ig-h t

' Perry

L e w is l;~

19 '1 10

ha le s

I: . A , K ell y

H ouston Co. T enn ill e

!
Co u nc il - Toole . 1 ~, 10,i 86 lh s .

n. O. Tig nal

W a sh ing ton Co.

' O rt essudale

L e w is 6:1

:\Ieri\\"e th er C o.

I

::;. Co lt o n

I ., ,

4, 150 lh s .

S . Co lt o n

I:. It. \\"r ig h t

Savan na h Cha t ham Co.

I Co u n "; I- T o o le , . .

1, 51 8 lh s . Lint

,I. T , C h il cls

Bu tl er

' . e wi s (;:: .. , . ,. . . 10 1 ~ , 1 3 ~ Ih s .

T a yl o r Co.

,

S . Co tto n

I:' L . H ast y

, Ch ipley . . ,

L e w is f;:l

[ 10 15 b al es

\\". ~ . H o w e ll

Ha r r is Co . Gree nv ill e

n i x -A titi

1
I 2ry:i 4,000 n.

T . Il. Me Dow ell .1. l~. D e n n a rd

:\Ie ri w eth er C o.

Bla kely

Co u n"; I- T o ole

Ewaerslyt o nC o.

L ew is lj:~

1
I1 10 .")

S. Cott on 8.622 Ibs .
S. Cotton 1. ;;;;2 lb s .

W eb ste r Co . .

S. Cotton

.1. T . Cool,

, C otq u it t

'. CO\llw il - Toole

10 13, 54 9 Ib s .

I I. H . Ti ft

.fW:~~ ~~',

Lewi s 63

S . Co tt o n \ 10 9 bale s

Ti ft C o.

!

\\' , D. W ell s

A del

n ix -A n n

1 2l/., 3. 636 lb s .

Berri e n Co .

I

S. Cotton

G . It. L a n e ... .. , . .. , Bu en a V is t a .. D tx c A fifl . .. . . " .1 10 i ,938 Ill s.

Sr-Irl ev Co .

\

S. C o t t o n

L . H . SJ le n

T ift o ll

D eSoto

10 9,500 l b s,

:-::, :\1. w ea vc r

T i ft Co . Cu t hber t

Co u nt ' il - T oo le

I

S. Cotton

[ 10 12 ba les

Ra n d ofp h Co .

1

\ Y. H , P eacock . . , . . Coc h ra n . " Bl e e k le y Co.

L owis 6:;

I1 12 19 h ale s

T . H . M a r a h a ll

:\Io n t e z uma , . . L e w is 6:;

10 16,:; 20 Ib s.

!\l a c o n Co .

1

S. Cot ton

,I. \\". Co s t e llo w . . . . . G e orgeto wn , . . Co u nc il - T oo l" . . . 8 6,3 i 7 lbs.

Quitma n Co.

I

S . Co r ron

I " ' . C . B rad le y .. .. .. C o l u rn h us . .. .. L e w is 63 .. . .. . .. 1 10 10,l i l lb s,

:\I u s c og e e Co .

S. Cotton

.T, H . B r own
D r. H . n. I n g ra m

Co rd ele

D eSot o

Crisp Co.

. . . Co le m a n , . . . . . Cou n c-ll- T'oo le

l1a n rlolp h C o.

. I
I. . . 1 12

6 l/., h ales
12.210 Ills. S. Cotton

c' ha t ha m Co. Farm .l oh n T . Xloo r'e
li nn . n. C . E l1 i~
~1. :\1. P ay n e ,

. . Savan n a h
~/~~~~am .~~):
Bi bb Go. Ti ft o n T ift C o. P el h a m

D fx c Aflfr D ix - A fi f D ix - A flf L ewi s 63

11 10 h a les

,II ., i ha les

I. :1% 2.-100 lb s , S. Cotton

,.

~ . 105 Ih s.

:\li t c h e ll Co

1

S. Co t t o n

\\' . G , C le v e la n d .. . . l .a G l'ang e Co u nr -ilv ' T'nn le . . . 1 . ,

h al e s

T'r ou n (' 0 .

1

27

Co-Operative Cotton Growers and Breeders . (Continued).

N AME

ADDRE SS

V ARIET Y [Ac r es YI ELD

G . B. M oc k . . ,

A lb any

Lewis 63

Do ug h e rty Co.

I" 1 15

tales

w , D . Flo r e n c .. . . .. . Odes sa.da le .. . . D i x - A fift . . . . . 1 3., ~ . S02 Ib s .

:.\ Ieriw eth e r Cu.

S. C o t to n

R T . :.\[cLa u g-hli n . .. G.ree n v ille . . . . . Cou n c il - T oole . .. :.\1 ert we t h e r Co.

2 ba les

H . T . T ill e y \ \a lt er Davi s

s voa more Turn e r Co. Ca ir o

Dix -Aflfl Expres s

I. 5 ~.~ 90 lbs . S . Co tto n . S 7 ba les

Gr a d y Co.

.1. " -. F o u ch e

Leesburg L e e Co u n t y

Co u n c il - T oole

: 6 5 . 6S~ Ibs. S . Co t to n ,

J . L . Cran ny

Eas tma n

Dix -A li fi

.

12 b al e s

Do .bre C o.

F. E. Ca lla wa y

LaG ra n 'l"~

Cou nc il- T oo le ., . ;; i .mo Ills .

T r o u p Co.

s, Cot ton

li o n . .r. H . Ca r te r . . . Ro ck in g h a m . . L ew is 63

10 7.:W 2 Ibs .

.T. A . B u r ns

Ba c on Co . Ca iro Grad y Co.

D ix -Afifi

S. Coton ;1 1.::0 0 Ill" .
S. Cotton

.1. A . Bu rns

Cairo Grady 0; 0 .

Expre s s

. ;} 3. ,100 Ills . S. Cotton

.J. I: . H o r t o n :.\1. T . Riner

F'itzg eratd

L ewis 63

. 5 7,500 Ib s .

Be n Hi ll Co).

S. Co t ton

Meeks

Co u n c il - Toole

4 bale s

J ohnson Co .

B. L . B r id g e s

E ll a v ille

, . Co u nc il - T oole

10 9 bal es

Schley Co.

.1. .J . K eith

N ewnan

Cou nc il - T oo le

4 La II' s

Coweta Co.

B. :.\1. Grier

Dub lin

. . D illon -Hyb rid . . 1 .12 14.7r.0 Ills .

T.a u r en s e n .

I

S . Co tto n

CITRUS CANKER
Th e Cit r us Canker eradicati on campa ign was begun by the U. S. Bureau of Pl ant Industry in co-operation with the Georgia State Board of Entomology on April 1, 1916. The wor k h as consi ste d in locating and inspecting all va r iet ies of citrus pla nt s in t he State of Georgia and t ak in g st eps t o er adicat e any trees when found infected with the disease known as Citrus Canker.
Total n umber of Cit r us t re es inspected . . .. 461,892
Total number of seedling trees in spe cted .. 309,617
Total number of imp orted trees in spe cted .152,275
Si nce the work began 88,114 properties have been visited and the citr us plants when found wer e gi ven a thorough in specti on. Of this number 80 ro of the places had no cit r us trees of any kind ; 90 % had seedlings or volunteer trees alone, and 11ro had imported one or more var iet ies of citr us. This me an s th at 8,010 land owners purchased

28

trees from nurseries of other states. A total of 7 cases of canker has been found and the trees destroyed. 122 places have been entered on the list as doubtful and a careful inspection of the same will be made within the near
future. Our work in the future will be confined to the rural dis-
tricts as practically all of the cities in the southern part of the State have been reported and inspected.
The following counties have been reported and inspected: Decatur, Grady, Thomas, Brooks, Lowndes, Echols, Charlton, Ware, Camden, Glynn, McIntosh, Chatham, Mitchell, Colquitt, Dougherty, Worth, Turner, Crisp, Dooly and Tift.
The following counties have been reported, but as yet the trees which were located have not been inspected: Clinch, Miller, Berrien, Ben Hill, Irwin, Coffee, Terrell, Stewart, Bacon and Baker. All of this area will be inspected in a few weeks.
A careful record of all the work which has been conducted has been kept and an exact copy of all original reports is on file in the office of the Secretary of the Board. A weekly consolidated report is also made and one copy filed in the office of the Bureau of Plant Industry.
APPLE INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Experiments for the control of the economically important insects and diseases of apples and apple trees were located, in 1917, at Cornelia, in the orchard of the Yonah Fruit Company. The management of this orchard allotted a block of over 2,000 trees for experimental and demonstration purposes, and co-operated in the field work in many helpful ways. Their interest and aid greatly facilitated the operations.
The plan of experiments embraced the control of codling moth and curculio, the two most active and injurious insects attacking the apple, and bitter rot, black rot and scab, its three commonest and most destructive diseases. The experiments were mainly a test of the value of dusting as a medium of control, but the dusting schedule was checked by a schedule of spraying with standardized liquid sprayings with diluted lime-sulphur and with Bordeaux mixture, both in combination with arsenate of lead. The plats were large, numbering a total of over 2,000 trees and included four varieties, viz.: Yates, Terry Winter, Winesap
. 29

and Gano. From three to five du stings or sprayings were applied to the sever al plats, each plat consist ing of trees of all four varieties. A cer t ain number of trees were chosen from each plat ea rly in the season and from these selecte d trees all windfall s were t aken a nd classified as t hey fe ll, and, as each of the var ieties ripened , the f r uit was picked and class ified. In th is wayan acc urat e r ecord was obt a ined of the percen t ages of sound, in sect in fe sted and diseased fruits. These records, of course, gi ve the absolute and compar at ive net results obtained by both du sting and spr aying in a number of variously treated plats.
Summarized, t he r esults of t he year 's work dem onstrate that the du sting mixture used , which in eve ry case wa s r epresented by a 90-10 formula ( 9070 superfi ne sulph ur and 10 00/ powdered arsenate of lead) did not contro l bit ter rot, on the va r iet ies Winesap and Ga no, as success fully as did an equa l number of sprayings with Bordeaux mixture. These two varieties showed about t en per cent . bitter rot, which is an un satisfactory showing by comparison with Bordeaux sprayed plats. Both Winesap and Gano are much more susceptible t o bitter r ot t han are Yates and Terry Win ter, which ar e pract ica lly im mu ne, or at least hi ghly r esistant. The latter two var iet ies did not show any bitter r ot exc ept in a few sca tter ing in stan ces. All plats, even the untreated check plat, were entirely free of scab. Somewhat better results were obtained in all du sted plats, in the cont ro l of codling moth, than in spr ay ed plats r eceiving an equal number of treatments. This point is wor t hy of emphas is in view of t he fact that the trees in du sted plats r eceived somewhat lighter applicat ions of du s t, becaus e of a sho rtage of material , t han cor r esponding plats sprayed with lime-sulphur or Bordeaux, where t he spraying was very thoroughly done. The te sts of this season, supplement ed by partially completed records of 1916 , indicate that arsenate of lead, "applied in a finely powdered dry f orm, gi ves equ all y as good, or perhap s better, results in the cont r ol of codling moth t han when spr ayed up on the t r ee in t he most thor ough mann er.
The f ailure of the super fine sulph ur t o cont r ol bitter r ot on suscept ible va r iet ies points to the con clusion that it is not a dependable preventive in seasons favorable to the development of the disease. Varieties naturally resistant to bitter rot infection doubtless will show uniformly good r esults, from the standpoint of insect and disease control,
30

from dustings with a mixture of sulphur and lead. For the cont r ol or prevention of black rot and bitter rot it is evident that other and better powdered fungicides must be emp loyed if du sting is to obtain universa l application.
The keen interest shown in the du st method by apple growers, its promi se of a grea t conservation of time, labor and cost, dem and the cont in uance of du sting experiments. Thi s Department has t entatively a r ranged f or the manufacture of new formulas, which seem t o offer more hope of the successf ul prevention of bitter rot a nd black rot, the former of which , especially is prevalent and destructive in the lat it ude of our principal apple-growing belt.
PEACH INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Pe ach du sting a nd spraying expe r iments were conducted at Fort Valley, in the J. H. Baird and J. H. Hale or cha r ds , respectively. In this ser ies the work was planned on lin es similar to those obtaining in the experiments with apples, except that the composition of the du st mixtures vari ed somewh at. The problem is simpler with peaches than is the case wi th apples . Only one insect of the fruit- curculio- is generall y distributed a nd se r iously in juriou s, a nd only t wo diseases. brown ro t and scab. Con sequently, a number of the formulas tested in 1917 included varying percentages of lime, with a view to determining just how far the dil ution might be carried without lower ing the efficiency of t he results.
The schedule of sprayings and du stings included the fo llowing va r iet ies : Red Beauty, Carman, Hiley, Georgi a Belle and Elberta . For a com parison with the du stings, the complementary plat s were liquid sprayed with atomic sulphur and a rsenat e of lea d, one , two, and three spr ay ings, respectively, being applied to the several plats. One, t wo, and three du stings are also applied to the same varieties, according to the period of ripening. The results were obtained and tabulated in the same way as that described f or apples. Thus, the percentages of sound, brown r otted, scabbed and curculio infested peache s were made by an act ua l count of all fruits, and hence are very closely accur ate.
The experime nt al work, being located at Fort Valley, the largest center of peach growing in th e State, the growers in that and surro unding ternitory were given an opportunity of viewing the methods of application and t he r esults
31

obtained. Man y av ailed them selves of this opportunity and interest was very active. As a direct result of these field demonstrations, over forty Georgia growers have since nurchased du sting outfits and will discard liquid spr ay ing in the summer of 1918.
Additional wor k, looking to the standar dizing of du st mixtures, seems to be ne cessary. It is known that the active elements acco m plish the desired r esults. It is al so known that the dilution of these a ct ive (and ex pens ive) elements with a cheap filler would con siderably reduce t he cost of the mi xture to the grower. To det ermine the ext ent of this dilution , in the interest of economy , should be the specific object of subse quent .d ust ing ex per ime nts on pea che s. At the present time, la cking f ull in f ormation and in struction, growers a re paying seem ingly excessive prices f or prepared mixtures which m ay contain hi gher percent ages of the two esse nt ial in gredi ents, lead and sulph ur, than are really ne cessary to gain the desired ends .
PECAN INSECTS AND DISEASES.
During the pa st yea r the work on pecan insect s and disea ses has been a continuation and amplification of that begun in 1916. This includes the breeding work, exper iments on cont r ol, and th e general field observations on pecan in sects. For the most part the same spec ies were handled as were worked with in 1916. Some breeding work has been don e on one or two other species . The only new in sect which has been noted as being of serious importance is the Gr een Soldier Bug, N ezar a ciridu la, which appears t o cau se, or at lea st car ry , Kernel Spot of pecan .
PE CAN LEAF CASE BEARER.
t A croba sis n ebulella)
This insect continues to be the most ser ious enemy of pecans in the State and has cons equent ly received more attention than any of the other species. Breeding work, in the insectary, was confin ed almost wholly t o the r earing of a dults an d parasites in the spr ing. Several new species of parasites were obtained, but this material has not yet been determined. This breeding work was suppleme nt ed by extensive ex per iment s and obse r vat ions in th e field.
32

Beg inning in the la t e summe r of 1916 , ex pe r iments were star te d t o determine the normal m ortalit y, both annual and seasonal, of this species . This wor k h as been contin ue d through 1917 and some very interesting results ha ve bee n obtained . The t wo periods 'of greatest mortality seem t o be that of migra ti on in the fa ll a nd t hat of emergence from hibernation, together w ith t he ea rl ies t feeding of the la rvae, in t he spring. Result s obtaine d t h is yea r in dica t e tha t at least 60 % of the summ er larvae fail to form hiber nacula on t he buds, while r esul t s obtaine d in t he spr in g showed that ove r 90'/0 of t he in sects which entered hibernation fail t o m a ture. As a r esult t he t ot al a nnua l mo r t ali t y f or this species is ove r 90 %. In spi te of t h is it cont inues to be a ver y ser io us pest, as is indicated by the fa ct th at these r esults were obtaine d in groves w h ich a re so sev erely infested t hat it is n ecessary t o spray th em an nu all y.
In the late winter a nd ea rly spr ing , spraying ex pe r ime nts were con duct ed with lime sulphur, Sch nar r 's Insecticid e, a home-made petrolium oil emulsion and soluti on of ni cotine sulphate with soa p. This la tter material w as applied at t h e time when the larvae were eme r ging from hibernat ion. All material s were used a t several st r engths. The r esul t s of these application s we re all a bsolute fa ilures. Repea t ed obse rvations made in the grove throughout the past season fail t o show a ny ben efit w hatever f ro m t he sp raying.
In Au gu st a nd Septembe r several blocks of trees were sprayed with arsenate of lea d an d lim e, as r ecommen ded in my last r eport. Wh ile t h is spr aying cont inues to be ver y beneficial, t he results we re not as uniformly sat isfacto ry as we re those obtained in 1916. This was mainly du e to t he fact that on ly Bordeaux nozzles were used. Subsequent obs ervations sho w that only f ro m one t o five per cent of t he in sects in the t ops of t he t r ees survive d , while in the lower third, the percen t a ge of survival w as occasionally as hi gh as 25'10. As in dicated, t his is du e t o the fact t hat most operat ors a re un able t o h andle the Bordeaux nozzles in such a mann er as t o thorou ghly cove r the low er fo liage on the trees. This trou ble is easily r ectified by using a n a ngled di sc n ozzle on one line of ho se and a Bordeaux n ozzle on the oth er , letting one man handle the low er portion of the tree and the other the t op.
In connect ion with summ er spr ayin g , experiments in dusting trees were comm ence d. On the whole the r esults
33

obt a ined from dusting were not as good as those from spraying. The data indicates, howe ver, t hat t his is du e t o f ault y application , since on some trees the percen t killed wa s as great a s on those trees which were spr ayed, while on othe rs the mortalit y was very little greater than on t he chec k trees. This much is cer t a in, a ll indication s point t o the fact that if properly handled du sting will be a lmost , if not fully as sat isf acto ry as spr ay ing .
NUT CASE BEARER.
(A crobasis hebesc ella )
During t he past year this species has been of very m uch less import ance t han it was in 1916. So mu ch so that it has been impossible to conduct any ext ens ive breeding wor k a nd absolute ly impossible t o perform any expe r ime nts on control. The species has ne ver been of ser ious import ance, in Georgia , except in one or two groves in this imme dia te vicinity (Thomasville) , and its occur r enc e has been recorded only from a very limited a rea . The gr eat decre ase in numbers in thezroves menti oned is undoubtedl y du e t o one of two factors, parasitism , which ap peare d to be very hi gh in 1916, or t he summer spraying which was car r ied on in t hese groves for contro l of the Lea f Case Bearer in August and Se pte mbe r, 1916.
FALL WEB WOR MS.
(H y ph an tria cun ea s
F ollowing the severe outbreak in 1916, this species has receiv ed a cons iderable amount of attention. Breeding
work in t he in sect ary indicates that in this la titude there
are two com plete br oods and a partial third brood a nn uall y. This is due to the f act t hat some of t he late individual s of t he second brood f ai l to emerge t he first year a nd h ibern at e as pupae, as is the case wit h all of t he th ird b r ood .
BUD WORMS .
(Proteopteru x deludana )
A con siderable am ount of breeding work was car r ied on in the lab oratory. This indicated that there a re sever a l gen eration s of this species during the yea r, alt ho ugh the
34

exact number was not determined. This breeding work, together with observations in the field, further indicates that the first brood pupates under loose bark on the trunk s of the trees, while later broods use folded leaves as places of pupation. It seems very probable that the first brood might easily be trapped under bands placed about the trunks. At least, numerous pupae were found in such bands, which were being used for another purpose.
GREEN SOLDIER BUG.
(N ezara oi ri du ui )
It was noted during the season of 1916, that there was both a severe infestation of kernel spot, throughout south Georgia, and at the same time a serious outbreak of the Green Soldier Bug. While this might easily be a mere coincidence, it was felt that the conditions warranted some observations and experiments this year. Consequently several lots of bugs taken from cowpeas were confined 011 nuts at different periods during the sum mer and early fail. It was found in every case that those nuts upon which insects were confined during September and early October showed a severe infestation of kernel spot. Some of them contained as many as four or five spot s to a kernel. No such infestation occurred on the other nuts of the trees which were being used for experiments. These results seem to indicate without a doubt either that kernel spot is cau sed directly by the bugs, or that it is a disease which is carried by them. At the present state of our knowledge the former hypothesis seems to be the more probable.
:\IIS CELLANEO US INSE CTS . .
Breeding work was carried on with several species of borers, particularly the Cossid borer and the Red Shouldered Shot-Hole Borer. Some work was also done with the aphids, including two species of Mon eliia and Lonqistiqma caruae.
TRUCK CROP INSECTS AND DISEASES.
During 1917 no unusual outbreak of truck crop insects occurred. Plant lice or aphids were abundant, as usual, and the office received numerous inquiries concerning remedial measures against these offenders.
35

The swee t potato r oot weevil, a comparatively re cent importation t o Georgia , has been fo und in one locality in the State. The area at present infeste d is a small acreage in the southwestern part of Cha rl t on County. The inf est ation wa s due t o a fe vv pa rties getting inf est ed seed pot at oes and slips f ro m Bak er County, F lor ida .
Instructi on s a nd methods of contr ol were sent each partly affe ct ed. It is hop ed with t he small area in fest ed and t he isolated cond it ions of far ms in t hat section that the weevil can be ext ermin at ed.
Home ga r dens, especia lly in cities and t owns, suffered se ver ely f rom w ilt disease on t omat oes. With no fac iliti es fo r rotation and with hi gh fe r t ilizat ion with st able f ertilizer, it was f ound t hat a g reat many of t hese plot s devoted yea r after yea r t o ga r de ns were thor oughly infected with the wilt disease. It is not advisable to t ry t o gro w plant s at tacked by w ilt disease on in f ect ed soil. By gro w ing only immune pla nts f or a period of three years it has been demonstrated that the disea se can be er adicated. No ot he r method f or the contro l of wilt disea se has been dev ise d.
Leaf diseases of va rio us t r uck pla nts we re in t he main uni formly cont ro lled by spraying w ith Bordeaux mixture.
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS.
The wire wor m was r eported as injuring cor n severely at poin t s pa r t icular ly in Cam den County. The in j ury was confine d t o land r ecently bro ught under cult ivati on, as a rule. Fall or winter plowing was r ecommended as a control me asure. It was pointed out that t he lar val stage of this pest cons umes t wo to three yea rs, a nd consequentl y unl ess contro l measures wer e ado pte d that a re curren ce of their depredati on s might be expected.
The corn-bill bug was again qui t e in jurious in a number of localit ies. Thor ough destruction of their nati ve fo od plants a year previous to planting new land to corn woul d eliminate or at lea st lessen the injury f ro m this pest. Most all coarse gr asses are attacked by the CornBill Bu g.
OTHER COTTON INSE CTS .
A number of cotton fields were visited during the summer and a ca r ef ul in spection made for the boll weevil. In
36

each case instructions were gi ven on fighting the weevil. About the first of July a number of cotton fields were examined at the growers' requests. Th ey were fo und t o be badly infe sted with th~ cotton red spider . In structions were gi ven about sp r aying to cont ro l this insect . In Au-
gust a number of cotton fields were insp ect ed where the cotton squa r e borer, Urtinotes m elinus wa s working. Th e work of this worm is mi staken by many fo r the work of the boll wee vil. Specimen s and work of this worm were
also re ceived by mail from different sections of the State . If it were not for the parasites that prey upon this worm
it would do a great deal of damage. The cotton boll worm was more r uinous than usual "and did considerable
damage in some fields.

l\WSAIC DISEASE.
Th e Mosaic disease of peppers caused cons iderable damage to P imento pe ppers on S. D. Re ige l & Sons' place at Griffin. La st year t he disease wa s prese nt, but did little damage; th is yea r it was very severe a nd caused a loss of over $1,000.00. This disease w ill be -st udied more in detail next year and experiments conducted for it s control. Insects may spr ea d the disease, especially plant lice, and they should be co'ntro lled by spr aying when the plants are small.

TOMATO WILT EXPERIMENT.

Experiments were conducted on nine varieties of t oma-

toes at the Thomasville St ation t o determine those most

re sistant t o wilt. An examination of the plants in July

1917, showed the following:

'

' OA TIIE T Y
I:.'d F( ~lcl Beauty
1' o ntle r osa Acme X I'\\' E arl~' D e tr o it Llv lucst on Glob e Red R oc k X .'\\, St on e ~ 1' 1 ~1'1 S to n e 111. 11" of York

I 1X o. P lan t S\N o. P lan t s l H e a lth y

\ ::-le t Ou t W ilted

Plu n t s

!

I

1 214

~ I~

1 11(

IJ.l

Io

1 H4

l i ~

I

1

28

28

n

1 200

200

n

1

2~2

2~ 2

1 200

194

nf.

1 22

22

11

1 454

~8 1

70

I

37

This work was beg un by Mr. C. G. Crittenden and continued by Mr. Wm. F . Turner.

NURSE RY INSP ECTION.

All n ursery stock in Georgia nurseries has been car efu lly inspect ed and regulations strictly enforced. The
st ock for season of 1917 -1918 was found to be as fo llow s:

Pe a ch stoc k

1,335, 562

Apple st ock

697,500

P lum stock

45 ,90 8

Pear stock

69 ,45 0

Pe can st ock _0_ ___ ___ __ __ ___ ______ ____ _ 465,923

Ca r olina Poplar

29 ,890

Cher ry _ ______

__________ ___ 38,50 1)

Grape

69,900

St r awbe r ry

~ _ 1,201,000

Mis cellaneous

_

3,134,9 00

Total

7,088,533

The following is a list of the Georgia nurseries authorized to conduct a nursery business in Georgia during the sea son of 1917-1918 :

GE ORGIA NURSERIES.

( 1917-1918)

Cer tv No . Name 50- Acw or t h Nursery

Address Acw orth, Ga .

89- Alex a nde r, H. Lawson ( Dea ler )

llO-Alston. Dr. N. C.

100-Anderson, .T. O.



37- Ande r son, Wm .

Atla nta, Ga . R ichland, Ga. Cor de le, Ga . Bremen, Ga .

86-A nsch utz, Mrs . C. L.

Decatur, Ga .

85- Ashf or d Park Nu rseri es

Atlanta , Ga .

63-Bacon, G. M., Pecan Gr ove s Co. 59-Baconton Nurseries

DeWitt, Ga. Baconton , Ga.

97- Ba rn esvill e Nursery Co. 48-Barnett, J . 1\1.
105-Belcher, W . L.

Barnesville, Ga. Lawren cevill e. G :~ .
Whigham , Ga .

21-Bellevue Fruit Farm

Macon, Ga .

80- BIue Ridge Mountain Nursery ll-Blue Springs Nursery

Mor ganton, Ga . Alb any, Ga.

70-Born's Pecan Farm & Nursery 38- Br eme n Nursery 107-Brown , C. W. 87- Bucher, Mrs. .T. C.

MeRae, Ga. Br emen , Ga . Baconton, Ga . Decatur, Ga .

6-Bullard Pecan Nurseries 15-Capital Cit y Nursery

Albany, Ga. Atlanta, Ga.

39-Ca r r oll Count y Nursery 102- Carrollton Nursery 103- Clements, A. B.

Ca r r ollt on , Ga. Ca r r ollt on, Ga . Cornelia. Ga .

44-Columbia Nurser ies

Gainesv ille, Ga .

112- Conp erative Nursery Stock Co. ( Dea le r) _Atlanta, Ga .

38

Geor gia Nurseries----( Conti nued )

Cert. No. Na me

71- Curry, T . J .

.II-Dahl Fl oral Co., T he C. A. 42-Dixie Nu r sery 72-Dixie Nursery
22-Dixie N ursery

.W-Dixie W holesale Nursery Co. 79-Dover, H . 1.
aO- Dunca n, H. ~ .
2.I-Dyer Nu rsery, T he (19_Edwa r ds & P atter son R2- E lli ja y Nursery

I D-Ellis, J es se T.
SS- E mpire Nurse r ies ( Dea ler) .17-Enterprise Nursery

:la-Equity N ur sery Co. .I:l- Euh a rli e Nursery
Ill-Fairview Nursery 1:I-Farr, O. H.

'i_ " Fa ye tt p.v:ile Nurseries"

GR-Flint Ri ver P eca n Co. I 09- F reema n. F . K. ( Dea le r)
I-Fruitland Nu rseries
llO-Ga uldin, W. T.

IS- Geor g ia Exper iment Station 5.I-Georgia-Florida P lant Co. 17-Georgia Nu r sery Co. a2-Georgia Seed Co.

:15-Gheesling, Mr s . J. H.
(ji-Gillgrove Pecan Nurseries
(j(j-Gla usier Peca n Co. !l1- Harper, Chas. C.

G4-Harris. W. H. 2D-Hartwell Nursery

:\fi-Hastings, H. G. (Deal er) 9S- Hendricks on. F . W.

W-Hiawasse e Nursery Co.

ai-Hogansv ille Nurseries 9:l-Hunt. B. W.

!JG- Idle Hour N urseries 7G-Jack son Count y N urseries

IOI-Katzenstein . Otto, & Co. ( Deale r) I 04-La F a yet t e Nursery 95-Lakevi ew Nursery 2:l-LeConte Nursery -

l OS-Lee Nursery Co., (Dealer) 59- Little, A . D. 27-Lott, D. & O.

75 -~ lagnolia Hill Nur seri es

!i5-~lag nolia N urs ery

!i:l- l\la rsha ll, M. H .

8 1- ~1iI I e r, G. H . & Son

.:

(i2 -~lille r , J. B., & Co.

~

Add r es s
McR a e, Ga . Atlanta, Ga . Parrott, Ga. McRae, Ga . Val~osta, Ga .
Ma?:letta, Ga. Ellij ay , Ga . Ca non, Ga .
S~arp, G~ .
Milledgeville , Ga. E l~ij ay , Ga . Gr iffin, Ga . Atla nta, Ga . Ca rl, Ga . Ho va nsv ille, Ga . Rockmart, Ga . N a yl or , Ga . Lees burg , Ga.
Riv erdale. (:a .
Al bany, Ga . At h en s, Ga . Augu sta, Ga. Quit m a n , Ga .
E xp eriment. Ga . Va ldosta , Ga .' Concor d, Ga . Hoga nsvill e, Ga. Gr eensb or o. Ga . Baconton, Ga . . Ba conton, Ga . W a ycr oss, Ga .
Fort Vall ey, Ga . Hartwell, Ga .
At lanta. Ga . Milledg evill e, Ga.
H iawassee. Ga . Hog an svill e, Ga . Eaton ton, Ga .
Macon, Ga . Wi nder , Ga .
Atlanta, Ga. LaFa y ette, Ga. Rossville, Ga. Smithville. Ga . Atlanta , Ga . Th oma sville. Ga . W a ycross, Ga.
Mei gs, Ga. Ca ir o, Ga . Dawson, Ga. Rome, Ga . Ba conton , Ga .

39

Georgia Nurseries--(Continued)

Cert. No. Name

Address

2-Nelson, W. K.

Augusta, Ga.

45-Nimbleweill Nurseries

Dahlonega, Ga .

9-0elschi g & Son s, A. C. 78-Parker, T. H.

Savannah, Ga. Moultrie, Ga.

52- P a r r ot t Nursery 81- P ayne, Jno. B.

Parrott, Ga. Blue Ridge, Ga.

56-Pecan Grove Nursery 61-Pinson, J . R.

Cairo, Ga. Baconton, Ga.

20-Pike County Nurseries

Concord, Ga.

12-Ramsey Pecan Grove Nursery 92-Redding, C. H.

Lee sburg, Ga. Waycross, Ga.

10-Richardson, A. W.

Savannah, Ga.

57-Riverside Nursery

. __. Cairo, Ga.

7-Rood Pecan Grov es

Albany, Ga .

14-Roseland Nursery

South Atlanta, Ga.

16-Smith Brothers Nursery Co. 40-Smithwick Or chard Co. 25-Snedeker, A. Clar ke 83-Sneed, J . C. H. 94-Snoots, A. D.

. _. __Conc ord, Ga. Americus, Ga . Blackshear, Ga . Atlanta, Ga. Lyerly, Ga.

51-Southern Nut Tree Nurseries 58-Stone, B. W.

Thomasville, Ga . Thomasville, Ga .

34- St on e Mountain Botanical Gardens 73-Strain, R. A.

Stone Mountain, Ga. Darien, Ga.

28-Stribling, J . M.

Ti gnall, Ga.

3- St ulbs ' Nursery

Au gu sta, Ga.

74- Th om a svill e Nurseries 65-Tqmlinson, G. H .

Th omasville, Ga. Putney, Ga.

60-Tuck Brothers

Thomasville, Ga .

77- Unit ed Nurseries Co. 4-Wachendorff Brothers

Moultrie, Ga. Atlanta, Ga .

106-West View Floral Co. 26-Williams, W. P .

Atlanta, Ga . Blacksh ear, Ga.

OUT-OF-STATE NURSERIES.
(1917-1918)
Nurseries outside of Georgia desiring to conduct a business within this State are required to file a duplicate of certificate received in State where nursery is located before a Georgia certificate is issued.
The following is a list of nurseries outside of the State which are authorized to sell stock within the State:

Cert. No. Name
112-American Rose & Plant Co. IS-Andorra Nurseries
103-Audobon Nursery 9-Baines, Miss Ella V.
75-Baker, R. L.

Address
Springfield, Ohio. Philadelphia, Pa. Wilmington, N. C. Springfield, Ohio . Baileyton, Ala.

40

Out -of -State N urse ries.-( Cont inued )

Cert. No. N a me
72-Bass, 1. E ., & So ns ~ecan Co. 84-Bechtel Pecan Nu rs eri es 66-Bill Dad Nu r ser y Co. 3D-Biloxi Nu r ser y
87_ Bloom field Nursery & Seed Co. 38- Bobbink & Atkin s 55-Brown Brothe rs Compa ny I ll- Bunti ng-'s Nurseries 93-Burbank, Luther
96-Calif orn ia N ursery Co.
49-Ceda r Hill Nursery & Or cha rd Co. 42-Cha se Nursery Co. 34- Childs, John Lew is, In c. 115-Chipola Nu r ser y
113-Citronelle Nursery & Orchard Co. 88- Columbia Nursery '16- Combined Nursery Co. I 5- Comm er cial Nursery Co. 32-Commercia l Nursery Co. 66- Continental Pl a nt Co. 68-Cumberla nd N urser y Co.
79-Davis, Frank lin , Nurseries, Inc. 7l-Davis, W. H., & Son I 17-Delmas , Irving P . & Son s 35- Dr eer , Henry A., Inc.
99-Eagle Pecan Co., The 17-Easterly Nu rsery Co. 65-Ellwanger & Barry
62-Empire Farm & Nu rsery Co., Th e 95-Fairmount Nu rsery 29-Fairview Nurser y Co. l 06-F a r quh a r, R. & J. , & Co. 51-F ir st National Nurseries 63-F lori da Nurseri es I 6-For est Nurser y Co. 58- F raser Nu r sery Co. 114--;Gall oway Br ot hers & Co. 4l- Glen Brothers, Inc.
40-Glen Sa in t Mary Nurseri es Co. 48-Glenwood Nurseries
4-Globe Nurseries. The S-Good & Re ese Co., Th e
IO-Great We st ern Plant Co., The 54-Green 's Nursery Co.
I-Greenville N ur sery Co. 45-Griffing Nurseries 23-Gr iffing Nu r seri es l 2-Hale, J . C., Nurser v Co. 24- H ar lan F arms Nur sery 77-Ha r r ison 's Nurser ies 92- Hi ll Nu r ser y Co., Th e D. 89- Hillenmeyer , H. F ., & So ns
41

Address
Lumberton.. Mis s. . Oce,an ~pnn g s , MIss. Sm it hvi lle, Tenn. Bilox i, Miss.
Monticello , F la. Ru th er fo r d, N . J Roches t er , N. Y. Selbyville, Del. Santa Rosa , Ca l.
N iles, Cal.
Winchester, Tenn. Chase, A la . Floral Park, N. Y. Apalachicola, F la .
f__ Cit r onelle , Ala . La ke City, F la . Smithv ille , Tenn . Deche rd , T enn . Monti cell o, Fla. Kittrell , N . C. Win chest er , Tenn.
Ba ltimore, Md. Sm ithville, Tenn . Pascagoula, Mis s. River t on, N . J .
Pittsview, Ala. Clev eland, T enn . Roehester, N . Y.
Baileyton, Ala . Signal Mountain, Tenn Win ch est er, Tenn . Dedh am, Mas s . Roeh ester, N. Y. Mon tic ello , Fla. McMinnville, Tenn. Huntsville, Ala . Wa t erloo, Iowa Roch est er, N . Y.
Glen St . Ma r y, F la . Morrisville, Pa, Bri stol. Tenn.-Va. Springfield, Ohi o.
Sp ringfield, Ohio. Rochester, N. Y. Gr eenvill e, S. C. Grand Bay , Ala. P ort Ar th ur, Texas . Winchester, Ten n. P a xton, Fl a . Ber!in, Md. Dundee, Ill .' Lexington, Ky.

Out-of-8 tate Nurseries.- ( Continued)

Cer t. No. Name

Address

86- Horn, A., & So ns 98-Ho usto n Nursery Co. 67-Howell Nurseries

H a r r is on, T enn. Dotha n, Ala. Knoxv ille , Tenn .

64- H u bba r d, T. S., Company
GI - H untsvill e Wh oles al e N urserie s 13- Int er-St a t e N urseries
39- J ac k son & Pe rkins Co., Inc. llO-Kell og g- Co., R. M.

F redoni a , N . Y.
Huntsville, Ala. Ma cclenn y. F la.
Newark, N . J. Three R iv ers, Mich .

56- Ke lly Brothers Wh olesal e N urseries

53-Kill ia n Nursery Co., T he

36- K noxvill e N ursery Co.

70-Mcl\li n nville N ursery & Orc hard Co.

5- Ma r ble Cit y Nursery

.

26-1\leehan, Thomas B., Company

19-Meeh a n & So ns, Thom a s

l02- Monticello N urse ries

8l - Mou nt Olive Nurse ry Co.

l OI-l\Iunson N urseri es

20-Ne w H a ven N urs eries

Dansvill e, N. Y. Newton , N . C. Knoxville. Tenn.
McMinnvill e, T enn . K nox vill e. T enn .
Dresher. P a . P hi la de lphia, P a. Mon t icell o, F la . Smithville, T en n. Deni so n, T exa s N ew Ha ven, 1\10.

97-New Orleans P eca n N urser y Co.

N ew Or lea ns , La .

G9-0ak La wn N ur se ry

H un t svill e, Ala.

47-Pe rry Nursery Co.

Ro chester, N . Y.

52-Pied mont Nurseries

K im esvill e, N . C.

82-P r inceto n Nurseri es

Princeton, N. J .

l 07-Rams ey, W. P .

Ocean Sp rings , Mis s.

27- Sa r cox ie Nursery

Sa r coxi e, 1\10.

GO-Scarff' s Nu rser ies

New Ca r lisle , Ohi o.

ll G- Sch ifferli N urseries

F red oni a , N. Y.

I 04-Schmidt & Botley Co.

Sp ri ngfi eld, Oh io.

44-Seven Sp r in g s Nursery Co.

Sm it hvill e, Tenn .

l l -Sh a dow Nursery Co., J oe

Winchester , Tenn.

25-Sh aha n , E. 1\1.

Winch ester, Ten n.

(i-Shenandoa h Nu r s eries

Shenandoah , Iowa.

14- Sim pson N ur sery Co.

Montice llo, F la.

l 05-Sonder eg g er Nu r series

Beatrice, Neb .

3- Sout hern Nursery Co.

Winch este r , T enn .

7-St ark Broth ers Nursery & Orc hards Co.cL oui si ana , Mo.

22-Star Nursery Co.

Sm ithvile, T enn.

l OO- Steckl er Seed Co., J .

N ew Or leans, A la .

l 09-St ok es, E. E .

Ca m pville, Fl a .

31- St or r s & Harris on Co., The

P ain esvill e, Ohio.

28- Summit Nurser ies

Monticello, Fla.

85- Syler Nurse ry Co.

Meridianv ille, A la.

94-Taylor, H. S. & Co.

Roch ester, N. Y.

83- T en ness ee Nursery Co.

Clevela nd, T en n.

80- T exas N urs ery Co.

Sh erman, T exa s

57-Tho mas, W. W.

A nna, III.

76- T ur key Creek Nurseries

Mac clenny , Fl a.

33- U nit ed N urseries Co.

Montice llo, Fl a .

91- U nite<;\ Sta t es N urser y Co., Th e

Rose acres, Miss.

74- Val rlesi an Nursery

Bostic, N. C.

I 08-Vallance Nursery

Oakland, Ca l.

42

Out-of-State Nurseries.-( Continued) ,

Cer t. N o. Na me

Address

59-Van Dusen Nurseries
43-Van Lindley Nursery Co., J. 78-Watson, F . W . & Co.

Gen eva, N. Y.
Pomona, N. C. Top eka, Ka s .

37- West ern No rth Carolina Nursery Co. __Stecoah , N. C.

50- West Hill Nurser ies

Fredonia , N. Y.

Tl- Westmin ster Nurser y

'Westminst er, Md.

21_Wharton Spring-s Nursery Co.

Smithville, Tenn.

2_W ;nche ster Nursery Co.

. Win chester , Tenn.

90-Wood, Allen L.

Roch ester , N . Y.

FORE IGN NURSERY STOCK.
During the yea r 1917 considerably less imp orted nursery stock was shipped t o Georgia than in previous yea rs . All shipments wer e car efully ins pected.
The foll owing f or eign nurseries mad e sh ipments into t he State during 1917 :

R. H. Bath, Ltd . F. Dela unay Chas. Detriche Heme r ay-Au ber t Louis Leroy 's Nu r sery Ott oland er & Hoo f tman
Vincent Labra t on's Nu r ser y

W isb ech , En g-land An g ers, France An gers, France Orleans, France Angers, France Boskoop, Hollan d
LaPyramide, Trelaze, France

The total number of plant s imp or ted was 111,867 and the followi ng firm s re ceived sh ipments from the count r ies indicated:

C. A: Dahl
As hford P ark Nurser y P. J . Ber ckmans Co. Idle Hour Nu r ser y G. H. Miller & Son A. C. Oelschi g & So ns W. L. Stewart Thom a svill e Nur sery, Lt d. Wachendo rff Br os. Cha s. Woodr uff

France
Holland F ra nce France E ngland France H ollan d .F r a nce
.F r ance .H olla nd Holland

Atlanta
Chamblee Augusta Ma con Rome S a v a n n ah V aldo s ta Thomasvillle Atla nta Macon

Only two minor scale insects wer e fo und on a few
plants. This speaks well for the improvement noted since th e Federal law requiring inspe cti ons to be mad e of imported stoc k.

43

FINANCIAL STATEME NT.
Th e acco unts of t he Depar t men t have been audited and the r eport of expen dit ures is as fo llows :

J an. 1, 1917

Receipts.

Bal an ce on ha nd

_

From State Tr easurer

_

F ro m U. S. Burea u of Entomology- Re nL_ From Sa le of Far m P roduct s, Thomasville ; F r om Sa le of Farm P r odu ct s, Va ldos t a __

s 256.32 50,000.00 178.50 4,002 .86 2 ,857. 21

Total t o acco unt f or

$57 ,294 .8 9

Disbursements.

Salar ies

_

Trav eling E xp enses

_

Census of Fruit Trees

_

Stationer y and Office Supplies

_

F re ig ht a nd E xpress

_

Bulletins a nd Circ ulars

_

P osta g e, T el. and T el.

_

F urniture & F ixtures

_

Map s, Char ts & Sig ns

_

Library

_

Lab oratory Supplies Labora t ory Labor Publicit y
E du ca ti onal Art and Phot o Su pp lies Cotton Seed a nd Velvet Bean s Sack s

_ _ _
- - -- - --_ _ _

Fi eld Supplies and E xpense

_

VVa g e s

_

Scales

_

Rent

_

Miscella neous a nd Mules

_

$21,796. 13 8 ,715 .84 2,773. 56 1,227.86 448 .04 2,270 .36 1,70 2.52 168.10
35.75 26.12 673.76 159.75 85 1.0 0 99 .91 26 1.45 3,202.59 80 0.49 3,711.98 3,335.93 12.50 1 ,67 0.00 2,384 .30

56 ,327 .9,1

Balance
Ba la nce (Atl a nta ) Balan ce at Thomasville Bal ance a t Val dosta

$ 966 .95
$ 771.28 150.72 44 .95
----
~ 966 .95 $ 966.95

Respectfully,
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist.

44

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:;

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~

BOLL W[::: VIL QUARANTIN[ MAP
1917 1918
GEORG IA S T A T [ BOARD Or E NTO MOL OG Y
- - -- AT LA NTA GEOR GIA
:..-- - -----~~_.

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Georgia State Board of Entomology
ATLANTA , GEORGIA
COTTON VARIETY. TESTS 1918
By
A. C. LEWIS ,
St at e Entomologist
C. A. McLENDON,
Exp ert in Cotton Breedin g

BULLETIN 52

JANUARY 1919

Georgia State Board of Entomology
ATLANTA , GEORGIA
COTTON VARIETY TESTS 1918
By
A. C. LEWIS,
State Entomol ogi st
C. A. McLENDON,
Expert in Cotton Breedin g

BULLETIN 52

JANUARY 1919

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
ORGANIZATION AND STAFF.
HO N. J. J . BROWN, Chairm a n, Commissioner of Agric ult u re , Atl a nt a.
HON. R. C. BERCKMANS, Macon.
HON. JNO. A. COBB, Amer ic us .
A. C. LEWIS, State Entomologist a n d Secret ary of t he Board, Atl a nta.
W. W. CHASE, Assista nt State Entomologist , Cornelia .
W. V. REED, Ass ist a nt Entomolo gist, Atlant a .
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Cotton Sp ecialist, Thomasville.
(In Cha rge of Valdosta an d Thoma s vill e Sta ti on s )
C. A. McLENDON, E xp ert in Cotton Breeding, Atla nt a .
W. F. T URNER, Ass ista n t E ntomologist, Atlan ta.
D. C. WAR REN, Assist a nt Entomologist, Valdosta .
B. M. GADDIS, Superintendent Valdosta Station, Valdosta.
Vl. H. LEONARD, Superintendent Thomasvill e Station, Thomasville.
J. C. MANESS, Field Age nt , Atl a nta.
A. J. }1'LEMING, Fi eld Age nt, Thomasville.
J. H. PRE S SLEY, Fi eld Age nt, Va ldosta.

COTTON VARIETY TESTS 1918
By
A. C. LEWIS, State Entomologist
C. A. McLEN DON, Exp ert in Cotton Br eeding
INTRODUCT ION.
The boll weevil is now present in most of the cottonproducing a rea of Georgia, having inva ded a ll of that te rri tory south of a lin e t hrough the following pla ces: Summer ville, Rome, Carter sville, Ma rietta , Conyers, Mad ison, Greensbor o, Camak, Thomson, and Augus ta . The wilt disease so prevalent in t he soils of South Georgia is rapidly spreading fr om year to year , and a nthracnose , as well as many other diseases a nd insect s, dama ges t he crop mo re or less every year. Ther efor e, in selecting va rieties of cotton t o grow in Georgia from now on, ea rlin ess for bollweevil conditi ons and resistance to these diseases are of the greatest importan ce.
Th e variety tes ts t ha t we conducted in 1818 are pr etty well distributed over the state, a s is shown in the map on page 38, a nd it is solely for t he purpose of determining in this way the varieti es best suited to the different loca lities of the state that t his work is being don e. The r esults of these tests are given in detail in t his bulletin, a nd it is h oped that every fanner wiII mak e a close study of them, es pecially t he results of t he t ests located nearest t he ir fa rms. After the bes t va rieti es are decided upon in t his way, we continue t he work by assisting one or more farmers in each se ctio n of t he State in improving these varieties according to the latest methods of breeding cotton.
We have been con ducting breedin g work in Sout h Georgia on wilt-resistant varieties of cotton fo r the last fou rteen years, with very gratifying res ults , as the yields in t he tests for 1918 and other years hav e well demonstra ted. Sin ce the adve nt of the boll weevil in Georgia we have extended our br eeding oper ations t o a ll portions of t he state so as t o develop and im prove a dditi on a l va ri eti es for growing und er boll-w eevil conditions.
In this work we have suc ceeded in originating and improving several varieties that a re suited to t he differ ent sections of Georgia. Among other varieti es th e Lewis 63, DeSoto, and Dix-Afifi were originated by this department, and the Council-T oole, Ex press, Cleveland Big Boll , and
5

Cook's Improved have been greatly improved under our direction. Pure seed of these varieties is available through our co-operative bre eders all over the state. Within the next year or so we hop e to have pure strains of one or two of the best ea rly-mat uring varieties, so that the farmers of North Georgia r equiring this character of seed will not be forced to plant the impure se ed that th ey are now using.
Varieties possessing the requisite ea rliness for bollweevil conditions are those which begin fruiting early in the seas on and put on a large cro p of good, matured bolls before the weevils become n umerous enough to destroy all of the blooms and bolls as t-hey appear. Oth er ch ara cte r s, such as len gth a nd percen tage of lin t, size and shape of bolls, density of folia ge, fruiting habits, yield, etc., being about equal under ordinary conditions, varieties that are early enough for boll-weevil conditions and highly r esistant to wilt and other dis eas es should invariably be select ed to grow wh er e these enemies of cotton occur to any extent. In making the following su gg estions as to the best varietie s to gr ow in Georgia next season, we have had constantly in mind all of these conditions and requisites , and our recommendations a re based up on the results of variet y t ests conducted during 1918 a nd previou s years.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

In So uth Georgia , that is, all t hat area of the sta te south

of a line fro m Aug us ta, thro ug h Ma con, t o Columbus , wh er e

the wilt occ urs to any extent, n one but the very best a nd

ea rliest wilt-resista nt va rietie s, such as the Lewis 63, Coun-

cil-Toole, a nd DeSoto, sh ould be grown. In fa ct, n o other

shor t-sta ple varieties ca n be grown successfully under wilt

a nd boll-w eevil conditio ns , a ccordin g t o our exp erience and

observations. In sections of South Georgia where no wilt

occurs pure strains of T oole, Cleveland Big Boll, Coole's

Im pr oved, College No.1, and other improved varieties of

similar typ e will do well.

-

In North Georgia, that is, all that are a of the state n orth

of a line from Aug us ta, t hrough Ma con, to Columbus, wher e

the blg-bolled varieti es usually pr oduce the best crop, t he

earlies t a nd purest strains of Clevela nd Big Boll, Cook's

Improved, College No. 1, a n d other improved varieti es of

similar typ e are r ecommended, and wh ere medium-bolled

or small -belled varieti es thrive best, improved seed of the

" early" or ''lIing'' types should be planted. On th e low-

lands and in the mountainous sections of North Georgia

only these very early-maturing va rietie s will, as a rule,

mature a profitable crop, the growing season usually being

so short.

The market conditions for the staple cottons have been

so unsatisfactory during the past year we are at a loss to

6

know wh at to advise the fa rm ers in this connection. However, we trust that these con ditions will soon change, so that they will know wh ether to conti nue to plant the staple varieties. In some secti on s of the extreme southern part of the state it may be that wilt-resis tant, long-sta ple cotton can be grown with profit, eve n if no premium is received for the lint, a nd in su ch locali ties wh ere the wilt dis ease is present t he Dix Afifi is the best variety to plant . In Central Geor gia the Webber No. 49, a nd Improved Ex press are t he best staple varieties t o grow. The Express is the onl y staple variety tha t is ea rly enough for extreme North Georgia conditions.
From t he results secured in the du sting experime nts for the con t rol of the boll weevil, con ducted a t Valdosta in 1918, no r ecommend ation s can be made. This work wiII be conti nued, and it is hoped t hat it will soon yield some results which t he fa nners ca n use. 'We are still ad vising farmer s to fight t he boll wee vil a ccording to the sa me meth ods that have been recommend ed for t he past year. We would, therefore, warn the m a gainst planting to o much cotton this year, as we do not know what kind of a season . we shall have next summer. The boll weevils may beco me so nume rous , if the weather conditions a re favorable for th eir rapid increa se in .Tune, J uly, and August, a s to make the growing of cotton un pro fitable under the pr esent conditions of h igh cost of production.
For fu ll informa tion in regard to fighting the boll weevil, litera ture on t he improvement of cotton by breeding methods, and sources of pure planting seed of the varieties herein recommended, write th e Georgia State Board of Entomology , Atlanta , Georgia .
7

* V A R I ET Y TEST, VIENNA, GA., 1918.
This cotton was planted March 28th in rows 4lh feet
apart and the cotton thinned to about two feet apart in the row; fertilized with 400 pounds of 9-3-0 guano per acre. Soon after the cotton had been chopped to a stand, nitrate of soda was applied a t the rate of about 75 pounds per acre. Type of soil sandy loam, typical of much of the soil of Dooly County. This cotton followed corn a nd velvet beans. For this reason t he wilt disea se and nema tode worms were not very se vere and only a few of t he va rietie s were kill ed out t o a ny gre at extent by th e nema t odes or wilt disease, as sho wn in T able 1.
It will be noted from the table that this cotton was not ga t he red very early. It grew so fast a n d pr oduced so much folia ge t hat it did not ma ture as early as it sh ould have done.
The boll weevil was foug ht in this test until they were so numerous that it wa s imp ossible t o pick up the squares any longer. We believe t his test would have yielded bet ter under the boll-w eevil conditi ons with out the a pplication of nitrate of soda, as it made t oo m uch weed. Th is te st was planted on the Modella Fa rm ; J. D. Hendley, Superintendent.
VA R I ETY TE ST, LU MP KI N, GA., 1918.
This t est was pla nted on J . F. H umber's pla ntation a t Lumpki n, April 15th, in ro ws 4% feet a pa rt , a nd thinn ed t o about 24 inch es in th e row. The land, the year before, was in cor n and velvet beans. The gro un d wa s flat brok e ea rly in the year, then bedd ed out in th e spring. It was fertilized a t pla nti ng time with 400 pounds of 9-3-0 gua no per a cre ; type of soil Orangeburg sandy loam with red subsoil, typica l of much of th e soil of St ewa rt County. As th is t est followed corn and velvet bea ns, t he wilt disease and nema tode worms were not very severe, and , as inclica te d in Table 2, only a few of the varieties died to a ny great extent from the wilt disease.
A close watch-ou t was k ept for the fir st appearan ce of t he boll weevil. The fir st in fested squares were picke d up very ca re fully. After that the squares were picked up once a week for five wee ks . On acco unt of the sca rc ity of la bor in the fall the cotton was no t picke d as ea rly as it sho uld h ave been, an d hence we do n ot give in t he t able th e a mo unt s pick ed at the different t imes , but the to ta l yield per a cr e. Th is cotton was a ll gathe re d befor e October 1st. The boll weevil destroyed a ll t h e boll s t hat did no t set in time to open before Oct ober 1st. The cotton conti n ued to grow a nd bloom, bu t no more of it matured.
*Y nrietv test s at V ienna, Lumpk in , Am er icu s, nnd B ru nswi ck we ro conducted un d er th e di re ction of A. C. L ewi s, St at e E n t omologis t .
B

TABLE 1.-Results of variety test conducted during 1918 on farm of J. D. Hendley, Vienna, Doo ly County, Georgia, showing the rank in total seed cotton , lint, a nd value per a c re, for the twenty-two varieties in the t est.

V,\ IUlC,\,Y

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Modella .. -_.............._- 45!) 89] 1350 5 36 48G 81$168.48 10

Clevela n d .................. 351 810 1161 10 38 441 12 148.68 14

Dixie Impro ved ... :324 1188 1512

.) .)

35 529 6 182.43 5

Lewis G:L ................. 5'10 1:323 1863 1 37 689 1 234.82 1

Kin g ............................_- 270 48G 75G 14 34 257 20 89.42 21

Council-T oole ..._-- 432 1242 I G7l1 2 :38 G3G 2 214.41 ~

Petty- T oole ............ 324 10801 404 4 38 534 5 179.97 G

Ba n k Acc o un t ...... 243 48G 720 15 34 248 21 86.27 22

De S ot o ........................

1
618 102G I G7 4

2

35

58G o...

202.1G

3

Dillo n .-_...................__... 21G1206 I G12

0)
0'

37

559

4

189.87

4

T oole .... ................ :~78 5'10 m 8 13 38 348 17 117.G 3 20

Dillon-H ybrid ...... 1 270 788 10li:3 11 36 380 H 129.95 17

Ha lf s:- H a lf ......... .. :3781 ) 40 !H S 1:3 39 358 I G 119.84119

Sim pk in s .. --............ 513 540 10 6 :~ 11 34 358 1G 124.56 18

College N o. 1......... 5,10 810 1350 Cook ........ .....................I 51:3 75G12G !l1 Poulnot ..................._- 48G 810 129G

~ I ~~ I 51 500 7 482 !l 3G 477 10

1G9 .75 :.i 162.50 11 1G2.22 12

Dix-M ifi .................. G48 648 12% 7 :3 2 415 13 179.45 7

E xpress .....-............... 621 540 1.1 Gl 10 :n 360 15 143.23 1&

Webber ... ................. 243 75G 9!l9 12 32 320 19 138.8G16

Meade .....-.................. 351 864 1215 n 28 340 18 153.02 1:1

Aca la No . 5............... 459 86411323 G 35 464 11 17n.H ! 8

-- - - - - - - - - ' - -- - ' -- ---'---- --'--- - ' -- '----- -'-----'----- _ . _ .
'Lint of all sho r t-st npl o varieties valued fit 28 cts . p er po und . Lint of Lo ng s tn ple vari eties v al u ed as follo ws: Dr x-Afifi, 34 ct s.; Expr es s, 32 cts. ; W eb ber , 36 cts . ; Mead e, 36 cts. ; an d Acaln No. 5, 32 ct s. pe r poun d. Seed of nil vnr-iot ies va lue d at $ 70 .0 0 p er t on ,
F or p or cen t. of h ealth)' pl an t s s ee T a ble ~ .

9

TABLE 2.-Results of var iety. test co nd ucte d during 1918 on farm of J. F. Humbe r, Lumpkin, St ew a rt County, Georg ia , sh owing th e rank in total seed cotton, lint, a nd value per acre, for the twentyone varieties in the test.

V ARI ETY

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Dill o n -Hybr id ........................... 1716 3 Cook ................................................... 1408 8 I~ing ................--................................. 1040 13 Lewis 63 .......................................... 1862 1 Ban k Acc o unt ........................... 1092 12 Council-Tool e ........................... 1820 2 T o ol e -_.............................................. 1560 5 P etty-Toole ....__.......................... 1820 2 H alf & I-Ialf ................................. 1498 6 De S o t o -_........................................... 1612 4 Poulnot .................-........................ 1196 10 Dillon .............................................. 1300 9 Cleve la n d ...................................... 1456 7 Dixi e Improved ........................ 1300 9 Co lleg e No . I .............................. 1040 13 Ma della ...-...._------_.......................... 1092 12 Di x-Afif i ...._..................................... 1560 5 W eb b er ....-....__...._--............_._............ 1092 12 Mea de ..........-_.._---...__......................... 1144 11 Ex pr e ss ....._..._-----_......................--- 1040 13 A cal a No . 5___ _____...__.___................... 832 14
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36 618 38 535 34 354 37 689 34 341 38 692 38 593 38 692 39 584 35 564 36 431 37 481 38 553 35 455 37 385 36 393 32 499 32 329 28 320 31 322 35 291
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3 $211.47 3 8 185.55 8 15 123.22 17 2 234.47 1 Hi 121.76 18 1 233.24 2 4 166.04 9 1 233.24 2 5 195.01 5 6 194.60 6 12 147.45 12 10 163.34 10 7 185.89 7 11 156.97 11 14 131.22 15 13 134.50 14 9 206.70 4 17 145.19 13
19 201 n~ :rn4.
18 128.17 15 20 112.05 HI
I

*L in t of ull sh or t -s t np lo va rieties val ue d at 28 ct s . p er po u nd . Li n t of lon g -

sta p le v ari et ie s v al ued as fo llow s : D ix A fifi. 3,1 cts .; W c b b or-, ~6 cts . ;

)[ pnd e, 36 cts. ; E xp r ess, 32 ct s . ; an d Aca ln N o. 5 , :J~ c t s . p er p ou nd . See d

or a ll v a ri eti es v a lu ed at $ 70 .0 0 p er t on .

.

F or p er ce n t . of h ea lthy pl a n t s s ec T'ah lc ~ .

. 10

TABL E 3.-S umm a ry of resu lt s of var iety te sts co nducted o n the farm of J. D. Hendl ey , Vienn a , Georgi a , and J. F. Hu mbe r, Lu mpk in, Georg ia, s how in g th e ran k in y ie ld of li nt, an d the per cent of heal thy plants for years 1916, 1917 a nd 1918.

VA R IET Y

----

--

V ari ety T es t on F arm of J . D. Hend ley. V ienn a, Gn.

V arie ty T est on F a rm

of J . F . Humb er ,

I

L umpk in , Ga .

Rank in Y i e ld of li nt

II P ehr ecaelnt ht,y of , p la nts j

Rank in Yie ld of lint

Per cent. of h eal thy
I plan ts

1!1l1; ll !11 7 1 1~I SII~ 1 6 i H117 11!IlR\ 1911;\ 1!1171 1!tlSl l!116 j 1!1171 uns

Dillon-Hy bri d

......... ...... ......

14

95 ...... ...... 1

...... ......

3 ...... ...... 95

13 Cook ..u _ ...... 9 ...... 50 75 2 14 8 82 50 70

King ........__....................... 6 16 20 90 45 60 12 11 15 40 60 60

1~1 Lewis 63 .................... 3 2 1 98 98 95 1
Bank Acco unt ...... 8 15 21 84 50 60 14

2 90 97 95 16 36 55 60

Cou n cil-Toole ......... 1 1 2 97 98 90 9 1 1 85 97 95

Covin gton-Toole

5 97 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......

...... ......

--_...

P et t y-To ol e ......-........ ...... ......

5 85 ..._-. ..._--

...... ......

1 ...... ...... 90

Toole .-................--.-........ 9 3 17 86 95 75 5 .o.. 4 76 90 75

11 ..~.I Half & Half ............... 7 10 16 85 65 75 4

Simpkins .........-.....-.--.. 13

16 80 55 70 ......

5 75 85 70
...... ...... ...-.. ......

DeSoto ........................... 2 4 3 98 98 95 3 6 6 92 97 95

Poulnot ........._----_..._...-. ...... ...... 10 ...... ...... 74 7 7 12 78 90 70 1
Dillon ............................. 1 5 4 98 97 95 ...... ...... 10 ...... ...... 92

11 Clevela n d .........-._...... 7 9 12 86 75 65 6 10 7[ 80 80 75
Dixie Improved ..._.- 5 8 6 98 97 95 8 4 90 97 90

College No . L .......... ...... .-.... 7 ...... ...... 75 ...... ...... 14 ...... _..... 75

~r()d ella ............_-....-..-.. 4 6 8 96 95 88 ...... 8 13 ...... 95 90

Dix-Afifi 10 .............-.--.... 7 13 97 98 95 10 12 9 90 95 95

Webb er ........................ 11 14 19 86 55 65 13 16 17 35 55 65

~ ~ I ss' 11 70" G5 "r eacle .............__.......-.... ...... ......
E xpres s ....................... 12 12

...... 70 ...... ...... 19

65

65 60 15 181

60

111 , Acul a No. 5 ............... ..1

70 ...... ...... 20

60

1 ...... 1 ....."

Deta il. of r esults on thes e t est s fo r 191 6 and 19 17 a re g ive n in ou r bu lletins 46 a nd 50 .
F or sou r ces of s eed u s ed in th es e t es t s s ec pa ge 3 7.

11

VARIETY TEST, AMERICUS, GA., 1918.
This t est at Am ericus wa s planted on J . M. Council's plantation May 7th, in r ow s 4% fee t a par t, and thinned to one sta lk about two feet a part in the row. This cotton was planted the first time on April 3rd ; came up t o a stand, but was destroyed so com pletely by a hea vy rain a nd hail storm that the cotton was plow ed up a nd planted a gain May 7th. Soil Gr eenville, gra velly sandy loam, typical of much of the best soil of Sumter County.
This land was in cotton in 191G when the wilt disease and nematode worms kill ed n early a ll the cotton on the land. It wa s pla nte d in corn a nd velvet beans in 1917. Aft er t his rota ti on, it will be noted, from Table 4, t hat t he ordin ary varieties of cotton were killed out t o a grea t ext ent by t he wilt diseas e a nd nema t ode worms, and that the wilt-resistant va rieties stood up very well, only a small percenta ge of t he stalks dyin g.
Th e bo ll we evil did no t str ike this cott on very early, the m iddle of July, hence, eve n th ough plan ted very la te, May 7t h , it made a fa irly go od yield of cotton consider ing the season a nd t he presenc e of t h e boll weevil. T he squa re s w er e picked up once a week until the cotton was so large it was im practicable t o gather them a ny longer .
VA RIETY T E ST , BRU NSWIC K , GA., 1918.
T his cotton was pla nted on Par ker &: T ait 's planta tion, a t New Hope , Apr il 18th, in rows fo ur feet a par t , a nd t hin ned to a bout t wo feet in a r ow ; fert ilized at the rat e of 400 pounds per a cre with 10-4-0 guano. So il Nor folk fine sa nd, t ypica l of much of the soil in Glynn County. This cotton was planted on la nd which t he year befo re hand been in corn and velvet beans. The wilt disea se did n ot show up t o any grea t ex te nt . The boll weev il infest ed this field of co tt on ver y lat e in the season, a nd hence did n ot r educe the yield of cott on very much . See Tab le 5.
12

TABLE 4.-Resu lts of var iety test co nd ucted d uri ng 1918 on farm of Jno. M. Co unc il, Amer icus, Sum ter Co un ty, Geo rg ia , s howi ng t he
ra nk in total seed co tton, lint, a nd va lue pe r a cre, f o r t he n inetee n va ri etie s in the test.

VARIET Y

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I I I Lewis 63 .--_....................... 1566 1 37 579 1 $196.66

I
95

:1 Petty-Toole ................ 1350 3 38 513 4 172.93

90

Dillon ............................... 1026 7 37 380 6 128.51 7 90
I
Ban k Accou nt u _ _ 432 15 34 147 18 51.13 19 40

Express ................................ 810 12 31 251 16 99.88 15 60

Toole .........-........................_- 7561 131 38 287 13 96.77 16 50

1~ 1 DeSoto .......-...........__......... 1080 6 35 378 7 130.41

90

King .............................. 810 12 34 275 14 95.72

40

Mead e ................................. / Cleveland ........................

702/ 141 281 197 17

I
88.591 181 60

810

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12 38

308

12

103.81

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14 55

1

Coun cil-Toole ............ 140,1 2 38 534 3 179.97 3 95

Half & Ha lf................. 9721 91 39 3781 71 126.63 8 65 I
Dixie Improved.......... 15661 11 35 548 2 189.071 2 95

College NO.l..................1 9181 101 37 340 10 115.43 11 65

Cook ................................1 864

I
38

328

11

110.60

13

6o

Modella ........................1 1200 1: 1 361 432 5 120.861 10 9o

Webber ............................. 810 12 32 259 15 112.52 121 60

8 Poulnot ............................ 1000

36 360 9 123.20 91 66

Dix-Afifi ........................1 1134 51 32 363 81150.40 51 95

'Lin t of all sh crt -s t a p le v a ri et ies va lue d a t 28 c t s , p er pou n d, L int of lon gstaplo va r ieties va lue d as foll ows : Express, 32 c ts . : Meade, 3 6 ct s. ; W eb be r , 36 ct s. ; a n d Dix-Af ifi , 34 cts. p er pou nd . Se ed of a ll va r ie t ies valued at $ 70 .0 0 p er ton.
F or sour ces of seed u sed in t h is t es t see pag e 3 7.

13

TABLE 5.-Results of variety test conducted during 1918 on fa r m of Parker & Ta it , Brunswic k, Glynn County, Georgia, showing t he rank in total seed cotton, lint, and va lue pe r a c r e, fo r t he twen tyone varieties in the test.

VA RIETY

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Dixie Improved ....................... 91 8 10 35 321 13 $110.77 11 5

Cook ................_-.-............................... 1404 1 38 534 1 17 9!.17 1 1

Lewis G3 .......................................... 1200 4 37 444 4 177. 24 [ 2

Kin g ...........---..................................... 891 11 34 30 3 15 105.4 2 11 G

Council- T o ole ........................... 1 242 3 38 472 3 159.11 \ '}

Toole ................................................ 1134 5 ' 38 431 5 145.G31 5

P etty-Toole ......._-........................ 13 50 2 38 51 3 2 172.93 ",)

Cle veland ....................................... 972 1 9 1 38 3G9 91 12 4.77 1 2

,121 1 Half & HalL.................................. 1080 GI 39

G 140,9 41 I)

Modella ..............1 1080 GI 3G 388
I
P oulno t ......................................... 1 02GI 8 1 3G 3G9

7 13 2.8GI 7 9 r 1 2G.31 1n

Dillo n -Hybr id ........................... 1 053 7 1 3G 379 81 129 .71 1 9

Bank Acco unt ........................... 1053 71 34 358 10 1 124.5G11 3

Co lleg e No. 1............................ 1053 7 1 37 327 1 12 1 113.47 114

A cala No .5

. 972 1 9 1 351 340 1111 1 30 .92 1 s

E x p r e ss

. 753 1 1 2 31 1 233 1GI 92.7 G11S

Dix-Afifi Webber J Iea cle

. fl72 1 9 32 1 811 14 1 128.8 7 11 0

141 . 7031

, 9. 32 1 225 1 1 71 ~{, ~{,'-), 1 1. ~

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" L tu t Qf nll sh m-t -stn p lo va ri e t ies val u ed at ~ 8 cis. p e r pOUJlIl. Li n t of Iou c s ta p le v ur iet ic s vu l u e d a s fo llow s : .:\ ca la X o. 5 , :~ :! cts. ; E xp r es s, :~~ ct a.: Di x -Afif i, a4 ct s. ; , Vph h C' r , :~(j c t s: a n d ) [('1\11(' :1 0 c t s , p C' r pou nd . S f'(~ (l of nil va ri e t ies val u ed at $ 70 .0 0 pe r t o u .
F or s orn-c e s o f s e ct! u s ed in thi s t es t s ec p n ~ l' 3 7 .

14

VARIETY TEST IN BURKE COUNTY.
This test was conducted in co -operation with Mr. E. E . Chance, Waynesboro, Geo rgia . The same nine-acre patch all his farm ha s been used for this purpose during t he la st three years. This land ha s bee n in cotton co nti nuo us ly for seve ral years, but it is in a good state of cultivatio n . The soil is a good sandy loa m with a clay subsoil, and it is more or les s infected with t he wilt disea se.
The land was well broken a nd harrowed in the winter, and ju st before planting time it was bedd ed out in four-foot rows. A liberal ap plicat ion of stable manure a nd 1000 pounds pe r acre of a 92-3 fertilizer was made in the dril l. On June 17th a nd J uly 3rd, 50 and 100 pounds pe r acr e, respectively, of nitrate of so da was ap plied. T he cult ivation was good a nd fr equent, con tinuin g until late in the
sea son. On April 10th the see d wa s plant ed in t he ordinary wa y
with the Gantt pla nter . The t est patch co ns isted of seventy-two r ows, ea ch of th e eigh teen va r ieties occupying tw o two- r ow plats, which were separated from ea ch other by seven t een plats or thirty-foul' rows, making one -half acre in each var iety. A goo d stand of a ll except one or tw o of t he varietie s r es ult ed, du e a llowance being made in th e r es ults fo r sta nd, and a t the pr op el' time the plants wer e thinned to ab out every eigh teen or twenty in ches in
th e drill. As a who le, t he season was rather favorable on th is t est,
and the cotto n did well ri gh t fr om t he begin ning, th e fir st blooms appearing on the 12th of J u ne, just two month s fr om the date of planting. T here was pract ica lly no loss hy insect in jury of any kind , but the wilt damaged some of the no n-resistant varieties pretty se vere ly. Of the eighteen va r ieties in this t est t he Dixie Im pr oved, Lewis 63, DeSoto , Cou nc il- Toole, and Dix-Afifi a re th e only ones t ha t are wilt r es istant, a ll of th e othe rs being more or less su sceptible t o t his dreaded disease.
Th e r esult s of this t es t , calc ulated on a n acre basis, are shown in detail in T abl e 6, in which t he r elative ear liness, yield, a nd mon ey value of t he eigh t ee n varieties can be readil y ascertained . It will be noted that th es e va lues represent the co mbine d yield of t he fir st two pick ings, instea d of th e to t al yield, a s has been customary ; because it is believed th at th is is a s fully as mu ch of the crop a s can be counted on u nder boll-w eevil co nditio ns, which are lik ely to exist in t h is s ecti on from n ow a ll.
This cotto n r eceived practi call y the same treatment in every r esp ect as t hat of the gen eral wages cro p on surrounding fields, a nd t he yield of fr om 1 2/5 to 2 3/20 bal es pel' acr e, for t he lowest-yielding a nd hig hest -yielding va rietie s, r especti vely, or t he tota l yield of 15 1/ 2 bal es on the
15

TAB,LE G.- Results or vari ety t est cond ucted du ri ng 1918 on fa r m of E. E. Chance, W ayn es boro, Bur ke Co unty, Geo rgi a , s how ing th e r a n k of seed cotton, li nt , a nd va lue per acr e at the f irst two pic kings, and in th e t ot a l se ed cotton and
=lin=t =pe=r =acre=, fo=r t h=e e=ig=hte=e n v=a._r=.i_e-=..t.i=e;-s=--=i-n=t h=e =test. = = = = = = = ===== = ===;== = = = = = =

Ha n!\: in see d co t to n, li nt , a nd va lu e a t fir st t wo p ickings, i ndi cating t h o oa r li n oss for boll -weev il co nd it ions

R an k in to t al see d cotton a nd li nt

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Cook's Improv ed

Cook 307-G

_.. ._

151 0 - 930 2440 4 159 0 850 2440 4

38 927 4 $312.51 4 37 903 G 306 .63 5

90 2550 5 18 0 262 0 4

9966991 44

'I'r i-Cook .

172 0 720 2440 4 37 90 3 G 306.63 5 190 2630 3 973 3

Mexican Dig Boll

I G7 0 550 222 0 9 34 755 10 262 .67 15 1802"100 8 81 6 10

Cle vla nd B ig Boll (Cha nce)

157 0 890 2460 :3 38 935 3 315.17 3 802540 6 965 5

~

'" Cleveland B ig Bo ll (Wannam aker) 17 20 890261 0 2 38 992 2 334 .39 2 '10 2650 2 100 7 2

Half &; H a lL

179 0 840 2630 1 :3 ~) 1026 1 34 3.42 1 1 30 27GO 1 1076 1

Kin g

1490 510 2000 14 34 6801 5 236 .G O 16 130 21301 5 724 13

Simpkins' Id eal

1360 500 1860 15 35 65117 224 .59 17 140 2000 16 700 14

Dix ie Improved

127 0 110 0 2370 5 35 830 7 286.30 8 110 2480 7 868 8

Lewis 63

1310 89 0 2200 11 37 814 8 276.43 12 160236 0 11 873 7

DeSot o _

_

1380 830 221 0 10 35 774 9 2G6.98 14 1302340 13 81 9 9

Coun cil-Too le

14 40 780 2220 9 38 844 6 284.48 10 120 234 0 13 889 6

Dix -An fi

1480 780 2260 8 32 72 311 2D 9.61 6 DO 2350 12 752 9

Acala No. 5

_

1460 580 20<10 113 35 71 413 269.8913 90 2130 15 7'16 10

\Vebher No. 49

1344 728 2072 112 :-\2 6G316 287.98 7 742146 14 687 1G

Dig Boll E xp res s lDxpr ess :3 50

_.._

:-n 1500 788 2288 7 31 70 9 14 282. 14 11 10023881 D 740 11
,_1_7_~_~--'-----f-):~::_2-'-2_:~_2_0--'----(--;---'-_--'--7_19--'1--2---'-_28_6 .-1-1--''-9--'--_ 4-4'-2-_36-4'--1_0 '----7--_3 3!..-1-2

*L in t of sh ort-s tap le varie ti es va lue d a t ~ 8 e t a. p er p OU I1(1. L int of Ion z- s t np lc varietie s va lued ns f ollo w s : D ix Afifit ~ 'l et s . ; Aca ln No.5 . :J2 ct s . : Web ber No . olU . :.H) c ts . , D. B . E :q H'CSS, :J ~ ct s . j a n d E xp re ~;:);j50, 3 ~ ets . po r p ou n d. S eed of a ll va ri e ties vulu cd a t $ 70.00 p l'.)" ton.

nine-a cre t est patch, is no t more per a cre than t hat obtained on the oth er ni nety a cre s in cotton on this wages farm, which, Mr . Chanc~ r eports, produced .181 bales, in cludin g t hat from the variety te~t patch . It might be w ell t o ment ion that a ll of the ca lcula tions for the t est we re ma de on an a cre ba sis, t hat is, fo r fifty-two four-foot ro ws, seven ty yards long , but a cres in t his community, as well a s in many others, are comm only k nown as "r unning a cres" or "task s," which consist of se venty r ow s, seventy yards long, of what ever width rows. Th e one h undred acres ju st referred to r epres ent t his many "tasks " or "run ning" acres , hut this do es not a lt er the sta t ement s mad e in t his co n nection a s to t he yield obt ained.
This t est has been a m arked success in a lmo st every r espect ea ch of the three ye ars t hat it has been conducted. Not a sin gle mi shap has OCCUlTed to vit ia t e t he resu lts, and all the con dit ions under whi ch it was con ducte d hav e been exc eptionally good during the whole of t he t hr ee-year peri od. It was planted abo ut t h e 10th of April ea ch year, an d all of the cotton wa s pick ed be fore fre ezing weather arrived. All of the work was don e und er the personal supervision of either the writer or lUI'. Chan ce, who , I mi ght men tion, has spared no effor t or expense to make these tests a s uccess in every respect. But t his do es not m ean that t his patch received mo re of Mr. Chance's a ttenti on th an t he other cotton in his gen eral wages crop, a s evideu ced by the yield obtai ned a nd alrea dy mentioned.
In Table 8 t he standing of all t he variet ies that have been included in t his t est for the t hree-ye ar peri od, a s t o the yield of seed cotton at the first two pick ings and total yield of seed cotton, is sho wn . T he a vera ge differen ce in m oney valu e between t hat of the highest-yielding a nd low est-yielding varieti es for the t hree-year period is abo ut $100 pel' a cre, which withi n it self indicat es t he impor tance of t aking ad va ntage of the r esults obtained in cond ucting t h ese t ests. In this work a great service is being rendered the fa r mers of the community, if they will only profit by wha t has been learn ed a s t o t he v arieties bes t su it ed to t his locality.
According to our present knowled ge of the beh avior of th ese va rieties, a s shown in th ese t est s, we feel t hat t he farmers of this conununity can not make a better selecti on th a n Cou ncil-To ole or Lewis 63 for la nd t ha t is' infec t ed with t he wilt, a nd Wa n na maker- Cleveland for the r emainder of t heir lan d, being sure, of course, t o get the pu r est seed possibl e of t hese varieti es . As a re sult of t he cotton testing and breedin g work that we h ave done in co- opera t ion with Mr . Chance on his farm, he will eliminate all va rieti es except the Wannamaker- Clevela nd a nd CouncilTool e th e coming se a son . For furt he r sugges ti ons a s t o th e varieti es to grow th e comin g sea son see pages 6 a nd 7.
17

TABLE 7.~Resu lt s of va r iet y te st conducted dur ing 1918 o n the Da v id Dic ks on Farm , B. F. Mor r is , Man ager, Culve rton , Ha ncock Cou nty , Geo rgia, s how ing th e r a nk of s eed cott on , lint, an d valu e per acre a t th e f irst two pi ck ing s , an d in
t he t ot a l s eed c otton a nd lint per a cre, for t he e ig hte e n va r iet ies in t he t es t .

R an k in s pe d co tto n , li n t. un d va lu e a t f i r xt t w o pi ck i ng's, in d icatin g' t he ea r lin e ss for h ol l-we e vil co nd it ion s

Rank in tntu l s ee d co t to n un d lint

V AR IETY

"I :0::: ..::: 0c.>'" "':!...; ", Do o"u''r':'

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- .0:: 0", c.> ,...
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000

s
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,;,

c

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:"3

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- :.::::
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0=",1 :'";;

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",0

es
-0

~

th ~

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-("5 I "";~;
Ec< Po:

Coo k's Impro ved

GIl D:~G \1 5 47 11

Coo k 307-G................. .... ........... .............................. (i8!> 81D 1 50 8 12

38 587 G $1!)7. !)G 10 37 558 !) 18!).4D 12

1 :~O llG 77 IG!) I G77

D !)

G37 G20

G 8

T'ri-Cook

780 DIOIIGDO 7 :i7 G25 5 212 .2 7 8 1G!) 185D 4 G88 4

Mexica n Big Bo ll

754 G :~ 7 1 3Dl IG 34 473 1 7 1G4.57 18 208 115!)!) 12 544 1 5

s:. i i c...o..

Clevela n d Big Bo ll (Xlorris)

7281001 11 729 G

~~l~e~~l~~} ~~.II..(.~~T:.l.ll.~1.~~1.1.1~~.I,.~.I:? ::: 1~:~ ~~~ ~~~

38 G57 4 22 1.21 5 78 1807 G
38 G72 3 ' 22G.52 4 78 18 4G 5 3D 7'15 1 24 D.4 1 2 I 104 \2015 2

G87 5 701 3 78GI 1

King

1001 455 14 5G 1 4 34 4D5 15 172 .2 3 IG 1 04 15GO 1'1 530 1G

Sim pk ins' Ideal

848 53 3 1 381 17 35 483 IG 1(jG .G 7 17 117 l A!> 8 15 524 17

Dixie Improved

585 88 '1 14 GD1 1 3 35 51'1 14 177.::l4 15 1!)5 IGG4 10 582 13

Lewi s G3

G7G 741 1417 115 37 523 1 3 177.73 14 234 1G51 11 Gll 10

D e S o to Cou ncil-T ool e Dix- Afifi
Acala No . 5

G50 % 2 IG1 2 D 832 10 5:~ 1885 2 7!l3 1001 117!)4 1 :~
1 741 832 1573 10

35 5G4 8 1 1 !> 5.GO 11

.) :18 71G 2

fl _) i> _

57 4 7

24 !) . G:~
2:n8G

1..,

35 551 111 212. 0 !> !)

I D5 1807 G

15G
no

204 1 19 24

1

1 3

14 3 lnG I 8

G32 7

7G71GGI

2 9

G01 11

Web ber No . 4!l........... ................. ................ .......... 37 7

Lone Star- J :12

1 8GS

D75 1352 18 7G7 IG25 8

1

33421

4553 ::~~1 1108

IDx ]1l'c s s- 350 :

10 01 754 1755 5 31 544 11 2

188.0 4 113 22 1 1573113 214 .48 1 7 104 172n 7 21G.4 G G D1 18 4G 5

503 18 588 12 57 2 14

* L i n t o f s h o r t-s t a p le vn riet ics : ~~ c t s . ; We bb er Xo . I n.

valued : ~ () cts .

at ~8 : B. B

cts, . .l-lx

p p

er re

p ou nd sx , : : ~

. c

Li t.a.:

nt o nnd

f

Ion g -s Ex prls

taple s- ;J;")O.

var a~

iet ies ct s .

va IH~ r

l u ed as p ound .

f oll ow s : Seed of

n i x-An f i , ;~ i cts. ; A CIl Ja No .5, a ll vu i-Ic t fus vn lu e d at $70.00 p er

ton ,

\

VARIET Y TEST IN HANCOCK COUNTY.
Thi s t est was conduct ed in co-operati on with Mr. B. F. )Iorris, Manager, David Dick son Farm, Cu lverton, Georala. The plat of land on this farm used for the purpose has been in cotto n sever al years conti nuous ly, and it is in only a mod er ate state of cultivation. The soil is a lightcolored sandy loam, with a clay subsoil.
Th e land was well brok en in t he winter, a nd sho rtly before pla nti ng time it wa s bed ded out in four-foot r ows. A licrht application of stable manure was made broadcast , a~cl 400 pounds per a cre of a 10-3-0 fertilizer wa s a pplied in t he drill. On July 8th, 300 pounds per a cr e of a mix ture consist ing of top-dresser and nitrate of soda wa s used as a side application. The cultivation was go od and as frequelit as th e weather permitted, continuin g un t il late in
the season.
On April 11th the seed was pla nted in the ordinary way with a Benton planter. T he test patch con sisted of seventy-two rows, each of the eighte en varieties occupying two two-row plats, which were separated from eac h ot h er by seventeen plats or t hirty-fo ur rows, making on e-thir teenth of a n acre in ea ch variety. A fa irly good sta nd for most of th e varieties resulted, proper a llowanc e for stand heing made in the tabulated resu lts, a nd at th e proper time th e plants were thinned to about every eighteen inches in
th e drill.
Th e season was rather fav orable with the exce ption of the dr y, hot sp ell in Aug ust, which damaged the cotton to som e extent ; and ther e was practically no loss for any of th e varieties as a r esu lt of ins ect and disease attacks. Thi s cotton r eceived practi call y the same t reatme nt in every respect, and the average yield on t he patch was a bout the sam e, a s th at of the ge neral crop of cotton grown on th e surro unding fields. Mr. Morris spared no effo r t or expense to make th e t est a success in every respect.
T he res ults of this test a r e given some what in det ail in Table 7, in whi ch the r ela tive ea rlin ess , yield, a nd money valu e of t he eighteen va rieties can be readily seen . The calculation s are made on an acre basis. The va lues, it will he not ed in th e table, represent the combine d yield of the first tw o pick ings, in stead of t he to tal yield ; because it is believed that th is is full y as mu ch of the crop as can be reasona bly co unted on under hall-weevil condit ions, wh ich are likely to exist in this section of the state fr om now on. Note the diff eren ce in values for th ese varieties, as shown in the table r eferred to. The av erage differnece in money value between that of th e high est-yieldin g a nd lowestyielding varieti es in this test for the t hree-year per iod is about $70 per acre.
19

TA B L E 8.-Summ a ry of re s u lt s of va r iet y t ests conducted o n th e
fa rms of E. E. Chance, W ay nesbo ro , Geo rg ia , and B. F. Morris Cul v erto n, Geo r gia , showing the r a nk in se e d co tt on at fi rst tw~ p ic king s and in t ota l s eed cotto n f or th e ye a rs 1916, 1917 and 1918.

Va r i o t~.. t est on f arm of E. E . Ch ance, W ay nes-
bor o, Ga.

II
I

Var ie ty tes t on f ar m
n . F . Mor r-is, c ot-

of

v ert on , Ga .

i

V AR IETY
-

R nnk in seed cot ton 1s t ~

R llnk in t o' tn l seed

IR ank in seed
cotton 1st 2

R ank in to' t nJ s eed

p i ck ing s

cot to n

I pickin g s

cotton

il il I

I

1:,1,,1191711 :>1"11:, 1,;11:'1

I

I
1:'1' 11:1JG1 1:11

1\'181191';11917 1:'1,
1-

::::::/ Cook 'S Impr oved...
Cook 307 -6 ..............-

12 4 ...... 14 5 1 4 11 1 4 9 8 4 ._--.- 10 4 ...... 3 12 ...... 3 9

Tri- Co ok ..................... ._--.. 4 4 ...... 3 o<) ...... 5 7 ...... 5 4

H alf & Half ............... .....- 1 1 ...... 2 1 ....-. 11 1 ...... 11 2

Clev ela nd B. B.

(Willia ms) ...--.... 5 Cleveland B. B.
("Wo od ) -........-...-.... ...... Clev eland B. B.
(Wan nam aker) ...... Cleve lan d B. B.

5 ...... 6 7 ...... 6 9 ...... " .... 11 ...... ...... 3 2 ._.... 4 2 ......

2 ...... 7 9 ...... ...... 1 4 ._....

2 .....
I
.....
:15

( Ch a n ce ) ............ ...... ...... 3 ...... ...... 6 --_... -_.... ...... ...... ...... ..... Cleveland B. B.

(Morris ) ........._-.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 6 ...... ...... 6

S a wyer ....................... ...... Mex . Bi g BolL........ ......

15
......

......
9

......
......

17
......

......
8

......
......

6
......

......
16

...... ......

6
......

.'-"
1?

Chri s to phel' ............... ...... 10 ...... ...... 13 ...... ...... 1 3 _..... ...... 1 2 ....-

'I'riumph ................_.. ...... ...... ...... ...._. ...... ...... 8 ...... ...... 8 ...... .....

J et er' s Big B oIL .__ ...... ...... - ' - ' " ...... ...... .-.... 5 ...... ...... 4 ...._. ..... Kin g ................................. ...._. 1 3 14 ...... 15 15 ...... 17 14 ...... 16 14

Simpkins' Id eal ._._.. .-.... J.i! 15 ...... 16 16 ...... 18 17 ...... 17 1o-

Ba n k Account...._... 7 ...... ...... 9 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....

P etwa y .............._.. -......... ...... 11 ..__.. ---... 12 ...... ...... 1 6 ..._.. ' .._' . 1 5 .....

Co u ncil-Toole ......... 2 2 9 2 1 13 3 10 2 o<) 9 1

L ewis 63 ................._.. 3 5 11 o<) 6 11 2 12 15 2 10 11

DeSoto ...-........-..._.._....... Dix ie I m proved ...... Mad ella ........................

8 6 10 145 9 ......

7 8 13 ...... 14 9 ...... 13 6
o 1 5 7 ...... 15 13 ...... 14 1 s ...... ...... ..-... .-...- ...... .....- ...... .....

'--S'I Dix-Afifi ..................... 6 7

5 9 12 7 8 3 6 7 3

Acal a N o . 5 ............... ...._. ...... 13 ...... ...... 15 .._... ...... 1 0 ...... ...... 8

7 L on e

Star -132 .........

......

......

...._.

......

......

..

~

_

.

_

......

......

8 ...... ......

---41 \Vebbe r No. 49.........
Expr ess ........................

...... 1 2 ...... ...... 1 4 ...... ...... 18 ...... ...... 1 3 9 _..... ,1 11 ...... 4 7 .. .. .. 5 6 .....

Bi g Boll E xpr ess ...

...... 7 ...... ...... 9 ......

, ...... ...... ...... .....

1 "-" '1 E x pr ess-3 50 ....__...... ...... ... ... G _.-... " " " 1 10 ...... ...... 5 ...... ...... 5

D et ail s o f r esult s on t he se te s t s for 1 91 G an d 1 91 7 ar e g ive n 1Il our bu ll oti n s 46 fi n d 50 .
F or sou r ces of see d u s ed in this t es t s ec p ag e 3 7.

20

Including this test, a variety test has been cond ucted on this farm for t he la st three seasons , a nd in Tab le 8 t he standing of the various varietie s that have been in clud ed in these tests during this period, as to seed cotton at the firs t two pickings a nd total see d cotton , is sho wn . T his test should be conducted at lea st another season in or der to determine the variety or va rieties best suite d to this locality, and in the mea ntime the su ggest ions offered on pa ges G and 7 a s to varieties t o grow next seas on should be followed by the fa rmer s of this commu nity.
VAR IETY TEST I N FLOY D COU NTY.
This test was cond uct ed in co-operation with the Martha Berry Schools, Mount Berry, Georgia. The plat of la nd on th e demonstration fa rm used for t his purpose was planted in oats, followed by COWI)ea s, in 1917. The soil is secondbottom sand a nd silt, with a ligh t colored subsoil, being fairly uniform in charact er and in a good state of culti-
vntion, The land was well brok en a nd harrowed in t he early
spring, and at the proper t ime it was laid off in four-foot rows. At planting ti me a n a pplication of 400 pound s pel' acre of a mixture of meal and a cid, on e to two, was made in the drill. The cultivation of t he crop was fa irly good and shallow, being continu ed, a s often as the weather permitted, until the latter part- of July.
On May 6th, which was a bout t wo weeks la te, the seed was planted in t he ordinary way with a modified Ga ntt plan ter. The t est pa tch con sisted of thirty ro ws , ea ch variety occupying three rows, whi ch wer e separated from each oth er by nine rows of t he other va rieties in the test, making one-fifth of an a cr e in each variety. A fa irly goo d stand for most of t he varieti es resul ted, propel' allowance for stand being made in the tabula ted res ults, a nd at the proper t ime t he plants were t hinn ed to abo ut twenty-four inches ap art in th e dril l.
Th e season was ra ther fa vorable except for t he h ot , dry weather in August, wh ich caused some sh edding. Th e boll weevil was not pr esen t, and diseases atta cked t he cro p very little. Ho wev er, t h e yield in this test is not so good as was expected, but it is doubtless fa irly represen ta t ive for thi s section of the state. The r esults a re at least comparable as to t he different varieti es in the test, which, after all, serv es the immediate purpose for which the test wa s con d uct ed.
Th e results of this te st are given some what in detail in T able 9, and a ll farmer s of this section of t h e state will do well to study t he m very carefully before deciding upon the variety or varieti es to plant the 'coming season. These data are calculated on an a cr e basis, and if one will exa m-
21

TABLE 9.-Results of variety test conducted du r ing 1918 on fa rm of
the Martha Berry Sc hools, Mou nt Berry, Floyd Cou nty, Georgia, showing the ran k in seed cotto n per ac re at the first two p ickings a nd in t he total seed cotton and value for the ten var ieties in the t est.

I R a nk in se ed co t to n I firs t t wo pi ck in g-s ,
i nd ica t in g ca r li ness
- ---- - -

Ra n k in to t a l se ed cotton an d value

VARIETY

~
~

::: :1)

E: roo c_ .tSll

g .... ~ '"

~= COl "01

::; ~
U0""S.

",,","
oA
m0o0o

." . o~ 0"
00 0

~o
Jj};

Coo k's Improved ... 285 450 735

I

~

~ .::

o~

" t-

~
~

]~

.." 0 0
-';":,8
~~
~g

1 <11 5 11 50

!;L -;;
;..;
-~;;
~

~:;;

I
I

..c.;.~::::::

.>;=:.:-::::-::

~ ~

2 38 1$147 .31 1

Mex ican Big Bo ll... 335 330 GG 5 4 580 12 45 134 14 7.21 ~

1

1

Clevela n d Big Boll

I

(W annamaker ) 140 315 455 9 535 990 G 38 126.7 7 7

College No . 1 ............ 315 360 G7 5 3430 110 5 537 138.88 3
s Kin g ...............-_..--............ 450 25 5 705 2 280 985 7 34 11G.55

Tric e ................__............... 425 220 64 5 G 310 955 834 11 3.05 10

Lone Star-1 32 ....__... 305 2G5 570 7 480 1050 334 138.4 91 4

Big Bo ll Expr ess...... 350 305 G55 5270 9.25 10 31 11 4.17 \ !) ' Vebber No . 49......... 180 280 460 8 490 950 9 32 132.05 G
l Dix-Afi fi ........................ 190 180 370 10 G4 5 101 5 432 134.Gfi 5

*L in t of sh or t-s ta p le v a ri eties va l ue d at 2 8 cts. p er p ou n d . L int of Ion c -s t npl o vnrict ies va lu ed a s f oll ow s : L on e Sta r 13 2 , 32 c ts . ; Bi go B oll E xpre s s, ~2 ct s . ; \ Veb b er N o. 4 0 , 3 6 ct s . : 1lI1l1 D ix-Afifi , 31 cts . p er p ou nd . Se ed of a ll v nr ie ti es va lue d a t $ 70 .00 p er t on .
F o r s ou rce s of sc orl u s ed in t h is t est SPO p age :17 .

ine the w h ole t a ble ca refu lly, they will be self-explanatory. The ea rlin es s, tota l y ield, a nd money value a re the m ain point s t o be considered.
T hi s is the first season t hat w e h a ve con d ucted a var iety t est in t h is section of the s tate, a n d this fact sho uld be born e in m ind w h en stu dying the r esults in the table a n d decid in g u pon a variety to plant. T he ultimate aim in t h is w ork is to determ in e t he var iet y or varieties best s uited t o t h e loca lity in whi ch t he t est is loca t ed, a n d in doing this it is u sua lly n ecessa r y t o run t h e t est throu gh a ser ies of a t lea s t t hr ee y ea r s . For r ecommendations a s t o the vari eti es to g row t h e' coming s ea son see s uggesti on s off er ed on pages G a n d 7.
VARIETY TEST I N HABERSHAM COUNTY.
This t est was co nd ucte d in co -o per a ti on w ith lUI'. W . B. H un t er, Cornelia, Georgia. T h e plat of land on h is fa rm u sed for t h e purpose is on a r ather poor a n d undeveloped

22'

hillside, which was in COl'll a nd pea s in 1917. The soil is reddish clay loam, being fai rly unifor m in ch a ract er a nd typical for this county.
The land was welI broken and harrowed in the early. spring, a nd just before planting time a n a pplication at the rate of 500 pounds per acre of a mixture of meal a nd a cid was made in the drill. The cultiva tion was good a nd shal10" " bein g continued, as often as the weather permitted, until th e latter part of July.
On April 23rd the see d was planted in the ordinary way with a Gantt pla nte r. The test patch con sisted of on e ro w a n ac re lon g in each of the four varieties t ested, making one-seventiet h of an a cr e in ea ch va riety. A fa irly good sta nd of alI t he varieti es r esulted, proper a llowance for sta nd bein g made in t he tabulate d r esults, a nd at the pro per tim e the plants wer e thinned to abou t every eighteen in ch es
in the drill.
Th e seas on was rather favorable with the except ion of a hot, dry spell in Aug us t, whi ch retarded growth and cause d som e shedding of fruit. Disea ses a ttacked this cotton very little, and insect s did practi cally no da ma ge to it. However , the yield in t his t est is very low a s com pare d

TA BL E 10.--<Results of variety test conducted during 1918 on fa r m of W. B. Hunter, Cor ne lia , Habersham County, Georgia, showing the rank in seed cotton per acre at t he flrat r two p ickings and in the total seed cotto n and value per acre for the four varieties in the test.

VARIE T Y

I Ha n k i n seed co tto n f ir s t t w o p ick in g s , i n d icati n g ea r li ness

Ran k in total s eed cotto n and va luo

~~
o t) ~~
-::: . :o ,; ~ o
00 0

I

B
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,, 0
u: Z

I .

' ~ ~ I ~ ~~~

:.l ~ ...
1 00 ;':: ':0-

~

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'vc": ~~
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King

/ 4:20 / ] 05! h25! 31 00/ 5251 31 341$G2.2 31 3

CI~~~T~~~~~l~i/l~)

(j141 834/ 2801

2 18/ G32 1 21 381 80.92

2

Acala No. 5......... 315 \140 1 455 1 4 00\ 4.55 \ 41 351 G1. 24 4

B. B. Expr ess ...1 4:)0, 4201 ni o 1 18 028 1 31 114 .5GI 1

I

1

1

I 1 I

II

I

I

... L in t of K i ng a n d Cle ve lu ud va lu ed at 28 ct s. p er p ound . L in t of .:\ca la No .5 a n d 13.13. E x p re ss v alued a t 3 ~ et s . per poun d. Seed of a ll vurI c t ics v alued at $ 70 .00 p er t on .
P a r sou rc es of seed u sed in th is t est s ec p age ~ 7.

23

wit h t hat of the main cr op on t his farm th is season, but it is do ubtless r eprese nta tive for this section, wh ere the a vera ge yield is very low.
The r esult s of t his t est are giv en more in detail in Table 10, where the r elati ve earliness , yield, and money value of t hese fou l' variet ies ca n be seen at a glance. The ca lculatio ns are made on a n acre b asi s, Accord ing t o t his t est it is ea sy to see that the Big Doll Ex pres s stands first in a ll r espects, but the test will hav e to be con duc te d through a series of a t least three years before t he se point s can he definitely det ermined by the a verages obtained.
Mr . Hunter , on wh ose farm this test was co nd uct ed, t hinks that the Big Boll E xpress will equa l in lint producti on a nd exceed in amount of see d cotto n and seed any ot her variety that ca n be grown in th is loca lity, and a ccor ding to the results he has obtained ill- growing t his va riety for th e past t wo sea sons, his cla ims seem fully justified. It certainly is a n early a nd produc ti ve variety, a nd the lint produced will bring a prem ium, if it is properly ca red for in the harvesting and ginning proces ses. For r ecommendations as t o the va rieties t o grow the coming season see suggestion s offered on pages 6 and 7.
VARIETY T EST I N F U L T ON COUNTY.
This test has been cond ucted duri ng 1917 a nd 1918 in co-op er a tion with Mr. H . C. Ba gley, At la nta , Georgia . It was locat ed bot h yea rs on the same pla t of la nd on h is Sawt ell Farm, about five mil es south of the city. The la nd used for the pu rpose h a d been past ured a nd in a lfalfa for a number of years . T he soil is cecil clay loa m, being fairly uniform and level in charact er , and is very r ich in humus as a result of its r ecent usa ge.
Each year the land was well br ok en and harrowed in th e early spring, and just before planting t ime it wa s la id off in four-f oot rows. In 1917, 600 pounds pel' acre of a "blood and bone" guano, and in 1918, 600 pou nds pel' a cre of an 8-2-2 fertilizer was ap plied in t he dr ill. The cultivatio n durin g hath seasons was fairly go od, being cont inued, about as ofte n as the wea t h er per mitted, until th e midd le of August in 1917 and the la tter par t of J uly in 1918.
On May 12th, 1917, and on Apr il 17th, 1918, the seed was planted in the or dina ry way with a Covingt on planter. Ea ch year t he test patch con sisted of one hundred an d forty-t wo rows, each of the s eventy-one va rieties in t h e t est occup ying t wo r ows , which were sepa rated fr om each
other by seventy row s at the other varie t ies in t he test ,
making 1/ 26 of an acre in ea ch va riet y. A good stand of most of t he va rieti es resulted both years, a nd du e all owa n ce for sta nd was made in the res ults . At the proper
( Contin ued on p age 28.)
24

TABL E 11.- Resul t s of va ri e t y test cond uct ed d u ri ng 1918 o n farm of H. C. Bag le y, At la nta , Fulton Co unty , Georg ia , sh owing the rank
in seed cotton a nd lint per acre at th e f irst two pi ckin gs , a nd in t he t ot a l seed cot t on a nd lint pe r acre.

-

R an k in seed co tto n a n d li n t R a nk i n t ot ul seed

at first two p icking-so indi-

cot ton and

e a ti n g oa r l in oss

lint

VA RIETY

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~:~~Ce~~~. B...(~V;~;;~;::::I1 C'ooookk's30I7m6pr.o..v...e.d.............

650 1118 1768 14 38 494 1014 1508 24 37

662 9 558 24

7541252214 1"958 1 494 2002 28 741 25

414 768 1182 43 37 437 42 441 1623 44 501 58

689 1017 1706 17 38 648 14 630 2336 11 888 5

Cleve!. B. B. (Woo d) ..... 839 962 1801 11 38 684 6 466 2267 15 861 !J

oicvot. B. B. (Wa nna.) . , 825 906 1731 16 38 658 12 59912330 13 885 7

Christoph er ........__........ 964 850 1814 10 35 635116 51812332 12 816 14
Tri umph -_.............-........ 716 494 1210 40 35 42414<1 247 1457 50 510 57

Sunbea m ......................_- 838 782 1620 20 36 583 21 481 2101 24 756 23

p ouln ot ...........__._--......... 650 1131 1781 13 37 659 11 347 2128 23 787 19

College No. 1................ 858 754 1612 21 37 596 18 416 2028 27 750 2-1

?l1exlean Big BolL. ..... 858 832 1690 18 34 575 23 442 2132 22 725 29

Truitt's Big BolL. ....... 754 936 1690118 34 575 23 364 2D54 26 698 35 Simpkins' Big BolL.... 702 884 1586 22 34 539 27 364 1950 30 663 41)

Heavy Fruiter .............. 1066 910 1976 6 34 672 8 546 2522 4 857 10

:'t1eadows.......................... 1196 1170 2366 1 34 804 1 312 2678 1 911 3

Utopia ....................-....... 624 1170 1794 12 34 610 17 . 56812362 9 803 16

Hooper .......................... 910 1196 2106 3 ' 34 716 5 494 2600 2 884 S

Williams ........................ 546 884 1430 28 35 500 33 546 1976 29 693 36

Sa wyer .......................... 1144 806 195!) 7 37 722 3 468 2418 7 895 5

Ezy Muny ............__ _........ 858 1118 1976 6 3,1 672 8 468 2444 6 831 11

Culpepper .................... 676 884 1560 23 34 530 29 468 2028 27 690 37

Hal f & H a lf .................. 598 910 1508 24 39 588 20 62.1 12132 22 831 11

Brown's No. 2................ 650 702 1352 30 36 487 35 650 2002 28 721 31

Mone y Mak er .............. 312 988 1300 32 37 481 38 598 1898 31 602 48

Dongola .......................... 416 1014 1430 28 34 486 36 442 1872 32 636 43

Peterkin ..............._........ 338 1014 1352 30 37 500 33 598 1950 30 722 30

Uprig ht .......................... 520 Mat ehl ess ...................... 1014

884 1404 29 36 988 2002 5 36

505 32 721 4

390 1794 361 646 42 494 2496 5 899 4

WllIet's Id ea l ................ 780 988 1768 14 37 654 13 364 2132 22 789 18

WiIlet's P erfecti on .... 286 988 1274 34 37 471 39 728 2002 28 741 25

Gar ri son ........................ 269 912 1181 44 37 437 42 646 1827 34 676 38

Petway .......................... 676 884 1560 23 34 530 29 598 2158 21 735 26

Hlt e's Ea r ly P ro lific__ 312 1040 1352130 36 487 35 676 2028 27 730 27

5Lock Toole ................ 156 832 988 50 37 366 51 650 1638 43 606 46

I

..

Contin ued on next page

25

TAB,LE 11 (Co nt in ued ) .-Variety test conducted during 1918 on far m of H. C. Bagley, Atlanta, Fulton County, "Ge or g ia , showing t he rank in seed cotton and lint per acre at the first two pickings, and in the total seed cotton and li nt per ac re.

R un k in se ed co tton a n d li nt
a t firs t t w o pi cking s . in d io ea ti ng ear-liness

Ra n k in to ta l seed co t t on and lint

VARIETY
Council -T oole ....-.-.......
Di xie Impr ov ed ............ L e wi s 63..........................

25
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I I 364 1040 04' 29 38\ 534 28 67612080 25 790 17

260 988 1248 36 35 437 42 93612184 1201 764 21

442 1040 1482 26 37 548 26 728 2210 18 818 13

DeSo to ............................ 416 1040 1456 27 35 509 31 59812054 26 719 32

:Mod ella .............-............ Ban k Acco unt ..............

156 780

884 1040 48 36 962 1742 /15 34

1
374 491 806 11846 33 / 665 39 557 25 494 2236 17 726 28

Si mp k in s ' Id eal ............ 1170 King ..................__............ 884

806 1976 6 34 1
910 1794 /12 34

6721 8 610 17

390 2366 8 468 2262116

804 15 769 20

B r oa dwell ' s D. J ........... 936 910 1846 9 35 646 15 442 2288 14 700 34

T r ice .............................. 1170 832 2002 1 5 34 681 7 234 2236 17 760 2" T ipl er ............................ 598 1014 1612 21 34 548 26 520 2132 122 725 29

M o rr -is ............................ 520 1170 1690 18 35 592 19 650 2340 10 819 12

90DDY ........__.._----._--_...__. 1066 962 2028 4 36 730 2 520 2548 3 917 2 E xpress ............__.....__..... 442 1014 1456 27 30 437 42 702 2158 21 647 41

E xpress -350 .....-............ 1222 910 2132 2 31 661 10 416 2548 3 790 17

Bi g B oll Express.......... 962 910 11 872 8 31 580 22 546 12418 7 750 24

Ma gn o li a E x pre ss ...... D'ix-Mi fi ._- ..................... H artsvill e No. 12.......... W e lJl.J e r No . 49.............. Keen an-Good s on ..........

780

85811638 /19 30

491 34
1

390 12028 27

608 15

572 1040 1612 121 32 5161301 596 2208 19 707 1 3 .~

286 910 1196 42 31 371 50 ! 572 1768 37 ! 548 52

1

~~~ I :~ 598 858 1456127 32
182 676 858 52 30

312 117681371 566 51 624 11482 49 445 62

K ee n an .......-..--..-........... 390 702 1092 46 30 328152 728 1820 35 546 53

K e en a n" 'ha ley .......... 264 821 10851-17 30 326 53 503 1588 45 1 476 60

A ca l a No . 5....................
All en ... ......._- .....__....-...-..

501 383

713 1214 391:J5 715 1098145129

425 143 318 54

346 1560 47 546 D- .~)
1
451 1549 48 604 47

Co lumbi a .. --....__............ 447 796 124 3 137131 385 47 345 1158 8 45 492 59 D uran go ......_--_..__.......... 394 504 898 51 33 296 55 529 1427 52 471 61

S un flo we r ...................... 581 689 1270135 32 396 46 371 1641 42 525 55

Ext ra Ea rly L . S......... 502 715 1217 38 31 377 48 503 \1720 40 533 51 Fus t.er- Lzf) ................ ...... 670 533 1203 41 .uJu? 397 15 373 1576 46 520 56

L on e Star ..._----.............. 641 698 1339 31 36 482 37 401 1740 39 626 H 1
L on e S ta rI:J2 .............. 774 72"4 1498 25 34 509 31 266 1764 38 600 49

Kekc h i ..............__............ 509 780 1289 3a 34 438 41 427 171 6141 583 50
Mead e ..........-................. 390 624 1014 49 28 / 284 56 416 1430 51 400 6")
I ..

23

TABLE 12.- Variety t es t co nduct ed duri ng 1917 o n f arm of H. C.

B,agle y, Atl a nta , Fulton Co un ty , Georg ia , s how in g the ra nk in seed

cotton pe r acre a t the f irs t p icki ng.

-
YARIETY

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1364 8 Bank Account .-......._-..._--_.. 416 7
CCooookk's30I7m-6pr..o..v..e..d...................... 312 10 Sim pk ins ' Id eal ..__...__....... 572 4

T ri-Cook ..............................--.. 364 8 W illet's Id e al ...... .... .......-.. 364 8

Cle ve la n d B. B. (W'm s) .... 312 10 Willet's P e r fe cti on .......... 156 15

Cleveland B . B. (Wood) ...... 260 11 Broad we ll 's D. J . ---......... 468 6

Cleveland B. B. (W a n na .) 312' 10 P e tway .-.........._----.-........... .. 572 4

Ch r is top her ---_...._-_..._..--------_.- 156 15 Tipler ............ ...................... 312 10

H ea v y Fruiter ............__..._...___ 156 15 Mead ow s ............_--....._-_..... 468 s

Sunbeam ..__.......__................... 208 13 H oop er .-... .__........ _-.... ........-. 468 6 poulnot ..-_...__....._-_...---_............ 208 13 Morris .-.........._---.......__......... 416 7

Coll e ge No . 1...,...........__._____._.. 46 8 6 Mon e y Ma k e r " .........-......._. 156 15

~fexican Bi g Bo ll.................... 416 7 Ezy Mun y ............................ 312 10
Truitt's Bi g son.........._.__...... 364 8 90-Day .................._.._............ 573 3

Brown's Big Bo ll........_.__.__.__.. 364 8 H it e' s E arly P r olific........ 312 10

Triumph .................................. 468 6 Expr es s .-..--------..........._--...... 234 12 Simpk in s ' Big Bo ll _____..______._. 468 6 Exp r e ss -350 ..__ .._._-------........ 676 1

Culpep pe r .............................- 260 11 Bi g Boll E x p re ss .............. 624 2

Br own 's No. 2._...................... 416 7 Ma gn otia E xpress ............ 416 7

Dongola ..............._....-...... .... ._- 182 14 Dix-Afi fi .-..--......... .__..... _...... 104 16

Peterki n ..__..1182 14 I H artsville xo. 12__.._.........../ 78 17 I Ga rrison ...._............................. 156 15 \ Ve bb e r No. 49___...........___... , 364 8

_----_ 1 I ~fatchl ess ......._..... _..--._-_.._- -_._-- 416 7 K een an -Goo ds on

76 18

~~::~:~~-\,;i~~;~-;::::::::::::::::I Uprigh t .................................... 338 9
Willia m s ............-_.................. 208 13

I 7:Z 19
78 I 17

I Sawyer .........................._........ . 520 5 Alle n .........___ ____ __......___ .._______ 104 16

I H alf & H a IL............._............ 364 8 Colu m bia ........___....... _......... / 364 8

I Uto pia .... .. _- - -1 104 16 Duran go ...._-- -- -----___1 260 11
Dixi e Imp roved .... _................- 260 11 Su n flow e r 208 --- _________ .. _..... 1 13

I Counc il-T oo le .........._............. 312 10 I A ca la No . 5.........._...___......... 1 416 7

5l.Jock Toole .......... .....--._-_..._- 260 11 I Extra Ear ly L. S ..I 156 15

I Lew is 63 ..................................
De Soto ....................................

312 260

1110

F ost er-120 .._.._-_..__----1312 1o Lon e Star -_...._-----.... 1416 \ I

"f od ell a

.............._...... _--........ .-..

156

15

1
'I

K el{chi

__-__--_.._1208 I1"

Kin g ........ 1676 1 1:

II

27

stage of growth in 1!H7 and 1!H8 the plants wer e thinned

t o an average of t hirty inc hes and eigh tee n inches, r espec-

tively, in the drill.

On a ccount of t he dry weather during the spring of 1917

t he test cotton was not pla nt ed un til nearly a month lat e.

It ca me up and bega n growing very slowly for this same

reason. A good crop of fr uit wa s put on late in t he sum-

mer, but a n early fr eeze, Octo ber 25t h, seri ou sly da m-

aged a ll t he bolls except a few which had just been picked,

rendering it im possible t o obta in further r esults on the yield

for this season. The test was planted ab out t he right ti me

in 1918, a nd the season was rather favorab le, with th e ex-

ception of un seasonable weathe r in t he spring and cool

nights in mid summer, which caused it to frui t ver y poorly.

However, a good la t e cro p was made, and frost damaged

only a sm a ll percentage of the bolls. This cotton ma de

excellent growth both yea rs, mainly on a ccoun t of t he fer-

tility of th e soil, and there wa s pra ctically no dama ge to

it either year by ins ects and diseases. E verything pos sibl e

was done t o make the test a success in every r espect.

The st a nding of the va rious va rieties, as to ea rliness,

yield, etc., is shown in detail in Tables 11 an d 12, wh ich

should be exa mine d very closely. The yield is calculated

on an acre basis. Addition a l data a nd othe r inter esti ng

in formation re la tive to these varieties are given in Table

13, a close s t udy Qf which will familiarize on e with a ll of

these va rietie s, which, I might mention, is one of t he ma in

purp os e's we have ha d in view in conduc ti ng this extensi ve

test.

'

It is al so interesti ng to note the results of observations

made on t he character of blooms ap pearing on m ost of th e

early va r ieties in the t es t . The number of plants having

blooms characteristic of the King va riety were r ecorded on

consecutive days du rin g a seve n-day period in September,

1917. The blooms of t he King variety, as mo st fa rmer s

have obse rve d, have a da rk red or purp lish spot on the in-

side and neal' the base of ea ch petal. This spot is chara c-

te ristic of the King cotton, no other Ame rica n sho rt-staple

variety havin g it, and other so-ca lled varieties produc ing a

large percentage of blooms of t his kind certainly betray

their origin. See Table 14.

In order to det ermine the r elative ea rliness of th ese va-

ri eti es , as ind icat ed by t hei r fr u tin g record, an a ctual coun t

of a ll the blooms appearin g on fifty selected pla nts of each

variety was ma de every da y du ring a ,17-day per iod , July

19th through Sept ember 3rd, 1!)l7 , and on Sept ember 5th

the t otal number of boll s set during t his period was deter-

mine d by actual counts. If the t est cotton had been

pla nted on ti me, as it was in 1)18, and t he season ha d been

(Continued on pag e 32.)

28

TABLE 13.- S ome n otes on t he v arieti es include d In t he test on f arm of H. C. Bag le y. Atl ant a , Fulton County. Georgia .

1917 a nd 1918 .

(C ontin u ed on next page )

V ARIETY

\..iU U K " Im prov e d

_

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. , 82 - Me ll= -F air B.B.Ck ........ 65 14 12 38 8.58

93 Me(L F a ir B .D.-Ck.. ...... 65 12 12 37 7.05

SOUR CE m' SEED

TriC ook .._ _

_ .. 1 84 Med Poor .... B.D.-C1e....... 63 11 14 37 6.4 5

Cleve land B. B. (W illiams) 76 Me d F ai r _.. D.B .C !......... 64 13 12 38 7.97

Clevelan d B. B. (Woo d ) _..... 97 Me d Fair n. B .C !......... 65 14 14 38 8.58

Cle ve la n d B . B . (Wann a .).. 94 M ed Good B.D .C!......... 63 13 14 38 7.9 7

Christopher Triumph

_.. __ . __ ..

86 Med Po or .... D.B .S .C

60 15 12' :~ 5 8.06

1 __.._ __ .

85 Me(L Fair B .D.-S .P....... 55 14 14 35 7.54

~ Sun beam

_._.__. _._._....... 95 Med I~air B .B.ClL ._.... 62 14 14 36 7.88

Pou lnot

_ _._.._.. _.. _.1 98 Me(L __.. F u.lr. B. B.S .C __ 57 14 14 :~ 7 8.22

Co llege No. L .. .. .__ _ 88 Me (L F air. __ B.D .CIL ._._._. 63 14 14 :37 8.22

Mexican Bi g B olL._ _.

92 Me(L F a ir _ D.B.-C!... __ 59 16 16 34 8.24

Truitt's Big Bo lL.

_.. ... 93 Me(L P oor B.B.-S .C....... 59 15 14 :-~ 4 7.72

Simpkins' B ig BoIL _............ 84 Me(L P oor.... B.B.-CL....._. 65 13 14 34 6.71

! H eavy Fruiter -1

Meadows

_ _.

78 95

H e a VY.. Fair B.B.C........... 55

H e a vy .. P oor .... B.B.C

60

14 14

14 14

34 34

7.21 7.21

Utopia

86

Hooper

80

Williams

74

S awye r ___ __ _ 1 90

Ezy Muny

88

H ea vy..1 Fair B. D.S .C

62

H e a v y.. Poor .... D.B .-C _. 64

! Me d : F nir.. B.D. C!... __ 56
Med Fair R H.C !... 65

Me d ! P oor....: B.B.-S .C _. . 60

16 13 16
14 16

14 14 12 12
14

34 34 35 37 34

8.2 4 6.71 8.61 8.22 8.24

*B .B ..B ig- Bo ll , C. ' Clu st er, Ck. Coo k. CI.Ckvela lld , Dc-D wu r-I, E.E a rly, E ~.-E~ypt i a ll , Jo:: .Jo:: illg", L .Lilllul es s, L . S . L o n ~ S t nple, P .Pe te r ki n,
S .C.' Semi Clu st er, S .P.-St<ll'ln Proof, T . T oole, w.n.wm R esist ant.
f L i nt index rep res en ts th e w ei ght in g rams of tho lin t g inne d f rom 100 s eed

TABLE 13 (Cont in ued ) .-Some no t es on t he var ieties included in the test on farm of H . C. Bagley, Atlanta, Fu lton County,

Geo r g ia , 1917 an d 1918.

_.

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Cu lp epper ............................... 1 89 Med ...... Poor..... B .B .-S .C....... 63 14 12 34 7.21 J. E. Culpe pp e r, L u th e r sv ille , Ga . Half &Half .............................. 97 Me cL.... F air...... B.B.-Cl" ....... 65 13 10 39 8.35 J . J. L . P h illips, T if t on , Ga. B rown 's No. 2.......................... 84 Me d ...... P oor..... B.B .-Cl" ....... 65 15 12 37 S.81 Marcus L . Brown , De catu r , Ga. Money Make r ........................ 84 Me cL ... F air...... P .-P ....... ....... 82 10 12 37 5.87 Al exander Seed Co., Aug usta, Ga . Dongo la .................................... 82 Med ...... Poor...... B.B .S .C....... 65 15 14 34 7.72 K . A . Wilheit, W a shing t on, Ga. Peterkin ............ .................. .... 92 Med...... 11'air....__ P.-P.............. 82 10 14 37 5.87 Mo ss Bros ., S t . Ma t thews, S. C.
U prig ht .................................... 91 Med...... Fair ...... L.-C .............. 70 12 14 36 6.75 H . G. H a sting s co., Atlanta, Ga .

.., Matchle ss ................................ 78 Med...... Poor ..... P.-P.............. 70 12 12 36 6.75 H . G. H a stin g s Co ., Atlan ta, Ga . W ille t's Id e a l ..................... ..... 95 Med ...... F a ir...... B. B.-Cl......... 65 14 14 37 8.22 W illet S e e d Co ., A ug usta, Ga .

o W ill et's - P erfection .............. 95 Med ...... Poor..... P. -P .............. 82 10 12 37 5.87 Willet S eed Co ., A ug usta, Ga. Ga rrison ---_.. __. . . . .. .. -. . . .. .. .. ._-_.__. 96 Light.... F a i r ...... P. -T .............. 85 10 12 37 5.87 D. D . Ga r rison, Fit zge r al d , Ga .

Petway ._--_....-._-_..... ................. 93 Med ...... P oor ..... E .-P .............. 84 11 12 34 5.67 A . P. Petway, Eastman, Ga.

H ite's E a r ly Proli fi c.............. 90 Med...... Poor..... E. -P ............._ 86 10 12 36 5.62 M. W . Bragg, Spri n gfi e ld, Ga.

5Loc k T ool e .......................... 98 Med ...... P oor..... P .T.............. 82 1 0 14 37 5.87 W illet Seed Co., Augusta, Ga.

Cou n cil -T oo le -...._-_. ._-_..... .. . . .. 94 Med ...... F air...... W .R .-T ......... 82 12 14 38 7.35 M. B. Co uncil , Ameri cus, Ga. Dixi e Im p r ove d ...................... 97 Med...... Fair .._.._ W. R .-P ......... 80 12 14 35 6.46 M. B. Co u ncil , Americus , Ga.

L ewis 63 .................................. 88 Med...... F air ...... \V .R .-T ......... 80 11 14 37 6.45 M. B. Coun cil , Americ u s, Ga.

DeSoto ..._.................................. 92 Med...... Fair ...... W .R.-P ......... 82 12 14 35 6.46 M. B. Coun cil, Am ericus , Ga .

Mode lla ................................_ 90 Me d ...... Fair.. .... W .R.-P ......... 83 12 14 36 6.75 J. D. H en d ley, Vienn a , Ga .

Ba nk Account ..... ................... 84 Med ...... Poor..... E. -P ............... 86 12 14 34 6.17 H . G. Has tings Co., Atlanta, Ga .

Simpkins ' Id e al ...................... 78 Med...... Fair...... E. -K .............. 84 11 12 34 5.67 W a ke County Co t ton Seed Co .,

Raleigh, N. C.

K ing .......................................... 74 Med...... F air ...... E .-K .............. 85 12 12' 34 6.17 H . G . H a s tings Co., Atlanta, Ga .

Broadwe ll's D. J ....... .............. 87 Med ...... F air...... E .-K .............. 72 13 14 35 7.00 J. B. Broadwe ll, A lp haretta, Ga.

Trice -.-....__..... __. . ._--_. . . .. .. . . .-.....- 88 Me d ...... F air...... E. -K .............. 68 14 14 34 7.21 J . F . Bridger, B ell s , T e n n .

Tiple r ........................................ 77 H eavy .. P oor ..... E. -S .C........... 66 14 14 34 7.21 T . H . Ti pl e r , Mid d le to n, Ten n.

fSC C p as o 2 9 .

TA BL E 13 ( C o n t in ue d ).-S o m e no t e s o n th e var iet ie s in c lu d e d in t h e te st on f arm of H . C . B agley , Atl anta , Fulton County,

Geo r g ia , 19 17 a n d 19 18.

VARIETY

.., ~o s-, ~
p, ~
!i."e c".:.>.' .~ ..:l

-I t
~I
~ Cl
'" " " .~
0:: .~
"' - A I';:

I -ol>.P""". - ""~ :S.0:..::'""0 P0:: "~

.,
t'"'
-e
"""'.0.".
<.,!l

I,,; -"..Ce>,,

- "....8

0 0"

-" - 8 o ~

"'S
o~

.o!l "~" I'Q "

~'; .0~::

.s~
~ ,= ,
~: I'-05.'"05
..".:l'''"''

..
U
p.;
~
H

-
-".S''"""
;":i
"-

-

--

ROURCF, OF BE1;-])

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 ~~ :f:i s

Med ...... Poor ..... E .-K. ............. 75 12 12 35 6.46 S . lJe s ser, Aug us t a , Ga. Mecl.. ..._ Poor ..... E .P ............. 80 11 1 2 36 6.18 Ale xan der See d Co ., Augusta, Ga.
Med ...... F a ir ...... L .S.-Ck ........ 82 14 16 30 6.00 F elix William s, Villa Ri ca, Ga .

E :cpres s-35 0 ............................ 1 81 Me d ...... F a ir ...... L .S .-Clt. ........ 78 13 17 31 5.84 M iss . E x p . Station , Ag ri. Col ., Miss .

BIg Bo ll Express.................... 77 Med ...... F ai r ...... L .S .Ck ......... 76 13 17 31 5.84 J . B. Allen , Port Gibson, Mis s.

Ma gn oli a Expre s s ................ 92 Mecl.._.._ Poor ..... L .S .-Clt. ....... 80 14 18 30 6.00 J. B. Allen, Port Gibs on , Mi ss .

D'ix-Afifi 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . ... . . . . . . .. . .. . 1 Me d ...... F air...... L .S .T ........... 85 11 18 32 5.18 J . B. W ig h t , Cairo , Ga .

c...c..

H a r t sville N o. 12.................... 1 91 Me d ...... Good..... L .S .Cle....... 58 17 20 31 7.07 Ped ig reed Seed Co., H artsville, S. C. Webber No . 49........................ 92 Me d ...... Goo d..... L .S .C!... ....._ 65 15 2'0 32 7.06 Pedigree d Seed Co ., Hartsville, S . C.

Ke en a n-Goodso n .................... 90 H eavy.. Good..... L .S .S .C....... 59 17 20 30 7.02 Ped ig ree d Seed cc., H a rt s vill e, S. C.

K e e n a n .... _--_.....__......__........-.... 97 H eavy. F a ir...... L .S .S.C....... 59 1 6 18 30 6.86 R. C. K e e n an , Co lu m b ia , S . C.

K eenanWh a le y ......._--_......._- 91 H e a vy.. Poor..... L .S .S .C....... 62 15 18 30 6.43 .T. S . Wh a ley, Littl e E d is t o, S . C.

Acala N o. 5.............................. 84 Med ...... Fair...... L .S .-D........... 60 15 17 35 ~ . 0 6 Lynde , Bo w m a n & Darby Seed

F a r m , P orter, Okl,

Allen ._---_....._-_._-_..........--.......... 91 Med ...... F a ir...... L. S.-T ........... 68 12 20 29 4.90 .T. S . Whaley, L ittle Edisto, S. C.

Co lu m bia .................................. 80 Med...... Fair...... L .S .Ck ........ 66 16 19 31 7.19 C. H . Car pe n ter, E as le y , S . C.
Durang o --_.......__....._-_.._--_.....__. 70 Med...... F a ir...... L .S .-T........... 65 14 19 33 6.89 C. H . Ca rp enter, E a sl ey, S . C.

Sun fl ower ................................ 88 Me d ...... F a ir ...... L .S .-T........... 70 12 17 32 5.64 Marx S chaefer, Yazoo City, Miss.

Ext ra E a r ly L . S ..................... 87 Med...... P oor..... L .S .T ........... 82 12 17 31 5.38 Alexan de r Se ed Co ., Au gusta , Ga .

Fos ter-120 ........... ..................... 87 Med...... Good..._ L .S .-C!.......... 62' 14 19 33 6.89 Mis s. Exp. S ta. , Agr i. Co llege, Miss.

L on e S t ar ................................ 91 Me d ...... F a ir ...... L .S .Cl.......... 56 16 17 36 9.00 U . S . D'ep t . of Ag .,W ash ingt on, D. C.

L on e S t ar-1 32 ........................ 90 Med..._.. F air ...... L .S .S .C....... 59 14 17 34 7.21 Mi ss . Exp, Sta., Agri. Coll e g e, Mi ss.

Kekchi ........................ .............. 85 Mecl.. .... Fair...... L. S .-P ...._...... 62 13 17 34 6.71 U . S. De pt. of Ag., Wash ington, D. C.

~~~: : : : : : : : : : : : : : ::: : :: :: I i~ Med ...... Fair...... L.S.-T ........... 70 16 20 28 6.22 U. S. Dept . of Ag., W ashingto n, D. C.

Li gh t .... Good ..___ E g .-E g ..........

U. S . D e p t . of Ag ., W a sh in gton, D. C.

Ligh t .... Good ..... Eg.-Eg.........

I

U . S . Dept . of Ag ., W a shington, D . C.

* j"S ee page 29 .

TABLE 14.-Record showing the number of plants of the variet ies

listed wh ich had "King" or "King-Hybrid" blooms each day during

a seven-da y per iod, the observations be ing made each day on th e

sam e one hu ndred p lants of eac h variety observed. P l nn t s h nv in g one or mo re l iKing " or

-

" K in gH )b r i d' , bloom s

VARI ETY

,- 00

.c=:;

0

:5 '3

,.;

01

cc

,.;

.-<

.-<

i
c tn
Kin g ............__................... 22

C- o.
tn'" I in'" 26 20

i
c in
24

...
c,
een
14

Ce"n
15

Po
e"n 13

""
.' )J"""O'J

Bank Account ......... 27 24 I 21 23 16 20 18 35
Sim pkins ' Idea l ...... 16 20 15 19 12 17 17 25

I Broadwell's D. J .... 70 73 61 66 61 67 63 74

Morri s ......--_..........-....... 23

6 13 15 12 14 13 24

5l 0-Da y ............--..--......... 20

"1

9 16

I8 18 18 22

Petway

8 12

Hooper :::::::::::::::::::::::::::1 4 7

7 2

8.,
o

35
1I 2

6.,
OJ

15 11

fa vorable, t his blooming r ecord would ha ve extended fr om

about the 25th of June u ntil th e 10t h of August , as it should

ha ve done .

T his record , as tabula t ed in T able 15, show s fo r each va-

r iety the date of first blooms, the weekly t otal for t he da ily

bloom counts, the to t al bloom s appearing du ring the 47-da y

per iod , with the rank of ea ch va r iety accor dingly, and the

num ber of blooms appea ring each of the five succeedi ng

Monda ys thereafter, with th e t ota l a nd rank for t hese

counts. It a lso shows fo r each va ri ety the t ot al n umber of

bolls set during t he sa m e 47-day period, with t he r a nk of

each variety a cc ordingly, and th e per centage of bolls set.

E a r liness of a va ri ety for boll -w eevil co nditions is ba sed

u pon it s fruit ing r ecord a s 'Yell a s upon it s yield at the first

picki ngs. A variety that beg ins blooming ea r ly in t he sea-

son a nd puts on the most matured fruit up to the da t e on

whi ch t he weevil inj ury exceeds th e fr uiti ng pro cesses,

whi ch occurs fr om August 1st to 15th , depending, of course,

on the location , season, a nd w eevil infestation , is usu a lly

the bes t one for boll-weevil co nd iti ons.

There a r e s ever a l factors beari n g u pon ea r line ss, and we

are very desirou s of cond ucting this t est thr ough a peri od

long enough to lea r n a s m uch as possibl e as to t he r ela tive

ear liness, yield, a nd the ge neral charact er istics of a ll th e

prin cip al var ieti es of Upland cotton. Unfort unately, con-

dition s in 1918 were such that it was im possible for us t o

keep the fr uiting r ec or d, as wa s done in 1917, but w e h ope

th at this importa nt pha se of the wo rk ca n be r esum ed the comin g season. For suggestions as t o varieties to gr ow in

this secti on of the state s ee pa ges 6 a nd 7.

32

TABLE 15.- F r ui ti ng r e cord for t h e va rieties includ ed in th e t est o n far m of H . C. Bag ley , Atlanta , Fulton County, Geor-

g ia, 1917.
.

__ -=---=

_

----=. =- === =--='-F==

(Continued on next page)

VARIETY

We ekly total s for d aily bloo m co u n t s"

47-day p eriod I Rank

P.

J uly 19 to S ep. 3

ct g.

B loom s th e five succeeding Mondays

.,

....

<Xl

'"

Cl

~ .3

.C..).

'C"l

r::.. ~

00
~
C>
,-~.I

........
s
0'"0

c...c.
s '.."..
00

'"It)
E
C~)

iI .-;C.8)
I <C:.:Jl

<Xl

rn

'""'"""
C,;l ,

Eoo
iii
'E
o Eo<

c'";
j:Q
d_
- "0 ",
Eo<

., 1 ""' :;;

Eo ;":;'

o

0

~o

i:Q
"....

j:Q
"1-1

j:Q
o

.o...
6

.. .......
,;,

C.'
C)

.... o....

rn
6....

d
-0
Eo<

.,. ~""

I
CCooookk's30I7m-6prov.e_.d .1

'rri-Cook

.

Clevela nd B. B. ('V'm's)
00
00 Clev ela nd B. B. (Wood ) ..

Cle ve la n d B. B. rwanna.)

Ch r istophe r .__ __ 1

Heavy F'ruiter

Sunbeam

Poulno t

Coll ege No. 1 1

Mexi can Big BolL

.

Truitt's Big BolL

.

Br own 's Big BolL

.

Triumph

Simpk ins' Big BolL .

Culp epper

980 931 997 797 937 1004 927 768 995 1069 1211 114 5 991 1006 1039 1178 962

953 877 920 727 898 928 822 740 883 1049 1099 957 984 875 910 1074 861

I 46 27 !J7 45 17 10 12 8 92 37
53 42 94 30 10 18 11 14 83 42 43 31 92 29 9 14 7 18 77 45 61 55 91 27 14 11 10 23 85 41
52 37 96 44 7 11 12 13 87 40
42 30 92 28 8 9 5 18 68 48
54 49 88 27 13 11 5 31 87 10 63 54 97 29 12 10 5 19 75 46 44 40 93 2'9 18 25 16 16 104 31
36 16 93 37 10 12 7 14 80 44 21 12 98 26 18 13 14 16 87 40 25 26 84 :~O 18 16 16 10 90 38 45 20 99 51 15 18 19 12 115 26 41 44 86 13 13 13 18 24 81 43
I 38 34 88 14 6 5 7 10 42 50 I 23 13 91 42 11 10 8 6 77 45
49 45 81 43 15 11 10 10 89 39

' Counts mad e on 50 pl an ts of each val'iet y-2 5 p lan t s on each of two a cre -le ng t h rows .

TABLE 15 (Cont inued) .- Fr uit ing record for t he varieties included in the test on farm of H. C. Bagley, Atlanta, Fulton

Coun_t.y, Geo.r.gia, 19-17._.- -

.. -

(Con ti nued on next page)

--_.

- _ .~

--- -

...

\ Ve ok ly t ot al s f or d aily bl oom
CQU ll tS *

47 -d ny p eriod July 19 to S op . 3

Rank

P. ct g.

Blooms the fiv o su cceed in g Mondays

VARI E TY

M
'" ~1

C'l

.e .'l

'!' co
-0

C>

~l

C>

M M
-0

co
M
s
C'l

.n
~l
.e
C>

.M;, ec

- "" 0

~.

<:J

M,:.. ~,.:1.

r:,'l t-

o'no

":<
'"

oMo

~.'
'"

~ .;,,

S
0
.0
iii
-0
E-<

I 1 ~ 131-161271 Brown 's No. 2....................\
Dongola ..............................

118 66 88 . 134 252 231021 795 9318

'0'"
~
,,~
-0"",,
E-<

~

'g"

's"a
~

0

0

<: '"
.c!!:

P'i ~ ~

" "H

H

0

0

t-

":<
C>

M.;

.M

'" ~.;I,

M

''M""

-"0 -~'"
E-< ~

I 907 55 35 99 25 11 15 11 10 72' 47

911 51 33 97 44 13 18 16 20 111 28

P ete r kin ----_. .. . ... __..-_.. .. -.. _--

1 69 85 137 2951 ,106 116 1112 906 29 36 82 53 21 35 21 36 166 6

w

I 2 ~ Ga rris on ... _.-.-.-..........._-_.-..
Match less ..........................

56 94 1201 2231 272 85 851 159 147 307 326 332 102 1402

Upright ..............................

1 70 81 139 242 272 76 881

700 59 57 83 42 18 39 49 35 183 2 I H O 7 10 81 38 13 25 37 :'or. 143 11 805 58 50 91 35 16 30 39 ~9 159 9

Will iams ............................

9 80 107 170 301 350 113 1130 962 27 25 85 I 40 12 17 14 32 115 26

Sawyer ................................ 21 140 162 201 321 344 109 1301 936 12 29 72 44 22 20 12 14 112 27

Half & H alf........................

8 92 109 176 276 3241 118 1103 876 30 43 71 43 15 31 19 24 132 19

Utopi a ................................,

41 68 143 2521 ~'7 8 1 127 909 72,1 57 56 80 57 10 27 16 29 139 14

Dixie Impr oved ................

2 57 89 1321 291 341 120 1032 886 39 39 87 53 15 17 16 40 141 13

Co un cil-T'oo le ....................

8 811 871 154 2771 366 125 1098

5-Lock T oole .................... 1 10 104 127 1861 319 379 136 1262

906 31 36 83 56 22 16 19 24 137 16 982 17 21 78 58 24 37 27 28 174 4

Lewis 63 ............................ 17 13n 135 176 319 331 106 1223 977 18 22 79 40 H 32 26 29 141 13

DeS oto ................................ Modell a ..............................

8 88 120 1471 2'79 344 111 1097 990 32 19 91 50 27 32 33 20 162 8 7 58 91 154 300 408 121 1139 976 26 23 86 32 16 38 35 16 137 16

King .................................... .9 ..~ n 185 173 236/ 416 414 126 1585

_- Bank Account .................. 16

-- -

---_ -_._ . .

~ ._

-

..

122 133 177 ~08 314 103 1203
- ..

1307 1072

I 3 3 82 37 35 40 46 15 173 5
22 14 88 I 51 20 35 27 20 153 10

*Connts ma de on 50 pl an ts' of e ach varie ty-2 5 pl ant s on eac h of tw o nero-le ngth r OWB.

TABLE 15 (Conti n ue d) .- F rui ti n g r ecord for the v ariet ie s Inc lu de d in the t e st on fa r m of H . C. Bag ley, Atlanta , Fult.on

Count y , Geo rg ia , 1917.

(Contlnucd on n e xt page)

W eekly t ot al s for d ail y blo om cou n t s ."

J

4u 7l y d1aoy

p to

eriod Sep , 3

R ank

cPt g.. \

Bl oom s the five su cceedin g Mondays

VARI ETY

r<
'B"

co
'B"

'r<"
~

''~""

Simpkins' Id eal ................ 5 42

Wille t's Ideal ....................

8

... I

I r<

I ~
~

r.<8

co r<
B

'" I";1

I':

~

00

c
r<
00

199 211 1Z47 95 107 153

U~ I ~ !

: i ~l:

~C'J I t~.:) ! "~

....-l

I " 1

(;'1

00 00 1 6

5041 5001 122 314 377 108

E'"
o0 . p;i
~
"0
8
18:30 1162

I~ "0 P'l
~ " o ~
8 '"
1348 990

"'s"
0
p;i
,:;
1

~
c>
'" "'"0
P'l
,:;
1

~
0-
'" "'"0
P'l
(3
74

0
':'
'"
47

I
I

~ ...\ .-;

C}

'" '"

35 32

....
0 r<
56

\

'" :5 <Xl

e

6....

0
8

e p:

I 31 1201 1

24 19 86 35 7 20 18 17 97 I 34

Will et's Perf ection .......... Broadwell's D. J ...............

:J 70 102 143 284 381 107 1090 35 159 170 181 362 375 105 1387

1020 1197

0) '1
""
8

17 8

92 86

41 29

22 17

21 19

29 12

23 136 13 90

]7
38

co
01

Petway ................................ 1 30 168 181 220 371 403 104 1478

Tipler ..................................

7 93 112 171 289 321 'l2 1085

1242 836

5 5 84 35 17 16 14 16 98 ~ 3 35 47 77 30 19 19 21 14 103 ~ 2

Meadows ............................ 16 119 130 151 295 319 98 1128 1010 28 18 89 35 17 14 13 15 94 ~ 6

Hooper ................................ 1 20 127 130 181 333 441 132 1365 ] 251 10 4 92 52 15 20 15 19 121 ~ 4

Morris ......_--_..__.... ....----_..... Mon ey Maker ....................
Ezy Muny .......................... 90-Day ........_-_......__..._...__....

14 132 155 185 328 414 131 1350 4 56 107 169 325 430 130 1221 6 78 !JG 144 251 3081 86 969 26 175 182 230 3921 ,182 123 1610

1199 948 827 1215

I . 11
19

7 28

89 78

46 29

22 21

32 24

19 17

19 138 17 108

15
o

I 47 2

48 6

8755

3226

6 13

12 26

14 Z2

23 77 27 124

~, 5
"2

Hite's E arly Prolific........ Expre ss ..............................

16 120 138 208 345 4891 193 1509 6 86 116 154 290 298 119 1069

1313 881

4 2 87 68 16 39 33 23 179 3
36 41 83 I 47 14 11 16 2'2 110 ~ 9

Express-350 ..-_.......-_........- 1 31 167 167 231 320 378 113 1408 1156 6 9 8215 6 15 18 16 27 132' 19

Big Bo ll Expr es s .............. 1 22 125 154 182 324 3631 116 1287 1 1 3 :~ I 15 11 87 54 ' 19 12 5 32 122 ~ 3

I I Magnolia Expre ss ............ 2 33 1311 132 179 325 371 117 1290 107-! 14 13 83 33 15 10 110 24 92 ~ 7

Dix-Afifi ..............................

1 37 65 118 235 338 122 BIG 766 56 52 84 52 13 19 14 44 142 12

1

1

*Connts m ad e on 50 p l ants of ea ch vari ot y-~5 pl a n t s a ll each of t w o ac r e-le ng t h r ows .

TABLE 15 ( Conti nue d).-F r u itin g record fo r t he varie ti e s in cluded in the t est on fa r m of H. C. Bagley, Atlanta, Fulton Co un t y , Geo rg ia , 1917.

We ek ly t ot al s f or d ail y b loom count s*

4 7 day p eriod J u ly 19 t o S ep . 3

R ank

P.
ct g.

B lo om s t h e fi ve su ccee din g Mondays

VA RIETY

..

'""" co C'l



0
~

00
-0

'" Ol
";' e-

c,:.c.

Ol
,S-'

"I a r tsvill e No. 12..............1
I I VeIJIJ er N o. 49............_....

61 36 79

' een anGootlson .............. I 2 30

, ee na n .... .............. ...... ......

4 34

'" """"
0
- I - s 0'"0

eo
"s"

I

~

'0"""0

....
(Q

0

."

'" "" Ol

C'l

00

E
0 0
iii
0
Eo<

~ '" 84 1481 3041 3301 126 10;' 7

86 128 242 3031 123 !J67

54 92 185 269 90 n 2

66 87 174 269 98 732

I
~
"0 P'1
,, ~
~~ ''""
8.53 894 522 631

'"
<3
0

~
"'"0

iii ~

"H .... .....

37 46

48 38

~

"'"0

~

0

I '" (3 ""
81 57

90 51

t-
"6"
18 12

..
O,l

6""

<Xl
6

s
0

Ol "" "" Eo<

199

I

282

1

19 23

135 103

-'" ;j p::
18 32

I 65 63 72 44 7 9 8 13 81 43

I 64 62 88 44 11 10 10 2'1 96 35

' een an 'Vh al ey ................

Z ,5'o)J 63 107 203 291 107 826 G73 60 60 81 43 26 14 14 33 130 20

r:.>
""

ellen ........____.___._..................

4 45 58 86 207 284 98 782

:olullllJia ___......................... 1 27 125 10'l 151 2671 :107 106 1088

688 62 59 88 I 37 20 25 29 26 137 16
836 34 47 77 33 20 16 21 21 111 28

iurun go .______........_.............. 15 138 143 192 313 364 115 1280 757 16 53 59 42 20 14 11 32 119 25

lu n f'l ow er ____...................... 17 130 110 174 277 387 122 1217 919 20 32 76 58 3~' 26 11 37 164 7

ccal u No . 5........................ 1 35 174 180 220 271 328 91 1300 1054 13 15 81 20 6 9 6 8 49 49

lxt ra Ear ly L. S......._.......

8 87 77 1:37 253 338 118 1018 801 40 51 79 40 30 15 16 28 129 21

'os ter-120 ___.......................I 10 134 148 176 332 448 118 1:166 968 9 24 71 40 30 24 37 31 162 8

,one St ar __........................ 21 115 98 138 2'57 242 74 945 653 50 61 69 24 14 25 4 20 87 40

~ ek ch i _____ __ _........................

5 61 79 128 196 248 80 797 690 61 58 87 24 16 23 14 26 103 32

Jim a ........ ..___....... ...........__...

9 39 98 159 188 52 545 313 66 65 57 18 34 56 51 60 21 9

' u m u ....._.._.._......................

16 32 94 125 192 63 522 337 67 64 65 25 41 56 47 58 227

1Sea Island No. 22.... ....... t Sea Isla nd No. 24............,

2 82' 154 76 314 132 68 67 42 20 68 118 160 68 434
I 16 62 112 62 252 134 69 66 61 40 60 94 7Z 72 338 1

* Cou n t s ma d e on 50 p l nnt s of e nch varioty- 2!i pl a nts on e ac h of t wo ac re -le n g th r ow s. j S eu I s la n d p la n t ed J u ne St h .

SOU 'RCES OF SEED USED IN THE VARIETY TESTS ,
Cook-Lee J ,Williams , Ca r ro llton, Ga ., a n d J . R. Cook, Elllaville, Ga. Cook's Im pr oved-W il lli a m ."Wynne, Jr:, "Wa sh in gt on , Ga . Cook 307-6-Ala ba ma Expenment Sta ticn, Aubu rn, Ala . Tri-Cook-M . R . Hall , James, Ala . Half and Half-J. J . D. Phillips , Tifton, Ga .
Cleveland-H. A. woou , P inehu rst, Ga .
Cleve la nd B. B. (W illiams)-- Le e J . Williams , Carrollton, Ga . Cleveland B. B. (Wood) -H. A. "Wood, Pinehurst, Ga. Cleveland B. B. (Wan uarnaker l -e-Mod . I Seed Farm, St. Matthews, S. C. Cleveland B. B. (Chance)-E. K Ch an ce , Wayn esboro, Ga. Cleveland B. B. (Morris)-B. F . Morris, Culverton, Ga . Sawyer-E. E. Ch a nce, Wayn esboro, Ga . p ou lnot- S. P . Ki ssi ck, Cu sseta, Ga. College No . I-State Colle ge of Agricu lture, At he n s, Ga . :\Iexican B. B.-Pedigreed Seed Co., H artsvill e , S. C. Christopher-\V. G. Cleaveland, La'Grange, Ga . Triumph-Lee J . \ Vill ia m s , Ca r r oll t on , Ga . J ete r 's B. B.-J. S. J eter, Waco, Ga . Kin g- H . G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga . Simp ldn's Id eal-\Vake Coun t y Cotton Seed Co., Ral eigh, N . C. Bank Account-H . G. Hastings Co ., Atl anta , Ga . Trice-J. F. Bridger, Be lls, T en n. Petway-A. P . P etway, Eastman, Ga . Council-Toole-M . B. Council, Americu s , Ga . Covington-Too le-H. A. P etty, Dawson, Ga . Toole- J . \V . Mathis , Dawson , 'Ga . Lewis 63-M . B. Couuc il, Am ericu s , Ga . Desoto-l\1. B. Council , Am er ic us, Ga . Dixie Improved-i\1. B. Counc il, Am ertcu s , Ga . Mode lla -i-J. D'. H endley, Vienn a, Ga . D1 llo n- J. D. H end ley, Vie nn a, Ga . Dillo n-H ybrid-John M. Council , Am ericu s , Ga . Dix-Afifi-J. B. Wight, Cairo, Ga . Acala No . 5-Lynde , Bowman & Darby Seed Farm, Porter, Ok la . Lone S tar-I 32-Mississippi Experiment Station, Ag ri cultural College,
Mississippi. Webber-J. D. Hend ley, Vienna , Ga . Webber No . 49-Pedigreed Se ed co ., Hartsville , S. C. I~xpress-Felix William s, Villa R ica, Ga . B. B. Express- J. B. Allen , Port Gibson, Miss. ]<;xpresB-350-Miss issippi Experiment St ation, Agricultural College .
Mississippi. :\Ieade-United St ates Depa rtm en t of Agri cu lture , W a shington, D. C.
37

The cross marks indicate t he loc at ion of the nine variety tests re o ported on in this bulletin,
The circles indicate the location of a test of short-staple variet ies , conducted at the Thomasville Experiment Statio n, and of a test of Sea Island varieties, conducted at th e Valdosta Exper iment Station, a report on both of which w ill soon be made in separate publ ications.

- -,- - -.-,.- - - - -- - - ._ ---
~ - -- -
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GEORGIA

I
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38

CO N TEN T S.

P a ges

tnr rod uction

5 and Ii

HccoJnmen da ti on fi

li an d 7

Va riety Te st, Vi enna S. 9 and 11

Variety T e s t, Lump k in

.

.

8, 10 an d 11

v nrtet y T e st, Am e ri cns ....1 2 a nd 13

Variet y T es t. Bru n s wi ck ..12 a nd 11

Variety T e st. \ Va yn esb oro .

..............................15. 16, 17 a nd 20

Pages

Va r ie t y 'fe s t, Culve r to n

.

......... .. ............ .....18, 19 . 20 and 21

Vari e t y T e s t. Moun t B erry .

.

21 and 22

Va r ie t.y T es t . Co rn eli a

.

....................................2'2. 23 a n d 24

Va ri et y T est , Atla nt a

24 t o 36

Source s of Seed

37

Ma p Showin g Loca tion of T ests.38

:;!)

V ariety test , Am eri cu s, Ga., on land bud ly i nf ec ted w it h wil t. D illon -H y brid on ex t r em e Ief t , H nlf $: lI n\! 0 11 lvft cvn t e i-, S illlpk in s 0 11 ri jrht
cen t.er, a n d Lewi s (j :} Oil th e ri g ht , o l'i p:i11nl .
40

Georgia

State Board of Entomology

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

./

BULLETIN 53

MARCH, 1919

SPRAY CALENDAR

HANG UP FOR REFERENCE

Georgia State Board of "E n t o m o! o'gy
c. A. LEWIS, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.

SPHAY CALENDAR '
W. W. CHASE, Assistant State Entomologist

BULLETIN 53
W. F. TURNER, Assistant Entomologist

1919

CALENDAR

\9\9

J A N U A RY

A PR I L

JULY

OCTOB ER

s .~..J~I!J W I~I S ~1 ~Jf J ~ 1 T I IS ti J~JT .I ~ I.TI.~ I ti 1M J!J~I.!rF -I~ ffil

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6 13

1 7 819110 114 115 116 117

111 118

11119211163111741118511196111170111118

112 119

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19 120121 122123124/25 26 127128129 130131 ......

2270

11 2218

11 2292

11~23 1~ ..... ...... ....../

20 27

121 128

122 123124125 126 129130131 ...... ......

19 120121 122123124125 26 12712829130 131 ......

FEBRUARY

MAY

A UGUST

NOV EMBER

_~--'~ T IW I-.!J J. ....1 ~J!J W I2J. 1 S S IM IT l w ITTF!S S 1M IT 'j W L! J F IS

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23 24 25 26 27 28 29

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I
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MARCH

JUN E

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S 1M IT IWI T I FI S S 1M IT IW I T I FI S 8 1M- IT /W I T I FI S S 1M IT IW I TI F IS

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27 21 22 23.24 25 26 27 28 29/30 /31 1

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GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY .
ORGANIZATION AND STAFF.
HaN. J ..J. BRO\VN, Chairman , Com m issio ne r of Ag r icult ure , At la nta.
BO:\'. R. C. BERCK1VIANS , Macon .
HaN. J NO. A. COBB, Americ us.
A. c. LEWIS,
Sta t e Entomologist a n d Secretary "of the Board, Atlanta.
W . \:\T. CH ASE, Assis tan t Sta te Entomologist, Cornelia .
\ V. V. REED, Assi stant E n to mologist, At lanta.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Cotto n Sp ecialist, Thomasville.
(In Charge of Valdosta a nd Thomasville Stations )
C. A. McLE NDON, JDxp ert in ,Cotto n Breeding, Atlanta.
W. F. T URNER, Assistant E ntomo logis t, Atl a nta .
D. C. WARREN, Ass istant E ntomologist, Va ldosta .
D. C. NE AL, Plant Pat ho logi st, Thom asville.
B. '1\1. GADDI S, S upe rinten dent Valdosta Station , Valdosta .
W. H . LlDONAR D, Superintendent Thoma sville St a tio n, 'I'h omnsville.
J . C. J IANESS, Fi eld Ag ent, Atlan ta .
A. J . FLEMING, Field Agent, Thomasville .
.T. H . PRESSLEY, Field Agent, Valdosta.

:",j
~
I

1920

CALENDAR

\920

JANUARY

APRIL

JULY

OCTOBER

S 1M IT IWI T I F IS S 1M IT IWI TI F IS SlM IT IW I T j F jS S 1M IT [WI T I F IS

~'1 ~.~ ~.~ ~'~IJI1! ~~ ~'1 ~'~I~'~ ~.~ i ~~ ~11~~ "4" 51''~1''7 ~ ~ 1~

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181912021 222324 17 18 [19 20 21 22 23

I
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1
i

~~ I~~ 25i26127,28 29!30 31 2526127128[291301. .. 25 26127 28 29 30 31 24 31

27 28 29 30

I I I

FEBRUARY

MAY

AUGUST

NOVEMBER

_~I MJ!-J WI~lJ_ S 1M IT IW I T I F IS S jM IT IW IT IFIS S 1M IT IW I T I FjS

~~I~~ ~ 1 2 3 4/ 51 61 7 ...... ...... ......
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23

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2
1

5

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2829

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MARCH

JUNE

SEPTEMBER

DECEMBER

S 1M IT IW I T [ F IS s 1M IT IWI TI F I S S 1M IT IW I T I F IS S 'IM IT Iwrt l FIS

:~IT:PI 4r r 8/ ~I ~11~ 1~ ......1......\ 11 2[ 31 4[ 5 7891011121 3 6 7 9/1011 112 "'51" '6/"'71

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PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION .

The fo llowing pub lications of t he Georgia State Board of Entomology are available for free distribution a nd may be obtain ed by writing to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.

B,ULL ETINS.

No. 26. No. 34. No . 37. No . 40. No . 42. No . 43. N o. 44. No . 45. No . 46.
No. F.
No. 48. No. 49. No. 50. No.5!. No . 52. No . 53. No. 54 . N o. 55.

Pea ch Leaf Curl, Yellows, Ro s ette and Little P ea ch . Wilt Di sea se of Cotton in Georgia and It s Control. Crop P est L aw of Ge orgia, Other State s a n d Canada . Cotton 'Wil t in Georgia. Annual R epo r t of State Entomologist for 1914. The Princip al Parasit es of th e P ea ch. The Mexican Cott on Boll \Ve evil. An n ua l R eport of State Entomologi st for 1915. Cotton Variet y T e sts for 1916. How to Gro w Cotton in Spite of th e Boll \Veev il. Annu a l R ep ort of the Sta t e En tom olo gi s t for 1916 . P ecan In s e ct s an d Di se ase s. Cotton Variet y T e st s for 1917 . Annual R eport of State E n t omo logist for 1917 . Cotton Va ri ety T e st s f or 1918. Spray Ca le n da r . Apple In s ect s a n d Dis ea se s. Annual Rep or t of Sta te En tomo logist for 1918.

CIRCULARS.

NO. 6 . NO.7. No . 8. NO. 9. No . 20. No . 22. No. 24. No . 25. No . 26. No . 27. No . 28.

The Use of Soluble Oil s Agains t San Jos e Scale. The Hessian Fly in Ge orgia. Experiments for Con t r ol of San Jos e Scale, 1907-08. The Brown-Tail Moth. Direction s for Making F ir st Year Cotton Se le ctions. Con t rol of Insects Atta ckin g Stored Products . Helpful Hints on Dusting P ea ches . Boll Weevil Quarantine Regulations. Madntaining vthe P urity of Cotton Seed . Regulations for Shipment of Sweet Potatoes. Facts of Inter est Ab out the State Board of Entomology.

PRESS BULLETINS.
No . 1. Common Ins ects and Diseases of Irish Potatoes . No.2. Se rvice Of fer ed Fruit Grow ers, Etc., by Board of Ento-
mo logy. 4

Georgia

State Board of Entomology

ATLANTA , GEORGIA

BULLETIN 53

MARCH , 1919

SPRAY CALENDAR
BY
A. C. LEWIS, State Entomolo gist.
W. W. CHASIjj, Assi stant State E nto m ologist.
W. F. T URNER, Assistant E nto m ologist.

INT RODUCT ION.
In this bulletin only the most imp ortant point s co ncern ing insect problems and plant diseases can be m entioned . Every one interested in the growth of plants must r eco gnize the necessity of spraying. The t hings to know a r e "how to spra y," "when to sp ray," and " what insecticid es or fungicides to use." It is ju st as necessary for us t o spra y as it is to prepare the so il, culti va t e, pr un e or fertilize, if w e desire to secure a profitable crop.
We can not make any definite rules for spraying. Some ins ect s, such as caterpillars and scale ins ect s, can be fou ght a fter t hey appear, but there are othe r s, such a s codling mot h, to which this does not apply. It should be rem ember ed that pla nt dis eases must be prevented rath er than cu r ed after they attack a plant. Each crop must be carefull y watched for the insects which attack it . Find
!)

o u t wh at t he ins ect or dis ea se is; em ploy the m ost effective s pra y. If you do not know the insect or disease, send s pecimen s to the State Entomologist, Atl a nt a , Ga. For . information on va r ious insect pests, you sh ou ld st udy bulletins on entomo logy issued by State Depart ment s of Entomology, Sta te Colleges, Expe riment Stations, a n d U. S. Department of Ag riculture. They will be gla d to furnish you their bulletins free. Write them a bo ut the in sect problem s in which yo u a re in terested.
An insecticide is so met h ing that kill s a n inse ct. Unless the in secticide is prop erly made, applied a t the right time, and for th e ri ght purpose, yo u can n ot expect satisfa ct ory results. Be sure t o pr epa re your spray mixtures properly and spray thoroughly. Mistakes in t h is co n necti on wilt render sprayin g w orthles s and may eve n ki ll th e plants sprayed .
There a re two classes of in sects w hich must be taken in to co nside r a tion when you sp ra y. Th ese a re bitin g and s u ck ing in sects. If th e in sect attacks t he plant by biting, lik e th e potato beetle, cabbage worm , and others, yo u m ust poison the food which it eats. The ba si s for nearly all in t ernal po iso ns used for biting in sects is so me form of arsenic. If th e in sects su ck th e plant, as the plant lice, scale insects, and others, yo u must aim a t the insects in stead of their food. F or these a n in secticid e m ust be used which has a smothering , caustic 0 1' co rrodin g quality. Kerosen e em ulsion is an exa m ple of su ch an insecticide.
Spray Pumps and Nozzles.
We ca n no t r ecommend a nyo ne type of pump a s th e best. The kind of outfit yo u will n eed will depend on the amount of wo rk to be done, t he k in d of s prays to he used and the size of plants to be sp rayed . There a re various pumps on th e m arket, such a s bucket , knapsack, barrel and power pumps. Ea ch individual will have t o determine which one he should u se. " Trite t o fir m s who h a ndle s pray 'ma ch in ery for t h eir cata logs. The kind of n ozzle w ill dep end on the k'ind of spray to be u sed . Sel ect a nozzle that will throw a fine s pray and that can be taken apa rt a n d clea n ed when necessary. F or gen eral use the " disk" type is t h e best. Spray g u ns are of va lu e wh en large t rees are to be treated. For differeut t yp es of s pray nozzles and pumps se e P late I and II.
The a dv ice gi ve n in this bulletin can no t be more than s uggesti ve . The State Entomologist \ViII be glad to furnish detailed in for ma ti on as to methods of co ntrolling any in sect or disea se t hat may attack your cr op.
G

CUT WORMS.
Nearly all ga rden cr ops a nd many field crops a re attacked by cut worms early in the spring. The work done by these worms is so familial' that it is not necessary to
clesclibe it. Remedial Measures.- --Preventive measures are one 01
the chief aids in the con tro l of cut worms, as they may be killed much ea sier before the cr op is planted than a ft erwards. Ga r de n and so d land, es pecially that w hich is planted in truck, should be plow ed and thoroughly pul verized during the fall and in the spring before planting. If this is done many of the pupa e are disturbed in their earthen cells a nd ex posed t o co ld a nd variou s age nc ies that destroy them. Poisoned baits ma y be used with success, especially if applied before the crops are planted . To prepare this take on e peck of dry bran, add 4 ou nce s of Paris green 01' 4 ounces of powdered a rsena te of lead , a nd mix thoroughly with 2 ga llons of water which has been sweet ened with half a gallon of sorghum 01' some other chea p molasses. Aft er this mash ha s sto od for a shor t time, sca t ter it in s mall lumps over the field . Wh en the plants are being attacked this may be spre a d about the base of the plants. As the cut worms work mainly at night it is best to apply the poisoned bait just before night or late in the evening. Of course it should be remembered that this mash is poi sonous and all live stock and ch icke ns should be kept away from it.
NEMATODE WORMS.
The nematode worm, Hete rodera radiciola (Greff. Mul.) is n parasite which infests th e roots of many plants, and causes the knots co mmo nly known as nematode galls or root knots. Affec ted plants are very much stunted and sometimes kill ed . A few weed s a nd a g re a t number of cultivated plants are subject to attack by th e nematode worms. The mo st co m mon of these in Georgia a re : Cotton, cowpea s (all va r ieties except the Iron a nd Brabha m and Iron hybrids) , waterm elon , cuc u mbe r , cantaloupe, sugar cane, soy beans, okra, ca bba ge, colla r d, potato, tobacco, mulberry, peach and fig .
Prof. W. W. Gilbert, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Wa shington , D. C., in Farmers' Bulletin 625, r eports as follows: "The cr ops most severely attacked by root-knot are as follows: Bean (soy), beet, cantaloupe, ca r rot, celery, clov er (burl' and crimson), cowpeas (all varieties except Iron and Brabham and other Iron hybrids), cucum ber, eg gpla n t, fig, lettuce, okra, peach, pe-
7

can, pomegranate, potato, salsify, sq ua sh, tobacco, tomat o, watermelon.
"Plants less severely injured by root-knot are the following: Alfalfa, a sparagus, bean (Lima), bean (Snap), cabbage, clover (sw eet) , colla rd, cotton, mulberry, onion, pea (garden), potato (sweet), radish, spina ch , strawberry. sugar cane, vetch (common), vetch (hairy).
"A few comm on weeds are subject to nematode injury and should th erefore be era dica t ed wh ere the attempt is being mad e t o reduce ro ot-knot in field s. The most severely injured a re the balo on vine, the maypop, 01' pa ssion flo wer, the papa ya 01' melon pawpaw. Weed s less severe ly affected by root-knot are mayweed , pu rslan e a nd sweet fenn el."
T o control, practice rotation of cro ps , planting for two or three yea rs those not attacked .
HOUSEHOLD INSECTS.
There are a number of comm on household insects that bother more or less. The principal ones in Georgia, however, are the following: Bed bu gs, co ckroaches, clothes moths a nd car pet beetl es.
Bed Bugs.-Bed bu gs are effecti vely controlled by thoroughly spraying with kerosen e oil. This, if thoroughly applied, will kill the adults and also the eggs. Mercuric chloride (or corrosive sublimate), when applied either as a dust or a 6% solution, will kill practically all of the insects. It should be remembered, however, wh en using m ercuric chloride that it is a deadly poison.
Cockroaches.-Cockroaches are so common that it is not necessary to describe them or their manner of working. Of all the substances that have been tested to control this insect Sodium Fluorid has giv en the best results. This, when scattered undiluted where the ro a ch es run or congregate, will kill pra cti cally all of them in a very short time. The next best remedy is boric a cid applied in th e same manner as the above.
Clothes Moths.-Thes e in sects which frequently do so much damage to clothing should be prevented rather than kill ed after the damage is done. Na pht ha lene flak es liberally a pplied will k eep out these insects, and if applied strong enough will even kill the moths and larvae, if ap plied in a ti ght box or trunk. Clothes stored in a red cedar chest will also be protected a gainst attacks of these insects.
Carpet Beetles.-These small beetles, which frequently infest rugs and carpets, may be killed by dipping the in-
S

fested material in hot water for;) to 10 seconds a t a temperature of 140' F. Dr y heat will kill th e larvae if expose d for 30 minutes to a t emp erature of 140' F. Laundry soap will kill both larvae and eggs wh en used in a very strong solution. Naphthalen e flak es will kill all sta ges of the insect and are also effec tive in pr eventing infestation.
APP LE INSECTS.
Codling Moth.-A pinkish-white grub 0 1' worm, hatched from an egg laid on lea f or fruit by th e parent moth, whi ch ent ers the apple through the sid e 01' blossom end and tunnels out the flesh 01' core , causing the apple to drop or reducing its market va lue. Th e feeding activ ities of the arub begin early in the spring and co nti nue until the fruit ~ harvested. Spray (1) with one pound powd ered a rse nate of lead and five quarts of commercial lime-sulphur so lution (or its equivalent) to fifty gallons water immediately after bloom petals have fall en; (2) tw o weeks later with same ; (3) fou r 0 1' five weeks lat er with 4-4- 50 Bordeaux (Formula XI) to wh ich on e pound of powd ered arsenate of lead has been a dded . The first spraying is the most important to control codling moth and should be done thoroughly and on exact sche dule time. A fou rth summer spraying with Bordeaux mixture and lead arsen ate on e mo nth before fruit rip ens is necessary to insure best results .
Green Apple Aphis. - A small, bright green plant lou se or aphid which attacks the leaves of t he terminal growth and fruit clusters, ca using them to blacken , curl and shrivel and, in severe cases, stopping the wood growth. Affected apples completely cease gro wing and become knotty and worthless. The lice hat ch in the ea r ly spring before the leaves appeal' from eggs laid on t he wood th e preceding fa ll.
The winter spraying wit h lime-sulph ur solution against San Jose scale (which see) is effective in killin g the eggs and young lice if applied in late winter, just a s the leaf buds are sw elling. Wh en a pplied exac tl y a t that tim e Black Leaf 40 (nicotine sulphate ) sh ould be a dded at the rate of one part to 500 parts of dilute lime-sulphur solution. Lice appearing on the yo ung leaves in ea rly sprin g may be destroyed by spraying with Bla ck Leaf 40, one part to 750 parts water, to wh ich s oap has been a dded at the ra te of one pound t o fifty ga llons of water. Do not wait until the leaves become curled , but spra y wh en th e lief' first app ear.
Rosy Aphis.- So called from its rose colored body. This louse works similarly to the green aphis, the principal dif-
9

ference being its color, so m ewha t larger size and COm parative ea se of control. The same spray sch edule should he followed as for th e green apple aphis.
Woolly Aphis.- A red , soft bodied plant louse, larger t ha n eit he r of the species des cribed above. E a sily see n and reco gnized by the whi t e, cottony substan ce which almost cove rs groups of t hes e in sects. LivES by suc king the ju ices fro m the limbs a nd trunk a nd r oots. The princip al injury results fr om t he feeding of th e aphis upon t he roots, wh ere rcnotty galls soon develop in unbroken r ow s.
Treatment-c--Remove t op so il from around th e trun k of affe cted trees so as to expose t he ro ots a nd thoroughly wet them and the sur r oun ding soil with a t en pel' cent. so lu tion of k erosen e em ulsion, a pplying in the spring ju st after growth starts. Cover the ro ots. Use gre a t ca re in making the emulsion . If properly made it is safe and sure ; if carelessly or improperly mad e damage to t he tree is a lm os t cer ta in to r esult.
Curculio.-The principal injury this beetle ca us es t o the a pple is th e knotty, distorted develop men t which follo ws t he laying of the egg a n d the russetting of the area immediately around the egg punctures as the apple enlarges. This injury is don e wh en th e 'a pples a re ve ry yo ung and is controlled by the same measures recommended a gainst codling m oth.
Flat-headed Apple Tree Borer.-A lo-ng, slende r, white grub or worm with a large, spreading and flattened head . The eg g is laid in the spring and early summer by the parent beetle and fr om this egg the larva hatches a nd begins at once to tunnel through and under the bark and int o the sa p wood of th e tree trunk The bark under which t he gr u b is fe eding soo n becomes su nke n a nd dark in col or so that its presence is eas ily detected. The borers live in the tree on e year before becoming full grow n. They should be r emoved during September with a suitable knife 0 1' worming hook or kill ed in th eir burrows with a wire.
Round-headed Apple Tree Borer.- \Vorks in somewhat the same manner as . the flat-h eaded species hut r equires three years in the t ree as gr ub a n d pupa instead of on e. The grub, when fully gr own, is larger than the flat-head ed borer a nd usually works a t or ju st above the surface of the ground. It spe nds it s second and third winters in the heart wood of th e trunk When eme rging a s a full y grown beetle the spring of th e third year it cuts a circular emergence hole through th e bark, wh ereas the flat-h ead ed borer, in emer ging as a beetle, cuts an elliptical hole.
The control m ea sures are the sa me as for the flat-headed
10

\>orer, a ca re ful, t horo ug h wor mi ng of th e trees annually in
september. San Jose Se al e.-See under Peach Insects .
APP LE DISEASES.
Bitter Rot.- A disease which a ppea rs fir st on the fruit usually whe n it is about half-grown, as black, soft, watery spots whi ch rapidly enla rge, followed by the shrivelin g and decomposition of the apple into a rotten ma ss . To control it only rep ea t ed a nd thorough sprayings are effective , esp~ciallY as reg ards varieties of apples that are subject to attack. Spray a s for the codling moth (which see) for th e firs t three application s a nd follow with a t least one and preferably two applications of Bordeaux and lead arsenate at intervals of foul' weeks.
Directi ons for pr eparing Bordeaux a re give n on pa ge 29.
Blight. - A disease which a ttacks th e blooms, twigs, limbs, trunk and fruit of th e apple tree. It works in the sap, killing back terminal and bloom twigs and sometime s girdling th e tree, killing it outright. Aphids may aid in spreading this dis ease, hence they should be controlled by spraying in early spring. Does not respond to spraying and can be contro lle d only by systematic pruning. When pruning an a ffecte d tree the instrument should be disinfected after each cut in a solution of bichloride of mercury, one to on e thousand, or in formalin, one pint to thirty gallons water. Each cut should be made several inches back of th e point wh ere the in jury apparently stops. might winters over on the tree in reddish sunken spots. These spots should be searched for and wherever found cut out and around and the wound painted over with a strong soluti on of lime-sulphur 01' other ge r micide .
Ceda r Rust.-- Atta cks the lea ves and fruit , forming yellowish elevations on th e sur face which lat er become rin ged around th e margin with black, spiny , see d-car rying orga ns . The dis ea se is ca r ried to the apple solely from th e socalled " ceda r balls," and if all cedar trees are removed from the vicinity of an orchard there ca n be no cedar rust. The late winter spraying for San Jose sca le (which see under Peach Insects) followed by the spray schedule recommend ed against codling moth , giv es satisfactory control. The surest means of keeping this dis ease from the orchard is to search out and destroy all ceda r trees within a distance of at lea st a mil e.
Leaf Spot.- Someti mes called "frog eye" fungus . Appears on the under-side of the lea f as dark brown, more or lESS ringed spots. These spots, when older, become
11

pa ler and the ringed appearance is more pronounced. The . disease is es pecially destructi ve in wet seasons an d in regions, e. g., mountai nou s, where th e normal ra infall is heavy and fr equent fogs occur. In such cases it may cause heavy defoliation of the trees . It can be contro lled by keeping the trees a nd folia ge well sprayed . The winter treatment for San J ose scale should be ti med, if possible, for the period wh en t he lea f bu ds are swelling and befo re the leaves begin to a ppear. Subseque n t sprayings should be the same as those laid down for t he contro l of codling moth (which see ) .
Crown Gall.i--Forms ga lls 0 1' knots on the crown and la tera l roots. T he outer part of th ese galls is soft a nd chalky . The disease also appears in th e form of a mass of fine fibrous roots, the latter type of crown gall bein g very cornmon to nursery stock. Th e galls develop in t he or chard with the t ree, stun t ing it and, finall y, in fr equent instanc es, killing it. Avoid plantin g infect ed nursery stock. Examine every tree before planting and r eject all that show symptoms of either form of the disea se.
Apple Scab.- Appears on the fr uit ea rly in t he season ill small, r ound, olive colored spots which la ter become gray in color, and on the folia ge as olive colored area s which sometimes cover practically the whole surface of the lea f. The sk in of a badl y affect ed apple may become enti rely cove red by a great number of t he small, wa rty developments, in whi ch event the sk in and flesh split open. Spray with concentrated lim e-sulphur as r ecom mend ed for San Jose scale (se e Peach Insects) immediately befor e the lea f buds open a nd follo w wit h t he summe r spray sc hedule a s for codling moth (wh ich see) .
PEACH INSECTS.
San Jose Scale.-A mi nu te sucking insect covered with a hard, black or grayish scale. The first signs of its presenc e on a tree are the purplish discolorations of th e bark aro und the insect s a nd the pitted a ppea ranc e of the bark which follows t he suc king of the. sap. A badly infested tree is ashy gray in color as thou gh du sted wit h ashes. This scale insect m ulti plies a nd s preads very rapidly a nd, un der fav orable conditions, can easily kill a yo ung tree in two 0 1' three years after becoming Inf ested, As it is well protected by it s to ugh, hard coat, on ly the strongest insecticide sprays a re effec tive against it. Because of their stren gth a nd burning effect upon foliage , such sprays can be applied onl y during th e winter while the tree is dormant
12

and without foliage. Lime-sulphur solution, soluble-sulphur powders and water-soluble oil preparations are most commonly used as a .win t er spray against scale. Concentrated lime-sulphur solution prepared and ready for use after dilution with water, is perhaps to be preferred by most grow er s because of its availability, dependability, and the fa ct that it is also a fun gi cide. There are on e or t wo brands of soluble oil on the market which possess a high order of merit against scale.
Peach-tree Borer.-A white grub or worm which works und er the bark and in th e sap wood of th e crown and trunk at or just under th e surface of the ground. An attacl;:ed t ree usually has a mass of jelly at its base at the level of the soil. Small trees a r e fr equently gir dled and killed an d a ny tree harb oring the gr ubs is always more or less injured . Important to fight this bor er r egularly to prote ct the life of the tree and" to co n tin ue it in bearing. Wormin g of th e trees is the bes t a nd most certain m ethod.
Treatm ent.-First m ou nd the t runks of t he trees not lat er than the latter part of July t o a height of 10 to 12 inch es. ,Beginning th e middle of October pull the dirt away from the tree and sc rape and worm it with a worming hook, t hr owing all dirt and gum well t o one sid e. This work r equires care a nd thor oughness and should be done ea ch year at the times indicated.
Curculio.-A small white gr ub or worm which feeds within th e peach and is familiar t o eve ryo ne. Most frequently found in rip e fruit, particularly of the later maturing varieties.
Spray immediately after the shucks are off the young fruit with three-fourths of a pound of powdered arsenate of lead and three pounds lump lime (previously slacked in water) to 50 gallons of water. Again three weeks later with self-cooked lime-sulphur (see directions for making) and one half pound powdered lead arsenate. On mid-season varieties of peaches, such as Elbertas, a third spraying should be made on e month before rip ening of the fruit , using the same formula suggested for the second summer spraying. Atomic sulphur, a ready made formula , may be substituted for self-cooked lime-sulphur. Or the peaches may be dusted instead of sprayed. See formulas and schedule, page 34.
Shot-hole Borer.- A sma ll beetl e borer which attacks the trunks and limbs of peach and other trees causing gum to run freely from the wounds. It girdles the limbs. cutting off the flow of sap, greatly weakening or killing
13

the tree. A tree from which swarms of these small beetles have emerged looks as though it had been perforateed with bird shot. Sound trees generally escape attack, only weak and dying trees attracting the be etles for egg-laying and feeding. Spraying ineffective because the grubs work altogether beneath the bark,
Treatment-c-Cut out and burn all affected limbs a nd trees. Keep tree s vigorous and growing. To find these beetles working in a tree is to know that it was first affe cted by some other injurious agent Find and remove that agent or the tree itself.
PEACH DISEASES.
Brown Rot.-A dis ease which a ttacks peaches when they a re ripening. It app ears as soft, watery, brown spots whi ch r apidly enlarge and become covered with a downy mild ew gr owth, the s eeds of th e disease. While it is a seriou s and destructive dis ease in unsprayed orchards durin g hot m oist w ea ther, it is easily and complet ely preventable by spraying. Use the sam e schedule and formulas recommended for the contr ol of curculio (which se e ).
Scab--c-Appears ear ly in the s ea son on peaches as cir cular brown or black spots. Do es not ex ten d deep er than th e skin bu t makes the fruit unsightly and lowers its market value. Can r eadily be prevented by spraying. See sc he dule for the contr ol of cur culio.
Leaf Curl.-Appears on th e leaves of pea ch trees early 1ll th e spr ing and is r eadily s een and r ecognized. Affe cted lea ves becom e th ickene d, twist ed. blo ated a n d of a sickly pale color, mixed with r ed. As t he disease d leaves drop within a short time, the tree is for ced to put on a n ew lot. to r eplace th em , thereby w eakening th e tree and r educin g t he size of a ny fruit tha t ma y be on it. 'I'h is disease is ver y d es tru ctive in cold wet spring w eather in unsprayed orcha r ds.
Treatmen t.-It ca n be ab sol utely pr ev ented by win ter spra ying with lim e-sulphur as for San J ose scale (which se e ) , made not less than two weeks before th e leaves begin to put out in the spring. Wint er spr a ying with soluble oils will not prevent the appearance of leaf curl the following season.
Crown Gall.-See und er Appl e Diseases.

PECAN INSECTS.
Leaf Case Bearer.-A small greenis h worm which liv es , during the summer, in a little tube on the under side of the leaf, fo r m ing t h r ough its feeding , a brown spot in the angle between t he m ai n rib a nd one of the side ribs. Spr ay wi th arsen a t e of }ead be t w een Au g u st 15th and Sept ember 15th. (More n oti ceable w hen livin g in a large case and severely inju ring foli a ge in t he early s pring, b ut cannot be co ntrolle d at t his pe r io d.)
Nut Case Bearer.-A small g reen worm which attacks nuts fro m May to August, livin g in side the nut a nd makin g a sma ll case about its entra nce h ol e. S pray t h r ee times wi th arsena te of lea d, Ist, when nuts are ab out t he s ize of garden pea s. 2nd. A week or ten da ys later. 3r d. Four or fiv e weeks after second a ppli cation.
Shuck Wo rms.- A wh it e w orm feeding in t he shucks . Gather and burn the shucks at harvest time.
Flat Headed Borer.-See " Apple Ins ects."
PECAN DISEASES.
Scab.-F orms small black spots on lea ves and nuts , covering enti re s urfa ce in se vere outbrea k s , Spray w it h Bordeaux Mix t ur e , s everal application s. 1st. When nut s are about size of gar den peas ; 2n d, 3r d, etc., about every t en days or t wo w ee ks durin g r ainy weath er . Durin g lon g dry sp ells no spraying is n eeded.
Rosette.-Lea ves a t tips of branches a t first sma ll, wrink led and yellowi sh. La t er thes e leaves b ecome bunched beca use twig s do not grow. F inally the tree begins to die ba ck fr om th e tips. Pr ob ably d ue to improper so il co nd ition s. Ma n ure trees well, t urn u nd er cow pea s , etc .
FIELD CROP INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Corn.
Bill Bugs.-Large dark snout be etles which ea t in to t he stalk at or n ear t he s urface of t he g roun d. The young liv e in sid e t h e stems or r oot s of t h e co r n or of sed ges , etc.
Always plow in fested land in the la t e s um mer or ear ly fall t o des troy the in se ct s in the ground. Practice rotation of crops , plan t lat e and a void planti ng on or n ear swampy bottom s. Destroy a ll sedges, rushes a n d other large s wa m p g ra ss e s .
Larger Corn Stalk Borer.-The worm bo re s in t o t he stalk
15

near t he ground and up through the center, thus weakening it and causing it to fa ll over.
Us e sa me m ethods of control as re commended for bill bugs.
Ro ast ing Ear Worl11 .- This in sect is universall y present a nd only too w ell known t o ever y farm er.
P lant seed on ly from ea rs which ha ve a lon g , tight shuck.
T obacco.
Bud Worms.-The worms which feed in the bud of t he pla nt, eating holes throu gh the lea ves, often causi ng se vere inj ury befor e th eir presence is noted.
Cov er and wall in all seed beds wi th clo t h . Dust the pla nts wit h a mi xture of arsen ate of lead , 1 pound, a nd cor n m eal , 75 pounds. Make t he first applica tion as so on as the plants are we ll esta blished in th e field and a t intervals as need ed, till the plants a r e topped.
Horn Wo rms .- T he la r ge green worms which feed on the leaves.
Dust wit h a rsenate of lead m ixed wit h dry wood ashes. It is best to apply t his mixture wi th a du st gun. Use fr om
3% t o 5 pounds of the arsenate per acre.
Flea- Beet les.-Injure plants in s eed bed s an d gre a tly r educe the va lue of those in the field by eat ing h oles through the lea ves. Screen seed beds. If ins ects are abundant at setting time dip the t ops, just before setting, in a rsen at e of lead (same formula as fo r spra ying ) ; sp ray t he pla n t s in
th e bed with a rsenate of lead, on e pound of past e or %
pound of powder to 12-1 6 gallons of water w ith Bordeaux mixtur e 4-4 -50 (Formula XI) . Us e a knapsack sprayer.
Spray pla nts in the fi eld wi th t.he same form ula.
STORED GRA IN INSECTS.
Co rn Weevil.-T his insect, a ls o called the black we evil a nd ri ce weevil, a nd sever al other sp ecies - of beetles and moths ca u se very serious injury to stor ed cor n a nd other grains every year.
P la nt s ee d on ly from ea rs h a ving a lon g t ight shuck. Gr ow a small patch n ear the crib for a. trap crop . T his should be pla nted so as to mature at least three we eks before th e ea r liest fie ld of corn, and must b e gathered and fed within six weeks after it is in the r oa sti ng ear stage. Feed infested ears (th ose with tips exposed) as soon after
16

PLA T E I.
F i g . 1. Sprn y no zz l es : d isk awl ve r m o r el t y pe s .
'.
r i ~ ~ . B n m ho o e x e n siou r od w it h ru t o f f
F I g . J H a n d a t o u nz e r f o r u s e o n ly 011 8 lU ...l l 1-' 101. 11 11
./
I
I
L
Fi ~ . L B uc k e t pu rn p s : n e ed a n e xt e n s iou r o d f o r u s c 011 Ia r g e s h r u bs a nd t r e ee .

PL AT E II .

1. l~ ll a p s a c!: sp r a y c r : for g a r d ens .fig ... R a rre l p um p . for Use i ll s w a ll

a n rl sma ll tr e es .

o r r-na r ds .

ri g . " . P o wer s p ra y e r : Sh0 11 1ft he u s erl i ll l ;l r ~). e o r clra r d s.

aarvest as possible. When tight bins are available fumigate with carbon bisulphide.
Bean and Pea Weevils.-Store clean seed in barrels which "an be covered tightly. Fumigate with carbon bisulphide. Never plant infested seed. Never leave peas scattered on the ground after harvest.
OATS.
Loose Smut.-The loose smut of oats, which is so common in Georgia, frequently does great damage to the oat crop. When the grain is in the dough stage the affected heads can, as a rule, be easily distinguished by their black, sooty appearance. Since it is so easy to control this disease there j.<; no excuse for planting untreated seed and running the risk of having from 5 to 25 per cent of the oats destroyed by the smut. Before planting the oats should be treated as follows:
Formalin Treatment Jor Loose Smut of Oats.
Take 1 pint of commercial Formaldehyde (40%) to 30 gallons of water. Place in a barrel and soak the seed in this solution for 10 minutes. The seed should be put in a gunny sack (croker back) and suspended in the barrel. Then it should be put in a heap, covered up with a cloth and left for two or three hours. If the seed is to be planted with a drill, it will be necessary to spread out and dry thoroughly. Otherwise it can be sowed at once.
If more convenient the seed may be put in heaps on a tight floor and sprinkled thoroughly as it is shoveled back and forth, so as to wet every grain. Cover the pile with sacks or oilcloth, leave two or three hours and then spread out to dry. This is the plan of treatment followed by most of the farmers who treat their seed.
Formaldehyde is a poison, but the dilute mixture will not injure scratches or cuts on the hand. Consequently there is no danger in handling the formaldehyde mixture.
WHEAT. .
Hessian Fly.-The larva feeds neal' the base of the plant, causing it to fall over before it ripens.
Sow wheat between October 20th and October 30th. Plow under all volunteer wheat in the fall, before the new crop is up.
Stinking Smut.-Smutted heads are darker than clean ones and the stalks are usually shorter. When abundant
17

the disease causes a disagreeab le odor lik e that of a decayed fish .
Fo rm alin T reat me nt.- To pr event, treat the see d before planting with Formaldeh yd e solution, 1 pint to 40 gallons of water by th e following method: Take 2 half-barrels and fill one about 2/3 full of the Formaldehyde solution; pour into this solution ab out 1 bushel of grain. Stir it around thoroughly and skim off all the smutted grains that ri se to t he top. This operation will take about 10 minutes. Drain off the so lution into t he second barrel t hrough a bunghol e ne al' t he bottom, which has been cove re d with a sc reen so the wheat will not come out. If the grains are not a ll t horoughly wet it is best to dump them into a pile and covel' with a ca nvas for two hours before spre a ding out to dr y. Repeat t he operatio n until all the see d is treated. If the wheat is planted with a drill before bein g thoroughly dried, allowance must be made for the swelled condition of th e gra in. If it is to be sown by hand it may .be sown at once without drying.
Hot Wate r Treat ment.- -Provide two large vessels holding 20 ga llons or more. Half barrels will do very well. Mark these No. 1 and No.2. No. 1 should be filled with warm water between 110 0 and 1200 F. No. 2 with hot water at 132 0 F. to 1330 F. Have a kettle of boiling water handy and also some cold water, so eithe r may be added as required to ke ep the t emperature in the two vesse ls a t t he proper point. Place the s eed to be treated in a loose g unny sack, taking one h alf to a bu sh el at a time. First immerse in the vessel of warm water, plunging up and down with a rotary motion for on e to two m inutes. Th en plunge th e sack of seed into the vessel of hot water . Soon a fte r its immersion the sack should be lifted up out of the water and allowed t o drain for a few se conds . Replunge and rotate for t en minutes. Whil e the seed is being treated it is very important that th e temperature of th e water be kept as uniform as possible. Never a llow th e water to fa ll below 132 0 F. nor to ris e above 135 0 F. If the water should ris e to 1350 F. r educe th e time of t re at me nt to five minutes . It is best t o h ave on e person to look after the water and see that the proper temperature is maintained. One or tw o other men can handle th e gr ain to he treated.
COTTON INSECTS.
T he Cotton Boll Weevi l.- -T his is the most destructive cotton insect at present in Georgia. The manner in which it works is now so familiar to most of the cotton growers in Georgia that no description is necessary. T he cot t on
18

boll weevil is best controlled by the following methods: Early planting of a variety of cotton best adapted to the local conditions; high fertilization, fr equent cultivation, hand-p ick ing of t he first weevils to appear ; picking up th e infes ted squares once a week for four or five weeks; plow ing under the cotton stalks or destroying the green growth before frost, together with the destruction of the weevils' hibernating places whenever possible. As it is a lmost impossible to plow under m uch of the cotton befo re frost. live stock may t urned in to graze down the stalks just as SOOIl as the cotton is gathered. All trash and rubbish in and around th e field should be destroyed whenever possible. T he weevils hibernate in any place where they ca n find she lter near the cotton fields . T hey a lso frequently hibernate in corn stalks, h ence it is a goo d plan to plow these under early in the fall, or burn them up , especially near the cotton fields wh ere th e weevil in festati on wa s heavy.
The Cotton Red Sp ider .- T his small mite fr equently does much damage to cotton in hot, dry weather. The best method of fighting this insect is to prevent its occurrence by destroying the weeds 011 which it spends the win ter, s uch as Poke weed, J imson weed, golden ro d a nd cultivated violets. These may be destroyed by spraying with sod ium arsenate, 1 pound to 20 gallons of water. If only a few plants are infested pull up and destroy, and spray the surrounding plants with a 5% solution of kerosen e emulsion, or a 2% solution of commerc ial lim e sulphur. After thes e insects have spread over a large area it is not practical to cont rol them by spraying, as th e cost is too great . Their progress in the field may be prevented by pulling up a strip of cotton about 10 feet wide and plow ing t he land. Keep the su rface of this well pulverized a nd t he red spider ca n not cra wl over it.
COTTON DISEASES.
Cotton WiIt.- T his fungus disea se of cotton is quite common in South Georgia, and frequently does a grea t deal of damage where th e ordinary varieties of cotton are planted. The only success ful way to control this disease is by planting wilt resistant varieties of cotton a nd ro tation of crops to eliminate the nema tode worm, wh ich see on page 7. There are a number of wilt resistant varieties that can be planted, such as the Lewis 63, Council-Too le, DeSoto and Dix-Afifi .
Angular Leaf -Spot or Black Arl11.-This ba ct eria l disease frequently does great da ma ge to cotton and especially
19

to Sea Island. It attacks the squa res, bolls a nd al so t he bra nche s. On the Sea Island cott on this disease is commonly known as black-arm. To r educe the loss from this disease practice see d selec tion, saving seed fr om the plants tha t a re fr ee fr om th e disease. The dis ease may a lso be preve nte d in a large mea sure by t reati ng the seed before planting. The simplest method of treating the seed is to treat with bichl orid e of mercury, 1 part to 1000 parts of wa te r , or 1 tablet to 1 pint of water . To treat pu t the seed in a ba g and suspe nd in the solution for one hour, a nd then spre a d out on the floor to dry.
Anthracnose or Boll Rot. -This fungus disease often ca uses many of the cotton bolls t o rot . It may be ca rried ove r fr om yea r to year in t he see d, hence seed sh oul d not be saved for planting from field s that a re badly affected with this disease. Some va rieties a re mo re subjec t t o th is disease than others, suc h as Cook, Half and Half and the Sea Island cotton. Save yo ur planting see d fr om fields least a ffec te d. Practi ce rotation of cro ps a nd if cotton is to follow cotton, plow the stalks under as early in th e fall as possible.
Rust.-This disease, which causes t he lea ves to turn re d and shrivel up, is frequently taken for the work of the re d spider , and the reverse is als o true. The disea ses commo nly ca lled r us t are usually due to physiological ca uses, such as poor mechanical conditio n of the soil and la ck of some essentia l eleme nt, usually potash. Practi ce rotation of crops, a nd if the land is defi cient in ni trogen , plant in corn a nd velve t beans or oats a nd Iron cowpeas for a yea r or two, If the price will permit use a fertiliz er on the cotton containing at least 2%, or better 4%, of potash.
GARDEN INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Beans.
Bean Leaf Beetle.- A sm a ll, reddish or straw-c olored beetle with black spots, which eats large, round holes in the leaves.
Du st the plants with arsenate of lead (Formula I-B ).
Bean Anthracnose.-A fun gus which a ttack s s tems, leav es, pods and se eds, causing elong a te d, shr unk en, dark red cankers on stems, deforming and yellowing the leav es a nd producing rounded or irregular sunke n spot s on the pods. These spots usually have a pink center .
Save seed only fr om healthy plants. Plant on clean land. Burn all diseased plants. Do not ent er a bean field while the plants are wet with dewar rain.
20 .

Cabbage.

Cabbage Worms.- T wo 01' three sp ecies of butterflies or moths, the young, or worms, feed ing on t he leaves of cabba ge, collards, cauliflower, etc. T hese wo rms are well known to a ll cabbage grow ers.
Spray with arsenate of lea d (Fo r mula I) , a dding the soap as a sticker.

Cabbage Aphis.- T h ree species of plant lice attack cab-

ba ge and simil ar crops. They are mo st injur ious on you ng

plants or on plants k ept for se ed.

Spray with ni cotine sulpha te (Formula VII). Kerosen e

emulsion and soap so lutio ns may be used but th ey a re not

a s effecti ve.

.

Harlequin Cabbage Bug.- The bright colored , red and black bug, found commonly on ca bba ge , collards, et c. ; also k nown a s the calico bug or t errapin bug.
Spray with nicotine sulphate (Formula VII) , es pecia lly to des troy t he yo ung stages . Burn t he in sects by m ea ns of a plum ber's t or ch , espe cially on t he fa ll crop. T his method is more liable to ' in jure t he spring crop. Practice clean cultivation in the fa ll and plant trap crops of mustard in the early spr ing. Burn th e insects on t hese trap crops.

Black Rot.- - Dea d brown areas appear on the edge s of the leaves and spre a d downward through the veins. The head s are dwarfed or on e-sided, and later may decay and
fall off. Disinfect seed wit h corrosive sublimate so lution (1 tab-
let t o a pint of water) for 10 minutes. Rotate crops. Destroy a ll dis ea sed plant s.

Celery.

Leaf Blig ht. -- Both early and la te blight ca use a spotting
of the leaves. Spray the seed bed with Bordeaux mixture (Formula
XI) , and rep eat eve ry 10 to 14 days till plants are mature.

Corn, Sweet.

Roasting Ear Worm .-- This is t he same species as the boll worm on cott on . It is the wo rs t ene my of sweet corn in the State .
Dusti ng the silk with arsenate of lea d a nd lim e (Formula I-B ) early in the season will h elp some. Late varieties , such as Blue Flint, Stowell's Evergreen a nd Cou n t ry Gentl ema n are less liable to injury t ha n t he ea r ly varieties , though a ll are subject to attack.
21

Cut Wo rms.- Frequen tly cause severe injury. Sprinkle poison bran mash about the plants, la te in the afternoon (Formula VIII). In small gardens dig around th e injured plants early in th e morning and destroy the worms.
Cucu mbers an d Wate rmelo ns .
Cucu mber Beetles.- Two sp ecies, the striped and the 12-spotted. They destroy the tender plants in the spri ng and later feed on blo ssoms and leaves a nd gnaw the ste ms a nd r oots. The you ng of the str iped sp ecies feed on the roots, wh ile t hose of the 12-spotted beetl e attack th e roots of cor n a nd are ca lled bud worms.
In small gar de ns cover the you ng plants wi th chee se clot h , spre a d over two halves of a ba rrel hoop set at right ang les to each othe r . P lant more seed than is otherwise necess a r y. Du st the plants with a rse nate of lead a nd lim e (Formula I-B).
Pickle and Melon Worms.- T hese worms bore in to t he fr uit s of cuc umbe rs a nd canta loupes, r enderin g th em unfit for market. Both feed slig htly on th e foliage, th e melon worm m or e t han the other sp eci es.
Use squash as a trap crop. Du st cucu mbe rs a nd m elons with a rsenate of lead (Formula I-B) . As soon a s the crop is ga t he re d rake up the vin es and burn th em. F eed all infested fruit to t he hogs.
Melo n Aph is.- Com monly kn own as t he Melon Lou se . Th es e insects cluster on t he under s ur faces of the younger leaves and suck out the plant ju ices, ca us ing t he lea ves to curl up and finally to sh rivel. Often the plants are killed outr igh t. The a phids a lso cov el' th e plants with a stick y secretion, known a s hon ey dew , and this is often suppose d to be th e ca use of th e injury.
Spray with ni cotin e s ulpha t e (Fo rmula VII) , coati ng t he under su rfaces of th e leaves a s much as po ssib le.
Wilt.-- A bacterial disea se caus ing t he yo u ng plant s, especially, t o wilt suddenly a nd die.
As th e dis ease is ca r r ied largely by th e str iped cuc umbe r beetle, protect th e plants a gainst t hat insect as directed . Pull up and bum a ll infect ed plants.
Anth racnose.- Ca uses small, brown spots on the leaves , oft en ab u nda nt enoug h to kill th em. Atta cks t he oldest, th a t is, th e central part, of t he plant first. Also atta ck s the stems.
Rotat e ; never pla nt t hese crops two yea rs in succession on th e same land, Disinfect the ' seed by imm er sing it in corros ive sublimate soluti on (1 part t o 1000 parts of water)
22

for 5 minutes. Sprayin g with Bordeaux mixture will ch eck t he spread of the disease some wha t, but will not control it.
Onio ns .
Onio n Maggot.- Atta cks t he bulbs, causing th em to decay . and fr equently killing t he plants.
Clea n up a ll old fields. Scatte r poison ba it (Fo rmula IX) a bout the plants to kill the adults.
Onion T hr ips.- T iny insects caus ing " white blig ht" or "s ilver t op. "
Spray with nicotine sulphate (Formula VII) .
Onion Mildew.- Ca uses the t op s t o wither a nd die. Spray with Bordeaux mi xture a nd r esin fish-oil so a p (For m ula XII) .
On ion Srn ut.- Atta cks leav es and bulbs of s eedlings, cover ing the tops with a black powder.
Nevel' plant on la nd used for onions with in 3 or 4 years. Use se ts, as th ese arc not affected.
Pe as.
Pea Aphis.- Frequently ca uses se vere injury t o garde n peas.
Spray with ni cotine s ulphate (For m ula VII ) as soo n as a ny plant lice a re fo und.
Pot ato es.
Colo rado Potato Beet le.- T he work of this insect is too well kn own t o need descri pti on.
Dust the plan t s with arsenate of lead (Formula I B) .
Flea Beetl es.- Little metallic green a nd blu e beetl es wh ich jump when disturb ed. T hey eat sma ll, rou nd ho le s in t he leaves.
Dust with a rsenate of lea d a nd dry Bordeaux mixt ure 0 1' spray with t he same combinatio n. Bor deaux mixture a lone is a good rep ellant.
Ea rly a nd Lat e Bligh t.- Of t hese two disea ses late blight is t he mo st important, bein g, in fa ct , our m ost se rious potato dis ease.
Spra y with Bordeaux mi xture, adding arsenate of lead if in sects are pres ent. Best r esults follow the practise of spraying fr eq uently throu gh out th e se ason, wh ether blight has been noticed or not.
Sc ab.- Ca us es the rou gh pitted sunke n spots on th e potatoes. The organism lives In the soil.
23

Rotate cro ps. Nevel' plant scabby seed. Soak the seed potato es, before cutting, on e a nd on e-half hours in corrosive sublimate solution (1 t o 1000) or 2 h ours in formaldeh yd e solutio n (1 to 240).

Squash.

Squash Bug.- Commonl y kn own as th e "stink bug. " Pick off t he bu gs before they lay their egg s. Destroy
a ll eggs foun d. Spraying with nicotine sulphate (Formula VII ) will kill the young stages.

Squash-Vine Borer.- Atta ck s the plants after they a re well gro wn, boring into the sterns.
Destroy all dead vines an d old plants as soo n as the crop is made or t he plants are severe ly injured. Cut out borer s when pos sible a nd covel' up the bases of the plants with dir t.
Sweet Potato.

Flea Beetles.- Eat out channels a long t he veins of the leaves 0 11 yo ung pla nts. Later t he en t ire surface of the lea f becom es seare d.
Dip plants in arsenate of lead, 1 pound of arsenate to 10 gallo ns of water, befor e se tti ng them out , a nd spray or du st wit h a rsenate of lead (Formulas I A or B) a week or two later. A second sp rayin g may be made if necessary.
Black Rot.- Atta cks a ny underground part of the plant. Makes dark, rather cir cular spots on the tuber. Spreads from on e potat o to a nother in st ora ge . On the stem the disease begins with a small dark spot, growing till the stern is rotted off.
Bu y only healthy plants. Go over seed potatoes carefully in the spring disca r din g all those with suspicious spots. Do not plant in ground wh ere the disease has occurred, for at least six years.

Stem Rot. -Leaves turn yellow and become puckered , finally wilting and dyin g.
Rotate cr ops. Use only healthy slips.

Storage Rots.-Due to anyone of several different dis-

eases, some of which injure the plants and potatoes in the

field.

.

Keep t he potatoes in a mod erately cool and dry place

after digging. Dry and st ore in a sweet potato storage

house rather than in banks.

Tomato.

Horn Worl11s.-The large green worms which cut tfte leaves off the plants.
24

Pick the worms off by hand. Du st the plants with arsena te of lead (Formula (I B) .
Tomato Wilt.-There a re two wilt dis ea ses, one caused by a fun gus a nd the other by bacteria. Neither can be con trolled by spraying.
Avoid planting t omatoes on land known to be infested. It is sa fest nev er t o plant two years in succession on the sa me land, whether wilt ha s been noticed or not. T wo va rieties, Livingstone Glob e a n d Duke of York, are fairly resi stant t o wilt, but these are not pa r ti cula r ly desirable varieti es other wis e. Work is now being conducted in an a ttempt t o breed good, r esistant varieties.
Blossom-End Rot.s--A deca y of the fruit co m me ncing at the blossom end. This seems to be caused by uneven moisture conditions in the so il, eit her too m uch moisture or t oo little, pro ducing t he disea se.
Keep the soil in good physical co ndition. Water if nec essary. Mul ch th e pla nts. One va riety, Bonny Best, seems to be resistant to this dis ease.
Leaf Spot.-Lea ves becom e cove red with dark brown spot s and fin ally wither and die.
Spray with Bordeaux mixture and r esin fish-oil soa p (Formula XII) before the dis ea se appea rs a nd repeat every 10 days. Spray both sid es of th e leaves.

INSECTICIDES.

I. Arsenate of Lead.

A. Spray.

Ar se nate of lead (powd ered) Lime

1 lb. 2 lbs.

Water

: 50 gals.

Wh en the paste form of a rsen ate of lead is used, 2 lbs.

should be combined with 3 lbs. of lim e a n d 50 gallons of water. Fo r use on such plants a s ca bbage add 1 lb. of resin

fish-oil soap, to act as a sticker.

B. Dust.

Arsena te of lead (powde r ed )

l lb.

Hydrated lime

4 lbs .

For potato beetles, etc. For dusting peaches, se e table No. III .

25

, II. Paris Green.

Paris green.,

5 t o 8 ozs.

Lime

2 to 3 Ibs.

' Va t er or Bordeaux (b ut never

with lime-sulphur)

50 ga ls.

T his material, once very commonly used, ha s now been a lmost enti rely supp lanted by a rsenate of lead. While arse na t e of lead is no t as strong in a rsenic as Paris green, so
that more of it m ust be used with a given a mount of water, t his is practically made up for by the fact t hat it is cheaper . On t he other ha nd , arsenate of lead a dh eres better and is mu ch less liable t o burn th e foliage.

III. Lime-Sulphur Wash.

a. Commercial Lime Sulphur. Winter Spray.

Lime a nd sulph ur so lution (com) Water

1 gal. 8 gals.

For use against sca le insects in t he winter.

Summer Spray.

Lim e and sulph ur soluti on 114 to 1% gals .

Water

50 gals.

Fo r use on a pples ; cann ot be used on peaches a s a summer spray.
b. Home-Made Concentr ate.

Sulphur (commercia l ground) Lime Water

100 lbs, 50 lbs, 50 gals.

P la ce 10 gallons of water in th e cooking vessel and h ea t it. Then add t he lump lim e and when it begi ns to slake add th e sulphur, which should previously be sifted . Stir to geth er while slaking is in progress to brea k u p the sulphur. T hen dilute to 50 gallons a nd boil steadily not less than 50 minutes no r mo r e t han a n h our. Add water as nec essary to repla ce that whi ch eva pora te s, a lways k eepin g 50 gallons in th e ves sel. T his co ncentrate may be strained into a barrel an d will k eep indefi nit ely if t he bar rel is t ight ly cor k ed.

To Use.

Ho me-made co ncentrate va ries in de nsity, so it s specific gravity m ust be det ermined by means o f a hyd rom eter, It
26

should be diluted, a ccordin g t o th e h ydrom eter r ea din g, as follows:
Dil ution for W inte r Spra ying w ith Lime-S ul phur C o n c e n t r ate.

H ydrometer re nding (Degre es on Bnu me spi n dle )
:35 34
0) ' ) rJ.)
:~2
:31 80 29 28

No . g allons wat er to 1 A'allo n con ce n t r a te
(For Sa n Jose senle )
9
8%
8 11;2 S
7 11;2
7 11t
G:y.'l
6 11:2

I

H ydrometer

i
I

r eading ( D egr ees I

on B nurn e sp indle ) ~

I

27

26

25

24

23

22

21

20

No. ga llons water t o 1 ga llon co n c e n t r a t e
(For San Jose s cnle)
6 5% 5ljl 5 4% 414 3%,
3112

Th e r eadin gs do n ot det ermine the chemical co m positi on of the so lution, but merely indicate its w eight. For all practica l purpos es they a re r eliable guides for the dilution of th e conc en trate.
The old home made lim e a nd sulph ur wash is n ow ve ry s eldom used , since it wa s ve ry disagreeab le to make and t o use, a nd it ha s n ow becom e a n easy matter t o obtain th e commerc ial pro duct.

I V. Ke ros ene Em u ls ion.

Ker osene Com mo n soap Wa ter (With soft soap, use 1 qt.)

2 gals,
112 lb.
1 gal.

Disso lve t he soap in hot water, r emove fro m the fir e a nd a dd t 11C kerosene. Then ch ur n together with pump until it form s a whit e creamy ma ss. If prop erly made t he stock s olution sho uld keep for some time, but a fter dilution th e ma t eri a l sho uld be u sed immediately.
This co ntact insecticide is n ow m ainly used fo r plant lice a nd ot he r so ft bodi ed insects. For plant lice on cabbage. etc., use a 5% or 10 ';'10 so luti on; on dormant trees the 20% so lu tio n can be used without fea r of injury. It is be st to a pply the spray on su ns hiny da ys when the trees a re dry, as then it will not be so lik ely to in jure t he folia ge.
For r efer en ce th e follow in g t abl e is given:

27

1'01' a 5% emulsion a dd 37 gallons water to stock solution.
For a 10% emulsion add 17 gallons water to stock solution.
For a 15% em ulsion ad d 10 1/3 gallons water to stock so lutio n.
For a 20% em ulsion a dd 7 gallons wa te r to stock solution.

V. Soap Solutions.
Fish-oil soaps, naphtha soap and common washing soap are used against plant lice, in green houses particularly. Use lIb. to from 5 to 8 gals. of water. Against green aphis on nursery trees use 1 lb. to 3 gals.

VI. Miscible Oils.
T'here are several miscible oils on the market, such a s " Sca lec ide," "Sch narr's In secticide," etc. T hey are used a gai nst scale insects, white fly, plant lice, etc. Direction s given by the manufacturers.

VII. Nicotine Sul phate.

Nicotine sulphate (40 %) Soap (dissolved) .: Water

3)j, pint. 2 lbs.
50 gals.

Excellent for k illing plant lice and other sucking insects . For ga rd en plots use 2 teaspoonf uls of t he nicot ine and a f.-inc h cube of hard soap t o 1 gal. water.

VIII. Poisoned Bran Mash.

White arsenic (or Paris green)

l lb.

Bran

25 lbs,

Oranges or lemons............................................ 6 fr uits.

Cheap syrup or mo lasses

2 qts .

Water

3 or 4 gals.

For use against cut worms, army worms and grasshoppers. Sprinkle th in ly ove r infested la nd , or on t he plan ts
attacked. IX. Poison Bait.

Sodium arsenate Water Cheap syrup (molasses)

1/5 oz. 1 gal. 1 pint.

Dissolve the sodium arsenate in boiling water and then ad d t he syrup. For use against Onion Maggots.

28

X. Potassium Sulphide.

Potassium sulphide

_

Wat er

For us e against re d sp ider .

1 oz . 3 ga ls .

FUMIGATING.
Carbon Bisulphide.
For use against weevils a nd other in sects in st ore d gra in, see ds, etc. Use 1 lb. t o a bo ut 40 bushels , or fr om 5 to 15 lbs, t o each 1000 cubic feet of sp ace (d epending on the tightness of the cr ib .) Us e only wh en t he t emperature is above 55 ' F . This material is as explosive as gasoline. Keep away from all fires and lights.

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas.

(a) P ota ssium cyanide Sulph uric a cid \Vater ~
(h) So dium cyanide Sulphuric a cid Water

1 oz. 2 oz. _....................... 4 oz. 1 oz. 11/2 oz. 2 oz.

Both formulas give t he a mo u nts t o be us ed for each 100 cubic feet of sp ace, when fumigating dormant nursery stock. In gre en hous es use th ese a m ount s for each 1000 cubic feet.
Sodium cya nide is now genera lly used a s it is chea pe r a nd easier t o se cur e.
Pour the a cid into the water, in a n ea rt he n crock; drop th e cyanide in and close the house or fumigating box immediately. Air for t en minutes before entering.

FUNGICIDES.

XI. Bordeaux Mixture.

This is the mo st important fungicide we have for general

lise.

Copper sulphate (Bluestone)

4 lbs.

Lime (fresh unslacked)

4 lbs.

Water

50 gals.

Place the copper sulphate in a gun ny sack and suspend in 25 gallons of water. In another barrel slack the lime am] add water enough to make 25 gallons. Pour the two, togeth er , into a third , barrel or into the spray tank, letting

29 . .

them mix as they ente r this container . Afte r mixing, the solut ion should be used immediately.

XII. Resin Bordeaux Mixture.
Melt 5 lbs. resin with 1 pt . fis h oil ove r fire, coo l slowly, a dd 1 lb. soda lye, stirring. Add 5 gallons wate r a nd boil till mixture will dissolve in cold wa te r . Mix 2 gallons with 48 gallons of Bordeaux mixture. This mixture is used on such pla nts as onions , cabbage, asparagus, etc., as it will stick to such plants while Bordeaux will no t .

XIII. Copper Sulphate.
Dissolve 3 lbs. of copper sulphate in a small a mo unt of hot water a n d dilu te to 50 ga ls. Not as effec tive as Bordeaux mixture and can only be used du ring the winte r . It ca n be used in greenhouses to spray the benches a nd ge ner a l in teri or to destroy ben ch fun gi. Diss olve 1 oz. to a bout % pint of water for trea tmen t of see d wheat.

XIV. Ammoniacal Solution of Copper Carbonate.

Copper carbonate A m m o n ia Water

5 oz. 3 pt s. 50 gals.

Dilute the ammoni a with a bo ut 8 qu arts of water. Dissolve t he copper carbon ate in this dilute a mmonia a nd add wa ter to make 50 gals. T his solution mu st be used imme-
diat ely. Not as effective as Bordeaux but ca n be used when fruit is nea rly ripe, as it does not stain it. Can not be used with a rsenical compo unds.

XV. Burgundy Mixture.

Copp er sulphate.................................................. 2 lbs.

Sodium ca rbonate (sal so da)

3 lbs,

Water

100 gals .

Disso lve each che mical in '50 gallons of water and pour

t he two soluti ons together into a spray tank, as in making

Bordeaux. Serves the same purpose as th e ammonia ca l

solution of copper carbonate and costs on ly about half as

muc h.

XVI. Eau Celeste.

Copper sulphate ...................................................... 2 lbs.

Am m o n ia

3 pts.

Wa t er

50 gals .

Dissol ve the copper sulphat e in a gallon of water and add the a m mo nia ; dilute t o 50 gallons a nd us e a t on ce. Cheap

30

and easily mad e but liable to burn te nder folia ge. Especially recommend ed for the fungus blight of tomato.

XVII. Potassium Sulphide.

Potassium su lph ide Water

3 ozs . 10 to 12 gals.

Used mo stl y against mild ews on suc h pla nts as grapes an d roses, a nd on greenho us e pla nts.

XVIII. Formalin or Formaldehyde 40%.

a . Formalin

1 pt.

Wa te r

30 gals.

For treatmen t of potato scab and smut of oats.

b. For malin

1 pt.

Water

40 gal s.

To he used in treating barley, rye and wh eat.

XIX. Corrosive Sublimate.

Corrosive su blimate Water

3 oz. 15 gals.

Use for potato sca b. Corrosive sublimate may also be

used at the rate of 1 to 1000 for the treatme nt of cotton

seed against angula r lea f spot.

XX. Self-Boiled Lime Sulphur.

Lime (fresh un slacked) Su lphur Water

8 lbs. 8 lbs . 50 gals.

Make sulph ur int o a paste by ad ding small a mo unts of
water a nd stirring until it is t ho ro ughly moisten ed. To this paste a dd about 2 gallons of water, t he n a dd the lime. Stir well, a dding just enoug h water to keep mixture from
hecoming too thick and to prevent burning, Whe n liWe is all slaked ad d water to stop further cooking. Dilute to 50 gallons. Strain carefully. Used pa rtic ula rly a gainst brown

rot of the peach.

b. Comme rcial Lime-Sulphur.

Winter spray. Dilute 1 to 8 with water. For San Jos e scale an d pea ch leaf curl.
Summe r spray. Dilute 1% or ll/~ gal. t o 50 ga ls. of
water. For use against apple scab, bitter ro t, etc. Commercial
Lime-Sulph ur can not be used as a summer spray on peache s .
31

Combinations. Muc h ti me a nd expense may be saved by co m bining fu ngicide s "with in secti cides, thus spraying for both in sects and disea ses toget her, in stead of making a separate a pplication for ea ch . The ch art which follows shows what mat erial s may be combined , th e type of insect or disease controlled a nd the pla nt s on which the va rious mixtures may be used .
Fig. l - --S ho wing wh at sprays ma y be com bine d a nd plant s "which may be treated. (After Quaintance a nd Siegler, U. S. D. A., Farmers' Bulletin 908.)
32

Tabl e I. Spray Schedul e fo r Apples.

No . \

Formula

Wh en to Ap p ly

For-

- - - - -- - -.,---- --- --

Winter Commercial Iim e-sul- When t he trees a re Sa n J 0 s esc a I e,

spray ph ur 1 to 8 or its dorm ant, prefer - aphis. bi tt er rot,

e quiva len t.

a bly ju st befor e sca b an d leaf s pot .

~.--

+ b_lo_o_r_n b_u_._ds_o_p_e._n_.

._

5 qu arts com mercia l Just after blo ss om Codling moth , cur1lime-sulphur solution pe tals h ave fallen cullo, scab, lea f spo t 1 la nd 1 lb. powdered a nd before ca lyx and cedar ru st.
lead a rsenate t o 50 cups close .
Igals. water.

!Is a.Jlle as for No . 1. Tw o weeks after Sa me as above . fir s t spraying.

--------------- 1- - - - - -- _ _ -

j4.4.50 Bordeaux mix - F ou r week s after Codli ng moth . bit t or :l .tur e plus one pound se con d s pra yin g. rot. etc .
.powde r ed lead a r sen -
la t e.

I __ 1

...

_- - -

ISa me as NO. 3.
Ii
I

Fo ur week s after 'Same as a bo ve . May third sp raying. be om itted in so me
s ec t i O ilS an d on
some va rietles.

I - " -Isa m e '~s N O.- -4-. - - . ~l:e--~Jo:J th lJefore Same as ab ove. -~Ill it

fruit rip ens .

if un nece ssa r y.

Table II. Spray Sched ule for Peaches.

Sp ray

When

Formula

For-

Win te r Wi nt er, or spray Dor ma nt ,
Spray

Lime -sulphur s ol u t i on

San J os e Scale and Leaf Curl

- --
1st

* When shucks are

-- -
lb . powdered lead Curculio

off th e peaches a rsenat e and 3 Ib8.

lu mp lime to 50 gals.

wate r

- -- - - -- - - - -

Znd 3 week s after 2n d .

lh lb. lea d and 50 Curculio, Scab a nd ga ls . se lf-boiled lime- Brown Ro t su lphur or equ iva -
lent.

- --

3rd 1 month before fr uit ri pen s
- -- --- - -- !-

Sam e as for spray. Omit
ea rly va rieties

2nd Cur culio, Scab and on Br own Ro t
_. _.- ---._-_ . .. _--- --

Table III. Dusting Schedule fo r Peaches 111 Georgia.

Formulas

Varieties

Schedule for Dust ing

II

I Sulph u r .................. 80% 1

I

I

Arsena te of Lea d 10%

I

Hydrated Lime .... 10 %

I

I I I

I
I
i

I
I

Sulphur .................\ 80% 80% 1 Ar se na te of Lead 10 % 10% \

Hyd rated Lim e .... 10 % 10% 1

I
I

I I

I
I

Gree nsboro Mayflower Un eeda Ar p Be a uty Gordon Queen of Dix ie Early Rose Hed Bird Cling
- -- - - - --
Ca r men Wadd elI W ill ia ms Ear ly Hiley Georgi a BelI e E lbe r ta J. H . H al e

One (1) t ime .
Ap ply wh en th e sh ucks ha ve fa ll en fr om th e pea ches .
Tw o (2) t imes .
1s t. Same a s a bove. 2n d. 3 to 5 we ek s afte r first.

Sulphur ................1 10% 80% 80% Hiley

Three (3) times.

Ge orgia Bell e

Ars enate of Lead \ 5% 5% 5% E lber t a
~ J . H . H ale
Hydrated Li me .... 85% 1 15% 15%

1st. Same as
above. 2n d. 3 we ek s

after t st,

- --

II

I

3r d. 5 to 6

..

I

I I I
.. - . -

..

weeks before

I I - --

ripe n ing pe riod.
__ -- ------- --_.. ..

The majority of growers a re a ccus tome d to applying two sprayings to a midsummer variety, like Elberta, while others have been spraying three times . Those who will dust three times should apply the se cond dusting within three weeks after the first. Those who will dust only twice will have a greater latitude for the second dusting, though, from the standpoint of scab control, they will get better results by app lying it not later than three weeks after the first.

Table I V. Spray Schedul e fo r Pecans.

Ti me

Sp r ay 'Ma t eria l

In se ct or Di sease Controlled

' W hen nuts are a bo ut l Ars ena t e of Lead

I l as large as ga r de n

and

- rIpeas

: Bord eaux Mixt ure 1- - - - - - - -

.) \10 day s t o two weeks I . Arsenate of Lead

and

r ater

Bordeaux Mix ture :

wee~~ :l 110 days t o two la t e r I

Bordea ux Mixtur e

: : Nut-ca se Beare r and
Sca b

- - - - -- - -

Seal.> and Nut-case Beare r

'

_

Scab

'

_

110 4 da ys to t wo week s Arsena t e of Lead

I,la t e r

I and Bor de a ux Mixtu re

I Nut-ca se Bearer an d Sca b

5 110 da ys to tw o wee ks Bord ea ux Mixtur e

Sca b

.Jat e r

1

---1-------- ~-------

I G IBe tween Aug, 15 a nd Ars enate of Le a d Sept. 15

Leaf-case Bearer

~ ---------------------

The time a nd nu m ber of sprayings fo r scab will vary greatly with different sea sons,

:-~ lj

Georgia Dealers in Spray Machinery.

The following is a partial list of Georgia dealers wh o han dle spraying machinery. Knap sa ck s prayer s, bu cket pumps and other apparatus for us e in garden s and about the home grounds can usually be purchased from local hardware dealers, or can be ordered through th em.

ATLANTA, GA.
Beck & Gregg Crumley-Sharp Dinkins-Davidson The Dunn Machinery Co.
l"airbanks, Morse & Co. l,'ulton Supply Co. The Goulds Mfg. Co . King Hardware Co .

64 Marietta St. 47 Walton St S. R. R. 522 So . Pryor St.
594 Whitehall St. 86 Marietta St. Third Nat'\. Bank Bld g . 53 P ea ch tree S t.

ALBAN Y, GA . Albany Farm Ma ch ine ry Co. Sparks Hardware Co.
COLU MB U S, GA. Phillips Hardwa r e Co.
COR NE LIA , G A. W. R. Finch . 1<' _ C. Neel.
1'1' . VALLE Y, GA. Green-Miller Co . Southern Brokerage Co. Southern Or ch ard Supply Co.
:\IACON, GA. Williams Mfg. Co.
SAVANNAH, GA . Heldt-Hazelhurst Hdw . Co.

:\7

Georgia Dealers in Spray Materials.

Below is given a partial list of Georgia dealers who handle ins ecticides suc h as lime sulph ur, atomic sulphur, arsenate of lead, Bla ck Leaf 40, et c. Most insecticides ne eded in small qua ntities for the home garden or for fruit trees in t he yard, ca n be purchased fro m local dru g st ores.

AT LANTA, GA.
H . G. H a stin gs Co . Letton-D eFoor . Jacob s P ha r m a cy Co . Georgian P harm a cal Co.

16 W . Mitch ell St. 12 South Broad St.
u Ma rietta si.
57 E u~ e n i a S t.

AUGUSTA, GA. N. IJ. W illet Seed Co .

BALDW IN , GA . W . A. Shore.

COR N E L IA, 'GA.
b' . C. Neel. W . R. Finch . Cor ne li a Hardware Co.

F'T . VA L LEY, G \ .
Gr e en-Miller Co. So uthern B r ok e rage Co. .T. W . Woolfolk

THOMASVILLE, GA. R. Thomas.

38

Manufacturers of Spraying Machines.
Aspinw all :'I f::. Co.. .J ackson , Mich . ( Han d a n d p ower po ta to sp ra ye r-s.) BlIm e. }lUg. Co. Mansfield . Oh io. (Han d and p ow er sp rayers.) Bat eman :lIlf::. Co., Gr en loeh , N . .1. (Tr on A/:e spr ayers for h and and p ow r-r . ) Rea n Spr ay Pump Co., L nn s rn c. :'licll. ( Hand and pow er out f it s.) Brllck ett , Shaw & Lun t Co. B ost on . :'l a8s. (H am] an d power ou t f its.) B ro wn . E. C. Co., R och est er. N . 1 . (Compressed air, h and an d pow er ou tf it s. ) ('hUTch, S . B .. B oston . Ma s s. (Pow er aIHI h and . praye rs .) Cns hman Sp rayer Co., St. .J oseph . Mo. (Power outfits .) n ay ton Oo., D ayton, Ohi o. (H and and powe r outfits.) nemin /: Co., S alem . Ohi o. (Han d and power outfits.) OOU/:llIS, W . & B ., Mid dl et ow n. Conn . (Hand and power outfit s. ) Fi eld F or ce P ump Co.. E lmira . N. 1 . (Hand and power pumps. ) F itzhenry Gu p t ill Co.. E . Cnmhridgo, Ma ss. (Power sprnye r s.} Friend Mf/:. Co., Gasport. N . Y . (Power an d han d pu m p s.) Goulds Mf g. Co., 3r c! N atl. B ank B ldg ., Atlan ta , Ga . (Hand lind powe r sprayers.) Hardie Mf g. Co., H. L .. H u d son . Mich . (Han d and p ow er pnm ps.) HlIyes Pump & Planter Co., Gal va, III. (Hand and po w er pnrn ps .) Humphreyes lIlf /:. Co. Mansfi eld , Ohi o. (Hand an d power pumps. ) Hurst lIffg . Co., H . L ., Greenwi ch . Ohi o. Leggett & Bro ., 301 Pearl St., N ew Yor k, N . Y . (Hand and power dUB t in!:
m a c h i n e s .) 1IIyero & Bro., F . E ., Ashland . Ohi o. (Hand and power pump . ) Nia gara Sprayer Co., Middleport, N. Y . (Dustin g ma chines.) Ru ms ey Pump Co., Bo st on , Mu s s, ( Hand an d power pu m p s.) Spramot or Co., Buffal o, N . Y. (Han d .an d power on t flt s.)
Manufacturers of Insecticides and Fungicides.
Blan chard Co.. J'a s , A. 30 Church St., New York, N . Y. (Ln se ct icides an d fun gicides. )
Bowk er I n sect icid e Co., B ost on , Mass . (Tn sec ticid es an d Jun gi cid es. ) Devoe &: Raynold s Co., N ew York. N . Y. ( Ar sen ical po iso ns .) Frost Ins ect ici d e Co. , Arlington , lIl as s. ( Spr ay ch em icals an d nppa r a tus.) Gene ral Ch emica l Co.. 25 B ro ad St ., New York, N. Y. (Tnsecticides and fu ngi
cid e s .) CHidd en Co., Cle\'o 1''' ' :1 , Oh io. (Tn sect ici de s an d fu nglcides.) Gra sselIi Chemu-al Co., N ew Y ork, N. Y . (In secticid es an d fu ng ici d ls. ) Hemingway & Co., Bound B r ook . N . J . ( Ar seni cal p oi son s. ) Intersta t e Ch em ical Co., J ersey City, N. J . (In s ecti cid es an d fun gi cides. ) Kentucky Tob a cco Produc t Co., L ou isville, Ky. (Nicotin e s olu t io n . ) Lavanburg Co" Fred L ., 1 0 0 ' Villi am S t. N ew York, N . Y. (Arsen ical poi sons} I.eg ::ett & Bra" New Y or k , N. Y . (I n sect icides an d f ung i cid r s.) ~l eehllng Br os ., Camden , N . .J. ( Insec ticid es a nd I un g i cide s .) ~rerrlm a e Chemical Co., B os ton , Ma s s. ( L ea d a rse na te .) ~ atlon al Color & Ch em ic al Work s, ~ 9 t h S t . an d 11th AYe., New Yor k, N. Y.
(Carbon disulphide.) Niagara Sp raye r Co., Mid dleport, N. Y. (Dustin " materia ls. )
Pratt Co., B. G., 50 Chu rc h st. N ew Yo rk, N. Y . ( Miscible oils.)
Rieh es, P iv er Co., 3 0 Ch u r ch St., New Yo r k , N. Y . ( Ars en i cal p oi sons . ) Roessl er & H a ssl a ch er Ch emical Co., Now Yo rk, N. Y. (C yan tde . ) ilh erwinWilIiam s Co., Cl evel an d, Ohi o. (L im e su lp hu r an d ar se nical poisou s. ) \'r"Oland Chem i cal lIIfg. Co., ,,0 Chu r ch Rt .. New Yor k , N. Y . (Tn s oct icides a w l
funl:lel drs .)
39

Georgia State Board of Entomology

ATLANTA , GEORGIA

BULLETIN 54

MARCH, 1919

COMMON
INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE APPLE
BY
W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

GEORG IA STATE BOARD OF EN TO MOLOGY
OR GANIZATION AND STAFF .
H OK J . J . B HO W N , Cha ir ma n, Conu u issiouc r of Agricu lt u re , A t la nta.
H O~. R C. BERCKl\IA:\S,
Macon .
II O ~ . J:\ O. A . COBB, A meri cus.
A. C. LEWIS, S ta t e E nt omologist a nd Sccrc ta rv of th e Board, A t la n ta .
W . W . CH A SE , Assistan t Stat e Entomolo gi st , Corneli a.
W . V. REED , As sista nt En to mo logist , A t la nta .
IRA W . WILLIA:;\IS, Cotton Sp ecia list . Th omasvill e.
( In Cha r ge of Va ldo sta a n d 'I'h om nsv ill c S tat io n s )
C. A . McIJ E~D O N , Ex pert in Cott on Brcedi ug, A tla nta .
, V. 1". T UHN Ell , Assista nt E ntomolog ist, Atla nta .
D. C. WARRE N, Ass ist a n tEn tomologist . Va ld ost a.
D. C. NEAL, P lan t P athologist, Th omasvil le.
B. xr. GADD IS .
S uper-inten de nt Va ldosta Station , Va ldost a.
' V. H . LE ON ARD ,
S u p ci-iu t e n de ut T homasville S tat io n , 'I'homn sv ilie.
J. C. MA N E S S . F'icld Age nt, A tla nta .
A . J. FLEl\I E\' G. F'ieltl Age nt , Th ollla s ~ i ll c .
J . H . P HESS IJE Y. Piclc1 Agent, V altl ost a.

Georgia

State Board of Entomology

:==
BULLETIN 54

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

MARCH 1919

COMMON
INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE APPLE
BY
W. W. CHASE

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

SCHEDULE
Condensed Spray Schedule for Apples. T h e W i ll tel' S p ray. S p r ay at unv t ime when th e t r ee i!i dor man t , p r efer a bly j ust hl'!'OI'C th e leaf buds op en, w it h conccn t ra ted li me-su lphu r so lut ion di lut ed as r ecomm end ed on page 16. Contr ols, or helps t o contr ol or preven t , Sa n J ose scale, g r een aph is, r osy a p hi s, apple sca b, leaf sp ot and bitter rot. F or cont ro l of heavy infestations of San J ose sca le sp ray t wice, on ce in t he fa ll and a g ni n in la t e wi nter, wit h solu ble oil, 0 1' li m o-sul p uu r , or both .
Til e S limm er S p ray S ch edltle.
(1) S p r ay afte r t he bloom p et al s ha ve fall en and bef ore t he ca lv x cu ps close wit h five qua rts eonu ne r cia lly-ma de lim o. sulp hu r ( or its equ ivale nt of th e hom e-m ad e ) an d on e po und powdered lead arsen at e t o fif ty ga ll on s water. P ar codling mot h, curc u lio, ap h is, sca b, lea f spot, etc .
(2) Two t o three weeks la t er wit h th e sa me fo r mu la as for (1 ) . For cod ling moth, et c.
(3) 'I'hrec weeks after sec on d ap p licat ion sp ray w ith B ordeau x m ixture (see p age 31) , adding on e p ound p owdered lead arsen a t e to eac h fift y ga llons. For bitt er r ot , codling moth , etc.
(4 ) T hr ee weeks after t hir d a pplicatio n sp r ay wit h same fo r mula as f or (3 ). F or cod ling moth , bitter rot , et c.
( 5) On e m on t h before fruit ri p cn s for pi ck in g, sp r ay with same formula as f or (4 ) . 1" 01' bitt e r r ot, cod ling mot h, etc .
So me var ieties, do not r eq ui I'C five sun uuer trea nu cnts, If on ly t.hr ee ap p lications a rc ma de u se Nos, 1, 2 an d ;3 ; if fou1', ~os. 1, 2, 3 an d 4 .

COMMON
INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE APPLE
BY
W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist
Introduction.
In substance and purpose th e contents of th is bulletin are practically id entical with Bulletin 38, published by th e State Boar d of E ntomology in May, 1913. The issue of that bulleti n having become exhausted it becomes desirable to repl ace it wit h another dealing with the same and related subjects for th e benefit and guidance of ap ple or char dists .
Since the publication of Bulletin 38 th e Departmen t of Entomology has systematically worked and experimented from year to year with phases of the in dustry r elating to the pl an ting, pruning, cultivating, fertilizing and spraying of apples. In this work much valuable data have been acquired. Improvements on older methods have been obtained in some instances, and modification of spray met hods and materials have made for greater efficiency in r esult s. Th ese modifications and improvements are incorp orated in this bulletin and to that extent the text of Bulletin 38 has been revised and brought up to date . Th e scope of this bulletin is too wid e and varied r eadily to permit of detailed treatment. Nor is this desirable. Th e principal purpose is to provide th e Georgia gro wer with illustrated descriptions, the study of 'which w:ill enabl e him at first hand to id entify his orchard pests by name, and to prescrib e an effective r emedy.
For the pa st ten years or mor e the ap pl e industry in Georgia has been developing r apidly and, for th e most part, on a soun d, substantial basis . The opportunity and th e right conditions are here. While comparatively a new development, a sufficient number of commerc ial orchards ar e producing app les for t he market to' give re liab le information bearing on the profits to be reaped from the industry. Th e r ecords of these ' or chards in commercial production leave us no room for doubt. In every instance where the prerequisit es hav e been met success has followed. As in all other lin es of human end eavor, th e measure of success in each case has been det ermined by th e foresight, judg-
3

ment, and st u d ious diligen ce with whi ch th e gro wer has pl anned.

and develop ed his orchar d inter est s. Ther e hav e been fai lures

fo r very ev iden t reaso ns. Th e natur al cond itions for apple pro.

du ction in fav ore d sect ions of th e S ta te, while answering all

esse n tial requirem ents, ar e not sufficien t of thems elves to in sure

success. 'I'hey' mu st consta n t ly he ai de d by the intell ig ent effort

of the gr ower. '1'0 thi s end t he prospective inves tor should be

ad vis ed to equip himself in adv ance t o avoid a t eac h st ep the

enol'S that s nare th e un iformed. th e m isinformed, th e careless

and the over-optimisti c.

.

Not th e least of th e essen ti als of successf ul apple gro wing' is

a working knowl ed ge of th e seve ral insect s an d diseases to -which

ap p les and appl e t r ees are su bj ect and of d ep endabl e means

to preven t or con t rol th em. A n attemp t ha s been mad e in the

fo llowing pages to gin! to gro wers descripti ons by whi ch the

most imp ortan t and destructive pest s may he id entified , with

r econunenda tion s fo r con t r ol.

Tn ad di t ion to th e sp r ay sche dules, th ere are in corporat ed in

th e bulletin a few hri ef notes on th e ca re and man agement of

ap ple or char ds, To begi nn er s thi s informati on will he of in-

t er est and ben efit by enabling th em to avoid som e of th c initi al

mistak es whi ch , aft er th e or char d is set and growing , are

diffi cult or imp ossible to re ct ify.

Th e a pp le industry of Georgia is destined to br in g added

horticultu r al fmn e to t he State a nd to become a n ew and ri ch

sou rce of r even ue. Fo r t hese an d other r easons its legitimate

d evelopment deserve's to he fos t er ed . and buil t upon a sound

a nd en dur ing fou ndatio n .

THE CODLING MOTH.
(C ydi a pomon ell a, L. )
Of the in sects preying directl y upon the fruit of th e ap ple the codling moth, or " ap p le worm, " is th e most important economi call y. Because of it s univer sal distribution it is well known both to apple p rodu cer s and consu mers, '1' 0 th c la tter only th e fo rm of th e insect 's injury to the f r uit is fam ili ar, the worm it self usually having forsaken th e appl e wh en it is bou ght for cons u mp tio n. Everyon e has at one t ime or anot her opened an ap ple to find it tunnell ed by cavit ies with blacken ed walls, and parti ally filled wit h the bl ackish fra ss, or cas t ings of the worm . The ag ent of t hese hidd en an d di st ast eful minin g oper ations is thse larva of the codling moth.
But it is to the grower that th e in sect is best known and most unw elcome. T o him th e wor k of th e moth r epresents steadily cu mulat ive losses throu ghou t th e whol e season . A large per cen tage of the appl es whi ch fa ll prematurely f r om May until
4

harvest tim e are vi ctims t o t he g reed iness of its larvae. On e has .but to keep a r ecor d of the win dfalls from a single uusprayed t r ee fo r a season, classifyin g them in a ccordance with th e in iti al ca us e of thei r down f all , to r eali ze that the a p ple worm is an u n in v it ed g ues t with a n a ppet ite which is costly t o feed. ~o t on ly d oes it cut off immature a p ples f ro m all p ossihili tv of mat u r itv but so con d it ions ot he rs that cling t o th e tree'th a t t hev arc , at best. un fit for sa le, excep t as cu lls .
Fortuna t ely , th ou gh th e cod li ng moth is most dest ruct ive when left to its own devices, it is a mena ble to cont r ol th r ou gh th e med ium of sprav iug with a rs en ica l and other poisons . Its ravages ca n be lar gely checke d eve n by a single sp raying wi th th e ri gh t ma t er ia l appl ied at th e prop el' time. T'h e g ro wer has no r eason or excuse, except leth argy a nd di s interest , n ot to san' his cr op for himsel f rn th e r th an t o uba ndo n it as f ood t o fa tt cn worms.
Life History.
In or der success f ul lv t o comba t an in sect it is necessa rv t hat wo kn ow someth in g of it s lif e h ist ory. Most insects a r c m or e vuln era bl e t o attack at one stage of their deve lop me n t th an a t oth er s. H avin g determin ed tha t stage and its duration it is th en ou r pa rt in the wa r fare t o administ er mea sures which will st op 0 1' r est r-ict th e des tru ct ive act ivtics a nd t he f ecnndi ty of th e in sect to a mini mu m .
Th e lif e historv of t he cod ling' moth from egg to adult is in four stages , viz., the egg. the larva , 01' " wor m," th e pnp a a nd th e moth. Normall v, ther e a r e th r ee broods a nn ually in Geor gi a.
Tlu: A d/l11. '1'11(' ad u lt in sect is a mot h hav ing a wi ngspread of from one- half to three-quarters of an in ch. Th e fo re wings arc stri ped tra nsversely with alter nate dar k gray and brown. The hind win gs haw th e sa me g en era l coloring of the body, i. e. a g'rayish-hrO\YIl. Th e moth is sem i-no ctu r na l in its h abits , con finin g its a ct ivities to dusk a nd ea r ly dawn . F or th is r ea son , and becaus e of the ma n ner in whi ch it s color bl ends with it s natural surro u n di ngs, it is n earl v in visibl e and is seldo m seen.
Th e egg layin g season hegins in t he ea r ly sp r ing sev er al d ays a fter the m oth em erges fr om hibernation . It is r en ewed at interval s, coincide n t wit h th e ar r iva l of a du lt f em al e moths of su ccessive brood s, until well into Se p t emb er. Approximately eighty-fiv e p el' cen t of the eggs are lai d on the l eaves. Cons id erable varia t ion is shown a mo ng' indi vidual s in t h e len gth of life of the m oth an d in the number of eggs d ep osited . The average of t he la tter is abou t fift y.
T he E gr;. Th e eggs of the first bro od begin to be dep osit ed b~' th e ad u lts of th e ove r- win te ti ng cocoons the last of April
5

or early in May in th e latitude of Cornel ia. The depo sition of eggs continues through suc ceeding generations, th e average number of eggs per f emal e in crea sing with each generation until it reaches its maximum with the third brood. Th ere is a partial overlapping of gen erations, which renders egg laying more or less continuous throughout the summer. .
The eggs are laid singly and separately, mostly up on the upper sur f aces of the leaves. Wh en first deposited they are of a milky white color , circular in outline, of about th e di am eter of a pin, th e upper su rf ace slightly conv ex. When th ey have attained a certain stage of in cubation, whi ch is variable accor ding to season and temp erature, a r eddish ring ap pea rs round the cen ter of th e egg, this ring later changing to a black spot. Th e egg is th en almo st read y to hatch. E arly in the season eggs r equ ir e eight t o ten da ys to ha tch but. as the season advances, th ey require fewer and fewer days, str iking an average of about five days in June, July an d August. .
The Larva. From th e egg emerges th e newly hatched larva. The length of th e tiny worm is th en only about one-sixteenth of an in ch. It proceeds almost at on ce to cr awl to th e n ear est ap p le, select in g sometimes, as a poi nt of en tra nc e, an abr asion of or break in th e skin of the ap ple, bu t usu all y th e blossom, or calyx, end. It is not an un common thing to observ e the larva first f eeding on th e leaf, especially wh en it chanced to hatch at some distance from an ap ple. Most of th e invasions of the fruit are effect ed through th e calyx, as this opening affor ds better protection an d less natural resistance t o th e larva. The writer has more th an once observed larvae enter thr oug h the fe eding and egg laying punctures of th e eu rculio, a beetl e discussed in another chapt er of thi s bulletin. Th ey will , however, oftentimes perforate the unbroken skin of th e fruit. The larva's en tr an ce is usually protected by a n etwork of silken threads which it sp ins at th e p oin t ' of ent r ance.
When very young th e larva is white, but this color changes to a pal e pink wit h age and the gro wth of the gr ub. Th er e are three pa irs of tr ue legs on the anterior part of the body and five pairs of pro-legs on the abd ominal segm ents.
As th e larva feeds it in cr eases rapidly in size. Th e cast ings produced along th e journey into the fruit are at first thrust out of th e openin g mad e by th e larva in ent er ing. Thi s mass is held together by silken thread s. It is an easy matter to detect an infest ed apple by the mound of brownish castings pushed out of th e entra n ce cavity to the sur f ace. Later, as the larva eats its way into the apple, usually towards th e cor e, th e voidings are thrust back into the ch anne ls mad e by the worm in feeding. Full growth is attained in approxima tely three weeks (again a variable it em ) , an d th e larva is r eady to leave th e fru it to
6

pupate. When fully grown it measures an average length of about three-quarters of an inch.
Being r eady to make its exit from th e apple, the worm either makes use of th e entr ance cha nne l for th at purpose or eats it s wa~' out at a nothe r poi nt.
Effects on F r ui t of L aroal Eeedinq. Infest ed apples, up to the tim e when t hey are hal f-grown or larger , generally fall from the tree. Th is does not occur as a rule, however , until after the emergen ce of th e larva. In th e latter part of the season just preceding harv est most of th e infest ed fruit holds to th e tre e but is, of course, greatly depreciat ed in va lue if not worthl ess.
Th e Pupa. After leaving th e apple th e larva seeks a fav orable place in which to spin its cocoon, preparatory to pupation. Sometim es it 10\\' ct,S its elf directly to th e ground by mean s of the silk en th r ead it has the faculty of sp innin g in 'such prodigal pleuty at 11 11 tim es, pupating in litter or such other protection as it f inds up on the ground. Usually, howev er , it crawls down the limbs of t he tree to th e trunk and hides th ere un der loosened bits of bark or in crevices and cracks in the wood. H ere th e lar ger number of the lar vae pupate, after spinning about th emselves an elon gated , ti ghtly woven cocoon. In this silken sleeping shrou d are undergone the slow invisible transformations from larva int o pupa and from pupa to the winged moth.
The pupa is a cont racted embod imen t of th e lar va. T he average length is about one-half an in ch. Th e color ranges from ligh t to dark brown. Th e dura tion of th e pupal sta ge is 11 factor in th e life cycle exhibit ing wide variation. Th e avera ge tim e is from two weeks to six teen or eight een days. Eventually th e pupa issues forth a full-fl edged moth and , as an adult, is r eady to start the cycle over again . Following a bri ef interval th e f emal es begin to lay eggs for th e next su cceeding generation. Th e larvae ente r ing cocoons in the late fa ll do not at once pupate bu t hib ernate as larvae, pupating on th e ar r ival of warm weather th e foll owin g sp r ing .
Treatment.
From t he foregoing it will he seen that th e cont rol of codling moth must mainly be founded 011 measures prohib itive of th e entrance of th e larva into th e fr uit. Th e most effective medium by which this end may be secured is the use of .p oison sprays . There ar e severa l arsenica ls which hav e been and are being used, but for purposes of efficien cy and free dom from f oliage and fruit in jur y, et c., arsenate of lead is most generally and satisfactorily used at the present time. No conside rati on need h(' given here to auxiliary mean s of supp ressing coldin g moth
7

fecundity . The old method of banding trees to trap larvae, and lat er destroying th em by hand proved to be too laboriou s and ineffective, and is now obsolete . Cle an, smooth trees and ground free of litter and rubbish are unquestionably aids to th e orchard ist by depriving th e Iarvac of fa vorable conditions for pupating, but su ch condi ti ons are. not esse nt ial. only desil'ab le. T hough a most per nicious eue mv of the ap ple industry \\"here no figh t is mad e against it , sa tisfacto ry cont rol can be secu red by t imely and th orough sp ray ing with out th e a id of supp lementary measures,
l Fltcll to S p ray . Th e ph ysical cha nges pecu liar to t he ap ple f rom the bloomin g period until th e sepals close, alit! th e fact t ha t most of th e larvae ente r th r ough th e ca lyx end . ren der the so-called calyx cu p ap plication t he p rin cip al de fens e agai nst in festa tion. Th e first cod ling moth sp ray is a ll-impor tant. a nd up on its t imelin ess and t horoug hness of ap p licati on de pend the gr ower 's chances of su ccess. Aft er th e culyx cu ps hav e been filled with poison and th e calyx lohes have closed up on it , th e fm-tification of th e app le against infestat ion f rom t ha t di rect ion is complete. Th e first food tak en hy th e youn g la r va as it soug ht to eat it s wav t hro ug h woul d r esult in death. Th coret i. cally, one hundred pel' cent f r eedom f rom app le worms h,v way of th e calyx eavity may be obta ined by fillin g both outer and inner cu ps with an arsen ical poison.
Fol lowi ng t he sh edding of th e bloom th e yo ung appl e is at th e ri gh t stage of developm en t for th e fir st cod ling moth sp ray ing . See Pl at e, III fig. 2. A t that ti me a cross sect ion of one r esemhles th e accompa nyi ng figure. The out er cu p (a ) 1s so sha ped as to ca tc h a nd retain th e poison , hut th e eri t ra nee to th e inner
8

cup (C) is obstruct ed by th e p istils (d) and th eir enci rcling stamen-bars (b ) . It is evide nt th at it is not suffi cient merely to fill th e outer cup. Th e spray must be applied with enough pl'essure and volume to f~ll' ce it by th e obst ru cting sra mel: -bars . Jfaximum good results will not be secure d un less and until th a t is accomplished.
Iloui 'to S pray . All t he exper imen ta l work of th e writer, as well as tha t of ot hers elsewhere, demonstrates that th e best J'('sults ar e obtained by makin g th e calyx cup app lication w it h a nozzle throwin g a heav y, coarse spr ay under high pressurefrom 200 to 300 p ounds. This combin ation of nozzle and pressure gives better r esults than if th e application is made with a tine, mist-like sp r ay under weak er pressure, for th e r eason t ha t the inner calyx cups are mor e t horo ug hly imp r egna ted ,,'ith poison. 'I'he frui t clus ters at the stage of development ind icated hv fig. 2. Pl ate II l . point in all possib le d ir ections and t hey 1I'l1Ist have th e spr ay driven di rect ly and forcibly int o them. This mean s tha t th e nozzle mu st be car i-icd to a11 parts of t he tree , insid e and out, ' a nd a t all angl es. Spra ying ver y tal ] trees from th e gr oun d will not r each th e bloom end of th e fru it clusters poin tin g upward in the top . Th ese topm ost -lnstc rs should be r eached fro m a towel' moun ted on th e sp ray wag-on .
The imp erati ve necessi ty of th orou ghly filli ng th e caly x cups at thi s spra ying: demands thorough , conscie nt ious work on the part of the nozzl cman. Too mu ch stress can not he laid upon making th e applicat ion liberal and pa in staking. Th e spray mater ial used in this sp r ay ing if right ly appli ed will be f r om one-th ird to one-ha lf aga in as mu ch ns that u sed in any subsequent summer spraying . TInt all expe nditu res of t ime and care an d mater ial will yield a good divid end in the cleanli ness 1111(1 extra value of th e f r uit.
Formulas and Spray Schedule.
Fortunately , lead ars enate aIH1 th e other arseni cal poisons by which cont rol of codling moth is effected . can he added to a fungi cidal spray withou t losin g th eir active p oisonous proper ties. By thus combining lead a rsena te lind a f ungicide, such as a weak solut ion of lime-sulphur- 0 1' Bor deaux mixt ure, not only may codling mot h be cont r olled bu t the dam age caused by ccr tain fun gu s diseases, su ch as apple scab. lea f spot, and bitter rot. may he prevented. For th ese good reasons all th e spr ing and summ er spraying of app le trees should he with a combined insecticide (as, for exampi e, Icad arsenate) and fun gicid e (d ilut o lime-su lphur or B ord eaux mixture) .
First A pplication. Spra y immedia tely after th e pet als have dropped with one pound p owd er ed lead a rse nate and one gal- '
9

Ion and a quart of concentrated lim e-sulphur solution to fifty gallons water. If th e lime -sulphur is of 32 or 33 density Baume, five quarts are r ecommend ed. If the den sity of th~ lim e-sulphur solu tion is less th e amount should be incr eased in the proportions set forth in the table on page 16. Place the lim e-sulphur in the barrel and fill almost full with water. Mix th e arsenate of lead th orou ghly with water and add to barrel last. Use th e mixture at once. Do not allow to stand for any length of time.
S econd Application . Three weeks after first application spray again with sam e formula us ed in first treatment. This is a calendar rule and has its limitations. - -To determine the exact timing of th e second app licat ion, thereby securing the. maximum benefit from th e treatment, the following procedure is strongly . recomm ended. In lat e winter select several trees th at are harboring winter cocoons and enclose their trunks in wire netting from about an inch below the ground to eighteen inches or two f eet above. Fit th e t op of th e scr een tightly to the trunk and the bottom in the soil sever al inches out fr om the base, joining th e overlappin g edges so as to make a good trap. Watch th ese trap s daily. Spray from tw elv e to fourteen days after the day th e first moth emerges and is cap tur ed in the trap.
Th ird and Subscqueni Summ er Sp rayi ngs. If sprayings later than the two above are to be made for the control of codling moth an d of bitter r ot (which see), add one pound of powdered lead arsen ate to each fifty gallons of whatever fungicide is use d.
In order to give maximum protection to app les from codling moth it is r ecommended th at th e spray schedule outlined on page 31 for the control of bitter rot be followed, adding one pound of powdered lead arsen ate to each fifty gallons of dilute spray solution used.
Type of Spray No zzle To Use. For th e first codlin g moth spray it is desirable to use what is known as the Bordeaux or Clipper typ e of nozzle. These ' types are kept in stock by all hardware men and others who handle spray ma chinery and accessories. Th ey throw a flat, solid st re am with considerable force and by it a better penetration and filling of the calyx cups can be obtained. Subsequ ent spray ings may be made with an y of th e standard types of dis c nozzles which discharge a cone-shaped spray mist.
SAN JOSE SCALE. t Aspidioius perniciosus , Comstock.)
The codling moth has been considered, by reason of its feeding and reproductive habits, essentially as a feeder upon and
10

~I~-I~'tarouyeinr

of t sect

he apple' which at

I n th e case uf tacks the tr ee

S as

an -I osc well as

sca le t he

we fru

e neo u n it. T he

~cadly destrueti ou worked by this littl e paras it e docs n ot stop

~I'ith th e to ll it takes iu un murk ctu blc f ru it , but th reatens,

wher ever presen t, the life of the tr ee itself. Except f or a f ew

for tunatc localities it is present in or char ds all over t he Stat e,

'lIIeI is every where an aetivc mena ce to th e welfare of decid uous

fruits . While we may ignore oth er inj ur ious insects a nd p os-

sibly not suff cr, th e tot ~l} loss, of 01~1' t r~es a lid I r uit, we can not

pursuc a " let-It-alone ' po licy WIth San J ose scale and save

a decent or considerable por t ion of t he oue or the other.

San J osc scale belong s to the great class of suckin g ins ects ,

and ta kes its food in a liquid fo r m from t he host p lant by

means of a long bri stl e-like proboscis which it inserts i nto leaf ,

or limb, or fruit , as th e case may be, Th is fact r enders th e

insect immune to arse n ical poisons wh ich must be taken inter -

nally to be effective. As a n individ ual scale is pow erl ess of

itself to remo ve from one tree or pl ant to other trees or pl an ts

not in actua l contact , it fo llows thai th e destru ct ion of sca le

insects upon it tree r emoves at once t he in jur y t o th at trs-,

and th e liability of its fr ui t 10 inj ury or r uin . Th is is accom-

plished through thc,agency ~f wha t ar t kn own as con tac t spr ays ,

that is, sprays whi ch applied extc rua llv to th e sca le-covere d

bodies of th e in sects, p enetrate a nd kill th em. Such spray s

are most successf ully applied in th e wi nter seaso n for the r eason

that th e tr ee is th en dormant and po werful contact poisons

may be used wh ich, becau se of their strength and caus ticity,

cannot be applied with sa fe ty when the tree is in foliagc.

Life History,
As th e name Sca le suggests, th e insect is prot ected by a hard ened, wax y excre t ion under cover of whi ch it fee ds and breeds. Save fo r a f ew hours after birt h. d urin g whic h t hey crawl about, the female scale in sects pa ss th cir ent irc existence under this cover ing and die t her e. Th e ma le insects , on the other han d, emerge f rom t he scale casings, after t hey have passed through sever al molts, as delicat e two-winged flies. As flies th eir lif e is very bri ef, j ust lon g enoug h, in f act , 10 allow them to unite wi th the scale-imp risoned fema les. Si nce th e latter do not at any time durin g their life cycle possess win gs it is r ead ily seen that th e spre ad of Sa n Jose sca le must depend on for ces outside of itself for transpor t at ion f rom oue plan t to an othe r .
The winter is pa ssed in the half- grown st age under small, round, bla ck scales. I nd ivid ual Jivin g scales at thi s t ime arc no lar ger tha n th e diameter of an ordinary pin and in smul l numbers ar c so in signifi can t in size as to be invisible to all save
11

th e eye trained to obser ve t hem. V lTy ca dy ill t he sp r ing the mal es pupate, emerg ing' soon th er caft cr to uni te wit h t he Iemales, which by th en hav e arr ived at . th e propel' development Ior complemen tar y repr odu cti ve Iu ucti ous. 111 about three weeks or a month afte r war ds th e young of t he first br ood appear. These are borne alive by th e mother insect without an intermediate egg stage. Th e fema le contin ues for sever al weeks to give birth t o th e youn g bef ore she di es.
Th e n ewly bor n insects arc light yellow in color. They crawl a bout for a number of hours before finall y settling down in fixed and permanen t p osit ions. Th e long sucking tube Or proboscis through whi ch th ey imbibe th eir food is inserted into th e tissu es of t he plan t , a11(1 th e for ma t ion of t he seale COvel' begins at once. This covering is at first white, but changes in color through t he successive molt s of th c insect to gray or black.
E ach scale is surmounted at the ap ex by a ni pple. The f emal e scale is p erfectl y rou nd an d th is n ippl e is at t he ton cen ter . The mal e scale "is elonga t ed in sha pe an d the nipple is present at th e anterior, or head end- Th e conformation of this nipple is characte r istic of San J ose scale and differentiates it from oth er spec ies which other wise out war dly resemble it. 'r he size of individuals of both sexes mat eri all y increases with age, and the mal e, from bein g round in outline at first , assumes the elongate d shap e whi ch distingu ishes it f rom the f ully devel. oped fem ale. Each generation requ ires from thirty-three to forty days from th e emergence of the larvae of one bro od to th e emer gence of th e larvae of its offsprin g. The ave rage peri od of partu rition by th e f emales being about six weeks, th er e consequ en tly is a well defined overl app in g of br oods during the summer months.
Since the f emale n ever leav es it s seale cover it is evident that th e sp r ead of th e in sects f rom one plant t o anot her an d f rom one p remises to another is always effect ed artificiall y. New scal e infestations are usuall y set up locally by the r emoval of th e crawling y oung from th eir birthplaces t o oth er pl aces on th e legs and bodi es of la rg er in sects, by birds, on th e clothing and persons of orch ard worker s, by pl ough anima ls and possibly , f or short distances, by high winds. Scale-infeste d nu rserv sto ck is th e commonest cause of long distance infest ati ons, and 1'01' this reason it may r eadily bc SCCII how imp or tant it: is to protect one '8 self against th e scale by setti ng a gu ar d aga inst th e introducti on of infested nurser y stock into uni nf'estcd t e r r i t o ry .
In Georg ia, San Jose sca le breeds from March until Novcmbel' and , in excep ti on ally mild fa lls , probabl y until December. 'I'he writer has seen th e crawlin g young in a peach orc hard at F ort Vall ey as late as November 26. Allowing forty day s to a
12

rteneration, this mean s that five full gen er ations ar e easily possihIe in the 214 d ays from April 1 to Oct ober 31. In all probability there are more tha n five. E stimating 200 f emales as the offspring of a single mother of th e fir st generation , Marlatt shows a possible progeny of 3,216,080,400 at the fifth brood.... Th ese figu r es offer explanation of the n ear destructi on which is only too commonly seen of entir e orcha rds in a single season where conditions hav e been p arti cularly fa vora ble f or multiplicat ion of th e in sect s.
Charact eristic I nj ury Caused by S cale. The effect of t he feeding of many scale insects is the slow sap ping and poiso n ing of th e lif c of the tr ee or, in the case of in fested fruit , its scurfy app earance, spo tt ed discolor ation an d depreciation or worthlessness as a market product. On smooth bark but slightly infested ther e is a r ed or pur plish di scolorati on of the bark surround ing the insects. This discoloration in mor e severe in st ances ex te nds clear through th e bark and down to and into the wood . Th e second r esult of th e suc king of th e juices of th e hark an d the toxins introdu ced by th e sca le into th e sap flow is a pitted or indent ed t wig or limb. In heavy infestati ons th e scales over la p each oth er, literall y encrustin g the bark, so th at it can not be seen at all , and the tree th en ha s th e ap pe ar anc e of h aving hcen dusted over with ash es. B y th e time infest ation has progr essed th at f ar th e tree is either entirely dead or n early so. On a badlv infested tree du r ing the bre eding season one can see with th e naked eye th ousan ds of the . t iny yello w young cr awling about.
Th e apples th emselves offer tempting cond it ions t o th e cra wling larv ae an d consequently t hey are f reely in feste d if any scale are p r esent on the tree. E ven a f ew sca les will discolor th e skin of an ap ple and a medium infesta tion will stun t its gro wth , oftentim es leaving th e ap ple cracked and mi sshapen .
In an eig ht-year-o ld ap ple or chard which th e writer once had un der observation , San J ose scale was present in sma ll qu antities at th e beginning of spr ing. B y the firs t of .I un e th ese had multipli ed enor mously and in fested both th e trees and the fruit, The cr op was large at that time but by Au gu st more than one-half of it was utterly ruined and the remainder was much discolored and infer ior. Th e dam age t o the f ruit was less th an h al f th e story. By winter ma ny of th e trees were killed out right, whil e th e r est had (l ead or dyin g t ops . n eeessilatin g th e r emoval of pra cti call y th e whol e top st r uc ture . A picture of a sect ion of t his orch ard is shown on Plat e 1. As has heen stated , th e inf est ati on in this orchar d ear ly in sp r ing 'Was slight. It did not at that ti me seem p ossible th at scal e could multipl v so r apidl y in a single seaso.n , or with suc h dire
' B u !le t in 62, U . S . B ureau of E nt om ol og y , P age 49, 1916.
13

results. It is but an instance of their practi call y unlin.1ited powers of r eproducing themselves and their capacity for working tremendous h avo c where con dit ions are altogeth er favorable.
Treatment,
San Jose scale is most successfully combatted in the late f all OJ' winter months for th e r eason s stat ed . The in f est ed tree is th en dormant and so is immun e to s p ray injury. Spraying may safely be done at a ny tim e after th e leaves are off until just befor e th e buds begin to op en in th e sp rin g'. W ca ther con dit ions mo st su itable t o sp r ay in g a rc u sua lly to he f ound in th e fa ll months, and there is then an abs ence of th e high winds whi ch prevail in F ebru ary a n d March. For several rea sons, prin cip al ly r elatin g to some of th e fun gu s diseases of t he app le, it would seem more desirable to apply a fu ll st re n gth combine d fungi cid e and scale in secticid e, such as lime. sulphur. within a f ew days of the tim e wh en the l eaf buds begin t o op en . 'I'h o fungi cida l valu e of su ch a t r eatment will thereby exer t it s ma ximum st re ngt h at a cr itica l p eriod , and exte n d it s g'oocl effects into t he p eriod of ear ly development of fruit and ' folia ge. actin g as an a nt idote f or th e di seases whi ch hegin th eir acti vit ies at th at season. If dela y ed too long, how ev er, th e youn g leaves may begin to ap peal' before the sprayin g is comp lete d - The orchardist, therefore, should be gov erned hv th o size of hi s orchard nnd ot her con d itions . If he can n ot postpon e his winter sp r ayi ng u n til th e imm ed iate antebuddin g stage a n.] he su re of comp let in-; hi s work befo re th e buds begin to open , h e sh ould not take th e risk, an d his sp r aying sh ould he done earlier in the winter or in thc fall. Th e essenti al thin g is to m ak e at least on e thorou gh sp r ay in g between the t im e th e leaves of one season h av e fall en and th ose of t he n ext app eas-,
Lime and Sulphur vs, Soluble Oil .
F'or the control of San Jose sealefhe st an dar d con centrated solution of l ime and sulphur is th e mos t wid ely known a n d has proved it self uniformly eff icien t an d dcp end ahl c. V arious substitutes for lime-sulph u r solu t ion . i n th e f orm of so-calle d soluble sulphur p owd ers, ha ve app ea red upon t he market in th e past f'e w y ears, but as y et it has not hecn full y dem onst r ate d t hat th ey yi eld as r eli able re sults, nor that th ey arc materially, if a t all , che ape r t ha n the soluti on. St r ictly from th e sta nd point of con t roll ing infestations of sca le, th ere is only one eommereially manufu cturcd r ival to lim e-sulphur solu t ion who se equal OJ' sup erior meri t has hecn well cstahl ishc d . Thi s is 11 soluble oil preparation sold u nder th e trad e name of Sc alec ic1e.
11

Ijime- sulphur solu tion ha s advantages in some r esp ect s oyer nnv soluble oil SOlution, be it com merc iallv- 0 1' home-mad e, in ~h:; t it possesses comp osite p r operti es which arc lackin g. or at least of doubtful value ill th e oils, L irne-sulpluu- is both a scale in secti cid e .an d a pow erful f u ngi cide. It is a good sanitary agent, causing d ead bark and sca les to slough off th e tree 'mel leav in g t he bark smooth er and cleaner . C Th er e ar e a nnmber of propri etarv, or r eady mad e. solutions of lime and sulphur solu t ion manufactured and sold bv compet iti ve chemical compa nies. A ll ar e f u n damen tally the same and arc not wid ely varian t in chemical com posit ion or st re ngt h . 'l'hcv are clear .ambel' colore d decoctions, f r ee of r esidue. or sludge. E ach g ins all av era ge B au mc t est of ab out 32 0 1; 33 dr crl,ces. Th e only thing n ecessa ry to make th em r eady fo r "p ~a yi n g is dilu ti on , accordin g t o density, with cold water .
IJime-sul phur conc en t r ate can r cadilv be made at home if t he nrccssar y equip men t for cook ing it is at hand. The t end ency of the gr ower of t oday is to use prep ared comme rc ia l prep arations rather than to t ak e th e tun c and troubl e r equired fo r makin g his own spray chemicals . If the equ ip men t an d lab or for th e work are avail abl e, however, a cons ide r able saving of money is r ealized bv bu yin g th e raw in gredients and comp ou n ding and cooking th em at home. Th is will be f ound an economienl pol icy for t he large commer cial grower wh o uses la r ge quantities of mat eri al. F or th e small gTower wh o ha s onl y a few trees it is simple r , easier an d not. much , if any, mor e xpcnsive to bu y an d applv th e prep ar ed solu tion .
For th e guid an ce of any wh o may wish to cook lime-sulphur solution at hom e th e followin g formula and method of preparation nrc g iven.
Ho w t o Make Lime-Sulphur Solution.
Th e necessary in gr-edi en ts f OI' ma ki ng lime-su lp h ur and t he equipment fo r ma k ing it ar c sulp hu r , li me con ta inin g not more than five p er ccn t ma gn esium oxide, and an ade qu ate vessel for cooking. Commercial ground sulp hu r is r ecomm ended , ra th er than t he mor e r efined gra des, on accou nt of cost. Th c limr shoul d be t he best gra d e of lump limo. un slak cd , or hy drated . If hydrated lim e is used one-t hin } more -wei ght should hI' added th an wh en ston e limp is used . 'I'he following for mula is for fift y gallons. Sma ller quan t ities ma v be mad e in th e same proportions.
Il oui to Mix and Cook. H eat about ten gallons water in the vessel and to it add 50 p ounds of lim c (or 67 lhs. hydrat ed ) and when th e lim e begin s to slake ad d th e sulp h u r , 100 Ihs., hy degrees, st ir rmg steadily all th e whil e to br eak up th e sulp hu r . After t he su lp h ur is add ed II IH} t he l ime slaked dilu te th e
15

mixture to fifty gallons and boil for one h0111'. W atel' should be added in small qu anti ties at fre qu ent intervals to rep lace th at whi ch evaporat es. Alw ays keep the f ull fifty gallons in the vessel whil e cooking is in progress. To mak e that volume of concent ra te at one cooking will r equ ir e a vessel of about seventy-five gallons cap acity.
If the solution is not to be used at once strain it into a ti ght barrel an d cor k. It will keep in definit ely if kept tightly cor k ed .
D ilu tion of H om e-m ade L im e-sulph ur . H avin g mad e the solu t ion do not guess at how mu ch wat er p er ' gallon should he ad ded to it for sp ra ying' purp oses, No tw o "eookings will he the same in density, and to ar r ive at a uniform stre ngt h for field usc th e density of each separa te cooking should be determin ed by mean s of a hyd rometer , a cheap instrum ent for sale by druggists and supply houses. H avin g det ermined th e density or stre ngth of your solut ion bv a hydrom eter r eading, dilute the conce ntr ate accordin g to th e follo wing tab le :

T able S howing Dilution of Li me -S ul phur of Differ ent D ensities,

H yd rom eter reading (Deg rees on B aum e
Spindle)

I No . Ga ll ons Wa - H ydrom et er

I te r to eac h Gal- rea din g ( De-

lon Soluti on grees on B numo

I

Brule

35

~7

34

26

33

~[j

il'~

24

31

23

30

22

29

21

28

20

N o. Ga llon s we-
t el' to ea ch Gal-
lon Solut ion

Recommendations.
J\ S a winter season sp r ay again st infestat ions of scal e, lime an d sulphur solution is recomm end ed , th e ap plication to be mad e at any tim e durin g the period when th e tree is dorman t. If th er e is a heavy in festati on t wo sp rayings may be ne cessary, one in th e fa ll and th e second in lat e winter . In such cases it has been found good practi ce to ma ke th e first application with a. dependable soluble oil, of whi ch Scalec ide is a worthy example, and the second with lim e-sulphur solut ion,
It should constantly he born e in mind th at , effect ively to rid a tree of scale, r equires the most th or ough W OI'k. Pains must he taken to cover all parts of th e tree. One infested limb or twig or eV,en a part of it, left un spray ed by a careless or
Hi

ind ifferen t n ozz l e~ an , may eas ily be the means of r ein f estin g the [rcc th e cns u u i g SI' HSO Il .
T he application of l ime-sul ph u r 0 1' ot her compo unds as a winter sp r ay should be ma de with a nozz le t hrowing a coneshaped mist , m edi un~ fi ne . H igh. pressure should be cor:stant~y maintai ned to ma ke It more cer tai n tha t th e sp ray solution Will penctrate t he she ll-like scaly cove r of t he ins ects.

APPLE TREE APHIDS.
Three spec ies of ap his, 01' plant lice, ar c commonly found among t he apple orcha rds of Georgi a. One of these, t he wooly aph is works its p r in cipal dam ag e on the l'OOtS of t he tree, and the other t wo, the green and r osy ap his , r esp ectively , liv e upon the foliage where t hey stun t or stop th e gro wt h of wood and fruit. E ach of t hese t hr ee spe cies is d escribed and di scus sed ill the followin g p ara gr aphs and r ecomm endati ons for con t ro l ar e laid down.

The Apple Woolly Aphis. (S chizonc1l1'a lan uj era, Houss.)

Thi s species works a t wo-fol d injury to an ap ple tree, ail e

phase to the limbs and trunk an d the other to t he ro ot s. 'I'h c

latter typ e alone is of econo mic importan ce, the on e whi ch r e-

quires spe cia lly direct ed treatment. 'I'he aerial form is r eadily

killed by the dilu te lime-sulphur spray used t o con t ro l so me of

the di seases of the fru it an d fo liage. A pplied with sufficiently

high pressure t o p en etrate t he wooly protection u nd er which

the insects are p ar tiall y or w holly hidden , the sol ut ion will

reach their bod ies and dest r oy t hem. T he wh ite cotton-lik e

subst an ce secrete d by the insects p r otects the m against contact

. sprays unless a dministe red forcef ull y .

.

The ro ot infesti ng aphid s, by r eason if t heir f eed in g ha bits.. damage the ro ots seriou sly , caus ing t he knotty gro wt h sho wn . in fig. 2, Plat e V, impai r in g th e f ood-ass im ilat ing f u nctions . bringin g about th eir slow death a nd decay and n ot in frequ en tl y killing the tree. The work of the r oot-infesting form is all th e more serious becau se hidden , and it too often goes on undetected until too late to save the affec te d tree.

Description and Life History.
'I' ha woolly aphis is a reddish-brown, soft bodied louse occurring upon the tree both ab ove and below the ground and called, resp ectively, th e aeri al form and t he r oot fo rm. Both forms, for the sake of p rotection against t heir ene mies, secre te a soft , fluff y secr etion r esemblin g cott on f ro m mi nute p or es in ' th eir
17

bodi es, and thi s cotton-like secre t ion eff ectually hid es th e in-

sects fro m observat ion, esp ecially those of the aeria l Io rm. T he

li ce wor k t ogether collect ively in clust ers or coloni es within a

sma ll sp ace, Hot singly. Colonies of t he aeria l f orm arc yen consp icuous owi ng to t he white man tl e wh ich covers th e n~ .

Th e roo t-inf est ing lice do not secrete so mueh of this substan cc

as do th e lim b-in f est ing typ e.

Hoot-inh abit ing wooly ap his live by sucking th e sap from

the ro ots, an d to them is du e the damage. done by t his sp ecies.

Th e aer ial aphis esta blish th emselves in er cvices or wounds in

t he bark of lim bs or trunk wher e t heir feedin g is of n egli g ible

imp ort an ce. The discovery of colon ies n]H)YC gro und is ind icn-

t ive almost in va r iabl y of th e presen ce also of th e dest ru ctiv.,

roo t -f eeding aph is, an d shows us the n eed of apply ing a correct-

ive . 'I'he su cking of th e juices fro m the r oots and th e introeluc-

tion by th e in sects in f eeeling of a pois on ous substa nce into t he

sap current r esults in the form ati on of kn ots aIHI galls as

sh own in fig'. 2, Pl at e Y. E ven tu all y gall-bearing r oots die

an d decay, an d th e ap h is r emove to unin fest ed roots an d r enew

f eedin g th ere. 'When a large enough propor ti on of th e root

syst em is in volved th e vi gor and growt h of t he tr ee are serio uslv

imp aired. 'I'he first symp tom of t he in jury as visible on th e

t re e is th e pal e sickly appea r an ce of the f olia ge and th e gener-

ally debil it at ed condition of th e tr ee. B adly in fest ed t rees

even tu ally di e.

.

Dur ing th c summer months th e f ema le aphid brin gs for th

li vin g young by the process of n on-sexu al p nr tnriti on. 'I'h cse

you ng, like th eir moth er s, ar c agami c (non-sexuaI) . wingless

fe ma les. an d in turn they bea r youn g of th e same kind an d

after th e same mann er as th eir paren ts. F ina lly, at the

approach of winter , a few win ged asexu al f emales app eal' in

th e n ext t o th e last gcnerationof t he season and th ese fly to

other trees an d establish new colonies. F rom th e flyi ng f emales

of this gen erat ion a generation of true males an d females is

produ ced non-sexu ally . 'I' h is last gene ra tion of males and fe-

mal es mate, an d the latter in a f ew days dep osit one egg each

in prot ected pl aces on and about th e tree, which egg hat ches

the following spring into an asexua l f emale, st ar ting. th e cvclc

over ag ain. 'Wingless aga mic f ema les arc to be found up on

t he r oots and to p struct ur e of tr ees at all t imes of t he yea r in

t his Stat e, so that the p er p etuation of the speci es is nppa r ontlv

ind epend en t of th e over- win ter ing cgg sta ge.

Treatment.
E xp eriments couduc tcd b~' th e State Bonr d of En tomology f or t he er adicat ion of woolly ap his in fest at ions show conclusively th at kero sen e emu lsion is th e most depen da ble r emedy
18

of th e seri es of t ests , whi ch included a wid e ra ng e of materi al s.

In fa ct , th e emulsion was the on ly solution of t he lot wh ich

gav c a. sa t isfnc tory p ercentage of con t r ol, and f or this r eas on

it a ppear s to be at th e presen t t ime t he only t re atment re a lly wor-

th y of en dorse me n t In r ecomm endin g it, ho wever, it shou ld be

stated t hat an imp r operl y made kerosen e emu lsion is a m en ace t o

th e lif e of th e t ree to whi ch it is ap p li ed. Unless t ho ro ugh ly

emulsified th e kero sen e will sep a r at e in a fr ee state from the emul-

sion , and whenever p u r e kerosen e comes into in ti ma te con t act

with t he r oots in 't he soil th e roots a rc su re to be k ill ed , and the

tree it self di es. Care shou ld he. ta k en , t he r ef or e, thorou ghly to

emulsify th e mixture bef ore a pplying. This can n ot be acc om-

plish ed merely by stirrin g th e in g r ed ients t ogether. They should be

pla ced in a vessel somewhat larger t ha n is n ecessa r y t o hold

them. to all ow for th e in crease in volume which accompanies

the process of em u lsifying, and th e contents pump ed ba ck

for eefnll y an d con ti n u ou slv in t o t he vessel f or a t leas t t en

m i n u t es .

A t en p er cen t solution of ker osen e emuls ion , if p roperly

mad e a nd ap p lied, wi ll yi eld well ni gh on e hund r ed p er cen t

eradicati on of r oot -in f estin g ap his . A gr ea t er st r ength , t he r e-

fore, is n ot n ecessary.

If th e em uls ion is care f ully and thoroughly mad e and appli ed

oll ly in t he gl'owing season, 'p rcf el'ahly in th e sprin g. n o d ama ge

to th e tree or it s r oots n eed he f eare d. M anv materi als ha ve heen t est ed f or con t ro l of wooly ap his hut 1 1O~e h as proven so

effective as k erosen e emu ls ion . I n add iti on t o th e di r ect and

immediat e destruct ion of th e li ce present on th e: roots wh en

applied , th e em uls ion h as ano ther vi r tu e in the protract ed after-

r j'frcts as a r epellant ag ains t a n ew in festation of aphis from

outsi de sou rces. 'I'h c od or of kerosen e lin gers in th e soil for

months aft er th e em ulsion is ap p lie d an d will effect uall y di scour-

ag'l' re-iu festa ti on .

.

Direct io n s f or M akin g Kerosene Emulsio n .
Dissolve one-h a lf p ound whal e oil soap, lau ndry soap 01' home-made lye soap in on e ga llo n hot wat er and bring the soap y water to a hoil . Pl ace th e wa t er in n ga lvan ized wash tub or oth er vessel of su itn hl e size. an d t o it ad d two gall on s kerosen e. 'W it h n font, 01' bu cket . pump equ ippe d wit h a Bo r deaux or ot her no zzle t h ro win g a solid stream , begin a t on ce and pump th e mix ture bnek in t o it self st eadily f or t ell m inut es 01' longer, if n ecessary . A good p ressu r e shou ld he m aint ai ned durin g t his ope ra t ion to in sure a p erfect em ulsion . R igh t ly mad e. th e stock solution of kerosen e em u lsion will stan d f or a eonsid erabl e len gth of time withon t det eriora ti on. If improp l'rIy mad e, the oil will sep a r ate an d rise t o the to p wi thin a few hours or eve n minutes.
19

To make a ten p er cent emulsion add 17 gallons water t o the stock solution.
Larger or sma lle r stock solutions may be made by adding to or r edu cing the in gredi en ts proportionately . Larger alllounts are r eadily mixed in barrel pumps.

How to Apply Kerosene Emulsion.
R emove a circ le of th e top soil to a depth of several in ches about t he bas e of the tree, or deep enou gh to expose or get close to the infest ed roots. The di am et er of th e circ le will of course, dep end upon th e size of the t ree t o be treated ant1 will vary from about two fee t f or a small tree to six feet or more fo r a large one. App ly enou gh emulsion to wet th e soil to a depth of at least an in ch or two an d r eplace the lop soil. As th e efficacy of th e emu lsion dep en ds upon its bein g brou ght in to con ta ct wi th the aphis, enou gh top soil should be r emoved and su fficient material applie d to establish th e cont act. Treat t r ees only in the spr ing or ear ly summer whil e lh ey are growing.

The Green Apple-Leaf Aphis. ( A phis ponii, DeGeN .)

This aphid is in j ur ious both to nursery stock an d to t rees of

all sizes an d ages in th e orc hard. Th c su cki n g of th e leaf sap, usually of th e leav es of t ermin al growth, cau ses th em to curl and wither. 'When all th e leaves of a twi g or branch are attacked an d cease to fun ction as th ey should, th e wood gro wth

of th at t wig or bran ch is eithe r stunt ed or st oppe d. On small

trees whi ch have nourished a heavy infestation for a season,

th e r esulting dwarfing of th e wood growth ma y not be over come

fo r years afte r war ds .

.

Th e fruit of bearing trees, wh er ever th e immediately surr ounding folia ge is badly infested, ceases t o gr ow. The ap ples of such aphis-inf este d fruit clusters ther eafter r em ain a fixed

size, even tho ugh attacked ear ly in th e season. Instead of develop ing normal size and shape th ey become gna rl ed and knotty, and, thou gh they do not act ua lly fa ll fr om th e tree and

t hough they may ripen in season , they are , of course. unfit fo r sale. The combine d damage to trees an d fruit is difficult to comput e. As a matter of f act , it is f ar greater than is

commonly supposed . Besides th e loss of the fruit immediat ely affected , there is also to be con sid ered th e stuntin g of th e wood gro wth and t he atr ophy of th e f rui t buds which oth erwise

would go t o make th e cr op of t he ens uing year. T aken together, these effects ar e serious and costly .

20

Description an d Life History.
The gr een aphis, as its uuure dcnul es, is a louse of un iform "rcen color . it p asses the winter only in the egg stage, di fferi ng in this particular from the wooly aphis, whi ch is carried over from season to season mostly as - asexu al I emu res. Th ese eggs arc oval in shape , about one-fo r t ieth of an in ch in length, black, shiny , and r eadily seen by t he unaided eye. Sec fig. 1, Plate V . In th e sp r ing usu all y before the leaf buds open in this St al e, the eggs ha tch int xru a ll g ree n lice wh ich force their way down into the ope ni ng' bud s just as soon as this covel' is avail able to th em, an d fe ed up on the n ewly expan ded leaf. The lice that hatch from the ovcr-wiutcring eggs are calle d stem-moth ers an d are win gless. Th ese st em-mothers are non,;exual and bring f orth th eir young aliv e. After hatching from the egg, th ey molt several times before attaining fu ll gr owt h.
The young bor ne by .the first brood ste m-mot hers are fo r th e most part winged wh en fu lly g rown an d the f emales fly to other trees and set up, by the same process of agamic r eproduction , new colonies of lice. In this way th e infes tation is spread from tree to tree and, sometimes, f rom orcha r d to or chard. L ess than one-half of the progeny of t he secon d gener ati on come into possession of wings, an d the fourth generation and all genel'ations after th e f our th arc wi ng less. so far as is known, and reproduce by non-sexual processes. The last brood of th e summer is composed of true mal es and females which mate sexually, the femal es later depositi ng the eggs as described above.
The green aphis is a sucking insect an d liv es on the under side of th e leaf by pumping out t he juices through a slende r, minute beak in serted into th e sap cells. The sapping of th e ju ices from the under sur f ace of th e leaf causes it gradually to curl up into a ti ght r oll.
'I' he gree n aphis secre tes copiously a substa nce called hon ey dew through th eir eor nic les or honey tubes, two tubes wh ich a re raised conspicu ously from th e back of th e in sect, one on eithe r side, near th e posterior en d. 'I'his hon ey dew is a sweetish, sticky fluid whi ch is very attractive food for ants. Th e fondness of ants for it account s for t heir almost invariable attendnnce upon the colonies of aphis and th e pains the ants take to fost er and protect the aphis. A low form of mold , calle d . ooty fungus, gr ows in the hon ey dew, and to this fungus is du e the sooty-black np currmc c of any part 0 1' parts of a t re e bad ly infested with aphis . A ffected leaves a re Bot only curled and withered but blackened also, th e fir st effect being du e to th e Slicking of th e li ce and th e secon d to th e sooty fungus.
Winter Tre atment, As th e gre en ap his passes the wint cr only in t he egg stag e, hatching ill late winter , and , as it is possib le mor e effectu ally
21

to tlest roy th o eggs 11 ud the IIIrva e He,d," 1111 tched I rom the

eggs thuu it is to disinfest u leafed tree ill summer, the late

win tel' t rea t mcn t is th e most dependabl e means of con trol. The

prepared conce ntrated lime-su lphur solu ti on used agai nst ~a n

Jose scale, if applied to t he ap his eggs, will preven t p racticllllv

all of th em fro m hatchi ng, Th e effectiveness of lime-su lp hu'r

aga inst th e eggs and larv ae is greatly increased by th e addition

of Bl ack L eaf 40 at t he r ate of one p art Black L eaf 40 to 750

parts dilu ted lime-sulphur sp raying solut ion. '1'0 deri ve maxi .

mum results fro m this t reatment th e appl icati on should be

mad e to th e t rees just a few days pr ior to t he bu dding of th e

leav es. In sma ll orc hards th a t p er mit of qui ck sp r ayi ng it is

en tire ly f easib le to tim e th e wint er sp raying 01' tha t period.

In large or chards th at r equire a week or mor e to sp r a,Y it is

not nlwuys safe to def er the wint er spruv ing so lat e in the sea-

son, as a protra ct ed rain y spell at that tim e might easily 1)1'C-

ven t sp ray ing op er ati ons long enoug h to allow the leaf bud s

to br eak and open, thus maki ng it impossible to app ly th e lime-

sulphur at the r egul ar couce utrated winter sp ray st re ngth.

It mu st not be lost sig ht of that th e eggs of gre en ap his are

laid for th e most part on th e term inal tw igs and smaller

bra nches, and to kill t hem and th e la rvae that hatch I rom

.them, every twig on th e tree, clear to th e topmost growth, must

he th or ough ly cove re d with spl'a~ . Most of th e eggs tha t are

not sp r aye d will hat ch and , even though the r emuindcr a re

killed and tl

th e re la t Jesc nuuiv

imvOelI~y'e

few th at hat ch un t il. befor e th e

will end

brin sr of th'c

for th nianv suuun er. n;e

whole tree is ;lgain badly infested.

.

An oth er essential a id t o aph is cont rol is to r emove and hu m

all prun ings. Th e tw igs, etc ., pruned from an in fested t ree

more of ten tha n not hea l' eggs, and wh en th ese eggs hatch in

lat e wint er th e larvae f ind th ei r wnv to th e n earest tree to

f eed up on th e ope ning leaf bu ds, 'I'o'kill every egg aud Iarvn

upon every tree, an d yet )e ave egg-infested twi gs lyi ng on the

g roun d close to trees aft er pruning the or chard, is but littl e

better th an half-su ccess.

Spring and Summer Treatment.
.A study of the life histol'y of t he g ree n aphi s shows th at, if th e infest at ions arc to be checked effect ively, ill spring and summer, t r eatments mu st be mad e ear ly in th e season . If not con trolled before th e second gener ation app ears the infcstatio ns 'will sp r ead rapidly over th e or chard, du o to the abi lity of the winged f ema les of this generation to flv from tree to tr ee. Spe cial measures, th erefore, should be directed again st th e larvae hat ching from the winter eggs . Infested trees should
he treated with a dependable cont act in secticide ear ly in th e
22

scaSOll befo re th e suck ing of t h liee ca uses th e leav es to cu rl and tw ist up . A ft er t he leaves arc cu r led around t he in sects it is next to im poss ibl e to gct t he s p ra ~' into contact wit h t he ir bodie s and th e most t horough spruyi ug will fa il of effectiveness, 'I'he alert orchar dist for t hese reasons will go out to get t he win CTless lice of t he firs t gen era ti on . It will p ay him to mak e a t ree to tree i nsp ection , loca te th e infest ed t rees a nd ri d t hem of th e ap his rather th an to wai t until th e infesta tion has been spread abou t by th e flying ap his of th e second ge ne rat ion, and then dep en d u p on getting cont ro l of the m by sp raying his whole orchard. By t hen it will be too la te-
One of t he most generally used and effective contact sp r ay chemicals fo r th e spring and ea rl y summer con t r ol of orcha r d lice is a p r opriet a ry compo u nd which goes u nd er t he t rade name of B la ck Lea f 40.'" Use d acco r di ng to di re ctions on t he
conta iner it giv es per fect r esult s if actually apIJ li ed to the bodies of the lice. Infest ed limbs of s mall trees ma y be d ip p ed in to
a vessel contain ing t his solution, hu t larger t rees necessaril y must be sp rayed. Spraying should hc done wit h a nozzle ha ving a small di sc op ening, so as to get a fin e, misty sp ray .
Summary.
First , Prun e your t r ees d u r iug th e win ter.
S econd. R emove all cuttings and burn th em .
T hird . Sp ray t horoughly just befor e leaf buds ope n, if p ossible, with lime-sulphur solu tion un d er hig h pressure, (See instructions, p ag e 14, f or San J ose scale.) If sp r ay is applied at this p art icula r t ime add Bl ack Leaf 40, one pa rt to 750 part s dilute lime-sul phur.
F ourth. Su mme r sp r ay ing is effect ive only if app lied befo re leaves curl. 'Wa tch bu t don 't wai t. Sp ra y 01' di p with Black Leaf 40 according to manu fa cturer 's d irect ions 0 1' wit h fifteen per cen t solution of ke rose ne emulsion (sec d ir ections for making, page 19 )
The Rosy Apple-Leaf Aphis . .(.fl phis sorbi, K altenbaeh .)
Th e rosy app le-leaf ap h is. so ca lled becau se of its pal e pink or rose color, is commo n in Georgia apple orchards, t hough far less numerous and in j u riou s t han t hc green spec ies. Indi vidual rosy aphids ar e much larger. Inst ead of inf esti ng t he t erminal growt h of twigs an d lim bs, as does th e green ap his, it shows prefer en ce f or th e fol iage sur rou n ding single apples an d f r uit
' Ma n u fac t u red b y t h e K entu ck y T ob a cco P r odu c ts Co. , LOUisv ill e, K y .
23

clusters. The chief injury don e by r osy ap his is th e dwarfing and malformation of apples an d, to a less extent, th e inhibition of bud and wood gr owth. The life history of this sp ecies is in most particulars, similar t o t ha t of t he gre en aphis an d th~ control measures are precisely the same (which see, page 21) .
THE CURCULIO. tU onot ra ctieiue n enniplu i, Herbst.)
Th e cu rc u lio, a beetl e whose diet inc l udes a wide r ange of fruits, among whi ch is th e ap p le, is best kn own ill this Btat e for th e losses it annually cau ses peach growers. Th e peach is one of the f avorite food s of the curc u lio and a chosen medium for the reproducti on of the species. Un til r ecent years, when the introduction of arsenic al sp ray ing ' effectu ally accomp lishcd cur culio control, th e beetl e was the cau ~e , directly or indir ectly, of large yearly losses to the commer cial p each gr ower. 1. he peach industry has been inca lculab ly benefited by the discovery of the effectual means at present in gen er al practi ce of minimizing the dest ructiv e activities of these in sects . But so persistent and pernicious are it s at tac ks th at f ailure to tak e th e necessary steps to cur b them is in evit ably costly to the grower .
In the case of the apple, curculio habits lead to r esults of ent ir ely different cha racter, both as r elates t o the apple and th e ins ect itself. 'I'he attack up on t he apple but vcr y r arely causes the complete loss of the app le. An d, by th e same token, the insect 's efforts t o propagate in app les meet with f ailure. Th o female freely deposits her eggs in t hem, a considerable prope r tion of which eggs hatch in to lar vae, but, unlike the larv al development which f ollows hat ching in peaches, only extremcly n egligible numbers survive. E ggs an d larvae succumb t o the pressure exer te d upon th em by the rapid cell f orm at ion an d growth of the apple, whi ch cr ushes them to death in their caviti es and ch anne ls. 'I'he on ly damage is that ar isin g from the distorted gr owth and su rface blemishes whi ch inva ria bly foll ow punctures made by th e beetl es either for fee di ng or egg layin g. As a medium of p erpetuati on of species, therefore, the apple, in Georgia, is f atal to th e curculio, but the damage caus ed especially by the egg punctures is som eti mes quite seri ous. This dam ag e is greater in years when the crop of p eaches an d other st one fruits in whi ch eure ulios prefer enti ally f ecd an d breed has been destroyed by frosts, freezes or ' other cau ses. In th e absence of a preferred fruit, th e beet les are f or ced t o turn to th e less attractive apple, with th e r esult th at this fruit suffers to a proportionately gre ate r extent.
Description and Life History.
Sin ce th e curculio does no t su cceed, excep t in the r arest instances, in completing its li fe cycle in the ap ples of Georgia,
24

only a ln-i ef descri ption of the insect and its life history will
he made here. The beetle is a member of a family of weevils conspicuous
for th e destruction th ey work in cnltivated and stored crops. The cotton boll weevil , which closely re sembles th e curc ulio, is a near relative, and the identity of the two is frequently confu sed by th ose who are not fa milia l' with their differ ences .
Th e adult cu rc ulio is a weevil about one-fifth of an inch ill length and is armed with a proboscis, or snout , from a third to a half as long as the ins ect itself. Th e basic color is blac k or slate gra y, marked 'wi th touches of du ll yellow and white. The hack is ri dged and irregula r and bears two well developed humps besid es several minor p rominences. Owing to the habit s of th e beetl e it is seldom seen on the tree by even the most rareful observ er . Thi s is du e to its natural shyness as well as to the fac t t hat it is r elat ively in active in expo sed pl aces during the day. A peculiar ity of t he weevil is th at it r esorts to socalled " 'possum" tactics to escape detection or cap ture , drawing up its legs an d p r oboscis tig-htly when disturbed and droppin g t o the grou n d in a simulation of death. At one t imc this well kn own h abit was u t ilized to catch the beetl es by j arrin g them from trees up on sh eets spread ben eath and pi ckin g th em off while th ey were motionless and appar entl y dead. Jarrin g was found to he unsati sf actory as to r esults an d expe nse, and has been abandon ed as an or chard pra et ire in favor of mor e effective methods of control.
F ollowin g successively the four stages in the life cycle of the enreu lio, there is first the egg. whi ch is deposi ted by the female in a cavity she eats into th e fruit for th e purpose of r eceiving: it. After depositing th e egg she cuts a cr escent-shape mark ahovc and around it in the skin of t he appl e. The egg hatches in four or five days into a small , white, footless grub. This gr ub (larva ) is the form of th e in sect known to everyone and requir es no description. Attaining full larva l development in about three weeks after hatchin g. th e larva emerges from th e fruit. which bv th en h as usuall y fa llen to the gr oun d, an d tunnels its way two or three inches into the soil. makes a burrow and tr ansfor ms th er e in the pupa. The length of th e pupal . or quiescent, st age is about three 01' fou r weeks. an d from thc pupal case, at the end of thi s period, emerges th e fully gr own . winged beetle. Th er e is only one hr ood of beetle s each y ear, those emer ging from frui t du rin g th e su mmer months p assin g the winter as adult beetl es. whi ch do not mate and reproduce 1111 til the f ollowing sp r ing.
H oio C1/I'Clt!1' OS I lI j ll l'e Apples . The princip al in j ury whi ch eurculios do to ap ples in this State is the effect which the egg pun ctures have np on the development an d app ea ra nce of th e
25

f r uit a nd, secouda r ily, f rom th e feeding pun ctures of th e adults. Most of th e eggs arc laid during th e firs t six or eight weeks after th e apple begins it s growth. Th ese egg punctures ar e generally accompanied by th e cr escent-shape incision an d, with tIle growth of th e apple, the egg pun cture and th e accomp anying IIlClSlOn produce atrophy or stopp age of growth at that point. The surroundin g cells continue th eir growth. r esult ing in an indented. malform ed apple. Later th e wounds heal , but the cicatr ix that form s over th em is inssct tcd and thickened. Th cse russet ed spots enlarge alon g with th e natural growth of the appl e until , by th e tim e th e latter is ripe for pi cking. th e blem, ish ed spots ar e as la rge as or larger th an a dim e. Often ti mes th er e arc sever al of these irregularly outlined blemishes on a sing le ap ple and th ey. togeth er with the sunken are as usually a part of th em, caus e it to be classed as low gra de fruit. Where th e punctures r esult in badly indented an d otherwise malfol'med apples th e frui t so affected is unfit f or sale.
'1'0 sum up , th e only materia] damage infli cted by eurculios is that r esult ing from ca t/ly seas on egg pun ctu r es in th e form of misshapen and blemish ed fr uit Second to th is dam age is th at cau sed by th e beetles in digging i n to th e f ru it f or f eedin g p u r p oses .
Treatment .
As eurc ulios punctu re the skin of th e apple for th e purp ose of feed ing upon th e flesh within , an d for egg-laying, it f ollows tha t th ey mav be la rgely inhibited from makin g th e punctures by spraying th e frui t with an arsenic al poi son . By mean s of a thorough appli cation of an arseni cal" just after th e bloom p etals are off. th e appl e can be r ender ed distasteful and r elatively immun e to atta ck. F'ort unately , this sprayin g' exactly coincides with th e first, 01' ealvx cup, spraying for th e cont rol of codling moth . Subsequ ent sprnvings have th e sam e schedule an d formu las. enabling th e or chardist to cont r ol both ins ect s by th e sam e mean s and at the sam e tim e. Sec sched ule for sp raying uga inst the codling 1110th . pa ge 9.
APPLE TREE BORERS.
Appl e trees are attacked b.\ tw o spec ies of bor ers which directly affect th cit- welfare and freqn cntly are r esponsible, par- . ti cularlv in th e ease of voung trees, for th eir death: The common nam es fOJ' th ese two sp ecies are th e round -h ead ed and the flat-h cndcd bor er , r esp ectively . nam es derived from distinctly diff er ent physical ch ar acte r-is tics of th e larv ae, or grubs. Both spec ies arc injurious to ap ple trees, but th e flat-h ead ed bor er atta cks oth er trees than th e a pple. th e pecan tree bein g one of th e ch ief sufferers.
26

I
."

. - --

- - -- . - - - --

--

-0

Dead a nd Dying Tree Tops, t he Result of San Jose Scale ( Or igi na l ).

r

--l

fT1

PLATE II
F ig. 1. Scur f y a nd Blotch y Apple Infested with San Jose Scale. E nl arged . ( Ori g iu n l. )
I
F ig. 2. Inside of an Apple Showing Codling Moth L arva an d Its Work. N at ural Sizt, ( Ori g ina l. )

1)

I

--l

rig. 1. Too Late for First Codling Fig. 2. Right Stage for First Codling Moth Spray.

m

Moth Spray. Slightly Reduced.

Slightly Reduced . ( Ori g in u l. )

( Or ig ina l.)

PLATE IV
Green Aphis on Ter min al Tw ig an d Le ave s. N atur al Si ze . ( Origina l. )

PLATE V
Fig. 2. Galls Resulting from Feeding of Wooly Aphis 011 Apple Tree Roots. ( Ori jrinn l.)
Fig. 1. Eggs of Green Aphis on Apple TWig.
Enlarged. Origi nal. )

PLATE VI
Fig. 1. Se ction of Apple Tree Trunk Showing Emergence Holes of Round-Headed Borers and the L arval Bu rrows in Heart Wood. N atural Size . ( Original.) Fig . 2. Apple Scab on Fruit. Natural Size. ( Ori gi unl.)

PLATE VII
Apple Scab Spots all Lea f. N atur al Size. ( Orig ina l.)

PLATE VIII
Twig Blight. Note Water Sprouts Ne ar Base of Tree, a Common Source for the Introduction of Body Blight Into Trees. ( Origina l.)

PLATE IX
Fig. 1. Cedar Rust Spots on Leaf. Enlarged. (Or ig ina l. )
Fig. 2. Appearance of Cedar Apple After Discharging Spores of Cedar Rust. Slightly Enlarged. (Original. )

PLATE X
Fig.!. Bitter Ro t of Apple. N atural Size. ( Or ig ina l. )
F ig . 2. B li ght of Apple. The Globule s of Sticky , B a cter ia-Laden M atter M ay Be Cle arly Seen. Nat ural Size. ( Or ig ina l.)

PLATE XI
Frog Eye Fungu s or Leaf Spot N atur al Size . ( Or igin al. )

PLATE XII
Cro wn Gall and H airy Roo t on Two -Yea r-Old Apple. ( Or ig ina l. )

The Round Headed Apple Tree Borer.
(S apc l'da candid a, Fab .)
'I'he adult of this spec ies is a large beetl e, nearl y an in ch in length, .y ellowish-brown above and silvery white beneath. Two broad, slightly cu rve d white str ipes traverse the entire length of the back. Th e larva is a large, foot less, pale-yellowish gr ub, abou t an in ch long wh en fully grown . The head is darker than the body and slig ht ly larger in diameter , th e larva tapering from segment to segmen t from its head ha ck, th e last segment being the small est. Th e pupa is a trifle shorter than the lar va and looks not unlike th e adult.
'I'he adult beetl es app ear in May and June, and shortly after emerge nce th e females begin the deposition of eggs . These are deposi ted in slits cut in the bark near th e base of th e tr ee. Th e egg hat ches in t wo or three weeks into th e larva, whi ch at once tunnels it s way into th e hark and f eeds on th e sap wood durin g its first year, cut ting a disc-shape burrow. At th e bottom of th is burrow it p asses th e winter , not renewin g f eeding until th e spr ing of th e second year. Th e burrow is gre atly enlar ged th e second year and the castings of the larva are thrust out of holes whi ch it cu ts in th e bark. The trunk of small trees is often completely gir dled by 01' before the close of th e second season. The larva in cr eases rapidly in size in the secon d ye ar of it s gTo,,th and its burrows begin to be extende d below th e sap wood into the hear t wood. 'I'h c secon d winter is pa ssed deep in the bur rows. Th e third sp r ing and summer th e lar va p enetrates still deeper into th e heart wood and attains its full developm ent ther ein . See fig.. 1. Pl ntc VI. Finally it for ces its way back to a place just beneath the bark, wher e it forms a pupa. From thi s pupa th e adult beetl e emerges th e following May or June.
Appearanc of Ln f est cd. Trees. The presen ce of the roundheaded bor er is usually not det ected until its secon d summer . Its presenc e may be id entified by th e discolored , sunken patches of bad, marking th e burrows beneath. Th ese infested areas are sometim es marked by t he exudation of sap from the wound but more ofte n by the castings thrust ou t of slits in the bark- The areas of egg-laying an d larval acti vity are almo st invariably in the trunk, within a f oot or eighte en in ches of the ground. In small trees frequ ently and in lar ge trees occasionally, the lar va is found working in the crown of the tree below the level of the gr ou nd. One or mor e larvae in a small tree in the majority of in stances 'will complet ely girdle and kill it. In older an d larger t r ees th e injurv is not alway s f at al. thoug h the growth of the tree an d it s general vi tali ty are seri ousl y impaired.
27

R e m e d i e s.
The borers arc r ea dily removed by a k n ife or killed by prod. d ing into th eir bur rows with a wire. Wher e severa l borers arc in a tree the free use of the knife is not advisab le, owing to thc unav oid abl e mu tilation of th e tree. Th e safest, surest met hod is to tap th e channel by means of a small hole an d inj ect a few drop s of bi-sulphide of car bon with a medi cin e dropper . Th e f umes of th is p oison are deadl y t o the lar vae. The gas penetrates to all parts of th e burrow and instantly kills th e lar va within , ma king it unnecessary to cut into th e bark or wood to locate an d r emove, or ki ll, th e borer. W her ever possible it is best to avoid th e use of th e knife in f avor of gassing th e larva with bi-sulph ide of car bon . A fte r inj ecting this liquid close th e hole with a bit of clay mu d to preven t th e escap e of the gas. Owing to the hi ghly exp losive nature of carbon hi-sulphide it should be kep t well nwav from fir e 01' flam es tha t mi ght cause it to explode.
The Flat H eaded Apple Tr ee Borer. (C hryso bothris [emo ra ia, Fab.)
The adu lt f lat-headed borer is sma ller th an th e adult of the r ound-head ed spec ies, being onl y abo ut one-hal f inch in length . It is a beautiful , burnish ed beet le. r eflectin g brigh t metallic colors in whi ch gre en, bla ck and bronze pred ominate. Th e body is flatten ed , an d t ap ers at the p ost eri or end. They ma ke an early appearance in the spring, eggs are lai d, and from th ese eggs hatch larvae wh ich mature in one yea r, issuing forth as ad ults the follo wing' spring. Th e larv a tun nels fir st into the sap -wood, bu t lat er bor es into h eartwood. work in g bac k to th e bark in th e spr ing and pupat ing. Someti mes the winter is passed as pu pae. In m ak in g their escape from th e tre e they cut an elliptica l hole, diff erenti at ing th e sp ecies from th e r oundhead ed borer , which cu ts a circula r emergence-hole.
Nat ur e of I njury.
This spec ies is mor e in j ur ious to yo ung apple tr ees than to old, bea ring trees. The larva gener ally works in t he .t r unk. and goes hi gh er up from th e ground, of t en to the first later al limbs. It is n ot unusu al t o find them working in the r oots of young t rees, however , some in ch es below the su r face of the grou nd . Infestations ar e det ect ed by th e p atehes of dis colored , su nk en undermined bark. Gener all y speak ing, th is bore r does not show a pref eren ce f or t rees of vi gorous, u nimp air ed growth. 'I'hey usuall y come as a secondary attack u pon a wea kened. devit alized tree, but when th ese are lacking sou nd trees ar c attacked .
28

Remedies.
Th e cOlltro l nicus u r es [01' 1he fia t-head ed hurcr nr e t he sam e as for th e r ound-headed species. 'I' hc tr un ks of t rees ar e somet imes painted with deterren t compo unds to disco urage th e egg layi ng of bot h sp ecies, and not withou t s uccess, A mong these arc whal e-oil soap , carbolated soft soap, etc. 'I'h ey should be app lied early in th e spr ing as thick pastes, and r enewed at in tervals t hro ughout the summe r.
\\"orlll ing is th e most dep en dable met hod of control. It should be begun and fin ish ed du ring th e mont h of September , By then th e la r vae a re about an in ch long, and t he outwa rd symptoms of t hei r burrowing can be plainly seen . If th e tr ees are wor med at t his season 1he larvae may be r emoved with only minor inju ry in cutti ng th em out.
BITTER ROT. (Ul om orcll a rufonui c ulaus , Bcr k. and S. an d S.)
Of all th e diseas es of the ap p le, bitter rot ranks well III th e forefront of th ose mostl y to be f eared an d fo ug ht. It is th e most insid ious of the d iseases to which the fr uit is heir becau se of its er ratic beh avior . L ike lightning, it sometimes comes out of a clear sky, as it were, laying. wast e, in a f ew days or weeks, th e most promis ing har vest prospects. Very few if any advanc e warnings of it s coming ar e giv en, an d t he only effect ive campaign tha t can be waged against it is that of prevention . Once well started, an outbr eak may not be wh olly st opp ed and, at best , only check ed . The fa ct that th e di sease docs not ap pear to a destructi ve exten t ann ua lly, that th e outbreak s are more or less spor adic an d come 'without warnin g, in clines t he gr ower to tak e a chance of its non-ap pearance and to dispe use with preventive spruyings. The accep tance of this cha nce is of th e nature of a gamble and is often followed by th e loss of all or a large part of th e crop of cer tain vari eti es of ap p les. It is always th e pa rt of wisdom and economy to prepare each year for the possibl e appearance of t he di sease.
'Weather cond itions have an important and inseparabl e bearing on bitter rot ep idemics. Hot, mu ggy, or showery weather in summer is t he lar gest and most imp or tan t fa ctor in the developmen t and d isseminat ion of the f ung us. 'Whe r e suc h weath er con ditions obtain for any length of time or at f re que nt intervals , bitter r ot is almost cer ta in to develop . Rains make for th e spre ad of the r ot by wash in g th e spor es from decaying apples t o sound apples, communicat ing the d iseas e t o them in turn.
, 29

Char a ct er , Cause and E ffec t of Bi tter Ro t .
B it ter rot is ca used 11.\' iI l'un gu s urgnnism uncl 1I0t by wet weather, as man y g ro wers hclicvc. Haim; an d hea t are favol'_ able to it, however, and t he f ungus flo urishes when t he da ys and nights are hot a nd humid . 'I'ho rot does not usually bC"in to app ear on the f r uit until th e earl y p art of -I uly awl it~ development and sprea d is largely dep endent at th at time a nd during th e r emainder of sunnn er on local w eat her cond it ions. It makes its fir st appe a ra nce on th e apple as ver y small, br own. ish- color ed sp ecks ben ea th th e skin . Th ese min ut e spec ks enlarge r apidly, ass uming a circula r outli ne. .A di seased spot on ce sta rted, in cr eases in size very r api d ly, t he inf ecti on l'lid ia t~ in g ou t by conce ntric rings on t he surface, and th e mycel ium of the f u ngus, at the sa mc ti me, sinks deep er a nd deep er into th e flesh , involvin g the t issues in a soft , wat ery , bro wn. coneshap e decomp osit ion. Th e ei rcu lnr r ott ed ar eas quickly become sunke n, with clcur cu t margin s. S mall bla ck spots SOO n begin to app eal' ben eath the skin of th e diseased arcus a nd th ese lat er br eak throu gh and give off t he spor es, or seeds. of the fungus. Th e spore masses are pink in color an d are easily blown off wh en dry 0 1' washed abou t on th c t rec by ra in. F'ind. in g a r ecep tive host , th ey set up a new infecti on, and thus th e d isease is p assed alon g. Infect ions a r e most r eadily made through br eaks 0 1' uhrasions in t il!' skin of ap p les. The spores th erein find a r est ing p la ce' and t he f ung us im medi ately effects its entry and gro wth in t he t issues . Quick a nd comp le te deeav f ollows. Insect p un ctu r es, particularly th ose made by curc ulio and cod ling moth , hav e a d ir ect r elationship t o t he ex te nt and virulence of bitter r ot ou tbr eaks.
T he fungus p asses th e winter upon th e limbs in th e cankers whi ch it form s wh en th e bark becomes infect ed , and in mum mied apples on th e tree and grou nd . Bitter rot cankers ar c cra cked, depressed p ortions of ba rk. B en eath the canke rs th e 'wood di es and cra cks. Sever e -bitter r ot epidemics may OCClll' with or without th e noti ceable pr esence of this fo r m of the disease .
Varietal Resistance.
It has been t horo ug hly demonstrated tha t some variet ies arc mor e r esistant to infect ions of this disease th an others. Th e fa ctor of varietal r esistan ce has not been full y worked OHt in Geor gia , exce p t as to a f ew v l.ll'i eti c~ . B en Davi s l:nd Gallo are ap p ar en tl y t he most suscept ible of the eo m n~ercIally p~all ~ P ll var-ieties and, to a less m arked degree, Kirm nrds Choice,
Delicious, Winesap an d Stayman .
30

Tre at ment .
Th e exp erilll ental work l UI' t ile cont ro l of hitter L'O t in Geor-
gia has' been along the same general lines as that conducted elsewhere. A number of materials and formulas have been tested in vari ed spray sch edules. Dispensing with details, th e hest results so far have been obtain ed from sp r ing sprayings wit h weak solutions of lime-sulp hur solution followed, in th e middle and latter part of th e season, with Bordeaux mixture. This schedule ha s consistently resulted in minimizing losses from hitt er rot outbreaks , even among the more suscep tible varieties, while, at th e same time, the check 01' untreated trees were -uinously infected.
Prepared lime-sulphur solut ion, th ough itself a fungicide of some merit, is not th e equa l of Bordeaux mixture as a proventire of bitter r ot. Th e application of Bord eaux to young apples causes them to ru sset, however , hence its use in th e ea r ly part of th e season is to be avoid ed. The first application of Bordeaux should not be made before about t he tenth to fifte enth of .Juu e. ?\a inateri al russcting r esul ts fro III app ly ing itat th at time or later. A high degree of" bit ter r ot control will follow the exclusive usc of lime-sulp hur solut ion as a summer sp r ay when applied to varieties r esistant to bitter rot, but no dependence is to be pla ced in it in r elation to th e control of th e disease on suscep t ible varieti es. 'I'hc treatment of such varieti es sh ould he a combinatio n of lime-sul phur spruv iugs in th e for epart of the season with Bordeanx in th e latt er.
Beginning abou t th e tenth or fift eenth of Jun e, tw o or three or more appli cations of Bordeaux shou ld be made at intervals of not mor e than three weeks. 'I'h e spray schedule will vary somewhat, according to th e ripening p er iod of th e vari ety, it s suscep tib ility to rot, t he season, etc.
I n view of the manner in whic h Bordeaux corrodes or russets the skin of fruit the formu la shou ld not be more concent r ated than 4-4-50 if three or mor e appli cations are to be made, t hat is, hlucst one f oul' pounds, lime foul' p ounds, water fifty gallons. A rscnate of lead or it s equ ivalen t should be added to each Bordeaux app lica tion as a protection again st codling moth , cnre ulio and other bitin g insects.
"I'he r emoval of all mnrnmi ed apples from th e trees and ground , and th e r emoval or disinfecti on of cankered limbs are valuable aids to hitter rot contr ol.

Method of Making Bor deaux Mixtur e.

Copp er sul phate (hlucstone) Fresh lump lim e Water to make

4 11}s. 4 lbs . GO gals.

31

First di ssolve the blueston e in a wooden vessel (a keg or 11;II'l'el ) contai n iug :25 gal lons '\\';I tl'l', by sus pe n d ing it in a sack or bag so t ha t it will j ust be s ulnnc r gcd beneath the s ur fa ce. Slack th e lime by ad d ing a littl c water at a time, strain it into a secon d barrel and d ilu t e to 25 ga llous . P our th e t wo mixtur es together, a bu cketful of each at a tim e, into a third barr el letting th e two streams mingle as th ey fall. Strain th e mixtur~ through a fine cop per scree n into the spray ba rrel or t ank. Arsen ate of lead , one pound of t he p owder ed fo rm t o each 50 gall ons , should be ad ded las t. Bo r deaux should be kep t well agitated in the spray ta nk to keep th e 'p r ecipitat e f ro m settling to the bottom.
Stock solutions of blu eston e water an d lim e water, if prepared in a dvanc e, will save tim e an d lab or in exte nsive sp ray ingoperati ons .
APPLE SCAB.
( 11ell [ II ria p om i, Win t .)
'With the sin gle excep tion of vir ulent epidemics of bitter r ot, no dis ease of th e app le is of mor e economic im por tan ce t ha n app le scab. In or cha r ds wher e n o measures a re taken to pr event or contro l it , sca bby fru it may easily , and often does, outnu mber the scab-fr ee by two to one . Sometim es th e ra tio is even greater. Diseased ap ples, in ext re me cases, are small, malformed , and often cra cked and wor thless. Li ghter att acks, while not stunt ing or splitting, lower th e market va lue of the fruit.
Description and Nature of Injury.
Apple scab is caus ed by a f ung us which liv es upon the leaves and fruit in summer an d, t o some ext ent, upon th e twigs, and in the winter upon fall en leaves. The char act er an d exten t of its ravages are well know n t o observant ap ple gr ower s. Scab grows upon th e fruit as roughl y circ ula r, dark gr ay or oliv e brown spots. The size of individual spots varies from tin y sp ecks to blotches a half-in ch in di am et er. Frequently tw o or more scab spots join an d exte n d a united development over the skin. I n this way n early all th e ep ide r mis of an apple may eventuall y become scabb ed . In suc h well develop ed attacks th e apple usually cr acks ope n and, wh en not dropping prematurely, is of no value whatever fo r purposes of sale at maturity.
The fungus also at tacks th e foliage, causing th e same olivebrown di scoloration common to its ear ly stages on the apple. Plate VII, Most of th e in fections of th e leaf are confine d to th e under side, th e f ungus r oot ing an d gr owin g more re adily in th e pnh escen cc t her e tha n u p on the smooth , glaze-like upp er surfa ce-
32

'I'he development of apple scab is concomitant with the development of foliage an d fr uit in spring . The frui t buds arc oft en destroyed in lar ge number s at this season an d. when th e leaves are also sever ely attacked at the same period, the trees are alm ost denuded of foli age by May. Cool, we t weather is faYorabl e to the developm ent an d sp re ad of scab infect ions. For this r eason it is most active and destructiv e in sp r ing ane! in th e r ain y seasons of ea rly summ er . Since cool, wet weather fa\'ors the disease and dry, sun ny days in sp ring are distinctly unfavorabl e, it is easy to accoun t for the g reater prevalen ce an d <lestr uc tiveness of scab one season over ano the r . Al so, th e annual r ain fa ll in any giv en locali ty , tog ethe r with th e av er ag e jrmper atur e, prevalen ce or absence of fogs, h av e a direct bearing on th e occu r re nce or non-appearan ce of scab epidemics. As a. general av erage, one year after another, scab does not occasion any loss to th e Geor gia appl e gro wer , excep t. p erhaps, in th e more moun tain ous sections wher e th e r ainfall is g reater , th e spr ings colder and th e fogs 111 0re usu al , than elsewher e in the app le-growing belt.
Treatment.
As destructive as th e disease U1<l Y be on occasion, it r eadily responds to preven tive sprays. Preven tion is th e su r est protec- . tion , but the preventive tr eatment mu st he applied at precisely the ri gh t time to be of maximum valu e. It is n ext t o impossibl e to check the defoliation of the tree and th e scabb ing of the frui t after th e infection ha s gain ed a good sta r t and weather conditions are propitious for its cont inua n ce and spread . Protection lies in taking out sp r ay in suranc e.
Th e writer h as expe rimen ted for th e past sever al year s with th e lim e-sulphur con centr at e as a preventive spray against scab. Tn th ese t ests u ni for m succe ss was obtain ed in ever y case where the solution was ap plied in late winter , just before th e leaf buds opened , at th e con centr ated dilution r ecomm ended on page 16 as a contr ol for San -Iose scale. This late "inter treatment. followed by th e addition of a weak dil ution of lime-sulphu r to the firs t and secon d ap plica tions against codlin g moth , constitute an effective schedule for th e p r evention of appl e scah .
Spr ay Schedule for Apple Scab .
E irs], Spra y just before leaf bu ds op en with lim e-su lphur concentrate at th e dilution r ecomm end ed on page 16 against seale,
Loier Spra yill (js. Same schedule as f'or codling moth an d hitter rot, (See page 9. )
33

CEDAR RUST .
( Gylll IIosporouq i1/111 j 1/11 ip cri- uirqinianae , Schw. )
As t hc n am e imp lies, cedar r ust ta kes its ti tl e from it s nati ve host plant, t he common red ceda r . up on which one stage of its life cycle is spe nt - I nf ect ions of apples an d ap ple folia ge are transmitted directly from cedars and n ot fr om other Sources. It follow s, th en, that or char ds in sections wher e 110 ceda rs grow if su ch coinciden ces exist, ar c not exposed to infecti on. Experi~ ence has sh own th at there is a wide scale of suscepti bility of varieties to the disease. Som e a re pra ct ically immune whil e, on the othe r extr eme, oth ers a rc r uinously suscep tible.
Descript ion and Cause of Ced ar Rus t.
B oth th e foliage a nd f'ru i t of a pple t rees ar c at ta cked , though not in the same degree. 'I'ho r ust appe ars on the upper sur face of th e leaf as light yellow spots and upon the frui t as mar c brightly color ed yell ow spots whi ch frequ ently bear a gr eenishyellow cast. Enl ar ging, th e spots on the leaf f ina lly attain a diamet er of from one-eigh th to one-qua rter inch. Accomp anying this gr owth is a gradua l change in th e color f rom light to orange yellow, and a number of minute bla ck dots are visible in the center . After a few weeks a thicken ed cushion develops on the opposit e sid e of the leaf from the di seased ar ea. This cushion p rescn tl v form s spo rc-hcaring tub es, t he ends of which split an d curl ba ckwar d, produ cin g a fringed effect (fig. 1 Plat e IX ) . Spor es are produ ced in p rod igious number s and are car r ied far and widely by winds, but have not the faculty of r e-in fectiu g appl es or apple fol iage. All th at do not f all on a cedar tree f all on barren ground. Finding th e or igin al host plant, th e cedar . the sp ores lod ge and st ar t a new gr owth, produ cin g ultimately ceda r balls or cedar appl es.
Tnfecti ons of cedar trees arising from sp ores produced on apple trees develop on the twigs an d r esult in th e for ma tion of cedar ha IIs-roun el , r edd ish-colored , gall-like swell in gs, usually less tha n an in ch in diameter. The hall s begin their gro wth on ceda r t wigs in th e ear ly summer months , pass the winter there, and r enew growt h the follo wing spr in g. Full gro wth is not attain ed until th e secon d fall follo wing th e start of th e in fection. Th e secon d spring the mature halls produ ce spor es, or seeds, in a yellow . j elly-like gr owt h which arises from th e ball s after a season of wet weather. From th ese long gelatin ous tentacl es a secon d and small er cr op of sp or es is later produ ced. When dry. the secon dary spores are of du st-like finen ess and ar e dri ven hv winch; to ap ple tr ees. wher e they infect th e foliage and the f r ui t. caus ing th e ab no rma lit ies descri bed above. The
34

sporl'S arc. driven gr ea t ,distance~ by !'a~'ori.n g winds, often for miles whi ch accounts f or th e J'ree iu f'ect iou of appl e t rees remot ely di st an t f ro m the n earest ced a r t re e.
Ceda r rust on t he a pple app ea rs as bright y el low sp ots. It occurs in th e maj ority of cases in an d a ro u nd t he ca lyx cavit y . Sporcs arc p roduced I ro m th e di sea sed area s from t ubes lik e th ose OCCUlTing on th e leaf. Th e f un gu s p en etrat es in to th e flesh of th e a pp le, produ cin g a y ell ow-color ed , atrophi ed cou di t ion of the cells .
It is well kn own t hat certa in va r ieti es of ap ples a r c morc r esistant to th e diseas e th an others . On some varieties th e fo liage is worse affect ed , whil e on oth ers it is th e fruit. Th e prin cipa l inj ur y is don e t o th e folia ge, whi ch injury exe r t.s a dire ~t .a nd delcterious effect upon th e tree. B ad a ttacks g ive th e f oliag e CI'OP of a t r ee a v ellow np pea rnu cc. n ot iceabl e at a d istance. The di seased leav es fa ll in cons eq uence of th e mala dy so that , in l'xtre me cases , nearly comp lete defoliat ion i" t he r esult. Th e reeding and breathing f unctions of t he p lant are imp aired to t he detrim ent of th e fruit upon th e trees and th e mal-nutrition of the fruit buds of th e suc ceedi ng cro p . Th e folia ge of Ben D avi s and Shockley is extr emely subject to attack an d the f ru it of th e latter suffers n enrl v as badly as t h e foliage.
Treatment,
Th e most certa in method of preven ting infect ions of ced a r I'IIst is to r em ove or cause to be remo ve d a11 ceda r t re es of what ever size wit hin a t least a. mile or m or e of th e orc ha r d . The source of infection in ever y case is th e ceda r , as th e fungu s cannot exist without at on e st ag e of its lif e histnry r eproducing thereon. Ca r e shoul d be taken to hunt out and destroy all eedars , both large a n d sma ll, th a t are n car enough to menace the or chard . The wri ter ha s h ad verv indi fferent success in controlling th e disease by sp r ay ing. Sp r ay in gs are ben eficial hilt do not give p erf ect r esults. Th e measure of success in preventing th e d iseas e by sp r ay ing is gauged by t he thoroughness with whi ch th e sur face of the leaves is covere d in maki ng' a11 the regula r r outin e su mmer sp r ays fo r th e cont rol of codling moth and scab.
Th e di sease gets its start in ea r ly sp r ing a t a tim e wh en wet weather favors th e production of sp ores and winds th eir d issemination. '1'0 he most ben eficial th e treatment sh ou ld begin with th e appearance of the fo liag e and contin ue at specified interval s unt il t he leav es 1I1ld f ru it a1'C well covered h~' a p r otectiv e fun gi cid e. 'l'h e sp ray schedule r ecomm end ed on page 2 will yi eld a f ail' mea sure of su ccess ag ainst ceda r rust ,
35

APPLE LEAF SPOT.
(S /J l! ac ro /Jsis nuil ortmi, L' eck . )
One of the most dest ru ct ive diseases of apple foliage is known as leaf spot , or f rog -eye fungus . It is more or less prevalent in Georgia every year, and in f avorable seasons the defoliatio n pro duced by it is very ser ious. Like most fungus diseases, it flour ishes best where there is an abundan ce of moisture. In some apple grow ing sections of Georgia , pnrticularlv in th e mor e mountainous sect ions where the annua l ra infall is high and more atmospher ic moisture prevails ill th e for m of dailv f ogs, th e disease occurs an nua lly and destructively. On app le trees locat ed OIl" low, p oorl y drain ed -lund, where there is improper air draina ge and th e moistu re f rom dews, etc., re mains lon gest all the leav es it is common to find the most severe outbreaks of th e fungus. T hese attacks are r ene'\'ed at inter vals through out the season during protracted sp ells of wet weather .
Description .
Leaf spot (P late XI ) is another apple disease ap pear ing soon after the leaves arc out in sp r ing. As a general ru le its period of greatest activity is confined to spr ing and early summer . T he fir st indication of it on the leaf is a small, gray ish. circ u lar spot. When the diameter of thi s spot has reached about one-eig hth of an inch :~ well-defined, dark brown, raised margin is developed. Numb ers of spots app eal' simultaneously on the leaf. A singl e mature "pot has a diameter varying from one-eighth to three-quarter s of an inch, or more. At th e center of each diseased area there is a grayish white spot about oneeighth inch in diameter. Severa l ra ised, concent ri c, grayish 01' brown rin gs may fo rm at ir regular in ter vals in the mudd y brown diseased t issue beyon d t he frog-eye center . 'I'he circ ular gr owt h of th e cen te r spot is ofte n modified in th e out er margin , becomin g lop sided. None of t he above character ist ic mar kings, with t he excep t ion of the frog-eye nucleus, is clea r ly defined on the un der sur face. Th e color ing of th e lat ter is a un if orm dark brown, p un ctuated hy th e r ound and Iigh ter color ed f rog-eve spots above.
Cau se of the Disease.
L eaf sp ot is caused by a fu ng us orga nis m whi ch lives over winter on fall en leav es and in cankers on th e limbs and trun ks of th e tree. In th e sp r ing seed spores are produced from these sources which, fa lling on young apple leaves in the presence of moist ure, germinate, p enetrat e and grow in the leaf tissues, causing the spottin g descr ibed abov e. It is true of leaf spot as

it is of apple scab that ep idemics do not recur annually and that the destructiveness of the disease is determine d mainl y by the weath er conditi ons prevailing during th e ear ly part of th e !!l'owing season.
Treatment.
The treatm ent prescr ibed for th e contr ol of hitter rot, scab and codling moth (p. 9 ) will also be foun d effective against leaf spot. To obtain the maximum pr even tion of the fu ngus it is desirable, whenever possible, to apply th e dorman t spray of lime-sul phur concentrate just befor e th e leaf buds open. Fertilizat ion and clean cult iva tion t end to limit th e liabil ity of the tree and its fol iage to inf ecti on .
The r egul ar winte r t r eatment for th e control of San J ose scale, if applied immedi ately prior to t he opening of th e leaf buds, an d followed throughou t th e season bv the sp r ay schedule recommended for the contro l of codling moth, ete- (p . 9) will reduce leaf spot to negligible p r oport ions.
BLIGHT. (Bacillus am fl ooorus, Bu n ill. )
Appl e trees ar e subje ct t o attack by st iJl an oth er d isease known under the n ame of fir e bli ght or p ear blight. This disease is especiall y fatal to t he pear, although the apple is a close second in point of susceptibilit y and the injury sus ta in ed. The disease on the latter assum es several forms which ar e known severally to orchardists as Llossom blight, twig blight. hold -over blight , and body bli ght. All of th ese forms are manifest ations of th e one disease, fir e hli ght, and are caused by the same germs working in the sam e manner . Du e t o the fact th at it is the sap an d sap wood whi ch are p rin cipally affect ed th e disease is not sub ject t o con trol bv sp raying . Th e most dep end abl e way in which it can be controlled is by a policy of p ersisten t pruning of affect ed pa r ts when an attack occu rs an d develops. Xot only must th is prunin g he done p r omptly, hu t ther e is a cr tnin procedu r e to bc followed in th e prunin g and p recau tions to he taken in t he actual r emoval of infected wood.
Blight ep idemics do n ot app eal' destructively every ye ar. It is It disease pecul iarl y influ en ced by th e weath er an d t emp eraturc and as the favo ra ble inf luencing' fa ctors do not always J'C(>1lJ' in successive seasons . t her e nrc seasonable var iations in th e extent and destru ctiveness of blight ou tbreaks . W et , cool weath er- favor s the d iseuse and drv, S IlIIlIV weath er effectunllv destr oys the ger m an d checks th e progress ' of an outbreak. .
37

Description and Life History,
Bl ight is a bacterial di sease of t he cambi u m layer and inner ba rk. These par ts arc so intima tely and closely nssoeia te r] wit h the sap cu r r en t t ha t t he ra pi d sp read of an infect ion in sp ri nrr and su mmer is r eadily accounted for. T he caus al organism is ~ ba ct er ium and not a f ungus. T he fir st evidence of its pl'esenee in sp r ing is usually no t ed wh en t he trees are in bloom. 'I' he blossoms arc atta cke d an d qu ickly wil t , an d turn brown . B lossom bligh t is the fo rm of t he disease whi ch somet imes causes th e loss of a wh ole bloom cro p in acute cases. B ees and other insects. att ra ct ed to blossoms to feed u p on t he nectar, cm-r v nwa v to health y flower s th e germs fro m di seased flow ers 0;1 th eir mou th p arts, legs and bodies, and in t h is way what might ot herwise have been an attack of minor imp or tance becomes a gen er al epid emic.
Tw ig blight is ca nsed by the ba ct eria wor kin g d own in the sap an d cambiu m lay er f rom t he tips of tw igs and fr om blossoms into the health y wood below. As the di sease p r ogresses downward it is fo ll owed by th e wi lt ing an d bro wn di scoloration on the leaves. Specim ens of twig bligh t are illust r ated by t he tr ee shown on Pl ate V I TI. Th e in f ecti on of a t er min al t wig often extends downward into the main limbs an d trunk, kill ing the hark as it goes. 'Whe never an d wh erever a t wig , br anch 0 1' t run k is gir dled by t he sp read of t he ba cte r ia th e fat e of all gr owth above th e gir dled are a is sealed.
H eld-over blight is a ma nifestation of the d isease found ill spots mainl y upon the trunk an d branches. It is t his form which carries th e d isease over f rom season t o seas on . Th ese areas are r eddish in color and th e con t r ast and ap pe ar ance with t he sur roun ding liv e bark is so marked t hat they ma v be det ect ed an d t he in fected areas r emoved. In t he sp r in g. with the r ise of th e sa p , th e hold-o ver bli ght are as exu de globules of a sti cky , viscid matter whi ch is literally cr owded with th e germs of the diseas e. This su bstanc e is a favor ite f ood for s ucking i nsects, such as bees an d ap his, an d in f eeding upon it and subsequ ently r emoving to, an d f eed ing u pon , blossoms, heal thy wood or fr uits, th e di sease is transmi tted : The bli ght in fected ap ple. sho wing t he sticky, germ -carrying globules is shown in fig. 2, P la te X. On th is par ti cu lar apple ap his were fo u nd moving about and f r eely feedi ng an d it affor ds a striking inst ance of th e mann er in whi ch th ese in sects tran smit th e di sease from point to point.
Control Me a sures,
Th e best kn own. and p erhaps th e most d ep endable, met hod of con t r olilng bli ght is by th e cu t ting off of di seased parts ill th e sp ri ng and su mmer an d t he r emova1 and di sin fecti on of
38

the hold-over liv e bli ght cankers whi ch occu r on the limbs and trunk of th e tree, Th e prop el' ti me to locate a nd r emov e th ese infected spo ts is in t he dorma nt sea son , pref'crahlv in lat e fa ll ju st befor e t he leaves drop , a t \\"h i ~h li~ IH~ t he con tr ast betw een diseased a nd healthy wood and f oliag e IS mor e marked , and t he location of t he canke rs , et c.. easier, .A care ful searc h should he ma de ' again in th e spring just befor e the buds open, to locat c all hold-over blight in f ecti ons . as th e elimina tion of t h is fOl'lI1 has an imp ort ant an d i nscparn hle hearing on th e follo wing' snnu nerx in fection of blossoms, twi gs, and f r uits,
T he su mme r p r-u n iug of bli ght d iseased twi us. etc.. shoul d not he nndei-t nken unl ess \1 ]'('('aul ions nrc ta ke n to di si nfect th e prunin g instrum ent s after each sep arate cu t. If not so d isinfected t he ge r ll1s will become attached to th e i nstrum ent a nd so he t ransmitted to healthy t issue in suc ceedin g cu ts, Th e pru ning inst r umen t . wheth er it he she ars , saw, or kn if e, sh ould be disin fected by di p pi ng in a ger micide , or hy caref ully wipin g' with a cloth saturated th er ein , I n r emovi ug a diseased part th e cut should he mad e f ully t en or t welve in ches helow th e lowest visible sig n of th e di sease. 'I'hc cu tt ing- ou t of hold- over bli ght ean kers du rin g the dorm an t season should he follow ed by th e disinfect ion ' of th e knife 'af ter each separ ate oper ation and the woun d disin fect ed hv pain tin g wit h cre osote OJ' th e thor ough application of ot her disin fectants. Prun ed parts sho uld he hu rn ed at once,
As hli gh t sho ws a p refer en ce fo r tend er, snccu lr- nt wood growth an d is f rcquentlv car ried int o the tru nk of a tl'rt~ by wat er sp ro u ts. etc" whi ch goro ,,, at , or nca r the ba se of a t r ee. it is highl y impo r tant n ot to all ow this gro wth t o for m an d cont inue below t he fir st mai n later al lim bs. Mnnv trees are killed hy blig ht gird lin g t he t runk a ft er ha vin g heen in fected through t he medi u m of water sp r ou ts, etc.
Disinf ectant sol utio ns. rtc, 1 se a ;, rn solut ion of fo r ma lin,
01' corrosive sublimate (bichlor-ide of mcr eurv ) one part to one thousand pa r ts of wa tel', or cr eosot e,
APPLE CROWN GALL,
Nominallv, cro wn-gnll is \\'l~ 1 1 kn O\\"11 hoth 10 th e n urs eryman and th e or cluud isr. Cousidc r nh lo eou f'usion ex ists, however , as to th o fo rms of t he diseuse, th eir peculi ari ti es of grow th, th e exten t of iuj urv to th e tree. th cir conu uun ica hil ity in n ursery rows, and t he orcha rd . It is th l' pUJ'pOSC of t he followin g bri ef discussion 01' t he di sease to set forth a f l' \\" of t he most pert in ent facts ill conuc et ion w i th bot h fo rm s, in t he hop e of clear ing lip t he conf'us ion rela tive to t hem i n t he min ds of np p le go l'owers,
39

Distribution.

Crown-gall is couunon to all parts of t he Unite d Sta tcs. So far as is kn own th e d isuibution is f airly uni form , so that no state or .section of sta te can lay j ust clai ms to mor e freedom therefrom than an y oth er Statc or section . It is presen t , i n greater or less quantities, in all uu rscries, an d, lacking a cure , a variable percentage of dis eased nursery sto ck is always discarded by the care ful and honest nurscr vman in th e annual marketing of his trees. On th e other hand. unfor tun at ely , th e indiffer ent or un scrupulous nursery man will u ndertak e to foist gall-diseased trees on hi s custo mers an d too often the victim is unawar e of th e unfair dealin g.

Description of Crown-Gall and Hairy-Root.

One of the r esults of H edgcoek 's investigati on of cro wn -gail"

was the separation of th e disease into two distin ct classes,

namely, th e hard form, which is crown-gall p r oper , and th e

hairy-root form. Both forms are familiar to nu rse rymen and

orchardists. 'I'h o hard form causes a srall or k not of cork-like

hyp ertrophied tis su e. Th e g all s ar e largest just at t he crown

of the tree, and the later al r oots bear smalle r galls. Th e hairy-

root disease mayor may not occur in conj unction with crown-

gall . It is charact erized by th e development of thick, matted

mas ses of fine fibr ous roots (Plate XII). More often than

not, th ere is an entire absence of healthy , lateral fee di ng r oots.

When gall s accompany hairy-root th ey are n ot as an oth er man i-

festation of the dis ease, hut r esu lt f'rom wounds,

.

Two Kinds of Crown-Gall.
Aside from hairy-r oot of apple trees there arc t wo f orm s of crown -gall . These are diff erentiated by th e titl es hard an d soft , re spectively . Quoting from H edgcock :
"Apple crown-gall is of two types-a hard, callous form is common on grafted trees at the u nion of root an d scion, and at an y oth er p oint of th e r oot system where wounds occur in either th e cultivation or transplanting of trees. 'I' hc r esults of exte nsive ino cul ation s with th is typ e have failed to p ro ve tha t th e disease is of a conta gions nature."
" A second typ e is a soft for m mor c common on seedlings, r esemb ling t hose of th e ra spb erry and p each , in that they are soft and oft en r ot off. It is not cer tain , however, that t hey , lik e th e latt er, ar c r ep laced th e f ollowin g yea r hy a new gall gr owth from th e ad j acent liv e t issu es of th e h ost . nor is ther e p r oof that th ev are of a contag ious natl1l'e, "
B u lletin 90 Bu r eau o f Plant I n d u s t ry , 190G.

40

R emedi es.
No cer tain cure for cro wn-ga ll is know n. It may be lessened in th e nursery by propagatin g t r ees by budding in stead of gr afting. T!lC wounds. I~lad e i.n th e seed lin g stock to i n s '~.rt til l: scion offer ideal conditions for th e entrance of the di sease, wher ever propagation is by grafting, and th ey cons titute th a conll11011est source of infection in a nursery. It is not proven conclus ively , in view of all th e evidence, that minor in f ections of gall in nurs ery sto ck ma ter ially in jur e th e tree afte r it is transpl an ted to th e or chard, 01' t hat the disease rs of a decidedly contagious cha r acter . Th e buyer of nursery stock should always take th e benefit of t he doubt, howev er, and examine each and eve ry tr ee befor e it is pl an ted with th e view of detectin g and disca rd ing all t r ees th a t show visible symp toms of eith er crown -gall or hairy-r oot . If either f orm continues to develop aft er th e tree is tran sp lanted to the or chard it wiH ulti mately n ecessitat e the r emova l of th e tre e so afflic ted. T his cven:tuality can be ant icipate d by planting tr ees onl y with 11 healthy, wh ole, clean root syst em.
SPRAYING MACHINERY AND ACCESSORIES.
1\0 less important t han t he usc of r eliable insecti cides and fungi cides is the selecti on of a sp raying outfit. Much t ro ub le and delay would be obviated, and the or chardist realize greatly incr eased efficiency f r om his sp raying ope rat ions, if he pu rchased only high-grad e pumps and accessor ies of standard, .lependable manufacture and of capacity ad equ ate t o hi s n eeds. I
It is th e wor st kind of economy to bu y a cheap pump and cheap accessor ies merely because they are cheap. A few dollars more in 'tIle ini t ial cost of th e outfit will sav e th emselves scor es of times over . Th e chea pe r grades of pumps an d spraying equipment , such as hose, etc., ar c necessarily cons tr uc te d of a low gr ade of mater ial an d will not stand hard service, nor giv e th e same ser vice, even when new, as th e better grades. A good pump well car ed for has fe wer break downs , saves tim e and temper , and gives higher and more const an t pressure , th us increasing the qu ality of th e work an d p ro por tionately decr easing inj ur iou s in sects and fun gus. Th e same holds true of sp r ay pump accessor ies. H ose should be of five to seven pl y quality, extension r ods of a length imitable to the height of the trees to be sprayed , et c. All conn ections should be kept ti gh tl y fitted 10, prevent leakage an d attendant discomfo rt an d loss or pow er and mat er ials.
Barrel Pumps.
P umps of this type are made to be fitted in fifty-gallon barrels. They are manufactured by a number of con cerns and
41

vary somewhat in constr uction. P umps of this type und capacity arc suit able for use ill sma ller orc hur ds. Exccpt i n !nst ances where on,e has on ly a fe.\\' trc ~s to SPl'l~y, a bar r el pump IS the sma llest size pump which gIves satisfactory sel'viec. Bucket pum ps , k nap-sa ck sprayers ant! pumps of t hat class ar e of su ch small capacity and as a ru le give such weak pressure as to make th em undesirabl e for lise upon a ny thing excep t shr ubs and low-growing trees,
One of the chi ef shortcomings of a ll barrel pumps lies in th eir fail urc thoroug hly to agi tate th e spray solution. All al'e equ ip p ed with a device to st ir th e sp ray solution in t hc ba1'l'el. which device -is attached to a nd operated by the pump ha nd 11-. Su ch agitators do not wor k ra pidly, 01' st ir vigorously enoug h to keep th e solid matter in th e spray solu t ion from settli ng to t h bottom, r esulting in extre mely variable spray at th e nozzle. As a consequen ce of thi s the solids will us ually be pumped alit bef or e the barrel is half emptied, and the last half of the barrel will conta in less than its pr opor ti onate part of t he susp ended solids. '1'he agitation given by th e pump h andl e should Ill' supplemen ted at five minute in t er vals by stirring lip th settlings vigor ously wit h a paddle.
Power Pumps.
Gasolin e power pum ps are gaming in favor each year and are becomi ng mor e and more generally used. This typ e is th e host fo r orc ha r d sp raying purposes and is rupid ly sup pla nti ng all other types. Motor dr iven pump s combine t hre e essent ia l factors of successf ul spraying. They develop high pressu re, maintain it consta ntl y, and the propeller-blade agitati on of till' solution in the tank in sures a unifor m ph ysic al and chemical spray mist.
Gas dr iven power pump const r uction has been grea tly simplified in t he last few years and the standar d makes give excellent service. None of th em is qui t e fool-proof. however . and at Icast one man of the cre w, preferably t he drivel', shou ld understand th e mecha nism of th e engine and pump and be resp onsihl e for keeping th em clean, well oiled and in good workin g order. Some dissatisf acti on with motor driven pumps has arisen from the fact that th ey arc pla ced in char ge of ign orant 0 1' in different operators. A little in telli gen t care an d at tention will do away with mu ch of this dissati sfact ion an d compla int.
Hose.
'I'her e are only two t hings to keep in mind 'when purchusiug hose : buy the best grade and pl entv of it. Sprayi ng is facilitated and better r esults secu re d by using lengths sufficient to
42

allow the operator to work all around th e largest trees. This means an average lengt h of about fifty feet. Good hose will last with car eful usage for a whole year or more of the hardest service under hig h pr essure. P oor hose, on the oth er hand , quickly deter iorates and becomes useless and, even when new, will not suppor t th e high pressure generated by motor driven power pumps.
Extension Rods and Cut Oft's.
E xtension rods should be cut in lengths comforable to t he height of th e trees to be sprayed. 'I'he so-called bamboo spray rods are lighter and mor e easily handled and do not tire th e nozzleman so quickly as the one-quarter inch iron spray r ods and for this r eason are preferable to th e latter . Do not attempt to use them without first fitting them with cut-offs for instantly cutting off the cur rent when movin g f rom tree to tree 01' at oth er t imes. They ar e saving of material, and , in fact, ind ispen sable for various r easons.
Nozzles.
Nozzles are of various typ es design ed to meet speciali zed purposes. The two most common typ es are, first , thos e which thr ow a fine cone-shap ed spray, and second, those that throw a solid st ream. Th e for mer type is adapted to wint er sp raying against San Jose scale, etc., and all summ er spr ayings of t he frui t and folia ge excep t th e first codling moth treatment. Th e latt er , of which the Bordeaux and th e Clipper nozzles are the best known and most widely used, is used only III th e first codling moth spr ay (which see, page 9) . All apple orchardits should hav e a supply of both types.
Clamps and Fittings.
No outfit is comp lete withou t an abundant extra supply of hose clamps, wash ers, couplings for joining hose, etc . Spraying outfits, strictly speaking, are not working properly un less the only avenu e of escape for the sp ray solution is the aperture in the nozzle. W hen so working, discomfo rts and delays are avoided and r esults are effect ive and profitab le. 'I'oo little at tention is given by the average orchardist to the serviceable upkeep of his spraying equipment. This form of neglect r esults in frequ ent delays in the field and is costly in time and money.
43

Names and Addresses of Spray Pump Manufacturers,
Th e following is a list of a few r eliable sp r ay pump compani es. Th ese names do not r ep r esent th e only p umps on the market; only a few of th em that ha ve been used in thi s State :
H ar di e Manufactu rin g Co., Hudson , Mich. Bean Sp r ay Pump Comp any, L an sing , Mich. Gould Manufa cturing Compa ny , Sen eca Falls, N. Y . Th e Dem ing Compa ny, Sa lem, Ohio. Th e Friend Manufa cturing Comp any, Gasp ort, N. Y. Th e H ay es Manu facturin g Compa ny, Galv a, Ill.

NOTES ON CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF APPLE ORCHARDS.

Varieties of Apples to Pl ant.
Owing to th e compar atively recent developm en t of th e app le industry in Geor gia much remains to he learn ed r ela tiv e to t he udaptahilit v of va r ieti es to the soil and climate. This ph ase of th e probl em is yet largely in an exp er imenta l stage. Gen erally speaking, th e standar d commerc ial vari eti es can be g rown here in th eir fullness of color, size an d fl avor. Followin g is a partial list of such varieti es as hav e been fou nd by expe r ience to he vigorous gr owers and dep end abl e hearer s of fr uit:

W i nes ap Jonathan Y at es Kinnard's Cho ice D elicious Blaek Ben D avis Yellow Tran sparent

Stayman 's Win esap King D avid T erry Winter Wilson Red June Hed Ben D avi s York Imperial Liveland R aspberr y

Purchasing Nursery Stock.

In buy ing trees for th e orc har d, it is desirabl e to use one-
year budd ed or grafted trees, prefer ably budded , in st ead of twoyear-old stock. At one year f rom th e bud or gr aft a tr ee is a bran chless whip , and so IIHI~r be cut off and nHH1 e to head out to any form desired by th e orc har dist. In oth er words, th ey mor e rcadilv lend th emselves to formative pruning than two-year old trees, which are bran ched in th e nursery r ows, necessit atin g th e selectio n of su ch of th ese limbs as are best suite d for th e fram e work of th e permanent orch ar d tree. Mor e of te n than otherwise th e hran ches of two-veal' old nurserv t rees are too hi gh , too scanty, or so pl aced t\;at th ey do not permit of mu ch choice in selec ting t o for m a well balanced head. Th e buyer should in sist on healthy, vigor ous trees, tru e to nam e. Th e

44

so-called pedi gree stock, if genu ine , is alw ays mor e desir able and is worth mor e than trees propagat ed f r om scions taken f rom nurs ery stock. By the t erm pedigree stock is mean t trees propagat ed from scions cut from bearing 'wood. It ha s th e advanmge of being true to type and name, and us ua lly fruits mor e '1uicld y and is more prolific th an oth er stock, Budded trees are le!'s susceptible to cr own-gall infection in the nurserv. though th e~r are not su perior to whol e-r ooted grafted trees f'rcr- of ga ll.
Laying Off the Orchard.
Th e laying out of th e orc ha rd n ecessar-ily must he deter mined in large measure by t he topography of th e land to be p la nted, It. goes withou t sayi ng tha t a r egul ar, syste ma t ica llv p la nt ed ol'chard , with stra ight t r ee 1'0\\'8, is mor e easi ly cult ivated, spraye d and harvested than irregula r rows on terraced land, hut a reg ular geomet r ic sys te m cannot alway s be followed. Fla t or gently rollin g land will not wash when p loughed in st r aight rows. On th e cont ra ry , hillsid e or chards laid off on a recta ngle would necessit ate plough ing straight up and down hill in some places, thus form ing ready mad e wat er f ur ro ws a nd fa cilitating soil washing rather than hindering it ,
There are severa l recognized systems of or chard planting. For presen t pur poses , it will se ne to men tion three : th e square syste m. th e hexagonal and th e water-l evel. In th e first the rows are laid off f rom t hir ty t o forty feet each way and, in th e case of some vari eti es, mu ch closer, and a tree placed at each corn er, In this way th e r ows and the t rees in th e rows ar e equally di stan ced , Th e trian gle is th e base of th e hexagonal system It permits of mor e trees per acr e than th e squa re system allows at the sam e distan ce between trees and rows. Another adva nt age of it is that a tree is placed in successive rows at a point midway betw een two trees in th e 1'0\\'8 on either sid e of it. Th e r oot systems of trees plant ed in thi s manner are thus in te rs pe rs ed, helping to hold soil an d preventing er osion.
The system, if it may he called such, genera lly followed in the hillside pl antin gs of nor th Georg ia, is known as the wat er level system. In this sys te m each r ow is curve d to follow th e contour of th e lan d, that is, it is run off so as to he at righ t angles to th e flow of su rface wat er, th er ehy presentin g maxiIIIUIll r esistance to th e natura l tenden cy of th e top soil to wa sh off in heavy ra ins. Th e row s of trees are p lanted in this system at mor e or less r egular int ervals and th e t r ees in the I'O \\'~ set approximately th e sam e distan ce apart as the rows , Fm- standard commer cia l varieties, plantin g in I'OWS thirty fce t apart and thirty feet in th e row s this sys tem permits r oughl y of an average of fift y trees p el' acr e. Th e cult ivat ion of
45

orchards planted to this system means that each furrow follows the water level and, being at right angles to the natural drainage of excess surface water, constitu tes a succession of barriers thereto, the obvious tendency of which is to retard soil washing. On very steep hillsid es th e land is terraced at intervals, a necessary supplement to wat er level cultivation in the prevention of soil erosion.
Planting the Tree . '
Having laid off the orchard sit e and staked th e points wher e th e trees are to be set , the preparation of the holes and th e planting of .the trees foll ow. It has been demonstrated that blasting is the best method of preparing the holes. Beyond mak ing the simple statement that a tree set in a well dynamited hole has every advantage in growth and f ecundity in it s youth ;l ll li maturity over trees set in holes dug by han d, nothing more need be sa id in t his bulletin. Th e initial cost is not materially greater, an d if it were twi ce or thrice the cost of dug holes it still would be th e cheaper method. Soil dynamiting shou ld be don e early in the fa ll wh en the sub -soil is dry and is r eadily shat te red by t he for ce of the explosion. W hen the sub-soi l has been saturated by winter and early spring rains the exp losion compa cts the wet clay and may, in extreme instances, actually do mor e ha rm than good.
Regardless of the method of preparing the holes, th ey should be filled in with top soil mix ed with r otted manure and th e trees set deeply therein. If manure is not procurable t he tree should be f ertilized with cotton seed meal, bone meal, sulphat e of ammonia, or nitrate of soda just as growth sta r ts in the spr ing. Bone meal seems to be th e pref erred fertilizer for n ewly planted trees among Georgia apple grower s.
Fertilizing Constituents.
The three principal chemical elements of apple trees are:
(1) Nitr ogen, whi ch mak es for hea lthy and vigorous leaf and wood growt h,
(2) P ot ash , whic h constitutes nea rly half the ash of trees and is the chief agent in ripening the wood, and
(3) Phosphorus, which plays an active pa rt in ripen ing th e fru it . The nee ds of in dividu al tr ees will det ermine the relative amount of each of these elements to use. E xcessive nit rogen in t he soil pr oduces a r api d 'wood gr owth and dens e foliage. A very rapid wood growth is pithy, spongy and comparativelv non -productive of f ruit buds. while very dense foliage prev ents th e fru it f rom coloring well and is fa vorab' ~ to some of the diseases whic h att ack it.
46

Commercial Fertilizers.
Th e use of commerc ial fertilizer s in apple orchards is of unquestioned ben efit an d profit, but their continued us e under a svstem of clean cult ivat ion and without the ad dition of humus i;l th e form of cover crops, manur e, etc., cons ti tu t es abuse and should not be p r ac ticed. It is well enough to apply them when immediate r esults are sou ght, but for p ermanent r esults and soil building, th e gr owt h of th e leguminous cr ops, such as .cowpeas, beans, vetch an d clover for nitrogen , rap e fo r the lib eration of potash in th e soil , rye and oats for humus, is more desirable. Well rotted manure is a sp lendid f ertilizer for young orchards, as is al so hi gh -grad e bon e meal. Bone meal mixed in equal proportions with cot ton seed me al is lik ewis e a good combinat ion for non-bearin g trees. The addition of cotton seed meal to bon e meal gives a som ewhat lower p ercentag e of avail able phosphorus, but ha s the advantage of being considerably cheaper than straight bon e meal. A mixture of th ese tw o materials in equal parts makes an excellent fertilizer for newly set trees. Th e addition of potash to th e fertili zer mak es a bett er mixture for bearing trees, but this elemen t is not so essential to the welfare of trees in their first few years of growth. Commercial fertili zers should have th e three elements. nitrogen , pota sh and phosphorus in proportion t o th e n eeds of the trees, Ground limeston e is ben eficial to appl e trees of all ages and is especially valuabl e in gr owing covel' cr ops whi ch are to be turned under th e soil to make humus. Limeston e al so makes for sound, well matured wood gro wt h an d rich foli age.
F ertilizer formul as arc su bjec t to alterations in the amount of one or more ele me nts according to th e soil deficienci es in th e chemical const it ue n ts they are design ed to su p ply. It is not practi cabl e, because of the gre at variation of individual cases, to fix upon a formula that will be universall y and uniforml y successful , The usc of complete fertili zer s has he en almost entirely supplanted in this Stat e in r ecent years by hi gh grad e hone meal, cotton seed meal , sulp hate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda applied sep arately 01' mixed to meet the n eed s of varying degrees of soil depletion or impoveri shm ent.
Cover Crops.
Under this head in g come th ose or chard cr ops whi ch are sown in the fall and make a winter growth . They are esp ecially beneficial to bearing or chards an d young orchards plan ted in thin or worn soil. The advantages derived from them are sevoral and vital. Th e most important are as follows : the prevention of soil washing , th e addition of organic matter th er eto; improvement of th e ph ysical t exture of th e soil ; liberation of
47

potash ; t he d ir ect fixin g of nitrogen f ro m the all' , as by t he legu mes, etc.
Cove r crops are of t wo classes, leguminou s and non-legu_ min ous, or , in ot her wor ds , th ose whi ch gat her and fix nitrogen directl y f rom the air in th e form of nodules on th e roots, and tho se whi ch do not. Of th e first class. clover' and vetch are notable examples: oats and winter ry e a re th e seco nd.
Selection of Cover Crops.
T he needs of th e soil a nd t r ees determ ine th e ki nd of cover crops to plant. Thin . weak soils deman d a legumin ous crop, one that in cr eases th ei r ni t roge n con tent hy t he d ecay of n it r . gen nodul es an d of th e pl ant fibre it self wh en pl oughed un der. On t he ot her hand , st ro ng lands not deficien t in ni t rogen will he held an d ben efited by winter ry e. Cove r crops of hat h classes sh ou ld be plough ed under in th e curly sp ri ng and not allowed to ripen .
It must be said t hat th e cult ure of covel' cr ops has not thus far been practi ced in Gcorgia orc ha r ds to nnv exten t. Th e suhj eer seems lit tle understood a nd ve ry few attemp ts have been made bv the or cha rd ist t o work ou t the kinds and vari eties whi ch \~:ould he most su ccessful. But th e fact tha t it has not . heen done docs not mea n t hat it cann ot he. nor that it is not high ly d csi r ahle. T he cult u re of cove l' cro ps in oth er app le growing secti ons of t h is coun t ry is general and is r at ed as imperatively necessary . It woul d seem marc desirable in Geor gia . wh ere ap p le lands are so heavily erode d hy th e con tinue d r ains of winter and wh er e humus and nitrogen arc geuernllv and hadlv need ed . Th ere is no r eas on to d oubt t hat cr imso n clover. winter vet ch and sprin g vet ch wou ld not g row well in n orth Georgia orcha r ds if planted at th e ri ght sea son . It is d ecid edl v t o th e interest of a p ple growers to turn th eir attenti on and in terest s to th e gr owing of a su ita ble winter cover crop.
Shade Crops .
A shad e cr op , to a ll int ents a nd pu r poses, IS a cove l' cro p excep t tha t it gro ws in t he summe r sea son . Th onl y cro p of this kind that is gTO \\'Il extensively in thi s Sta te is cowpens. Soj a. bean s and velv et beans hav e been tri ed ou t expc r imen ta llv in a small way and it is prohah lc that th eir use in th e f utu re wil l he ext ensive. At th e p r esent tim e. h owever , cowpe ns is th e prin cip al sha d e cr op f or apple or chards. B esides addin g nitrogen and humus to t he land. leguminous crops of this charact er k eep down excessive h eat in th e soil aIIII lessen th e ha rk sca lding produced on a p ple trees by hi ghly r efl ect ed ligh t a nd hea t from li ght colore d soil.
48

Other Orchard Crops,
All grain cr ops that g ro w to mat urity in youn g orcha rds do so at heavy ex pense to t he trees. T he most injur ious of this class is cor n. It is a heavy sur face feede r, usin g plan t food a nd moistur c in great qu ant iti es. Als o, it qui ckly overto ps youn g tr ('('S. shad ing t hem f r om sunlight an d stunti ng th eir gro wth. Cotton, when grown n ot less than fo ur or five f eet f rom t he tree rows, is not hurtful to t rees and may be profitah ly g rown . Beans and tomatoes also 'a re not har mful t o young trees and th e cult ivation of' th ese cro ps will yield a r evenue whi ch will go a long way to war ds d ef'rnyi ug th e expe nses of a non-hearin g or cha r d.
Pruning,
Th e pruning of apple or cha rd s. while nbsolu tely essenti a l to the dev elopment of shapel y t rees a nd th e producti on of hig h class fr uit , is, unfor tun ately, as a r ule, sa dly neglected , or bad ly done, B eginning with th e pla nti ng of th e tr ee it shou ld he assid uously pra cti ced 1'1'0 111 year to yea r. Pruning is necessa 1',\ ' for formative purposes : to g row larger and fineI' f r uit; to keep the tree wit hin propel' limits; to promot e ease and efficiency in sprayi ng, cult iva ting, harvesting, etc .
The su bject of pruning is a wid e one and ca nnot he dealt with, excep t in a rudim entary manner , in this B ull etin. Th e live grower will ma ke it a st udy in a personal an d specific way , acqua inti ng himself with the hah its of growt h of vari eti es and pruni ng each tree acco rding to it s indiv idua l r equ ir emen ts.
As an exa mp le, he will take a tree f rom it s transf er to th e orchard as a one-yea I' old t o hearin g age. When set in th e orchard th e top of th e young tree is cut off to a heigh t of fro m 18 to 2-:1- in ches. F'r om the shoots wh ich sta rt out f rom th e st uh select three or fou r which aJ'C distributed at equal distances about the circ umfe re nce, Th ese t hree 01 ' four br an ches should not arise from a common point on th e trunk, hu t shou ld he stagger ed about it , If th is effect is obta in ed the liabi lity of th e main limbs to breaka ge in after vear s, at th e point wh er e th ey join t he trunk. is gr eatly r edu ced. After pro curing t he rcq uisite number of ri ghtly pla ced limb s, r emove all other g rowt h. allowing only t he selected l imbs to grow t he first yea r T he idea is t o get th e f rame work of what event ually will he a low. open-headed or modified vase-s ha p ed tree, though this fo r m of prunin g will have to he mo dified in some vari eti es becau se of th eir in herent p eculiarities of growth, or wh olly aba ndoned in favor of th e pyram id , or cent ra l shaft, type. Most varieti es lend th emselves r ead ily to th e for mation of a semi-vas e type, whi ch is gener ally ' r egarded supe r ior to other types, all th ings conside red .
49

A t the en d of the first season's g rowth cu t ba rk the branches

to stubs 12 to 14 inches long. F ro m the bran ches ar ising f r om

th ese st ubs the f ollowing season remove all those which grow in

su ch a way as to tend to close the vas e-shape form : Most of the

lat erals fr om thes e stu bs shou ld come f ro m th e bu ds 0 11 th e

outside.

After the secon d yea r, prunin g should he checked somewhat

an d heavy heading-in should be avoided , because of the exces-

sive lat eral gr owth produced by bobbing ter minal gro wth.

Winter pruning may he done at any time af ter th e trees become

dormant, preferably in the earlv sp r ing befor e growt h is

ren ew ed , for the r eason that the amputated li mbs are less likelv

to suffer f r om" die-back. "



M an y mistakes in for ma tive pruning hav e been mad e by

Georgia gr owers , not th e least of whi ch is the long sh anks, called

by some "mule-t ail s, " or naked lim bs from trunks to t he firs t

lat eral growth. This makes a vet'y un sightly. top-h eavy tree,

very su sceptibl e to sun-scald -

.

Cultivation.
That the apple is a clea n cu ltu re cr op in its most p roductive an d profitable form would seem to afford no argum ent. Cultivation of t he soil aids in th e liber ati on of p lan t food, conserv es moisture, improves th e physical textu re, etc- No matter how ri ch in pl ant food ch emicals th e soil may be, its ri chn ess is locked up and u seless if the soil is ha r d and baked and lu mpy. Tillage fines th e soil, in cr eases it s depth, hold s moistur e an d adds humus.
D eep pl oughin g obvi ousl y is ont of th e qu esti on after th e orchard is est ablished, but it may be pra cti ced in the tree ro w middles sev er al years after pl an tin g. Th e top soil in some of our exte nsive appl e-growin g secti ons is sha llow and the clay sub-soil hard an d impenetrable t o ra in . B y breaking up this water r esistant clay to a considerable dep th it catches and hold s r ains to better adv antage, conservi ng moistur e and yi elding it up graduall y f or long periods in seasons of drouth. Th e hard pan beneath t he thi n top soil is comp ar able to a boar d beari ng a few in ches of loose soil. H eav y rains first saturate th e top soil an d th en, not bein g able to enter th e hard su r face beneath , the wat er runs off, sweeping th e loose soil with it.
Cult ivation of bearing or chards should be ligh t . No or chard should ever be worked when th e soil is wet. Disc an d spr ingtooth harrows giv e heavi er draft th an smoothing harrows or drags and are suitabl e for u se in ear ly su mmer. Th e lighter type is u sed mainly to conserve moistur e, hence is inten ded mor e to break up capillary action in the soil and to produce a dust mu lc h-
50

GEORGIA DEALERS IN SPRAY MATERIALS.

Below is given a partia l list of Georgi a d eal ers who ha n d le

insr ct icid es suc h as lim e sulphur, atom ic su lp h u r, arsen at e of

It.a f. Black L eaf 40 , et c. Most ins ecti cid es need ed in sma ll

qu ant iti es fo r t he hom e ga rd en or f or hu it t r ees in th e ya r d .

('un he p urchased f1'0111 local d ru g stn rr-s.

'

AT A~T A , GA .
H. G. H ast in gs Co.
Letton -D eFoor.
J a cobs Phar macy Co.
Geo rg ia n P harmaca l Co.

C (!R;-';E l. f. \ . G.\ F . C. l'eel. ' V. R. Finch. Cor ne h u H a rdware Co.

A CGu STA, G.\.
x. r, ,\Vill r l Seed Co.

F'I' . VA LL EY . GA .
Green-Mi ller Co-
Southern Brokerage Co,
J . " "T. W oolf olk.

B ALDWI N , GA .
W. A. Sho r e.

TH O:lJ,I SVIL LE. GA .
R. T homas.

Georgia Dealers in Spray Machinery .
The fo llo wing is 11 p artia l list of G eorgia d ea lers who h a ndl e spraying ma chin ery. Kn a psa ck sprayer s, bucket pumps and oth er a p para tus f or use in ga rdens and ahout th e hom e g r ound s ra n usu all y be purchased 1'1'0111 local har d wa r e dea lers , 0 1' ca n he ordered t hrough t h em.

ATLAN'I'A, GA.
Beck & Gr egg. ' Crumley-S ha rp. I
Dinkins-David son . Th e Dunn Mach inery Co. Fairbanks, Morse & Co . T he Gou lds Mfg. Co . Fulton Su pply Co. Kin g H ar d w ar e CO.

CORN EL IA, GA .
W . R. Finch. F . C. N ee!.
FT. V ALL EY, GA.
Green -Mille r Co-
So u the rn Brokerage CoSou t h er n' Orch a r d Supply Co .

ALBANY, GA.

xr

G

Alba n y Fa rm M ach in erv Co ,\ AeON, A.

'c;-parIcs' 11a rn1ware C. o, " . Will iams Mfg. Co.

COLUMBlJS, GA.
Phill ip s Ha r d ware Co.

SAVANNAH, GA .
H eidt-H azlehu r st n a . Co.

51

CONT E NT S

COXDE:'-i SE D SPRAY SCHEDULE F OR APP L E S______________ 2

INTRODUCTION

3

CODLING MOTH

4

SAJ.~ JOSE SCALE ---- ------------- ------- -----

10

AP P LE TR E E APHID S

17

Apple Woolly A phis

Ii

Gr een Appl e-Leaf Aphis

20

Rosy Apple-Leaf Aphis

23

CURCU LIO - - - - -- - --- ---- -- - - --- - - - -- -- - - ---
APPLE TRE E BORERS R ound Hea de d A pp le Tr ee B or er Plat H eaded Apple Tree Borer

---_

24

26

27 28

BITTE R ROT

29

APPLE SCAB

3:!

CEDAR RUST

34

APPLE L EAF SPOT

36

BLIGHT _

__

__

______

___ 37

APPLE CROWN GALL

39

SPRAYING MACHINERY AN D ACCESSORIES __________________ 4 1 NO TES ON CARE AND MAN AGE ME N T OF APPLE ORCH ARDS __ 44 GEORGIA DE AL E RS IN SPRAY MAT ERI ALS AND MACHIN E HY 51

- Georgia

State Board of Entom~logy

-
BULLETIN 55

MAY 1919

ANNUAL REPORT
OFTHE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1918
BY
A. C. LEWIS
State Entomologist

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTO MO LOG Y.
ORGAN IZAT ION AN D STA FF.
I-ION. J . J . BROWN, Cha ir ma n , Com m ission er of Ag ricu lt ure, Atlanta .
I-ION. R. C. BlDRCK1\IANS, Ma con .
I-ION. JN O. A. COBB, Am er icus .
~\ . C. LEWI S, Sta te Entomologis t a nd Secretary o f th e Board , Atlan ta.
W. W. CH AS E, Assistant State E nto mologist , Cornelia.
W. V. REED , Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta .
IRA W . WIL1...I:\ 1\I8, Cotto n Sp ecialist, Thomasvill e.
(In Ch a r ge of Va ldosta a nd T h om a svill e Stat io n s )
C. A. McLEN DON , Expert in Cotton Breeding , At la n ta .
W. F. T URNER, Assistant E nto mo logist, Atlanta.
D. C. WARREN, Ass istan t E nto mo logist, Valdosta.
D. C. NEAL, P la nt Pathologist, T ho masville.
B. 1\1. GADDI S, Superintendent Valdosta Station, Va ldos ta .
W. H. LEONARD, Superintendent Thomasville Station, T homas ville.
J . C. MANESS, Field Agent, Atlan ta.
A. J . FLEMING, F ield Age nt, Thomasville.
J. H . PRE S SLEY, Fi eld Ag en t, Valdosta .

ANNUALREPORT OF THE STATE ENTMOLOGIST
FOR 1918
To the Honorable Members of th e Georgia State Boar d of E nto mo logy a n d the General Assem bly :
1 ha ve t he h on or as State Ento mo logist t o submit h erewith a deta iled sta tement of t he r eceipts and expedit ures an d a report u pon t he work of the Department of E nto-
mology for mis.
Th e personnel of th e st aff has undergone a n um ber of chan ges d uri ng t h e year. 1\11'. E. L. Worsham resigned a s Stat e E ntomologist in January, hi s r esi gnation to t ak e effect t he fu s t o f February. T he present in cumbent was elected Acti ng Sta te E n to mologist in hi s pla ce a nd la t er Sta t e E nto mologist.
Mr . \Y. W . Chase wa s electe d Assistant State E ntomo logist for th e r emainder of t h e year. .
There were oth er minor cha nges in th e office sta ff a s fo llows : Mr. W. F . T urner, Assistant Entomologist, stationed at -T'homasville Sta tio n, r esigned th e first of Septemb er. Mr. TUl'I1 er had been in ch a r ge of t he dusting experim ents a t Va ldo sta for t h e cont rol of the bo ll weevil. In order tha t t he work m ight not be stopped altogether he worked a few days in September. In Dec ember h e was elected to th e position of Assistant E nto mo logist a nd ente r ed u pon h is duties again wi th the Board Decembe r 15th.
Miss Annie Sharp, who has been con nected with the Depart men t for a number of years a s artist, res igned J uly 1st , on account of ill h ea lt h . Miss Sharp's se rv ices a s a rtis t ha ve b een of va luable assistance t o t h e Departm ent and she ha s done much good wo rk.
Miss Annie Crayton r esig ned he r positio n as stenographer a t the T homasville Station Oct obe r 20th, a n d Miss In ez Williams succ eed ed h er .
A. M. T urn er, wh o wa s secre ta ry and book k eeper , r esigne d December 31st . W. L. Neese wa s elected to fill h is position, a n d in order to bec ome familia r with t he work of t he Departmen t , began h is duties December 15th.
3

Mrs . James K. Jordan was connected with the Department from January 1st to May 31st.
Miss Ma dge Sewell was employed as assistant ste no graphe r from November 18th to J a nua ry 31st.
The personnel of the staff, with these exce pti ons , remains unchanged , as fo llows:
W. V. R eed, Assistant E ntomologist, Ira W. 'Williams, Cotton Sp ecialist, C. A. McLendon , Expert in Cott on Breeding, \V. H . Leo nard, Superintendent Thomasville Station, B. M, Gad dis , Sup erin tendent Va ldosta Station, .T. C. Manes s , Field Agent, A. .T. Fleming, Field Age nt, lUI's. \V. A. Ma guire, Sten ographer. All t he m embers of th e Staff and t he office force ha ve r endered very efficie nt se rvice and have worked to gether for th e best welfare of t he De pa r t me nt. Lieuten ant C. G. Crittende n, Plant Pathologist, wh o was granted an idefin it e lea ve of ab sen ce to serve his co untr y in th e Army and who was s ent over-s ea s , was kill ed in action October 2n d, I fl1 8. Hi s death wa s keen ly r egretted a nd a Memorial t o his m emory is in serted in this Report.
WORK CONDUCTED BY THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD
OF ENTOMOLOGY.
The work con duc ted by the Georgia State Board of E ntomol ogy this year may be classified as follows :
1. Nursery a n d othe r in sp ection work 2. Enforcement of qu arantine r egulations. 3. Sw eet potato weevi l. 4. Work on a pple a nd pea ch in sects a nd diseases. 5. Ga rden a n d truck crop in sects and diseases. 6. Cott on breed ing. 7. Cotton variety t ests. 8. Cotton boll weevil t ests.
n. Dus ti ng to cont ro l t he boll weevil.
10. Work at Thom a svill e and Valdosta Stations. 11. Citrus Canker. 12. Publications.
NURSERY AND OTHER INSPECT ION WORK.
During the ye a r 103 nurseries were ins pected a nd cer tificates granted,- list of t hese is appended.
The nursery in sp ection work requires a good deal of time, a s the nurseri es are sca ttere d a ll ove r the State. T h is work,
4

if thoroughly performed, r equir es much time and att ention in order to determine wh ether any injurious in sects or plant diseases are present in the nurseries. In every ca se wh ere t he San Jose Scale is found t he infested trees are destroyed a nd a re-inspection made before a ce r tifica t e is granted. On account of th e sweet potato weevil bein g present in one county in Georgia other states have a dopted quarantine regulations against Georgia in r egard to the sweet potato weevil. Beca use of these r egulations it has become ne cessary to in sp ect the premises of all parties desiring to ship swe et potatoes , sweet potato plants , c uttings and tub ers from Georg ia in to other sta tes. This has necessitated a good deal of work. During t h e sea son of 1915-Hlln 134 premises were exa m ine d and swee t potato cer t ifica tes granted . A list of th es e is a ppended.
All foreign sh ipme nts of plants into th e Sta te are inspected upon arrival for th e gy psy moth a nd other in jurious pla nt disea ses. T hi s ye a r on ly 1.1 n urs eries re ce ived foreign shipments-these shipm ents contained 51, 437 plants. No dangerous in s ects 0 1' plant disea ses were found on an y of the sh ipme nts . A list of th e firm s receivin g these shipments, together with th e point of origin, is appended. The inspecti on of t his fo r eign stock is very important so as to prev ent the introduction into th e State fr om th ese foreign countries of a ny dang er ou s in sects 0 1' plant diseases.
A number of apple and peach orc ha rds were inspected at th e owners' r equest a nd advice giv en on th e co ntr ol of the insect s 0 1' diseases found in th e orc ha r ds . Many pri vate grounds, in the city of Atlanta and ot he r citi es, and in differ en t cou nties, were in sp ect ed at the owners' request a nd method s given for controlling th e pest found to be pr esent. Many cott on fields are inspected each summer fo r the boll ' weevil, cotton wilt, and other in sect s and plant dis eases.
ENFORCEMENT OF QUARANT IN E REGULATIONS.
The quarantine regulations the Board now enforces are: 1. Those in r egard to th e shipments of nursery st ock in the State, and that fr om ot he r states a n d foreign cou ntries in to Georgia. 2. The r egula ti ons in regard to th e bo ll weevil and cotto n products from infested sections. 3. The pin e blister rust. 4. Citrus Canker. 5. The sweet potato weevil. The r ules and regulations in regard to t he sweet potato
5

weevil were made in February, 191 8, the sweet pota to
weevil (C ylas forrnicarius Oliv.) having previously heen
found in the Southern part of Cha r lton Co u nty, so uth of
t he G. S. &; F. Railwa y. T hi s sectio n of Char lto n Co u nty
wa s q uara nti ne d a nd s h ipm ent s of sweet pota toes, s weet
pota to plants , cuttings, t ube rs, m orning glory vines and
roots, from t his se cti o n to ot he r sectio ns of Georgia, were
proh ibit ed except o n a s pecial cer ti fica te. .A qu a ranti ne
was al so pla ced up on t h e s hipmen t of s weet pota toes , etc. ,
into t he S ta te fr om any sta te infested by t h is w eev il. We
a re pleased to ann ou n ce t ha t t his in sect ha s n ot s prea d to a ny other co un ty in Geo rg ia so far a s we a r e aware, and a
very careful in specti o n has been mad e of all th e s urro undin g counties .
In co- opera ti on 'wit h the Bureau of Entomology, Wa shin gton, D. C., and th e Plant Cro p P est Commission of Flor ida eff or ts ' are bein g made to exter min a te this weevil if possib le.
Ev ery year som e n ew in sect or plant disease is discov ered s omewhere in the State, or in the s ur ro un ding sta tes, a gainst which \\'e h a ve to quarantine. Next ye a r it will probably be necessary to promulgate quarantine regulati ons in r egard to chestn ut blight which occurs in several stat es , and also th e nematod e, 01' ee lworm disease of wheat. This has been found in one coun t y in th e Sta t e, J a ckson , and is also kn own to be pres ent in sev eral o t he r st a t es,
APPLE AND PEACH IN SECT S AND DISEASES.
Spraying and dusting experim en ts were conducted by W. W. Chase, Assistant State Entomologist, for the control of the principal in sects and diseases attacking apples and peaches . The dusting experim ents on apple insect s a nd diseases will have to be co nducted another year or more before any: defi nite recommendations can be given. The dusting expe rim ent s on peach es were conducted at F ort Valley, a nd, a s a whole, w ere very satisfactory. In some cases, however, the cureulic was not very well controlled and further ex pe r iments w ill have to be conducted to determin e jus t what m ixture sh ou ld be used to giv e t h e best result s. Circular No . 24 "Helpful H ints on Dustin g P eaches" by W . W . Chase, issued January, 1918 , sets forth our recommendations in r egard to th e dusting of peach es.
6

GARD EN AND TRUCK CROP INSECTS AND DISEASES.
The work on gar de n a nd t r uc k cro p ins ects a nd disea se s has been co nd ucted by Ass ista nt E ntomo log ist \V. V. R eed . Th e t ruck cro p sect ions a ro und Savannah , M acon, Atl a n ta a nd Augusta were visited and instruction s give n in r egard to th e co nt ro l of diff erent in sects a nd disea ses .
MOSA IC DISEASE OF PEPPERS.
Sp rayin g ex per iments were co nd ucted on th e co ntro l o f th is disease by \ V. V. R eed at E xper im ent, Ga ., on t h e farm of S. D. Ri egel. In t hese exper ime nt s Bla ck Leaf 40 was used to cont ro l pla nt lice and to preven t t he spre a d of t h e disease. T he sprayin g exper ime nts were appreciably successful , hu t it proved to be very diffi cult to spray t he plan ts thoroughly eno ugh in th e field t o des troy a ll th e plant lice. It is now gen erally admitted t hat in sects, es pe cially plant lice, spre ad t hi s disease fro m plant to plant. It is a lso supposed th at th e disease lives oy er winter on se vera l species of peren nial pla nt s , such as polk weed a nd others su sceptihle to atta ck. All such pla nt s in close proxim ity to field s sh oul d he dest ro yed a s a precauti onary m ea sure. It is believed t hat by keeping t he plant s fre e fro m in sects in th e seed hed t h e loss fr om th e diseas e could be largely prevented, Experiments a lo ng this line will he conducted n ext year.
COTTON BREEDING.
The cotton breeding work now being conduc te d by th e Department is along three gen eral lin es : 1st. To im prove th e wilt re sistant var ieties t hat h a ve al ready been developed by th e Department; 2nd. Breed ing and im pr ovin g an early strain of Sea Is land cotton; 3rd . T o improve varieties of cotton specia lly well adapted t o ce nt ral and north Georgia.
In so ut h Ge orgia breeding work on th e wilt r esistant varieti es is being conducted by th e Sta t e Entomologist at DeSoto, Lumpkin a n d Vienna. At DeSoto 200 individ ua l selections were made a nd seed was saved from four rows a nd five in cr ea se plots for planting n ext year. Th es e selections were made from th e Lewis 63, Council Toole a n d DeSoto wilt resistant varieties . At Ca iro breeding work on th e Dlx-Aflfi, a lon g st a ple upl and wilt resistant variety, is
7

being continued, a special effort being made to produce a type of this cotton with a more uniform length of lint.
Ira \V. Williams and W. H . Leonard are breeding several of the wilt resistant strains at the Thomasville Station. They are also continuing the breeding work on velvet beans which was be gun by C. G. Crittenden several y ears ago. Some of th es e hybrids are very promising and it is hoped within a few years to have them for distribution.
In eastern and north Geor gia C. A. McLendon is conducting breeding t ests in 15 counties with 22 co-operators. In this work 220 individual selections were made and planting se ed was saved from 10 rows, S mass selections and 12 increase plots, r epres enting t en varieties of cotton .
At. Vienna a n ew hybrid was t ested out in a small increa s e plot. It r esisted wilt dis ease verywell and made a good yield. This is a cr oss between the l\Iodella and H alf and Half, and is ca lle d H endley's Ch oice.
The breedin g work on the Sea Island cotton, which is being con ducted at Valdosta by Ira \Y. Williams and B. M. Gaddis, is g iving very g ood r esults and sev eral early s t ra ins have be en dev eloped . On e of th ese s t rains, No. :3:3, th is season was very ea rl y, prolific, and mad e a small st a lk , and this strain will be t est ed again on- a larger sca le . W e hope in a few years to h ave seed of this st rain for distribution.
COTTON VARIETY TESTS.
Th e foll owing variety t ests w ere con d uct ed by th e St ate Entomologi st:
Am ericus (Sumter County) Ul vari eties , Brunswick (Glynn Cou n t y ) ID va r ie ties, Lumpkin (Stewart County) 20 varieties , Vienna (Dooly Cou nty ) 15 varieties.
C. A. Mcl.endon conducted variety tests at the following points:
Atlanta (Fulton County) G3 varieties, Cornelia (Habersham County) 4 varieties , Culverton (Hancock County) IS varieties, Rome (Floyd Cou n ty ) 10 varieties, Waynesboro (Burk e County) 15 varieties . In addition to the above t ests a variety t est of 4S varieti es was con ducted at th e Thomasvill e Station by Ira W. Williams and W. H . Leonard. A co m p lete report upon these t ests, with the ex ce pti on o f th e one at Thomasville, is g ive n in our Bulletin No. 52 Cotton Variety T ests l!HS. We are now making a special effort to assist as many
S

farmers as possible in th e improvement of their cotton. To encourage them to make individual and mass selections the Department now maintains a sm a ll gin at Atlanta and Thomasville with which to gin th es e individual a nd mass selections . Our co-operative cotton bre eders and g rowe rs are assisted in making individu al s elections, a nd in structions given in r egard to mak ing mass selections . The seed cotto n from eve ry in dividual se lection is weigh ed, gin ne d, and the se ed weighed, and then the percentage of lint det ermined. The percentage of lint produced by th e mass se lecti ons is al so determined. At the Atlanta offic e 327 sin gle stalk selec ti ons were r ec eived from 20 Individuals and 15 others se nt in mass se lec tions .
At the Thomasville Station on e hundred and fifty sing le stalk sel ections were ginned which were se nt in by fourteen parties, and eigh t mass selections from three others, were ginned.
COTTON WILT AND COUNTY BOLL WEEVIL TESTS.
For the past t en years th e Geo rgia State Board of E nto mo logy has been distributing their wilt resistant cotton seed to th e farmers in Georgia in th e counties wh ere cotton wilt has been doing more or les s damage. At first only a few hundred bu shels of wilt r esistant seed were sent ou t ea ch ye a r, but for th e past foul.' 01' five years from two to four th ou sand bu sh els of wilt r esistant cotton s eed were distributed. The Board decid ed la st year that this meth od of g ettin g wilt resistant seed distributed over th e State was co sting too m uch fo r the res ults se cured, he nce another pla n of dis tributing t he seed ha s been adopted. In brief this m et hod is as fo llows: The Board has em ployed th re e m en who are known a s Field Age nts. They visit th e different coun ti es and in each county select on e 01' t wo men to conduct these tests, to whom, fre e of cos t , five to ten bush els of cotton seed are furn ish ed . In th e cou nti es where th e cotton wilt is present th e seed of on e of the wilt resi stant strains is furnish ed . The main wilt r esistant strains of which seed has been sent out are th e Lewis 63, Council-Toole, and DeSoto.
In the counties where t he bo ll weev il is prese nt, but whe re t he wilt disea se does not exist, seed is se nt out of a va riety which we believe will do we ll for that country under hall weevil co ndi tio ns . Furthe r n or th in Geo rgia where th e boll weevil ha s not yet appeared seed is furnishe d of a variety which, according to our judgem ent , is we ll adapted to that county, our op inion be ing based upon our observa -
9

tions, experien ce, and variety t ests co ndu cted in that section of th e State. This year we co nduc te d work of this nature in 124 cou nties. Th es e t ests a re of great va lue t o ea ch county, a s w e hop e in th is way t o find out which variety of cotton is bes t ad apted t o th at secti on . \Ve furnish "t he best seed we can procure of th e va r iet y se lected . This seed is usuall y grown by some on e with wh om we have been working for a nu mb er of yea rs, a nd is wh at is known as pedigreed seed. That is , it ca me origin all y fr om one sta lk of co tto n whi ch wa s se lec te d for it s goo d qu aliti es , s uc h as ear liness, productiveness, a nd diseas e r esistan ce. By furni shing one or t\VO m en in a co u nty five to t en bu sh els of this pedi greed seed th e party ma y g row eno ugh cotto n to be able t o save pure seed, and in a year or two pla nt hi s whole farm in t his va riety, if he s o desires. He ca n in this way become a so u rce fr om which the farmers of that co mm u nity may purch a se go od seed which ha s been gro wn in their co u n try. We are makin g a specia l effort to in struct each of these m en h ow t o impro ve co tto n by se lec ti on and al so t o impress up on th em the value and importance of pure s eed . This will ena ble th em not on ly to keep the variety of cotton up to it s pr esent hi gh standa r d, hut to improve it st ill fu rthe r by co nti n ue d selection .
In the boll weevil sect ion spec ia l in structions are given in r egard to fighting the boll weevil, thes e m en visiti ng the farms eve ry m onth during the gr ow ing sea son to see th a t our in struction s a re ca rried out. We hope in th is wa y to prove to the cotton gro we rs in the boll weevil sectio n th a t cotto n ma y be gro wn s uccess fully a nd profitably und er boll weevil con dit ions if t he ri ght kind of a fight is m ad e on th e boll weevil and pedi greed seed plant ed of a variet y well a dapted t o th at sectio n.
DUSTING EXPERIMENTS FOR CONTROL OF BOL L
WEEVIL.
Extensiv e du sting expe rime nts wer e co nducted this yea r at Valdosta (on Sea Island cotto n ) by W. F. Turner for the cont ro l of boll weevil. Arsena te of lead, ca lcium arsena te a n d Lazal were us ed at different percentages, to gether with sulphu r and lim e. T en different plots, each con sisting of one acre, were dusted fr om one to five times. The fir st application of du st wa s applied June 18th a nd the la st a pplica ti on made September Dth. On e plot du sted three times July 2nd, 9th and Ifith yielded :i07 pounds of seed cotton. Anothe r plot du sted four times Augus t 15th , 23r d, September 2nd
10

and nth yielded 359 pounds of seed cotton, while th e che e k plot yielded 265 pounds seed cotton. These figures seem to indicate that the late dustings gave better results th an th e early dustings. The r esults on the other plots in th e experim ent were somewhat conflicting and hen ce we ca n no t from these expe ri m ent s, make a ny conclus ions or re comIlll:'ndations in r egard to dustin g for th e con tr ol of th e boll weevil. We believe, however, th at this is a promising line of work which may give valuable r esu lts if it can be continu ed on a la r ge scale for a se ries of ye ars. P lans have already been made to con duc t th ese exp eriments next season on a much la r ger scale and we hope in another year to be ab le to make some more definite statements r elative to the con tro l of th e boll weevil by dustin g.
STATIONS AT THOMASVILLE AND VA LDOSTA.
The wo rk on th e Stations a t Thomasvill e and Valdosta under th e direction of Ir a W. Williams, assisted by W. H. Leona r d and B. M. Ga ddis, has been of great value to th e cotton growe rs of Geor gia . At Thomasville th ere are bein g conducted a number of exper ime nt s on gr owing cotton un der boll weevil conditions on land infected with cotton wilt and nematode worms. Thes e expe r ime nt s are briefly a s follows : A variety, fertilizer, and distance test; a sytem of rotation for the elimination of th e nematode worm from the soil ; a nd exper ime nt s on cotton anthracn ose and lea f spot, or bla ck ann. At the Va ldosta Station, which is devoted entirely to Sea Is land cotton, th e work has been mainly breeding up an early wilt r esistant strain of Sea Island cott on that can be gr own profitably under bo ll weevil conditions. Fertilizer, distan ce tests, etc. , are conducted covering the same points as those on short cotton at Thoma sville. The r esults already secured from the experiments on cotton breeding are very en couraging, an early strain of Sea Island, No. 24, having been secured , which we hope to dev elop so that it ca n be grown with profit under bo ll weevil and wilt conditions. When next year's experiments are completed at Thomasville and Va ldosta a hulletin will be published giving in detail the results secured at these Stations.
CITRUS CANK ER.
The work on the elimination of cit r us can ker in co-operation with the Fed eral Horticultural Board and the U. S. Bu -
11

reau of Plant Industry has been completed. The Federal Horticultural Board terminated their work in Georgia th e first of July, 1918, as they considered the State was now free from citrus canker. During the fa ll are-i nsp ecti on was made of a ll points in the State where citrus canker hall been found- during the last" eig ht ee n months, in order to determine if there w ere any re-infections at th es e points whe re the diseased trees had been destroyed. This work wa s done by W. V. Reed , Assistant Entomologist. Alto ge ther 2G points in 21 cou nties were re-inspect ed with nega tive results. A close wa t ch , however, will be k ept in the future for any recurrence of this disease at these, or other points in the State where cit r us trees are grown . By means of t his re-insp ection ea ch year and the enforcem ent of our quarantin e regula ti ons on citrus stock we hope to be ab le to ke ep this disesae out of the State.
INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE YEAR.
T he common insects that occur ever y year, such a s potato beetle, etc., appeared in their usual numbers and wh ere propel' methods were used for their control at the r igh t tim e no appreciable damage occurred. T hrough bulleti ns and circulars iss ued by the Department the farmers and fruit growers are becoming more familiar with the proper m et hods of co ntrolling these com mon insect s. The cowpea pod weevil were quite com mo n in many pla ces on cotto n, but did no material damage. The corn bill bug was se n t in from Brooks and Lowndes Counties where they did considera ble damage to ea rly cor n. A se r ious outbreak of grasshoppers occurred on t he fa rm of H. H. Arrington, Rome, Ga., ' but they were successfully controlled by th e poison bran mash now us ually r ecom mended for the control of g rasshopper s. The tobacco flea beetle (Epitrix parvyea) did considerable damage to tobacco on the plantation of the American-Sumatra Tobacco Co., Amsterdam, Ga. This outbreak occurred so late in the season that no experimen ts could be conducted for its control. A close watch will be kept for a n outbreak ofthis in sect next yea r a nd experiments will be conducted for its control.
The Hessian Fly of wheat occurred in H enry a nd Coweta cou n ties doin g considerable damage.
Two new ins ect s were discovered for the first time in Geo rgia . One of t hese, gro un d pearls, a species of Margarodes, was sent in from Chula, Ga., and reported as being quite n umerous in t he soi l. T he other, Chyrsanthemum
12

l\iidge (Diart hrono myia hypoga ea ) wa s found on ch rysanth emum plants in the greenhouse of A. C. Oelschig & Son, Savannah . This m id ge was apparently intr oduced in t o Georgia fr om sh ipments of chrysant hem u m plants from Indiana.
A species of springta ils occu rred in la r ge numbers at di fferent s po ts o n th e so il a t Om ega in Tift Co un ty.
Early a n d Late Bli ght caus ed co nsiderable dama ge to Irish potatoes in no rth a n d south Geo rgia where t he potatoes were n ot pro pe rly spread with th e Bordeaux mi xtur e.
Anthracn os e of r ye (Co lletot rich um cer eale ) OCCUlTed in seyeral co unties doing co n side ra ble dama ge a n d r educing th e crop of rye. Wheat scab (Fusarium culmor um) occurred in north Georgia in several co unties, but did n ot do mu ch dama g e. In north Geo rgia several co r n disea ses were found a nd in so m e places these did co ns iderable da mage a nd r educed t he yield ve ry m ateriall y. These disea s es were ma in ly a Fusarium ear -rot of co r n that wa s found to he quite co m mo n a ro un d E llijay a nd Blue R idge, and t he physod erma disea se of cor n wh ich occu rred at different sections in Georgia.
Gins eng Blig ht (Alt ernarea pan a x) OCCUlTed on gi nseng at a number of points in n orth Georg ia a n d did con side rable dama ge.
Th e diseases of peach es a n d a pples do not a s a r ule ca use an y se r io us in jury now, as sp rays fo r their cont r ol are usu all y em ployed by a ll t h e fruit gro wers. Th e bitter rot of a pples wa s , however , unusuall y severe a n d did co nsiderabl e damage in n orth Geo rgia to ce r tain var ieties that are ra th er s us ceptible t o this disea se.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED.
The follow ing publicatio ns wer e iss ued:
BULLETINS.
No. 4D- Pecan In sect s and Diseases , W. F . Turner, C. S . Spooner and C. G. Cr ittende n.
No. 50-Cotton Va riety Tests, A. C. Lewis a n d C. A. Mcl.en do n .
No. 51-A nn ual R ep ort Stat e E nt omol ogi st, E. L. Worsha m.
CIRCULARS.
No. 24- He lpf ul H ints on Dusting P eaches, W. W. Chase .
13

No. 25- -Boll Weevil Quarantine Regulations , E. L. Worsham.
No. 26-Ma in ta ining th e Purity of Cotton Seed, C. A. l\IcLendon.
No. 27-Quarantine Regulation s Regarding Sweet P otato Weevil, A. C. Lew is.
No. 28- F'a cts of Interest About the Georgia State Board of Entomologv, A. C. Lew is.
PRESS BULLET INS.
No . l - Conunon Insect s a nd Disea ses of Irish Pota toes,
.v. C. Lewi s.
NO.2-Service of fered th e Fanners and Orch ardists by th e Georgia Sta te Board of Entomo logy, A. C. Lewis.
Through the Western Newspaper Union plate matter on t he foll owing suhjects wa s furnish ed to mo st of th e county papers :
Lookout for th e Army Worm. Control of th e Cotton Red Spider . Cont rol of th e Hessian Fl y. Serv ices Rendered hy t he Board and Bulletins Available for Free Distribution . Present Distrihutiou of the Bo ll Weevil In Georgia .
In addition to this plate matter sh or t articles on timely subjects were given to different newspapers from time to time a s the occasion demanded.
DAMAGE CAUSED BY BOLL WEEVI L.
The progress of t he bo ll weevil in north Georgia has been very slow but gra dual since 1916. The map ap pended shows the northern limit of the boll we evil in Geor gia in 1918. The extent of the t erritory cove re d by the boll weevil was determined by the State Board of Entomology in coop eration with th e Bureau of E nto m olog y. This line runs a cr oss th e State almost exactly a s it did la st year.
The damage to co tt on by the boll weevil last year was ve r y heavy in a number of counties in the southern part of the State, where they h a d a large amount of rain in July a nd Augus t. In some counties the yie ld of cotton wa s redu ced at leas t 50% by the boll weevil. It may be said, however , that the farmers are now becoming more fa m iliar with t he best m ethod s of gro wing cotton under boll weevil
14

conditions and that goo d yie lds of cot to n were mad e in many cou nties, under boll weevil con ditions, in south Geor gia . Man y of our t est plots yield ed a hale of co tton pel' a cre und er boll weevil and wilt co n diti ons where our instructions were followed.
Th e da mage to cro ps in Georgia by in sects and diseas es ea ch yea r is larger than it should be. This loss, how ever, is growin g less and less every year as t he peopl e a re hecom ing more famili al' with th e proper m eth od s of fighting a nd cont ro lling insect pests and plant diseases.
It is safe t o sa y with out doubt t ha t throu gh th e effor ts of t he Georgia State Board o f E ntomology in one wa y a nd a nother the State is sa ved many t im es wha t is a ppro pr luted to th e Depa rtment. An eff or t is bein g mad e hv th e Geo rgia Sta te Board of E ntom ology to car ryo n exp er iments an d ot h er wo rk tha t will he of va lua ble a ssist a n ce to the fanners , truck a nd fru it g ro we rs of th e State. T h is yea r our staff wa s not a s com plet e a s it sho uld h av e hee n on a ccount of th e la ck of fund s , and so we were so m e wh a t handicapped in conducting th e work of th e Departm ent. An h on est effort wa s m a de, ho wever, t o co nduc t t he Departmen t in a n efficie nt a nd econom ica l \\"a y so as to se r ve a s many peopl e a s pos sible.
We beli eve th e ser vice s rendered by t he Georg ia Sta te Board of E nto mc logv are bein g appreciated m ore and more each ye a r. The Legisla ture, la st summ er , u po n th e s howing made to th e Executive Comm ittee and Com mittee on Appropriations gran te d th e Department a n in cr ease of $10,000 in th e appropriation fo r next yea r . With this in crease we are plannin g to en la rge ou r force a nd thus he better a ble to take ca r e of the g ro wing dem and s mad e up on the Dep urtm en t .

GEORGIA NURSER IES . ( 1918 -1 919)

Following is a list of th e Geo rgia nurseri es inspected for th e 1!l1 S-1!HD se aso n:

Ce r t . No . N a m e
84- Ac \\"or t h N urs ery 95-A ns ehutz. Mr s . C. L . . ll- Ashford P a r k N u rser ies [l3_Ba co n . G. M . P e ca n Gr ove Nu r sery GI- Ba con tc n Nu r so rv aQ--Ba r nesvill e N u rs e ry Co. .. 19- - Ba lTO\\' Co un t y N u r s er y

Addr ess
Ac wo rt h. Ga . .Dec a t ur, Ga . At la n tu , Ga . .Dewit t , Ga. Bacon ton . Ga . Ba rn e s vil le , Ga. Ca r l. Ga .

15

Georgia NlIrse ries.-(Col1til1l1ed)

Cert. No . " Name

Add ress

45-Bel c he r . W . L ., Cairo. Ga ., P ostoffic e Cornelia. Ga .

~ 2:"-Bell ~vu e Fruit Far m

Ma con . Ga.

B1- Big nau lt G. Nurseries

Savannah. Ga.

88-Blue Rid g e Mountai n N u r sery

Morg an t on . Ga .

66-Blue Springs Nursery

Alb any. Ga .

( F'uglt.t Bro s .. Pra p.)

6-Bol'Il 'S P eca n F arm & N u rsery

Me Ra e , Ga .

40-J3re lllen N u r s e ry

_

Br emen . Ga.

62_Hro wn . C. \ V. ..

Ba conton . Ga .

B9-Bullar d P Ecan Nu rse ry

Alban y, Ga .

r B- Bulloch Pecan Nursery

J'im ps , Ga.

~ B -- Ca p i tol Cit y Nu r s ery

Atlanta. Ga.

(V. E. Lambert, Prop.)

41-Curroll Co unty N urs e ry

Carrollton , Ga .

42-Carr ollto n Nu r s e ry

_

Carro llton , Gu .

l C- Cit r onnell e Nursery & Or cha r d Co

Brunswick. Ga .

2 :~- C on co rd Nurs ery

Con co r d. Ga .

:H -Co r d e le Nurs er y

Cor d e le, Ga .

S::- Cruc e da le . F lorist

_

At he ns. Ga .

3!l__ C ure t on Nur s eri e s

Auste ll , Ga .

-I- Cur!'y . T . J

_

Me Ra e , Ga .

10-Dah l F lora l Co., C. A _

Atlan t a . Ga .

5-Dix ie N u r se r y

_.. _

Mcfta e , Ga.

13-Dixi e Nurs ery

_.. _

Va ld osta . Ga .

(W. L. Stewar t Prcp.)

72-Dixi e Nurs e r y. ( W. L . S t ewa rt)

Parrott . Ga .

29-D ix ie Wh ol e s al e Nu r s e ry

.Martettn, Ga .

B 7 -D ov ~T. H . 1., R . F' , D. 2_ __

Ellijay. Ga .

27-Du n can , Jn o. 1\1., R. F . D . 1..

Ca rn e svttl e, Ga .

57- Dy e r Nu r s e r y

.Sliarpe, Ga .

71-Edwards & Patterson

Mill e d g eville. Ga .

86-Ell ijay N u r s e ry

Ellijay, Ga.

B- E llis, J es s e T

Griffin, Ga .

73- -I<; llIpir e Nurs ori e s (D ea ler)

.

(G . M. Murph e y , Prop .)

Atlanta. Ga .

93-T<;no ta Nurseries

Hiaw a ssee , Ga .

35-Equ ity Nurs erie s

-

Hogans ville. Ga .

74-E n vin. C. M. 61 Fo r mwa lt St..

Atl anta, Ga.

38_Eu ha r lie N u r s e ry

Ro ckma r t . Ga .

100-E xc el s ior Nurs e ri es

Rome, Ga .

17- 1' a iryi e w N ursery

Mill e d g s vtl le , Ga .

75- F a YE't t e ville Nurs e ri e s

Ri ve r d al e . Ga .

56-F li n t Rive r P e can Co

Alb any, Ga .

\l6- Fre e m an , F . K . 1225 Mill e dge Ave

At hens. Ga.

I - Fru itl and Nur se r ies

Aug usta. Ga.

( M arcus 'I' ar nok, P r op .)

7-Ge orgi a E xp erf m ent Stati on

E xper im ent. Ga .

24-Georgia Nurs ery Co

Con cord . Ga .

3-G e or gi a Nur serie s

Aug usta , Ga .

37_ Georgi a S eed CO

H og-ansvill e . Ga .

20-Ghe e s li ng.. Mrs . J . H

Gre ensboro. Ga .

67-Gillgrov e P Ecan Nursery

Albany .Ga .

63-Glausier P e can Co

Bacontcn, Ga.

1G

Georgia Nlirseries.-(Co nti nlled)

Cert. No . N ame

1 Special-Grant. GOUg~ B. ..

59-Hardaway Nurseries

2s-Hartwell Nursery

25_Hastings. H . G. Co., (D ea ler)

92-H iawa ss ee Nurs ery

36_Hogansville Nurseries

33-Idle Hour Nurs ery

ls_Jackson County Nursery

g.- J u nia t a R os e Gard en

l 03- Keh eley. .T. T. ..

9g-LaFaye tte Nurs ery

97-Lee Nu rsery . (Deale r)

U-Lo tt. D. & O

i5-Magnolia Hill Nursery

7-Magn olia Nu rsery

io-l\farshal. 1\T. H.

G.-Miller. J. B. Co

_

91-Nimble weill Nurse ry

S ~_O els ch i g , A. C. & S on __

76--Panola Nursery

__

50-Parker. T. H . .

69-Parrott Nurseries

H - P eca n Gr o ve Farm Nu r sery

43- P ike Cou nty N ur se r ies

l5-Pierce Coun t y Nu rs eries

__

:is- P inso n. .T. R.

54--Ram s ey P eca n Gro ve Nu rs er)'

SO-Rich a rdson . A. IV

GS _Rlchl and F ru it F a r ms

4G- River sid e Nursery

G5-Rood P ecan Gro ves

l 2-Rosela nd Nurserie s

52-Smithwick Or ch ard Go. ..

__

101- Smi th . IV. R. C

__

34-Southern Nu t Tre e Nurse ri e s __

gO-Staton . A. 1\I.

48-Stone. B. IV

21-Stone Mountain Bot ani cal Ga rdens __

i!l-Strain . R. A

2-Stubb's Nursery

49-Thomasville Nu r s eri e s

GO-Tomlinson . G. H

85-Tuck Bros. ..

51-United Nurs erte s Co

__

9-Wach end orff Bro s.. 480 Simps on SL

2G-Ward & Eppin ger, R. F . D . 2

!2-West View F loral Co., Gordon SL

16- Will ia m s. 0 1'. IV. P

Add r ess
Chalybeate. Ga . Putney. Ga . .Hartwe ll , Ga. Atlanta, Ga . .Hi a wa s s r e, Ga . H ogansville. Ga . Ma con, Ga . Winder. Ga . Decatur. Ga. Colu mb us , Ga.
La.Fa yette. Ga . Atlanta . Ga. Way cross. Ga .
;Ueigs. Ga . ":a iro . Ga . Daw son, Ga . Baconton. Ga .
.Da h lonega , Ga . Sa va u nah , Ga . J'~ at onton, Ga. Mou ltrie. Ga . P arrott. Ga .
Ca iro. Ga . Concor d. Ga . Bla ck sh ea r , Ga . Ba conton. Ga . L eesburg, Ga .
Sav anna h . Ga . Richlan d. Ga . Ca iro. Ga . Alban y. Ga. S. Atlan ta. Ga .
Americus , Ga. .Deca t u r , Ga . Thomasville. Ga . Clermo nt, Ga . Tho ma sv ille. Ga .
Ston e Moun t ain . Ga . Darien . Ga . Augu s ta. Ga . Th oma s vill e. Ga . P u tn ey . Ga .
Th om a s vill e. Ga . Moul t ri e. Ga . Atlan ta , Ga .
Con cord. Ga. At lanta . Ga . Bla ck sh ea r . Ga .

17

SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES. (1918-1919.)

Foll owing is a list of the premises inspected for the sweet potato weevil, a nd the names of parties to wh om certi ficates we re granted :

S. P. No . Na m e

Address

42-Alma P lant Co. .

61-Ab ercrombie , 1'. D

(i2_Boles. \V. I.

G3-Branc h, D. .J.

4S-Baxley P lant Co

71-Burke. Sant

I S-Ballard. H . & H

15-Brier Hill Plan tat ion

17- Br ook s Co. P lant and Truck Farm

S9- Bl a k e ly F anns

44-Br u ce, \ V. A. P lant Co

43-Brooks. \ V. S

51-Brooks, R. .J.

12S- Carlisle. .T . I.'

II 0- CoOperative P la n t Co. .

93-Co-Opera t iV, F arm s

127- Clegg a n d Pearso n

l 03- Crow , J . L

30- Congel', R. D

14- Clark P la nt Co

G7- Ca u t h er, J . R

GS-Cr is p. J . H . .

__

19-Campbell. \V. E

2(i-Col eman Plant a n d See el Co

2S_Dixi e P la nt Co

19- Do r r is . J . Q. Co

_

119-Dismuke. Z. C

_.._

GG-Dow el. O. N

57-Dix ie P la n t Co

GO-Dasher . .T. A

124- Dean . l\la tti e B.

5S-Du nwoody. C. A

25-Davis. .T. 1' . .

I OS-Deen. D. H . .

112-Dalton . J . O. .

23_ Da vis . J . :'II.

41-Dickerson. B. A

:~ S -Doeld & Co. .

!l7-FalTe r . \ V. :'I.

70- F or dh am . .J. 1\1.

I 04- God wi n. K A

l :lO-Gantt, \V . N

95-H u li ng., S. R. & Co

52-I'lea d, B. J

33-Holli ngsworth , .T. B

S7-Hollis. S. E

t 09_ In gram & Co

.Alma, Ga . Ash bu r n, Ga . Ash burn, Ga . Ash burn. Ga . Ba xley, Ga , Fender, Ga . Pavo, Ga.
'I'homasvillo. Ga . Barwick . Ga . Bla k ely, Ga. Vald osta, Ga . .Va ld ost a , Ga . Bax lev , Ga.
Dou gla s . Ga. .Hom ela nd, Ga . 'I'Ht on , Ga . Ti ft on , Ga . Amboy. Ga . THton, Ga. 'I'homasvtlle, Ga . .Fen de r , Ga . Fender. Ga .
Baxley , Ga, T ift on, Ga . Ha wk insvill e . Ga. Va ldosta, Ga . Mystic. Ga . 1'y 1'Y. Ga . T'y T y, Ga . Va ldosta, Ga . Baxl ey , Ga .
Ba xley, Ga , 'I'ifton, Ga . AIma, Ga.
Homeland, Ga . 1'ifton, Ga . Alma, Ga . Om ega, Ga. Amb ey , Ga.
Fender, Ga. Len ox, Ga . H a zlehurs t . Ga. Fo lkston , Ga . Alma. Ga . 'I'y Ty, Ga . Bax ley, Ga,
J e su p, Ga .

18

Sweet Potato Cert ificates. - (Co l1til1ued)

s. p. No . N ame

Add ress

l ot- Jon e s, G. N . .

~

Ashbu r n , Ga .

Il 'l- John son, Hen ry

Fo lkston, Ga .

i s-Jone s. M. B

Tifton. Ga .

!l()--Jolmson J . H S5-J e ffe rson Farms. Th e

Fo lks to n , Ga . Albany. Ga .

s o-Jenkins P lan t Co

Su m ner, Ga.

I;;~=~~~:~t~n.JS:rR..::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::y~~~~~:' g'l~'

Il'ii-Lambert. Mrs . E. A

.l) ~n t o n , Ga .

:l!l-Lindsy , , V. , V

T'Hton . Ga .

ll7_ L ed ford. C. C

.Ashburn, Ga .

2l-La\uence. Joe G5-?icMicha el & Hanco ck 1 15-~ronk , Mr s . ,V . ,V l 2 0-~ l e lt on . C. W 45-~l a n sor P la nt Co . .

Ashburn, Ga . Sy camore, Ga . Sy lv ester. Ga . Baxl ey, Ga , .Va ld ostn, Ga.

34-Malco m , N. N

Tv T'y, Ga .

lH -~l cRa e . R . B . & C. R.

Bo ston , Ga .

ol 0- Myers Se e d a nd Plan t Co 1 2 2 . -~ r c Cl ell o n , J . R

Tifton . Ga. Alma. Ga.

75-McM ill a n . J ohn H . .

En tgma, Ga .

29._ N ic holso n, J . F

;ry T y. Ga .

12l- New t on . C. E

Va ldosta, Ga.

Sol-Oliver, E . , V

Ty Ty, Ga .

ol 7- 0 'StEdn , L ev i

Dou glas. Ga.

i 6- - 0 Qu in n . A. K

T ifton, Ga.

24-Powell, E. L . . 3~-Patri ck & Robert s

Tifton, Ga . Omega. Ga.

31-Ponder, Will iam

T ifton. Ga .

9G-Pie dmon t P la nt Co

Albany. Ga .

129- P it t s . A . H . & Clements

Pavo, Ga .

Ill-Rob er t s . Arth ur

Homel a nd , Ga .

22._ Ro u ntree . Sam H

.Folk s t o n , Ga .

121i-Ra ybu rn. C. ~r. & Co

Pa vo, Ga .

I OO- R ob er t s . Geo. T

Ashburn. Ga.

l 07- R a in e y, B . I~.. Jr

Ash b u rn . Ga .

SI-Su mne r , R . B

Sy lvester, Ga .

20__Se xton Pla n t Co

Va ldosta. Ga .

27-Sewell, .T. W . .

Tifton. Ga .

74- Sh a n n on, T . S

.8taunton. Ga.

9S-Strickland, H . Z

.Arnbov, Ga .

77- Su m ne r . J am es

.T'ifton, Ga .

llS-Swindal, D .L . .

.T'itton, Ga .

99-Shroer. F r ed

'Ou s ley, Ga .

82-Stol'es. F . F n -Su m n er. 1'1. C. .

Chula, Ga . .Fen rler, Ga.

SS-Southern Nut Trees Nurseries

'I'h omasv ill e, Ga .

4G- Sou t h Geo rg ia P la nt Co . .

Alma. Ga .

5ol-Sim m, A . V . .

Va ldosta, Ga .

125- Shipp. W . B. .

Cor de le . Ga .

flO_ Su ll iva n, C. , V. .

Bax ley . Ga.

79- Tay lo r. J . F . .

.'lif t on . Ga.

19

Sweet Potato Certificates.-(Continued)

S. P. No. Name

Address

133-Tonawand a Stock & P lant Farms 16- T h omas vill e P lant Co. .. 53- T h o m ps on, W . L . . 83- T u r k , J. F . .. 37- T y T y Plant Co
102- W hi te, C. 'V 116-Webb's Stock a nd Plant Farm
55-W h ite, D. B. . 86- W h it e n . J . H . .. 35- W ill is . C. VI 36_Willi s . G. M.. .I r 72-'Vo mac k , O. E 56- W illet , N. L. S e ed Co l 06- Willi am s . E . J 91- ' Ya u k h te l, C. 'V 92- W illia ms. E . A 64- ' Yal k e r, J . B . .. t :H- 'Vil k ers on . J . L

Kind er Lo u, Ga . Thoma sville, Ga. Alm a , Ga. Chula , Ga. Ty 'I'y, Ga .
Razlehurst, Ga . P a v o , Ga. B axley, Ga, : Baxley, Ga. Tift on , Ga . Tif t on , Ga . Fend e r, Ga . A ugusta, Ga . T y Ty, Ga . .Horn el and, Ga . Bylvester, Ga . Ashburn, Ga . L enox, Ga .

OUT:-OF STATE NURSERIES. (1918-1919. )

Nurseries ou tside of Georgia wish in g to sell nursery stock in this State are r equi r ed to file a copy of t heir origlna l cer ti fica te of the ins pect or of th e State w here the nursery is located and sign an agreement to fum igate stock prior to shipment.
The foll owin g is a lis t of nurs eries outside of t h e State a ut hor ized t o se ll sto ck in Geo rgia in Inl8-19Hl :

Am e ri c an Hos e and Pl ant Co

Alaba ma Gulf Coast Xurs est e s

And orra Nurseries

__

Au dubon Nurs e ry

Bu in e s , ;\[is s E lla Y

__

Ba ss. I. E. & S on P e can Co

Biloxi N urs e ri e s

Bi rmin gham Nurs e ri e s

'

Bloo mfie ld N urs.s r y a nd S eed Co

Brow n . T'. ' V.. Nurs e r y Co

Bobbi nk a nd Atki ns

__

Burbank, Luthe r

Ca taw ba Co u n t y Nurs e ry

Ca liforn ia Nurs e ry Co

Ce da r Hill Orchard an d N u rs e ry Co

Ch a se Or c har d Co . ..

Ch ipola Nursery

Cit r o n n e le Nu rsery a n d Ore-hurd Co

Ch ild s, J ohn L e w is

Com b ined Nurs e ry Co

Co lu m bia Nurseries

Co m me r c ia l Nurs e ry Co

Sp r ingfie ld. O. Gran d Ba y. Al a . Phila d el phia . Pa . Wil mlngton. :N. C. S pring fts ld, O. Lumber ton. :\Ii ss . Biloxi, Miss, Birmi n gham . A la . Mon ti c e ll o. F'la . Ros e H ill. N. Y. Ruth e-rford. :N. .T. Santa Ro s e . Ca l. N ewton . N . C. Nil e s, Cal. Winch e s t er. T e n n . Chase. Ala . W ewa h itch k n. F la . Ctt ro n ue le , Ala . F'lor a l Park. N . Y. Smithville. T enn. Lake City. F la . Montic etl o. F'lu .

20

Out-of-State Nurseri es.- (Co ntinued)

s. P. No. N a m e
commercia l Nursery Co. . c ontintel P lant Co: Cumberland Nurseries. Th e Dad Bill Nu rsery Co Davis Fran klin Nurseries, In c. . Dreer, H enry A., In c. . '"~a gl e Pecan Co . . Ea st erl y Nu r serv Co. .. '"~ast ern Kurseri es. In c . . gm pir e F a rm a nd N u r s ery Co Farqu har. R. & .T. Co Fir ilt National N urseries Fl orid a N u rseries Fore st N u rsery Co ,"'ras "r Nurs ery Co . . Gard en S pot N urse ry Glenn Bros., In c Glenwood N u rse r ies Glen Saint Mary Nurs erie s Co Glob e Nurs eries, Th E' Good a nd R ee se Co.. T he Gr eat W estern P lan t Co. , Th e Gre~'n's N u rsery Co .. The Gr een vill e N u rsery Co. . Gri ffin Nurserie s lI al e . .T. C. Co
"T. Hardy-Fi eld Nu rse ry a n d Se ed Co
Hall . L . Co.. In c Harl an Fa r ms N u rscrfes IIarrison's Nurseries Hill, D. N urseries Ho well Nurseries Hu hbard. T. S. Co Hoo pes Bros. and Thomas Co Hu n tsvill e Wholesale Nurseries Inter-S ta te Nu rse r ies Jack son s a nd Pa r ki ns Co Kell y Bros. Whol es al e N u rs e ri es Kell ogg. Co .. R. M . Kelton sburg Nu rsery Co Marble City Nu rsery ~I eeh an . T hos. B. Co Me sh a n , T'h os . & Son s
Mont icello Nu rser ies Montrose Nurseries Mount H op e N urs ery Co. R. F. D. l.. Moun t Oliv e Nurs er y Munson Nurs eries . The Oak Lawn Nurs ery Old Dom inion N urserie s Onarga Nurser y Co. . Piers on. F . R. Per ry Nurser y Co Hoeh r s . J uliou s Co. .

Address
\V.inch e ste r , T enn. K l~treI. N. C. Wmchester, Ten n . Smithvill e . 'I'en n . Baltimore, Md. Philadelp h ia , Pa. .Pit t svie w, A la . Cle vela n d, T enn. Ho lli sto n, Mass. Ba il eyt on , Al a. Boston, Ma ss . Roch ester . N . Y. Montice llo. F'Ia . i\IcMinville . T enn . Hu n tsvilIe, Ala . La gran ge. N . C. Roc hester . N. Y . Morrisville. Pa. Glen Sai nt Mary . F la . Br istol, T enn .Va . :-:Spr ingfie ld. O. Spr ingfie ld. O. Roch e s t er, N . Y. Greenville, S. C. po rt Arthur, T ex . Winc hester . T enn .
Win fie ld, K an . Roch e st er, N . Y. Lock h art. Al a . Ber li n. Md . Dunde e, Ill. Kn ox vi le , T en n . F'redonia, N. Y. West Chester. P a. Hunt sville . Ala. Ma cclany, Fla . New ark. X . .T. Dan sville. X . Y. Th r ee Rive rs. Mich . Smith vill s, T enn . Knoxville. .Tenn. Dres he r, Pa. P h iladelph ia . Pa .
Monticell o. F la . Peeks k ill. N . Y. Smithville. T enn. Sm ithville . T enn . Den ison . Tex . Hun t svill e, A la . Ri chmond . Va . . On a rga. Ill. Tarrytown, N. Y. Ro ch e ster. N . Y. Ruther for d. N. .T.

21

Out- of- St ate Nurseries.- ( Contin ued)

S. P . No . Name

Address

Ros e m on t Nu rserle s Scarff's I'\urs eries Seamen Nursery, The Shadow Nur s ETY Co Shahan, E . ;\[ . . Sh e nandoa h Nurs eri e s Simpson N u rse ry Co Sonde r e gg er N u rse r ies a nd Seed H ous e South e rn Nu rs sr y Co . . Stark Bro s . Nu r s e ri es a n d Orchard Co StaI' N u rser)' Co . . Sc hm idt & Bo tley Co Steck le r Seed Co . . Stok es, E. ]iJ Star rs & Harris on Co.. T he Summ itt Nur series Summitt Nurseries SyleI' Wh ol e s al e N urs ery T a y lo r ,H. S . & Co T enn es s e e N u rsery Co . .. T e xa s Nu rs ery Co. .. 'I'urkey Creek Nu r s eries T he U u ite d Stat es Nu r s e r y Co 'I' he U n it ed Stat es Nurse rv Co Va ld e s ia n Nur aery Val la n c e Nursery Van L indle y Nu rse ry Co . J W atso n & Co ., F . \Y \V es t m ini s t e r Nur s e ry, T h e W est H ill Nu rse rt ss \ Vhaton Sprin g s Nu r serv Co W inch ester N ursery Co. .. W ill a d ean Nu r serie s Woodlawn Nurseries

Pai n esville, O. New Ca s tle. O. Seaman, O. \Yinch es te r. T en n . Winchester. Tenn. Shenandoah, Iowa. Monti c e ll o. F la . Beatrtc , Neb. Win che s t er, T en n . Louis ia n a , Mo . Smithville. T enn . Spring fi e ld . O. New Orleans , La . Ca m pv ille, F la. Pain esville. O. Mo n t ic e llo, F la . Fo le y, Ala . Merid ian vill e. Ala . R oche s t e r . N . Y. Clevela nd, T eun . Sh erman , T ex. Ma c cl ann e y , F'la . Ro se a cr e s. Miss . Smith ville. T enn. Bo stic , N. C. Oakland. Ca l. Pomo na. N . C. Topeka, Kan. \V es t m tn s t e r , ~Id . Fredonia . N . Y. :\Ic:\Iill n vill e , T e n n . W inch e ste r, T en n . S parta. K y . Ro ch e ster. N . Y .

FOREIGN S H IPM ENTS INS PECT ED DU RI NG TH E SEASO N 1918-1919.

The following firm s r eceived shipments fr om the diff erent co untries a s ind ica ted :

Idl e H ou r N urseri es P. J . Hjor t Ashford P a r k N u r se ri es G. H. Mill e r & Son Da h l's N u rsery Wachendorff Bros A. C. Oel s ch ig & So ns Chas. Woodruff A. W . Richa rdson C. A. Rowla nd H . G. H a sting s Co

Ma con Thoma sville A tla n t a Rome Atlan ta Atlan ta Sa v a nnah Maco n Savan nah Ath en s A tlan ta

Wi sbe ch, E nglmi d
An ge rs . F ra nce Bo skoop, H oll and An gers. France Boskoop , H o ll a nd Bo s koop, H oll and Bos koop, H oll a nd Bo skoop , H oll a nd Bo skoop , H oll and Yoko h orna, J a pan P aris, Franc e

22

Th e amount of imported stock wa s very sma ll a s co m-

~lhairPepdi ntgo

s hipme nts received in fa cilities was no doubt

pr eviou s years. La ck t he controlling fa ctor.

of

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
' The a cco unts of t he Department were a udited by Alo nzo Richa rd son &: Com pa ny, January ~1st, up on th e re tirement of E. L , W orsh am , a s State Entomologis t, and th e report of r eceipt s a nd disbursem en t s were a s given in t he tables appe nded .
Th e a cco u nts of the Department for t he yea r ID18 were also a udited by Alon zo Rich ard son S: Com pa ny, and t he receipts a nd disbursemen t s wer e fo und to be as in t he tab les append ed. Proper vou ch ers a nd receipts coveri ng t he disbursem en ts a re on file in the of fice of t he State E nto mo -
logist. Th e receip ts s how the a ppro pria t ion r eceived fr om t he
State and th e mon ey r eceived from t he sale of products at Valdosta and Thom asvill e. Previou s t o this year a se pa rate cott on fund wa s kept at Va ldosta and Thom a sville. This yea r th ese funds were dis continued and the fund s on hand transferred t o our ge neral fu nd so it would not he necessary to keep a separate acco unt for t hese fund s.
It will be noticed t hat th e Department wa s due Ira W. Williams fo r expe nses a dvanced a t Th om a sville a nd Val dost a t he sum of $225.14, and t hat the ban k bal an ce at th e Fulton Nationa l Ba nk was $128.00 , making a n et overdraft of $!:J7.14. As t he Sea 'Isla nd cotton at Va ldosta could not be sold at a fail' price it was deem ed wise to hold t he cott on and in order to keep t he run ning ex penses a ll pa id Ira \ V, Willia ms ad va nced t he money fo r t his purpose.
It ma y be well to state here that at t he end of th e year all hills had been pai d, and t hat t here is no out sta nding indebt edn ess to be car rie d over to nex t year, exce pt th e overdraft mention ed in the a bove pa ragraph.

RECEI PTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. JANUARY 1918.
UNDER
E. L. WORSHAM .

.Ian , 1. ] !l18. Balan ce. Atlanta

~ 771.28

Frorn St at e Trea sure r

RECEIPTS.

~ 8,5 0 0 . 0 0

TOTAlJ TO ACCO UNT FOR.

D ISBURSED.

Salarie s-Entomo log ist a n d Assistant..

Traveling. Entom olo gi s t and Assi st ant..

Office Salaries

Stati-on ery and Office Supplies

Bull etin s a nd Circu lars

Postage, T el. a n d Te L

Misce llaneo us Off ice E xp en s e

Library

Lab ora tory-Labor

Travel Board Members

Cotton Br eed e rs-Sa la r ie s

Cotto n Br ee de r s-Travel

:

Co t t on Se ed

Sa ck s

Field Supplies

.

$9,271.28

~ 608.31 . 155.77 . 405.00 .. 14.65
.. 1,722.57 . 43.38 . 209.10 . 10.00 .. 40.00 .. 65.39 . 458.32 . 165.42
. 3,321.75
. 562.22 .. 12.00

Va ldosta Station :

Sa la r ies

~ 100 .00

Fi el d Supplie s a n d Expense s............ 19.85

Travel.................................................... 18.26-

138.11

'I'hcmasvi lle Station: '

Salar ies

$125.00

W ages

81.40

Seeds

1 6.5 0

F'r eiglit and Express

18.70

Office Supplies

2.00

Postage , T el. an d T eL...................... 8.52

Miscell aneou s Ex pe n ses

8.50

Lab ora t o r y SUPIJ!ies

3.00-

263.62

TOT AL DISBURSED

.

J an . 31, 1918, BALAN CE

..

F ulton National Bank

.

Due to Ira ' V. W itl iams fo r Ex

penses Advd

.

NET BALANCJ<J

.

$8,195.61 $1,075.67
~ 1 , 137 . 11
61.44 $1,076.67

24

RECONCILE~IENT OF ACCOU NT-FU LTO N N AT ION AL BANK. E. L . WORSHAM .
JAN UARY 31. 1918.

Jan. 31. 1918. Balance as p er Statement...

$ 540.99

Add State 'Wa r ran t Depos ited 2/1.. 4.000.00

Ch ecks Out standin g : Nos . 1744 to 1769. inclusiv e

$ 4.5 40 .0 0 3. 40:1 .88

Jan. 31. 191 8. Ca sh J o urn al Ba la nce F oll os 62

.

$ 1.13 7. 11

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
R E CEIPT S AN D DISBU RSEMEN TS. J anu ary 1 to De cember :1 1. 1918.

Jan. 1. 191 8. Bal an ce on H an d . At la uta

$ 771.28

'R E C E I PT S.

From State Trea surer

$50 .000. 00

From Sa le of Products-Va ld osta...................... 385.74

From Sale of p r oduct s-ThonHuwille................ 1.756.57

I<'rom Cot to n F un ds-e-Va ldosta

4 6 8. 32

F roll1 Cotto n Fund s-Th om a sville ...................... 44.95-

.52.655.58

TOT AL TO AC COUNT I<'O n.

.

D ISBU:nSE MENTS.

SALARIES : En tom ologi st a n d Assi stants In spector s Offi ce Cotton Breeders '
TRAV ELll'\G : En t om ologi s t a n d Ass is ta n ts Board Members In sp e ctors
Cotton Breeders '

$5.373 .82 4.00
3.9 95 .00 6.175.00-$15.547 .82

$:3 .299.57 419 .06 1.50
.4.33 7.22-

8.05 7.:35

$53 .426.86

Stationery and Offi ce Supplies

.

Frelgh t and Expres s

.

Bulletin s an d Circu la rs

.

Posta ge , T el ephon es a nd T el eg r a ms .

Furniture a n d Fi xt ures

.

~Iaps. Cha r ts a n d Signs

.

Libra r y

.

Laboratory S uppli es

..

Lab oratory La bor (Gi nni ng Cotto n) ..

P u bli c i t y

.

Education a l

.

Ar t and P hoto Supplies

.

)'lisce lla n eo us Office E xpen se

.

661. 37 200 .25 3.194 .58 778 .59 507.20
20.50 98.10
1 72 .57 197.33 830 .00 15 1.2 7
30.79 1 .00 6.1 7

TOTAL TO ACCOU NT FOH-FORWAR D......

$53 .426.86

EXpENSE;S-F'OR\VAIW

'

$3 1.45:3 .8 9

TO TA L TO A CCO UNT FO R-B ro u ght Fnr wn rrl ...,

EXPENSES-Br ou gh t F orw ard

$3 1, 453.S 9

FIELD EXPENSES : Co t t on Se e d Sa cks F' ie ld S up p li e s F ie ld E xp e n s e s

$6 ,916 .22 _. 820.54
1.442.98 4 G8 .81 -

8.648 .f;5

$;;3.42G.8i

V ALDOS TA STA T IO N :

Sa la ries _ _._ .. __ _

~:$ 1 ,3 S ~ . 33

W ages

1 .229 .8 0

Seeds '

. 212.70

S a cks

.. 2.25

Frei gh t a n d E xp r e s s

. 49.27

Office Su pplie s

. 176.93

F ie ld S uppli e s

. l.l G7.18

P osta g e , 'I'el e ph on e s a n d T el e gr a m s 139.48

Tra v el

. 853 .59

Miscellaneous E xpense

. 86.83

L ab oratory S upp li e s

.. 20.35

F ie ld Expens e

. 544.89

Ren t

. 21.00-

5.8 87. 50

THOM A SV ILLE STA TTON :

Sa la ri e s

$1.6 87.00

Wages

1.991.05

Seed

G9 .50

Sa c k s

120 .41

Fr e ig ht a nd Exp r e s s..................... ....... 96.38

F te ld S u pp lie s

561.59

Field Expense

1.078.23

Office S u p p li e s

67.73

Po tage, T el eph on e s a n d T el e gram s 171.94

T rav el ...................................................... 87.31

Rent

52 0.00

Lab ora tory S u p p li e s

4 4.2 7

Misce ll a n eo us Ex p en se

3 8.G5 -

G,5 34 .0G

TO TA L EX PE NSE S ......
De e . ai . 1918. B ALAN C I~ OVERD RA W N ..............
D e c . 31, 1918, Bala n ce , Ful t on N a t. Ba n k .............. $ L e s s Du e to Ira \ V. \ ViIl ia m s fo r Expenses advanced at T homasv ill e a n d V aldo s ta

$5=3 .524.00
s 97.14
1 28 .0 0
22 5.1 4

NI~T OVERD R A I~T AS ABOVE

.

97.14

26

RECO NCILEMENT OF ACCOU NT WITH THE FULTON NATIONAL BANK, ATLANTA.
DECEMBER 31, 1918.

Balance as pe r Bank Stateme nt..

LesS C hec ks O utst a n d i ng :

N o. 2350

$ 75.00

::-<0. 2352 .................................. 90.00

No. 2353.................................. 70.00

No . 2367 .................................. 147.00

N o. 2368.................................. 4.00

N o. 2369 .................................. 1.20

No . 2370..__ _._ __

2.77

No . 2371.. ................................ 27.12

No . 2372

_ _............... 18.97

N o. 2373

_ _...... 2.13

$ 566.69

Bal a nce Ca s h Journ al-Fo lio 89

_

$ 438.6 9 $ 128.00

I hereby certify that the above is a true statement of the receipt s a nd dis bursem en t s of th e Depa rtme nt" for the year 1918 as audited by Alonzo Richardso n & Company .
Resp ectfully submitt ed,
A. C. LEWI S, State E ntomologist. Subs cribed and swor n to before me this 21st day of Ma y,
1919. lVII's. Louise Bigb y Marsh J orda n, Notary Public State of Georgia at La rge.
SEAL.

27

.. - - - -- - --~-- ~-J-' - - - - - --- - - - _ -'._ ~

GEORGIA
StAll 1TAr llT( ""(f j

.o.......
CQ

,

_L . ,.

...L" ,

The above lin e a cros s th e map sh ows th e north ern limit r ea ch ed by the boll wee vil in G eorgia in 1918.

28

29

PUBLICATIONS AVA ILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Th e followin g vpu blica tiou s of th e Georgia State Board of Entomolo gy are available for fr ee distribution and may be obtained by writin g to th e State Entomologist, Atlanta , Ga.

BULLETINS.

No. 26. P ea ch Lea f Curl, Yellow s , Rosett e a n d Li tt le P each .

No . 34. Wi lt Disea s e of Cotton in Georg ia and It s Cont r ol.

No. 37. Cro ll P e st L a w of Ge or g ia , Ot he r St a t e s an d Ca na da .

No. 40. Cot to n Wi lt in Georgia .

No. 42. An nua l Re por t of S tat e E n tom olog ist fo r 1914.

N o. 43. The Prin cipa l Parasl t es of t h e P ea ch .

No . 44. The Mexica n Cotton Doll We evil ,

No. 15. Aun u n l Re por t of Sta te E n to mo logist for 1915.

~ o . 4ti Cotto n V ru -i et y T e s t s for 191 6.
N o. 47. H ow t o Gr oll' Cotton in Sllite or t h e Boll \ Veevil.

No . 48. Annu al Re port of th e State E n to mo lo gist for 191 6.

No. 49. P e ca n In se ct s a nd Di Eeas es.

No. 50. Co tton Va r iet y T e sts for 1917 .

No. 51. An n ua l R ep or t. of S t a t e E n to mo log is t for 191 7.

No. 52. Cott on Va r ie t y T e s t s for 1918.

No.

- .,
;)0 .

Sp r ay Calen da r.

No. 54. Appl e In s e c t s a nd Disea se s .

No. 55. An nua l Hell ort of S ta t e E ntomo logist fo r 191 8.

CIR CU L ARS.

No. 6.

No . 7.

No. 8.

No . 9.

No. 20.

No. 22.

No. N o.

2z,,4o-.,

No . 26.

No. 27.

No. 28.

The Us e of S oluble Oil s Agains t San J ose Sca le T h e H e ss ian - F'Iy in G eo rgf a , E x pe ri m e n ts for Con t ro l of Sa n J ose Sca le , 1907-08. The Brow n -T a il xi ou i, Direction s fo r Ma kin g F ir st Year Cott on Se lection s . Contr ol of In se cts Atta cking Stored Product s H e lpful Hin t s on Du sting P ea ch es. Bo ll W eevil Qu aranti n e R eg ul a tt on s. Maintainin g t h e P u r ity of Cotton Seed . Reg u lati on s fo r Sh ipment of Sw eet Potatoe s. Facts of Interes t A bout t he S ta te Board of En t om ology.

PRESS BULLETINS,

No . 1. Common In sec ts and Disea s e s of Ir ish Potatoe s . No. 2. Service Off ered F'ru i t Grow ers, Etc., by Bo ard of E nto,
m ology . No . 3. \ Va te r m e lo n Stem-end Rot, its Cause a n d Prevention .

30

:!Irluort al
It is w ith d e e pest sorrow and re g r et tha t t he n e w s of the d e a t h of Lt eu t r n an t Cha r les Gle n n Cr itten de n w a s r ece ive d b y th e m em bers of th e ,Geo rg ia S t a t e Boar d o f Ento mo lo gy . Th is exce llent young. m a n is a no t he r one of t hose w ho gave hi s li fe to h is co u ntry in time of n e ed .
L ieu t en aut Cr itt en d en wa s bo r n at Os wa von, Pa., on Oc tob e r Hith , 189 0 ; e nt e re d l\Ian s fi e ld Nor mal School, Man s fie ld , Pa .. in 1901. grnduat.e.d in 111 09 ; e n tere d Cornell U ni va rsitv in 1909, gra du a t e d in 1913, I3. C. Degr e e .
1'01' a n u m her o f yea rs L ieu ten ant Critte n de n w a s connec t ed wi th thi s Dep a rt m en t as Pl ant P a tholog lst. a nd in thi s capa eit~' re n d sre d e ff ic ie n t and fa ithfu l s ervi ce in t h e di s ch a r g.e of a ll t he duti es of hi s offi ce .
A t th e en t r a n ce o f t h e U n i t ed Sta t e s into the 'World' s Wa r , h e vo lunte ered hi s se rv ic es to h is cou ntr y, r ece iv in g a n in d e fi n it e le a ve o f a b senc e f rom th e Georg ia S t a t e Board of Ent o m olo g y. H e e nte rs .d th e F irs t Offi c ers ' Train in g Ca m p at. F' ort Me P hers on. Ga ., o n Ma y 15th , 1917 . gradu a t in g f r om th e r e with di s tin ction a nd w as co m m is s io n e d Sec ond Li eu t enan t on Au gu st 15t 5h , 191 7, being. ass ig n ed to th e Firs t Divisio n , Ba t tery E , S eventh F ie ld Art.illr-rv , a nd in a s h or t t im e we nt o ve r-s eas w it h hi s Di vi s ion ,
On Oct obe r 2n d . 1918, wh ile ga lla n tl y d efe ndin g t h e cau s e of lib erty wit h h is Battery, a t Ar gonne F or e s t: a mil e a nd a half No rt h of Ve ry, h e wa s seve re ly wo u nd ed a n rl d itd at mi dni g h t of t h e sa m e da y, a nd was burie d at
Ch eppv, o re use ) Fra n ce .
L ieut enant Critt end en was a y ou ng m an of h igh id e al s a nd q u ick ly ea rned t h e c on fi de nce an d es t ee m o f a ll th o s e pri vll e g e d to ass oc iat e wi th hi m , In h is d e a th th e Geo r gia Sta t e DO:lI'(J o f Entom ology ha s los t o n e of it s m o s t e ff'ic is-nt wor k e r s, a n d h en cef o rth hi s n am e w ill be lov in gl y hel d in our memories a s on e who freely plac ed hi s all up o n t h e alta r o f lib erty, and we wi s h to h ere e xp r ess ou r d e ep sym pathy t o hi s famil y ,
W , th e Ge orgia S t ate Board of Entom olo gy, d e e ly fe el in g. ou r lo ss in th e d e a th of Li e u t e n an t Cr itte nd e n , w is h to ex p ress s o me r ec ognit ion of our es tee m of h is h ig h id ea ls , e ff ic ie ncy, a nd faithfuln e ss t o t hi s Boa r d ,
T HI~ru~ PO RE BE IT RESO LVED, Th a t a c op y o f t hs s o R e s olu ti on s be t ra nscr ibe d on th e min u t e s of t h is Boa rd to hi s m emo ry .
HI<~ IT J" U HTH I~R R I~ S OL V E D , Th a t. a co py of s a m e b e se n t t o hi s b e re a ved famil y,
R e ad and a do p te d by t h e Geo rgia State B oard o f E ntomol ogy a n d Sta ff .
31

,

Georgia State Board of Entomology
A. C. LEWIS, Sta te En tom ologist

BULLETIN 56

FEBRUARY, 1920

DUSTING COTTON FOR THE CONTROL OF THE BOLL WEEVIL

DY
D. C. WARREN
Assistant Entomologist, Valdosta St a ti on

AP P ROVE D BY
IRA W. WILLIAMS Cotton Specialist

l N CH AR GE EXPERIMENT STA TIONS OF STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY VALDOSTA, THOMASVILLE AND BAXLEY

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Organization and Staff.
HON . J. J. BROWN, Chairman, Commi ssion er of Agriculture, Atlan ta.
HON. R. C. BERCKMANS, Horticulturist Macon.
COL. W. D. HAMMACK, Ag ri cult u ri s t Coleman, Ga .
A. C. LEWIS, State Entomologist and Secr etary of the Board, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant State Entomologist, Cornelia .
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
IRA W. WILLAMS, Cotton Specialist, Thomasville.
(In Charge of Va ldosta, Thomasvill e and Baxl ey St a t ions )
W. F . TURNE R, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
D. C. WARREN, Assistant Entomologist, Valdosta.
D. C. NEAL, Plant Pathologist, Thomasville.
B. M. GADDIS, Superintendent Valdosta Station, Valdosta.
W. H. LEONARD, Superintendent Thomasville Station, Thomasville.
J. C. MANESS, Field Agent, Atlanta.
J. M. MALL OY, Field Agent , Macon, Ga.
J. H. PRESSLEY, Field Agent, Valdosta.

Georgia State Board of Entomology
A. C. LEWIS, St ate Ent omologist

BULLETIN 56

F EBRUARY, 1920

DUSTING COTTON FOR THE CONTROL OF THE BOLL WEEVIL
BY D. C. WARRE N, Assis ta nt 'Ento molog is t,

INTRODUCTION.
Recentl y much publicity has been given t he subject of poisoning cotton for control of the cotton boll weev il. In view of the gr eat damage done by this pest in the state of Georgia in recent years, this subject is not only of cons idera ble int er est , but also of great financial im port ance t o the cotton growers of the State.
A consi derable amount of experimental wor k has already been done by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology upon cotton dusting, bu t this work has practically all been done in t he delta region of Mississipp i and Louisian a wh ere conditi ons are quite different from those found in Georgia. F or t his rea son it was very essential t hat some experimental work should be done under Georgia conditions .
In view of the importance of this sub ject the Georgia Sta te Boar d of Entomology took steps, as early as the summer of 1917, to control t he boll weevil by means of dusting. Durin g the late summer of 1917 a peach duster (there being no cotton du sters availab le at that time) was purchased with t he view of adapting it to cotton du sting. However, it ar rived t oo lat e for any effective work t hat summer . Durin g the following summer (1918) experimental work was started with t his du st er. Due to an un avoida ble break in t he work at mid-summer , no satisfactory r esults were obtained in 1918. Dur ing t he season of 1919 mor e extensive experiment s were car ried out. All of the work up to date has been cond ucted in the vicinity of Valdosta, Georgia.
3

DUSTING EXPERIMENTS OF 1919.
The m:'l,io.rity of th ~ experiments thi s year wer e condu cted :VIthm a few miles of Valdost~. Th ey wer e on the properties of A. H. Dukes, A. B. Smith, and L. W. Shaw Some experimental work was also done near Hahira Ga' on the place of J. E. Webb. Dusting was don e on bot h Se~ Island and sho r t staple cotton. The experiment s covered !1early on,e hu~dre.d acr~s, but some of the ac reage is not mclud ed m this discussion smce some of the exp er iment s were lost by the grass taking the cot t on during the rainy season, or by errors in obtaining the picking record s. The experiments were planned so as to cover a number of problems con nect ed with cotton du sting, but the unu su ally heavy rainfall of the summer so seriously interferred with the experiments that the data obtained on some of these problems were not very reliable.
The machinery used in the experiments was two dusters made by the Niagara Sprayer Com pany . Both machines were horse-drawn and motor-driven. One of th e machine s was a five-row duster similar to the one which t he above firm had on the market during the past season, while the other was a three-row machine especially desi gn ed f or Our work.
All summer during the course of the experiments, weekly infestation count s were made to determine the re lat ive abundance of weevils in the treated and untreated plats. These infestation counts were made at from three t o five points in a plat depending upon the size. The points for counts were selected to cover as nearly as possible the area included in a plat. From one to two hundred squares were examined at a point making from three hundred to one thousand squares examined in each plat each week. The number of squares showing weevil punctures were noted and in this way the percentage of infestation wa s determined. Such counts were of value not only in det ermining when dusting should begin, but also acted as an indicator of what was being accomplished during the course of the experiment. Practically all of the dusting work was done in the early morning while the dew still remained on the cotton. The frequency and amount of rainfall was carefully recorded during the course of the experiments. .
EXPERIMENTS AT THE PLACE OF A. B. SMI T H (4 Mi. N . of Valdosta)
Experimental work was done in three fields on the place of Mr. Smith. This farm is in a high state of fertility and the commercial fertilizer used on the experimental fields was about 125 pounds of each cotton-seed meal and acid
4

phosphate to the acre. Th e care an d cultivati on of the cot ton on Mr. Smith's place was a bove th e av erage. Th e t hree fields will be designa t ed as A, B, an d C. Fi elds A and B were only separ at ed by an open ditch while field C was sepaJ'ated from the other t wo by some distance. In fields A and B the dusting was done with pure calcium ars enate , while in field C a mixture of 15 per cent. calcium arsenat e and 85 per cent. lim e was used. However it must be ke pt in mind that wherever t he calciu m arsenate wa s d ilut ed with some ca rrier, t he sa me amount of calcium ar senate was used per ap plica t ion r egardless of t he lime mixed with it. So in usin g a mi xtu re of 15 per cent. calcium arsenate and 85 per cent. lime , in orde r to get a five pound dosage of calcium arsen ate per acr e, abo ut 33 pound s of t he mixture was used. It may be possible t hat by mixin g calcium arsenate with some ca rri er, the amount r equired per acre may be reduced, but so fa r , this has not been demon strated and time did not permit our t esting this out during t he past season. A la r ge h orse-drawn moto r-driven du s ter was used in these fields. In field A, six tw o-acre pla ts wer e laid off for experiment s ; in field B, two plats of th e same size; and in field C, six two-acre plats. Fields A and C ea ch had 36 row s to the plat while field B had 23 rows to th e plat. It wa s ne cessary to have rather wide plat s beca use of the influence of the drif ting du st and migrating weevils upon the re sults of the exp er iments. It is pla cing the experiment in a rath er severe test to locate a du sted plat beside a check-(untreated) becau se t he yield of the du sted plat will be decr eased by weevils migrating into it f rom t he untreated che ck and the un dust ed plat will be benefited by drifting du st at t he t ime of t reatment. Howe ver , if re suIts can be obtained un der such circ umsta nces t hey can be relied upon. The following table g ives a summary of the
exper iment s in field A:

DUSTING RE CORD AT TH E P LA CE OF A. B. SMITH (F IE LD A)

Du sted With Pu r e Calcium Arsenate

Pl at N u mber

Ck. / ! 1/ 2/ B

Ck. 4! 5 6

No. a pplica ti ons of poison.....1 41 61 I 71 il I

No. a pplications r emainin g 241 hours without r a in ..............

3\

31

I

41 3 I

Poun ds poison us ed pe r a cre......1 241 :J61

1 41[ 20 1

Yield per ac re (lbs. seed cotton) I 6961 6671 574 I 6991 503 1 523

Pounds ga in from du stin g , perl acr e ......................_......_............ 148\ 119\

I 151\

I

ln crea se value p er ac re ................1$17.761$14.281 1$18.121 I

Cost of du sting per acre...._.........I$ 9.201$12.801

1$14.:JOI

1

Profit from dus ting per ac re ......I$ 8.561$ 1.481 1$ 3.821 I

5

in field A the original intention was to use the following
schedule: Plat I -t o st ar t J uly 1 and du st every two
weeks; plat 2-to start J uly 1 and du st weekly; plat 3_
check (not to be dusted ) ; plat 4-to start J une 15 and dust
weekly; plat 5-to start August 1 and dust weekly; plat
6-check (undustcd) . The incessant rains so interferred
with the sche dule that it was not possible t o car ry it out.
The du sting was star te d in the various plats a t abo ut th e
da te mentioned. When treatment was st ar t ed in plat 4
the in fest ati on was 12 per cent.; in plat 1 and 2, 20 per
cent.; and in plat 5, 88 per cent . The rai ns so interferred
t hat the interval between dustings could not be kept uni-
form. Plat 4 was dusted every time t hat any ot her plat
in the field was dusted. Plat 1 was dusted over the same period as was plat 2, but the interval between dustings was sometimes longer in th e case of t he former. Almost daily rains OCCUlTE-d during July and this was the period dur ing wh ich most effective control could be exp ect ed. In t he above table t he yields from t he two chec ks were averaged and t he gain from dusting was computed by taking t he difference between the average of the two and the yield of the du sted plats. In computing the cost of dusting in all of the exp eriments, calcium arsenate was charged at th e rate of 30 CEnts per pound and the operation of the machine at $2.00 per hou r . Seed cotton was valued at 12 cent s per pound. The cost of dust ing is estimated rather h igh here an d seed cotton is valued at a pr ice below t he av erage for t he season so the computed profit from dusting should be conservative. The plats had the same re lative position in the field as is shown in the table. Plat s 4, 5, and 6 were slightl y less fertile than the rest.
From the t able it will be seen that an increase was obtained from every plat t hat was dusted except plat 5 where t he du sting did not begin t ill Au gu st 1. At t he time when du sting was started in plat 5, t he weevil infestation was comp lete (p ractically every square pu nctured) and al though weather conditions were fai rly favorable for du sting after August I, no increase in yield was obtained from dusting. This was probably because the initial infestation was too heavy for dusting to be done at a period so la te in t he season. The high est yield was mad e in plat 4 wh ere t he greatest number of applications were mad e. However t he greatest pro fit ($8.56 per acre) was obtaine d from dust ing plat 1 where fewer applications were made, but a yield almost as lar ge as in plat 4. A small profit was also derived from dusting plat 2, but here again, as in plat 4, t he cost of the lar ge number of dustings cut down t he profit.
G

DUSTIN G RECORD AT THE PLACE OF A. B. SMITH (F IELD D)

Dusted With Pure Ca1cium Arsenate

Pl a t Number

1

Number of a pp lications of poison

.

G

No. applications r emaining 24 hr s. without ra in .

3

pounds of poi son u sed , per a cre

.

34

Yield per a cr e (p ounds seed cotton)

. 6 14

pounds gain fro m du sting , per acre

. 170

Increas e value, pe r acre

. $20.40

Cost of du sting , pe r acre

. $12.20

Profi t f r om du sting, pe r a cr e.

. $ 8.20

C h eck 2
474

Field B contained 4 acr es and was t hrown into two plats, one to be dusted and t he other to re mai n untreat ed. Plat 1 was dusted a nd plat 2 was used as a check. The t wo plats were ver y uni form and ga ve opportunity for a good t est . Plat 1 was t r eated six times with calcium arsenate alt hough
three of the six applications were wash ed off within 24 hours. The applications that r emained over 24 hours without rain were made in August when most profitable control could not be expe cted. In this field the treatment was not started till July lOth. At t he time of t he first a pplication the treated plat had 27 per cent. of the squa r es in... fested and the check had an infestat ion of 19 per cent. The values for comp uting profit from dusting were t he same as used in field A. The incr ea se was 170 pounds of seed cotton and the computed profit was $8.20.

DUSTING RE CORD AT TH E P LA CE OF A. B. SMITH (F IE LD C )

Dusted With a Mixture of 15 % Calcium Arsenate and 85 % Lime

Plat Number

I I I I II Ck1.

2

3

41Ck5 6

No. applicat ions of poison

1

No. h~J~~c~~~h~u~e~~i~~.~~~ ~~..1

I

91 61 51

I4

I 51 21 31 \ 2

Poun ds poison u s ed per a cre 1 I 451 331 27\ I 23

Yield per a cr e (lbs. seed cotton )i 770 I 8891 892 !-----m:i51---rn51641'

Lbs. gain p er ac r e fro m dusting l

I 1471 1501 1671

1

Increa se valu e, per acre..

1 1$17.641$18.001$20.041 1

Cost of du sting , per acre

1

\$15.501 $11.901$ 9.80\

I

Profit from dusting, per a cre \

1$ 2 .~41$ 6.101$10.241

I

Field C was also laid off in six t wo-acre plats. Pract ically the same schedule was carried out in this field as was used in field A. Dusting was started in plat 2 on June 15; in
7

plat 4, July 7; in plat 3, J uly 17; and in plat 6, AllO'llst 1 At t he time dus ti ng was s tarted in plat 2, eig ht per c"'ent. of the sq uares were inf est ed ; in plat 4, 14 per cent. were inf es ted ; in pla t 3, 25 per cznt. were in f est ed ; an d in plat 6 85 per cent. wer e inf est ed. In t his field als o t he J uly rain~ seriously in t erf erred with t he exper iments. The plats in t hi s field were fa irl y unif or m as t o fertility except t ha t pla t s 5 an d G 'were slig htly less f er tile th an the r est. In com puting the pro fit from du sti ng t h e same values were used a s in t he t wo pr eviously described exper ime nts.
H ere agai n pro fits wer e deri ved from ev ery plat dusted excepi the one in which treatrn- nt wa s not started t ill Augus t 1, whe n pract ica lly a ll of t he sq uares were inf ested. Als o in t h is field th e pla t wh ich r eceived th e g reates t n umber of treatment s was not the one which yielded the great est profit. In plat 4 where five applications were made, t he g reatest pr ofit whi ch was $10.24 pe r acre, wa s obtained. By consult ing th e se ccnd line of t he foregoing t a ble it will be se211 how s erio usly t h e ra ins inter fe r re d with t he expe r im ent s and many of t he a pplica ti ons which r emained on 24 hours wit hout r ain damage were not made at a sea son when most good could be done. The fact t ha t plats 3 and 4 yielded slig h tly more than pla t 2 was proba bly a cha nce va ri ation.

E XPERI IIIE NTS AT THE PL ACE OF A. H . DUKE S (2 Miles N . of Va ldos ta)

In t he ex per iment s whic h have al ready bee n discussed the fields were thrown into t wo-acre plat s. In this case a la rger a rea was dusted so t hat the ChECk would not influence the yield of the treated area so much. This field was div ided into two plats, a seven-acre area t o b 2 du sted a nd a three-acre area t o be used as a check. In this field, dusting wa s start ed July 9 a nd at that tim e in the treated plat, the infestation wa s 32 per cent. and in the chec k it wa s 23 per cent . The soil in this field was rather poor , but the crop receiv ed a fair application of barnya rd manure. Th e cul ti vation of the crop was fair.

DUSTI NG RE CORD AT T HE P LACE OF A. H . DUKES

Du sted Wi th Pure Calcium Arsena t e

Pl at Number

Number of a pplications of poison

.

N o. a pplications r em ainin g- 24 hI'S. without rain ..

P ounds poison u sed, per ac re

.

Yi eld per a cre (p ounds see d cotton)

.

P ounds g-a in, per acre, f r om du sting

.

Increa se value, per acre

.

Cos t of dus ti ng , per a cre

.

Profit from dusting, per acre

..

8

1
7
:l
4 :l 403
151 $18.12
s$143..9120

Check
2
252

In this test an increa se of 151 pounds of see d cotton wa s obtai ned, but the large number of applications of poison necessar y, cut down t he pro fit to $3.12 per ac re . The hi gh cost of treatment can r eadily be accounted fo r by exam ining line two of the t able. Out of seven applications of poison made, only t hree r ema ined twenty-fo ur hours without rain.

EXPERI l\IENTS AT T HE PL ACE OF L. W. SHAW (8 Mi. N. E . of Va ldosta )

Both shor t and long staple cotton were du st ed at t he place of Mr . Shaw. Th e cult ivat ion on t h is place was poor and fer tili zer was not used in suffici ent quantities. With the very wet sea son some of the cotton on t his place was practi cally taken by t he grass . One field which had bee n du st ed several t imes wa s abandoned beca use of t he grass. Du sting was done on seventeen ac re s of Sea Island cotton, but because of t he damage done to t he cro p by r ain , grass a nd weevils no conclus ions could be drawn. In fact no increa se in yield could be see n in t h e du st ed plat s over the checks.
The t abl e which follows gives the r esults f rom du sting in one field of sho r t sta ple cot to n on t he place of Mr . Shaw. Thi s field cont aine d six acr es and four acres wer e du sted and the other two were used a s a check. The two pla t s were fairl y uniform so that-the gain obt aine d in t he treat ed plat ca n j ustly be attribu t ed t o du sting. The du st used in this field wa s zinc a rs enite. The first a pplicati on wa s made Jul y 20 and t he percen t age of inf est ation in t he treat ed a nd untreat ed plats were 24 a nd 27 r especti vely.

DUS TING RE CORD AT TH E PLACE OF L. W. SHAW.

Dust ed With P ure Zinc Ar senite

P lat Nu mbe r

1

Number of applications of poison

.

6

No. applications r emaining 24 hrs , wi th out rai n .

1

Pounds of poison u sed , per a cre

.

34

Yield per a cre (pounds seed cotton)

. 438

Pounds gai n, per ac r e, fr om dusting

. 122

Incr ea se value, per ac r e

. $14.64

Cost of du s t ing , per ac r e

. $13.16

Pr ofit f ro m du sting. p er acr e

. $ 1.48

Che ck 2
31G

It will be seen from th e table th at only one out of six applications remained twenty-four hours without a hard rain. Zinc arsenite wa s used in this experiment and is a little more expensive than calcium ar senate. In computing the cost of du sting it wa s charged at the rate of 32 cents pel' pound. E ven with t he unu su al interferance of rains,
9

the increased yield was sufficient to give 11 small profit over the cost of dusting.
SUMMARY OF SEASON'S WORK.
It is seen that in practically all of the tests, profit wa s derived from dusting. The profit was not large in any case the largest being $10.24 per acre. The plats in which dust~ ing was done and in which no increase in yield was made were two in which dusting was started very late. Prac~ tically every square in these plats had been infested when the applications were started. Dusting was not started in these plats until August 1. Although dusting should not be started too early, it is just as important that it should not be started too late. This late season experiment was carried out in two different fields and the results were the same in each. From the series of experiments which have been discussed it is seen that the greatest profit wa s not derived from the test where the greatest amount of poison was applied. It is possible to use so much poison that the cost of treatment wiII cancel the profit from increased yield.
However, only very general conclusions can be drawn from one season's experiments. This is especially true in such an unusual season as the past has been. The rain so damaged the effectiveness of the poison that much more was required to accomplish the same results than would have been required during an average season. But if a small profit can be obtained from dusting during such a rainy season, greater profits should be expected in an average season.
DIRECTIONS FOR APPLYING POISON.
Since many farmers of Georgia are planning to dust their cotton during the coming season, it is well to give here what is considered at the present time the most reliable information on methods of application.
WHEN TO BEGIN AND HOW OFTEN TO DUST
The time to begin dusting can not be set at any given date. The abundance of weevils must be used as a guide and this varies greatly in different fields at the same season. The easiest accurate way to determine the abundance of weevils is by examining the squares on a number of plants and calculating the percentage punctured. This may seem rather laborious to the average farmer, but at present is the only reliable method of finding out when to begin dust-
10

ing. The best method of determining the percentage of infestation in a field is to make an examination of from 100 to 200 squares in each of th e four corners and middle of the field. Experimental work done so far has indicated that it does not pay to dust before 10 per cent. of the squares are infested. Many farmers have the idea that dusting should be started much earlier, but experiments conducted so far have contradicted this belief. The applications should be repeated at intrevals of one week. In case of heavy initial infestation the interval might be shortened at first. It is best to keep up th e infestation counts, as already described, during the season and dust sufficiently often to keep the percentage of infestation below 25 until late summer. In case a heavy rain falls within 24 hours after the poison was applied, the application should be repeated at once.
TIME OF DAY TO APPLY POISON.
There is no question but that poisoning can be more effectively done at night. However, operation of machinery at night offers certain difficulties. Two conditions exist at night which are favorable to dusting: the stillness of the atmosphere and moisture on the plant. It is quite evident that more dust will adhere to a wet plant than to a dry one. These conditions can also be obtained by dusting in the late evening or early morning. Whenever it is possible to work at night, very satisfactory work can be done.
THE POISON TO USE.
Calcium arsenate is the chemical which has given best results in cotton dusting. However, it is not sufficient to simply buy material labeled calcium arsenate, for it must come up to the specifications given in order to give satisfactory results. The calcium arsenate should come up to the following specifications:
Not less than 40 % arsenic pentoxide.
Not more than 0.75 % water soluble arsenic pentoxide.
Density not less than 80 or more than 100 cu. in. per lb.
It is well for anyone using any large quantity of calcium arsenate to have samples of the material analyzed. This analysis is very important for even materials which have been guaranteed to come up to the required specifications have failed to do so. Improperly made calcium arsenate may either be useless as a weevil poison or may be injurious to the plant.
NOTICE: Parties desiring samples of calcium arsenate analyzed may have this done free of charge by writing to
11

the Depart ment of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga., r equesting inspect ion. The Department will immediat ely send an authorized inspect or to t h eir place t o secur e sam ples and all necessary data. The samples will then be forwarded t o the St at e Chemist for analysis and the r esul ts will be reported to t h e int erest ed parties.
Do not request an analysis merely thro ugh curiosity . The State Chemist is charged wit h all analytical work inc], dent to t he enforcement of the food, drug, feedin g-stuff s and fert ilizer law s in our State an d at this parti cular season of the yea r , in addit ion to t he r egul ar analytical work is especially busy on lines of special investi ga ti on relativ~ t o f ertilizer control, such as t h e identi ficati on of borax and ot her toxic or worthless mat erials.
The mixing of calcium arsenate with ot her materials such as lime or sulphur has shown no advantage over th e pure calcium arsenate. So at the pr esent stage of th e dusting problem it is best to use only t he straight calcium arsenate since t he mixin g of ot her mat eri als increases both the cost of product ion and of handling..
DOSAGE AND NUlVIBER OF APPLICAT IONS.
Th e amo unt of poison to be used per acre per application sho uld be from 4 to 8 pounds. The amount to be used is det ermined by t he size of t he cotton and the percent age of in fest ati on at t he time of treatment. At t he beginnin g of t he season wh en the cotton is sma ll, four pounds per acre is pr obably sufficient, but at the end of t he season wh en t he cotton is large, m uch mor e is req uired. Also if the dusting is not started until the percen tage of infestation is high, six to eight pounds shou ld be used per acre till t he inf estation is r educed.
The nu mber of ap plicat ions to be made will vary considerably wit h condit ions . During a n average season fo ur or five applications will be best. If t he weevils become ab undan t very early in t he season mor e applications may be necessary, bu t in othe r seaso ns t he weev ils may become abundant so lat e t hat fewer applications will be sufficient . F rom twenty to t h irty pounds of calcium a rs enate will be sufficient to take care of an acre of cotton fo r a season.
MAC H I N E RY
The machinery whic h h as bee n developed fo r cotton dust ing is of t hree types. The la rgest type is a horse-drawn mot or- dri ven machine which will dust fro m five to seven r ows at a time. This machine is only satisfactory where
12

the planter has a very large acreage in cotton. The smallest type of duster is a hand duster which is carried and manir, ulatd by hand. This is useful on very small acreages of cotton or in very stumpy and rough portions of larger fields where the larger du ster could not be used. The hand duster is useful also early in the season when the weevils are abundant only in very small areas. Recently an intermediate type of machine has been developed which will more nearly fit the needs of the average Georgia farmer. This is a horse-drawn mcahine which obtains the power for driving the duster from sprockets on the wheels of the cart which carries the machine. This machine dusts three rows at a time. It is not only a cheaper machine than the larger one, but is also much more simple to handle.
See Fig. 1 on page 13 for a cut of this tractor type of machine.
For cut of different types of hand dusting machines see Fig. 2 on page 14.
Fi g. 1. A three-row traction cotton duster. This is drawn by two horses and the power for drivin j the machinery is obtained from sprockets on the wh eels of the cart. This is the type of duster which will most nearly me et the needs of th e av erage planter.
WHERE MACHINERY AND POISON MAY BE OBTAINED.
The large and intermediate size of dusting machines may be obtained from the following firms: Niagara Sprayer Company . ... . .Middlepor t , N. Y.
13

Dust Sprayer Mfg. Co 1222 W. 9th St., Kan sas City Mo

Hand dusters may be secured from the followin g fir~s ' '

Sl?ringfield Dry Powder Sprayer Co.--------..Sr;>ringfield, Ten~.

NIagara Sprayer Company

MIddlepor t , N, y ,

The following are some of the companies which handle

calcium arsenate:

Riches, Piver and Co _

_

Vicksburg, Miss

Grasselli Chemical Co General Chemical Co

Godchaux Bldg., 25 Broad St. , New

NYeowrkOCrlietya,nsN.Lya''

y: Sherman-Williams Co
Niagara Sprayer Company

317

Camp

St.,MNiedwdleOprolreta,nNs ,La'

Toledo Rex Sprayer Co

Toledo, Ohio

Corona Chemical Co

__ _ _ Milwaukee, Wis

Some of the abov e brands of calcium arsena t e may als~

be bought from local dealers and wholesale druggist s of

the State.

Fig. 2. Two types of hand dusters . These are capable of taking care of only small areas of cotton, but will be of value in connect ion with the larger duster t o poi son rou gh cut s in which the la r ger duster can not be used.
CONCLUSIONS AND ADV ICE.
From the experiments cond ucted during the past seas on
14

it seems safe to conclude that if th e du st is properly applied,

dust ing cotton can be done at a pr ofit in Georgia . Just what

prC'fit can be expect ed from du sting during an average sea-

son, can not be sa id for last season 's work was not done

under average conditions. Bu t since profit wa s derived from

most of the dusting exp eriment s during t h e past unfa vor-

a. 1e season, greater pro fit could be ex pected during an aver-

ace sea son. Dusting sho uld not be a ttempted upon land

\:hich, without weevil dama ge, will not produce more than

one half a bale per acr e. No great num ber of exp eriments

have been condu ct ed un der conditions similar t o those found

in Georgia . Un til exp eriment s have been conducted over a

considerable period und er Geor gia condit ions, it can not be

known definitely what can be expected from dusting.

Since dusting is a fairly expensive operation and one

which requires consid erable care in handling, it is wise for

planters not to attempt it upon too large a scale during the

first season . Dust ing done in a haphazard mann er will re-

sult in lit tl e profit to t he one doing it. So unl ess t he planter

int ends t o see t hat t he dusting is done carefully and accord-

ing to dir ect ions given, it will be useless for him t o attempt

it. Because of the exp ens e, mor e dust t han is necessary

should not be used, but too much economy in t he use of

dust should not be practiced. Two or three pounds of cal-

cium arsenate per acr e appli ed a time or two will probably

be a waste of material and labor.



Statements by uni nformed persons have been made that

dust ing with calcium arsenate is a method of eradication of

the boll weevil. Dusting ill not a method of eradication and

never has been declared S J by those conducting the investi-

gations. It is only a method of holding the weevil in ch eck

for a period when t he cotton plant is capable of putting on a

maximum amount of fruit.

PLANS FOR N EXT SEASON.

During the next season the Georgia State Boar d of Entomology plans to carry out experiments on a much more elaborat e sca le. Work will be conducted at several points in th e State where weevil damage is greatest. Ther e are many problem s connected with dusting wh ich yet require considerable experimental st r -lv, Anyone reading t he directions given in t his paper will realize t hat t hey are very condit ional, but t he infor mat ion [ :.'cn is as complete and concise as can be given at t he present ti me. Information, an d help wherever poss ible, will be f urnished pla nters in t ending to dust during t he coming season.

15

Dusting cotton with motor-driven duster at Valdosta, Ga . 16

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
A. C. LEWIS , State Entomologist

BULLETIN 57

(

R

e

v

ise d Edition Bulletin 43

of)

MARCH, 1920

THE PRI NCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
By W. W. CHASE Assistant St ate Entomologist

CARE AND lVIANAGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS
By R. C. BERCKMANS Pre sident, State Horticultural Society

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

PLATE IX
i
L
The Right Stage for the First Summer Spraying.

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
A. C. LEWIS, Siate Entomologist

BULLETIN 57

(

Revil ed Edition Bulletin 43

of\
J

MARCH, 1920

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
By
. w. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist

CARE AND lVIANAGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS
By R. C. BERCKMANS President, St ate Horticultural Society

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION AND STA FF
HON. J . J . BROWN, Cha ir man , Commissione r of Ag ricultur e, Atlanta .
HON. R. C. BERCKIIIANS, H ortieulturist, Macon,
COL . W . D . HAMl\IACK, Agriculturi st, Coleman. A . C. L E,VI S,
Statc E ntomologist and Secr eta ry of the B oard, Atlant a .
W . ' V. CHASE , Assist ant State Entomologist, Cor nelia.
W. Y. REED, Ass istan t Entomologis t Atlanta.
I R A W . W I LIJIAl\ IS, Cott on Sp ecialist , Thomasville. ( In Cha rge of Val dosta, 'I'homasvi lle and Baxley S ta tions.)
W. F. T URNER, Assistant Entomologist , Atlanta.
D. C. WARREN, Assistant Entomolog ist , Valdost a.
D. C. NEAL, Pl an t Pathologist, Th omasville.
B . 1'1. GADDIS, Supcrintendent Valdosta S tat ion , Valdo sta.
W . H . LEONARD, Superintcud cut Th omasville S tation , 'I'homasvill e.
J . C. l\IA NESS, F'icld Agent, Atlanta .
J . xr. MALLOY,
Field Agen t , Ma con. J . H . P RE SSLE Y, F icld A gent, Va ldosta.

FOREWORD.
In poin t of qua ntit y, Georgia 's produ ction of p eaches is gre ater than th at of any other State save one. In point of quality, her production is easily t he best and the best kno wn . She has ori ginated and introduced some of th e finest commer cial varieti es. The avera ge annual yi eld is approximat ely 5,000 cars, or 2,500,000 crates, with a gross estimate d value (on a conser va tive basis of $1.25 per cra te) of $3,125,000.
The industry is on a sounder f ooting th an at any ti me in jts history. With th e p assing of th e old order, wh en p each t r ees were pl anted on land r egarded as too p oor to r aise anything else and th er eafter left to th eir f at e, and th e comin g of th e new, whi ch means scientific or chard man agement, scien ti fic spraying an d the eliminat ion of hit- or-miss marketing, the bu sin ess is upon a safe, profitable pl ane. It is grea t and growing. As an investment for th e man who is willing to mix br ain s with mon ey, who goes into th e game with a det ermination to make it pay, a Georgia peach or chard presents splendid opportunities. It has never been so promisin g of profit as it is today.
At a tim e when n ational produ ctiveness is th e slogan and th e public mind is in a r ecepti ve at t itude t owards its preaching s, it is pertinent to point out some of th e essenti als of peach production. It is the purpose of this publication t o discuss the several worst enem ies of th e peach industry, with r ecommendations f or defense against inv asion of orchards by th em.
The var ious subjects are group ed un der th e bro ad t itl e P each Parasit es. An attempt has been made to t ake th em up in th e order of th eir r elative imp ort ance, th ough it is r ealized th at th ey have a variabl e significance, du e t o numerous f actors. What , to one grower , is a vital problem is, to another , of no conse quence. The rating as given, however , is gener ally ap plica ble to Georgia orchards. The r ecommend ati ons are based, for the most part, upon methods that have been t est ed an d proven by the author . Statistical t abulation of data on r esults of exp eriments has been omitted as f ar as possibl e.
The Department is pleased to supplement the bulletin with an arti cle on "Care and Man agement of P eaeh Orchards," by Mr . R. C. Ber ckman s. Mr. B er ekmans is joint owner of one of th e largest, finest an d most profitable orcha r ds in th e Strite. H e is thor oughly conversant with hi s subject, and his suggest ions are certa in to be of inter est and va lue to peach orcha r dists, especially to beginners.
5

CONDENSED SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES.
Winter, or Dorman t , Spraying.
For San J ose seal e a nd leaf cur l, spraJ' with lim e-sulphur solution after th e trees become dormant, p r eferably within the last three or four weeks before th e bloom buds begin t o open . Dilute the concentrate with wat er in proportion to th e strcngth of th e solution (Se e page 36) . It is important to know wh at thc strength actu all y is, in order to avoid over-d ilution, whi ch would weak en the effect iven ess of the spray. Badly infest ed trces should be sp rayed twice, once in th e fall and aga in in early spring.
Spray tho roug hly u nder high p r essu re an d with a medium fine mist. F or Sa n J ose scale, a nozzle throwing t he spray at an acu te angle has more p euetration t han wid e-an gle nozzles.
The Summer Spray Schedule.
1st. For cur culi o, spray just as the shucks ar e shedding (P lato I X ) with 3,4 pound powd ered arsenate of lead (1% lbs. past e) to 50 ga llons water and milk-of-lim e solution mad e from three pounds lu mp lime. Use a wide -angle nozzle throwing a fine mist and cover t he fo liage and fr uit lightl y but thoroughl y. Do not drench the t r ees.
2nd. F or brown rot, cureulio and scab spr ay four weeks af ter th e pet als drop (abou t thr ee weeks aft er th e first sprayi ng ) with self-cooked lim e-sulphur and powder ed arsenat e of lead 8-8-% -50. 01' with atomic sulphur according to directions on th e container. If paste lead is used, th e amount would be one pound. Spray lightly, but thoroughl y, so that th e p eaches will be p ebbled on all sides with t he sp ray.
3rd. For eurculio, brown rot and scab . One month before the ripening per iod, spray with same mater ial s and same for mula as for second summer spraynig. This time th o disc opening of the nozzle should be lar ger , so as to giv e a coarser spray and a heavier coati ng to th e f r uit. If curculio is u nder good cont rol omit the arsenate of lead f rom this treatment. It usually p ays to add t he lead .
Th e above su mmer sp ra ying schedule is for all variet ies ripening in mid -season. E arly maturing vari eti es should r eceive only two applica t ions and f all -ri penin g variet ies four.
It is importan t to usc the ri gh t types of n ozzles, as r esul ts are greatly influenced by this f actor .
6

THE PRINCIPAL PARASITES OF THE PEACH
By W. W . CHASE, Assistant Stat e Entomologist.
THE PEACH TREE BORER. (Sanninoiclea exiiiosa, Say)
On the debit page of commercial peach growing, the borer shoul d be entered as the lar gest natural liability. It is the greatest single cause, directly or indirectly, of the mortality among peach trees. Thi s statement is made advisedly, and is bas ed upo n ten years' experience and observation. All the other enemies of the industry are of secondary importance because their antidotes are genera lly known and su ccessfully appli ed . And the r eason it is th e premier insect p est is not becau se of the insect 's inher en t immunity to repressive measures, but mai nl y the r esult of the many misconceptions that exist as t o its life history and habits. Cont rol measures, being based on th ese misconceptions, are, therefore, inadequate and abor t ive. It is trne that many growers use the ri ght processes, but at th e wrong tim e to attain maximum effect iven ess. The peach tree bor er problem, if intelligently met, is easy of solution.
The high developm ent of spray chemicals and the art of spraying, and their effective application to fruit growing, have shorn San J ose scale, brown r ot, curc ulio, etc. , of th eir one-t ime t er r or. The Delilah th at sheared these Samsons was compr ehensive knowledge and application of cont r ol measures- the how and when and what to spray. So soon as orchardists grasp the principles an d pract ices of p each bor er control as thoroughly as they have tho se of brown rot, for instance, it will entirely cease t o be the menace that it is at p r esent.
Description.
~
In common with most all bor ers, the destruction is wro ught by the larval or grub stage of the ins ect . E very one p ossessing even
7

casual knowledge of pea ch growing is fam iliar with this stage and its work. The winged form, also, bec au se of its abundance in the f all of the year an d its characteristic color markings, is fa irly familiar. Th er e are four ent irely distinct periods in the t rans formation of th e ins ect-the egg, the larva, the pupa and the adult. Th ese four st ages are separately described in th e fol, lowing p aragraphs:
Th e Adult. The fully-grown ins ect is a moth about one inch long an d p erhaps an inch an d a half across th e outst retched win gs. The body and fore-wings are ver y dark blue in color, with a broad orange belt en cir cling the mid-section of the abdomen. (See Plat e III, fig. 3.) 'I'he hind-wings are transparent, heavily fringed and delicately veined. H er gener al app ear ance resembles th at of a mud-building wasp . 'I'he male, on th e oth er hand, is smaller than the female, slen derer, an d suggesti ve of the " yellowjacket." Its basic color ing is blue, rin ged with yellow at the intersections of th e abdominal segments . Th ese narrow bandings, toge th er with oth er yellow markings of th e body, help to creat e the impression of a yellow insect. Both p airs of wings a r e transparent, with a heavy fringe about the edges and transversely dividing the fore-wings.
Th e Egg. Th e eggs, owing t o their very sm all size and brown color, ar e exceedingly difficult to find upon the bark of the tree. It is doubtful if a sin gle orchardist in the ent ire State has ever det ect ed them, even when act ive deposition is going on.
Th e La rva . This st age embod ies th e ins ect 's economi cal importance. The size varies, of course, according to ag e and feeding, th e largest being more th an an in ch in length. At first white, the body chan ges with growth to muddy-white. Th e head is dark brown, t erminating in a p ail' of pow erful and devast ating j aws. There are eight pairs of legs, seeming ly a supe rfluous number for a larva that takes almost a yea r to covel' a sp ace measured in inches.
Th e Pupa-, A pup a case, showing a protruded an d empty pupa skin, is illustrated on Plate III, fig. 2. The case itself is a dar k br own, tough comp ositi on of fine-ground 'wood filin gs, grass and gum, lined with a silky facing of th e larva 's weaving. Even in the pupal stage, the pronoun ced differ enc e in size an d shap e that char acter izes the adult mal es and f emal es is discernible. The' mal e casing is shor t er th an th at of th e fc male, and smaller in
8

diameter. Th e size of th e cocoons is va riable, r anging from thr ee-quarter s of an in ch to one and three-qua rters in ches, with an' average of slightly mor e than an in ch. Within is th e pupa, which eventually forces its way nearly its full length through the anterior end of cocoon, as shown in th e cut, th e skin is ruptured, and the moth emer ges.
Life History.
As the success of bor er cont rol is contingent up on a cor re ct knowledge of th e in sect 's life histor y, th e tr an sfor mati ons, as they occur in Georgia , will be descr ibed somewhat in detail.
Although a few precocious moths may app ear in June or July -or even ear lier- they are only scouts, so to speak, and th eir numbers are negligible. Th e main army begins to arrive th e last week in August, and re aches its gre atest numeri cal stre ngth in September, during 'which between eighty and ninety per cent. emerge. Just as th er e is an adv an ce guard during ear ly and mid summ er , so there is a r ear gua r d in October , but it also is very small.
Mating and egg-lay ing f ollow immediat ely upon t he ar rival of the borers at th e adult st age. Th e female is a prol ific egg-layer, averaging approxim atl y five hun dred eggs, which ar e laid singly or in small , ir regu la r cluste rs. Th ese ar e attached to the bark of the trunk near the ground, or under the first later al limbs if the latter are close to th e ground. Norm ally, th e female will oviposit within less than two feet of th e ground, but if inhibited by artificial conditions, such as mounding or whitewashing, will ascend high er and lay her eggs upon unprotected bark. She may be intimidated by hostile condit ions from taking her natural choice of th e pla ce, but not at all from egg-lay ing it self . Not hing short of death will prevent her from fulfillin g th at fu nction, which fa ct has a most impor ta nt beari ng on it s attempted p revention by moun din g, wrapping, or pain tin g th e trees with protective washes. Attempts to curb the adult female must in evitably result in failure. It is not again st her or her egg-lay ing activities that th e fight mu st be directed, for it is th e larval and not the adult form that is vulnerable to attack.
The adult moth s liv e only about a 'week, during which th eir sole concern is the propagation of the speci es. Egg laying over in a week or ten days, th e females die.
9

The oval-shaped egg hat ches in about a week or less and the larva issu es forth . For various r easons , only a small p ercent_ age of the tot al number of eggs survi ves as larvae. 'l'he newlY hatched grubs are ver y small and frail , and readily SUCCUm b to advers e con dit ions, whi ch accounts for th e heavy mor tality among th em. Wher ever hatched , th e lar va 's first effort is to reach th e surf ace of th e grou nd, either by cra wling down the trunk or by suspend ing itself f rom a silken threa d which it sp ins for the purpose. Having r eached t he ground it at once begin s its en try into the t ree . If all things are fav orable, the larva works its way bene ath t he bark within a shor t time. Th enceforth, during th e larval st age, th e channels ar c enlarged and exten ded, foll owed by large j elly-l ike exudat ions from the tree, mix ed with frass. Th e j elly-lik e mass aroun d t he trunk at th e surface of the ground is a cha r acte r istic ma rk of in festation . On con tact with th e air it hard ens to a gummy consiste ncy. Qu it e a large percentage of the lar vae .does not at once effcct an en trance, but r emain s up on the out er bark, coverd by th e gummy excre t ions, until la te fall. While so sit uated th ey are comparat ively easy of r emoval. This, also, is an important fa ct.
Th e larva, once under cover , cont inues to feed on th e sap'wood and bark un til winter . It lies dormant and ina ct ive during th e coldest winter weather , but r enews act ive fee ding ver y early in th e sp r ing. Ther e is grcat variat ion in the size and development of th e larva e during the spring an d summer, du e p ar tly to the differ ence in age, and partly to the fa ct th at some had easy, quick ent r ance to the tree while that of others was slow and difficult. A small per centage n ever ente rs the tree at all, but est ablish th emselves at the base of t he tree in cha mbers made of gum, dirt and castings (see Pl at e III, fig. 1) an d fee d on the bark f rom th e ou ts ide.
Practi call y th e whole life of th e peach bor er is pa ssed in the larval stage . Th e great maj or it y completes this stage duri ng the month of Au gust and the first week of Sep tem ber, leaves the channels and constr uc ts cocoons at or near th e base of the t ree.
Th e pupa st age lasts about four weeks, tho ug h th er e is a slight variati on both way s. 'With th e excep tion not ed above, pupation occurs in August and September-mostl y in August. By .rl'moving th e top soil from th e base of infested trees during the latter month. one may readily find the cocoons. As an illustra -
10

tion. the author took seven , on August 31, 1915 , from ar oun d the base of a two-year plum tree in an abandoned section of a nursery. The bark of this tree below th e ground ha d been completely eaten away by th e larva e, and th e tree wa s in a dying conditi on.
At t he end of pupal p eriod thc pupa works its way through the end of the cocoon, breaks it s skin and eme r ges, a winged
mot h . Thus , out of th e yea r r equired to comp lete th e insect 's full li fe
cycle, mor e than t en months are lived as a larva.
Control.
F rom th e foregoing it will be seen th at no ap preciabl e good results are to be had from washing th e trunk with any of th e numerous so-called protectiv e comp ounds that ha ve been , and are (even yet ) used with th e obj ect either of preventing egg-layi ng or the entrance of th e borer into th e tree. Neither result is attained . Likewise, th e appli cation of some of th e st ronge r of these prepar ations is liable to injure or kill the tr ee it self, while not strong enough to affect in th e least th e bor er under bark or gum . Uncoveri ng th e crown and main roo ts during th e wint er to expose the hiber nat ing lar vae to freezing t emp eratures is equally to no purpose so f ar as th e bor er is concer n ed, but may winter-kill th e trees so expose d . 'Wrapp ing th e t rees with p ap er also has a questionable value from an economical stan dp oint.
Exp er ience has demon strated that su ccessful cont r ol is to be realized onl y by mechanical means- (l) mounding and (2 ) worming. Both these measures are co-or dinat ing , an d th eir successful practi ce is absol ut ely d epend ent upon th eir being don e at the right tim e.
It has been shown that nearly all the larvae pupate in August and emerge as moths in September, at once laying eggs from which the next generation of worms is hatched. It follow s, then , that mounding up the trees to a height of ten or tw elve in ches, from August 10th -20th, accomplishes a doubl e purpose. Th e first result is the prevention of the escape of a la rge number of the pupae from th e earth. The second is that t he mot hs that do succeed in working their way from the bottom of the mound and escaping are forced to lay th eir eggs higher up on the tr ee. In turn, the lar vae that hatch from th ese eggs are forced to enter the tree at t he top of the mound instead of at th e gro und level or
11

below, as th ey would in th e absence of th e mound. After all .eggs are laid and hatched, which is early in October , th e mound should be re moved, and th e trees scra ped and worm ed. The leveling of the mound leaves the young larvae high upon the trunk,
wher e th ey are accessible, in st ead of around th e crown and roots,
wher e it is diffi cult to locat e and r emove them. The latter part of October finds most of the worms on the outside of the tree un der gum and other protection, whence they ar e easily removed by scraping' with a worming hook, mad e for th is purpose.
Th e worming of th e trees, if done at th e ri ght tim e (middle par t of October) is in r eality more of a scr aping process. So!ne few lar vae may have work ed under the outer bark, neccssitating r emoval with the point of the hook. Most of th em, however, are very small at that tim e and can be scraped off with out in jury to th e tree. Spr ing worming, while better th an none, is, for obvious r easons, th e wrong time to do th e work. Th e worms have fed and f attened within th e t rees all fall and spr ing, and the ir removal or destrueti on 'with knife, wire or hook is inevit ably hurtful to the tree. Li ttle actua l cu tting or mutilati on of th e t rees is necessary if worming is done in t he fall.
Tree Prote ctors.
A device for the protection of peach t rees f rom borers is pictured on Plate II. It consists of a heavy circ ula r piece of tarred building paper cut in several sizes to accommodate t rees of vari ous trunk diameters. Th e proteetor is placed about the base of t he tree on a little conical mou nd of dirt, and sealed about the trunk and along th e line of the over lapping edges with a heavy tar prepa ration. This device has a minimum effective life estimated at three yea rs. Wh en properl y placed and scaled it is effective in proteeting trees aga inst bor ers. So carefully does this have to be done t hat th e fixing of th e pr otectors to trees is unsatisfactory when entrusted to the average or chard hired man, and for this reason th er e is little cha nce t hat th e device will come into commercial use.
Recommendations .
Between t he 15th of J uly and th e 1st of August mound the trees ten or twelve in ches high. Use a shovel, throwing the dirt to th e trees in a cone-sha ped mound with a broad base. P ack the
12

dirt down with th e shov el. Do not mak e th e mound care lessly or too hu rr iedly. If prop erl y mad e, th e mounds will prevent the escape of all but a f ew of th e moth s.
During' th e month of October level off th e mounds, following immed iat ely with t he scrap ing and worming of th e trees. Scr ap e the trunk clea n of gum and dead bark, bein g cer tain to throw all the gum several fee t away from th e tree. If thi s op eration is carefully carried out, a second '~'orming in the sp r ing will be saved .
Th ese two essential things should be don e th oroughly, and on schedule time.
THE SAN JOSE (pronounced San-Ho-zay) SCALE.
tAep idio i u perniciosus, Comstock.)
The lit erature of economic en tomology has made this impo rtant and destructiv e insect th e th eme of comp rehensive, alm ost exhaustive, description and dis cussion. Fully n inety per cent. of our commer cial fr u it gro wers arc per sonally acquain ted both with th e insect itself and its history, and to th em it needs no formal introdu cti on. Only a few section s of th e entire State arc free of its presence and influence, and th ese few are becoming annua lly f ewer and fewer . Lik e th e poor, it is always and everywhere w ith us .
Unti l r ecent yea rs Sa n J ose scale was th e most pernicious insect pest with which th e growers of decidu ous f ruits had to contenel. Many of th e grower s came to believe that an orc har d, once infested with it, was beyond salvage. Thi s attitude and belief were the outcome of inadequa te means of control, particularly in spraying equ ipm ent. With the arrival of more efficient ins ecticides and the perfeet ion of mechanical means of applying them, scale ha s been brought under easy subj ugat ion, and is now relatively of less imp ortan ce.
History.
As is generally known , San Jose scale is an impor ted int roduetion from the Ori ent. Th e re cords disclose th e fact th at its entrance to our country was made through th e medium of infest ed nursery st ock, shipped into Califor n ia, about thirty or forty years ago, from China. According to authenti c informati on, th e first official knowledge of its presence was gained through the deva s-
13

tating sp re ad of the introduced p est among th e fruit trees at San J ose, Califor nia . From this f aet th e in sect derived its common name, San J ose seal e, whi ch oft-mispronounced an d non -descrip_ tive title it bears to this day. From Califor n ia th e scale subsequently spread to every state in th e Union.
Natural Enemies,
Following th e est ablishmen t of th e scale in th e U nite d Sta tes, agents of the Un ited States Bureau of En tomology made a thorough study of it in its native habitat. There th ey found that it was kept under control by a predaciou s ladybird beetl e (OhiloCOI"/ IS siniilis ) , a very closely r elated sp ecies of ou r own twi cestabbed ladybird t bioul.nerus sp ). Acting on this in for mati on, the Government made prompt efforts to introduce this natural ene my of the scale into this count ry on the theory and with the hope that it would readily acclimatize itself, become a naturalized citizen , and r esume it s ceaseless and effective warfare upon th e an cient ene my that h ad preceded it to our shor es. Th ese worthy effor ts ' resulted in failur e. Th e ladybird was not sufficientl y hardy or adaptable to survive the ri gors of our variegated climate, so that now we have th e evil without its attendant natural ant idote . W e wer e th en compelle d to r esort t o artificial mean s of contr oll ing th e ins ect , and these were succ essf ully evolved only in th e fulln ess of t ime and after painstaking st udy and exper imenta tion , marked by man~' f ai lures.
In addition to the common twic e-st abbed ladybird, whi ch preys upon th e scal e in Geor gia , but which is not sufficien tly numer ous to accompli sh a noticeabl e r epression , we hav e two fun gi which . are fairly well di stributed, one of whi ch , under cer t ai n f avor able cond it ions, is partially effect ive. Th ese are th e r ed -head ed fun gus (8pha erostilbe coccophila) , and th e bl ack fungus (JI y riallqium. duria ei), This Dep artmen t expe ri mente d a number of years ag o on the artificial in oculation of scale-infest ed peach 0 1'ehar ds with th e spores of th e r ed -headed f ungus , and succeeded, in some instances, in parasiting a small p er centage of th e scales on th e treated trees. T his fungus, however , proved so weak ly r eproductive that th e infest ations were materially unchecked. The bla ck fungus is much mor e generally scatter ed over the State. It is commonly found in negl ected or chards wher e spraying is not practi ced , r ep roduces itself freely , an d, in the presence
14

of a suffi cicnt supp ly of its host, has occasiona lly been obser ved almost to rid th e infes ted trees of scale.
The growth , reprodu cti on and spread of th ese two fun gi ar e so greatly dependent up on certain kn own condi t ions of climatc and moisture, as to make them of littl e or no value wher e such conditions do not obtain. Our Georgia climate is so hot and dry during a great er part of th c yea r th at , la cking th c r equisite qu an titi es of rai nf all and hu midi ty, the?' survive with difficulty and ar e in no wise dep end abl e to control San J ose scale.
Not so man y years ag o inoculations of t he black fun gus wer e sold to a number of credulous peach orcha rdists at differ ent places in t he State. T he eloquent salesma n p er suaded th ese or chardists that chca p and perm an ent emancipation from t he slavery of spr ay ing could be obt ain ed only by bu yin g and app lying their p an acea. Needless to say , these growers p aid th rough the nose for th eir fa it h, not only in the purchase price of t he material, but also in th e resultant multipli cation of scale and scale injury .
In the first plaee the life of an y fun gus parasit e is predicated on availability and abundance of its food supp ly, in t he instance und er dis cussion , scale ins ects. Th e r eproducti on of even a small init ial colony of scal e is oftentimes so rapi d, a nd th e r esultan t injury so quick and deadly, that, befor e th e fungus can become establi shed, under the adver se conditio ns prevailing in our p each belt, the tree is either killed or greatly in j ured.
In the second pl ace, th ese beneficial fun gi are subject to destruction by spraying, just as are injurious fun gi (br own rot and scab, for instances)" If we wish to fost er ou r scale-dest roy ing fungi ,we must, per for ce, aba ndo n all sp raying of our trees with fungi cides. Any orchardist havin g even a rudimentary knowl edgc of th e production of edi ble or mer chantable peaches kn ows this can not be done. So that we must r elin qu ish all hop e of the beneficent and gratuitous aid of ins ects and fun gi in cont r oll ing San J ose scale, and turn to oth er and dependable methods,
Description and Life History.
F or those havin g no knowled ge of the appearance or life cycle of t he sca le , t he y will be briefly described.
Plat e III, fig. 4, illustrat es th e half-grown st age in whi ch th e insect pa sses the winter . Most of th e old scales are killed dur ing
15

the winter months, the younger ones surviving, and th ese latt er are clearly illustrated on the p each twigs shown in th e cut. Th ey are about 1/32 of an inch in diameter , black in color , and crown ed at the ap ex by a ni ppl e. These scales enlar ge and mat ure in th e ea rly spring, th e ma le ins ects emerg ing as a ver y small wing ed fly. In about three weeks after impregn at ion the f emales begin to bring forth young. The ins ect is viviparous, that is, it r epro duce s wit hout th e egg stage common to most all oth er insects. It requires about three weeks fo r th e femal e to complete this fun ction, which involves th e birth of several hundred young scales. At th e end of this p eriod she dies . Th er e are five or six gener at ions a year in this State.
The young are provided with legs, and the first hours of their lives are devoted to cr awling about over th e limbs and tw igs se~k ing a suitable place to locat e. Th is found , th ey ins ert a long hair-like su cking tube into th e host, and set tl e down (ex cept i n the case of the males ) permanently. A scale covering th en be. gins to form over them, at first white an d later grey or black. It is in t he cr awling stage that they are carried about locally from tree to tree and place to pla ce. Birds alighting momentarily on limbs infested with crawling young frequently carry off th e latter on fe et or legs to their next stopping place, which may be far Qi.st ant,' and th er e deposit them. Thi s is only one agent of the many that are r esponsible for th e spread of scale.
Th e increase in the number of scales on an infest ed tree in a sin gle season, when unch ecked by artificial means , envir onment or natural conditions, is simply amazing. One favorable season is enough to over-r un and destroy young trees that wer e only lightly infest ed at th e opening of t he breeding season . Yet, at th e same tim e, it is an insect that suc cumbs easily to contr ol measures.
Typical Injury Produced by the Scale.
To any one not fam iliar with th e appearance of th e scale and the injury it produces, a minor infestation is likely to go un observed. But to th e most unobservant and unfamiliar, th e characteristic ash-colored encr usta tion of a heavy infestation is unmistakable. When r eproduction is act ive during th e summer, the young also can r eadi ly be seen by th e un aid ed eye as th ey cr awl about-slow moving points of yellow- on limbs and twigs and leaves.
16

As has been explained, Sa n J ose scale is a sucking insect, r e-

maining p erman ently in one position (except as noted ) all it s

life. It sucks the juices fro m the bark by mean s of a minut ely

fine hair-like proboscis. Th e immediate effect of this oper ation

upon th e bark an d sap wood is to 'p roduce a reddish-purple dis-

coloration which affects, even in the case of a sin gle f eeding

insect , th e bark and sap wood for a considerable area around the

point of in cision and down to th e wood it self . Th is is accompa ni-

ed or f ollowed by a dep ression or indentur e of the ba r k j ust un -

der the in sect , and secondarily by a swelling of the bark around

the dep ressed area, produ cing a p itted effect." T he swelling is

appar ently an effor t , on the part of t he tree, to overcome t he ab -

normal condition at t hat po int. Both the discolora tion and t he

swelling a re st rongly in dica t ive of a chemical react ion betw een

the sap cells and a p oison ous secre t ion of unknown composit ion

inj ectcd by th c insects into th e in cision when f eeding. Thi s se-

cretion-if present-is probabl y fo r th e better assimil a tion a nd

digesti on of t he pl ant ju ices, and dou btless is comparable to that

'injected into a p erso n or anima l by a fe eding mosqu ito in or der

10 make its food assimilable . T he reaction in the la tter case is

well known t o be caused by a poiso n. Th c commonly accepted

belief t hat t he Sa n J ose scale saps a tree to death by dep riving

its host of its j uices is not sufficient to account for th e discolor a-

tion and swelling menti oned above. Th c mere mechan ical .i b-

straction of the sap by a pump in g or sucking' act ion on such a

minut e scale is not sufficient to account for th e ph enom ena that

follow upon even a sin gle isolat ed fecding ope ra t ion, 'I'h e t heory

that th e writer advocates is that the host succumbs more to the

effects of toxin s set up in the sa p supply rath er t han f rom im-

pair ed physiological functions caused solely bv the loss of such

small amounts of sap as ar e requ ir ed to susta in th e li fe of th e

scale insects.

Control.

Aft er a long p er iod of exper imentation with man y compo unds of man y na t ures, t he concent ra ted lime-sulphur solut ion has been accepte d as th e best " all- 'round" treatm ent for San .Jose scale. Because of its caus t ic n ature this can be applied in a highly concentrated for m only in the dorm an t season, when the trees are bare of leaves. Sometimes, in except ional ~ascs, it is fou nd necessarv to npp lv measures t o check mu ltiplicat ion of sca le du r-
17

ing the summer, but such measures should n ever includ e concen_ trat ed lim e-sulphur spr ay. Even in weakl y dilute proportions it is deadl y to pea ch fol iage.
Prepared Liquid Lime-Suipli ur. L ime-sulphur combinat ions arc th e best treatments to usc becaus e they are effective, when t horo ug hly ap plied at th e r ight stre ng th, in r educin g scale in festat ion to n egligibl e qu an tit ies, and beca use other and alm ost equa lly important ben efits accr ue in cid entally or directl y. The compou nds are highl y efficient f ungicides, and th ey cither minimi ze or ent ir ely dest r oy fun gi of various kin ds that live upon th e tree itse lf during th e wint er month s. Th e subje ct of limesu lphu r sprays is treat ed mor e full y in an oth er section of the bull etin .
Sol uble S u l.pliur Prepa ration s. In th e last f ew yea rs a number of powd er ed su lphu r compounds have been manufa ctured and pl aced up on the ma rk et by var ious in secti cide comp anies. Th e princip al argum ents for th eir adopt ion by t he publi c were based on economy. It is obvious t hat a powder ed prepa r ati on wh ich would compare fav or abl y in price with th e commcrcially p rep ared liquid SOlut ions , t erm s of eflicien cy being eq ual, would save th e gr owers mu ch money in fr eight an d haulin g. 'With a view to determinin g th e r elati ve efficiency of soluble sulphur and li quid lim e-sulphur preparations against Sa n .I ose scale, th e writer t est ed f our brands of th e formcr alongside of a sta nda rd make of th e latter in L . H. Gibbs' apple orc ha r d, at Cor nelia, in March an d ear ly April, 1915. Th e r esults are bri efly set fort h in T~\bl e 1.
18

TAB LE I.- Condensed R esu lts of So lub le Sul p h ur E xperim e n ts.

Kam e of :\lan u fac -
- t u r e rs.
T hom sen Ch e mical Co .
-
:\l od o c Chem ical Co .
-
); inga r n Sprayer Co .

ITorfa. daen dntaems te , pl a t N o . of mate r ia l.
I
,"B. I 1 S: ' T.

I

2

"Spra

I Sulphur"

I3 S olubl e
I Sulphur

Lbs. to 50 g a llo n s
water. 16.
10 .
12 .,.

W h en sprayed.
;Ma rc h 3 Ma.r ch 3
and 23.
:\I a r ch 4 :\I a r c h 4
a n d 23.
:\I arch 23
Apr-i l 2

RES U LTS
Exc e llent. M a t e ri al a d h e res w ell.
V e r y good. a fe w liv i rig' scale s .
Very p oor, no a pnar. e n t b e n efi t.
S cale und e r g o od call t r o l.
L iv ing s c al e scarce, trees rather lightly infested when sprayed .
S ca le appea r s a l mos t
, e n t ir e ly Jd ll ed o u t.

S her w in Will iam s
Co .

4 S o lub le S u lp h u r

12 ~~ .

:\[ arc h 3 M u rc h 3
a n d 2:l.

V e r-y po or. s ca le bre ed ing I reel y.
;\I u ch b ett er th a n sm -
g le sprayi ng.

Tho m s en

5

1 g a l.

Che mical

Prepar ed

L .-S.

Co.
-

Lime -

--- I- SUlphur

6

-

C h_.ec k

I to 9 gals. wa t e r.
I

;\[a r ch 3 ;\I a r ch 3
a n d 23.
-

G ood co n t r ol , o ne t r ee s ligh tly infested.
IV ery g ood . liv ing sca le diffi cu lt t o find .
I
i H en v y infes t ation .
I

The or cha rd was laid off in to si x p la ts, five of wh ich wer e sprayed and th e sixt h lef t un sprayed as a cheek. One-half of each sp rayed pl a t was given It si ng le treatmen t and t he ot her half a double treatment. Th e first applicati on was made under high and u niform p r essure with a p ower sp ray er, and th e secon d applicat ion, owin g to a br eakdown of th e power outfit, was mad e with a barrel p ump. Th e mixi ng of t he mat eri al was careful and exact, and th e act ua l app lication to th e t r ees was as th oro ugh as it is possi ble to do such wor k. Th e bri ef data on the r esu lts . as given in T abl e I , were obtained f rom examination of th e plats at int er vals d uring the summer after sur viving scales bega n to breed. From these da ta it will he seen that two of t he sol uble sulphur comp ou nds gave a cr edit able account of th emselves whi le the singl e treatm ent with th e oth er two was pract ically wor thless.
F urther expe r iments with these (an d p erhaps other ) po wd er ed preparations arc pl ann ed , but before th ey a rc mad e the re su lt s us set forth mu st be consider ed in conclu sive.
Annlvsos of th e foul' sa mp le produ cts a r e given in T able I I.
19

Wi th ou t going in to t he de ta ils of their chem ical composition, it may mer ely bc sa id th at some of th e comp ounds in each of them are chemica lly of no value as cont act insec t icides. Oth er compounds are simi lar ly of no meri t becaus e of th eir insoluh ility th ough th ey serv e to good purpose through th eir adhesiv e prop e;'~ ti es-in hold in g th e spray mat erial to the trees. All of th em eOIltain less soluble su lphides (the active comp ounds) in th eir dry st at e and mor e inert matter than th e prepared lim e-sulphur COncen t r a te .
T ABLE II .-Av e r ag e Analyses of the Fo ur S olu b le Su l p h u r s.
Recommendations. B ad ly infest ed trees should be sprayed t wice with lime-sulphur- once in th e fall an d again in th e sp r ing just hefore the bloom buds open. Th e di lution of th e sp ray should depend up on th e stre ng th of th e concent rate as det ermined by hydrometer r ea din gs (see page 36) . Wh er e th er e is only a light infest ati on, one th orou gh sp ray ing is sufficient. Sp r ay 111 010' llgltly. leavin g no twi g or limb u ncover ed later to r e-infest th e t r ee, usin g high pr essure and a n ozzle t hr owing a medi um fine spray. Th e fo rmula and meth od of p reparation for th e home-ma-le li mp-sul p hur conce nt ra tc will be fou n d on page 36.
THE PLUM CURCULIO. (C o ll ol r acl lCl ll s II C1111 pl: a1', H erhst . ) TIll' lana of th is beetl e is th c most wid ely distrilmtcd and ,Il'str uct ive, t he best known and supe rl at ively execr ate d insect enemy of peac hes. Th e worm y peach has no fri end s among produc-
20

ers or consumers . Th e adult beetl e, on th e contr ary, is little known, even among closely obser vant peach gr owers, f or it is of shy and r etiring nature and is acti ve mainly at night.
The curculio is not exclusive as to diet. In Georgia , th e p each is its fav orite medium of r eproducti on, but t ha t is both becaus e peaches ar e more abu ndant than other fruit s, as well as the natural selection of the in sect for th e p erpetuation of species. Other fruit cr ops, princip ally plums, are also cur tailed in output and value by this p est.
Life History.
The Adult. Th e full-grown in sect is pi ctured on Plat e IV, Fig.
n. Two character istics whi ch ar e shown in the pi cture are the
roughly ridged back and the long snout, th e latter fully one-third of the length of the body. The background color is dark gr ey or black, relieved by yellow an d white markings. The beetles f eign death when sha r p ly disturbed, an d drop from the tree. In this little game of bluff th e legs and proboscis are closely drawn up under the body an d, what with the rough exter ior an d prot ecti ve color ing, th e insect might easily be mistaken for a small pi ece of dead hark or a dried bud.
The curculio h ibernates during th e win t er as th e adult beetl e in pr otected pl aces surroundin g or chards. Rubbish an d litter, hedge- and f ence-rows are among it s f avorite winter r esorts.
The beetl es r ouse from th eir winter torpor about th e t ime peaches are in bloom, an d emerge from their hiding pl aces, fec ding on th e bu ddin g blooms an d foliage until the fr u it appea rs. )I ating foll ows quic kly upon their sp r ing emerge nce from hi bernation , an d the f emale is f ertilized and rea dy for egg-laying even before the p eaches are uncovered from th e shuck.
The E gg. Th e mother beetle p r ep ares a nest for th e r ecep tion of th e egg by eating out a cavity in th e peach, I n this she carefully inser ts t he egg, and solicito usly p acks it about wit h peach pulp. As a finishi ng t ouch, a crescen t-shaped mark is cu t ahove th e egg. Thi s is not alw ays a p art of th e operation, bu t it appears in th e maj ority of cases-enoug h t o call it a dist ingu ishing char acterist ic.
The beetl e is a very prolific egg-laye r, it s average pr odu cti on being above t wo hundr ed. Th e dep ositio n of eggs lasts p ractically all summer . It is fa llacy to believe th at all t he eggs are
21

laid early in the slimmer . P eaches will be found infest ed with worms from newly hatch ed eggs at any time from th e shed ding of the shu ck up until harvest. This fa ct has an importan t hearin.,. on the matter of spraying, and is provid ed for in th e reCOnl1nel~ dations fo r th e con tr ol of thi s insect. (S ee pa ge 25.)
'I' he cgg hat ches in about five days and f r om it comes fo rt h th e tiny worm or grub.
Th e Larva 01' " 1Von n." This phase of th e ins ect 's metamor_ phosis needs no description. It is well known fo" wh at it is and does. Bu t when th e worm is gr own, wh ich , L .110st cases. is a fter about three weeks f rom th e egg, it eats its way h om t ho peach and works its way in to th e soil to pupate. By the tim e th e worm is r eady for pupa tio n th e inf ested peach is uSllall\
is upon th e g r ound, so that th e j our ney from th e one to th e other
<1 short one, and bri ef. Nearly all the larvae pupate at a depth of less than three in ches.
The Pupa. Having t unneled ben eath the gr oun d, th e worm mak es fo r itself a pupal chamber by thrusting aside and p acking' the soil. In this cha mber it slowly cha ng es to t he pupa, which stage last s ab out three weeks . At the close of this peri od, when t he transformation is complete . th e pupal skin is r up t ured and a new win ged beetl e is born. If th c soil is loose and moist. tl ubeetl e at once works his way to t he sur face of the gr ou nd; if it is hard and bak ed, the ap pea r ance of th e beetl e is delay ed unt il r a ins soften it. The r emainder of the sum mer is spe nt in feedin g on leav es and ava ilable fruit , bu t th ere is no egg-laving hy the n ew bro od until th e follo wing spr ing .
How May Wormy Peaches Best Be Prevented?
"Ve hav e seen th at worm-infested peaches arc to be fo und at all s t ages of th e gr owt h a nd developmen t of th e f rui t f ro m bloom to maturit y. They are especially p lentiful at harvest , and many a peach ship pe r who flattered h imself th at his cr op waswormless h as been disappointed to find a slice of his profits disappear at th e p ackin g houses in a big pile of un sal able, worm y culls. ITo\\" -can this loss be prevented ?
Clean cultiva t ion du ring th e su mmer months is p artially a solution of th e problem. Plowing l ightly or harrowing beneath rhe t rees u ntil j ust befor e th e crop is gather ed will insure the
22

destruction of lar ge n umbers of the pupa e that are within easy reach of plow-share or harrow.
Spraying with arsenate of lead is the other-and best-pr2ventive. It is the standa r dized , accepted on e. But th ere is a (treat lack of uniformity of r esults attaine d with it. Some gr ow-
'e"rs use it su ccessfully ever y ye ar , while others complain th at it
is not dep endabl e, charging their lack of good results to t he lead itself. The failure of the latter cla ss is r eall y attribut abl e t o one of two causes : (1) they do not apply it at the right time or in the right way, or (2) not often enough.
Most growers, in spraying later -maturing varieties of p eaches thre e times for control of cu rc ulio and brown rot, in clude arsenat e of lead in th e fir st two applications and omit it from the t hird . This omission is t he cause of many fa ilu res to forestall eureulio infestat ion.
'I'he wr it er has made r ep eat ed tests for t he d ete rmination of the r elative va lues of three appli cations of lead as ag ainst two app lications, invariably r esul ting in better curculio control with the former. Another dire ct ben efit is better p r otection from brown rot, for it is an axiom that the fewer curculio th e less rot. Table III giv es the r esults in cnrculio and brown rot control obtained in one experiment f rom three treatments in cluding arsenate of lead on Elbertas, as opposed to two treatments with, and one without, Note the poor cn rc nl io con t r ol r esulting in plat which re ceived only one appli cation of lead.

FIRST SPRAY-
ING

T ABLE II I.-Res u l ts of 3 Co m b in at i on Sp r a y i n g s .

... ... ...

SE COND SPRAY-
I NG

THIRD SPR AY -
ING

'" UJ
a:;~

-"o, ,U,,J
... .=

UJ -0.=

... 0
zci ~-'tC:

UJo
zo~.=~~

1': 0
o ~~ Z:i51l.

I': "' -0
U...,.3..
c0..c:0:

U1"'':"-.0.,. UJ :... ~

I':
~ 'g :.. =

~ = c"..'. o0o

Arsen ate

Ars en ate a nd Self-

Same

I

1. Lead and L im e

I Coo ked
Lim e Sulphur

as Second

l SI
I

Ars enate

2. L ead a n d

Lime

I Arsenat e
3. L ea d a n d

Se lLf-i.Cmoeo-ked

I L im e

Sulphur

Not 'Spra yed

N ot Spray ed

Th e data in the above table wer e obt ain ed by open ing and classifying all th e peaches from a number of r epresentative trees in each plat.
Th e figures are an act ua l count and classi ficatio n of all drops a nd win dfall s, as well as of th e pi cked f r uit . Th ey accurately show th e aver age greater compensat ion insured by the additio;l of lead to th e last summer sp r ay ing .
Th e argument may be adv anced tha t it is un safe to use lead inthe last sprayin g becau se of th e possibl e presence of some of t he poison on th e mature peach es, thus r endering th em un safe to ea t. If t he last spr aying is ap plied foul' weeks before t he r ipen. ing p eri od, it is only a possibilit y th at more t ha n exceed i ngl~' min ute quantities rema in , an d the probability is that it is not presen t at all. Th e possi bility is so r emote it is not worthy of consider at ion . B esid es, ver y f ew have a ta st e for peach peelings. On th e oth er hand, th er e are cer ta in and r eal benefits accr uing. both in th e quality and quantity of sala ble f r uit, from three treat ments with ars ena te of lead .
Spray Schedule.
Spr ayi ng measures for cont rol of cu r culio are so inseparably linked with th ose for br own ro t that t hey can not be considered ap art, hence th e r ead er is r eferred to sp r ay schedules f or brown r ot, on page 25.
BROWN ROT.
(Scteroi ina [ructiqena, Schrot)
Un til r ecent years this disease was th e most destructive and baffling malad y of any with whi ch our peach growers had to gr apple. L ackin g an effect ive p reven tive, it was of annua l recurrence, occasioning large losses. Many growers wer e so demoralized by t heir inability successfully to cope with it tha t they a bandoued peach growing ent irely . Even t he st out est hear ted w er e great ly d iscouraged when, in years fav ora ble to the disease. ,one-half or mor e of th e crop was claimed by it before or during the ripening peri od.
But with t he coming of the self-boiled lime-sulphur compound. wh ich d iscovery was and is of incalculabl e valu e, th eir despai r vanished. I nst ead of t rusting wit h small fa it h t o, P r ovidenev.
24

PLATE 1

PLATE II
Tree Protector and Method of Affixing to Tree.

...------ --

PLATE In

Fig. 1. Borer Larva as Housed for outside Feeding. (I ll situ.)

Fig. 2. Cocoon and Pupal Case of Peach Tree Borer.

Fig. 3. The Adult Female Peach Tree Borer. (Aft er Smi th.)

Fig. 4. San Jose Scale on Peach Twig.

PLATE IV

.:

I

.

I

!
/
} 'jg. 1. Curculio Larvae in Ripe Fruit.
1 - --- ----
I I

Fig. 2. The Curculio Beetle. ( After Quaintance and J enne.)

PLATE V

L-

....

Fig. 2. Tlie Perfec.t Fruiting Form of the Brown Rot Fungus (on mummied peach.)

Fig. 1. Blooms and TWigs Killed by Brown Rot.

PLATE VI

Fig. 2. Crown Gall on Roots and TnUlk of Young Peach Tree.

Fig. 1. Peach Limbs Mined by Sho:' hole Bark Beetle.

PLATE VII
Peach Leaf Curl. (Natural Bize .)

PLATE VIII
Nematode Galls on Roots of Yearling Peach Tree.

wh ich too of ten was fickle, they now have th e assurance th at goes with th e certainty of close to 100 per cent. .prevention , r egarclless of weath er cond it ions .
Description of and Factors Favoring Brown Rot.
Brown ro t is a f ung us dis ease wh ich att acks blossoms , twi gs and fruit, taking its heavi est toll of th e fruit at or near maturity. Under especially f avorabl e con ditions of temp erature and moisture, th e blossoms an d twigs may be attacked , r esulting in th e dea t h of the diseased blossoms and t he infection of the twi gs, L ater the young p eaches ma y in turn become in fecte d, und er stimula ting n atural condit ions, by the sp ore s that are borne on diseased blossoms and twi gs. Th e terminal twigs are frequ ently kill ed out r ight early in the season by in fect ions ente r ing via the blossoms (See Plate V, fig. 1.) Infecti ons originat in g both from di seased-k illed blossom s and peaches are frequ ently obser ved to exten d back into t wigs , eausi ng brown canker s whi ch may (and oft en do) girdle th e twi g, th e distal p art of wh ich, of course, di es. The most ser ious outb reak of t he diseas e, however , occurs just before or at the ripen ing period.
Th e first sympto m of the diseas e on th e pe ach is a ver y sma ll brown spot. Th e myc elium of this minute initial in fection grows rapidly in the flesh of th e fruit, producin g th e typical brown , soft decay. A healthy p each ino culated from a rottin g peach will develop a round r otten area as large as a silver qua r ter within t wenty-four hours, so r apid is its p rog r ess. Th e sp ores, or seeds, begin to app ear by or before th e tim e t he r otted spot is as large as a 5-cent pi ece. Finally , the whole p each is r ott ed, somewhat shrunken , and cover ed with th e grey powdery spo re s (see fro;lt cover ) . Nearly all th e rot ted peaches fa ll to the ground . Some, however , r emain on th e tree wher e they shrivel up , making: mummies. As su ch th ey are verit abl e seed beds of in fect ion for the frui t of th e succ eeding yea r . Rot t ed peaches up on t he gro un d also produce spores, and, if lef t undisturbed, produce apothecia the secon d season. Th e cuplike apotheciu m (P late V, fig. 2 ) develops a t the en d of a lon g st em which grows from th e mummied peach, It is the perfect fruiting for m of the fung us. T his fo r m al so lib er at es great qu antities of spores about th e time th e trees a re in bloom.
'I'he highl y contagious nature of the di sease is d ue to t he
25

prodigality with whi ch the spore mass es are p roduced and t he num erous agencies through whi ch they are disse minated. l'hey are washed off by r ains to healthy f ruits, or carri ed by winds or numerous sp ecies of insects th at are always actively present. In this way th e dis ease is transmitted. If nothing has been don e to prevent th e developm ent and sp read of the dis ease, a few rotting peaches may, in favorabl e season s, produce an ep idemic.
Several ag encies aid in th e propagation and car r iage of br own rot. It develops in proportion as there are moistur e and heat . Muggy or shower y weather is favorable, both kin ds f avoring th e ger mina tion of th e dis ease seeds. Rains also car ry th e spores about on the t rees, th us fa cilitating the sp read of th e pla gu e.
T he most active accessory to infect ion is punctures mad e in the pea ches by feed in g or egg-laying insects. The cur culio is the greatest offen der in thi s r esp ect . Th e spores , lodgin g in these p unctu res, find id eal condit ions fo r ger min at ion. Th e r elationship between cur eulio and bro wn r ot is close an d ins eparahle. Th e amount of br own r ot of fruit in any given or cha rd is di rectly proportionate to curc ulio activit ies t herein .
B rown r ot control, th erefore , is ma terially dependent up on cur culio control. Any sp r aying schedule dir ect ed against the one, should also in clu de meas ures against the other.
Prevention.
Se lf-Cooke d Lim e-Sulphur. Brown r ot is r eadily p revented by spraying. Owing to its delicate organ ic nature and its sup ersensibility to sp ray injury, peach foliage cannot safely be sprayed with the strong fungicides such as Bordeaux mixture or concent r ated lime-sulphur solution. Even when heavily d iluted they eause shot-holing of th e leaves and mor e or less-generally more-defoliat ion.
Th e self-cooke d lime-sulphur compoun d, however , if prop erly made, yields alm ost perfect brown r ot contro l, without app reciable shot-holin g or loss of leaves. Tabl e III. on p age 21 affords unanswerable testimony as to it s efficien cy. In addi ti on to its sp len did prop erties as a control for brown r ot and scab , th e comp ound (in combina tion with arsen at e of lead ) imp arts a. high color to th e fruit , mat eri all y enhancing its bea uty and mark et v a l u e.
It is most essen tial, in the preparation of self-cooked lime-sul-
26

phur, to use only a good grade of fr esh, whole lump lime. Partially slaked lime will not make a good mixture. The supply of lime should be bought fresh at each spraying, and only th e whol e, unslaked lumps used. Ground brimst one makes as good a mixture as th e mor e r efined grades of sulphur, and is considera bly cheap er, therefore preferable.
Proprietari] Preparations. Besides self-cooked lim e-sulphur, ' there are certain prepared mixtures whi ch hav e been used in Georgia with varying degrees of success. Notable amon g these is " at omic" sulp hur, which, cost ing no more than lime-sulphu r , is a dep endable r emedy and an excellent color ing agent. Thi s materia l shou ld not be used, however , without the addition of lime-three pounds to each fift y gallons of water. If th e lim e is not added burning and partial defoli ation are cer tain to foll ow.
Th e Use of Arsenate of L ead. Th e writer has r ep eatedl y tested the relative worth of summer sprays with and without arsenate of lead. The se exp eriments have exten ded over a number of years , and have in cluded all pra cti cal combinat ions of summer spray s with lead arsenate. Th e detailed dat a of t his work will not be giv en, owing to lack of space . Th e definit e con clusion has been r each ed , however, and is supported by accurat e figures, that best resu lts ar e to be had by the addition of lead to each of th e summer sp rayings. 'I'her e is distinctly less foliage injury on th e {me hand, and better curc ulio and brown r ot cont rol on th e other , wher e small er am oun ts of lead are used in all three treatmen ts of a three-sprayings sch edule than where th e first t wo sp ra y ings include lead in gr eat er amounts, with no ne inth e third sprayin g.
A standard, guara nteed grade of powder ed arsenate of lead is mor e uniform in chemical composition, easier to handl e and less liable to det erioration th an th e p ast e form. Bein g a powder , it is readily measu red by volum e instea d of by weight, and so for esta lls,the mistakes in measurement that are so often made hy careless spray-mixers. Mu ch foliage injury is cause d by drench ing th e trees. Th e material should be applied with a nozzle throw ing a fine sp ray, and th e trees th orou ghl y, th ough ligh tl y, cover ed.
Summer Spray Schedule.
1st. Spray just as th e great er part of the shucks have split loose from th e young peaches, ( See Pl at e IX ) with three-quart(' I'S of a pound of dry arsenate of lead (IV:!' p ounds past e) and
27

three pounds of lim e to fifty gallons of wat er . Use a nozzle that gives a fine spray, and cover th e trees lightly, but th oroughly, under high pressure. Care should be taken in th is and in subsequent sprayings to keep th e sp ray solu tion well agitated.
2nd . Three weeks lat er spray with self-cooked lim e-sulphnr (or atomic sulphu r as directed ) and arse na te of lead (Y2 Ib. dry, or 1 lb. paste) . Apply uni formly but not heavily in a fine mistlik e spray.
3r d. One month befor e th e estimated ripening peri od spr ay with th e sam e materials at th e same f ormula used in th e second sp raying . Use a coarse r nozzle and app ly th e mat erial more heavi ly th an in the first two t reatmen ts.
The above spray schedule is for Elbertas, Hileys, Georgia B elles, and other mid-sea son variet ies. Two sprayings are sufficient f or tho se th at mature earl ier . Variet ies ripenin g in September and October should have four summer sprayin gs instea d of three, as r ecommended for Elbertas, etc.
How to Make Self-Cooked Lime-Sulphur.
Lime and sulphur arc used in equal propor tion s-eight poun ds of each to fifty gallons of wat er . Th e mixture is more readily prepared in three- or four-barrel lots , as f ollows:
W eigh out , say, 32 pounds of lime and 32 pounds sulphur. Place fou r or five gall ons of wat er in a 50-gallon barrel. Sif t the sulp hur into th e barrel through a coarse sieve and mix it with th e wat er . Next, add th e lim e ( it should always be whole lu mp lime, f r ee of r ock ) , and st ir cont inuously after it begins slaking, to br eak up lu mps. 'Wat er shoul d be added as r equired, a little at a tim e, to preven t burning, bu t not copiously enough to drown out th e cooking. From five to t en gall ons will graduall y ha ve to be added in this way. Aft er the lim e is slaked, imm ediately add enough cold wat er to stop any furth er cooking.
Th e above form ula will make up 200 gallons of spray. The mixture should be carefully st ra ined into the spray ta nk thro ugh a br ass sieve. of thir ty meshes to th e inch. Add arsenat e of lead to th e dilute mixture in th e sp ray tank and not to th e stock solution . K eep well agitated whil e spraying.
28

THE SHOT-HOLE BORER BEETLE.
( SCOly t llS ru qu los us, Ratz. )
Peach trees, am ong ot hers, are freely atta cked , when in a re ceptive condit ion, by a small beet le of semi-scavenge r propensities. Th ese miniature bore rs give an in fested tr ee th e appearan ce of being th e punctured objec t of a charge of bird shot, hence their popular and descriptive titl e, "shot-hole " bor ers. Th e marauder also operates under an alias as the fruit-tree bark beetle . Th e nam es are sy nonymo us for an ins ect culp r it occupying a prominent pl ace in th e etomologieal r ogu es ' ga llery. Its work is well, though very un favor ably, known to or char d owners, .who ar e th e ultimat e victims of its mining act ivit ies.
Th e holes mad e by th e ente r ing an d emer ging adult beetl es a re about one-sixte enth of an inch in diameter . Th ey are num er ous on badl y infest ed t wigs and limb s (see Plate VI, Fig. I ) , heightening th e shot-hole effect . Althou gh th einseet attacks plum and apple trees an d p erhaps other species, p each trees seem to be its favorite food an d in t hem it br eeds most abundantly .
One 's attention is fir st attract ed to an infest ed tree by an exu dation of gum from the bark, or by the gencrally debi litated appearance of th e foliage and tr ee. 'I'he gum is p erhap s th e fir st and most fai thful clne to its presen ce.
It is a safe postul at e, subj ect t o th e usual excep tions whi ch go to prove a thing a rule, th at on ly weak or weak ening trees are victimized . 'I'he attack is very largely, if not entirely, second ary in nature. Th e p ri mary cause of the in f est ed tr ee 's devit alized condit ion is not alway s appar ent , but will be r evealed if th e in vestigation is pursu ed far and car efully enough. Many causes may be eit her directl y r esponsible for or cont rib utive to t hat degree of t r ee-sickn ess which affords invit ing con dit ions f or t he beetl e 's entr ance. In some instances it is Sa n J ose scale, but in most cases th e tr ou ble is not so apparent. Protra cted dro ught, soil impoverishm ent, acid soil, cr own-gall, bor er s, or any and all condit ions that fu r nish th e initial decline in a t r ee 's vigor an d resistance are more oft en t he causes. Th e writer ha s r arely found healthy vigorous trees infested , an d th en only slightly. IIi su ch eases th e beetles wer e usu ally breeding prolificall y in near-by trees or t r ee p r un ings.
29

Description and Life History.
Th e adult beetl e is quite small, measuring less th an an eight h of an inch in length. Th e color is a dull bla ck, and the back is finely and closely indented in parallel rows. Be etl es hib ernate both as larvae and pupae beneath the bark, mature during th e month of March, and, making their way out through th e little, round holes whi ch they make for the purpose, emer ge as adults. When the femal es of this over -wintering gen er at ion ar e r eady to lay eggs, th ey eat th eir way back through th e bark of a suitable tree, whi ch may or may not be th e one in whi ch they passed th e winter. H er e th ey constr uct a br ood chamber in th c sap wood, varying from an in ch or less to two in ches in length , and alo ng th e gra in. I n th e sides of th e brood chamber , whi ch is of slightly la rger di ameter th an her body, t he f emale bores at r ight ang les small p ockets just large enoug h to cont ain a sing le egg. Th e egg depositories lie closely sid e by sid e and , in the pockets of a large chamber, close to a hundred eggs may be pla ced. The eggs hatch in several days and th e small larvae work out f rom the chamber and acr oss the sa p wood. Th e deeper egg chamb ers and th e ligh ter tracings mad e by th e larvae are plainly et ched on th e wood of the bark-stripped limb pi ctured on P late VI.
'I'her e ar e four distinct st ages to th e evolut ion of a single genera ti on- egg, larva, pupa and adu lt . Th e egg sta ge lasts about t hree da ys, the gr ub ( lar val ) stage about three weeks, and another week as pupa. 'I'his t otals ap proximately five weeks to each gene rat ion from egg to adult. Th er e are several broods du r ing th e season, the lar vae and pupae of th e la st brood p assin g t he w inter as such under th e bark. Thus, at any tim e of th e year we may, bv r emovin g t he bark of an in fested t ree, find both th e grub and th e pupal st ages. Dur ing th e breeding season we may find all f our stages, for th e adult female an d her eggs ar c also present.
As has been sta ted, t he attacks of th e shot-hole borer arc confined almost exclusively to unhealthy tr ees. In weak trees they find th e condi t ions that are most con duc ive to qui ck and prolific rep rod u ction.
'I'he effect of a gen er al infestat ion of a tree that has alr eady suffer ed the loss of vitality is to ha sten and seal its fate. Num berless larvae, cutting at right angles across th e flow of sap, make short , su re wor k of th eir host. In addit ion to thi s di rect in ter-
30

ference with th e sap sup ply is th e bleeding of th e wounds, as evide nced by the heavy exudat ions of gum, caused by th e entr ancc of th e f cmale in ante-egg-laying procedure.
Control.
It will be apparent from th e for egoin g that sp raying is of no ava il ag ai nst th e beetl e. 'I'he only way to combat it with any degree of success is to cu t out and bu rn all infest ed limbs or trees. ;\0 gener ally infest ed tree can possibl y su r vive, and t o lea ve it stand to mature its cr op of beet les is to invit e disast er to oth er t r ees .
Since any weak tree is a mena ce, in asmu ch .as it affor ds a f avorable medium of r eprodu ct ion for th e beetl es, en dea vor to keep your trees growing thriftily. 'When there is no ap pa re nt cause for th eir lack of con ditio n, examine th e cro wn and r oots . Look for p each tree bor er s. Bor ers are eit her dir ectly or indirectly th e source of mu ch p cach tree mortality. Anothe r fruitful source of infest ation is tree prunin gs th at lie about in th e orc hard or pil ed in heap s adjoining th em. Th e trimmings should be promp tly bur ned .
K eep your trees f er tilized an d vig orous an d, abov e all, free of pcach tree borers and scale, and you will have no cause to f ear or even to " view with ala r m" t he shot-hole beetle.
PEACH CROWN -GALL.
This is th e sam e disease that afflicts app le an d plum trees and oth ers . It is n ot so commonly f ound in or chards as formerly owing to the fa ct that pl anter s are latterl y mor e conv ersant with it , and have lea rn ed to r ej ect nursery trees th at are visibly diseased . It is u niversally present in var ying amounts in all nurser ies, entailing annually a material money loss t o tree propagators. No hon est nurserym an knowingly will allow an infected plant to go out to his p atrons, therefore th e burden fall s heaviest on his shoulder s, as every diseased tree is a t otal loss.
D escription.
Th er e are t wo forms of the dis ease calle d, r espe ctively, th e hair y-r oot crown-gall and hard cr own-gall. The latter, whi ch is the commonest an d most injurious type, is illustrated on Plate
31

VI. Th e spongy , sub eri zed gall knots are shown at th e crown and on th e main roots and th e trunk p rope r. Th e cha nces of th is kind of a tree for long an d productiv e life are slender , for such decid ed gall development upon a nurser y tree means, in th e majority of cases, that the galls would develop along with t he tree, in th e orchard, finally throttling it to death.
Th e oth er , th e hairy-root type, is less common on peach than up on apple trees. This for m somet imes has a pronoun ced gall, like growth also, but its most conspicuous characte rist ic is a densc mat of very fine root s. 'Wher e th is bushy mass of fibrous roots is present th ere usually is no healthy and well developed r oot syst em.
It may be author itatively sta ted th at neit her typ e is hi ghly con tagious in th e orcha rd. Th e loss of trees in or chards results almo st ent ir ely from infections t hat wer e ori ginally upon th em when th ey wer e transpl anted, and not from th e inoculation of healthy trees by diseased neighbors. Th e purchas er sh ould learn t o know and to wat ch for th e symptoms , and discard every nursery tree th at visibl y shows th em.
Remedies.
Th ere is no known means by which a n adv an ced victim of t he mal ady can be saved. An enveloping gall so imp airs the nor mal fun ctions of th e t ree t hat growth practi call y ceases an d the foliage becomes sickly and off-color. When it is definit ely J et ermined th at crown-gall is the cause th e tree should be remov ed, root and branch, and r eset with a healthy one. In obedience to th e wa tch-wor d" Sa fety First ," t he precaution should he t aken t o t hrow out all th e soil that surrounded th e diseased roots and crown, and repl an t in new and un cont aminated top soil. A li t tle intelligent examinat ion of trees for planting purposes is th e ," ounce of prevention " to be practiced first and for emost,
PEACH SCAB.
(C ladospovu u carp opliil um , Thum.)
P each scab is a very common skin disease of peaches, p articularly of la te-maturing var iet ies. As a gen era l thing, it can not be classed as seri ously destructi ve, its princip al and worst cffcct being to r end er th e frui t un sightly and somewhat to lower its
32

market value, while not absolutely destroying it. In bad attacks, however, as upon September and October varieti es especially, under the impetus of fav orable weather cond iti ons and the absence of preventive measures, crops are rende red la rgely or wholly unsal able. Although some vari eties are more r esistant to infect ions tha n others, none is na turally immun e. All, however , are p erf ectly r esponsive to imm uni ty baths administered in the form of a f ungicide.
Symptoms and Cause .
The disease is caused by fungus, Cladospor ium car poplu l um, which grows in th e skin of th e fr uit. Th e flesh is not inv ad ed and destroyed, as is th e ease with brown rot fungus. It appears as small, ro und, smoky brown or bla ck spots. For th e most part, spots are fou nd up on t he exposed side of the f r uit and are usu ally most numer ous arou nd the stem en d. I n vir ulent attacks the spots r un together , the skin becoming blac k, t ough an d t hickened, and th is scabbed surface finally sp lits open, exposing the flesh, inviti ng the 'en tr ance of br own r ot. The se spots usually do not appear before t he peach is fu lly half-grown, although infect ion takes place earlier. Th e extent and virulence of the malady are largely dependent up on th e weather. As with brown r ot, the fungus is favored by warm , rainy or cloudy weather in April, May and June.
The disease attacks th e twigs, causing the developm ent of small brown spots on the m. It is upon th e t wigs that t he fungus lives during th e winter, and from the mycelium of th ese diseased spots spores are br ed t he following sp r ing, to be carri ed to young' peaches and t o germinate th ere, in the presence of moisture and warmth.
Prevention.
P each scab is easily and surely preventable. It is almos t perfectly controlled by th e sam e fungicides and the same spray schedul e as those r ecommended on page 25 for brown rot and eureulio (which see) . It should be stressed here, however , t hat the best control of scab is to he had only hy observa nce of t.he time element in sp raying . I nfections start about one month after the bloom falls . Th e second spr aying th er efore should he up on the fruit before the first infection would naturally occur.
33

PEACH LEAF CURL.
(E xoasclI s deformans, (B) F uekel. )
Sev er e visita tions of this disease are of occasio nal occurr eno., in all p each or cha r ds wher e preventive measures are n ot pracI iced. It does not ap pear annuall y , someti mes not for severa l successive years , for its propagati on an d sprea d ar e dep enden t upon fav or able con dit ions of t emp eratur e and moisture, fa ctors wh ich are not always p resent at th e time trees ar e leaf ing out . Wh en th e sp r ing is cold , with abunda nce of moistur e, t he disease is lik ely to r each serious p r oportions. On the other hand, d ry sunsh iny weath er at th at season effectually insu r es t hc bud din g leaves aga inst infectio n.
Characteristic Appearance.
E ver y observant peach gr ower kn ows thi s disease, if not by name at least by sight. F r eque nt ly hi s sight is aided by t he lessons of expe r icn ce- an d bet ween t hem he learns. 'I'he voung leaf is attacked in th e bud or j ust after emer gence from th e hurl. an d th e sy mp toms ar e consp icu ous. T he leaf (P la te VII ) qu ick. ly becomes tur gid fo llowin g infecti on, a nd thickened along the mid-rib, caus ing it to pu cker an d tw ist into a distor ted mas, hardly r esembling a leaf . It is t hen a p ale yellow color , shot with red . 'When the whol e lcaf is finall y invo lved and th e assimilat ive f unctions cease, it fa lls t o the gr ou nd. I n this way , in partic u lar ly sever e cases , t he tr ce is p r acti cally defolia ted. Xew leaves are usu all y form ed, however , but at t he expense of t he f r uit, an d oft entimes at the cost of the for ma tio n of th e next crop of frui t buds . As the d iseas e app ears ear ly in ,the sp ri ng and as all affecte d leaves event ua lly f all from the tree, th e active dam age is done befor e midsu mmer .
Cause.
L eaf curl is essent ially a foliag e disease and is cause d hy a fun gu s, th e mycelium of wh ich gr ows within the leaf it self , r amifyin g through out t he whole ti ssu e of the bla de an d p r odu cin g sp or es, or seeds, on th e outside surfaces, gene r ally the up per. Th e gro wth of th e myc elium , which ma y be lik en ed t o the fine feeding ro ots of a pl ant, together with th e production of the spore s, causes the .bloat in g and curling of th e leav es describ ed above. Th e spor es, when r ipe. give th e st ricken leaf a dusty ap-
34

/

pearance, and th ese innumer abl e seeds are distributed by various

agen cies. How ever , no n ew infeeti ons are produced until th e fol-

lowing year, an d p erhaps not th en if no t f avored by weather con-

ditions. Th ese spores find r estin g pla ces upon th e buds and

bark of t he t ree, r emain ing th er e to germ inate the followin g

spr ing and to r eproduce th emselves after th e manner of th eir

kind .

Prevention.

F ortunately th e malady has a sure prevention. P each foliaue can be immunized from attack by a single thorough dormant seaSOil spraying. An y fun gicid e of mer it, be it Bord eaux mixture, lime-sulphur , or of an y other composit ion or nam e, will effectua lly qua lify. It is onl y a matter of sp raying thorough ly and a t the right tim e. Whenever t he contr ol of Sa n Jose scal e is an it em for consid eration in spraying operations, th e best r emedy for peach leaf curl is lim e-sulphur solut ion. Kill your two birds with one st one. Most authori ties agree that t he sures t p revention of leaf curl demands that t he treatment be app lied with in the last three or four weeks befor e th e. leaf bud s unfold . This is not essential to su ccess, however. ' An other imperative demand and infallible gu arantee of success (which applies also to the scale problem ) is th oroughn ess. All th e buds, tw igs and limbs- the who le tree, in fa ct-should be carefully covere d. In this way the seeds of th e disease will be destroyed an d n ot a single leaf will be lost because of it.
If San Jose seal e is present in th e orc ha r d app ly lim e-sulphur at the st r en gt h r ecomm ended on page 36. If not pr esent, th e curl itself is just as perfectly prevented by a weak er dilution , say 1 t o 15 or 1 to 20, accor di ng to the stre ng th of th e concentrate as det ermin ed by a hydrom et er r eadin g. (See p age 36.) A 3-4-50 formula of Bordeaux mixture is also effective, but th e lime-sul phu r solu tion is preferable becau se of its insecti cidal value .

35

THE NEMATODE WORM.
(II ete rodc ra rtulic icola, (G reff .) I1Tu!.)
T he microscopic nematode worm , which attacks t he root s of a lar ge number and variety of plants, is common ly fo und upon and is ver y injurious to th e peach. An infested tree is shown on Plate VIII. Th e feed ing of th e nematodes cause th e for mati on of t he galls or root knots. th er eby stu nt ing th e gr owth of th e tree. I n severe at tacks th e trees are kill ed outright. . Nemat ode worms infest a number of culti vate d plants and a f ew weeds. Am ong th e for mer class commonly infest ed are cotton , waterm elon , cuc umber, cant aloupe,' sugarcane , soy-bean, okra , cabbage, colla r ds, potato, tomato, toba cco and cow-peas, except the Brabham , th e Iron, an d Iron hy brids.
Th e 'wor ms, once in th e soil of a field , live th er e and multiply enor mously, if sup plied with qu antities of any of th eir foo(1 p lants. Th erefore, one should avoid p lanting a p each orchard on cult ivate d land known to be infest ed , or sowin g suscept ible cover- or sha de-cr ops in an esta blished or chard. If p eas are used as an orc ha r d cro p, none but th e Brabham, or Iron, or Iron. hyb rids should be p lanted. Th ese varieti es are ent ire ly immune and may be grown without subjec ting th e trees to infest ation.
Soil in f est ed with th e wor ms cannot be fre ed of t hem except by a rotation of crops immun e t o attack.
LIME-SULPHUR CONCENTRATES.
For dormant season sp raying aga inst San J ose scale, etc., the use of th e " old-fashion " home-mad e, lim e-sulphur solut ion has been gener ally , if not ent ire ly, supp lante d eit her by th e commercially prepared lim e-sulphur or the home-mad e concent r ate. Outfits for th e manuf acture for th e latter have lat ely been installed at several p oints in Georgia , and it seems probable th at th e manufa cture of the hom e-mad e ar t icle will become genera l. Equipment for preparin g th e solut ion is comp ar at ive ly in expen siv e, and th e purch ase price and cost of installation ar e soon ab sorbed by th e di ffer en ce b etween th e cost of producing t he con centrate at hom e and buying it r eady-mad e. From the standpoint of an investment, the small initial outlay for equipmen t yields handsom e r et urns.
36

Lim e-Suiplucr Con centrat e V erslIs Lime-SulphuJ' Wash: The
commercial lime-sulphur solution grew out of the wid espread
aversion, on th e part of orchardists, to cooking the old comp ound,
. and the demand for an effective subst itute that , would elimina te th e trouble of prep aration and
the delays an d annoyan ce in cidental to application. As th e old compoun d car r ied large i amounts of free lim e and was often improperly strained , it caused constant troubl e and delay in th e field on account of clogged spray -nozzles, an d other way s.
In discussing home-made concentrate, th er ef or e, it may properly be ask ed, " W ha t is to be ga ine d by going back t o somethin g that proved unsati sfa ctory an d for which th er e is an acceptabl e subst itute?" Th e answer is that th e oldlime-sulphur wash and th e home-m ad e conce ntrat e are en tirely differ ent comp ounds, chemi cally and physically. Th e home-made concentr at e, with th e excep t ion of some finely-divid ed , li ght r esidue, is a clea r concoction. Con ta in ing no obj ecti onabl e forms or amou nts of solid matter , it is free-flowing an d does not clog the nozzles. 'While th e old wash had to be used as prep ared, th e concent r ate can be kept indefinitel y without det erioration. Where as fifty gallons of th e wash mad e by the old formula mak es only fifty gallons of dilute spray, fifty gallons of the concentrate is equ iva lent to from 300 to 450 gallons when diluted according t o density.
Compare d t o the commerc ial product for quality , th e home mad e concen tr ate is ver y variable in chemical composition and specific gr avity, or density. Because of its (usually) lower sp ecific gravity, less dilution is permissible in order to insure an effect ive sp raying st reng th. Th e specific gr avity of st an dar d brands of prepa r ed lim e-sulphur solu t ion is nearly a const ant quantity-32 to 33 degrees. The density of the hom e-mad e article
37

ranges from 20 deg. or less, to 30 deg . or more, av eraging about 26 deg. Th e fact that a home-mad e concentrate r egistering, say, 26 deg. is diluted to a given spraying st re ngth with 21;4 gallons less wat er than are r equired for a density of 32 deg., means that there is less actu al differ ence in cost between th em tha n at first appears. Th er e is, how ever , a substantia l money-saving in the home-mad e goods, with no loss in efficiency .
Dilu t ion of L im e-Sulpliur Co ncent rate. Th e den sity of lim esulphur con cent r ate is so variable th at its sp ecific gravity should be determined before dilution hy mean s of a hydromet er , or sp ecific gravity spindle. 'I' his instrument, which costs only about a dollar at druggists or supply hous es, is illustrated in th e cut appear ing on preceding pa ge. After drawing off a sample of the clear solu t ion in a suitable vessel, th e spindle is imm er sed th er ein . T he r ead ing is then ta ken at the sur face in degrees Baume. Th e dilution of th e concentrate should be based ou this r eading. nccor d ing to th e scale in th e following table:

TABLE IV .*-D ilut ion for W inter Sp r ay ing w ith L lrne -B utph u r Co nce nt rate .

Hyd rom e t e r re ad ing ( Degrees on Bau me
spin dle)
35 34 33 32 31 30
2~
28

l'o. g a lion s ,v a t er to 1 g a llo n co n ce ntr ate ( For S u n J os e s cale )

H v d r om eter r ea din g (D egrees on Baume
s p in d le)

9

I

9~I-

8 'Y.. 8 'I.: 8

I

26 25
24

7 'I.: 7 '4 6 'Y..

I

23 22 21

6 % il

20

N o. g allon s w a t el' t o 1 g a llo n co nc e ntrate (For San J ose sc a le)
6 5 ~4 5 1,4 5 4 1~ 4 ~4
3 'Y.. 3 \~

Th e r eadings do no t determine th e che mical composit ion of the solution , but mer ely indicat e its weight. F or a11 practi cal purposes they are r eliable guides f or the dilution of th e concentr ate.
. Mal M'ials and Fo rmu la for Making. The p roportion of sulp hur and lime in the solution are two to one- IOO pounds sulphur and 50 po unds lime-cooked in 50 ga llons wat er . '1'0 avoid having a large volume of sedim ent and to fa cilitate chemical u nion between the lime and th e sulp hur, only the best gra de of lump lim e (or hydr ated lime) should be used. The efficiency
'From N ew Y ork (G en e v a Station ) Bu lletin.
38

of the solution is dep enden t upon th e qua lity of th c lime us ed . and t he purcha ser should satisfy him self beforehand t hat t he



lime con ta ins not less than 90 pel' cent . calcium ox ide, and not

mor e th an fivc pCI' cen t . magnesium oxid e. In addition to this

gu aran tee, th e lim e sh ould also be in lu mps ( not slake d ), .m d

free of grit and r ock. If hy drated lime is used t he fo rm ula wou ld

be : sulp hu r , 100 lbs. , hydrat ed lim e, 67 lbs. ; wat er , 50 gall ons ,

as ap p ro x imately one-third th e weight of th e hydrat ed l ime is

wat er. Ground lim est one is worthless for makin g th e conce n-

trate.

Too mu ch stress can not be laid on t he n ecessit y of usin g 11 limc t hat mea sures f ully u p to the above sp ecifica ti ons. Ana ly ses of th eir produ cts s hould be r equired of t he p r odu cers .

Commerc ial gro u nd sulp hu r answers th e r equirements as well as th e r efined gra des, and is much cheape r . In ba gs, th e commer cial br imst on e costs fro m $1.7 5 to $2.25 p el' hundred pounds.

E q uipm ent: Si nce t he formu la calls for 50 ga ll ons of wat er to ma ke. a cooking vessel of about 75 ga llo ns is neccssarv. A j acket ed kettle ca n be had of supply houses for abo ut $25.00, or a small steam-boiler fo r $50.00 to $75.00 . Or t he ou tfits can be ' . on a larger and mor e elabor ate scale to meet r equ ir emen ts. 'I' he small steam-boiler equip men t an swer s th e purposes of ordi nary usage. It ca n be cas ily and r eadi ly con nec te d up by pi pin g wi th tw o or mor e ba rrels at an )' convenient place, a single "batch, " or cook ing. bein g div id ed bet ween t wo 50-ga llon bar rels. T his typ e is li gh t an d easily porta ble.

M eth ods of M aking: Pl ace ab out t en ga llons of water in the cook ing vessel and heat it. Th en add th e lu mp lim e, and , wh en it begin s to slake , ad d t he sulphu r , wh ich should previonsly be sifted . S t ir togeth er whil e slak ing is in p r ogr ess to break up th e sulp hu r. Then dilu te t o 50 ga llons and boil steadily not less th an fif t y m inut es n or mor e tha n one hour. Ad d water as necessary to r ep lace that whi ch evap orates, always keeping 50 gallo ns in th e vessel.

S torag e : T he concentr ate may be kep t indefinitely in ti ght barr els. If no t at once used. it should be st ra ine d in t o air -t ight barrels and kept ti ghtly corke d . It u ndergoes che mical decompositi on if exposed to th e a ir fo r any consider able p eriod.

39

For the sake of convenience, th e density of the clear concentrate of each barrel, as determined by the hydrometer, may be marked on the barrels as st ored.
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS.
By R. C. Berckmans, President State Horticultural Society.
Th ere seems to be no definite record of th e introducti on of th e peach into America. Th e Spaniards ar e said to hav e planted th em at St. Augustine about 1565 and the grow ing of peaches has in creased ever sinc e, and to-day Georgia is cre dited with being one of th e largest peach growing states in th e Union. Large amounts of capital ar e inv ested in commerc ial peach gr owing, which has p roven most profitable where conducted along intellig ent and scientific lines.
Location and Site.
'I' he locat ion of an orchar d should be care fully considered from the following points : Transportation faciliti es, markets, climatic conditi ons, or in other words its local geogr aphy. The site relates to soil, lay of land, atmospheric drainage, and oth er natural fa ctors, 'which affect th e suitability of th e area for peach growing.
All thes e conditions should be most car efully consid ered befor e selecting th e or chard site .
Soil.
It is th e general opinion that th e p each should be planted on sandy or lighter types of soil. It is true that most excellent r esults hav e been obtained on th ese types of soil, but it is equally true that pea ches do well on a wide range of soils, in cluding even the ordinary heavy red clay lands. But peaches will not succeed on poorly drained land or on heavy r ed clay which is so hard that it will not perm it the moisture to p enetrate. Such soils will also bake and should never be selected.
A soil should be fairly ferti le. One very ric h in nitrogen is not very desirable as it is lik ely to induce a heavy. dense growth of foliage not desirable. On th e oth er hand th e very common irn-
40

pression that poor soil is good enou gh is most erroneous, and often results in f ailure.
Location With Reference to Eleva tion.
As a general proposition it is best to select a sit e that is elevated considerably about the surrounding count ry. It is a well known fact that is often overlooked in selecting an orchard site, that cold air settles in the lower levels, and it is often that th e air in the lower positions is much colder than on th e higher elevations in the same locality, and 'that is what is r ef erred to as atmospheric drainage . Frost forms in the low pl aces when th ere is none on the higher pl aces. Buds are winter kill ed or blossoms are injured by fro st in spring in th ese low places, when n earby or adjoining or chards on higher eleva tions escape uninjured.
Sections where severe spring frosts occur from year to yea r over a given area should n ever be selected for peach growing.
Preparation of t he Land.
vVe will consider two important p oints settled , the locat ion and site for the or chard have been select ed , therefore a prop er preparation of the lan d should be th e first point consider ed.
If the lan d is fresh an d has just been cleare d: it should be culti vated at least two years in cotton, corn or some oth er cr op adapted to the locality, and especially one that requires frequent workings that will r emove th e roots and stumps.
Should this new land be too f ertile for pe aches, its f ertility can be reduced by planting in corn or some othe r exhaustive crops for a year or two. H owever , if it is old or worn out, it should be r estor ed to a state of f ertility by pl anting in Brabham or Iron Cow P eas, Velvet Beans or some oth er crops that are soil builder s, and these crops p lowed under.
The lan d should be plowed to the proper depth with a t wohorse plow, and sub- soiled if necessary. Tractors of cer t ain typ e's can be used to a great advantage. Excellent r esults hav e been deriv ed f i'om th e following treatment :
Aftcr th e land has re ceived the prop er pl owin g and ha rrowin g, broadcast or drill in cow peas in May, June or July (all dep ending on the locality ) u sing one to one and a h alf bu shels p er acr e. One hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds of good f ertili zer per acre wil l mat erially incr ease th e gr owth. If the p eas arc
41

inoculated with nitrogen bacteria this will add very materially to t he growth and give a larger quantity of humus to turn under, an d at the same time increase the nitrogen, a most essential p lant food to all of our soils.
Velvet beans are gr ea t p roducer s of plant food, and should be planted mor e genera lly, and more especially on our thin sand y soil. Their growing season is a long on e, an d in some sections growth is only checked by frost. P lanting can begin in ea rly April and cont inu e through Jun e.
Th ese cover cr ops should bc turned under in fa ll with a good two-horse plow, lan d put in good condition by harrowing, then f ollow with cr imson clover , and this, lik e all leguminous cro ps, can be improved by inoculation.
This cr op should be plow ed under in sp r in g and foll owed with peas, velvet beans, or some oth er leguminous crop. After havin g treated the proposed or chard lan d in th e abov e manner you will hav c sup plied th e n ecessary pl ant food, in humus an d nitrogen, in a most economical way, an d it will be of la sting ben efit for a long p eriod. Not onl y hav e you provided for these elements of food for th e trees, bu t you ha ve put th e soil in a most excellent con dit ion by th ese r epeated plowings and harrowings, and at the same time r emoved all stumps and ro ots, th us giving opp ortuni ty to use labor-saving imp lements in subsequ en t culture.
Now having put th e or char d site in good condition we ar e r eady f or th e n ext step.
Planting.
Check off lan d at prop er dist an ce-IS f eet by I S f eet or 20 f eet by 20 f eet is the usu al dist an ce that tr ees arc pl anted. Th is gives 132 or 105 trees per acre. Thi s checkin g should be done wit h a two-horse turn plow, an d foll owed with a sub soil plow. At th e intersect ions dig a hole of suffici ent depth. Thi s hole shou ld be anywhere from one to two fe et square, all depend ent on char acter of soil. Thr ow the top soil to one sid e, use a libera l amount of well decompos ed stable manure to each hole, ha ving thi s tho ro ughly in corpo rated with the soil. If stable manure is not available, then usc from one to two pounds of bon e meal, or the same quantity of a mixture of two parts acid phosphat e to one part cotton seed meal. W hen using commercial f ertilizer, the best r esults are obtained by first setting the tree in th e hole, fill up the hole one-half the depth, and then apply the f ertilizer,
42

but mixing it thoroughly wit h t he top soil p reviously p ut aside in diggin g th e hol e, firm th e earth well about the roo ts of the tree , an d level off.
Pr uning.

Unl ess one u n der st ands why he is prun ing he is not lik ely to

do it very in t elligentl y. 'I'h e ma in obje cts may be classed as

follows:

1. To keep th e tree in p ro per sha pe.

2. '1.'0 mak e the t ree st ocky .

3. To admit air an d sunsh ine.

4. To r emove unn ecessar y bran ches.

5. '1'0 remove dead wood.

6. To thin fruit.

7. To admit a thorou gh sp raying.

8. To assist in harvesti ng.

Up on t he proper an d intelligent p r uning will depend i n a great

measu r e the success of th e or chard, ther efore, the prunin g that

a tree r eceives during the fir st two or three y ears after hein g

planted has mu ch to do with its future. Mist ak es mad e in givi ng"

the prop er head or sha pe to th e tree, or neglect during the first

year , ar e irrepa rable.

.

In this latitud e t r ees should be headed 10"" when set out. Cut

tree back to sin gle st em of good live eyes fro m 12 to 18 inches

.above bud . After trees have st ar ted growth rub off all bu t t hree

eyes, have these evenly distributed so th at they are well bal an ced.

This is kn own as th e Trip od Sys tem. Now th at th e tree has been

set to three limbs, cu t off one-ha lf to one-third of th e growth in

June, all prunin g bein g don e so that it will perm it th e tree mak-

ing a broad open head, thus p ermitting light an d air. Summer

pruning should not be done later t han July (in middl e Georg ia) ,

other sections accor ding to season . Late summer prun ing for ces a

lat e growth th at cannot matur e bef ore f rost, and is frequ ently

killed, whi ch is injurious to the t ree. Other prun ing shou ld be

done when t he t ree is dormant, and can be done in some sections

of th e State early in November. Prunin g should be done annua lly

and great care mu st be exerc ised in leaving t he p rop el' quanti ty

of fruiting wood, Frequ entl y crops are mat eri ally reduced by

ignorant cutting away of t oo many fru it buds. Th e prop ortion

of fruit buds on a t r ee should det ermine the exte nt of cut t ing

back. Usually it is safe t o cut back one-hal f to on e-t hird of t he

43

previous season's growth. Heavy pruning generally induces a corresponding large amount of n ew wood.
Too mu ch attention can n ot be giv en to the prop er pruni ng of peach and should only be done by th e most intelligent class of labor.
Fertilization.
For the first two years the growt h of the or chard should be stimu lated as much as possibl e by an abundant su pp ly of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, but care should be exerc ised not to give an excess of nitrogen.
This is r eadily distinguished by the vig orous gr owth and (he dark green color of the leaves. An excess of nitrogen will cause exu dat ion of sap an d immature ripening of th e twi gs, which are frequently winter ki lled. When the tree shows a pale color it in dicates a lack of n itrogen, and in such cases an -ap plication of 2 to 3 pounds of the following fertilizer will be most benefieial :
1200 Ibs. Acid P hosphat e. 400 lbs, Cotton Seed Meal, 400 Ibs, Muriate or Sulphat e of P ot ash. Apply broadcast about three or four f eet from the tree on op-
posite sid es. As th e tree in cr eases in size th e dist an ce should be greater . When th e bearing period is r eached the amoun t of potash should be in cr eased and it s ni trogen decr eased, but all dep end ent on character of soil. F ertilizers should be applie d in F ebruary, or just before active r oot gr owth begins.
Hardwood ash es are a most economical source of potash , and are most benefic ial to orchards.
A good method of applying fer tilizer s is to us e a broadcas t gu ano distributor or a grain drill, using the gu ano side set to the proper proportions.
If or chards are giv en too mu ch phosphoric acid and 'n itrogen th e growth will be excessive , the fruit watery, and la cking in color; fruit will also have poor carrying qua lities, and be more su sceptible t o brown r ot. I n such cases use a lar ge amount of potash, whi ch gives color and carrying qua lities to the frui t, also ind uces strong, well ma tured wood.
Cultivation.
T'ho qu estion is of ten asked: H ow often should a n orchar d he cult ivate d Th e an swer is when ever n eeded, th at is, when
44

weeds or grass show, or when the ground has a crust on it . Frequently an orch ard is gone over with th e harrow or weeder as many as twenty times during a season . One good pl owing with a turning plow during th e winter is sufficient for breaking, but be careful not to pl ow t oo close to the trees, so th at roots are turned up . Thi s space n ext to th e t r ee should be plowed w ith an orchard harrow. All subsequent cultivation should be done with orch ard harrows. K eep t he orchard cultivated and all trees free from weeds and grass . Thi s is f requ ently done by hoeing. Under no conside ration neglect this important feature th at means success or failure, but keep or chards clean . Th e ear ly rubbing off of all the surplus young growt h on the tree can not be too thoroughly emphasized. It is a grea t sav ing of tim e to do this rubbing off befor e th e young growth becomes t oo tough and it is not such a sever e str ain or shock to the tree. Trees should be gone over sever al times during th e growing season. If these growths are allowed to mak e some growth it is necessary to use the pruning knife, a necessarily slower and more expensive operation :
The first few yea rs , orchar ds can be inter cropp ed to some crop that does not injure the trees, such as t r uck, melons, or peas, giving prefer ence to such plan ts th at furnis h pl ant food (h umus) , but in no case should th ey be planted too nea r t rees-not closer than six feet, but never plant corn . Th at shades trees too mu ch, and will not be beneficial. Never inter -cr op after or chards begin to bear, an d inore especially don't plant before th e crop is har vested. After har vest time cow peas can be pl anted and plowed und er .
lij

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P a ge FOREWORD ------ - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - -- --- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 5 CO X D E N SE D SPRAY S CHED ULE FOR PEAClIES__ _____ ___ ___ __ 6

T IlE PEACH T R E E BOHEIL ______ ________ __________ ____ ____ ___ 7

D escription, etc. - - ---- - - ---- ------ - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - 8 Tr ee Prot e ct or s a n d R ecomm enua t io ns- ___ ___ _______ ___ __ ___ 12
THE SAN JOSE SC ALE- __ ___________ ______ __ ______ _______ _____ 13 D escrip t i on a nd L if e lIistory ______ ___ _________ _ _________ __ 15 Prepare d Lime-Sulphur Solution__ __ ______ __ ______ ____ ______ 18 So lub le S ulp hur I'r eparatio ns _________ ____ _____ __ ___ __ ______ 18

Reco m me n datio ns - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - __ 20 'l' IlE PLUM CU IWULIO _________ ___ ___ ____ ________ ___ ___ ____ ___ 20

L ife H istor y --- - - - --- ---- - ---- -- - -- ------ - - - - - - - - - - - -- - __ 21 H ow M ay 'Wormy P ea ch es D e P r e\"Cnt cd ____ _____________ ___ 22

S pray S ch e du le - ---- - - - -- -- ------ - ---- ---- --- - - - - - - - - - - ___ 24

DHOWN R OT-Description - - - - ---- ------ - - - -- -- - - - - -- -- - -- - - ___ 24
Spray Schedule - ------ - -- - - -- -------- -- -- - - - - - - - - - --- - - - -_ 27 How t o Make S elf-Cook ed Lim e-Sn lphuL_ ___ ___________ ____ 28

'l'UE SHOT-lIOLE BORER BE ETLE- ______ ________ __ ______ ____ __ 2!l D escription a nd L ife JIist ory ________ __ ___ _____ ___ __________ 30

COll t r ol ----- - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- -- --- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - 31

PEACH CR O' VN GALL

" __ _______ __ ______ ____ ____ 31

D es cripti on a n d R em edi es -- ___ _________ ____ ______ _________ 31

P E AC H SC A B - S y m p to ms a nd Ca use_______________ _____ __ ______ _ 32

Prev ent ion - -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -- - - -- -- -- ________________ 33

P E AC H LEAF CURL

:._ __ _____ ________ ___________ 34

Cha ra c ter is tic App ea ran ce - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __ _____ 34

Ca use a nd P r ev ention

34

THE NE1I A T ODE WOInI

36

LDIESULPHUR CONCENTRATES -------- ------- ----- - - - - - - - - - 36 L ime-Sulphur Con ce n t ra tes v s, Li m e-Sulp h u r W a s h ____ ______ 37 Dil u t i on of L im e-S u lp hur Conc en trat es_ ________ _____ ________ 38 M ateri al s a n d Por mu la __________ __________________ ___ _____ ~8

'I'll E CA RE AND MAN A GE .lIlE N'!' OF PEACH On CHARDS _______ 10

L oc atio n , Si te nnd So iL ________ _____ ______ ____ __ _________ ,10

L ocation with R ef e r en ce t o E IC\'a tio n __________ ____ __ ____ ___ ,10

P r epa ra tio n of th e L and __ ______ __ _____ __ ___ _____ __________ ,11

P la n ting a n d P run ing ___ ___ ____ ___ ____ ______ _____ _________ 42

Fert iliza tion a nd Cu lt ivn t i ou ,

44

>r~
tH;rj
~
Illustrating Proper Method of Planting, H eading-out, P runing and Cultivation. Cover Crop of Brabham Peas.

Georgia -
I
Siale Board 01 E tomology

BULLETIN 58

MAY 1920

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1919
BY
A. C. LEWIS
State Entomologist

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GE ORGIA STA TE B OARD OT<' E N'rO;\IOLO GY .
ORGAr IZATION AND ST AFF.
n ON. J . ,J. BROWN, Ch a ir man. Conu uis sio uc I' of Agricu ltu r e, Atlanta .
HON. R C. BERCIOIANS,
Horti cultur ist, Ma con.
COL. W . D . lL\::\ DL\CK , A gri cul tu ri st, Cole m a n.
A. C. IJE ' VIS . Slate E n to mologist a n d S ecr et a r y of' t h o Boa r d, A t lanta .
W . W . CHASE, A ssist an t State E n t omol ogi s t, Cornelia .
,Y . Y . HEED, Assist an t E n t omol og ist, A tla n t a .
IRA W. WITJLIAlUS , Cot t on S pec ia list. Th om as vill e. ( I II ch a r g e of Valdo ~ta , 'I'ho ma sv ill o an d Ba xley St at ion s ) .
W . F . 'l' uR NER , As si stan t En to mo lo gist, A t la n t a .
D . C. WARREN , A ssistan t Ent om ologi st, V aldosta ,
13. xr. GADDIS,
Superint end ent Valdosta S t a ti on , Valdosta .
W . n . LEONARD, S u pe r in te n de n t Th om asvill e S ta t ion , 'I'hornasvill e.
J . C. ::ITANESS. F ield Ag ent, A tl anta.
J . ::II. MALLOY, Fi eld A gen t, :\1a eon.
J. H. PRESSLEY, Field Agent, Valdosta.

Annual Report of the State Entomologist
for 1919
To the Honorable "ThTembers of the Georgia State Board of Entomology and th e Gen er al Ass embly:
I have the honor as State Entomologist to submit h er ewith a detailed st ate me n t of the receipts and ex pe n d it ure s and a r eport upon the work of the Georgia State Board of Entomology for 1919.
'I'he p ersonnel of the sta ff has un der gon e a f ew chan ges and additions durin g th e y ear. D. C. Neal was elected Plan t P athologi st April I st. Th er e were two resignat ions during the year: A . J . F lemin g r esign ed July 1st as F ield Agent an d .T. H . Pressley r esism ed as Field Agent D ecemb er 1st. The personn el of th e st a ff, with th e ex ceptions above n ot ed , was on D ecemb er 31st as fo llows:
A. C. Lewis, State Entomologist. W . ' V. Chase . Assistant State Entomologist, 'V. V . R eed , Assistant En tomologist, ,Y. F . TU1'l1er, Assistant Entomologist, D. C. W ar r en , As sistant Entomologist, Ira W . W illi ams , Cot t on Sp ecia list, C. A. MeL oudon . E xn ert in Cott on Breeding,
, Y. n . L eonard ; Superintend ent Th omasville Station,
Miss In ez Wil liam s, St enogr ap h er Th omasville Stat ion ,
n. TIr. Gaddis, Sup erint endent Valdosta St ation ,
.T. C. Man ess, F ield A gent,
,v. L . Neese, Secretary to th e E nt omolo gist,
),frs . W . A. Maguir e, Sten ographer , Xlrs . .Jam es K . Jordan was conn ected with th e D epartm ent from Mar ch 'l st to J ul v I st an d fr om Sentembe r Ist to D ecemhr 1' :1ht. .\' 11 th e 11l e~lwr s of th e staff- and office force h ave rond orcd ve ry efficient ser vice an d work ed to gether for the best welf are of th e Department.
WORK CONDUCTED BY THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
'I'h e work con du cted by t h e Georgia State Board of E nto mology t his year may be classified as f oll ows :
3

1. Nu sery and oth er inspection work. 2. Enforcement of quarantine r eg ulations. 3. Sw eet pot at o we evi l. -I:. W ork on apple and pea ch ins ects and diseas es. :J. Garden and tru ck cr op in sect s and di seas es. G. Cotton breed in g and Vari ety 'r ests . 7. Cot to n boll weevil tests. R. Du stin g 10 cont r ol th e boll weevil. 0. 'Yor k a1 'l'bomas ville and Va ld osta Stat ions. 10. Attend in g Farmer s' Meetin gs, et c. 11. Citr us Cnnk cr, 12. Toha cco Insects . 1:1. Xl osai D isease of Su gar Cane . 14. Publica ti ons.
NURSERY AND OTHER INSPECTION WORK.
Durin g t he y ear 120 nu r s er-ies wer e insp ect ed and ccrt ifl . (~at es grunt cd .c-H st of th ese is app end ed .
'I'h c n urserv in spection work r equir es a good dea l of 1i mr- . as t h o uursori cs :I I' P sca tt ere d all over th e State. '!'h is work , if ,!I OJ'ou g-hl.\' ncrf nr med , r oquircs mu ch tim e a nd a ttcnt iou ill orrlr-r to Ild crminp- wh eth er any inj u rious insect s O J' pla nt rlisea sps a re nresent in th e nurseri es. In every case wh et'e thr Sa n ,To, p Sr:ilr is foun d th e infest ed trees a t:e d cst rovcd awl arc-in sp ecti on mu rle before a certifi cnt e is gran ted . .
SW EET POTATO WEEVIL.
On a ccou nt of th e pr esence of th e swee t pot at o weevil in one county 'in Geor gia all other South ern S ta t es hav e n<l optr<l quara n ti n e r cgul ati on s aga inst Geo r gin in r egard to th e sweet potat o weevil . Because of th ese r egula ti ons it ha s I)pI~ o m e necessar y t o in spect th e premises of all pa rti es d esi r- ing t o ship sw eet pota to es, sw eet pot at o pla nts. cut t in gs and tuh cts from Gcor gia into other St at rs . 'I'hi s has ne cessit a ted a p:ood <l eal of work. During th e year 1019, 138 pr emises were exa mine d and sw eet pota to permits issu ed , list of th ese is appond ed .
In co-ope r at ion with th e F ed eral Bureau of E nt omolog v, 'Was hingt on , D. Coo a nd th e Plan t (; J'()!1 P est Commission of F'lnr id a. an effort is hein rr mad e t o ex t er min at e thi s ins ect in (Jporg ia . Th e plan of th is ext erm ination is to f'nrnish th e parti es wh o hav e thr-ir sweet potatoes infested bv this insect with plants gTO \V ~ 1 from pot a to es that arc fr C' r f ro m th is insect. ( f hese pla nts a r e f'm-nish cd f r ee by th e T . S. Bnronu of En Iom olog v un der cer t a in condit ions ) , and f or th em t o d est r oy all infest ed potato es by fee di n g th em to st ock, or oth erwise.

As only a f ew fa r ms are in fest ed in Geo r g ia , it is h op ed t hat in a year 0 1' t wo thi s in sect may be ex t er m inated by t h is process.
INSPECTION OF FOREIGN SHIPMENTS ,
S ince t he F cd ernl H or ticultural Bo a rd p ra ctically prohi bi ts th e imp or t ati on of ull nursery sto ck a nd or ua uien tal sh r ub bery , bulbs a IIII see ds n ow eoust it ut c all t hc Iorcigu sh ip me n ts I' Ccci ved in t hc State . Ship ments of bulbs were rec eive d dui-in g th e y ea r fro m tlie fo llo wing countries , in t he q ua ntities an d order nam cd : Pran ce, H olland, China, Japa n, Be lgiu m a nd Gcr many. Pra cti cally one milli on bulbs W CI' C im por t ed inti! t he St atc an d a Iur ge numb er of these were ins pecte d a t t he r equ est of th e F ed eral H orti cultural Boa r d . In n o case w er e in sect s or di seases of a d an g er ou s uuture fo und to be p resen t .
A numb er of a pple an d p ea ch orchards arc annua lly inspe ctc d at t hc own c rt s r equ est an d adv ice g iven on t hc control of th e insect s and di sea ses f ound in t hc o rc har ds . ;'[any p rivat e gro unds in t hc cit y of Atluntu, and in d ifferen t sec tions of tlic Stat c, w er e in sp ect ed at t he ow ueru r eques t aw l method s gi ven for t h e cont r ol of t he p est fo und t o be present . Mun y cotton field s a rc in sp ect ed each su mme r f or t hc boll weevi l, cotto n wilt, a nd ot he r p lan t di seases and in sccts. 'l'h e calls mad e up on t he D ep ar t men t for work of t his n atu re is in cr ea sin g eac h year .
ENFORCEMENT OF QUARANTIE REGULATIO NS .
'I'h e qu arantine reg ula tio ns t h e Boa r d n ow enfo rces are : 1. Th ose in r egard to t he s hip me nts of nu rs ery stock in th e Statc, and t hat f ro m ot he r states and fo re ig n cou n t ries into Gcorgia. 2. 'I'h e reg ulations in r eg ard to th e boll weevil and cot t on produ ct s fr om infest ed se ct ions . 3. 'I'Iie p ine bli st er rust. 4. Cit r us Can ker . 5. 'I'h e s wee t potato w eevil. 6. Chest n ut Blight. 7. Nc mato dc wor m of wh eat. S. Mosai c Di scase of sugar cane. Ea ch ye a r some n ew in sect or plant d isease is di scover ed som ewh er-e in th e Sta tc, 01' in th e sur r ou n id ng sta tes, ag a ins t whi ch w e ha ve t o quarantin e, 'I'h is yc ar t hree n ew q naru nt in e r eguluti ou s w er e ado pte d ;onc in r egard to Chest n u t Bli ght, one on th e Nc mato de w orm of wh cat and one r ela t in g to th e Mosai c Disease of sug a r cane, Th e Che st nu t Blighf is a ser iou s di sease th at atta ck s chestnu t s an d Ch inq uap ins . It
I

h as not yet been f ound in Geor gia, an d h en ce the quarantin e was placed upon the shipmen t of chestn uts an d Oluuq uap u i, in to Geor gi a rrom any oth er infested states.
Th e u euiat ode worui of wh eat was found t o exis t in one county in t bat State, n amely : Jacks on, an d this couuty, and other sta te s where th e n em atode is kno wn t o exist, h a ve been quarti n ed against .
Th e MOSaiC DIsease of sugar cane n ow ex ists in Al ab ama, F lorida, Mississippi, Louisana an d 'I'exas, an d was fo uu d ill Geor gia in two counties,- Gr ady and Thomas. 'I'hese counties an d the a bove .n amed states h ave been qu arau tiued aga inst.
Nex t y ear it will probably be necessary to promulgate
quarantine r egulati ons in r egard to the pink boll wor m or
cot t on, wh ich IS n ow known to b e present in certain sect ion s of Texas a n d Louisiana.
APPLE AND PEACH INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Sprayin g and dusting ex pe r uu euts wer e con duct ed by W. W . Ch ase, Assistant Stat e Entomologist, f or the control of the p r inc ip al insect s an d dis eas es attackin g app les an d p each es. A t Corne lia extensi ve dusting an d sp rayin g exper im en t s on apples wer e con duc te d . Th e re sults of these experiments h a ve n ot yet been publish ed, as it is desired t o carry on f urther ex pe ri men ts along these lines. It may be sa id, however, that in these exper imen ts dus ti n g f ailed t o con t r ol the apple diseases.
Ext ensive sp raying an d dusti ng exper iments f or th e control of peach in sect s and di seases wer e conducted a t Fo rt Va lley. 'I'he r esult s of these t ests a re gi ven in detail in Circular No. 30.
GARDEN AND TRUCK CROP INSECTS AND DISEASE.
'I'he wor k on garden and truck cr op in sects and diseases habeen con du ct ed by Assistant Entomologist, YV. V. R eed. 'I'he truck crop sections a ro und Sa vannah, Macon, Atlanta and Au gust a were visit ed and in structi ons given in r egard to the cont ro l of different insects an d dis eases. The tr uc k grower s of the State are losing each y ear many do llars w or th of their cr ops from the ravages of inse ct s an d diseases that could be prevented, if spraying w as done at t he p r ope r time. As thc t ruck industry in t he Stat e is gro wing rapidly the valu e an d importance of this work is becoming more ap p are n t each year.
COTTON BREEDING.
Th e cot ton breedin g w or k n ow bein g con duc te d by the Department is along t hree gencral lines : 1st . To improve th e
G

wilt r esist an t variet ies t hat h av e already been developed by the D epartm ent ; 2nd. Breeding and improvi n g an earl y strain of Sea I sland cotton ; 3rd. To improve va r iet ies of eotton specially well ad apted to cen t ral and north Georgia.
In sou th Georgia breeding work on th e wil t r esistant varieties is being conducted by th e State Entomologist at D eS ot o, Lumpkin and Vienna . At D eSoto 300 individual select ions wer e made an d see d was saved f r om s ix r ows a nd foul' inc rease pl ots fo r plant in g n ex t year . These selecti ons were made from the Lewi s 63, Counc il 'I'oole an d DeSot o wilt r esistant varieti es. At Cair o breeding work on t he Dix-Afifi, a long staple upl and wilt resistan t variety, is bein g- continu ed, a spec ial effort bein g mad e to pro duce a type of this cot to n with a more un if orm len gth of lin t .
Ira "'IV. 'Will iams an d "'IV. H . Leonard arc breed ing seve r al of th e wilt r esist an t strain s at the Thomasville St ati on. They ar e also con t inu ing t he breeding work on velvet bea ns wh ich was begun several y ears ag o. Some of t h ese h vbrids are very promisin g an d it is h op ed within a fe w years t o have them for distribution.
In eas tern an d n orther n Georgia C. A. l\I cLen do n is condu ct in g breed in g t ests in ] G coun t ies wit h ] 7 co-opera t ors. In this work 250 indivi duals selecti ons were mad e and planting seed was saved fro m 12 r ows, 10 ma ss select ions and 14 increases pl ots, r epr esent ing te n va nities of cot t on .
Th e breedin g work on t he Sea I sland cot t on, whi ch is be ing conducted at V aldosta by Ira W . Williams an d B. M. Gaddis, is givin g very goo d r esults an d sever al early strain s have been developed .
COTTON VARIETY TESTS.
Th e fo llo win g va r iety t ests were con ducted by th e Stat e E nt omologist :
Am eri cus (Sumter County ) 21 variet ies, Lumpkin (Stewart County ) 20 varieti es, Vienna (Dooly Coun t y) 20 varieties. C. A. Me.lrendon con ducted vari et y t est s at t h e followin g points: W ayn esb or o (Bur k e County ) ]0 va r ieti es, 'Wash in gt on (W ilk es County ) 10 va r ieties, Au st ell (Douglas County ) 15 varieti es, Corn elia (Habe rs ham Coun ty) 10 varieti es. In additi on to th e abov e a vari et y t est of 48 varieti es was
conduct ed at 'l'h omasville Station bv Ira W. Williams and
W. H . L eonard. Th e r ep orts up on these t est s, wi th t h e exception of t he one at Th omasvill e a re pub lish ed in Cir cula r No. 29, Cotton Va r iety Test s 1919.
7

GINNING INDIVIDUAL AND MASS SELECTIONS.

vVe are now making a special effor t to ass ist as many

f armers as po ssible in the improvement of their cotton. To

en cou rage them in makin g individual and mass selections we

now main tain a small gin in Atl anta and on e at 'f homasvill e

with whi ch t o gin t hese in dividu al and ma ss selections. Our

co-ope rat ive cotton br eed er s an d gr owers, an d al so manv ot hers, a r e ass isted in ma king' individual selec tio n s an d ill-

str u ctions give n in regar d to makin g mass select ions. Th e

seed cotton from the individ ual selection s sent in, is w ei gh ed , ginned, and t he seed wei ghed, an d the n t hc p er cen ta ge of li nt

dct crm ined. Thc p erc ent ag e of lin t produ ced by th e ma ss

selections is al so determined. This service is of great valu o

to the cot t on g r owe rs, as it enables them to improve th eir cotton eac h year by individua l and ma ss sel ections . 'I'his serv ice is free t o t hose who d esir e to ava il themselves of it

an d more and mor e cotton grow er s ea ch y ear a re sending in cotton for us to gi n . ,Y e g in ned cotto n for -1-2 parties. 25 of

these s en t in 29 mass selectio ns an d 17 sent in 560 in divi du al

selection s to be ginned.

COTTON WILT AND COUNTY BOLL WE EVIL TESTS.

Th e Boa r d h as employ ed th ree me n, J . C. Man ess, A..J. Fl emin g and J . H. Pressley , who ar e known as F ield

A gents. Th ey visit ed th e d ifferent cou nt ies in th eir t erritory

and in ea ch coun tv sel ect ed one or two men t o cond uct co-

op era tiv e tests . '1"; e co-ope r a tive tests cons ists of t en or mor e

ac res w h ich are grown under our su pe rvision . I n th e hall

w eevil section spe cial instru ctions a r c g iven in regard to fi irht-

ing t he boll w eevil. Our men vis it t he far ms three or f'our

times dur in g" the gro wing season to see that our in struct inns

are ca rrie d out. \V e hope in t his w ay t o dem onstrate t o th e eotton grow er s in th e hall weevil sec t ion that cot to n mav he

grown s uccessfully an d profitabl y und er boll weevil conditions .

if the most improved metho ds of fighti n g th e hall w eevil a re

u sed , and pe d igreed see d pl an t ed of a variety w ell ad apted

to t h at section.

I n counties wh ere the wi lt d isease is nresent as well as the

boll w eevil , wilt r esist an t strains of cot t on arc gro wn . Th ese

inclu d e suc h varieti es as Lew is 63. Cou n cil-T'oole. DeSoto and

Di x-Afifi.

.

.

W e are makin g a specia l effort to instru ct each of th ese

m en how to impr ove cotto n by selec tion, al so t o impress up on

them th e value and importance of pnre see d . By ge t t in g each

man to sp ecialize on a variety w ell adapted to his section we

h ope in a few y ears that h e will plan t hi s wh ole farm in this

variety an d in C011r se of t im e hecome a S011rce from wh om the

farm er s of that commu nity mav purch ase goo d see d which

has b een grown in th e coun t y. Usu ally th e best cot t on se ed the farmer can purchase is th at gr own on t he sa me typ e of lan d as that up on which th ey a re go ing to gr ow it , that is, of course , provid in g t h e cot to n has been care full y ginne d so as to k eep th e se ed pu re and t he cot t on improved by selection .
DUSTING EXPERIMENTS FOR CONTROL OF BOLL WEEVIL.
Extensi ve du st in g exper imen ts wer e condu ct ed this year in Lownd es Count y by D. C. Warr en f or t he cont r ol of th e boll weevil. In ll~ (:se ~xpcri men ts both up land and Sea I sla nd cotto n wer e 1I8ec1. I n the cxn er imcnts n early 100 acres of cotton wer e d ustcd vt o secure the r esult s r ep or t ed up on. , Ve will n ot ment ion in d et ail th e r esults secu r ed fr om the se ex periment s. as [hey h a ve been publish ed in Bulletin N o. 56, Dust in g COttOIl for th e Control of t h e Boll Weevil . W e would, h o\\,('vo1', call a tt en tio n to t he valu e an d importan ce of this wor k to t he cotton gro we rs of th e Sta te . In ad d it ion to th e r esul ts of t ho d ust in g exper iments of t he ab ove bu ll etin also giv es d ir ect ions fo r applyin g the dust: in for ma tio n in r egar d t o machin ery, et c.
STATIONS AT THOMASVILLE AND VA LDOS TA .
Th e work on t h e Stations a t Thomasville an d V aldo sta u nd er th e di r ect ion of I r a W . Williams, assist ed by W . I-I. Leon ard an d B . ::\ L Ga ddis , h as b een of gr eat va lu e t o t h e cotton gr ower s of Georgia. At Th omasvill e th er e are being con ducted a numb er of ex pe r imen t s on gro wi n g cot t on u nder boll w eevil conditi ons on land infccted with cotton wilt an d n emat ode worm s. These exp eri men t s are briefly as follo ws : A vari ety, fertil izer , and d istan ce t cst ; a system of r ot at ion for the eli mination of t h e n emat od e w or m f rom th e soil; and experiment s on cotton anthra cno se and leaf snot, or bla ck arm . At th e Valdo sta Station, whi ch is d evot ed -en tirely to Sea I sland cotton, the w ork h as been main ly br eedin g up an earl y wilt r esist an t strain of Sea I sland cotton tha t can be gr own profitabl y un d er boll weevil con diti ons. F er til izer , di stanc e t ests. et c., ar c conducted cover ing th e sa me p oin ts as tho se on sh ort cott on at 'I'h oma svill e. Some of t he Sea I slan d va r iet ies that have been d eveloped are very pro misi n g for gro wing un der boll w eevil an d wilt condit ions. Next year a snec ial effor t will be mad e to d et ermin e if it is practicable to con t r ol the bon w eevil on Sea I sland cotton by du sting with calc ium a r s en a t e .
D. C. Neal , thc pathologist , h as carried on ext ens ive work in brceding an d select ing st r ains of tom ato es that are wilt r eo
9

sist ant . W ork h as been con d ucte d on black arm an d anthr a a, n ose of cot t on. Mu ch l ab or a tory work has been con duct ed identifying numerous spec imens of plant dise as es wh ich ha ve been sen t in f ro m differen t sec t ions of th e State. I n addit ion to the abov e, Mr . Nea l h as also been ca r rying on in vesti gati ons on t he ph ony di sease of peache s, wh ich disease h as been quit e injurious in di ffer ent sec tio ns around Fort Valley . An in vest igat ion is being mad e to d et ermine t he natu re of this dise ase and wh eth er is is t r an smissibl e by bu ddi ng . .Iames S. Mall oy , one of our field agen ts , is wor k ing out t he dist r ibu. t ion of this di sease in the State.
WORK IN NORTH GEORGIA.
Durin g f our monthsof th e season ,V. F. Turner spent most of hi s ti m e in condu ct ing an investigation fo r th e Governo r on th e dam ag e ca used by the sulphur fumes fro m th e copper sm elter s in th e Duckt own di strict. 'I'hi s investiga tion was carr ied on in t he coun t ies of F an nin, Gilm er an d Mur r ay . Durin g th e investi gation 297 di ff eren t premises were vi site d an d th e cro ps in sp ect ed . In th e course of this in sp ection the follo win g diseases and in sect s wer e found to be qu it e common, an d wh ere prop el' cont ro l m eth od s h ad n ot been cmplov cd t hey did conside r able dam a ge t o the cro p aff ect ed. Arran ~ ec1 in th e or de r of imp ortan ce th ese are as follows : On apples th e p ri n cipal diseases w er e cedar r us t , fir e blight and lea f spo t. Th e wo oll y aphi s an d ro sy aph is w er e th e main appl e insects. Che rries, th e leaf spo t disease ; on p each es bro wn r ot an d scab w er e th e princip al di seases f oun d . On th e t r uc k cr ops t he ma in di seases wer e : On Irish P ot ato es, ea rly bli gh t : t omat oes, ba ct eri al bli gh t and ste m-e n d r ot ; w at er melons, ba cteri al wilt. On cor n the diseases that did the most d ama ge wer e the ph ys od erma di sease, fusarium ea r -ro t an d l eaf st ri pe. It was f ound in th is investiga t ion th at mu ch work of ben efit could be done by a ca mpaig n of education and bulletins w er e sent to ea ch p arty, giving directions f or the control of the di sease or in~<ects f ou nd t o be present.
CITRUS CANKER.
The w ork on th e elimin ation of citrus canke r in co-ope r ation with th e F ed er al H orticultural Board and the U . S. B ure au of Plant Industry h as been comple te d . Th e F ederal H or ti cultural Board t erminat ed th eir work in Georgi a the firs t of J uly, 1918, as th ey cons ide re d t he State w as free from citrus canker . During th e' y ear a numb er of insp ect ion s were made a t diff en en t p oints in the S tat e wh er e citr us canker h ad been found two yea rs a go, in or de r t o det ermin e if th ere were any r ein-
10

f ect ions at these p oin ts , wi th n eg ative r esu lt s, Thi s work was d on c by VV. V. R eed, As sis t ant Ent omologist. A close wat ch , h owever, will be k ept in th e fut ur e fo r any rec u r rence of t his disease wh er e cit rus trees are grow n. By means of this reinsp ecti on eac h ye ar and th e enf or cement of our qua rant in e r egulation s on citr u s stock we h op e t o b e able t o k eep this diseas e ou t of the Stat e.
INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE YEAR.
Th e common inseet s t ha t occur every y ear, su ch as p otato beetl e, et c., appeared in t he ir usu al numbers an d wh er e pro p er meth ods w er e used f or t he ir control at t he right ti me no appreciable d am a ge occu r r ed . Throu gh bulletins and cir cular s issu ed by the Dep ar tm en t th e fa r mers and fr uit grower s are becomin g more f amil iar wit h the propel' meth od s of contro llin g th ese common in sect s. Cowpea po d weevils wer e qu ite common in many pla ces on cot to n , bu t did n o material d amage. 'I'h e cor n bill bug w as sent in fro m sever al counti es in South Georgia wh er e t hey did cons ider able dama ge t o earl y corn. The larger corn st alk bor er did more or less dam a ge to cor n in di ffer ent sect ions of th e Stat e. Th e strip ed cuc umber bee t les wer e very num erous on cant al oupe s in Mit ch ell Count y and di d con sid erable d amage.
Th e H essian F ly of wh eat occurr ed in a numb er of count ies in n or th Geor gia d oing consid erable d ama ge. I n J a ck son County t he n em atode, or eel wor m of whea t caused a h eavy loss on a f ew fa r ms th at were sev erely in fest ed by thi s insect. Apple insect s, suc h as the Sa n Jose Scal e and t he codling m oth, and app le di seases, suc h as bit t er r ot wer e unusually severe in nor th Geor gia an d did conside r able damage.
P ea ch in sect s, su ch as t he curc ulio, an d p ea ch di seases, su ch as scab an d bro wn r ot , w ere v ery d est ructive in the p ea ch sect ion s of Georgia. Th e season was unusu ally f avorable for the deve lopm en t of t hese insect s an d dis eases. Cantaloupes around P elh am , Ga ., wer e inju r ed t o a g reat ex te nt by Anthra cn ose. An effort will be mad e anothe r seas on to cont r ol t his disease by see d treatme nt , the same as is n ow being practi ced to contr ol Anthra cnose {In cu cumb ers .
The South er n pin e bettle was fo und at a nu mber of pla ces in south Geor gia an d al so in no rth Geor gi a. This is a di stru ct ive insect t o pine t r ees an d it d eserves more atten tion from t hose inter ested in th e futur e of th e lumber bu sin ess in the State.
Th e rice we evil, or what is commonly known as th e cor n weevil , did conside r abl e dama ge to corn and other st ored grain. Th e rice w eevil is present eve ry ye ar t o a gr eater or less exte nt an d sin ce this in sect can be con t ro ll ed by fumi gating wi th car bon bi. snl ph id o ever y f arm er sho uld count on t r eatin g his
11

grain with ca r bon hi -sulphid e as soo n as it is gather ed . A Circular giving comple te di r ecti on s as to h ow t o d o t his ma y be se cu red fr om t h e St a t e E n t om olo gist , Atlan ta, Ga .
P eriodical Cicada , or wha t is comm on ly known as the 17y ea r lo cu st, occurred in a number of coun t ies in n or th Geo r gia. This insect w as very numer ou s in a f ew lo calit ies an d d id Conside r ab l e da ma ge to y oung pea ch and apple t r ees t hat had just been seto u t .
SPREAD AND DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE BOLL WEEVIL.
The cot to n boll weevil entere d Geor gia in 1914 . Ea ch year it h as sp read to a grea t er or less ex te n t until in D ecemb er , 1919 , it had practi ca lly covere d the cott on gr ow ing se ct ions of Geor gi a. The n orthern limi t of t he di stri b uti on of t he boll w eevil is sho wn in map app ended . In anoth er map is also sho wn the presen t di stributi on of the b oll w eevil in t h e Un ited States .
During the 1919 season th e weather con d it ions were very f avorabl e f or t he in cr ease of the boll w eevil and cons eq uen tly th e d am age d one by t his in sect t o t he cot to n cro p in Geor gia w as heavier than it h ad ever been befor e. In some se ct ion s in S outh Ge or gia th e los s fr om this insect wa s 50 t o 75 pCI' cent of t he cr op . F urthe r n orth in t he Stat e t he d am a g e was not so g r ea t . Dustin g cot to n fo r t h e control of t h e boll weevil with ca lc iu m arsen at e is n ot as y et a gc ne ra l pra cti ce by t he cot t on grower s of Geor gia. From th e r esults so far se cur ed w ith thi s method of con t r olling thc boll weevil , it is very prom isin g an d nHIJ' becom e in a few y ears th e ge ne ra l m eth od u sed ill connection with ot her met h od s t h at ha ve been used h er et ofore in combat t in g t he boll w eevil. The ex pe r imen ts cond uc te d by this Dep artm ent or dusting cot t on f or th e control of th e boll w eevil h a ve previousl y been m ention ed-see P a ge 9.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED.
Th e f oll owing p u bl icat ions w ere issu ed:
BULLETINS,
N o. 52-Cotto n Vari ety Tests 1918, A , C. L ewis C. A . ~\f cLen d on .
N o. 53-Spr ay Ca lend ar , A . C. L ewi s, "'IV. "'IY. Cha se a nd "'IV. F. Turn er .
N o. 54-Insect s an d Di sea ses of t he Apple, "V. "'IY. Cha se.
12

No. 33-AllllUal R ep ort of t he State En tom ologist for 1919, A . C. L ewi s.
PRESS BULLETINS .
No. 3-Waten ne lon St em End Hot ; its Ca use and Preven ti on, ..,\.. C. Lew is.
Through the 'West er n Newspap er Uni on pla te matter 011 th e follo win g subj ects was f urni sh ed t o most of thc county papers:
Improve yo ur Cotton by See d Sel ection . Su ggcst ion s in Re ga r d to the Con t r ol of t he So uthern Pine Beetl c. Presen t Distribution of the Bo ll W eevil ill Geor gia. Gen eral Suggestions in R egard t o Sprayin g, etc. In addition t o this pl ate mat t er short arti cles on timely subj ects wer e gi ven to diff erent n ews papers th ro ugho ut the State from time to t im e as the occa sion d em anded ,
NEED OF A LARGER APPROPRIATION.
On account of thc growing demands made upon t he D ep artment and t he in cr eased cost of printing, traveling expenses, and oth er n ecessary expen ses, t he Geo r gia S t atc Board of Entomolog y js greatl y in need of a mu ch larger appropriation. Th e present appropria tio n of $60,000 is n ot sufficient t o m eet th e deman ds made up on th e D epartm en t for another year .
E ver y n ew qu ar antine r egulati on adopted put s mo re work upo n th e D epartm en t in the way of in spe ct ions and tra veling exp enses. I n 1919 th r ee new q uarantine regulations we re ad op ted, namely : Those of Chestn ut Bli ght, Nematod e 'Wor m of 'W hea t , and the Mosa ic Disea se of Suga r Cau e. An effort will be made n ex t year t o exterminate the last tw o pests menti oned abo ve. This cannot be d on e, h ow ever , wi th out mor e men to eon duct th e n ecessa ry insp ection , wh ich must be made in ord er t o det ermine th e exa ct ext ent of th ese diseas es. so th at t he fa rmers wh ose cr ops ar e affecte d may be info rm ed wh at t hey must d o in or de r to ex ter mina te t he diseas es on th eir fa rms .
At present the N ema to de "Worm of W h ea t is fo u nd t o a very limit ed ex t ent in only one County, J uckson. It is the beli ef of the Dep artment that thi s in sect may b e ex te r mi nated in a f ew years if th e proper ste ps are t ak en at on ce. 'I'he Mosai c Disease of Su gar Can e is at pr esen t also f ound only in a limit ed area in Thoma s and Grady Coun ties. P lans for th e ex te r minati on of t his di sea se are und er way an d it is hop ed that the Depar t men t wi th the co-ope r at ion of th e cane gr owe rs of th e State will be able to ex te r mi nate t h is di sease in a fe w v eal's. If th ese pe st s are not ex te r minated n ow th ey will b oth gradu-
13

all y spread and levy for years to come an eve r in cr easing toll upon th e cost of p roducin g t h e cr ops affected .

THE PINK BOLL WORM .

Th e Pink Boll wor m of cot t on is n ow kn own to h e present

in 'rex as an d L ouisian a. Quaran t in e r egul a t ions against this

in sect will ha ve to be adopt ed in 1920 ill orde r to pr event, if

p ossible, it s introdu ction in t o Gcorgia . 'I'his will call fo r more

in sp ecti on work by t his De part men t. For t he past t wo y ears

th e cotto n fields aro und sever al p oints in Georgia wh er e cotto n

see d was shi pped in from 'I'ex as to oil mill s ha ve been in-

sp ect ed fo r th e presen ce of th is insect with negati ve r esults.

This seed was ship ped f r om point s in T exa s n car wh er e the

Pink Bo llworm had been fo un d to exist . It h as been deter-

min ed that see d cotton w as shi p ped into Georgia ill 1919 h om

Louisian a and ginn ed and the seed re tu rne d t o Lou isian a. This

cotton ori ginat ed in Louisiana n ear wher e th e Pink B ollworm

has since been d iscover ed , h en ce ins pections should be mad e of

th e cot to n field s aro un d this sec t ion t he comin g year to de-

t ermin e if the insect was brought in t o Geor gia in this seed

cotton. As this ins ect is very d estru cti ve t o cotton every effor t

possible sho uld be made t o k eep it out of the State as lon g as

po ssible by qu arantin e r egul ati ons an d th e inspection of cotton

field s t o det ermine as early as possible if it is n ow p r esent any -

wher e in the St ate. Th e cot to n gr ower s are ent itl ed to this

protecti on an d h en ce we beli eve that it w ould be mon ey well

spe n t to mak e an ap pro pria tion f or t his spec ial purpose.

'I'he pecan gro wers of t he State are call ing n on th e Dep art-

ment for a man t o d evot e h is tim e to th e study of th e pecan

in sect s an d their cont r ol.

Th e pea ch gro wers are al so ask in g the D epartm ent f or a

man to devote his time t o the study of p ea ch diseas es and

th eir control.

The tobacco industry is grow in g r apidly in Georgia and the re

a r e cert ain in sect s and di seases attacking this cro p that sho uld

b e investi gated.

_

In all lin es of th e present work the demands upon th e De-

partment are in cr easing each y ear. With th e rapid growth of

th e apple and p each industry in the State mor c ex ne rimen ta l

w ork nnon th e inSl'cts an n disea ses of th ese cro ps will have to

be conducted. The requests for special advice and in sp ection

of field cro ps are gro win g in numb er a nd th e cor res pon dence

con ducted by th e Department is rapidly in cr ea sin g.

To cont inue th e present work th at the D epartm en t is now

con duct ing as outlin ed in this Annu al R ep or t an d t o m eet all

th ese dem ands, as above enu mer ate d, and th e in cr eas ed cost of

trav elin g expe nses the D epartm ent n eed s at least an annual

appropriation of $100,000.00.

14

GEORGIA NURSERIES. (1919-1920) .

Followin g is a list of the Georgia nurseri es inspect ed for the 1919-1920 season :

Ce rt. No. Name

Address

12-Ack worth N ur se ry

Acworth , Ga .

26-Mrs. C. L. Ansch ult z

Deca tur, Ga .

38-Ashford Park Nurseries

Atla n ta, Ga.

79-Bacon, G. 1\1. Nurseries

DeWitt, Ga .

l4- Barr ow County Nurseries

Carl, Ga.

33- Ball , T . J

Conyers, Ga.

53-Baconton Nurseries

Baconton, Ga.

107-Bernard & Lee Nursery Co... . . .. ... . . Atlant a , Ga.

51-Br em en Nursery

Br emen ; Ga .

30-Bell, E . P

Mac on , Ga.

59-Blue Sp rings Nursery Co

Alb a n y, Ga .

44-Bulla rd P ecan Gr oves Nu rsery

Alb any, Ga.

67-Born's P ecan Nursery

McRae, Ga.

5-Bullock P ecan Nursery

Jimps, Ga .

83- Belche r , W. L. .

Cairo, Ga .

4-Bign uult , G. Nur ser y

Sav annah, Ga.

19-Bellvue Fruit Farm

Ma con, Ga.

37-Blue Ridge Mountain Nursery

Morganton, Ga.

71-Buch anan, W. R. Nursery

Atlan ta , Ga .

1-Bland, Dan E . .

Statesbor o, Ga.

60-Brown, C. W

Ba conton , Ga.

ll5--Buder , H . B.

W a r esboro, Ga.

50-Carrollton Nursery

Carrollton . Ga.

32-Carroll Count y Nursery

Carrollton, Ga .

78-Ca mpbell , Mrs. A

Na ylor , Ga.

31-Cordele Nursery Co. .

Cor dele, Ga .

22-Concord Nursery

Conc or d, Ga.

74-Coastal Plains Nursery

Blacksh ear, Ga.

57- Cowan. W . H . .

Bacon to n, Ga.

13- Ch a tta nooga Nurseries

K en sington , Ga.

52-Cureton Nurseries

Au s tell, Ga.

36-Cruce & P ennick

Athens, Ga .

77-Citronelli Nursery & Or chard Co. .

Br un swick, Ga .

97-City Park Com mission Nursery

Macon, Ga.

16-Dahl , C. A. Floral Co

Atlanta, Ga.

l03-De ck ne r, Char les

Atlanta, Ga.

62-Dixie Nursery

Valdosta, Ga .

40-Dixie Nursery Co. .

P arrott, Ga.

15--Dixie Wholesale Nursery

Mari etta. Ga.

93-Dover, H. 1. .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . Ellijay, Ga.

27-Dyer Nursery

Sh arp. Ga.

88-Empire Nursery Co

Atlanta, Ga .

34-E lli jay Nursery

Ellijay, Ga.

l o-E lli s , Jesse T

Griffin. Ga.

99- E r win, C. M

Atlanta, Ga .

28-Euharl ee Nursery

Rockmart, Ga.

95-Enota. Nurseries

H ia wassee, Ga .

72-Formby Nursery Co

R ome, Ga .

49-Fruitland Nurseries

Augusta, Ga.

98-Freeman, F. K

Athens, Ga.

56-Flint River P ecan Nurseries

Alb any, Ga.

115

GEORGIA NURSERIES-Continued.

Ce rt. No. N ame

Address

112-Garvin, H. J . & Sons . . . . . .. . ... .. Menloe , Ga.

17-Georgia Nurser ie s

Augusta , Ga.

24-Geor gi a Nurs ery Co. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . Con cord, Ga.

21-Gh ee sling, Mr s. J . H

Gr e en sb oro . Ga .

54-Gill g,. ,, ~ P ecan Nur serie s

Albany. Ga .

IOI-Gr ant. G. B

Chal y be a te Sp'gs. Ga.

35-Hartw ell N urser ie s,

H artw ell . Ga.

2- Has tings. H . G. Co (Dealer)

Atlanta, Ga.

I 09-H un t . B. W

E a tonton. Ga.

96-Horn e. C. H . .

Ma con. Ga.

42-Hogan sville Nurs ery

H ogan sville, Ga .

47-Holl em an . Gre en

Li zell a . Ga.

94-Hiawassee Nursery

Hi aw a s see, Ga .

20-Idle Hour Nurs ery .. . .. .. .. . . ... . . . .. Ma con . Ga.

81- Ja ckson Coun t." N urs er y

W in der , Ga.

25- Juan ti t a R ns e Ga r den

De ca tur, Ga.

llO-Jorrl ~ n E . Y. . . . ... ..... ...... .. .. Eaton ton, Ga.

69-.Tohn son 's N ur-sery

R om e. Ga.

IOO-Kntzpnc t ein, Otto & Co. " " "" " " '" . Atlanta, Ga.

120-Kf'h eley . J . T. .

Columbu s. Ga.

n -LaFayett p. Nursery

L aFa yette, Ga.

118-Lester . T. V.'

F aye ttevill e. Ga.

68-Lot t. D. .T. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waycros s. Ga.

I 06-'TcClell a n. M. B. .

T if ton. Ga .

4 8 -~ r c H a n . Mi ss Ali ce O

Cu thb ert. Ga.

ll 3- :\Tcl\l a th. J . F ... . . . ..... . . ....... .. .. . Am ericus , Ga.

I04-Ma son . E . F

Gr a ys. Ga.

85- l\Ifl/!'n ol l a N ur sery

Ca iro, Ga.

87-1\Ta gnOli fl Hill Nursery

Meigs. Ga .

I 0 5 -l\T ~ r s h all . M. H

Daw son, Ga.

58-Millpr . J. ~. Co. .

Ba co n t on , Ga.

70-Mille l' Bros. Nursery

Ro me, Ga.

ll fl-Mill s. W. .T. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . College P ark , Ga.

I08-Vi ndl p Gpor gia Nursery Co. .

Sand e rsville. Ga .

9 -l\[o s p.l p.~' . J . R

Byr on. Ga.

91- Nim b1eweill Nurs er ie s 3-0 pls ch ig-. A. E. & Son

Dahl on ega, Ga. Savann ah . Ga .

:l9-Parr ott Nursery Co
I 0 2-P ~ rk e l . "'7. R.

P arro tt. Ga.

;

Shiloh . Ga.

46-P~ rk er T. H

Moultrie. Ga.

7-P in~ Mountain Nur sery

Concord, Ga.

6-Pik p Coun t y Nursery
61-P1n "on . J. R. .

Conc or d. Ga . Ba con t on . Ga.

76-Pier ce County Nurseries

B1a ck sh ea r . Ga.

ll7-Pl eyt p. A. M. .

E lber ton . Ga.

84-RiYP1s' ide Nursery

Ca iro. Ga.

lll-RiC'.h:ndson. A. W

Savann ah . Ga.

41-R khl "nd Fruit Farm & Nurs er y

Richland . Ga.

8- R nm ph s. O. L

Fort Val ley. Ga.

43-Rood P e p-an Groves Nurser y

Alba n y, Ga .

ll4-Sm itf-Jwick . H . W

Am ericus. Ga.

45-Smith . T . D. . ... . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . ... . . Tifton. Ga .

65-South ern Nut Tree Nurseri es

T hom a sv ill e. Ga.

18-Stulbs Nursery

Augusta. Ga.

ll-Ston p Mountain Botanical Gardens

Ston e Mountain, Ga.

63-Stone. B. W . . . . ... . ... .. . . . .. .. . . . . . T hom a svill e. Ga.

16

GEORGIA NURSERIES-Continue d.

Cert. No. Name

Address

93-Staton, A. M. . . . . .. .... . . . . . .. ... . . . . Cler m on t, Ga.

75-Thoma sville Nurs eries

T ho m a sville, Ga.

80-Tomlinson, G. H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pu tn ey, Ga.

119-T oole, J . ""V. . . . . . . . . . ..... .. ... . . . . . .. Ma con , Ga.

64-Tuck Bros. Nurseries

Thomasville, Ga.

55-Wetherbee Bros

Alba ny , Ga.

86~W i gh t . J . B.

, . , Ca iro, Ga .

29-Westview Cemeter y As sociation . .. . . . Atlanta , Ga.

89-Whittle, W . A. . . . . . . . ... . . . . .... . . .. . . Thomaston, Ga.

2B- W olf , J oh n .. . .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Savannah, Ga.

23- W oodruff, Charles M. ... . . . . . .... . .. . . . Ma con. Ga.

66-William s, Dr. W. P . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. Black sh ea r, Ga.

82-Wachendorff Bros

Atl anta, Ga.

SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES. (1919-1920) .

F ollowin g is a list of th e premises insp ected fo r th e sweet potato weevil, black rot and other danger ous diseas es, and th e names of parties t o whom certificates w er e granted:

S. P. No. Na me

A dd res s

65- Aldr ich , B. M. .

Rockin gh am, Ga.

8l -Adams, A. J . .

Ashburn, Ga .

75-Baxle y Pl ant Co. . . . ;

Bax ley, Ga .

93-Barn es , E . L. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. Mill ed ge ville, Ga.

69-Ba t tl es , J oe Stock & Plant F a rm

Moultrie, Ga.

l29-Bland, W. W

Baxl e y, Ga.

l2 3-Bolton , H. L

Tifton, Ga.

83-Burnam, R. P . & Co. .

Cordel e, Ga.

l 30-Br a gg, A. L

L en ox, Ga .

76-Brook s , R. J

Baxley. Ga.

70-Ball a rd , H . & R.

P avo, Ga.

l 03- Br uce, ""V. A. .

Valdosta, Ga .

l2-Bole s, W . 1. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. Ashburn , Ga.

ll8-Bla kel ey F arm s

Blakeley, Ga.

96-Burke, Sam, J r .,

F ende r , Ga.

7-Brooks County Plan t & T ruck F ar m Barwick , Ga.

l -Ca rli sl e, J . F. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Dou glas, Ga.

84-Carlisl e Seed & Plant Farm

Vadlosta, Ga .

49-Cannon, S. 1\1.

Va ldosta, Ga.

114-Cauthen , E . A

F ender, Ga.

9l-Cauthen, J. R

F ender, Ga.

92-Campbe ll , W . J . . . . . ... .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . H a gan, Ga.

l8-Chasteen, R ob ert

St. Simons Island. Ga.

90-Crisp, J . H . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. F ender, Ga .

3- Cole man Plant Co. .

Tifton, Ga.

40-Clark P lant Co. . .. .... . .. . .. . . .. . . . . Thom a sville, Ga.

73-Cla r k, E . R. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. ... .. ... . . Ochlochnee. Ga.

26-Clayton, W. C. . .. . ... . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. Valdosta, Ga.

56- Cope la nd. W. J. .

Valdosta, Ga.

29- Colley, C. C

Valdosta, Ga.

57-Cop eland, A. A. .

'. . . . Valdosta, Ga.

8-Cran e , J , B. . . . . . . ... . . .. .. . . ... . .. . Dixi e , Ga .

39-Conger . R. B. .

T ift on , Ga.

17

SWEET P OTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

S. P. No. Na m e

Ad dr ess

28- De nm ar k , D. A. .

Valdosta, Ga.

l 3- Da v is Plant Co. .

Tifton, Ga.

89- Di s m uk e, G. C. .

My stic, Ga .

ll O-Da vis, J . H . .

T ifton, Ga .

l OO-Dow d, O. N. .

T y T y, Ga.

43- Dan iels, Mos es

Vald osta , Ga .

20-Dean, D. H . .

Baxley, Ga .

l 04- Den s ll1 or e Bros . .

T ift on , Ga .

82-Dun woo dy , C. A

Ba xl ey, Ga.

77-Dorri s & Ki n s ey Plant Co

Valdosta, Ga.

3l -E dwards , Will iam

Va ldosta, Ga.

34- E therige, W . F. .

Va ldo sta , Ga .

l 24- E xum , J . K

Mill tow n, Ga .

94- Far rer , ' V. 1\1. . . . .. .. . . A shburn, Ga.

27-F ea gle, Geo . H . .

Valdos ta, Ga .

78- F os set t P lan t Co. .

Ba xley, Ga .

l 35- F ulwood, P . E . .

T if ton , Ga .

45-Georgia & T exa s P la n t Co

Valdos ta, Ga.

88-Ga ntt. W. N

H a zle hur at, Ga .

25- Godwin, B. A. .

L eno x, Ga.

l 07- H a r r is , B. J

'.-

'Warw ick , Ga .

87-Hawkins, Mrs. J . L

H atley, Ga.

54- H a rris, Oral

T ifton , Ga .

2-Hea d , B. J

Alma, Ga.

47- Hi ghtower , O. H. .

Va ldo s ta, Ga .

8&-Hun t, J . E. .

Cordel e, Ga.

I 7- H olli s , S. E

Baxley, Ga.

95- In gram & Co. .

Jesup, Ga .

40- Jack son & Co

Alm a , Ga .

ll2- Jenk ins P la nt Co

Sumner, Ga .

5-J ohn s, W yli e E . .

W inokur, Ga.

I 20-Ke ith , S . F . .

Cor dele, Ga.

ll7- K in g, J. T

;

F en der , Ga .

l O- K in g , G. E

H owell , Ga .

2l- Kirton, S. R.

Ar gyle, Ga .

l 31-L am b er t . Dr. E . A. .

De nton , Ga.

l27- Lan k ford . A. E

Blak eley, Ga .

l 6-L an e, C. W . .

S ylv este r, Ga .

ll- Lindsey, W . W . .

P a vo, Ga .

22- Mc Clell an, J . R.

R ock in gh a m , Ga.

ll3-McL eod Br os. .

Valdo sta . Ga.

99- Mal colm , N. N

T y T y, Ga .

55-Manso r Pl ant Co. .

Va ldosta, Ga .

9-Ma th is Plant Co

Ce cil, Ga .

50-Ma ckey, B. M. .

Va ld os ta . Ga .

42-Mathis, J . A

T ift on , Ga.

58-Mason s Farm .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. L a k e Park, Ga .

32- Milh ouse, T oley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Val do sta . Ga .

74- Mo r e, M. A. & Son

Baxley, Ga .

37-Myers, M. H. .

T ifton , Ga .

l 26-Mye r s , C. F . .

T if ton , Ga .

l02-N ewbu rn , E . E . . . . . .. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . Dougl a s, Ga .

l 08-Pon der , William

;

T ifton , Ga. .

64-Harris, T . N

.- . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . F itzgera ld , Ga .

72-Pa r k er Farms

Moul trie , Ga.

67-Patrick & R ob er t s .- . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. ... Omega , Ga.

18

SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

S. P. No. N ame

Add ress

80-Pow ell Plan t Co. .

Thom a sville, Ga.

106- P it t s & Clem en t

P avo, Ga.

121- P ied mon t Pl ant Co

Alb any, Ga .

115- P ittm a n , W. L. & So n

T ift on , Ga.

132- Pur vis , O. V. .

Ocilla, Ga.

134- Roge rs , Dr . R. H

.-

Ocilla, Ga.

23-Rober ts , Arth ur

H om el and, Ga .

61-Rosed al e P la n t Co. .

Bax ley, Ga .

53-Shipp Plan t Co

Cor de le, Ga.

36-Shannon, T. S

St au n ton , Ga.

60-Smith, J ohn

Lake P ark, Ga.

79-Sou the r n Nut Tree N urser ies

T hom a sv ill e , Ga.

46-Sout h Georgia Plant Co. .

Va ldosta , Ga.

14-Sou th Geo r gi a Pl an t Co

Alma, Ga.

85--St a n fiel d , L. N

H ah ira, Ga.

15-Stan ford & Ca n dle r

Valdosta, Ga .

119-Sew ell, J . U. .

T ift on , Ga.

63-S tok es, F . F'. Plant Co

F itzgerald, Ga .

101- Sum m er R. O. .

T y 'I' y, Ga.

38-Summer, R. B. .

Tifton , Ga .

139- Stok es, 1. L. .

Pitts , Ga.

133- Sim mon s , T . D. .

Ocill a , Ga.

33-Taylor, G. .

Va ldosta , Ga .

6-Thomasville Plant Co. .

T hom asville, Ga.

137-Tifton F arm Products Co. .

T if ton , Ga .

6S-Tifton P ota to Co. .

T ifton , Ga.

98-Ty Ty Produ ce & Pla nt Co

Ty Ty, Ga.

44-Ta r ver, F . D. .

Valdos ta . Ga.

122-Tuck er, W. R.

St. Sim on s Isl and, Ga.

48-Tillman , G. 1. ... .. .. .. .. . . . . . .... ..... Va ldosta, Ga .

30-Turner, S. M

Quitma n . Ga .

12S-Vick er s , H . L . .

Tifton. Ga .

66-'Valker, J. B. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . ... ... . . .... Lenox, Ga.

ll1-Wau ghtel, C. W

H om el and, Ga.

71-Webbs Stock F arm

P avo, Ga .

59-White, F . M. & S on

L ake P ark , Ga .

125- W eld on , M. E

Hahira, Ga .

35-Wilk erson, J. L. .

L enox, Ga .

126-Willett, N. L. S eed Co

Au gu sta, Ga.

116-Williams, E . J. .

T y Ty, Ga.

97-Williams, G. C. .

St. George, Ga.

19-White, D. B

Baxley, Ga.

24-Wren ch , T. W . .

Folkston, Ga.

136-Womack, Mrs, O. E

F ender, Ga.

OUT OF STATE NURSERIES. (1919-1920) .
Nurseri es out sid e of Georgia wishing to sell nursery stock in this State are req uired to file a copy of their original certificat e of th e inspector of the State where the nursery is located ann. sign an agreement to fum igate stock prior to shipment.
The foll owin g is a list of nurseri es outside of the State auth oriz ed to sell sto ck in Georgia in 1919-1920:

19

OUT OF STATE NURSERIES-Continued.

Cert. No. N ame

A d d r es s

Am er ica n Ro s e and Plant Co

Spr ing field . O.

Baines, Ella V. .

S pr ing field , O.

Bay State Nursery

Nor th Abington, :\Iass.

Ba s s, I. E . & Son Pecan Co

Lumberton . Mis s.

Betch tel P e can Nu r s eries

Ocea n Spring s. Miss .

Birmingham Nurseries

Bir ming ha m . Ala.

Bil oxi Nursery

Bilox i, Mls s,

Bobbink & Atkins

Ru t herford, K. J .

Brown Bros. Co. .

Ro ch e ste r. N. Y.

California Ranch

He le na, Miss.

Carrol Pla n tat ion

T h eodora, Al a.

California N ur s ery Co. .

N ile s, Cal.

Chil opa Nursery

'W ewa hi tc hka, F la .

Chas e Nursery Co. .

Chas e, Ala.

Childs, J ohn L ewi s

Fl oral P ark, N. Y.

Ced ar H ill Or ch ard N ursery Co. . .. .. . .. . . . . .Winch es ter, T enn.

Citron elli N u rs ery & Or cha rd Co

L,cfone ll i, Ala .

Com m ercial Nurser y Co. .

:Uon ticell o, F la.

Com m er cial Nurs er y Co. .

Dec har d, Tenn .

Cum berl a nd N u r series

\ Vin che s te r, T en n.

Continental P lan t Co. .

K ittrell, N. C.

Dr a ime Bros. .

Citr onel1i, Ala.

Da d Bill Nurs er y Co

Sm ith ville, T enn.

Dreer, H enry A

Ri verton . N. J.

E agle P ecan Co. .

Pi tts vi ew . Ala.

E a s te rly Nursery Co. .

Cle veland , T enn.

E lm City Nu rsery Co

New Haven, Con n.

F a r quhar, R. J . Co

Dedham, Mass.

Fi r s t N a ti onal Nurse ry

Rochester, N. Y.

F or est Nurs ery Co

Mc'Mlnnvilte , T en n.

F ruitvale Nurseries

Alb any, Ala .

Ga r den S pot Nu r s eries

L aGrange. N. C.

Geneva Nursery Co. .

Gen eva, N. Y.

Glob e Nurs eri es

Bri s tol, T enn.

Glenn St. Mm-y Nurs ery Co

Glenn St. Mary. Fla.

Glen wood Nurser y

R oche st er , N. Y.

Good & R ee se Co. .

Sp r in gfield. O.

Gr eat Western P lant Co

Springfield, O.

Gr een's Nurs ery Co. .

R och ester, N. Y.

Gr over Nu rs ery Co. .

Ro ch e st er, N. Y.

H all , L. W . Co

Rochester, N. Y.

H arl an Farm s Nursery

Lo ckhart. Ala.

H ar ri son N u r s eries

Berli n, Md.

H al e , J . C. Nursery Co

Wi nches ter, T enn.

H a r dy & F'ie ld Nurse ry & S eed Co

Ka n sa s Cit y, Mo.

H ill . D. N ur s ery Co. .

Dund ee, Ill .

H ill s boro Nursery Co. .

Hillsboro. Tex.

H un t svill e 'Wholesale Nurseries

Huntsville. Ala .

Hub ba r d , T. S. Co

Fredonia, N. Y.

Ho w ell N urse r ies

Knoxv ill e, T en n.

H or n e, A. & Son

H arrison . T en n .

In t er-Sta t e Nurserie s

Ma cclenn y. Fla.

J a ck s on & P erk in s Co. .

N ew ark, N. Y.

J en n ings Nurse ry Co

J ennin gs . L a.

Kallay Bros. .

Painesville, O.

K ell ogg, R. 1\1. Co. .

Thr e e Rivers , Mich .

20

OUT OF STATE NURSERIES-Continued.

Cert. No. Nam e

Add ress

Kell ey Bros. 'Wh olesa le Nur s er ies

Da nsvill e, N. Y.

Kroner Nurseries

Tneodora, Ala.

L a F a yette P ec an Nursery

LaFayette, La.

Lightfor d Br os . N ur s er y

Huntsville, Ala.

Moun t Sterling Nursery Co

Sm it h vill e, Tenn.

Marble Cit y Nurs ery Co

Knoxvill e, Te nn.

Mayo, J . G. & Co. .

Ro ch e ster , N. Y.

Moon, William H . Co

Morrisvill e, Pa.

Meehan, Thomas & Sons

Germ antown, Pa,

Meehan . Thom a s B. Co

Dr e sh er, Pa..

Nixon, W . H . Seed Co. .

Cha r lest on . S. C.

Moore, J . A. .

McEw en , Tenn.

Mu nson Nu r s eri es

Denn is on, T ex .

Mount Arb or Nur se ries

Shena ndoa h , Iow a.

Mount Oliv e Nursery Co

Smithville, Tenn.

Nationa l Nu r series

McMinn vill e, T enn.

New Ot-lonn s P ecan Nurs ery Co

Ne w Orl ean s , L a.

Oa klan d Nurs er ies

Colum bia, Tenn.

Ocean S pr in gs Pecan Nurs er y

Oce an Spring s. Miss.

Old Dominion Nursery

Richmond, Va,

On ar ga N ur s er y Co. .

On ar g a , Il l.

P er r y N urser y Co. .

Roche ster , N. Y.

Pion eer N urse ry

Mon r ov ia , Ca l.

P ier son , F. R.

T a rryto wn, N. Y.

Pi on eer Orchard & Nurs ery

Ir vin gton , Al a.

Rhod es , P. E.

Seam an, O.

R osem ou n t Nurseries

P ain esvill e, O.

Roeh r s. Julius

:

Rutherford , N. J.

Schmidt & Be tley Co

Springfield, Ohio.

Scarff. W . N. & Sons

New Ca rli s le, O.

Sh ad ow , Jo e Nurs ery Co

'Win ch es t er , T enn.

Sh en a ndo ah Nur series

Sh en ando ah. Iow a.

Simp son Nursery Co

Monticello. F la.

Stark Bros. Nu r se r y & Or ch ard Co

Louisi an a . Mo.

South ern Nu rs ery Co ;

Wln ch es t er, T en n.

Son der egg er Nurs eri es & Seed Hous e

Bea tr ice . N eb.

Southern Nnrsery Co

Monticello , F1a .

Summit Nurseries

Mon ti cello, F la.

Su mmit Nurseries .. . . ..... .. ... . . .. . .. . . . . . Fo ley, Ala .

St eckl er. J. Seed Co

Ne w Orl eans. La.

Storr's & Harr is on Co. .

P ain esville. O.

Sy ler Whol esa le Nursery

Meridianvill e. Ala.

Taylor, H . S. & Co. .

Ro ch ester, N. Y.

T en n es s ee Nursery Co. .

Cle ve la nd, T enn.

Te xa s Nursery Co. .

;

Sh erman , T ex.

Thomas. W. ' V

Anna, III.

Un ited States Nu r sery Co. .

Ros ea cr es. l\Ii ss .

Va ld es ion N ur s eries

Bostick, N. C.

Va n L indley, J . Nursery Co

Pomona . N. C.

Vir g inia Nu rsery

Ri chmond, Va .

W est Hill Nurseries

Fredonia. N. Y.

Web ster P arrish Nu rseries

Sib ley. La.

W estminister Nursery

W e s tm ini ster, Md .

W ats on , F . W. & Co. .

Topek a , K an .

W ill a dean N urseries

Sparta, Ky.

Win ch ester Nursery Co

W in ch ester, T enn.

'Woodla wn Nurs eries

R och ester. N. Y.

21

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

RE CEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.

J anuary I, 1919 to D ec ember 31, 1919.

RECEIPTS.

From S t at e Treasurer

$60,000.00

From Sa le of Produ c ts- Va ldo sta . . . . . . . . . . 893.63

From S a le of Prod ucts- T ho m a svill e

683.40

T OT AL RE CE IP T S J an. I , 1919, Ba la n ce Ove r drawn

.

$61,577 .03

. 97.14

DISBU RSEM ENTS.

SALAR IES.

Ento mo lo gist an d Ass is tan ts

$11, 240.00

In s pec t ors

657.0 0

Office

3,970.00

Cotton Breeders

8,42 5.0 0 -$24,292 .00

TRAVELIN G : E ntomologist a n d As si stant s Boa rd Mem b er s In s p ectors Cotton Breeders

$ 3,727.54
. 633.02 . 933.06 . 5,441.78- $10,73 5.40

Stati on ery and Office Su ppli es

Frei ght an d E xpres s

Bulletins an d Cir cu la r s (Printin g)

Pos ta g e, T el ephon e an d T eleg rams

F urniture and Fi xtu r es

Library

Laboratory Labor

Laboratory Supplies

Publicity

'

Education al

Art a n d Photo Su ppli es

Miscellan eous Office Ex pens es

$ 720.05 . 239.26 . 2,098.18 . 1,142.07
. 11. 25 . 73.88 . 86.00 . 266.74
. 470.68 . 89.67 . 124.26
. 1,119.89-

$ 6,441.93

TOTAL RE CEIPTS-Brought Forward.. . .. .. ...

EXPENSES-Brough t Forward FIELD EXPENSES:
Co tton Se ed Field S uppli es Field E xp ense s

$41,506.47
$ 5,116.75 70 2.61
1,868.96- 7,688.32

$61,577.03

VALDOSTA STATION :

Salaries

$ 1,50 0.00

W ages

1,692.56

S eed s

37.00

S a ck s

30.4 8

Freight and Express

231.89

Office Supplies

291. 66

Field Sup pli e s

73 8. 56

Posta ge, Telephone and T el egrams 141.4 7

Trav el

383.55

Mi s cellane ou s Expenses

13.81

Field E xp ens es

1 80.0 6

R ent

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997.75-

6,238.79

22

THOMASVILLE STATION :

Salaries

$ 2,040.00

Wage s

. 1,940.75

Seed

. 81.53

F reight and Express

. 36.19

Field Su pplies

. 123.07

F ie ld Expens es

. 186.60

Office S upplies

. 73.88

Pos tage, Telephone a n d T el eg r a m s 161.18

'I' ra ve l

. 461.77

Mis cell a n eou s Ex pe nses

. 51.84

Rent

. 610.00

Laboratory Supplies

. 147.95-

5,914.76

TOTAL E XP EN SES . . ..

$61.408.34

Dec . 31, 1919, Balan ce on H a nd U nex pen ded
P RO O I~:
F ulton Na tional Ba nk Sch. No. 1 Ca sh De po site d Feb. 2, 1920 Am oun t du e by Ir a \V. Will iam s
v ille Station)

$ (Tho mas-

$
76.75 22.90
69.04

1 68. 69

T OTAL AS ABOVE

.

$ ] 68.69

RECONCILEMENT OF ACCOUNT WITH

FULTON NATI ONAL BANK , ATLANTA, GA .

DECE MBER 31, 1919.

Dec . 31, 1919, Bal ance per Bank S ta te me n t

DlWUCT :

Ch ec ks Ou tstanding :

No . 659

$ 12.00

No . 663

63.73

No. 664

2.50

No . 678

183.34

No . 698

'

250.00

No. 699

36.45

No. 700

280.70

No . 703

3.50

No . 704

4.44

No . 705

125.00

No. 706

250. 00

No. 707

.92.82

N o. 708

26.32

N o. 709

1.5 8

N o. 710

171.30

No. 711

6.20

No . 712

5.76

No. 713

16 . ~ :)

No . 714

2.50

No . 715

7. 50

No . 716

1.40

No . 717

2.73

No. 718

77.58

$1,7 00.3 5 1, 623.60

Dec. :no 1919, Balance Cash .Tourn aI

.

$ 76.75

23

Proper vou ch ers and itemi zed receipts cove rin g all th e disburscm ents a rc on file in t h e office of t h c Statc E ntornoligist.
I h er eby cer t ify t hat the above is a t r ue st a tement of the r eceipts and disbursem ents of th e Departm en t fn r th c y ear ] D19 as audited by Al on zo Ri chardson & Company.
R es pect full y su bmitt ed, A. C. LEWIS,
STATE E N'l'Ol\WfJOGlST.

u '- -

..'

."
GEORGIA

,--_~

J.-,----

--,::-_ _

Th e a bov e lin e s a cross t he map indicate the nor th ern li mit r ea ch ed by the boll weevil in Geo rgia in 1918 and 1919.

~il
~ .~ ~ ~ ,
; ~ t;
~ ~ ~'?
1, ~ H
:: f ~ ~ .:
i,
!ill]
~~ ~

PUBLICATIONS AV AILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION.

Th e fo ll owin g p ub licat ions of the Geor gia St at e B oard of Ent omology a re a vailabl o fo r f ree distribution an d may be obtained by wr it in g to th e Stat e Ent omologist , Atlan ta, Ga .

BULLETINS.

No . 11. No. 26. No. 27. N o. 31. No. 33.
- No . 34 .
N o. .o.. o, No . 36. No . 37. N o. 42. No . 44. N o. 45. No. 46. No. 47. No . 48. No . 49. N o. 50. No . 51. No . 52. No. 53. No. 54. No . 55. No . 56. N o. 57. 1'10. 58.

F u m iga li o n of Xursery S toele P ea ch Lea f curl and Rosette. 32n d Pro ce ed in g s , State Hor t icult u ra l Socie ty, S a n J os e S ca le . 34th Proc ee ui ng s, S ta t e H or ticultural Socie ty. 'W ilt Di s e a s e of Cot t on in Ge or gia a nd Its Control. 35th Proce e di ng s, S t a te H or t icult ura l Society. Arm y W orrn a n d Co t ton Ca te r pill a r . Cr op P es t La w 'of Ge o rgia . Annu a l R e por t. 191-1 . :\I ex ican Cotton Bo ll W e e v il. An nu al R e por t , 1915. Cott on Va ri e ty T ests , 1916.
H ow to Gro w Co tton in S p it e of th e Boll We ev il, An nua l R e por t , 191 7. P ec a n In s e c t s a n d D is ea se s. Cotton Va rt e t v T e s t s . 1917. 20th An n ua l Re po r t. .
Cotto n V ari e t y T ests , 1918. Sp r a y Ca le n da r . In s e ct s a n d Di s ea s es of Ap ples. An n u a l Re por t. Dus ti n g Cott on o f r th e Con t ro l of t he Bo ll W e ev il. In s e c t s a n d Disea se s of th e P e a ch . Annu al R e por t of S tat e Entom olo g ist for 1 919.

CIRCULA RS.

No . 7. No . 8. N o. 9. N o. 12. No. 17. No. 20. No . 22. No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. No . 28. N o. 29. No. 30.

H es si an F ly in Geor g ia . Control of San J ose Scale. Brown Ta il Moth. Arm y \ Vorm a n d Co t to n Ca ter pillar . Th e "V" Sta lk Cutte r . Di r e cti on s for Makin g Fi rst Ye a r Cot t o n Se le cti on s. Con t ro l of Inse ct s Att a ck in g S to r e d Produ c t s. Boll W e e v il Qu a r a n ti n e R eg ula ti on s , 1918. Mai nta inin g t h e Pur ity of Co tto n S eed. R egula ti on s for S hipmen ts o f Sw e e t P ot a t oe s. F a c ts of In t er es t abou t th e Sta t e Bo ard of E n t omology. Co tton Var ie t y T e s t s, 1919. Du s ti ng a n d Sp r ayin g of P e a ches, 1919.

P R E SS BU LLET I NS .
No. 1. In s ects a n d Dis e a ses of Iri s h Po tato es. No. 2. S erv ices o f th e S tate Bo ard of E n tomology t o Farmers
of Ge or gi a . N o. 3. \V a t e r m elon S t em -end Ro t.

Georgia

.State Board of Entomology
A. c. LKWIS, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 59

FEBRUARY , 1921

COTTON DUSTING EXPERIMENTS
OF 1920

BY D. C. WARREN
, Assistan t Ent omologist, Vald osta Sta tion
WITH
Recommendations for Cotton Dusting for Coming Season
BY IRA W . "\VILLIAl\IS
General Agent In Charg e of Field Work.

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Organization and Staff.
n ox. J . J . BRo\YN,
Chai rman, Commissio ne r of A griculture, Atl anta.
I-IO N. H. C. BERCIDL\NS, H orficulturist Ma con .
COL. , V. D. ILD D IA CK, A gri cnlt uri st Cole man , Ga .
A. C. LE \YIS, Sta t c E ntomolo gist and Se cre t ary of th e B oa rd, At la ntn .
IRA , Y .\ YII..JLI AMS, Gene r al Fi eld A gent,
- ( In Cha rge of T homnsvil le, Vnl .lost n a nd Baxley St a t ions )
W . W . CH ASE, Assistant Sta te E t om ologi st , Cornelia.
W . V. HEED, Assist a nt E n t om ol ogi st , Atl an ta .
W. F . T uRNER, Assistan t Ent om ol ogi st , A tlanta.
D. C. W ARRE N, Assistant Ent om ol og ist , Va ld osta .
B. M. GADDIS , Su pet-int en tl eu t Va ldo sta Stati on, Va ldosta .
, V. II. LEONARD , Sup pr int end en t 'l' ho mu svi lle Station, 'I'h omas ville.
C. II. GA DD IS, Sup erint end en t Ba x ley Sta tio n, Bax ley.
,T. C. MA NE S S, F iel d A gent, A tlanta.
J . ~ r. j\LU.JL OY, Field Agent, Ma con , Ga .
J. H. PRESSLE Y,
F ield A g ent , Valdosta.

COTTO N DUSTI NG EXPERIME NTS OF 1920

By

D . C. W AHI\ E N, Assist an t Ent om ologi st.

PROBLEMS UNDERTAKEN.

Th e expe ri men ts of th e ] 120 seaso n wer e plann ed t o obt a in

furth er in form ati on on th e profits t o he obtai ned f ro m d usti ng

with calc iu m a rs enat e, an d esp ecia lly to in vest ignt c cer t a in

pha ses of procedure in poisoning th e boll weevil .

A seri es of ex pe r imen ts were plann ed t o t est th e r elat ive

mer it s of du st in g in th e p resen ce of d ew an d in it s absence.

'l'h esc ex per ime nts wer e ca r r ied out in t hr ee loca lit ies and wer e

suffic icnt lv exte ns ive to srivc iesults whi ch wer e fai rly con-

clus ive. .

~

.

. An inv estiga tio n was carried a nt to dct ermiu e wh et her d ust in g would be pr ofit a bl e in th e ca d y seas on wh ile th e cot to n plan t is ve ry small an d th e wint er ed -over weevils arc !'eed ing" on t h e bud of th e plan t , Th e t est s a long t his lin e \\'l' I' C ra th er limit ed an d becaus e of vari ab le soil con d itio ns th ey w er e n ot con cl usiv e. T his work wi ll be cont inued durin g' th c coming s ea s on.

Location of Experiments.
P r a ct icall y all of t h e ex pe r iments were ma d e in th e sout hern por ti on of t he Stat e wh ere the weevil damage is most se ver e. 'I'he ma j or port ion of t he ex pe r imen t al work was (lo ne at th e th r ee Exper imen t St at ions of the S t at e Boa rd of Eut omologv loca t ed at Th omasvi ll e, Val dosta and Ba xley. Th e work at Valdosta was on Sea I sland Cott on. while t he ot her t wo st at ions w er e plant ed in sho rt st aple var icties. Some eo-operati ve exp eri ments wer e also carried out w ith p lan te l'S at va ri ous points in t h e State, Some work w as also und er tak en in th e secti on of t he State north of Atl ant a but this work was sta rt ed t oo la t e t o obt ain sa tisfac to r y r esu lts. It is h op ed n ex t y ca r t o he ahle to inv esti gat e mor e ca re full y t he possibilit ies of d usti n g in that sec t ion of th e St a te,

C. H . Ga d dis. S uper in t endent o f th e B axley ~ta tio n , a n d \\-. H . L eo n a r d , S upe rln t e nd e n t of t h e T hom a svill e Sta tion. eac h s u pervised th e a pp lica t io n s of po is on a s w ell a s ke epin g of r ecord s o f th e wo rk a t th e t w o r esp ective Ex port rn e nt S t a ti on s .
3

Conditions Under Which the 1920 Experiments Were Conducted.
Th e weath er cond itions f or t he seaso n of 1920 were perhaps ab out what may be cons ide red as ave rage wi th r esp ect to favorableness or unfavor ableness to dusting operations. In the section of t he St at e cover ed by t he experiments a heavy r ai nfall can usuall y be ex pected during the d ust ing seaso n. Du ring th e cot to n pl anting season t he r ain fall was very heavy , t hen during t he time wh en the cotto n was beginning to sq uare well ther c were a f ew weeks of compa ratively dry weath er . At th e end of t he cotton growin g seaso n t he re was anothe r period of heavy r ainfall. From. an ex per imental standpoi nt t he rainy season at planting time was the gre at est ha ndicap as the d renching r ains at that t ime greatly reduced t he va lue of the fe rtilizer s applied. Thi s r esult ed in very un even soil conditi ons an d fr equently bad stands of cot ton . Because of poor stands and lack of uni formity of soil con ditions several ex periments had t o be disca rded du rin g t he season.
Th e initial infestation of weevils va ri ed consi derably in th e differ ent localities wh er e ex pe riments wer e condu cte d. At th e Thomasvill e station t her e occurred one of the heaviest in festati ons that the writ er has eyer observed. Th e weevils began punct uring th e squa r es ab out as fast as they were being f ormed. At t he Baxley station t hc infesta tion was mu ch lig ht er and per haps light er tha n could be expected on an av era ge fo r t hat sec tion of t he Sta te. So the work at t hese t wo stations gav e data not only fr om two localiti es but also f rom conditions di fferin g conside rably in degr ee of weev il infestation.
. Comparison of Dust ing in the Prsence an d Absence of Dew.
It has heen assumed that since mo re of the poison woul d adh ere to th e plants wh ile they wer e wet with dew, better r esults could be expecte d f rom du sting at t ha t ti me of day . Also while th e dew r emains on th e pla nt, the air and atmospheri c conditions are usuall y mor e favorabl e fo r th e application of poison. H owever, th e period of daylight during whi ch th e dew remains on the pla nts is r ath er short and operation at ni ght has been found unsati sfact ory by man y planter s. So aecurat e info r mation as t o the re lat ive profits t hat can be exp ect ed from dusting in th e pr esence an d absence of dew is of value .
' York wa s car ried out on t his test at Baxl ey, Th omasvill e, and Valdosta. Th is gave da ta from rather wide ly separ at ed locali ti es as well as con ditions differ in g consider ably in degree of weevil in fest ati on. In car rying out t hese exper iments th e
4

du stin g in the presen ce of dew wa s don e eit he r 'at ni gh t or during th e ea rl y morning' wh ile t he dew 'r emained on t he pla nts. I n order t o obtain con ditions wh en th e dew was abse nt f ro m th e p la nts t he pois on was applied at mid -day wh en th e pl ants wer e absolut ely d ry. Th e in fluen ces of r ainf all wer e avo ide d . In thi s ex pe r imen t the poi son wa s appli ed , in the t est s with and with out d ew, by the sa me per son and machin er y an d with poi son f ro m the same manufacturer. Th e ap plica t ions wer e mad e as nea rly as p ossi ble at th e same t im e in the pl ats to be treat ed whi l e wet wi th d ew a nd th ose to be t reate d whil c drv. Th e plat s wer e one acr e in area and th ey w er e separ a te d by t en r ows of cor n to prevent the effects of drift of dus t and " 'e e\'il mi gration . 'I'able 1 giv es th e res ults at t he Baxley Station.

Experiments a t Baxley Station.

'r a ble 1.
R esults of dusti n g in presen ce and absen ce of dew at Baxley St a ti on.

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE (S e ed Cotton ).

Ij Du sting in

Du stin g in

. pr esence of dew a bse nce of dew

Ch eck (no poi son)

E xperim en t 1

1615

1390

1204

Experim ent 2

942

924

873

Ex per im en t 3

1074

1032

n o check

Ave ra ge

1210

1115

1038

In experiments on e an d t wo (t a ble 1) there were t wo plats poison ed while wet with d ew an d one wh ile d ry and a chec k which wa s n ot poisone d. I n ex per imen t t hree t hc re wer e on ly tw o plats, on e du st ed while wet wi th dew and on e whil e dry a nd no chee k . In eac h experi ment the pl ats dust ed wh ile wet with dew y ield ed most and the un treated pl a ts y ield ed less than eit he r of t h e other two . 'I'he plats du st ed wh ile wet wit h d ew avera ged 1210 pound s of see d cot ton, wh ile th ose poisoned
5

whil e dry ave r ag ed 1115 p ounds. Th e chec ks av era ged 10;38 p ounds. 'I'h e av er ag e diff er en ce betw een th e plats t r eat ed whil e wet with d ew an d whil e dry was 95 p ounds of see d cotto n in fa vor of t hose tre ated wh il e wet with d ew . Th e pl at s treat ed while wet with d ew y ield ed 172 p oun ds of see d cot t on mor e th a n th e chec ks and th e dry tr eat ed plats yi eld ed 77 p oun ds of see d cotto n mor e t han the chec ks . Th e difference bet ween t he pl a t s t r eated whi le wet , t hos e trea t ed d ry and t he ch ecks in t he differ en t exp erimen ts wer e rath er vari ahi e. Bu t in all ex peri ments th e plats t r ea te d whil e w et y ielded most , t hose t r eatt d whil e dry came n ext in yi eld , an d th e checks y ielded least. Th e r a th er large di fferen ce in y ield in ex pc i-imen t s one and two w as du e t o a diff er en ce in so il f ert ili tv. In t hese ex pe r imen ts th e a vera ge nu mber of pound s of c,; ]eimll arsenat e used on the plats d ust ed wh ile w et with d ew was t went y-t hr ee and on th e dry du st ed plats was twenty p ounds per acr e durin g th e seas on.

Experiments at Thomas ville Stat ion.

Ta ble 2.
Results of du stin g in pre sen ce and abs en ce of d ew at Thomasvill e St ation.

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE ( Seed Cotton ).

E xp er im en t 1

I I I
I

Du sti ng in presence of dew

I

a

Du s ting bs e nc e o f

in dew

I

I

I

1

I

704

I

I

I

I

561

I

Check (no poison )
_
274

In t his ex pe r ime n t at t he Thomasv ill e st at ion t her e were th e plats. Two wer e du sted whil e th e pla nt s wer e wet wit h dew, t wo whi le plants wer e d ry and one was used as a check. The plats wer e one ac r e in a re a and sep a rated by severa l r ows of corn . As in t h e ot he r ex pe rime nts all con dit ions wer e k ept as n ca rIy uni form as possibl e except tha t t wo plats w er e pois. one d whil e wet wi th dew and tw o whil e th ey wer e drv. A s will he see n fro m t a ble 2, th e t wo pla ts du st ed"whil e wet wi t h d ew avera ged 704 pounds of seed cotto n an d th e two du st ed wh ile dry av era ged 561 poun ds of seed cotton . Th e unp oisouerl chec k yielde d onlv 274 p oun ds of see d cotton . All of t he v ir-Ids her e are mu ch low er than th ose at t he Baxley st a tio n , hut t h r-

6

differen ce between the plats dust ed wet and dry an d th e ch eeks is cons ider a bly gre ate r .
Experiments at Valdosta Station.
A t the Va ld osta st at ion a test wa s also ma de compa r ing th e r esult s of du st in g in th e pre senc e and abs en ce of d ew. H er e th e t est was on Sea I slan d cotton. H owever, th er e was su ch a la ck of uniformity both in soil condit ions an d sta nd in t he plats used in t his test tha t t he res ult ing y ield s wer e q uit e var ia ble. .A t all th r ee st at ions a record wa s k ept of t he inf est ation and t his also sho ws t he r elat ive efficacy of t he poison ap pli ed whi le t h e plants wer e wet and dry . 'I' he r ecord of infest a ti on is exp ressed in per cen t age of sq ua res whi ch sho w weevil pun ctures. All of the pla ts in t his t est wer e on e a cr e in a rea so in d et erm in in g t he per centage of infest ati on. one hun dred squares wer e ex a mined at th e middl e and at eac h en d of th e p lats . At t he points f or maki ng t he ex amin a t ion plants wer e selecte d a t random an d all of th e sq uar es on a plant w ere examine d . So if out of t h e t hr ee hundr ed squares ex amine d in a plat sixty of th e sq uares wer e punct ured , t he percentage of infest ati on w ould be ex pr essed as twenty. Table t hree sho ws the differ en ce in in fest a t ion at va r ious dates of th e pl a ts du st ed wh ile wet with dew and whi le dry at th e thr ee stations .

Table 3.

Showin g di fferen ce in in f est a ti on bet ween th e plats p oison ed whil e wet wi th dew and whil e dry at th e th ree Exp er imen t St at ions.

Thomasv ille

I

Baxley

,

Valdosta

I I I 1---- ' Date ,Infestati on %1- bate IInfestatfon %! Da te [Infesta tion %

I Plats I Plats

I' P la ts I Phtts

Pl a t s I' P lats

[dus t 'd du st 'd

[dust 'd du st' d

[dust 'd du st'd

I wet dr y I

I wet dry ,

,wet dry

J uly7 - 1- 3-, - 9-1 - - - I ' " I - \

, --,- -

Jul y 13 I 13 I 14 I

"I

II

July 28 I 9 I 21- \- - - , - - , - - ' ,-JiiiY3-0- '- 5- '- 8-

Aug. 3 , 10 , 17- 1 Aug. 3 I 10 , 13 I Aug. 5 I 25 , 41

I

'- - I Aug . 11 ' 5-1 - '53 I Aug . 11 ' 33 I 41

, 'I

'I

I-AUg:-l n -24- 1- 34-

Th e figure s sho wn in t abl e :3 a r e av er ages for all t he plats havi n g th e sa me treatmen t at t he differ ent st at ions . It is see n t hat in all eases th e av er age per cent ag e of squa r es p un ct ure d was hi gh er in the plats du st ed wh ile d r v sho win g t hat th e poison was less effect ive t her e. So alt hou gh th e yi elds at t h e

7

Valdost a st a tion wer e not reliable becau se of soil con d it ions the infestation r ecord made during th e season shows th e sa lll~ results as wer e found at the oth er two stations with re sp ect to differ en ce found in dust ing wh il e t he cotton w as wet an d dry. Som e of t h e differ en ces sho wn in tab le :3 are slight but t hey ar e fai rly cons ist ent in indicatin g t hat p oison ap plie d whil e t he pl ants a re wet with d ew gives better r esults th an ap plied while t h ey a re dry. Th e differ enc es in per centa ge of in fest ati on shown in ta ble 3 do no t exp ress any quantit a tiv e r esul t s but merely su bst an t ia t e th e differ ences fo und in yie lds.
From t h e data here presented it is eviden t that wh enever possible it is better to ap ply poison while t he cotton is w et w ith d ew. H owever , it is not sho wn t hat cot to n sho u ld n ever be du st ed whil e it is dry fo r th e d iffer en ce in vielrl b etween th e dry treated plats amI the ch ecks was suffi ciel;t in most cases t o gi ve a profi t over th e cost of dusting. Th e in creases in th e d ry treat ed plats over t he ch ecks wer e n ot suffici en t to meri t r ccommen di n g dusting whi le t he cott on is dr y as a gen eral pra cti ce. But dustin g in th e abse n ce of dew was ca rried on und er ext r eme cond it ions (at mid-day ) . So in or dina r y fa r m pra ct ice if it wer e n ot poss ible at all t imes to cover all t h e fields wh ile t he dew r emain ed on t he plants, the tim e of operation mi g-h t be extended during t he fo renoon and giv e a lon ger peri od for work ea ch day.
INCREASES IN YIELD RESULTING FROM DUSTING
Dusting Experi ment s at Thomasville Station.
Th e cotton used in th e t est s at th is st ation was one of the short staple va r iet ies k n own as L ew is 63. As has alrea dy been stated th e ini ti al in f estation at thi s st at ion w as very hea vy. Th e Thomasville Experimen t st at ion wa s moved t o the premises it now occu pies in J anuary 1920. It see ms th at th e weevils must ha ve fo und satisfactory h ibern a ti on quarters on or n ear these premises f or they wer e fo un d ver y early in large numbers on the cott on. Early in Jun e it was foun d that t he w eevils w ere puncturing th e squ are s abou t as fast as th ey w er e bein g form ed. Th e unu sual abun da nce of w eevil s r equired tha t dustin g work be star te d ver y ea r ly an d as a conseque nce a la r ge am ount of dust wa s us ed during the season . l\Iost of the land on this station has onl y recently bee n put in to cult iv at ion and th e cotton did not hold its fruit prop erl y . As a re sult th e yields were not as lar ge as th ey should have heen. Th e pl ats we re all on e a cr e in area an d fairlv uniform as t o soil cond itions. Th e 10'" y ield of pl at 6 ca n he ac counte d for by the fa ct tha t a wa sh ou t r an through it . Tabl e 7 gives th e data on th e work conduc te d at this sta tion .
8

Table 7.
SHOWI~G DUSTING RESULTS AT THOMASVILLE STATION.

P la t ", 0.

2I4I

Y ield pe r a c re

6751 733\

305\ L lb s . gained \ over check

453\

I 111 1'0. of
p oi so nill g ~

I I n fes t . '70

I

111 8 I 0 I 10

I 12

I 13

I 17

I

C 18

he I

c1k0

-9-1 --lh- 4631 0_, I
6101

5201

I

1

6.12 1 683/ 5461 0;:, ... I

I
330 1

183\

2401 217\ 3621 4031

2661 2711

I
121

11/ 12/ 11/

0/

11 /

0/

111

71

In t a ble 7 the r esults f ro m th irt een p lat s a rc sho wn. Tw o of t hese pl at s we re ch ecks up on whic h n o poison was used (p lat s 7 and 19) and ill th e ele ven t r eated plats only th e most re liable me tho ds w er e followed in d usting. Mor e appl ications of poison wer e mad e t han would ordina r iiv be reco mmende d bu t thi s was partially du e to t he unu sually h ea vy infest a ti ons of w eevils. It w as also t he in t en ti on her e to t est t he r esults fr om usin g la r ger qu an t iti es of poison than is ord ina r ily r ecommend ed .
I n computing th e r esult s of th ese tes ts th e cost of op era ti on ha s been omit te d. Th e cost of la bor is al ways a va riab le fact or so it has bee n de emed bett er to st ate the capacity of the mach ines used an d allo w t he pla nter to esti mat e th e cost for him self . Th e m achines used wer e three -ro w tra cti on-driven du st er s and r equi re on e man and a team for op er ation . Thi s t ype of machi ne will ea sily p oison th ree acr es an h our. So the cost of ope ration is conse que ntly a small it em. I n t he work a t th e Th omasville st at ion an ave rage application of six pounds of poiso n per acre wa s used. In computing the cost of material. calcium arsenate was valu ed at tw enty-five cents p er po und . It is seen from the table that th e cost of poison r an ged from $13.50 t o $18.00 an acre. Th e two chec k plats (p lats 7 and 19) gave an average y ield of 280 p ounds of seed cot t on. Th e a ve rage yield for th e ele ven treated 'pla t s w as 585 pounds of seed cotton. This shows an av erage gain of 305 pounds of sced cot t on of th c treated plat s over the ch ecks.
The profit or los s from dustin g is a difficult f actor t o est imate prop erly. At the tim e of writing of t h is r eport cotton was quo ted at a pr ice considerably below t h e cost of produ ction . Since the cotton was poisoned with hi gh priced ma t eria l it is hardly fair t o use the presen t pr ice of cotton in comput ing th e value of p oisonin g. Wh en n orm al condit ions a re aga in r each ed a sufficient pri ce will be paid for cotton so that it can
9

a ga in be r aised at a p r ofit and th e pri ce of ca lc iu m a rse na t ewill be r edu ced ac cor d ingly .
Ca lc iu m a rs enate shou ld und er normal condi t ions sell f or less per p ound than l in t cott on and und er t hose cond it ions an a vera ge i n cr eas e of one hun dred pounds of see d cot to n an a cr e w oul d eas ily pay for th e cost of pois oning. This is on ly a ro ug h est ima te of t he ga in r equired to pa y fo r t he cost of d ust ing hut on an av era ge wi ll hold t rue. If t his est imate is cor re ct t he av era g e ga in of :305 pound s see d cott on at t h e 'I'hom asvi lle st a t ion would y iel d a goo d profit. It is true th a t on e hun dr ed pounds of see d cott on u nd er av era ge cond it ion s would not pay fo r t h e cost of du st ing as it was don e at Th om asville. Bu t it is also p ro ba bly tr ue th at some of t he a pp lic a tions w er e mad e un necessaril y . 'I'lie infest a ti on wa s held very low in th e t reat ed pl at s durin g most of t he se as on . The r ecord for Augu st fir st is sho wn in ta ble 7. A n av er a ge of less t ha n t en p er cent of t ho squa res in th e t r eat ed pl at s sho we d w eev il p unct u res while th e two check s sho we d an av er ag e of eig ht y-fin per cen t of th e sq uares p un ct u r ed . Th is r ecord alone sh ould con vince anyon e wh o is skeptic al as t o wh eth er th e use of calciu m a rsena te w ill re d uce t h e numb er of w eevils in a field. Th e po sition of t h e pla ts in t he ta ble in d icat es t he ir r elative p osition in th e field . Pl a ts 6 an d 8 w ere on eac h side of pla t 7 with onlv a few r ow s of corn betw een eac h of t he m and this check.

Dusting Experiments at the Baxley St ation.
Th e w ork her e wa s al so upon th e sho r t stapl e varietv known as L ewi s 6:3. Ea rly in th e se as on t he in fest s ti on w as not as h ea vv h er e as at t h e Th om asvill e stati on . Tab le 8 sho ws th e' r esult s of poison ing at th e Baxl ey sta t ion . B ecause of a d iffe re nce of soil con d it ions on t h is st ation it was n ecessa r y to di vi de t h e w ork in t o t wo ex pe r imen ts . Th e po rt ion in ex pe r imen t No . 1 h a d been in cultivat ion a mu ch sho r te r t im e t h an t hat in ex pe r ime nt No . 2. Th e mi ssin g plat num ber s in th e table are th ose du st ed in th e ab sen ce of d ew and since thi s was t ond on e acc or d ing to th e b est met h od s th ey w er e omitted h er e an d d iscussed else wh er e in this r ep or t .

Tabl e 8.

Sho wi ng r esults of d ust ing at B ax ley Station.

EXPERIMENT 1.

dat n umb er Yield s e ed- co' t7to-n-p-er-- "a--c'-r-e
In cr ea s e seed cotton over check Numb er ap pli ca tio ns of poi son

II

1 1 57 5

1I:----1.---2."024"+II--1-.=6545-

I
;I

--

---i--

-

I 371 I

I1

451 I 4 1-

- 1 I - -

Cost of po iso n u sed

I 6.25 1

I

]0

Table 8 Continued.

EXPERIMENT 2.

Plat number YIeld s eed cotton per acre

I 5 I 6 ] 7 1 9 I 121 873 1-1 2-28 I 915 1 970 I 1074

Increase s eed cotton over che ck I

1- 355- j- 42- 1- 9n - 201

Number -ap plications -of poison - -1 - -1 6 1 31- -4- 1- -3-

l :Ost of po iso n used

1- -1 9.00 1 4.50 1 6.00 1 4.50

From table S it is seen th at th e yi eld s at the Baxley stat ion wer e ver y good even where no poison was appli ed. .iIo we yer , th e differ ence in yi eld betw een the poisoned and u n poisou ed plats is con sid er a ble. 'I'h e good yi eld even on th e chec ks is du e t o t he fa ct that t h e weevils w er e n ot so abundan t ear lv in th e seas on and to good soil and cult ural con d it ions . Th e 'infestation wa s h eavy lat e i n th e season an d at tha t time the poison was effective r esulting in th e in creas ed yields as r ecorded . On pra cti cally all of th is station poisonin g was not st ar te d till th e middle of July. Th e ch eck in experiment 1 (p lat 2 ) had no cor n separating it from th e oth er plats and it was so na rrow that t he outside rows could not be di sr egard ed in comp utin g yi elds. So this che ck was doubtless h elp ed by th e du stin g on ('ach side of it. P lats 7 and 9 in ex pe r ime n t two did not give much in cr ea se over th c chec k but th e l ow yield in t h ese plats was du e t o t h e fa ct that th e soil con d it ions in th em w er e n ot as good as w er e fou nd in t he ot he r p lats of this ex per ime n t. The n umb er of appli cations mad e at th e Baxl ey st at ion wer e less th an cou ld b e ex pecte d on an av era ge. Th e av erag e in cr ea se of the tr eat ed p lats ov er t he chec k in ex pe r im en t 1 was 411 pounds of seed cotton . In ex pe r ime n t 2 th e in cr ease du e to poison ing was cons iderably less du e partly to lack of fertility in plat s 7 and 9. 'I'h e treated plats in ex pe r ime n t 2 av era ged 174 pounds of seed cot t on more than th e check. 'I'h e amount of poison us ed h er e to obtain th e in cr ea ses mad e wa s rath er small an d un der n or mal con dit ions would hav e yi eld ed a goo d profit. D ue to th e pr esent low price of cotton no att empt will he mad e to d et ermin e th e ex act profit. On an av era ge abo ut six pounds of calc ium arsenat e was u sed p er ac re eac h a pplicat ion. Th e number of appli cations an d cost of poison for eac h plat a rc given in table S. Th e r ead er can compare th e cost of poison (which wi ll probably he r edu ced und er n or mal cond itions ) wit h t h e in cr ea sed yi eld s du e t o du stin g and dra w his own concl usions as t o t h e econ omy of th e operati on under con dit ion s wh en costs of prod u ction ' and pri ces and h ave h eeome prop er ly adju st ed .
Dusting Experiments at Valdosta Station.
Only S ea I sland cotton is gr ow n at t he Va ld ost a st at ion . It is an est ablishe d fa ct that it is mo r e difficult t o prod u ce S ea

11

Island cotton under weevil conditi ons than it is th e sho rt staple varieti es. This is du e to th e fa ct that Sea Island is a lat er maturing variet y and also that the Sea Island bolls in th eir lat er stages of growth do not possess th e immunity to danuage by weev ils as d o th e short sta ple bolls. 'I'he plats her e wer e one ac re in area and sepa ra te d by a f ew rows of cor n t o act as a buffer. Because of uneven soil cond itions it was n ecessar y t o div id e th e work int o tw o experiments , Table 9 giv es th ~ results of th ese ex per iments .

'rabl e 9.

Showing du sting r esult s at Valdost a Station.

EXPERIMENT 1.
Pl at n um be r Yield seed cotton pe r a cre In cr ea se seed cott on over check Number a p plica ti ons of poi son Cost of po is on used

8 I 9 10 I 498 I 787 728 1
1 289 230 I I 12 I 8 I
1$18.751$12.5""01..----

EX PE R IME NT 2.

Pla t num be r

11 I 12 I 13 I 14

'Y"fef(lseed- cotton per acr e

I 654 I 676 I 482 I 626-

Incr ea se seed c6tton~o"v"e"""r~cl;l:-e-c,k=-,=-=-=-=-=-=-=-_ I-I72-I~f9 rl--1-144

Nu mb er a pp licati on s of poison

1 ~ 1 0 1 - 1 0 - 1 ~-1-1 3 -

Cos t of poison used

I $16.251 $16.251

I $20.00

F r om t able 9 it will be seen that an unusually large num ber of applica tio ns ' of poison wer e ma d e at the Valdosta station. Due to the heavy dam age done t o t he Sea Island cotton by weevils in previous seasons it was not known just wh at am ount of poison would be necessary to protect the cotton sufficient ly to make a cr op. So it is probable that more poison was used th an was n ecessary. Plats 11, 12 and 14 mad e practi call v as much cotton as would have been mad e in t hc absence or" th e weevi l. Th e cotton in th ese pla ts was fruit ed to the tips of th e br an ches. Th ese plats did not yield as well as did plat s 9 an d 10 bu t this was due to a diff er en ce in soil f ertility. Th e check . (plat 13) in ex per imen t 2 wa s on mor e fer til e soil and as a consequence ha d an adva nta ge over t he ot he r pla ts in th is ex periment. Since th e price of Sea I sland cotton is al so ver y un sati sfa ctory, no attemp t will be made to compute th e profits or loss from du sting. However , in . comparing t he cost of poison ing with the in cr eased y ield du e t o dustin g one should bear in mind th at Sea Island cot to n usuall y sells for about tw ice as mu ch per pound as d oes short st apl e cot ton. Between six and seven pounds wa s th e av er age amount of poison us ed per applicati on.

12

The yiel d on the Valdosta station fo r the past season is wh at would have been cons idered a fai r crop in the absence of the boll wee vil. This is t he first year that suc h r esults have been accomplished since t he boll weevil became a serio us facto r and the r esults can justl y be attribu t ed to poiso ning.
. Co-Operative Experiments With Planters.
Co-oper ati ve dusting experiments were carried out with planters at several points in th e State but only at a few places wer e ac curate picking records kept so that the re sults could be kn own. Exp eriments w er e car ried out in co-operation with Mr. A. B. Smith near Valdost a on short staple cotton. H er e the applications of poison were closely supervised by the writ er as well as th e keeping of accurate records of the yi elds. Two field s were laid off in two acre plats but beca use of uneven stands and soil cond itions much of t he data had to be dis card ed . Du sting was not started at the Smith pla ce t ill t he midd le of J uly. In field A on the Sm ith pla ntation th e poisoned area yield ed 1032 pounds of seed cotton per ac re and th e un poisoned check in the sam e field yi eld ed 843 pounds of seed cottcn. giving a gain of 189 pounds of seed cotton. In this field six ppplications of poison wer e mad e and about six pounds of calcium arsenat e wer e used per acr e per ap plicat ion .
In field B on th e Smit h pl an ta t ion the poisoned area yield ed 775 pounds of seed cot ton p er acre and th e unpoisoned area in th e same field yield ed only 469 pounds of seed cot ton per acr e. Th is yield ed a gain of 306 pounds of see d colt on. I n field B eigh t applications of poison wer e mad e and s ix l,'-unds of calcium arsena t e wer e used per appli cati on per acr e.
}[r . J . H . Brown at Cor dele also carri ed out a dusti ng ex per iment und er th e su per vision of the writer . :\ [1'. Brown began dusting July 14th and made four appli cat ions of poi son dnri ng th e seas on. Ab out six pounds of poison were used per acr e per ap plication. :\[1'. Brown r ep or t ed a .gain of 297 pounds of seed cotton per ac re of t he poi son ed over th e unpoison ed area .
SUMMARY.
1. In all the experiments cond ucted, compar ing dusting in th e prese nc e of d ew wit h dusting in it s abs en ce, consider ably bett er yields were obtaine d f r om du st in g wh ile th e d ew was on the cotton. Also in all t ests the plats dusted in th e ab sence of dew yielded better t ha n th e checks . Th e r esult s indi cated th at dust in g whi le t he cotton is wet with dew is more profitably but in ca ses of emergen cy dusting could he don e whil e the cotton is dry rather than all ow it to go undust ed.
13

2. Du e to t he presen t un satisfa ct ory pri ce of cot to n it was imp ossibl e t o .fa i rl ~' est ima te th e profits fr om dustin g for th e season. It is estimat ed that under av erage cond it ions a ga in of on e hundred p ounds of see d cotto n will p ay f or th e cost of poison in g . Th e a verage ga ins wer e cons ide r ab ly a bove th is and und er n orm al ma rketing cond it ions it is beli ev ed that th e ga ins would hav e yi eld ed a fail' profit fr om du stin g. Th e work d on e at th e Thom asvill e station was don e un der unusua llv heav v weevi l infest a ti on and at th e Baxley st at ion th e i n f e s t~ t ion was pr ob abl y below th e a vera ge for 'th at sect ion. Cnd er ea ch ext re me con d it ion of weevil ab undanc e th e in cr eased yi eld s f ro m dustin g wer e sat isf a eto rv. At th e V ald ost a stat ion a fa ir cr op of Sea Isl and cot ton w as made in 1920, wh ich is the first th at has bee n mad e si nce the wee vil becam e a mcn uce to th a t cro p.

:RE COMMENDATION S FOR, COTTON DUSTING FOR THE COMING SEASON ,

By

w . IHA

Wrr~LIA;,I S ,

Cotto n S pec ia list.

Ou r ex pe r ime n t s prov e tha t th e boll wee vil ca n be la r g ely eon t r oll ed by th e use of ca lciu m arsen a t e, if p ro pe rly a p plie d . Th e far mer w ill h a ve t o lea rn to ap ply th e dust by st ud yiu g hi s co nd itio ns, just as he ha s l ea rn ed t o fa r m.
If th ere is a h cnv y infest a tion of th e b oll w eevil th e cotto n sho uld be dus te d ea r ly in th e season, at l ea st once and probabl y twice, just bef or e t he squares becom e la r g e enough t o b e punctu red by t h e w eevi l. If t he in fest a t ion is li gh t it will n ot p ay t o do t his, but th e spo ts in t he field wh er e th e boll w eev il first pun ctures th e squa r es sho u ld b e du st ed wi th a h and g un, and th e p u n ct u re d sq ua res d estroy ed, L at er in t he season w he n th e b oll w eevi ls beg in pu n ctur in g t h e squ a res f reely ( a n d th e fa r mer sh ou l d exa mine carcfullv t o asce rtai n thi s f a ct) ge ne ra l du st in g sh ou ld begin . '1'\\" 0 or t hrce d us tin gs shou ld be gi ven at in t er vals of t h ree to fou l' d ay s unt il th e w eevil s ar c und er cont ro l. Th e dust.in g shou ld t hen be di scontinued until t he fa rm er sees th e in fes ta tion start ing up aga in ,
T se fr om 5 t o 7 p ou nd s of dust p el' a cre at ea ch du stin g. .Appl y th e du st in th e n ight or whi le t he d ew is st ill on t h e cott on , If it is w ash ed off by r ain within twenty-four h ours gi ve it a no t he r a p plic at ion. H and dust ers ca n b(' u sed bu t so me fo r m of tra cti on dust er is very mu ch t o b e pref erred .
Ha Y(' yo ur f erti li zer in sp ect or tak e sa mp les of ca lc ium a rsena t e a n d sen d them to t he State Che mist f or au al vs is so th at y ou w ill be su r e th at vc u r calciu m a rse n ate m eet s th e r eq u ire mcnts . 'I'h ese a rc that ca lc ium a r se na te sha ll contain :
No t l ess than 40',7r' a rse n ic pentoxid e, N ot mo r e t han O.75',7r wat er soluble a rse n ic pen toxid e, Dc nsi t y no t less th an 80 or m or e th an 100 cu . in , p er pound.

W rite u s about any special problem which may come up.

15

CONTENTS

P age

P roblems un der taken

3

Location of experiments

.3

Cond it ions under whi ch the 1920 exper iments were con-

ducted

.4

Comparison of dusting in the pres ence and absence of dew . 4

Experiments at Baxley Station

.5

Experiments at Thom asville Station

.6

Experiments at Valdosta Station

.7

I ncreases in yield r esultin g from dustin g

.

Du st ing experiments at Thomasv ille Station

.

Du sting exper iments at Bax ley St ation

.

Dusting experiments at Valdosta Station

.

Co-oper at ive du sting' with plan ters

.

Summa ry

.

Recommend ation s f or cotton dusting for t he coming season I i}

Georgia State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN 60

MAY 1921

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1 92 0
BY
A. C. LEWIS
State Enromologis!

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOG Y
Organization and Staff.
IIOX . J . J. BROWN, Cha ir ma n, Cum miss ione r of A gricultur c, At lau t a .
H OX . It C. BEIWIDIAi\S , H or ti culturis t , 1\Iacon .
COIL , Y. D . I-LUllUA CK , A gri culturi st, Coleman . A . C. IJE \HS,
Sta t c Entom ol ogi s t an d S ec r eta r~' of th e Bo ard , "\ tl un ta o W . W . CH ASE ,
Assistant State Entom ologi st, Corn elia . W . V. REED.
Assistant Entom ologi st, A tlan t a. I1L\ W. WII jl jIA:lI S.
Gen er a l llil'ld A gen t , 'I'h oma sv illc. (I n Charg e of V a ldo sta, 'I'homa sv ill e and Ba x ley Sta tion s ) .
W . F . TURNER, As si stant Entomolog ist, Blnc R id ge.
D . C. WARRE?\, Assistant Ent om olo gi st , Vnldo s t u.
B. 1\1. GA DD IS, Su perinte n d ent Valdost a St at ion , Y a ld os ta .
W . H . IjE O~ARD , Su per intcu dc nt 'l'h om usvi li o ~t at i o ll, 'l' hnmas v illc.
C. H . GA DD IS, S u pc r in tc nd cnt Baxley Stat ion , Baxl ey. Ga .
J . C. :;U A~E S S , Field J\ g eM , Atl an ta .
.J. 1\1. l\lOIJ]:"OY. Fi eld A g en t , l\IacolI.
J . II. PRES S I,EY. F'ir-ld AI!'cn t , Vald ost a .

Annual Report of the State Entomologist for 1920

'1'0 the Honorable Memb ers of th e Georgia State Board of E nt omology and the General A ssemb ly:

I have th e h on or as State Entomologi st t o su bmit h erewi t h

a d etailed st atemen t of the r eceipts a nd ex pe ndi t ur es and a

r ep ort up on t he work of the Geor gia St a te Board of Entomol-

ogy f or 1920 .

The p ersonn el of th e staff has under gon e a f'ew chan ges aw l

additions durin g the y ear. C. H. Gaddis was elec te d Super-

intendent of th e Baxley Station, Januarv Ist. J . H . Pressl ey

wa s elec te d Field ~\g'e n t, Jnnuary 15t h und J . M. Molloy , Field

Agent, February Lst.

Th e p er sonn el of th e sta ff with the exece pt iou s n ot ed ab ove

and below wa s I or th e vcar a s foll ows :

A. C. L ewi s, State Entom ologist.

,Yo ,Yo Chase, Assis tant St ate Entomologist .

'V . V . R eed, Assistan t En t omologi st ,

'V. F . 'I'urner, Assistan t Ent omolog ist .

D. C. Warren , Assistant Entomolog ist.

Ira W , Williams, Cotto n Spe cia l ist.

D . C. N eal, Plant Pa thologist-c-Resi gued Ma~' 1st.

'V. H. L eonard, Superintend ent 'I'h omasville Station.

13. 1\1. Gadd is, S u pe r inten de nt. Va ldo sta Station ,

C. II. Gaddis, Superintendent Baxley Statio n .

J . C. Maness, Field Agent.

.

.J. I-I. Presslev , F il'ld Agl'nt.
J. xr. Moll oy , Field Agen t.

)!J s. In ez Will iams )fi tch ell , Stcnograp hc r . Thomasv il le

Sta t ion- R esi gn ed Xove rn her ] st .

,Yo L. N eese, Secret ary to t he En t omolog ist.

Mrs. J . K . Jordan . Sec reta rv-c-Res isrne d Auau st Ist .

Mrs. ,Y o1\ . Mag'uire, Stcno jrr a phc r .

'

All th e memb ers of the staff awl offic e forc e have r ender-

ed very efficien t servi ce and worked to geth er for the best

we lfar e of t h e Department.

WORK CONDUCTED BY THE GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Th e work cowl uet cd by .t he .Genrgia State B oard of Ent omology this v ca r mav be class ified as follows:

o
.J

.1. Corresp ou d vuc alitI office work .
) Xurs erv a nd ot hcr in sp ect ion work . :1. Enforc em en t of quarunt.ine r egulation s. .J-. W ork on appl e and p ea ch in sects and di seases. 5. Sw eet p otato w eevil ex ter m in at ion. Ii. Ga rd en and tru ck cr op in sect s aud di seases. I . Cot t on breedin g an d vari etv t ests. S. Cotton boll w eevi l t est s. !). Dustin g t o con t r ol the boll w eevil, ] O. Work at 'I'h om asv ill e, B axley and Vald osta St at ions . 11. "\ tt en d irur F armer s ' Meetin gs, etc. ] :2. Citr us Can ke r in spe ct ion . 13. Toba cco in sect s: H . Xlosa ic Di sea se of Suga r Can e. 15. Pu bli cati on s.
WORK ASSIGNED TO THE DIFFERENT MEN .
In ord er th at t he w ork may be con ducted ill an efficient and ec ono m ica l mann er ce r t a in lines of w ork are ass ig n ed t o ea ch iuun , In a g't'lIl'ra l wa y th e w ork (lu r ing 1920 wa s divid ed am on g tli e 111 en as f ollo ws :
A . C. L ewis, St at e En t omol ogi st , had ch arue of t he Atlanta office', look ed a fte r all of the w ork in a gene r al w ay , con du ct ed so me cotton br eedin g' and mad e sp ecial trips of in spect ion and in vestigut ion . \V . \V . Ch ase , Assistant St ate Entomologist , had char ge of t he Fruit Station at Cor n elia , assisted in th e -iursery insp ecti on , and mad e trips of inspe ct ion ill t he f'r nit sections of th e st at e. \\T. V . R eed , Assist an t En t omolo gi st, had charge of th e w ork on g ar d en in sects and disea ses. an d ass ist ed in the nursery and swee t p ot at o insp ect ion , \V . P . Turner, Assistant Entomolo gist, had charge of th e w ork at Blue Rid g e on investi gat ion s of damage caused by the cop pe r smelt ers in th e Ducktown di strict. Lo ok ed after the p ecan in sects and di sea ses and assiste d in the nurser y in sp ection. D . C. 'W arren , Assi stant Entomologist, condu ct ed th e dustin g ex p er imen ts on the con t ro l of tho boll w eevil with ca lci u m a rsen ate, and assisted in the nursery and sw eet p ot ato, insp ection. I ra \V . Willi ams, Cot t on Specialist , had cha r ge of the Sta t ions at Th oma sv ille, Baxl ey and Vald osta , an d the field w ork on cot to n. \V . H . L eonard, Sup erintend ent of th e 'I'ho rnasville Sta ti on , B . J!. Gaddis, Superin ten de n t of th e V aldo sta Station , and C. H . Gaddis, Super-
in te n d en t of th e Bax ley Station . J . C. Man ess, J . H . Pressl ey
and .J. }I. }Tolloy ar e Fi eld agen t s and work u n d er the su pe r vision of Ira \V . Wil liams. Th ey cond uc te d th e co-operative cot t on t ests, a ss iste d in t he nursery in spec t ion , and ma d e sp ecia l t r ips of inv esti gat ion in th eir t erritorv . D . C. Neal ,
4

Pathologist, had cha rge of the la horatorv a t Th oma sville and conduct ed cer t a in investi gation s on p ea ch and suga r cane di seases until h is res ig na t ion May 1st.

CORRESPONDENCE AND OFFICE WORK
'I'hc co r i-cspo ndcucc and office work is r ap id ly in cr easin g eac h y ear an d no w t ak es th e cu t ive ti me of nne of the men and one sten og ra phe r . Durin g t he bu sy season of t he y ear 0]](' stonog r uplier call n ot well attend t o the cor re sponde nce, and hen ce additi ona l ass ist ance has t o be secu r ed n ow and then . Durin g: t he pas t y ear :3,600 letter s w er e written f ro m the ..:\tlanta office . W e r eceiv ed r equests f or bu ll etins and inform a ti on from manv differ ent st ates in the union. and al so even f ro m for eitm coun t ries, su ch as Chi n a, -I ap an , England and South Afri ca .

NURSERY INSPECTION

D uring' t he y ear 119 nurser ies wer e insp ected and ce rtifi-

ca tes g'r alltc d- list of t hese is app en d ed ,

Th e nurs ery in sp ection wor k r equ ir es a g'ood dea l of time,

as th e nurseri es a r e sca tn- re d all over th e Stat e. 'I'his work,

if thor oughly p erformed , r equires mu ch time and attention

in orde r t o d et ermin e wh eth er any injurious in sects or p lant

di seas es arc present in the nurseri es. In eve ry case wh ere the

San J ose scale is f ound t he infested t rees are d estroyed and

a r e-insp cction mad e befor e certificate is g r ante d. T he nur-

ser ies insp ected con ta ine d t he fo llo wi ng' numb er of trees :

P ea ch t rees

,

~,426 ,400

P ecan t rees

' , . . . . . . 296,800

Apple t rees . ,

, . . . 257,800

Grape " . ,

, . . . .. . 25,200

Plum trees P oplar t rees

,. . 19.200 78~000

Che r ry trees

, . ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . 7.200

P ear trees

,. . . .. . . 33,700

Str a wher rv

,

'.. 1,000,000

Mi s c el l a n eou s

2,571,500

Cit r us

,. "

"., .. . . .. 30,500

'ro ta l

,

6,746,3 00

INSPECTION OF FOREIGN SHIPMENTS
Sinc e t he F'ed era l H or t icultural Board practically prohibits t he importation of all n urser y stock an d or namental shrubber y , bu lbs and se eds now const it ut e all the fo reign shipmen t s r eceiv ed in t h e State. Sh ip ments of bulb s wer e r eceived
5

durin g- t he y ear fr om t he follo wing' cou ntr ies in the quanti ti ps and order nam ed: France, H olland, Ch in a, Japan, B elz ium and Germany. Ov er one million bulb s were imported into . th e St ate amI a lar ge numb er of these w er e in sp ected at t he r equest of t he F ed eral H or ti eul tural B oard. In n o case w ere insects or di sea ses of a dan ger ous n ature fo un d to be p resent.
MISCELLANEOUS INSPECTIONS
A large num ber of ap ple and p ea ch orc h ar ds a re ann ually inspecte d a t t he owne rs ' r equest, an d ad vice give n on the cont r ol of th e in sect s and d isea ses found in the orc har ds . Many re quests are r eceiv ed f ro m f ar me rs in d iff er en t sections of t he State fo r in sp ect ion of some cro p tha t is bein g dama ged by some in sect or di sea se with which they are n ot famili ar. Man y cot t on fields are in sp ected eac h summe r f or di ffer en t cotton in sec ts. cotto n wilt and ot he r d is eas es. Ma n y privat e gro unds in t he city of Atlanta and in differ ent sections of t he State we r e in sp ect ed at th e own ers' r equ est and meth ods give n for t h e con t ro l of t h e p ests f oun d t o be pr esent. Th e calls mad e up on t h e D epartmen t f or w ork of t h is nature is rn p id lv in crea sing eac h y ear.
ENFORCEMENT OF QUARANTINE REGULATIONS
The qua r an ti ne r egula t ions the B oard n ow en fo r ces are : 1. Th ose in r eg-ard to th e ship me nts of nursery stock in t he
Sta te, and tha t fro m othe r st ates and fo re ign countr ies into Georg-ia. C) Th e p in e '1Jlist er rust. 3. Cit ru s ca nker. -l. Th e sweet p ot ato weevil. o. Che st nut Bli gh t . 6. )Jemato de worm of wh eat. I . :\Iosaic Di sea se of Suga r Cane . S. Pink B ollw orm of Cot to n. 9. ::'If ex ican B ean B eetle. Each y ear some n ew in sect or p lant di sease is di scover ed some whe re in th e St ate , or in t h e surrounding: st ates, against whi ch we have t o quarantin e. This v ear t wo n ew quarantine r egu lations WE're ado pte d, one on th e Pink B ollwor rn of Cotto n and t h e ot her on t h e M ex ican B ean B eet le.
SWEET POTATO WEEVIL
On account of t h e presen ce of t he sw eet p otato weevi l in one coun t y in Geor gia all ot he r Southern States h ave adopted qu ar ant ine r egu lati ons a gainst Geor gia in r egard t o th e
6

Swe et Potato W eev il . B ecause of th ese r egulati on s it h as become n ecessary to in sp ect th e premi ses of all parti es d esiring to sh ip s wee t potat oes, swee t pota t o plants, cu t t ings an d tuber s f r om Georg-ia into ot h er sta t es. Thi s has n ecessi t a t ed a ~ o o d d eal of w ork. During t he y ear Hl20 , and 1921, 275 prem ises in 38 cou nties w er e ex a min ed an d sw eet p ot ato pe r m it s issu ed , l ist of th ese is app end ed. S ever al of t he state s no w re qui r e th at th e sweet p ot ato plants be ex amin ed w he n ur owin g fo r bl a ck r ot an d ot h er d iseases. This n ecessitates ;; sec on-d insp ection wh ere t h e parti es d esire t o sh ip to t h ese st at es. T hes e second insp ecti on s en tai l an a d d it iona l expe n se t o t h e d epa rtment , hut it is n ecessa ry in or de r tha t ou r sw eet pot ato grow er may h av e the privil egc of sh ipping' sw eet potat o plant s to t h es e st ates wh er e t h e sec on d inspecti on is r equi r ed.
III co-ope ra t ion with th o F ed er al Bu re au of En t om ol ogy , W ash in gto n , D . C" an d t he Pl ant Cr op Pest Com missi on of Florid a , an effor t is b ein g ma d e t o ext errnin a t r t h is in sect in Geor gia . 'I'h c pl an of th is exter mina t ion is t o fu rn ish t h e pa r t ies who hav e th eir swee t p ot atoes in f est er] hv t hi s insect wit h pl an t s g-ro wn f ro m pot at oes that are fr ee fr om t hi s insec t (t h ese pla n t s an' fu rnish ed f r ee bv th o U. S. Bur ea u of E ntomo ] o g'~' und er cer t ain con d it ions) , an d for t h em to d est ro y a11 in t cstccl -potatces by f eed ing them to stock or ot he r w ise. B~' t hi s meth od th e sw eet p ot ato w eevi l has been exter m inate d on ove r 50 p er cen t of t h e farms tha t w er e in f'cst ed ill l ~n!) . It is h op ed that in a y ear 01' t wo m or e t h is insec t niav he exte r mi n ated in Gcor uia.
A 1111m1')(r of st at es n ow r equi r e cabba g e and t om ato plant s t o he ex am in ee] whil e gr ow ing, f or di sea ses tha t attack these pla n t s, and a cer t ificate issu ed b ef or e they may be' shipped into t h e st ate. Thi s in du stry h a s just begun around Ti fton , Val d osta , 'I'liomasv ill e, an d ot h er points. If it con t in ues to gr ow, in a f'ew v ears thi s insp ecti on w ork will r equir e a go od d eal of t ime fro m t h is d ep ar-tm ent.
APPLE AND PEACH INSECTS AND DISEASES
Spr aying and dustin g ex per imen t s w ere con d u cte d at ou r Corn elia F'ruit Stat ion fo r the con t r ol of t h e p r inc ipal in sect s an d di seases atta cking p ea ch es an d ap pl es. On accou n t of th e fac t that th e curculio an d brown r ot did n ot sho w up to any g'r eat exte n t eve n u pon t h e unsprayed or ch eck plot s of p ea ch es, n o r esults w or th publishing w er e secu re d .
In a d d ition t o con du ct in g: ex pe r imen t al w ork much t im e was spe n t in vi sitin g pe ach and apple orcha r d s in that sect ion of t he State an d giv ing advice and sugg est ion s in r egar d to t h e con trol of in sects and diseases f ound t o be present.
7

'I' h is ser vic e is of QTca t value t o the fru it grn w crs III t hat s ection of the Sta t e. ~
THE PHONEY DISEASE OF PEACHES,
Din-ing t h e y eur a n umb er of p ea ch orch ards in differ en t count ies we re ex a m ine d t o d etermin e h ow ex t ens ive t h e phnn ov di sease of p ea ch es was in t he State, T h e di sease wa s f ou nd to bp p resent in s ixt een coun t ies, A f erti liz er ex pc r im cnt wa s started a t Fort V all ey t o d et er mi n e t h e effect of d iff er en t f ert.il ixers on t h is d isea se, This w ill h av e t o be eon duct ed f or t lneo 0 1' fo u l' " cars h ef ore any d efini t e r esul t s can b e secu r ed . Budd inu heaith,' buds on di~ ea s e d t r ees , and bu d d in g' d isc use rl huds '- on h ea lthy trees wa s begun 'in a n 0 1'clun-d n eal' F or t Va lle v. The r esult s of this w ork will be pu bIis lu-d as soo n as any d efinit e conclusion ca n h e r ea ch ed ,
GARDEN AND TRUCK CROP INSECTS AND DISEASES
Th e t r u ck c r op secti ons a r ou nrl Sava nnah, Ma con. At la n t a and Au jrust a w e re vis ite d a n d in st ructi on s g'jv ell ill r egard t o t lu- 'con t r ol of d iff'crcnt in sects an d di seases. T h e t r uck g 'l'I ' \\' !' I'S of t h o Sta 1<' a r c losing' ea ch y ear thousands of do llars w or t h of thei r cr ops f rom t h e r ava g es of in sects a n d d iseas es th at cou ld he prcv en t o.l, if spray ing- wa s d on e a t t h e prop er tiu u-. As t he t ru ck industrv in th e S tat e is g ro w in g- r ap idl y th e va I ti l' and im portun cc of thi s w ork is hccom imr more a p p a ren t ea ch v ea r.
COTTON BREEDING
Th cot t on brel'ding' work con d uc t ed bv t he Departmen t th is ~' l ' Hl' was as h er et of ore alo ng three g en era l lines : 1st. T o im pl'ove t h e w ilt r os ist nn t v ariet ies t ha t h a v e alr ea dy b een d ev elnpcd by t h e D ep artmen t ; 2n d . Breed ing' a n d impr ovin g car lv strains of S ea I sla n d cotton; 3r d . T o imp r ove varieties of cot ton esp eciull y w ell a dapted t o cent ra l a nd X orth Gcor-
g Ia .
I n So uth Georui brcedi nu w ork on wi lt r esistant variet ies w as con d u ct ed a t~ Am eri cus, 'L u mpk in and Vi enna, At Amer icu s und D eS oto :200 individual selecti on s w ere made and se ed ' \'[IS sa ved f ro m f our individual r ows and f our increa se pl ot s for planting' n ext y ear. 'I'h esc select ion s w ere made f r om t h e L ew is 63, Council-T oole awl D cSoto wilt r esistant va ri eties. At Ca ir o the breedin g w ork was con t in ue d on th e D ix-A fifi, a l on g' staple, upl and ,~~ ilt r esist ant v ari et y , a s pecial effor t heing mad e to produ ce a tv p e of t h is cotton w ith a mor e u n if orm len gth of l in t .
At t h e Thom nsvill c Station w e are breeding sev er a l of t h e w ilt r esistant st ra ins O[ cotton . At thi s Sta ti on we a r o a lso continu ing' th e h l'pl'rl in!! of V elv et b ea ns t ha t was hejrun sev-
S

i-rn l yea rs .a ~' o . In a f ew y ears we h op e t o have see d of t h e most p r orm smg of th ese hybrids f or distribution .
Th e breedin g work on Sea I sland cotton which is b ein g condu cted at th e V aldosta Station w as con t in u ed a n .! i,.; g'i\' illg verv go od r esults, sev eral ea r ly strains having been d e velop ed . A full re po r t up on this w ork will b e made at the en d of ano t her v oar.
COTTON VARIETY TESTS.
'I'he fo llo wi ng var ie ty tests w ere con duc ted: A me ric us , S umt er Coun t y , Lumpkin, Stewa rt Cou n ty , a n d V ienn a . Dool ey Count v, A h ea vy r a in an d ha il d estroy ed th e sta n d o f cotton in th e vcll:iety t est at Ame ricus t oo lat e to r ep l an t it, h ence n o r ep or t was made up on t h is test .
GINNING INDIVIDUAL AND MASS SELECTIONS
W e a r e now ma k ing a specia l e ffort to assist as m any far mers as possible in th e improveme nt of t he ir eot to n . 'I'o en courauv t hem in making in d ivid ual and m ass selec t ions w e n ow rua in tu in a s mall g in in Atlanta and on e at 'I'h om asv ill e with wh ich to g in th es e indiv idual an d m ass se lections . Ou r co -oper ative cotton breed er s and gr owe rs and also m any ot he rs, a r c assisted in makin g individual sel ecti on s an d instr uc t ions give n in r egard t o mak in g' m ass select ions. Th e seed cot to n f ro m the individual sel ect ion s sc n t in is we ig h ed, ginned, an d t he see d w eighed , a n d th en t he p ercenta g e of lint d et ermin ed . 'I'h e p ercenta g e of lint p ro duc ed by t he m as s seloct ious is al so d et ermined. 'I'hi s ser v ice is of great v aIn c t o th e cot t on growers, as it en a ble s t h em t o improv e th eir cotton uch yea r by in d ividual an d mass s election s. 'I'his service is fr {' e t o th ose who d esire t o a v ail themsel v es of it , a nd mor e a n d mor e cotto n g rowers eac h yeal' a re sond in u in ('ot to n f or us to g in . W e gin n ed cotton fo r 40 p arti es; :2 0 of t h ese sent in 30 m ass selec t ions a n d 20 sent in 4;)0 ind iv idual selec t ions t o b e gin ne d .
STATIONS AT THOMASVILLE, BA XLE Y AND VALDOSTA
,.:\ t t h e 'I'ho mns ville Station t here a rc h e irur con d uc t ed a n um ber of ex pe ri m en ts on g r ow in g cot to n n n d er boll w eevi l cond it ions on land in f ect ed w ith cotton wi lt a n d n em atod e w orms. 'I'h ese ex per ime n ts a rc bri efl y as f oll ow s : W ith cotto n a di stance t est : a system of r ot ati on f or th e eli min ation of t he n em atod e w orms fro m t h soi l ; an d ex p eri m ents on cot t on an t hracnose an d leaf- sp ot or bl a ck a r m.
1\. n ew Stat ion w as es tabl ish ed t he first of th e vea l' at B axley , Ga .. so as to h av e di ff er en t con d it ions of e li l1~a te a nd soi l an d ho]] weevil inf'esta tion t o w or k w it h . .\ 1 thi s Sta t ion
!)

pra ctically t he sa me expe r ime n t s a r e con d ucte d as at 'l'hom asville. A t t he \ ' a ldos t a Station , which is d ev oted en t ir ely t o Sea Island cot t on , the w ork has been m ainly t o breed up and improv e an ea rl y wi lt r esistant strain of S ea Island cot to n that ca n be gro wn profit a bly under b oll w eevil con d ition s. F ertilizer , d is t an ce t ests, et c., an' con d ucted cov erin g t h e sa m e p oin ts as those on short cott on at Thom asvill e an d Bax ley . S om e of the S ea I sl and v arieties t ha t h av e been d ev el op ed ga ve goo d r esults t h is y ea r . .J.\. spe cial eff or t w as m ad e t o d et ermine if it w as p ossible t o gr ow Sea I sl and cott on und er boll w eevil condition s by dusting with calcium arsen ate. 'I'h e r esult s of th ese ' ex pe r im en t s a re publi sh ed in d et ail in Bulletin 59 " Cotton Dusti n g E xp erim ents of 1!J20. " W e would call a t te n t ion t o t h e f act t h at wh er e t he S ea I sla n d cotton was du st ed w e mad e as hi gh as GiG p ou n ds of seed co tton per a cr e, while wher e w e did n ot dust , t h e y ield w as 482 pound s of see d cot to n p er ac r e. Dusting' ex per im ents for th e cnntrr .l II f t h e boll w eevil w ere con du c te d on u pl and cot ton a 1 Th omasvill e and B axley Sta t ions . The r esults of th es e ex pe r ime n ts wi ll be f'ound in Bu ll etin :if) l'('I"('I'I'C([ to ab ov e.

COTTON WILT AND COUNTY B OLL WEEVIL TESTS

A n umb er of co -operati ve cot ton tests w er e co nd uc t ed . "\ co-operati ve t est cons ist s of te n or more ac r es which a r c gr own u n d er our supe r vis ion. I n t he b oll w eevil sect ions sp ec ia l instru ctions w ere g iven in r egard to dusting cot t on wi th ca lci u m arsen at e fo r t h e con t ro l of th e b oll w eevil. 'I'h c co-o pe rat ive g ro we rs and man y ot he r w er e assisted in set tin g u p d us t iu g mac hi n es a n d give n iust ru ct ion s ill r cuartl t o t he pro per way and ti me to a ppl v ca lci um a rs en ate for t he con t rol
of 1he boll we ev il. Our men vi si t ed t h e f a r ms of the co-o pera t iv rue n t hree or foul' t imes d uri n u t he s eason to sec t hat our in s! r uc tio ns w er ca rricd out. In~ SO IllP co unt ies even UlHI c! ' h euV~' IJo11 w eevil in f estation a goo d vi eld o f cotton was scC11 I'(' d Oil t ho co-ope r at ive t est s,
\\' P are mak in g a specia l effort t ins tr u ct t he cot t on grow-
ers h ow t o im pr ove cot to n hy sel ecti on , a lso t o imp r ess u p on th e m th e va lue a n d im p ortance of J}\\I '(' seed . CS l1a Jl ~' th e b est cot to n sp ed t he Iurmurs ca ll pu rcha se is that gru wn u pon th :- sa m e ty P(~ of la n d as t hat upon w h ich t he y a r e g'oin g' t o g ro w it, t hat is or oou r so p r ovided t ho cotton h a s been ca r cfull v g'in n cd so as to k eep the see d piu-e a n d t he cot to n im-
proved Ily select ion .

WORK IN NORTH GEORGIA

G oD\' u(' rr]i]no~"

t he
O il

g ro wing se aso n investigation s " ' 1'1'1' mad e f or t he th e dama g e ca us ed hy t he sulp hu r f umes f r om

10

the coppe r smelters in t he Du cktown district. During the invest igat ion 111 places wer e visited and t he cr ops inspected . This is 187 less places tha n wer e ex a min ed in 1!H9, and the ma r k ed d ecr ease in t he numb er of com pla ints in d ica t es the benefit of t he work being con du cte d in t h is sec t ion. In th e course of th ese insp ections th e f ollowing di seases and insects were f ound t o be quite common and where prop er control methods h ad n ot bccn emp loy ed t h ey did cons iderable damage t o the crops aff ect ed . Arranged in the ord er of their impo rt anc e these arc as f oll ows: On apples t he prin cip al insects were the codlin g' moth a nd wooly aphis. 'I'h e principal di seases w er e ceda r rust , fir e blight, and leaf spo t. On p each es, brown r ot an d scab w er e th e princ ipa l d iseases foun d . On truck cr ops t h e main di seases wer e on Irish pot at oes, early and lat e blight, wh ich an nua lly causes a ~ oo d d eal of d amage because spr aying is n ot practised . On to mato es, hacterial bli g-ht, blossom-en d rot and leaf spot were very common . On waterm elons. ba ct erial wilt and an t hracno se w ere vel'v common . B ean di seases, suc h as anthracn ose, wi lt , cer osp oru leaf spot , and r ust wer e ver y sever e and did cons ide r a ble d amage on account of t h e h igh r ain fa ll. On corn the di seas es th at did t h e most damage were p hyso dc r mn d isease, fusar iu m ear ro t, and smut. TIll' r eason th e a hov e d i sensr-s an d insects d o so mu ch da mage in this sect ion of th e State is because of th e gre a t amount of ra in an d sprayin g for their contr ol is n ot usu all y pr acticed.
CITRUS CANKER
'While a yea r ago the State of Geor gia was d eclared to hc I rce of citrus canker we st ill mai ntain a careful look out fo r t his d isease. In conne ct ion wi th the nursery inspecti on w ork, wh en ever cit r us t rees arc f oun d th ey ar c car efully in sp ected fo r t his disease, W e maintain a strict qua r antine a ga inst t h e shi pmen t of cit r us stock int o Geor gia from ot her st a te s. By t h is mea ns , to gether w ith the r e-in spect ion of cit r us gr oves w lu-re cit r us ca nke r h as heen fo un d in the p ast , w e h op e t o be a hlo to k eep t his d isease out of th e State.
SPREAD AND DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE BOLL WEEVIL
Th c cot t on boll weevil en te re d Georgia in 1914. E ac h y ear it has spread t o a great er or less ext ent unti l in D ecemb er 1920, it had r each ed every cotton growin g coun t y in Gcor !:!'ia. Th is has automatically ca n cell ed all ou r boll w eevil quarant in e r egulations .
During 1920 the w eathe r cond it ions wer e very f avorable for . t hc in cr ease of t h e boll weevi l, an d consequent ly, the dama ge don e by this in sect to t h e cot ton cro p in Geor gia wa s r ath er h eavy. I n some sect ions in sout h Geor gia th e loss fr om th is
11

insect wa s ;)0 to I ;) per cent of t he cr op . \Vh ile t he damage " 'a s heavy in some counti es, in ot h er s th e d am age was n ot v ery gre at . The y ield of cott on in the st at e was somewhat gr eat er t han in 1919. Dusting cotton fo r thc cont r ol of t he boll w eevil with calciu m ars enat e was not p ract iced in gen er al hv t h e cotton gr owers of Geor gi a. Somc of th e fa rmers wh o du st ed t heir cotton ar e well sa t isfied with t he r esults secured an d will use it again ano t he r 'y ear , wh ile ot h ers who used it ar e n ot sat isfied with th e r esults and w ill not use it another y ear . Our ex pe r ime nts on du sting cotton whi ch have been pr evious ly mention ed , see Bu ll etin 59, gav e fa ir ly good r esu lts in cont ro lli ng or r educin g' the dama ge fro m the holl w eevil.
THE MOSAIC DISEASE OF SUGAR CANE
Th e Mosia c di sease of sugar ca ne n ow ex ists in Grady, Th oma s, Brook s, Colqu it t , Mit ch ell an d Decatu r, cou nties. ( 'onsid era ble scou t ing' an d inspecti on wor k wa s cond uc ted in order t o det ermine the exact ex t ent of t his di sease in Gl'or gia, On acco unt of limited funds w e were una bl e t o cond uct t h e wor k that sh ou ld have been d on e on t his d isease. Th is is a very destr ucti ve d isease t o sug ar ca ne an d cor n, and seems to he cap a ble of spreadin g ver y r apidly. H en ce it is imper a tive, if t he sugar can e industr y of Geor gia is to he saved fro m d est r uct ion by this disease, that t he depa r tm en t sh ould han mor e mon ey so as t o enable u s t o carry on t he n ecessa ry inspe cti on and er ad icat ion wor k on th is di sease.
PINK BOLLWORM
'I'he pink bollw orm of cot to n is n ow k nown to be p r esent in 'I'ex as and L ou isia na. Th er c ar e five areas or di st r icts of in f estation n ow known ' in Texas an d t wo in L ouisiana. The F ed er al H orticultural Boa rd h as qua rant in e r egu lat ions in r egard t o t his ins ect , an d n early all of t h e cot t on gro wing' st a t es have ad op ted th ese or si mila r qu arant in e r egula t ions. It is n ow fe ared, h owev er, t hat if mor e stri ngent methods to pr even t t h e spr ead of this in sect ar e not en fo r ced in Texas the in sect ma y sp read t o t h e su rr oun d ing sta t es, an d event uall y t o all of th e cot to n gro wing: sta t es. Ea ch y ea r we insp ect plac es f or th is insect wh er e seed h as bee n shipped fr om localities in 'I'ex as or Loui sian a, t h at mi gh t p ossibly carry the insect w ith it. Th ese ship ment s wor e mad e several y ears ago, bef or e th e p r esent quar ant in e r egulat ions w er e in f or ce. As t his insect is ver y d estruct iv e t o cotton eve rv effort shou ld be ma d e to k eep it out of t h e sta t c as lon g as poss ible hy quarantin e r egu la ti ons an d th e ins pection of cotton field s t o d et erm ine as r-arl y as p ossi ble if it is n ow p resen t an ywhe r e in
12

the state. This insp ect ion ta kes time and mon ey . but we beli ev e the cotto n g ro we rs a r e ent it led t o this p rotection, an d h en ce are of the opinion that it wou ld be m on ey w ell spe n t t o ap pro priate mor e mon ey to t he Stat e B oard of Entomolo gy in or d er that t h is work may be cont in u ed each y ea r as it sho uld be don e.
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE
During t he summe r of 1920 t h e Mex ican B ean B eetle was di scovere d in Alabama in a number of counties. This insect is ve ry d estructive t o all ki nds of gar de n beans, such as snapbeans, butter bean s, cowp eas, and Soy beans, to a cer tain ex te nt. The in sect h as n ot as yet been fo un d f eed ing on v elvet b eans. This in sect is n ow cl ose t o the Geor gia line in Alab ama, an d h en ce quar antine m easures h ave been adopted to prev ent its sp read in so far a s p ossible, into Georgia. Caref ul ins p ect ion s w er e m ade in the sec t ion of Geor gi a cl ose t o th e Alaba ma linc during the summe r an d f all of 1920, but n on e of the ins ects w ere fo un d. A close insp ection h owever, will have t o be made another y ear in or d er to d etermine whether t he insect is present or n ot , so that control or er a dication methods may b e emp loyed at onc e, sho uld it be found in th e state . This insect has n ow, Ma y 25t h, 1921, been found in Dad e a nd 9 othe r counties in t hat section of the St ate.
PUBLICATIONS ISSUED
Durin g 1920 th e fo llowing- publi cati ons were issued :
Bulletins
N o. 56-Du sti ng- cotton fo r t h e Control of th e B oll W eevil, D. C. 'War ren.
No. 57-'1'he Principa l P ar asit es of th e P each, W. W. Chase . No. 58-An nua l R ep or t of the Statc Entomologist f or 1919,
A . C. L ewis.
Circulars
No. 29-Cott on Va r iety Tests, 1919, A . C. Le wi s and C. A . MeLe n do n.
N o. 30-Exp erim ental Dus ti ng' and Spraying of P ea ch ers for 1919, W. W . Chase .
N o. 31-A R eview of Con d itions Affect ing the 1920 Peach
Cro p , : W . Ch ase .
Press Bulletins
No. 4--Quarantine Rules and R egulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomology on the Mosaic Disease of Sugar Cane.
13

N o. 5-Georgia Regulations A ga in st the Pink Bo llworm of Cot t un .
N o. 6- l\lex ica n B ean B eetle Quarantin e R egulati ons. Throu gh the W estern Newsp ap er Un ion plate matter on
th e foll ow in g subject s wa s fur n ishe d to many of the county pape rs :
Gen eral su gg estion s in r egar d t o spray in g, etc. Present di stribution of the boll w eevil in Georgia. Value an d Importan ce of improvin g cotto n by seed selection . In ad dition t o this pl at e matter short ar ticles on t imely subjects w er e gi ve n t o di ffer ent newspapers throu gh out t h e st ate f ro m time t o time, as the occa sion d emanded .
INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE YEAR
'I'he commo n ins ects that occu r ev er y year appeare d in their usu al numbers and where proper methods w er e used for their control at th e r igh t ti me n o appreciab le damage oecured . W h er e the pro pe r met h ods were n ot app li ed at the ri gh t t ime, t h ese insects did gre at dama g e t o the cro ps at ta ck ed . The f ar mers and fru it gro wers , both large and sma ll a re becomin g more familia r wi t h the prop el' met h ods of controlli ng these com mon ins ect s. Cowpea po d w eevils were qu it e common ill ma ny places on cotton ear ly in th e season, hut di d n o mater ial d am age. Th e cor n -bill bu g occurre d in unusu al n umb er s in sever al cou nt ies in th e st a te wh er e t h ev did conside rable damage t o ear ly cor n. Th e lar ger cor n -s'ta lk bore r did mor e dama ge than usu al. Th e H essian Fly of Wh eat occu r re d in a number of cou nties in n orth ' Georgia, do ing' considerab le damage.
Apple in sects, suc h as the San J ose sca le, wooly aphis, and t he cod lin g mot h, and ap pl e diseases, suc h as bittcr r ot an d scab wer e unusually severe in n or t h Geor gi a and did oons iderable d amag e.
P each in sects, suc h as the cu reulio, and peach di seases, such as bro wn r ot and scab w er e unusu allv des t r u ctive in the sou t he r n p each sec t ions of Geor gia. Th e season was unusuall y f avorable fo r th e d ev elopment of t h ese insect s and d iseases. It h as been est ima te d t h at t he loss in Geor gia from cu r eulio an d br own r ot in 1920 was a t least $~, OO O, OOO . Th e life h ist or y of t h e cu rculio an d brown r ot n eed furth er study an d mor e exper ime nta l work sho uld be ca r rie d on to d et ermine if it is po ssible t o bett er control these in sects and dise ases by improv ed sp raying and dustin g met h ods.
P ecan in sect s in south Geor gi a w er e more num er ous than usual. The p ecan nut case- beare r alm ost entire ly d estroyed the cro p in a f ew groves. Th e pecan leaf case -bea r er and p ecan scab w er e very comm on, and the loss fro m these in sect s an d diseases wa s very h eavy in many groves. The r eal
14

dama ge by these in sect s and dis eas es is illustrat ed on on e grove n ear Thomasville that produced in 1919 a $20,000 cr op . In 1920 it produc ed practically nothing, and th e prosp ect for 1921 is again n othin g. In middle Geor gia the p ecan weevil did conside r abl e damage. Th e lif e h ist ory of thi s in sect has n ot been wor k ed ou t and n o pract ical contr ol measures are known at pr esen t. 'I'he sam e is also true of the pecan nut case-beare r. Th ese in sects sh ou ld r eceive f urth er st udy.
Th e Southern Pine Beetle wa s f ound at a number of places in sout h Geor gia and als o in n orth Geor gia . Thi s is a destructive in sect t o pine trees and it d eserves more at te n t ion from those inter ested in th e fu tur e of th e lumber bu siness in the state.
'I'h e r ice weevil or what is common ly known as t he cor n w eevil did t he us ual amount of dama ge t o cor n an d ot he r st or ed grain, wh er e pr op er met hods we r e n ot emp loyed f or its cont r ol. As t his weevil is present ever v y ear t o a gr eate r or less e xte nt , an d sinc e it may be cont rolled by f u miga t in g' with carbon bisulphidc, every farm er shou ld a rrun jre to t re at h is grain as soon as it is ga t he re d. A circ ula r givin g compl et e directi ons as t o how th is shou ld he d on e mav ,be sec ure d fro m t h e State Entomologist , Atlanta.
Th e army w or rn occu r re d in gre at numbers in man y sect ions of the st ate, an d wh ere cont ro l methods wer e n ot ap pli ed at onc e, th ey did cons ide ra ble d amage t o y oun g corn . etc , It was f ound that wh er e corn w as dust ed with calcium arsenate at th e firs t app earance of th e worms th e worms wer e ext er minated bef or e they did mu ch damage.
Bl ister beetl es wer e r ep or t ed as quite common in some gar d ens an d in n or th Geor gia this ins ect occur r ed in large numbe rs in an apple orc h ard and did gr eat dam age in a very shor t time,
Th e cot to n r ed sp id er did cons id er able dama ge in a numb er of count ies, but was n ot so widely distributed as in 1919. As noted else where, the eotton b oll weevil has spread until it is present in ever y cotton gro win g county in the State.
The annual loss each y ear in th e State f ro m these and ot h er insects and diseases am oun t s t o milli ons of ' dollars . This loss, while great is n ot n eal' as large as it would be if spr aying methods w er e n ot em ploy ed . Many, h owever, do not spray 'small orchards an d ga r dens as they sho uld d o, and hence the loss is great er than it ou ght to he, f or most of these ins ects and disea ses mav he cont ro lle d t o a srreat ext en t bv prop er sprayin g. Parti'es wh o find ins ects ,~nd dis eases attacking th eir gard ens or ot h er cro ps . and n ot know in g how t o cont r ol th em, sh ou ld write t o th e St at e B oar d of Entomology ,' Atl anta, Ga., f or in f ormation in r ega r d t o th eir con tr ol.
15

Need of a Larger Appropriation
On a ccount or t he eyer inc r eas in g d eman ds m a d c up on t he D c-pu.rtm cn t and t.hr: in cr ea sed cost of prin t.i ng, t rav eling and ot lrer n ecessary ex pcnses, t he Georgi u Sta t p HOilrd of En tomology is g'l'eatl y in n eed of a mu ch l ar ~' I' r a p pr op r iat ion . Th e pr esent annua l ap pro p riat ion of $ (jO,OOlJ is n ot suffic ien t t o meet th e d em ands made u pon t he d ep a r tmen t fo r a nother vcur, Within th e la st fe w years insects and d iseases have \)('en d oin g mu ch mor e dama ge to field and frui t crop s of GI'or g ia t ha n eye r bef or e. 'I'h ey are multipl ying vcrv r a pidl y on acc ount of mor e f ood cr ops to f eed upon , and w eather condi ti ons bein g' mor e f a vor a ble f or their development. Each y cu.r so me n e,\' insect or d isease is bein g' in t r oduced in t o t he State which sh ould be stud ied an d ex pe r imen t s m ade fo r their cont r ol. 1"01' insta nce sin ce writing the above, the Mexi ca n B I~ 11ll Beet lc has been f oun d in Geor gia , May 25th, 1921, in Dad e Countv and nine ot he r coun ti es in that sect ion of t he State. Th i ~ is a very d estructive in sect t o ga r de n beans, snap hcans, butt er heuns, cowpeas, et c., as ment ion ed in th is rr-po rt on pa ge 13. N ew qu ar antine .regulat ion s will h av e t o \I (~ adopted and mu ch scou t ing' wo rk conducted t o d et erm in e t he exte n t of infestation in the State. E xp eriments f or t he contro l of t h is insect shou ld also be con ducted . Th e Stat e Boa rd of Entomology n ow has t wo or thr ee ca lls fo r in sp ect ion of f r u it , corn , cotton and ot he r crops, wh ere some p est ha s su dd enly bro k en out, t o whe r e it h ad on e .all in the p ast .
'I'ruvol ing ex p en ses ha ve in cr eased, an d wi t h this additiona l am ount or travel it is mor e ex pen sive for t he B oard to k eep up with t he r egular an d sp ecial w ork during t hese la st few y ea rs, It is t h erefor e r equiring f or the r egular w ork a much larger a pp ro p r ia t ion . In ad di tion t o this the p ecan industry ha s d evelop ed v erv r apidly an d numerous pests su ch as t he leaf-case bearer and nut-case bea r er have t o b e cornba tted . Th e hundreds of peop le wh o ha ve thousands of a cr es of pecans in Geor g ia ar c clamor in g' lou dl y fo r h elp alon g t hi s lin e a nd ha ve ma de a sp ecia l r equest t o t h e L egi slature f or appropri ation s fo r t h is work. Geor gia is one of the la r gest nut g ro wing states. esp eciall y of peca ns, p ossib ly -in t he w or ld . 'I'he State, wi thin r ecent y ears has become a la r ge producer of p ea ches an d app les, 'I'h c brown r ot and cu rcu li o of pea ch es and th e d iseases of apples a r e causing immense losses t o t he g ro wers . It is impossible f or us, w ith our pr esent appropri a ti on , t o g- iw' t hem th e ass istance t hey need t o save t h cst- in d ustri es. Th e pea ch and ap ple industri es of Gl'or gia
16

a rc greater than the cit r us ' ind ustry 01' Fl ori d a , a nd (; l' or ~ i a sur p asses F lor id a in ever y ot he r r espect exc ept hm-t icu lt n r. and wi th th e prop er pro t ect ion f or a f ew y ea r s, G eOl'~'ia w i ll surpass Flor ida in t h is lin e.
The t oba cco indust ry is growi n g r apidly in Gcoruiu and th er e ar e cer t ai n ins ects and a n cw d iseas e a ttacki n g t hi s cr op t hat sh ould be in vesti gated . 'I' h o r ai sing of wat er melons an d ca nt a loup es in Gcorgi a h as becom e one of h er g rc a t in du stries. Numer ous r equ est s ar c r eceived for h el p t o combat th e ins ects and di seases of these cr ops . F or est in sects of one sp ecies, and another are gr adua lly on t h e in cr ease. Th ese in sect s sho uld be st u d ied and m eth ods f or their cont ro l w orked out an d a bull et in issu ed on thi s subj ect . If t h is is n ot don e the fu ture lu mber supp ly of t he State is in dan ger, and on private plantati ons th ese ins ects may ca us e th e d eath of valuab le t r ees wh ich are located n ear m agnificen t r esid en ces and add much t o the beauty of t he gro un ds.
'I'he Mosai c disease of sugar can e threaten s to d est r oy or gre at ly ha ndi cap t he su gar ca n e industry in t h e S tate , if t he disease is n ot er ad icate d or its f urt her sp re ad p r even t ed. Becaus e of t he fai lure t o get our sp ec ial a pp ro p ria ti on throu jrh last y ea r we w er e un a bl e t o mat ch t h e mon ey offe re d hy t he F'cd er al gover n ment t o mak e t h e n ecessary insp ectio ns to er a d icate or prevent t he furth er spre ad of th is d iseas e. T his d iseuse al so attacks cor n an d wh en sever e may g re a tl ~' r cdu el' th e y ield .
'I'l ie bee in d ust r y in Geor gia is one of t h e largest in the Sou th, and while th e legisl ature at it s last sess ion p as sed a la w fo r th e prot ection of this industry , a n d pla ced t he en f or cem ent of t his law in t h e h ands of th e Georgia State B oard of Ent om ology, it failed t o ap propriat e anv add it ion al money t o car ryon tho work, a nd th er efor e in 1921 exp ens es for the work w ill hav e t o come ou t of t he p resen t ap propri ati on . Th e bee-k eep er s of t he St a t e are compelle d t o have cer t iflcutes in or d er t o sh ip th ousa nd s of d oll ars wor th of b ees int o ot her st ates wh er e certificat es arc r equir ed . Th e B oar d has n ot su fficient mon ey or m en wi th whi ch t o d o t his wor k. Th er efor e the l )(' o pl~ on gntred in t his lin t' of wor k are una ble t o r eap the ben efit that t hev could ot he rwise obt a in , becau se of t he r est r ict ion s whi ch ot he r stat es put on th e shipmen t of bees. F oul brood , will in a f ew y ea rs, if not ch ecked , d estro y this industry in the State, as hee culture can no t h e con d uct ed profit ably wh er e f oul brood is present. Th er e a r e, fr om the best info r ma t ion availabl e, ove r ~l , O O O a p iaries and 300,000 colonies of b ees in Geor gi a,
Th e d ep artm en t is n ow working on t he ex ter m in at ion of th e sweet p ot ato w eevil. in co-oper at ion w ith t h c U. S . Bureau of En t omolopv , an d in a y ear or two "'P !J Oj W t ha t WP may be
17

a hh - 10 exter minate this in sect in Geor gia . Th e n eu ia t od e wo r m of wh eat is f ound at present t o a verv limi t ed ext vut in only OI l! ' c uu n t v. .Ia ck son . It is the beli ef of the Depart ment t hat th is ins ect may he ex te r minat ed in a f ew y ears if the propel' st ep s are tak en at on ce. 'I'he Mosai c dis ease of su ga r Calle, as men ti on ed in this r ep ort, is at present f ound in six cou nt ies . Plans f or pr eventing furth er spread of t his di seas e an d extermination , if possible, ar e under way, and it is h op ed t ha t this may be acc omplishe d with the co-ope r at ion of the cane g- I'O\\'!'rs of th e State, provid ed t h e n ecessary funds may be secu red. If t hese in sect p ests and plan t diseases enumcr a t ed above a l'p not exte r min a te d now, t h ey will all gr adually spre ad and levv f or y ears to come an ever in cr- easin g t oll u pon the cost of produ cing th e cro ps affect ed .
With t he adv ent of th e boll w eev il the p eopl e, esp ecially in t he southern part of t he State h av e been f or ced in to a di versificatio n of cro ps ; ther efor e th ey had t o gro w cro ps f or which their soil and climate arc adapte d . Th ey ar e n ow the largest gr owe r s of swee t potato es, cabbage and t omat o plants of any st ate in th e union , Th e t ot al valu e of th ese plants shipped out of th e State am ounts t o over t welve mi lli ons of d ollars ($12,000,000) annu allv. These cr ops must he insp ected in ord er that these pl ants mav be sent in t o ot he r states wher e t he quarantine r egul a ti ons r equire t hat the plant grow ers furnish a cer t ifica te fr om t he Sta t e B oard of Entomology sho wing that the plants are fre e fro m injurious insects and d iseases. Thi s r equ ires, in many inst ances, sever al insp ections, and th e Board is withou t f unds t o d o this insp ecti on , Th er ef or e th ese plan t grower s who have cre ate d an industry that is bringiuv many thousands of dollars into t h e State every y ea r , are ha nd icappe d and very of te n prohibited fr om making sh ipments of t he ir plants, The state of F lorida, whi le n ot surpassing Gl'ol'gi a a lon g this lin e, appropriates $~ 50 ,000 annually to its State P lant Board which does pra cti callv the same line of w ork as th e Georgia Stat e Board of Entomology with an appro priation of only $60,000. Th e State of Mississippi, where numb er s of plants from Georgia arc ofte n h eld u p because w e do n ot have th e fund s t o pay for the expe nse of the n ecesary in sp ection in Geor gi a, appropriates $250,000 for in specti on work and di seas e con tro l alon e. F or insect p est an d di sease con tro l Calif or n ia spends annualbv $288,000,
Th e Board r eal izes that it is impossible fo r th e memb er s of th e I, (\g-islature t o b(' fami liar w it h all th e problems eonf ro nt iu u t h e farm er s of th e State, or even t o he acquainted with th e industries of t h e differ ent sec tions. Ther ef or e w e haw su bmit t ed this conc ise statement so that the member s of th e I,egislaturp may kn ow wha t some of t h e problems are, an d if -poss ible ap pr opri ut e t lu- n ecesary fund s t o carry on ex-
]8

per im en t al wor k on the cont ro l of ins ect pests and plant di seases wit h which they have t o contend. If t his is done, di versified agr iculture in Geor gia will not be plac ed at a ser ious disadvant a ge wit h ot her states [wh er e very mu ch larger ap propr ia tio ns are mad e f or their prot ection agains t insect p est s an d plant diseases.
Geor gia is by f ar the greate st of the Southern Stat es ag r icult urally , with its diver sified soil, clima te and cr ops. Along all of these lines t he people are puttin g f orward gr eat efforts t o de velop t he diff er ent in du stries to the full est capacity of t he State. 'l'her efore we h ope t hat t he State Le gisla t ure will give them t he ai d that they rightly d eser ve and n eed, and approach mor e nearly the ' appropria tio ns giv en in ot her st at es t h at our citiz ens have t o comp lete and d eal with .
To con t inue t he presen t work as it should be d on e, that th e De par t ment is n ow con ducting, as outlined in this annua 1 r ep ort, an d t o meet all of these d emands as enume rated above, and the inc re ased cost of p rinting and t r aveling expenses, the D epa rtment is gr eat ly in n eed of a muc h larger annual appropr iat ion.
19

GEORGIA NURSERIES (1920-1921)

F ollow in g' is it list of th e Georgia nurseries ins pect ed for th e 1920-19:n sea son :

X A~I E

" ADD HESS

Acwor th N urs ery

: Acworth, Ga .

Ashford P a rk N urser ies

Atl an ta, Ga .

An sehul tz Nursery

"

Deca tur, Ga .

Anderson N ur sery . . .. . .. . . . .... . . . .... . .. . . Bremen, Ga .

A lexa n de r , Lawson H . .

Atl a nt a, Ga .

Al st on, Dr. N. C

Ri chland, Ga .

B arrow Count y N ursery

Carl, Ga .

B ign a ult Nurseri es

Sa va nna h, Ga .

B ulloch P eca n Co. .

Stat esb or o, Ga .

Bl a nd, Dan E . .

Stat esbor o, Ga .

Belcher, " ' . L. &: B. H

,

Whigh am , Ga .

B rown, C. ' V

Baco n ton. Ga .

B ulla rd Peca n N ursery

Albany, Ga .

Bacon, G. M ., Gr oves

DeW it t, Ga .

Baconto n Nurser ies

,

Baco nton , Ga.

B orn 's Pecan Nurse ry

~l cRa e , Ga.

Barn ard &, L ee

Atl anta . Ga.

Bar ber &, B Utler

Ft. Vall ey, Ga.

B ush, F . A . .

Richlan d, Ga.

Ca rrollton Nu rser ies

Ca rr ollt on, .Ga .

Concor d Nurseries . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Conc or d, Ga .

Cureto n Nurseries

Auste ll, Ga .

Ca rro ll County Nursery

Ca r r ollton, Ga .

Chattanoog a Nurseri es

Ken si ng ton, Ga .

Cordele Nursery

Cor dele, Ga.

Cit ro nelli e Nursery &, Orchar d Co. .

Brunswick, Ga .

Coas t al P la in s N ursery

Black shea r , Ga .

Ca mpbell , Mr s. A. .

_

Nay lor, Ga .

Copela nd, J . T . &, B. H . .

Shilo h, Ga .

Da hl, C. H. Co

Atl an ta , Ga .

Dixie Wholesal e Nu rse ry

~ rari e tta , Ga .

Dy er, T he Nurser y

LaFayette, Ga .

Dix ie Nur sery

Vald osta, Ga.

D eckner, Chas . .

Atlanta , Ga.

Dover, H . I.

Elli jay, Ga.

Dix on, S. C. .

Ma con, Ga .

Da le, ,V. A., F lori st

Ba inbridge, Ga .

Empire Nur series . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . Atl anta, Ga .

Erw in , C. U . . . . .. . . .... . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . Atlanta, Ga.

Ed wards, .J. C. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . .. . .. ~Iorganton, Ga .

E ll is, T . J

Gr iffin, Ga.

Eu ha rl ee Nursery

Rockma rt . Ga .

Eagle Nursery . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . Cor dele, Ga.

En ot a Nurser ies

Hiaw assee, Ga .

Fruit la nd Nurseries

Augu sta, Ga .

F ormby, J . A. .

Rome, Ga .

Freeman, F . K

Athens, Ga.

Georg ia N ur sery Co

;

Concor d, Ga .

Gheesling, Mrs. J . H . .

Gree nsboro , Ga .

Georg ia Experiment Station

Experi men t . Ga .

Garv in, H . J . & Son

Menl o, Ga .

Gr an t t, G. B. .

Chalybea te , Spring s, l3a.

20

GEORGIA NURSERIES-Continued .

"\ DDR E SS

H a r rlnwny P ecan Xu rser ies . _.... . . . .. . . .. . Putney; Ga .

Ho ga ns ville Nurseri es

Hogansvil le, Ga .

Ho r n, C. H . .

:\Iaeon, Ga.

Ha rt well N ur sery

Hartwell, Ga.

Hiwas see Nurseri es . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . Hiawassee, Ga .

Harris, W . H

Ft. Vnley , (;a.

H unt , T. J

:\[i ln er , Ga .

Holla nd P eca n N ursery

By ron, Ga .

H astings, H . G. Co

At la n ta, Ga .

Idle H our N ur sery

Xlaeon , Ga.

I vey Cot t a g e Gard en s

Th omasvill e. (; a.

Jackson, J. H . .

Winder, Ga .

Johns on, J . H . .

Rome, Ga .

Taunit a N ur sery . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . ... Decatur, l.a .

Jordan, E . V. .

Mill edgevil!. ( 'a .

Ka t zenstein , Ott o

Atlanta, Ga .

K eh eley, J. T

Columb us, (' ''.

LaFaye tte N ursery

L aFayet t e, (; " .

Lo tt P eca n N urse ry

Way cr oss, G" .

Magnolia Hill N urser ies

Meigs, Ga.

Magn olia N ur sery

Cairo, Ga.

Mo rr ill, C. IV. .

Ma con , Ga .

Ma aon & Green . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Gr ay, Ga .

Marshall, .M. H

Daw son, Ga .

Middle Georgia Nu rsery

S a n de rs vil le, I; a .

Mosely, C. M. S: J . P

Byron, Ga.

Mille r N u rser ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Bacont on, Ga.

Mor ris, H . 1II. S: Co. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. . Waresboro, (;a.

Madd en , J . :'II. . .. . . . . ... . . . ... . . .. . .. . . . . . . Man ehoster, Ga.

M iddleb ro oks, H. R . .

Barn esvill e, Gn.

McA fee, ?l1a j or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . F t. Va lley, (la .

:\leHan, Mr s. Ali ce

Cu th bert, Ga.

N imbleweill X urse rv

Dahlo neg a, Ga .

Oelschig , A. E. & Sons

Sa va n na h, Ga .

Orr , Cra ig

Athen s, Ga .

Oxfor d. :\f rs. C. H

Wili amson , Ga.

P ike Count y N ur sery

Con cor d, Ga .

P a rro tt Nursery Co

Parrott, Ga.

P ierc e Coun ty N ur sery

B la ck she ar, Ga .

P ine Mountnin N urse ry

Shiloh, Ga .

Pea rso n. IV. .1' '. .

Ft. Vall e." , Gn.

P ope, W. W

Moultri e, Ga.

Richar dson, A. IY

Savannah, Gn ,

\ Y. H. Buchanan

Atl a nta , Ga .

Rod Pe ca n Nursery

Al ban y . Ga .

Ru mph, Sam

'

,

:\[a rshalhill p. Ga .

Rush. :\[r s. .Tno. P

Adairsvi lln, Ga .

St r ickln ud, Glenn E

Conc or d, Ga .

St ull> 's N ur sery

Augusta', Ga .

St on.. :\[ounta in P.ont anical Ga rdens

St one :\1ouut ai n, ( ;a .

St one, B. W

Th oma svillr-, Ga .

St at on . A . )1. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Clermont. On.

Sm it h: 1'. D . .

Tifton. Ga .

Southern Nu t T ree N ur series

Th oma svill r-, Ga .

Bean or , .I . B.

Fit zi!:e r a ld . Ga .

21 .

GEORGIA NURSERIES-Continued.

ADDRESS

S t ate Colleg e of Agriculture Division of H or t iculture
'I'a rn ok, Sigmon d, D eal er Tool, J. IV Thoma svill e Nursery Tuck, B ros Nurse ri es Wa chen dor ff B ros. . Wolf', Jno. . West V iew Cemet a ry As socia tion Wight , .J. B. Woodru ff , Cha s, N W illi a ms, Dr. IV. P. . Wi se Bros. . W ells, E . C

Ath ens, Ga. Augusta, Gn. Xla con, Ga . Thomas vill e, Ga . T homa svill e, Ga. Atl anta, Ga . Savannah, Ga . Atlan ta , Ga . Cairo, Ga . Macon, Ga . Blac ks hea r , Cia. Montezum a , Ga . Talbo t ton , Ga .

GEORGIA SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES (1920-1 921)

XA:\ lE

AlJDHESS

Ab er crombie, 'I' . D. . . .. . . . ... .. .. .. .. . Ashburn, Ga .

Adam s, \V . S . .

Sevile, Ga .

Adam s, A a ron

Dou gla s, Ga .

Ahl , C. S . .

B axlev, Ga.

"T. Aiken s, F. ,,1.

Ask ew, A .

&; Co. .

F end er, Ga . F olk st on , Ga .

All en, J . C. .

Fo lks t on. Ga .

A lexa nde r, W , II

Na sh ville, Ga.

Aldrirlgc, R. .\L

Hocki ng ha m, C.

Bat ren, .I. R. .

Hickox, Ga.

B oles, W. 1.

As hburn, Ga .

Blalock 's P lant Fa rm

Thomasvill e. ( :a.

Bower , R. E . .

Ballard, H . &; R.

~

Dixie, Ga . . Pavo, Ga.

B ed on , S. \Y . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Fender , Ga .

B rooks County P la nt and T ruc k Farm

Ba rwi ck, Ga.

Bolton , J". L . .

Tifton, Ga.

Bl an d, " ' . \ V. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Baxley , Ga.

B arrs, J. A . .

Hahira, Ga .

Brannen, L. A. .

Baxl ey, Ga.

Bolto n, J. L

Ti fton , Ga .

B onn er . I V. H . .

H ah ira, Ga .

Baxley P lant Co. .

Baxley, Ga .

B rigma n, .I , H . .

Baxl ey , Ga .

Barber, D. M. .

Baxley , Ga.

B urke, S am Sr. .

F en der , Ga .

Burke, Sa m .Ir. .

F ender , Ga.

J3lan t on, G. G

Shiloh , Ga.

B roo ks , R. ,J

Bax ley, Ga .

Bruce 'Wh ole sa le P lant Company

Va ld osta . Ga.

Bailey , Z. .

H ahi ra, Ga .

Brown , A . V

Dougla s, Ga .

Blakely Farms B ovorl v , L , T

Blakely , Ga .
Ochlocknee. r:n.

Boa twright . IV. H

Alm a , Ga .

B ak er, n . .T . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Mou ltri e, Ga .

B e r ~ s t , ' i ll er . W . K

Vnld ost n. Ga.

22

._ \

GEORGIA SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

ADDR ESS

Boyd, R. A . .

F olkst on, Ga .

Bowe n, Leroy

Baxley, Ga.

Bo ne , W . H . J r

Doug la s, Ua .

Banks, W. D

, Cordele, Ga .

Coleman Plant Co. .

, .. Tifton , Ua .

Caut hen, E . A . .

Fender, Ua .

Conge r, R. B.

'rif ton, Ga .

Clements, H . M. .

Pitt s, Ga .

Clar k P la nt Co. .

Thom a svi lle. Ga .

Cr a ne J . B. Plan t Co

Dixie, Ga .

Cr isp, J . H . .

F ender, Ga.

Cla us, G. E . .

Val dosta , Ua.

Copela nd, A. A . .

Va ldo st a , Ga .

Coffee, J. P

Val dosta , l;a .

Ca ut hen, ,J . R. .

Tifton, Ga .

Clark, E . R.

Ochlock nee, (; a .

Ca mp bell , W . E . .

,

',

Vit zgeral d , Ga .

Caut hen, G. L

'

,

r end er. Ga .

Cas per Hid e &. Skin Co., P la nt Departm eu t , 1'it zge ra l,l , Ga .

Ca rg ile, J. F ,

,

Dougla s, Ga.

Ga r den, N . F . .

H a tl ey, Ga .

Coyne, H. F . & Son

,

(~ ll itm a n , Ga .

Carlisle Seed & P la nt Fa rms

Vuld osta, Ga .

Cordele Pla n t Far ms

Cordele, Ga .

Colli ns, 'I' , A . .

Ellaville, Ga .

Clyatt, R. ~r.

Nashvill e, Ga .

Ca r te r, E . E . .

Hazlehu rst , (: a .

Coa st al Pl a ins Nurseri es

Bla cksh ear. Ca .

Coleson-Dasher Fa rms,

Va ldosta. Ga .

Da vis, J. T . .

_

Tifton, Ga.

Da niel, H. II.

H a ga n, Ga.

Dean Mattie B

Baxl ey, Ga .

Davis, J . IV. .

Val .l os t a , ( ; :1.

Dyer, J . A . .

,

Va ldosta, Ga .

Duke, P. W. ' . . '

Od um, Ga .

Dunham, },L N

Syca more, (; a ,

Di smuke, Z. C

Mvstic. Ga .

Dent & Fla nders ,

,

,

Ocilla, ' Ga.

Dowd, O. N

Ty '!'y, Ga .

Davis Plant Co

Tifto n, Ga.

Deen, D. H. .

Baxl ey, Ga .

Dorris Plant Co. .

Valdosta , Ga .

Doyle &" Moon

Shil oh, Ga .

Dasher, J . A. P lant Co. .

Va ldost a, Ga .

Deen , Vict or

Alma , Ga .

Dukes, W. F

Hah ira, Ga .

Ev ans, Mrs. Ad die

.tt ra bn rn, Ga .

Ellington, J . W

vlan nssa s, Ga.

E conom y Plan t Co

Tifto n, Ga .

Exurn, J . K . .

Mill town , Ga .

E nigma Pl a nt Co. .

Eni gm a, Ga.

E lt on P lant Co Em erald Farm s

: . . Lumb er Cit y. (:a . ~Ieigs , Ga. '

Far mers Co-Op P lan t Co

,

Homelan d, (:a .

F ullwood, P. D

,

Ti f t on . (, a .

23

GEORGIA SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

~ A :\ IE

.\ DD HESS

Fortson , C. W

'

Fe a gle, Geo

F lythe, .J. C. .

1<'i"o st Proof Plan t Co. .

Fo sset t Plant Co. .

F a r rer, W . ~I.

Ga r riso n , C. H

Gea ratory, Wm . C. Co. .

Geiger, W . L . .

Ga ntt, ' V. X

Godwi n , E . A

( :eorg ia -T exas P la n t Co. .

Gri ffin, J . P

Glooson , J . J. .

Hamby, A

HuJin g, S. R

II oll is, S. E . .

Hamby, W. C

lIu ling , H. E . .

H oll is, \V. A. Co. .

Hea d, B . ,J.

Ha wki ns, ~rrs. .J. L . .

Howell , Jas

Hunt, J. E

Harr is & Co., O. .L.

Hollan d , .J. C. .

Hightower, O. H . .

H a mbr ick , .J. B.

1I01t0n , .J. ~r.

lI er r in , R. B.

H nlhnnn , W ash

Howell , .I, P . . ~

Howell. C. A. .

H arwell, \ V. L.

.

Henr y, .Iam es ~r.

.

Harris P lan t Co.

.

In gram Plan t Co. .

.Ia r ra rd Pl au t Co

.Ic ff'erson Farms

.Icnki n s P lant Co. .

.Johns, \V. E . .

.Ton es, G. N

J a ckson & Co. .

.Iohnson , .T. \ v

K enog a P lant Co

Kin g , .I . T

Ki mbro, E. L

K ennison, L . H. .

K nox, F. ~r.

Ki na rd, S. S. .

K in g , G. E . .

K insey Wh olesal e Pl an t Co. .

K endall, \V. P . .

1G n g", .Ia s, ~ r.

Lamb, \ V. T

Li IHIsC'.,. \V. \V. .

Cor dele, Ga. Val dosta, Ga . Hahira , Ga. B os t on , Ga . Bax ley, Ga . Ashbu rn, Ga. Pavo, Ga . Tifton, Ga . Valdost a , Ga . Ha zeleh urst . Ga. Le n ox, Ga . Va ldo sta, Ga. Baxley , Ga . Ro ck ingh am , Ga. Clya t t vill e, Ga. Fo lks to n, Ga . Baxley , Ga . Claya t tvill e, Ga . Fo lkst on, Ga . Tifton, Ga . Alm a, Ga . Hatley , Ga. Vald osta, Ga. Sev ill e, Ga . Cor de le, Ga . Ashburn, Ga. Val dos ta , Ga . Ray City, Ga. Rocking ham , Ga. Win okur, Ga . Syc amo re, Ga. Vald osta , Ga. Val dosta , Ga.. Sy ca more, Ga . Doe run, Ga . Warwick , Ga . Jesup, Ga. Alban y, Ga . Alba ny , Ga . Sumner. Ga. Wi nokur, Ga . Ashbnrn, Ga . ,\ lma , Ga . Valdosta, Ga. Th om a svill e, Ga. Lenox , Ga . Ashbu ru, Ga. Fl ok st on, Ga . H ickox, Ga . Len ox , Ga . Howell, Ga . Vnld ostn, Ga . Val dosta, Ga. Pitts, Ga . Su mne r, Ga . I' uvo, Ga .

24

GEORGIA SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

NA~IE

ADDRE SS

L ipha m, \ V . T. .

Feu .Ic r, (:a.

Lambert, E . A . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . ... . .... Den t uu , (; a .

Ma this, J . A. .

Ti f ton . Ga .

Mit ch ell. W . T . .

Fol ks ton . (:a .

Murray; E . A

Col umuus , Ga .

Moore , ~r. A . .

8 n" I<'.'" . Ua .

::'fansor P lan t Co. .

V n ldostn , Ga.

Millhou se, T all y '

Vnldost u, Ga .

::. rcL cod Bros. .

Vu ldosta, Ga .

Ma ck ey, B. ~I.

Va ldost n, Ga .

McEl vcv- F'utch Co ~c Clellon , J . R.

Va ldost a , Ga .

,

I{,,,,kingham . Ga .

Moore , \". H

, , .,

:'\a .'" lor , .Ga .

Med der s, B . B.

,

It' ll'kingha nl. Ga .

.'.IcD onal d, \"Ill

\ ' ,tldosta. ( :a.

McD ona] .I, A . \V

Vul.lostn , (; a .

::'IcClell on . L. W . .

Arlcl . ( ;a.

MeDonald, H osea

Hah ir a. ( :a .

Moor e, H . G

Vul dost n, (; a .

Mal com , K. N

T~' T y , Gn,

M ille r, 1. .I .

,

(:I'ah alll . Ga .

Mill er, R. R.

,

l l uzclhu rs t , Ga .

::.non k , B. F

:'\a\'lor . Ga.

Ma rchm au, G. '1'. .

I' il;" Grov e, Ga .

N ewb urn , E . E

I l nil }!l :l s, Ga.

N orth , Rn v

Hatley. Ga .

Ni cholson. T . W. . ,
Norton, L. N

( Ivatt \"ille. Oa . Rockingh am , Ga.

Oak s, 'I' he Fa rm
Owen s, .r.. F

Guyt on. On . Vnldost n , n a .

O 'S tec n J . C. .

Alm a , Ga .

Out la w .J. \ V

Hnhi rn. (:a .

Parker Farms

"

:'Ifoul t ri e. Gn.

Pitt s & Clement s

I' a \"0 . Ga .

Pope. Ira L

flol'ki ngh a nl, Ga .

Powell P lan t Co

'I'hom nsvi lle. Ga .

Pa ri s, T . N

I,'it zg ernld. n a .

Pavo P lan t Co. .

P av o, Ga .

P arrish, O. P . .

Clya tt vilee, Ga .

P iedmont P lant Co. . P iedmon t College

Alhanv. Ga . n em o~e st. Ga .

Patricks & Ro berts

O lllega . Ga .

Pierce, .J. A . .

Roek ingham. Ga .

P itt ma n , W. L. .

Tifton . Ga .

P inson, G. E . .

P itts, Ga.

P la nt ers P roducts Co

\ ontez llln n, Ga .

Peter s, C. C. .

Vnld ostn , Ga.

Pi ns on , A . H . .

R\"I\"(~.ste r , Gn .

Parrish, H . E . .

Xloult r ie, Ga .

P otat o Curing & Sto rage Co

Helen a , Ga.

P or t er Plant Co

T~' T~', Ga .

Ragsdale, J . A. G

("itzg eral d, Gn .

Reed. H enry

Valdosta , Ga .

Rentz P lant Co

Xn shville, Ga .

Ragsda le. E. C. .

:

F itzgera ld, Gn,

Roys t er , H . C.

Clv a t t vi llo Ga .

25

GEORGIA SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

ADDRE SS

Rolland, J no. .

Clya t t ville, Ga .

Sa lter, H . D . .

P it ts, Ga .

Shivers, J . :'1.

'I' if'tun . (i a .

Sumne r R. B.

T'if' t ou . ( ia .

S tan ley, T. P

Quitma n, Ga .

Ste wa rt, .J. D

Quitman, Ga .

So uthern N ut T re es Nursery

T'homu svill e, Ga .

Ship p Plan t Co. .

Cor dele, Ga .

Schoe r Plant Co

Valdosta . Ga .

St udstill, J no. .

Ous ley, Ga .

St ro ng, ~r. L . .

Val dost a , Ga .

Sexto n P lant Co. .

Vald osta , Ga .

St okes , F. F . .

Fitzgerald , Ga .

S taunton Fa rm

Len ox, Ga.

Sto kes, 1. L. .

P it ts, Ga .

S t rai n, R . A. .

Darien , Ga .

S immons , ' V. D . .

Xlilltow n , Ga .

S to ne, J . H . .

Baxley, Ga.

Sout hern P lan t. a nd Produce Co

Tifton , Ga .

So u th Georgia P lan t Co. .

Alm a, Ga.

S mit h, E. J

'. . Hah ira , Ga.

Se minole Nurseri es

Tifton, Ga.

Seaside Farms

Ti fto n , Ga .

Smith. C .L . .

Bax ley , Ga .

Standfill, L . :'1.

Hahira , Ga .

Stallings, .T. W . .

Val dosta , Ga .

Studst ill, J . T . .

Val dosta, Ga.

Sewell, .J. V

Tifto n, Ga .

Sou thern Pla nt Cll. .

_. _

Adel , Ga .

Scoggins , ,J. A. .

_ Cooledge, Ga .

Tarver, C. ~I. . _

__. . _

Valdost, Ga .

T aylor, A . T

Tifton, Ga .

T urner, Luther

Ad el , Ga .

Tu ck er, 'V. R.

S t . S imons , Isla nd , Ga.

Trayler, B. C
Turner , G. ' V. .

Cordele, Ga.

_

Baxl ey, Ga .

Turner Count y Plan t Co. .

Ash burn. Ga.

T ou cht on, .J. T. .

' . . . . Va ldosta. Ga.

-:' ift on P ot ato Co. .

_

_

, . T if t on , Ga .

T hom a s, 'Yalter

_

Hoboken, Ga.

T homn sville Pl a n t. Co. .

'I'homnsvil fo, Ga.

Ty Ty Produce Co. .

," . T'y Ty , Ga .

Ta rver, F. D. .

_

Val dost a. Ga.

Varner P la nt Co. .

__

Ty Ty . Ga.

Vict ory Plant Co

" as hville, Ga.

Ward , R. W . .

_ __

Clya tt ville Ga .

Wl'bb's S to ck S: P lant 'Farm

P av o, Ga .

W im am s . .I a mes -

_

\\:!li!l', D . xr.

,

Coffee Ga. Baxley , Ga .

Will iums, H. L. .

Bax ley , Ga .

Wa lker , .T. O. .

_

Syea nlOrl'. Ga .

' Va ng htel , C. W . .

H om eland . Ga.

White .J. H . .

Baxley , Ga.

Wis enbaker. W . L . .

Valdosta Ga .

Will iam son . R . .T. .

Ti ft on, Ga .

26

GEORGIA SWEET POTATO CERTIFICATES-Continued.

NA:\IE

ADDRESS

Wisen bak er , J . O Willis, J . R. . 'Webb, J . B . .
Watson , W . L. .
Whit e, C. W . . Williams, J . ~L 'Wood, C. J . . Womack, Mrs . O. E . . W ill ett, N. L. Seed Co Will is, C. M. .
\ViIlS]OW, A. .

Va ldo sta, Ga .

Tifton, Ga .

Hahira, Ga .

Fen der, Ga.

Ha zlehurst, Ga .

Baxley, Ga.

T homa sville, Ga .

F ender, Ga .

Aug usta, Ga .

Ti fton, Ga .

'

Dem or est , Ga .

OUT OF STATE NURSERIES

(1 920-1921 )

.:\urseri cs out sid e of Geor gi a wishing t o sell nursery sto ck in t It is State ar e r equ ir ed to file a copy of t h eir or igin al cer tifi cate of the inspec to r of t he State wh ere t h e nursery is locate d an d sign an ag r eement to fumi gat e stock prio r to shipment.
Th e foll owing is a list of nurseri es ou ts id e of the St ate au t hor ized t o sell stock in Geor gia in 1 !J ~ O - 1 !) 2 1.

ADDRES S

Am eri can Rose S: Plant Co. .

A nd ora Xursery

Baines, E lla V. .

Ba ss, 1. E . S: So n

Biloxi Xursery

Brown Bros. Co. .

Bobbink & Atkins

Bill Da d Nurser y Co. .

:

Brown, F . W

B echt el P ecan N ursery

Burkett Nursery Co. .

B ohlender , P et er

Childs, .I no, L ewis

Commerc ial N ur sery Co. .

Ceda r H ill Nursery $: Orcha rd Co

Chase Nurser y Co. .

Cumberla nd N ur series

Commerc ial Nursery Co

Ca rol Plantation

Cont inen ta l P lan t Co. .

Cit ro nellie Nur sery & Or cha rd Co

Cali f orn ia Nursery

Calif orn ia Pecan & Orange Ra nch

Chip oln N ur sery

Draim e Bros. .

Dr eer, H enry A

E astern Nur sery Co. .

Empire Farm $: Nursery Co

Ev ergreen Nurseries

Springfield, O.

Ph iladelphia, Pa .

Sp r ingfie ld, O.

L umbert on, M iss,

'

Biloxi , Mi ss.

Rochester, N. Y .

Ruther fo rd, N. J .

S mi t hville , Tenn.

Rose Hill, N. Y .

Ocean Springs, Xl iss,

Columbia , Miss.

Tip pecanoe, O.

Floral Park, N . Y.

Decher d, Tenn .

Win chest er , Tenn.

Chase, Ala .

Winchest er , Ten n.

Mon ti cell o, Fla.

The odor e, Ala.

Kittrell , N . C.

Cit ronellei, Ala.

Ni les, Cal.

H elena, Mi ss.

Newahi t chka , Fla .

Cit ran eIlie, Ala .

Riverton, N . J .

Clevela nd , 'I'enu.

Bail eyton, Ala .

Conwa y, S . C.

27

OUT OF STATE NURSERIES-Continued

KAME

A DDRESS

E lm City :'-i ur ser y Cu. . . . , . , " " ,

:'\e ll' H a \'e n, Coun .

E ag le P eca n Co. .

,..,

,'

P itt svi ew, Al a .

F a rq uha r, H. & .J.

" '" '

licd ha m, Ma ss.

F or rest N ursery Co. , ., . , ' , . ' .. ' " ., .. , .. ' , \ 1,~ ~ fi nD\'il!e, T en n .

Florida Nurse ri es

', .. ' . . , , '

, . vlon t iecllo, F la .

First National Nurser ie s

, " ' . , " , , l1 ochest er, :'\ . Y.

Fancher Creek N ur sery ' . , .. ' , '" , ,. F resno, Cal.

Gene va Nurse r , Co. . Glen St. ;\fary' Nurser y

'<; "n e\a. N. Y. (~I en St. Mary, F la .

Glen Bros. .

Ito chost er. N. Y .

Gr eenvi lle Nursery Co Globe N urser ies ~

,

Greenv ille, S. C.

Brist ol , Tenn .

Good & Rees e

Sp ri ngfi eld, O.

Great W estern Plant Co. .

S pr in g field . O.

H a rdy & Field Seed & N ur ser y Co

K a nsa s Ci ty . ~ f l) .

Hi ll, D. Nursery Co. .

Dund ee, Ill.

H a r la n F a r ms Nursery
Hal e. .r. C. Nursery Co
H arr ison 's Nurseries

Paxton, Fla. ,Vinchester , T enn . Berlln , ~Id .

H untsvil le 'Wholesale N urseries

l I untsv ille, ..\ la .

Hubbarel . T . S. Co

Fre do nia, N . Y .

H owell N urs eri es

Kn oxville, T enn .

Hill enm ver, II . F . & So n
H all , L . : Co

Lexin g ton, K y . Hochcs ter, K . Y.

rr owa r d-Hi ckory Co

Hi ckory, N. C.

.Jackson & Perki ns

Xewark, N. J.

I n ter-State N urser ies

Muccleun y , Fla.

Kel1 l'~' B ro s., Nurseri es

Dan sville, N . Y.

Killian Nursery '

X owton N . C.

K ello g-g , R. ~I. Co

Th re e myer s, ~[ i c h .

K ron or, .I, :III. Nursery

Kr oner, Ala.

L aPoin t N ur sery Co

, .. . . . . . . . ... . . . Gene va, N . Y.

Lama r. ' V. B . .

Mont icell o. Fl a.

L ightfoot, J ohn

East Chntt a noojra. 'I'en n..

Mnr blc City N ur sery Co. .

K noxville, T enn .

~Ii ,l <ll e T enness ee Nursery

~Ie~Ii n n\'lll e, T e nn .

Moun t A rbo r N ur ser ies

Sh ena ndoa h, I owa .

Meehan , Th os. B . Co. .

, . . Dresher, Pa .

Moon, Wm . IT. .

\ f orrisvi llo, Pa,

Meehan, .I , F ranklin

Philadelphia, P a .

Mayo. T. G. & Co. .

Rochest er, N . Y.

Mon ti cello Nur ser y Co. .

Mont icello , Fl a .

Mount Oli ve Nursery

Smith vil le, Ten n.

Moun t S terling Nurser y

Sm it hv ille, Tenn.

Mun son Nurseries

Deni son, T exa s.

Moun t, H ope N ur series

Sm it hville, Tenn.

?\'ew Orl ean s P ecan Nursery Co. .

N ew Orl ean s, L a .

Ocea n Springs Pecan Nursery

Ocea n S pri ngs, ~fi ss .

Onarg a Nursery Co. .

On a rga , III. '

P a ttie, F . A. .

Winchester, T enn .

P ioneer Or cha rd & Nursery Co

Irvington, Ala .

Piggott Nurse r ies :

P iggott, Ark.

Ra leigh N ursery Co.'

Gnrn er, N . C.

Roseha nk Nursery

Wincheste r, Tenn.

Rice, T . W

Gene va, N . { .

28

OUT OF STATE NURSERIES-Continued

Sou. X ursery Co

Winches ter , T enn .

S oun deregg er Nurser y &: Seed . House .. ... ... H":ltl i,... Xeb .

S t a r k B ros. N ursery & Orchard Co. .

Loui sian a , :\[0.

S to r rs & Harrison Co. .

1':1 i nesville, O.

Si mpso n Nursery Co. . ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Mon ti cello, Fl a . .

So u. Xnrsery Co

M onticell o, Fl a .

S hennudoa h Nurser ies

S henn nd oah, I owa.

'V. Southern N ursery Co. .

Sca r ff,

N . & Sons

~'-a l" rl e n n ~ , Fl a . v.u r lis le, O.

Shahan Bros. .

W in chest er, T e nn .

St okes, E . E . .

C'am p" illc, Fla .

Summit t Nurser ies

Xlont iccllo, Fla .

S ha dow, .Io e Nursery Co. .

Whu-hestor , Te nn .

S ha dy L an e Nursery Co. .

Smit hville, T en n.

S t eckler Se ed ' Co

Xew Orl ea ns . L a .

S ummit Nu rse ri es

Foley , Ala .

Seven Spri ngs N ur sery Compa ny

S mit hville , Te nn .

T ayl or, H. S. & Co

Roch est er , X. Y.

Th omas. ' V. ' V

Anna, Ill.

T enn essee N ur sery Co. . . ... . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. Cle vela nd , T enn .

Texas Nursery Co. .

Sh erm an , Tex.

U . S. Th e Nurser y Co. .

Rosea eres, Xl iss ,

Va n L in dl ey , J. Nu rsery Co

Po mona , N . C.

Val desi an Nu rseri es

Bost ic, N. C.

Virgin ia N ur ser ies

Rich mond . V a ,

Vau ghn 's Seed Store

Chica g o. Ill.

'Webst er Parish N ur ser y

Si bley , L a .

Wil lad ean N ursa ri es

Spa rta. Ky.

W est ern N orth Ca r olina Nurser y

St ecoa h, N . C.

W estmi ni ster Nurse ry Co. .

West ministe r, ~ rd .

W est Hill Nur seri es

F redon ia , N . Y .

W oodlnwn Xur seri es

RO"h est er, N . Y .

"" inchest pl' Xurserv Co. .

Wi nchest er , T enn.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
RECEIPTS AX D DISBURS EMEX TS . .Ta n ua ry 1, 1 9 ~ 0 to D ecem ber 31, 1 9 ~ O .

RECEIPTS

From Sta te T reu surer

$60,000 .00

From Sa le o f Prollu cts-Ya ldo sta . .. . . . . . . . . . 164. 20

F rom Sail' of Pr-o<l ul't s-Thom as ville . ... . . . .. . 1 ,6~1.:; S

Sa le of L in t Cot ton- General OIEce .. .. . . ... .

ao.oo

T OTAL RE CEIPTS J an . I , HI ~ O , B al an ce

. $ GI. S I:i. i .

.

l liS.1i9

$6 J ,!)-;+.47

D ISBURSEMENTS

SAT, ARI E S :

E n to mologist & Ass istan t s

Off ice

"

Cot ton Breeders

$ 11,6 88. 76
: i , B :i . OO
l a , 0 7 2 . :i 3 - $ 29 , S flG . ~ 9

T R AY ELTXG : E ntom ologi st & Assis tan ts B oa rd M emb er s Cot t on Breed ers

$ 3,H 7.a n . .626.76
. 6,8:;S.23- $ 1O ,9?'~ .~ fl

Ed m-nt io nnl
A rt a n.l Ph ot o S upplies Stnt ioncr v a nd Off'ice S up pli es F'reijrh t and Ex press , Gen er a l Offi ce B ullet in s a nd Circ ula rs M iscell nneous O fl'i.-e Ex pen se P ost al! p. Tel eph one :1I111 'Tel egram s Lihrn rv L nb urn t nrv L nho r

$ 27.;;0
. a6 .09 . 'l 6a .7G . 88.iS . 1,44 8.14 . l ,a7 6,-tfl . :iGS.:;a . Gt-.1 :; . Iflfl,'i :i - $ +,17:U fl

FIELD E XPENSE: ( 'o tton Seed Field Sup pli es F ield E xpe nse

$ I, G:i 8.73
. ~. 8 0 0. 7 2 . 1,784.62 -$ 6 ,~4 4 . 07

VALD OST A S 'L \ T I0:\" :

" ' ag es

$ 1,926 ,8:;

S eeds

.

48.7:i

Fre iuht nnd Express

.

54.9 0

O ff'ice S upplie s

. 287.22

r ich] Sup plies

. 638.G4

P ostage. T eleph on e an d T eleg ram s . . 20". 71

Trawling Expense

. 4!l8.00

:\fi sccllan eous Expen se

.

10~.6i

Fi ol.I Expen se

. 404.G;)

11 ,' n t

.

n.OO- $ 4 ~ 1 , ;:::. ;r;

T OTALS

$ 4.17 3.37 $52.562.8;' $61.98 +.47

30

T O'fA:LS FORWARDED

s 4,17:!.:J7 ~ 52 .56 :! . 85

THO:MASVILLE ST A'fIOX :

W ag es

$ :2,:200.09

Seed

: .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.:25

Freight a nd Ex pres s

16 :2 . 2 :2

F ie ld Supp lies

701. 1 6

F ield E xpens e

1,061.71

Off ice S upplies

:26.75

Postage, Tele phon e and Telegram s . . 75.:20

T raveling Expense

769.5 3

Xl isc ella neo us Expense

16;3.10

R en t

300 .00

La bora tory S uppl ies

:28 .67-$ ;;, ;-; % .68

. 61.984.47

BAX]..E 1 ST AT IO:" : W ag es

* 1,3:29.:20

Freigh t a nd E xp ress

. ] ;)1.4 7

Seed

. 34.10

Fi eld Supplies

. :243. 75

Fi eld E xp ense

. 113. 90

Sa ck Accoun t

.

:24.4;)

Off'icc Su pp l ies

. ] ::6.4 0

!:osta~c, T elephon e Hull Te legra ms ..

8 .a5

I ra.\"cll ug

.

:;'00

Xli scellnneous E xp ense

.

a8.;) !J-:1'

TOTAL E XPEXS I.;S

.

:1'li:I,099 .1IJ

De c. 31, ] 9:20, Ha luur-e O vcrd rnwn

PROOF :

U ndis t ributed I':xp en se A d j us tments

$ I!I ,Ii:1

A dv unec on l'o tlu n- Va ldosta ( Obtui no.I by

1. w. W ill i:lIns )

.1 ,0 1111.111 1

Adva nce on Cot tu u-s-Bnxlev ( Obta ined by

1. W . W ill i:lIns ) . . . . . :. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. :.!1I1 1.ilIJ

:1' 1,11 4.6::

On Dep osit-Fulto n X a t . Bank B a lan ce du e h.,' I. \\' . Wi llia ms

::: 1,:2I!I.( HJ

$ 17,1i+

S 7.4 :.!

111:; ,1ll i-$ I, 1l4 .li::

RECO NCILE MEN T O F ACC O UNT W I T H FU L T O N NATIONAL BANK , ATLAN TA , GA .

DECEMBER 31 , 1920.

Dec. 31, ] 9:.! O, Bal an "e per Bank Statement

::::.! Ij l. l:j

DE D UCT CH EC K S O UTSTAX DIXG :

. X o. 850

::: :U lil

N o. 1374

$ n.ss

No. 1376

. l S ,I1I 1

N o. 13 78

. .J III.on

N o. 1379

. lU I:.!

No. 1380

. 11111.1111

X o. .J 381

'

. I.! I 1- ::: ~ 1:-L51

Dee. 3], ]!l :20. Ba lan ce pel' cas h .Iuuru nl.. . " . . . .

'""

1 7 ,1i '

Proper vouchers a nd ite mized receip ts cover-ing a ll t he dis bnrscm ents ar e 0 11 file i ll t he otfit l' of t he ~t a t c En tomologist.

3]

I hcr ehv cer tif v tha t the above is a tru e sta te ment of the re ceipt s a;1<1 di s}n;rscments of th e Department f'or the year 1920 as aud it ed by Alonzo Ri cha rdson & Company.
Resp ectfull y submitt ed, A . C. IJKWIS . State En tomo louist.

Georgia State Board of Entolllology

BULLETIN 61 R EV ISI ON OF BULLETINS J UNE 192?

43 AI'iD 57

...

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASllfS Of IHf PfACH
BY W. W. CHASE
Assist ant Sta te Entomologist

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
Organization and Staff
HON. J. J . BRo\VN, Chairm an, Commissio ner of Agri culture, Atlanta.
HON. R. C. BERCKIIIANS, Horti culturist, Ma con .
COh ' V. D. H AiI'LMACK, Agriculturist, Coleman, Ga.
W. V. REED, State. Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. L. NEESE, Secr etary and Tr easurer , Atlanta.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Gen eral Field Ag ent .
(I n Cha rge of 'I' homa svillo, Va ldo sta a lld Ba xky St a t ions }
W. W . CH ASE, Ass ist ant State En tomologist, Cor n elia.
' V. F . 'l'UR NER, Assistant E ntomologist , Atla nta
D. C. \ VARH E:\ , Ass istant Ent omologist , Va ldost a.
B. 1\1. GADDIS, Superintend ent Valdost a Station, Va ld ost a.
W . H. LEO NARD, Superintendent Th omasvill e Stati on, Th omasvill e.
C. H . GADDIS, Superintendent Baxl ey Sta t ion, Baxley .
J . C. MANESS, Field Agent, At lanta.
J . M. MALLOY, F ield Agent, Mac onJ . H . PRESSLEY, Field Ag ent, Va ldost a.

SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES
The Winter, or Dormant, Spray.
F or Sa n J ose Scale, scab and leaf curl, sp ray with lime-sulphur solu t ion at any time after the leav es hav e shed in the fall. Bett er r esults are to be had if t h e spraying is do ne only on days that n aturally favor a thorough ap plication. Dilu t e t he concent rat ed solution according to th e table on p age 42. Or chards badly in f est ed wi th scale sho uld be sp rayed twice, on e in the fall and again in late win ter , Spray t ho ro ughly.
The Summer Spray Schedule.
F oll owin g is a sch edul e of fo ur sprayings of th e fruit and foliage f rom t he t ime the bl oom petals she d up to wi th in three weeks or a month of r ip en in g, t he time eac h application sh ould be made and t he f ormul a t o use:
1. F or curculio, Spray imm ediately after the blo om pet als have fa llen with on e (1) lb. p owdered arsenat e of lead t o fifty (50) gallons wat er , addin g milk of lime solution made from three (3) lbs. lump lime or fo ur (4) lb s. hydrated lime. Spray thoroughly.
2. F or cu re ulio. This is known as th e first cov er spray. Apply when shucks are she ddin g. See Plate on ba ck cov er . Use sa me formula as in N o. 1. Spray' thoroughly .
3. F or cu rculio , scab and brown r ot. Us e one (1 ) lb . powdered lead arsenate t o each fifty (50) gallons self-boiled limesulphur solution. (Sec pa ge 31 f or method of prepara ti on ) . Or spray wit h on e (1) lb . lead arsenate, four (4) lbs. "at omic " sulphur and three (3) lb s. lime to fifty (50) gallons water. Spray thoro? ghly.
4. For cure u lio, scab and brown r ot. Spray three to four 'weeks before rip ening with the materials and formula used in No.3. Spray thoroughly.
The above schedule is f or the later varieties. Early varieties do not require mor e t han t hree sprayin gs hen ce application No. 3 should be omitted in t he case of all the ea rly se ason fr uit.
3

Modified Spray Formula Sometimes Necessary.

Wher e orchards a re locat ed on th e lighter type s of soi l or the trees la ck in vi gor fo r a ny enuse, t he am oun t of lead arsen ate per fifty gallo ns spray solutio n recommen de d in t he above schedule should be r edu ced t o t hre e-quar t ers (3-4 ) lb. fo r each appli cati on.

Wide angl e n ozzles 1lrr ow ing a fine mist sho uld be used in all

t he summer sp raying of peach es,

.

Spray Schedule for North Georgia .Orchards.
In t he n or th ern sectio n of t he State p each pro d uction has n ot , up to th e present t ime, been h amper ed by cu re ulio and brown r ot exce pt to a min or ex te nt , Sa t isfact or y control ha s resulted fro m t he customa ry th rce-sp ray ings sche dule. Until conditions see m t o deman d an add itional sp r ay ing it is suggest ed that n or th Geor gia orc har d ists can safely omit th e first appli cati on of t h e f'our-sprnvin gs sche dule ou tl ine d above , an d b egin wi th th e first coye r sp r ay . See P lat e 0 11 ba ck cover .

Schedule for the Dusting of Peaches.
A mi n imum of four appli cat ion s of du st is r ecommen de d, th e time of each as follows :
1. Immedi ately after the bl oom p et als have sh ed .
2. When the shuc k s a r c sh eddi ng. See Plat e on bac k coyer ,
3. Two week s af t er seco n d du sting.
4. 'l'hree to fo ur week s befor e r ipening.
Application No. 3 should he omitte d f ro m varieti es ri pening early in the season.
The mixture to be used a t each of th e above applications is known as th e 80-5-]5 fo r mula. Th at is, 80 parts sulphur, 5 parts lead arsena t e an d 15 pa rts hydrated lime by w eight .

of

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
THE PEACH TREE BORER.
(Sanllinoidca cxi tios, Say )
On th e debit p age of commerc ial peach gr ow in g th e b or er should be en t er ed II.S th e largest n at ural li a bility. It is th e great est single ca us e, d irectl y or in di r ectly, of th e mor talit y am on g p ea ch t r ees. Th is sta t ement is mad e adv isedly, and is borne out by ex pe r-ienc e and obser vat ion . And th e r eas on it takes first r ank fo r destru cti ven ess is n ot becau se t h e ins ect is immune to a tta ck , but becau se of a la ck of kn owl ed ge of or misinf or mat ion a bout it s lif e hist orv and hab it s. Con t r ol measures, wh er ev er based on misinf orm ;tion or error ar e, th er ef ore, either partl y or wh olly in effecti ve. It is t r ue t hat many grower s f ollow the r igh t met hod , bu t at t he wr on g ti me to attain best r esult s. Th e contr ol of peac h t ree bor ers, if intelligently un d er t ak en . is n ot d ifficu lt of succ ess.
Th e hi gh d ev elopm en t of sp ray ch emicals and t he art of spr ay in g and th eir effecti ve applicat ion t o f r uit gro wing, have r obbed Sa n J osc scale, br own r ot , curc ulio, et c., of most of th eir on e-tim e t error. It was Kn owled ge tha t t ur ne d the tide, the knowl ed ge of th e H ow an d Wh en an d Wh at t o sp r ay. So soon as or char dists und er sta nd it s li fe hist or y t ho ro ug hly, t he pea ch tree bor er will n o lon ger shorten the lif e or lower the fruitfulness of pea ch t r ees.
Description.
I n common wi th most all bor er s, it is th e larval or grub stage of th e insect t ha t in fli ct s t he in jury . E ver y on e p ossessing even cas ua l k n owl edge of peach gr owin g is fa miliar wi th the peach t re e bor er an d its wor k. Th e ad ult moth, also, because of its abund an ce in th e fa ll of th e y ear and its peculiar color ma rk in gs, is fairly familiar. Th er e are f our en t ir ely distinct p er iods in th e transformation of th e insect , th e egg, the lar va, the pupa and t he adult. 'I'h ese f our st ages ar e separately described in th e f ollowing p a ra graphs:
The Adult. Th e f ema le moth is about on e in ch lon g and perhaps an in ch and a h alf acr oss the outst r etc he d wings. Th e body and fore-win gs are v ery d a rk blue in color, wi th a broad

orange belt encircling the mid-secti on of the abdomen. See Plat e II, fig. 3. The hind-win gs ar e t ranspar ent, h eavily frin ged and d eli cately v eined . H er general app earance r esembles that of a mud-building wasp. Th e male, on the other hand, is smaller than the f emale, slen der er , and suggestive of th e "yell owja ck et " . Its basic colo r in g is blu e, ringed with y ell ow at th e in t ersecti on s of the ab do min al segmen t s. These narrow bandings , t ogeth er wi th oth er y ell ow markings of the body, cr eat e th e app earance of a y ellow colored insect . Both pairs of wings are transpa r en t , with a heavy fring e about the edges an d transv ersely dividin g the fore-wings.
The Egg. The eggs, owing to their very small size and brown color, are ex ceed ingly difficult to find up on the bark of the tree . It is doubtful if more than a v ery f ew orchardists in the enti re State h av e eve r det ect ed th em, eve n when activ e d ep osition is in progress.
The Larva. T o this st age belo n gs th e in sect's econ omic importan ce. The size varies, as might be expected , a ccord ing t o age and f ood su pp ly, th e larg est being m ore than an in ch in len gth. A t fir st white, the bod y cha nges with grow th to muddy whit e. The h ead is da rk brown , t erminating in a p a ir of powerful jaws, 'I'h ere are eigh t pairs" of legs, seemingly a superfluou s number fo r a larva that tak es almost a y ear to cov er a space mea sured in inches.
"Th e Pupa. A pupa case sho wing a protruded and empt y pupa skin is illustrated in Pla t e II, fig. 2. 'I'he cas e itself is a dark brown, t ough comp osit ion of fin e-ground wood filling s, grass and g um, lined wi th a silk y fa cing. Even in th e pupal stage, th e p ro n ou nced di ffer en ce in size between th e adult mal es and fe males is d iscernibl e. Th e male cas ing is sh orter than that of the f emale, and smaller in diam eter. The size of th e cocoons is variabl e, ranging from three-quarters of an inch t o one and three-quarters in ch es, with an av era ge of slightly mor e than an inch . "Wit hin is th e p u pa, whi ch finall y f orces its way n early its full len g th through the anter ior and of th e cocoon as shown in the cut, th e skin is ruptured and the mot h emerges .
Life History.
A s the success of bo re r contro l is d ep endent u pon a correct knowledge of the in sect's life history, t h e t ransformations , as th ey occur in Georgia, will be described somewhat in detail.
Although a f ew. preco cious moths appear in June or Julyor even earlier-they are only scou ts, so to sp eak, and t heir numbers are n egligible. Th e main army b egins to arriv e th e last we ek in Au gust and r ea ch es its great est num eri cal stren gth
6

In Sep t ember , during which month between eigh ty and ninety pe r cent. cmc r gc. Ju st as the re arc prematurely ear ly moths befo re and during mid-summer, so th er e a rc belated individ uals in Oct ober, 'I'h e time at which moths appear in largest numbers va r ies as between north Gccrgia and middle an d south Geor gia, t hose in th e northern pa rt of the Statc appear ing ea r lier .
Mating an d egg- laying fo llo w im mediately u p on t he ar r ival of th e bor ers at the ad ult sta ge. 'I'h e f cma lc lays eggs f ree ly, ave raging approximately five hun d red eggs, wh ich a rc laid singly or in sma ll irregular clusters. 'I'h ese arc atta ch ed to the ba rk of the trunk n car the ground, or under th e first lat er al limbs if the latter arc close t o t he gr ound. Normally, the femal e will oviposit wi thin less than two f cct of th e ground, but if discouraged by arti ficially cre ate d condit ions, su ch as mou nding or wh it ewashin g, wi ll ascend higher and lay he r eggs upon unpr ot ect ed bark. Sh e may be discouraged by unfavor able con ditions f ro m taking h er natural choice of t he place, bu t not at all from egg- laying itself. A ttcmpts t o pr eve nt egg layin g must in evi tabl y result in fai lure. It is n ot agains t th e female moth 0 1' h er activities that t h c figh t mu st be directed , fo r it is th e la r val an d not th e ad ult form t hat is vuln erable to attack.
Th e adult moths liv e only ab out a week during wh ich t hei r sole conc ern is the propagati on of th e sp ecies. Egg laying over in a week or t en days, the fe male di es.
T he oval-shaped egg hatch es in ab out a w eek or less and t ho larva iss ues forth . For various rea sons only a small p ercentage of t he total n umber of eggs survive as larvae. 'l' ho n ewl y h atch ed grubs are very sma ll and frail and r eadily succ umb t o the man y adverse conditions which surro un d them, whi ch accounts for the fact t hat, out of th c hundreds of cggs dep osited by a moth, only a v ery fc w live to work in t o the tree, Wh erever h at ch ed , t he lar va 's first cffort is to reach t he su rface of t he g ro und, eithe r by cr awlin g down the t runk or by suspe n din g itself by a silken thread whi ch it spins f or the purpose . Having r eached the ground it at once begins its efforts to en t er the t rc c. If all things arc f avorable, the larvae works it s way beneath the bark within a short ti me. Onc e within t he t ree the grub, as it continues t o cat and grow, gradually enlar ges and exten ds t he channels. As it cuts its way in, a j elly -lik e exu dation, mix ed with castings from t he t r ee, gath ers on the trunk at t he g roun d level,
'I'he j elly-lik e mass aroun d t he t runk at the surface of the ground is ve ry cons pi cious and is a cha racte ristic mark of an infest ed tree. Afte r contact wi th th e air it h ardens to a thick , gummy consistency , Quite a lar ge pe rcentage of the larva e d o not at on ce effcct an entrance, but r emain upon or j ust be-
7

neath the outer bark, cover ed by th e g ummy exc re t ions, unt il

late fall. Whil e so s it uate d t hey a rc compa rativ ely easy of

r emoval. This, also, has an imp or tant bearing' up on the con-

trol m easures.

Th e larva, once un d er cov er , continues to f eed on t he sap-

w ood and ba rk until wint er. It lies dormant and inactive dur-

in g t he coldest wint er wea th er, but r en ews active fccding v er y

early in the spring. Th er e is gre a t vari ati on in th c siz e aw l

dev elopment of th e la rv ae during th e sprin g an d summer , du e

partl y to the diff er en ce in agc and partly to t he fa ct th at somc

had easy, qu ick en t r an ce in to th e tree while that of others wa s

slow and di fficult.

Practically th e who le lifc of th e pea ch bor er is pass ed in the

la r val st age wi thin t h e tree. 'I'h e g reat maj ority complct e t h is

stage during t he mon t h of August and t he first week of Sep -

t emb er, lea ve the cha nnels and cons t r uct cocoons at or n ear th e

ba se of the tree.

.

'l'he pupa stage lasts about fo ur week s. 'W ith the ex ception

noted ab ove, pupati on occurs in Au gus t and Se p tembcr--

mostly in August. By r emov ing t h e t op soil fr om t he base of

infested trees durin g th e la t t cr month, one may eas ily find the

cocoons, Th e auth or too k seven, on Au gust 31, 1915, from

around t he base of a two-year plum trcc in an abandon ed

secti on of a mi ddle Georg ia nurs er y. 'I'he bark of this tree

below the g ro un d h ad been complete ly eaten away by t h e lar-

vae an d th e tree was in a dy ing condition .

At the en d of the pup al p er iod t he p upa w orks it s way

through t he cocoon, (Sec Plate II, fig. 2), breaks its skin an d

emer ges, a winged moth.

Thus, out of the y ea r r equired t o complete th e ins ect 's full

life cy cle, mor e than ten months are lived as a la r va with in

the tree.

Cont rol.
From th e f oregoin g it will be seen tha t n o app reciab le good r esults are 'to be h ad from washing th e tru nk wit h any of th e numer ous so-call ed p rotective compo unds t hat formerly w er e used with the object eithe r of prev entin g egg-lay in g or the en tr ance of th e b or er in t o th e t ree. Neit her obj ect is sa t isfactorily obtain ed , t hc first less t ha n t he second . L ik ewise, t he application of some of t he stronger of these preparations ha ve been known to injure or k ill wh ile not a ffect ing t he bor er un d er bark or gu m. Uu covcr ing t he cr own or main r oots durin g t he winter t o expose t he hibern a t ing' larv ae to f reez ing t omperatures is equally a fa ilu re so far as the b or er is conce r ned, but may wint er-kill th e t r ees so ex posed . 'Wr ap pin g' th e tl' CPS with paper al so h as a qu estionable va lu e.

8

Exp erience h as d emon strated th at su ccessful control is to be r eal ized onl y by t he mechani cal mean s of mounding and wo rming, an din th e la st year or so, che mic ally by a' f all appli cat ion of parad ichlorob enzin e. Mounding an d worming are co-or din at ing measures an d the ir successful p ra ctice is absolutely d ep endent up on th eir being don e t horo ug hly and at the proper time.
It h as b een sho wn that n early all th e larvae pup at e in August and emerge as moths in September, at once la yin g eggs f rom whi ch th e n ext generation of w or ms is h at ch ed. It f ollows, then, th at mounding u p t he trees t o a h eight of fr om eight to t en in ch es f ro m th e fift eenth to th e thirt y -first of July, accomplishes two d esired r esults. Th e first is t hat a large percentage of the pupae are so deeply buried t hat th ey a re un abl e to work th eir wa y to th e surface and thus peri sh . 'I'h o sec ond is that the moth s that do succeed in wor kin g t hei r way f ro m t he botto m of the mound an d escaping are fo rced t o la y t he ir eg gs hi gh er upon th e tree. In t u rn, t he lar va e th at h atch from t hese eggs a re fo rced t o ente r the t ru nk of th e tree at th e top of the mound inst ead of at th e gro un d level or below, as they wou ld in th e abse nce of th e mou n d. A ft er th e eggs a re laid an d hatch ed , which is in lat e Septembe r or ea r ly Octobel', the mound sho uld be leveled an d th e tr ees scrape d an d wormed. Th e leveling of the mound leav es the y oung larvae higher upon t he trunk, wh er e th ey are accessible, in st ead of around the crown an d r oots, whe re it is difficult if, indeed , not almost imposs ible effectively to l ocate and r emov e all of th em. From t he middl e of September to t he ear ly part of Octob er d ep end ent on latitud e and age of larvae, th e gr ubs a re mostly on t he outside of th e t r ee und er gum and oth er prot ection and are eas ily r emov ed by scrapi ng with a worm ing hook, made fo r this purpose.
The worming of t he tr ees if d on e at the ri ght time, (October . 1st in Nor th Geor gia-Oct ob er 15th in Middle South Georgia) ,
is in r eality mor e of a scraping process. Some few larvae may ha v e work ed under th e out er ba r k, necessitating r emoval with the p oint of th e ho ok. Most of t hem, how ever, ar e small at th at tim e an d can b e scr ape d off wi thout injury t o th e tree. Spri ng wo rming, whi le better t ha n n one, is obv iously the wr ong tim e t o do th e wo rk. Th e worms have fe d an d fatt ened within th e tree all fall an d sp r ing and th eir r emoval or dest r uction with knife, 'wir e or h ook is hurtful to th e tree. Little ac tu al cutting or mutilation of the trees is n ecessary if w orm in g is don e in th e fall .
Recommen dation s f or Mounding- an d Worming
Be t ween the 15th of July and th e 1st of Au gu st mound th e t rees eight to t en inch es high. Usc a shovel, throwing th e
9

dirt to th e trees in a con e-sh ape d mound wi th a broad base. Pack t he dirt down wit h th e ba ck of th e sh ov el, D o n ot make th e mound car elessly or t oo hurri edly. If properl y made the mounds will lat er p reven t the escap e of all bu t a f ew of th e moths.
B eginnin g t he middl e of th e mon th of October in middl e an d South Georgia lev el off t he mounds, f oll owi ng imm ediat ely with th e scrapin g and wo r ming of t he t re es, being ca reful t o loca t e and r em an all t he grubs. Scra p e th e t runk cle an of gum and dead ba rk, being cer tain t o t hrow th e gum w ell away fr om th e tree. If th is op er ation is ca ref ully car rie d ou t a second, wormin g in t h e spr in g will b e save d . 'I'h e suc cess of w orming d epend s on p ainst akin g ca re, and th is f act should not be lost sight of. Neit h er sho uld wormin g be delay ed until spr in g . Mu ch preven table d am age to in fest ed t r ees may thus be prevented .
I n the n or th ern section of th e State w orming of peach trees may be begun by October fir st.
PARADICHLOROBENZENE
As A Soil Fumigant fo r Pe ach Tree Borers .
Paradichl or obcn zcn e, a by-pro duct of th e dy e indust ry, has shown marked effec t iveness as a chemical con t r ol against th e 'p each t r ee bor er. It h as met with favo r a mong grower s and ha s al ready a t t ai n ed wid e usag e. E xp erimental te sts wi th this materi al in t his State an d ot he rs ind icat e t h at it is not only more effectiv e than th e old meth od of moundin g and wormin g, but 'cheaper . Soil f umigat ion wi th paradichlor obenzen e, t herefor e, pr omises t o displ ace and impr ove upon all other methods of bor er contro l.
Physical and Chemical P ropriet ies .
Paradiehloroben zen e is a soli d subst ance wi th a cr vst allin e structure som ewhat r esemb lin g finely cr ush ed rock' salt or ni trat e of soda . It is pract icall y ins oluble in wa te r b ut evapo rates on exposu r e at ordinary t emperatures, f orming a ga s whi ch is deadly t o in sect s aft er pr otract ed ex p osur e to it. This gas is much h eavi er than air an d to this fact is due it s effect iven ess as a soil fumi gant. P la ced around and abo ve th e cr own of a borer-infested tree, th e gas th at is given off in the pro cess of slow evap or ation sinks in t o t h e soil and po isons the borer l ar vae aft er prolon ged contac t wi th th em.
A ma ss of this mat erial, whil e mad e up of many small individual crystals, is in clin ed t o become lumpy. This lumpin ess
10

should b e brok en up and the m at eri al w ell pulverized before applying.
Th e f ormati on of th e gas is affecte d both by soil temp eratu r e and m oisture. R esults arc b et t er and m or e qui ck ly at t ain ed when t he so il is d ry a n d warm . Evapo ration is r etarded when th e soil is w et and cold . F or t his r eason t h e effect ive n ess of th e mat erial is favo red whe n the application is m ade immediat ely afte r t hc borer m oth s h av e fini sh cd egg laying.
Proper Time t o Apply.
A s a rul e soil t emperat ure d ecr eases an d soi l w et n ess increases r a p idl y a fte r t he m oths h a v e d ep osited their eg gs and condition s favoring effective ac t ion fr om paradichlorob en zen e ob tain only a s hor t whi le l on g er . It is t h erefo r e im p erati ve t o m a k e t he appl icat ion immcd int cly aft er th e hat ch of t he n ew br ood of bo r ers. Th e dat e at' t h e an pl ica ti on will vary a ccordin g' to la ti tu d e. Th is d at e as pre viou sly r ecomm ended, fix ed the t ime of app lication in S ou th Georgi a or ch ards fr om Octo b el' 1st to 10 th . This m ay or m ay n ot b e th e period for best r esults. T h e w r it er fo u n d , in a t est con duc te d in a . No rt h 'Geor g ia orc h a r d in t he fa ll of 1921, t hat t he p eri od fr om Oct ob er 1 to 5 is t oo la t e for d ep en dable results. Further ex p erimen t al work sho uld he d on e in t he various p ea ch gro w ing sections of t he State to d etermin e m or e accura t ely , consisten t with t he li f e h ist or y of t he bor er , th e pr ecise tim e limits fo r t he ap plication.
Damage to Trees .
P ara di chloro b cn zcn e in jures th e b ark of the cr own at and bel ow t he poin t 01' appl ication unless care is exerc ise d in p la cing it. Th e inj u ry a pp ea rs in th e bark as sm all brown spo t s. If the inj ur v is se ver e t h ese spo ts ov erlap and th e ca mbiun layer t u n):'> w ho lly br own and di es. 'I' ho t en de n cy of th e c hem ical to injure th e ba rk b ears a r ela ti on to the a g e of the tree. It is gr eat er in th o case 01' y oung t r ees a nd b ecom es progressiv ely Jess and less as t h e tree grows in age . In fact, it h as n ot b een r cconuu cud cd t lui s far th at tre es you nge r t han five y ea rs b e t rc a1ecl t ho llg h it is p rohnhl e th a t trees yo un gcr th an th at age ma y be sa f'cl v ,111(1 ctrect il'e ly treat ed with a r edu ced d osa g e of h alf au ou nc e p CI' tre e f or a p eri od of: f'rrnn te n d ays to two w eek s i f: t he soi l ixwn r' m an d dr y . 'I'h is w ill h av e t o be d ete r m ine d by Fu r the r cx pc ri m cn ts, At th e p r esen t ti me it seems un saf e t o r cconu u cud p nr a di chl ornb en zen c for ge ner al u se on trees of all ag cs. It is suggcste d t hat g ro we rs ex pe r ime n t for th em sel ves al on g t he l in es of d osa g e and l en g th of ex pos ure. Provid ed so il te mperat ure an d m oisture arc fa vo rable a dosage of half an oun ce p er t r ee an d an exposu re of ten days to two
11

we eks , wit h the r emoval of the soil abo ut the tree at the end of that time, may be found to k ill effectively and, at the sam e time, not injur e th e ba r k.
The t endency of th e ma t eri al t o do injury t o the t r ee is aff ected by th e mann er in which it is pl aced . It is of th e u tmost imp ortance th at gro wers foll ow closely the procedure of preparin g t he soil, and measurin g an d pl acing t he d osage.
Method of Application.
The illustr at ions on P lat es III and I V show h ow th e soil sh oul d be prepar ed about t he base of the tree, the metho d of rin ging t he t runk with th e materi al and the m ound th at is built on t he r ing. 'I'h e det ails of th e severa l ope rations and the or der in whic h th ey come arc arc follows:
1. R emove all ln mps by poundin g or scr eening the mat eri al. 2. Break up and smoot h t he soil abo ut th e base of t he t ree with a h oe an d r emove all litter, such as g rass, wee ds, tw igs, rocks, et c., for a dista nce of t en or t wl eve inche s around it. Sec P late III, fig. 1.
3. If th er e is a mass of gum ex ud ed fr om t h e trunk ab ove t he level of th e g'l'olll1d as shown in fig-. 2, Pl at e I V'. sera P (~ th . gum a way and bui ld up a mound of soil fre e of trash (Ill th e trunk to a point ab ove wh er e t he gum or iginat ed. Th is mound sh ould th en be leveled and sm ooth ed and the materi al applied and cove r ed in th e r egular wa y. Th e level of th e r in g of ma t eri al should in all cases be above the posit ion of t he bor ers.
4. Measure out an ounce of the cr ystals in a sma ll vessel of a size to hold t ho exa ct amount (the ti n cone shown in th e ph ot ogr aph on P lat e IV is ma d e fo r the purpose) and lav th e materi al in a con t inuous band about the base of the tree. Th is band should be ab out an in ch wide, th e inn er mar gin b ein g an in ch from th e trunk. An effort shoul d be mad e t o lay th e material conti nuo usly an d evenly. Avoid layin g the crystals so that the circle will be d enser at one or mo re poi nts than at ot her s. Extra care is necessa ry t o prevent th e crystals fr om touching the baric The insid e of th e circl e of cryst als sh oul d be one inch fr om the t r unk as n early as it is p ossible t o lay it so.
Trees twelve y ears of age and over sho ul d r eceive an ounce and a half of mat eri al.
5.' Place sever al shovelfuls of dirt on th e r ing of cr yst als
and firm the dirt down with th e hack of the shovel, ma ki ng a mound as show n in fig. 1, P lat e IV. It is a goo d preca uti on first to shake a li ttle loose di r t lightly on th e cryst als bef or e throwing up the mound. Th is will p r event the crys t als f rom being knock ed out of pos ition and ag ains t th e t r ee as sometimes occurs wh en a shovelful of soil is forcibly t hrown di r ect ly upon them.
12

6. Six weeks after th e application ex amin e some of th e treated trees and if it is fo und tha t all the material has not evap or a te d, pu ll away th e mound from the bas e of th e t ree. If th e six w eeks fo ll owing th e appli cation have bee n dry an d warm and th e soil t emp eratu re at t he base of the mound h as aver aged sixty d eg rees or h igh er it will n ot be n ecessa r y t o pull away th e t r eat ed soil immed ia t ely as th ere will be no unev ap orat erl residu e. I n any even t t h e mou nd should be level ed fla t n ot lat er than th e follow ing spring". If left un dist ur bed, any infest at ion t hat migh t occur the f oll owing yea r wo uld be a t th e top of th e mound and mak e th e n ext appl ication of t he mater ial doubly difficult.

Cost.

Any di scussion of paradi chlor obenzene, aside from it s meri ts as a soil fum ig ant ag a ins t t he pea ch tree bor er, wo uld be incomplete w ithout some r eferen ce to th e cost of the treat men t. Obvi ously, inf or ma t ion of th is n ature can be su pplie d only by lar g e ope rator s who h av e used t he che mical in a lar ge way and k ep t an acc urate a nd it emized accoun ti ng of th e deliver ed cost of t he mat erial, haulin g, appl ication and r emoval , as well as t he number and age of the t reat ed t rees, Fortuna t ely , su ch d epen da ble data a rc a t h and . 'I'hrou gh the court esy of Mr. L . A. Ber ckmans, of th e L , A. and P . J . A. Ber ckmans ' Orc hards at Mayfi eld , H an cock County, th e wri t er is p ermitted to publish their cost sh eet cov er in g eve ry d etail of t he expens e, as w ell as oth er in t erestin g and valuable information in connection
wit h th e r esult s secured.

Summary of Costs of P a radichlorobenzene Treatment and Results of Same, Berckmans' Bros. Orchards, Mayfield.

Numbe r of tr ees t r eat ed 18,000.

A ge, 6 t o 20 y ears.

,

Paradichlor oben zcn c appl ied Oct . 11-14, 1921.

l\Iat erial r emov ed Novemb er 22-25, 1921.

Cost of ma t er ial , f re ight, and hauling of same, $225.00.

Labor cost, ap pli cat ion an d re moval, $151.38.

'I'ot al cost of comple te d t re at me nt, $376.38.

Avera ge cost p er tree of complete d t reatment, .0208.

'I'h is cost of a f r acti on ov er tw o cen ts p CI' t re e is n ot mor e

t ha n half of th e cost of a complete d op eration of mounding and

w or min g.

An ex a mina t ion of 300 trees of all ages an d sizes was mad e

November 22nd and 25th , 1921, an d only t wo livi n g borers

f oun d. A seco nd exa mination of 55 ad d ition al t rees was made

February 6, 1922. Out of this numb er but t hr ee t r ees con -

13

tained living larva e. T wo trees contained two larvae each and the th ird tree one . No r ecord was tak en as to the number of dead larva e. It is assu me d th at t he t re es were generally infested, and the conclusion to be d ra wn fr om this assumption is that th e treatment wa s nearly 100 per 'cent effect ive.
No damage to th e trees is r eported up t o the ti me of the exam inat ion of F eb. 6. If an y ma t er ia) dam ag e r esul t ed it will n ot be in evidence un til the summ er of 1922.
THE PLUM CURCULIO
(Conotraclielus nenwpliar, H er bst. )
Th e larva of t hi s bot tl e is t he most wid ely d ist r ibn t ed and d estructive, t he best kn own an d most fear ed in sect enemy of p eaches. 'I'h e wormy peach has n o f r iends among p roducers or cons umers . 'I'he adult beetle, r esp onsibl e f or th c w ormy p each , on t he con t r ar y, is little known, even among closely obser vant peach grow ers, for it is of shy and r etiring natur e and is active mainly at night.
Th e cur culio is not ex clusive as t o diet . In Geor g ia, the p each is it s fav orite medium 01' r eprodu cti on , hu t that is becau se pea ches are mor e ab unda nt t han ot h er f r uits, as well as th e most fav or ed selectio n of th e in sect f or th e perp etuation of species. Oth er frn it cr ops, p rin cip all y plums, arc also cu rtailed in output and va lue by t his beetl e.
Life H istory .
The 'Adult. The fu ll-grown insec t is pict ured on P la t e VI , One cha r acteristic of the beetle which is sh own in th e pi ct ure is t he r oughl y ridged ba ck. Ano ther chara ct er isti c, the lon g snont , or proboscis, is easily one-thi rd th e len gth of t he body . W ith it th e beetles cut holes in t he f ru it eit her f or f ood or to mak e a pl ace to r eceive the egg. Th e ba ck ground colo r is dark, grey or bl ack , r elieved by y ell ow and whi t e markin gs. Th e beetles feign d eath wh en sha r ply di sturbed and drop from th e tree. In this little game of bluff th e legs and pr oboscis arc closely drawn up under th e body and , what with t he rou gh exte rio r and prot ective coloring, th e ins ect mi gh t easily be mistaken f or a small pi ece of d ead bark or a dried bud.
Th e cur culio hibernat es during the wint er as th e adult beet le in prote cted pl a ces in and surrounding or chards. Rubbish and l it t er , h ed ge-and f ence-ro ws arc among it s f avor it e win t er r esorts.
The beetles rouse from th eir wint er torp or about the tim e peach es are in bloom an d emerge from their hiding pl aces to
14

f eed on t h e budd ing bl ooms an d folia ge until the fruit appears. Mating fo ll ows qu ickl y up on t h eir emer gen ce from hibernation and th e f ema le is f er ti lized an d r ead y fo r egg-l ayin g ev en bef or e t he peach es ar e un cover ed f ro m the shuc k.

The Egg. The moth er beetl e pr epares a n est fo r the reception

of t h e eg g by eatin g out a cavit y in the p each . In this she

carefully inser ts t h e egg an d p ack s it a bout with p each pulp.

As a fini sh ing t ou ch , a cr esce nt-s h a ped mar k is cut ab ove the

egg. Th is cre sc en t is not alwa ys a 'pa rt of th e op erat ion, but

it ap pears in th e maj ori ty of cases-eno u gh to call it a dis-

t in guishin g ch aract er ist ic.

The beetl e is a very prolifi c egg-layer , its av er age produc-

t ion bein g ab out two hun dred. As th er e ar e tw o broods of bee-

tl es an nu ally t he d ep ositio n of eggs lasts practi cally all sum-

mer . P each es will be f oun d in f est ed wit h w orm s from newly

hat ch ed eg gs at an y t ime fr om t h e sh eddin g of t h e shuck up

until h ar vest. 'I'hi s f act h as an imp or t an t bearin g upon spray-

ing an d is pr ovided f or in the reco mmen da t ions for th e cont r ol

of t his in sect. (See p a ge 18.)

Th e egg hat ch es in a bout five days and fr om it comes forth

th e tiny worm or grub.

,

The Larva or " W or m " . 'I'h is -ph ase of th e in sect 's d evelop-

ment n eeds n o d escr ip t ion. It is well kn own fo r wh at it is and

does. Wh en the wor m is grown whi ch, in most cases, is after

abou t th r ee w eeks fr om t he egg, it eats it s way f rom the peach

an d w orks its way in t o t he soil to pu pate. By the time the

worm is r ead y f or pu patio n th e infest ed p each is usually upon

th e ground, so t hat the j our n ey fr om th e on e to t he other is a

sh ort on e. Nearly all of th e larva e pupa te at a depth of less

th an three in ch es.

The Pupa. H avin g tu nn eled b en eath th e gro u nd , the worm mak es f or itself a pupal chamb er by th r ustin g aside and packing t he soil. In thi s chamber it slo wly ch anges to the pupa, whi ch st age last s abo ut t hr ee w eeks , At th e close of this p eri od , wh en t h e t ra nsformation is complet e, t he pup al sk in is rup tured an d a n ew win ged b eetl e is bo rn. If the soil is loose and moist t h e beetl e a t on ce w or ks his way to t h e surf ac e of th e g roun d ; if it is h ar d and bak ed the app earan ce of t h e beetle is d elay ed u nt il ra ins softe n th e soil. Aft er the fr uit is gon e th e r emaind er of th e sea son is spe nt in f eedi ng upon th e f'oli ageuntil t h e b eetl es go int o wi nter qu arters.

How May Wormy Peaches Best Be Prevented?
"'IVe have seen t h at worm infest ed p ea ch es ar e t o be found at all stages of t h e d ev elopment of t h e f r u it fro m blo om to ma turit y. Th ey are espec ially plentiful at h ar v est, an d many a p each ship per who flatt er ed himself that his cro p was wormless

15

ha s been di sapp ointed to see a slice of hi s profits dis app ear at the packing house in a pile of unsal a ble, wormy culls. H ow can t his loss be preven t ed ~
Clean cultivation during t he summer mont hs is parti all y a solution of the probl em. Plowin g li ghtly or h arrowin g a t fr equ ent in t erv al s beneath t he trees until just af'ter the cro p is gath ere d will insur e t he dstru cti on of large numb er s of t he pupae t hat a r e wit hin casv r each of plow or harrow.
Sprayin g w ith a rsenate of lead is an other and p er haps th e most d ep end a ble sin gle prev entive. It is the st an d ar d ized , accept ed on e. Bu t th er e is a gr eat la ck of un ifor mit y of r esults at ta ine d with it. Some gro wers usc it successfully every year, while ot hers compla in th at it is n ot re lia ble, r har gin g t he ir fai lure to secur e good r esults t o fa ultiness of the lead itself. 'I'he fai lu re of the lat t er class is r eallv a ttributable to on e of t wo ca uses : (1 ) 'I'hey do n ot ap pl y it ~t t h e right time or way, or (2) n ot ofte n enough .
Most gro wer s, in sp r ayi ng litt er -maturin g variet ies of p each es t hree or fo u r times f or contro l of cur r ul io an d brown r ot, in clude arsen ate of lead in t h e first two or t hree applications an d omit it f rom the last. 'I'h is omission is t he cause of ma ny f ailures to r ealize mor e sat isfacto r y cu re uli o con tro l.
Th e writer has mad e r epea t ed t est s f or th e deter minati on of the r ela tive valu e of three or fo u r applicat ions, r esp ectively, of lead arsen ate as against two applications, invariably r esu lting in curculio contr ol in prop or t ion to the numb er of ap plications of ars enate of lead . An other di re ct ben efit is better prot ection fro m brown ro t, for it is an ax iom t ha t t he f ewer cureulio the less r ot . Table I giv es th e r esults in curculio and brown r ot cont ro l obtaine d in one exne r iment from three appli cations of arsen ate of lead an d a f ungicide on Elb ertas, as op pose d to two treatmen ts w ith, an d on e wi thout lead arsenate. Not e the poo r eureulio control r esultin g in t h e pla t ( No.3 ) whi ch r eceived only one appli cation of lead.
16

TABLE I-Results of 3 Combin ation Sprayings.

I F IRS T
SPRAY ING

S ECOND SPRAY ING

----
I I I I I 1. LA~r:tsde naaqst1e

-

-a~-S-s~~~~e Co.oked

LIme

Lim e -

u'g , THIRD

til
al1;

"~'1':'

.,,1,;,<;

I SPRAY -

~Q

III Q

<= Q

~

-- --- --- ING I~~ -~~- -l ~ ~-~ ~ ~

u<;.~t"il ~~

u<;~ ~
~~

Saa ms e Second

18I1I

55\29380.59 1.821I97.59 I I1 I

Sulphur

1--'--1--'--1--1--- Arsenate \~a~lrs~~rr~O-lsel!_COOke<1

2. L !":t11 and Cooked

Lime

LIme

SLullmpheu- r

Sulphur

Il A r se nate ' SelC- Cooke,i
3. L ead and Lime

Sa m e as

Llme-

Sulphur

Secon d

1- 1- '- 1-1- 31I1 135I11649I11.701I 7.431I90.85
I
231I 329I1298I1.39119.94 78.66 .

- s~,-- :i:;od I :"~::'- 1 ;+124138~+ 1;~91~

Th e da t a in the ab ove t able wer e obta in ed l)y ope n ing and cla ss ifyin g all th e p ea ch es fr om a n umb er of r epresen t ativ e t r ees in each plat.
Th e figu r es r epresent all drop s an d wi n dfall s. as w ell as th e enre ulio contro l gain ed hy th e addi ti on of lead arsenate to the t hir d applicati on of a th r cc-sprnvings sche du le.
Th e argum ent may h e adva n ced t ha t it is un saf e t o u sc lead in t he la st spr ay ing' hccnnse of th e p ossible presen ce of some of th e p oison on t he mature p ea ches, th us r end er in g th em u nsafe to cat. If t h e last sp ray ing' is a pp lied t hree or four weeks bef or e th e ripenin g p eri od, it is only a possib il ity that mor e than exceed ing ly minut e qu an titi es r emain. Sn eh min nte quant iti es as may be pr esent can sa fely an d sens ibly be ignor ed . B esid es, very f ew h av e a ta st e for, or cat, p ea ch p eelin gs. On t he other h am], th ere ar c cer t a in r caI ben efits d er-ived , both in t he qual it y am] quan tity of salnhlo f rui t, f ro m thr ee or mor e t reatm ents ' with ar senate of lead .
Prevalence of Curculio In Georgia.
Curc ulio h as al wa ys been jn-escn t in Georg ia or char ds bu t not un til th e pa st fo ul' y ears did it ser-io us ly thr eaten th e w elf are of t he p ea ch indu stry. B eginnin g" in 1!H8 wi th an unu-

J7

sua lly heavy infestation, curculi o gr ew progr essive ly mor e numerous and dest r uct ive in 1919 and 1920 in those sectio ns of mid dle and South . Georgia wh er e the p each industry is so h eavily conce ntrated.
Th e curculio and its companion evil, brown r ot, in those ye ars worked t he gr eate st catastroph e t hat h as oyer ovcrtakcn Geor gia peach growers. Crops from a numb er of orchard s wer e render ed unfit f or transportation to mark et, or wer e so inferi or when shipp ed that th ey r each ed mark et in an un sala ble condition, or, if sold, would n ot bring f re ight cha rges. Losses were general, and th ough va rying from pl ace t o pl ace were everywhere seri ous.
Up until 1918 t he spray sch edule fo r control of curculio an d brown r ot, as practiced by gr ower s generally, pr ovided for two or , at the most, thre e sprayin gs. Sa ti sfactory cont r ol with the then existing schedule had been r ealiz ed, 'I'he unpreced ent ed large numb er of beetl es which we re car ried over from one Beason to t he n ext , f rom 1918 to 1921, were not ap preciably held in check by t he customary spraying or du stin g schedul e. Devel opments have demonstrated that successf ully to cop e wit h existing conditions, a minimum of four applications of spray t o t he later maturing varieties of p ea ch es is necessary. And, furth er , it is evident that spraying alone cannot be r eli ed upon fu lly to meet the demands of the situation. Spraying or dusting must be supplemented by measures aimed at th e removal fr om the or chard and destruction of w orm -infested peaches, by more frequ ent light cultivations ben eath t he trees du ring the early summ er mon ths, the burning off of eureulio hibernat in g qu ar t ers, etc.
Curculio Control Measures Other Than Spraying.
Th e life history of the curculio, as previously described, r eveals t h e fact that the lar val or worm sta ge has an ave rage duration of about three weeks. In th e great majority of in stances the infested peach is upon the gr ou nd for at least a pa rt of this period and wh en th e larval developm ent is complete and the worm eats its wa y from the pea ch it is usually t o burrow its way directly into th e earth from one to three in ch es and pupat e the r e. It follows , then, that to gather up and remove all in fest ed p ea ches, and so to treat them as to destroy all th e larvae they contain , would be a t r emendously effective step towards successful curculio contr ol. Th e two p eri ods in which larvae are most abundant in fall en peaches arc, fir st , just after t he so-called May dr op an d, second, just befo re and durin g the ri pening p eriod. The destructio n of infest ed pea ches that fa ll to t he ground is analagous to the gathering and destruct ion of punctured cotton squ ares in b oll weevil con-
18

b oi and is highly import ant for the same re ason. it is doubtful , indeed, if p each growers in th e cur culio plagued districts will r ealize fully up on their spr ayi ng investment un less they, at the same tim e, energetically practi ce destroying the larvae contained in the May drop and thos e in the f ruit t hat either fa lls nautrally or is kn ock ed off at harvest time.
Prompt Picking of Drops Necessary.
The imp ortance of removing inf est ed f ruit is, or should be, self-evident. 'I'he destruction of the larva e reduce s t he adult beetl es of the n ext gene rati on in proportion t o the numbers so destroyed, enhances the effectiveness of spraying an d more than saves the cost of the operation by the added pro te ction to suc ceeding peach cro ps.
But the benefit r esulting from r emoving the drops is largely lost unl ess it be done promptly, and mea sures taken to kill the larvae. To delay the picking is to perm it the emerging larvae to enter the soil and to nullify the benefit whic h otherwise would follow.
Under the abnormal conditions whi ch obtain in th e peach growing belt centering at Fort Valley, growers should adopt an d practice the picking of windfalls as a fixed and n ecessary or cha r d operation second only in imp or t an ce to sprayin g. Nor should they lose sight of the absolute n ecessity of ti mely action. The picking of infested windfalls will n ot p ermit of delays. 'I'h e r ecommended practice is a n ew and unaccustomed one and many will prefer to blind th emselves t o or ignor e its va lue. It is quite t rue that the r ecommendation is n ew, yet it is of vital impo rtance t hat gro wers become fait hf ul converts t o th e ' doctrine if t hey hop e to get the mast ery of an ins ect pes t that bids fai r t o r uin the p each industry. And t he sloga n for the j ob is, " Do it now ." That is, pro mptly at the times in di cat ed, taking the very small drops as well as the larg er on es.
Th e infeste d pea ches should be hauled from the orchard, dumped in a pile in t o a ditch or gully and f r eely mixed and cove re d with qu ick lime.
Treatment of Curculio Hibernating Quarters.
As is gen erally known t he ad ult beetles pa ss the winter in protected pl aces in and around the or chard. Litter on the g roun d, about the trees, hedge r ows, te rraces an d wooded land are favorable places for hib ernating. D eep fall plowin g of t he or char d, and the burnin g off of terrac es and woods adj acent to orch ards, each is meas ur ably effective as a helpful accessory to summer spraying and both shou ld be practiced.
19

If th e Geor gia peach grower in the worst affe cte d sections will only do the old, familia r or cha r d busin ess better an d oftener, if he will practice dili gentl y th e vi tall y necessa ry acce ssory m easures, h e will come out of th e present ordeal with success and profit. If, on th e other h and, he is ind iffer ent or contemptuous an d l eaves the matters to Provid en ce he n eed expeet no improvement up on prese nt conditio ns. F or tune is more lik ely t o be on t he side of him who has " L ct us spray " for a m otto than wi th him wh o beli eves or at least h opes, h e will som ehow be take n care of wi thou t extra cffort on his part.
Spray Schedule.
Th e spray sche dule f or control of curc ulio is so closely linked with t hat used against br own r ot th at it can not well be consider ed sep ar ate ly, h ence th e rea der is referred to th e combination spray recommended for brow n r ot an d cur culio on page 3
THE SAN JOSE SCALE .
(AspidiotilS perniciosu s, Comstock. )
The lit er ature of economic ent omology h as made this import ant and destruct ive insect t he t hem e of detaile d descr ip ti on and dis cussion. F ully nin ety p er 'cent of our comme rc ial fr uit growers ar e acqua in te d both with the insect itself and its history, and t o them it n eeds no f or mal intro duction. No section of the entire State is fr ee of its presence and influ ence. Like the poor, it is always and everywhe r e wi th us.
Until recent y ears San Jose scale was t he mos t p ern icious insect pest with whi ch the gro wers of decidu ous f ruits had to eon tend. Man y of the g rowers came to beli eve t hat an or cha rd, on ce in fest ed with it, was beyond sa lvage. 'I'his at titude and beli ef wer e t he out come of inadeq ua te mea ns of control. With the ar rival of effi cient insecticides and t he gr eat improvement in mech an ical means for ap ply ing t hem, scale was
sh own to be eas ily capa ble of control, and is n ow r elati vely 0::-
less impor tance.
History.
As is gene r ally known , San J ose scale is an imported introdu ction from the Orient. 'I'he r ecor ds disclose t he fac t that it's entr ance t o our country was ma de t hr oug h the medium of infest ed nursery stoc k shipped in to Cali fornia about thir ty or forty years ago, fro m China. Accor d ing to auth entic information the first official k nowl edge of its pr esence was gain ed through the spread of the in trodu ced pest among the fruit
20

trees at San Jose, Califor nia. From th is fac t th e in sect d e-

rived its common nam e, Sa n J ose sca le, whi ch oft-mispro -

n oun ced and n on-d escripti ve ti tle it bears to t his d ay . From

California th e sca le su bseq uently spread t o every State in the

Union .

.

Natural Enemies.

Fo llo wing th e establis hm ent of the sca le in th e United

States , agents of t he Uni te d States Bureau of E ntomology made

a th or ough st udy of it in it s nat ive hab it at . 'I'h cre t hey fo und

that it was k ept und er contro l by a predacious lad y bird beetle

(Chilocor lls si milis }, a ver y closely r elated species of our own

twi ce sta bbed ladybird ibiu uln erus sp :). Acting on this in for-

mati on, the Gover nme nt made pro mpt efforts to in tr odu ce this

n atural ene my of t he sca le into th is country on the th eory and

with t he hope th at it would r eadily acclimatize itself, become

a n aturalized citizen, and r esum e preying up on t he an cient f ood

supply that had p r eceded it to our shores . Th ese wor thy

efforts r esulted in fa ilure . Th e ladybird was no t sufficien tly

hardy or adaptable t o survive t he rigors of our variega ted cli-

mate, so that now we h ave the evil, Sa n Jose sca le, without

its att en da nt n atu ral antidot e. "V\ c wer e t hen compelle d to

r esor t to ar t ificial mean s of eon ro lling t he in sect and these

wer e successfully evolv ed only in t he f ull ness of t ime an d af-

t er painstaking study and ex per imen t at ion, ma r ke d by man y

f a i l u r es.

.

In ad dition t o th e common twi ce-stabb ed ladybird, whi ch

preys upon th e scale in Georgia, but whi ch is not suff iciently

nu merous t o acco mplish a n oti ceabl e re p ression, we have two

fu ngi wh ich are fairly well distribut ed, one of which, under

cer t ain favo rable condit ions, is partiall y effect ive. 'I'hese are

th e r ed-h eaded f ung us (Sp haC1'ostilbc coccoplcila), and the

black f ung us (MyriallyinlH duria ei) , Thi s Department exper-

im ented a number of years ago on th e ar tificial ino culatio n

of scal e-in f est ed peach or cha rds with t he spor es of th e r ed-

head ed fun gu s and succee ds, in some ins tances , in parasit izing

a sm all p er cent age of the sca les on the t r eat ed trees. This

fungus, h owever, proved so weakly r ep r odu ctive that the scale

infest ations wer e n ot ma t eri ally checked. 'I'he black fungus

is mu ch mor e gene rally sca t te re d over t he State. It is com-

monly f ound in :ne glected orc har ds where spraying is not

practi ced, r eprod uces itself fr eely, and, in t he presen ce of a

sufficien t sup ply of it s h ost , h as occas ion ally been obs er ved al-

most to rid the infested trees of scale.

The growth, r eproduction and spread of th ese two fun gi are

so greatly d ependent up on cer t ain known con ditions of cli mate

and moisture as to make them of little or n o va lue wh er e su ch

21

condi tio ns do not obtain. Th e Georgia climate is so h ot and dry during t he greater part of the ye ar that, la cking th e requisite quantities of r ainfall and humidity, t hey survive with difficulty and are in n o wise dep end able t o contro l San Jose s c ale .
Not so many years ago in ocul ati ons of t he black fungus were sold to a numb er of cr edulous p ea ch orc har dists at diff erent places in the Stat e. Th e eloquent salesman per su ad ed th ese orchardists that chea p and p er ma nent emancipation from the slavery of spraying cou ld be obtaine d only by buying and applying their panacea. N eedlcss t o say, th ese g ro wers paid through the nos e for th eir fait h, not only in t he purchase price of the material, but also in th e 'result an t mu ltiplicati on of sca le and scale injury. In th e first place t he lif e of any fungus parasite is pred icat ed on availability and abund ance of its foo d suppl y, in th e inst an ce under discussion, scale ins ects. 'I'h e r eproducti on of even a sma ll ini ti al colony of scale is oftentimes so r ap id , and t he r esult an t injury so quick and deadly, that, bef ore th e fun gu s can become est a blished up on it, under th e adverse condit ions prevailing in our peach belt, the tree is eit he r kille d or greatly injur ed.
In t he second place, thcsc ben eficial fungi are subje ct to d estruction by spraying, just as are injurious f ung i (bro wn r ot and scab for instance) . If we wish t o fos te r ou r scab-des troying fungi we must, per f or ce, abandon all sp raying of our trees with f ungicides. And orc hardist . havin g even a rudimentary k now ledge of th e produ cti on of edi ble or me rc hantable peaches knows this can not be done. So that we mu st r elinqu ish all hope of aid from ot he r in sects or fungi in contro lli ng Sa n Jose sca le, and to turn t o ot he r and d epend abl e meth ods,
Description and Life History.
F or the ben efit of those having no knowl ed ge of the appearance or lif e cycle of the scale, they will be briefly describ ed.
Plat e V, fig. 1, illustrates the half-grown sta ge in whi ch the insect p asses the winter. Most of th e old scales di e f r om natural causes during th e winter months, the younger ones surviving. These half-grown scales are clearly illustrated on the p each t wi gg sh own in th e cut. They arc about 1-32 of an inch in diamet er , black in color, and cr owne d at the ap ex by a nipple. 'l'he se scales enlar ge and mature in thc car ly sp ring, t he mal e in sect emerging as a very small winged fly. In abo ut three wee ks after imp r egnation th e f ema les begin to bring forth young. Th e insect is viviparous, t hat is, r epr oduces without the egg stage commo n to most all other ins ects. It r equires a bou t thre e weeks for the f emale to complete this function, which inv olves the bir th of several hundred. young scales , At
22

P LATE I
A Peachtree Borer and its Work in Tree Trunk and Main Roots

PLATE II
Fi g. 1. Bo r er La rv a Ho us ed in a Cl od of Di rt. T a k en f ro m Base of Peach T r ee
F ig. 2. Cocoo n and P u pa l Ca s e of Peach T ree Bore r
F ig. 3. The Adu lt P eac h T ree Borer

P Lu\ TE III
F ig. 1. One ou nce paradic hlo robenz ine s pread in ev e n b a nd on e inc h fr om base , read y for cov e r in g .
F ig . 2. Tree prepa red fo r t reatme nt w ith paradichlorcbenzene, trash removed and soil leveled.

PLATE IV
Fig. 1. The ring of parad ich lorobenzene covered with so il several inches deep and the soil firmed down with back of shovel.
Fig . 2. Showing tree with borers work ing above ground level. This tree should be mounded high enough to get above borers before the chomical is placed.

I
Fig. 1. San Jose Scale on Section of Peach Limb

Fig. 2. Curculio Larvae in R ipe Fruit

PLATE VI
-,
,.
Curculio Feeding on Peach (Enlarged) The punctures in th is peach were produced oy a single ocetle in the course of a few days' confinement in a cage

PLA'l'E VII
Blooms and Twigs Killed by Bro w n Rot

PLATE VIII
Fig.1. Brown Rot Spore Masses on Peach
Fig. 2. The Perfect Fruiting Form of the Brown Rot Fungus on Mummied Peaches

PLATE IX
Peachtree Leaf Cu rl ( Na t u r a l Size)

Scab on -R ipe Peaches

PLNfE XI

F ig , 2. C rown Gall o n Roots and Crown of Young Peach T ree
Fig. 1. Pe ach Limbs Min ed ' by' Shot-h o le Bark beetle

PLATE XII
Ne matode Galls on Parts of Yearling Peach Tree

the end of this period she di es. Th er e a re five or six generations a year in th e St ate.
'I'he young are provided with legs, a nd th e first hours of their lives are d evot ed t o cr aw ling .abou t over th e li mbs an d t wigs seeking a suitable pl ac e to locat e. This fo und, they in sert a lon g hair-like sucking tub e in to th e host, and settle d own (ex cept in the case of t he ma les ) permanently . .A scale cover ing then begins t o f orm over t h em, at first wh it e and lat er grey or black. It is in t he cr a wling stage tha t th ey arc ca r r ied abo ut locally from tree to tree an d pla ce t o place, Bir ds alig htin g mom entari ly on limbs infest ed with crawling yo ung freq ue n tly carry off the lat t er on f eet or legs t o their next place, wh ich may be far di stant, and th er e d ep osit them. 'I'his is on ly on e ag ent of t he many that are r esp onsible f or t he spre ad of scal e.
Th e incr ease of the numb er of sca le on an in fested tree in a sing le season, wh en un check ed by ar ti ficial means, environ men t or natur al conditions, is simply amaz ing. One fa vorable season is enoug h to over-run and d estroy young trees th at wer e only li ghtly infested at the op ening of t he br eeding season , Yet, at t he sam e time, it is an in sect t hat r eadily r esponds t c eon tr ol measu r es.
Typical Injury Produced by Sc ale
To any one not familiar wi th t he appeara nce of San J ose sca le and th e typ e of injury it produ ces, a light inf estation is likely to go unobser ved. Bu t t he typ ical grey cr ust on the bar k of a badly infested tre e, as t hough smeared with wet ashes, can be r eadily seen an d r ecogni zed, ev en f ro m a di stan ce. 'When r eproduction is active during t he summer the young also ma y r eadily be seen by the un aid ed eye as th ey cr aw l abou t- t iny slowly moving poin ts of yell ow-on limbs, t wi gs, leaves and fruit.
As has been noted, San J ose scal e is a su cking in sect, r emainin g in one pos ition (ex cept as n ot ed ) all its life. It suc ks the juices f rom the bark by mean s of a minutely fin e hair-lib' proboscis. The immediate effect of this ope ration upon the bark a nd sap wood is to produce a r eddish-purple discolorat ion whic h affccts even in the case of a sin gle f eeding in sect, the bark and sap wood for a cons ide r able area around th e point of in cision and d own to the wood itself . This is accompanied or f oll owed by a depression or indenture of the ba rk just under the in sect, and secondarily by t hc awolling of t h c ba r k around t he d epr essed ar ea, produc ing a pitted surface. 'I'he sw ellin g is ap parently an effor t on t he part of the tree to overco me the abnormal condition at that point. Both th e discolorat ion and t he sw elling are st rong ly ind icative of a eherni cal r eaction between the sap cells and a poisonous secretion of
23

unknown composi ti on in j ect ed by t he in sect s into t he in cision wh en f eed ing. 'I'his secret ion-s-if present- is p rob abl y f or t he bet ter assi milation and di gestion of t he p lan t juices, an d d oubtless is compa rable t o tha t inj ect ed into a p erson or animal by a f eeding misqu it o in or der t o mak e it s f ood assim ilabl e. Th e r ea ction in th e latt er case is w ell kn own to be cause d by a poison . Th e comm only accep ted beli ef th at San J ose scal e saps a t r ee t o d eat h by dep riving its h ost of its j uices is n ot sufficient to ac count f or th e discolor ati on and sw ell ing m enti on ed ab ove. 'I'he mer e mechanical a bst racti on of th e sa p by a pumping or sucking acti on on such a small scale is n ot suffi cien t t o account fo r the phen omena t hat fo llo w even a sin gl e isolated f eeding ope r at ion. Th e t he or y t hat t hese ph en omen a would seem t o bear ou t is t hat th e h ost su ccumbs mor e t o the effect s of toxins set up in th e sap su pply th an f ro m impaired ph ysiologi cal funct ion s cause d solely by t he loss of su ch small amoun ts of sap as ar e r equ ir ed t o sus t ain t he life of the scale in sects.
Control.
After a long p eriod of expe r imentation wi th ma ny compounds of many n a tures, t he conce n t rate d lim e-sulphu r solu tion has b een accepted as th e best " all-'r ound " t r eat men t f or San J ose scale. B ecause of its ca ustic na tur e this can be applied in a highly can cen t ratc d f orm on ly in th e d or mant season , wh en th e trees ar c bar e of leav es. Sometimes, in except ional cases, it is fo un d n ecessary to apply measures t o chec k multiplication of scale during th e summer, but such measures should n ever in clude conc en trat ed lim e-sulphur sprny. E ven in w eakly dilut e propor t ions it is deadly to p each fo liage.
Liquid Lime-Sulphur.
Lim e-sulphur combinati ons are th e best treatment t o use beca use they are effective , wh en t hor oughly ap plied, in r educing sca le in f estati on to n egli gib le quanti ti es, an d becau se othe r and almost equa lly impor t ant benefits ar e r ealized in ciden tally or directly. 'I'he lime-sulphur compound is a highly efficient fun gi cid e and it eithe r lessens or en t irely de stroys f ungi or vnri ous k in ds t hat liv e up on t he t re e its elf during t h e winter months. 'I'h e subj ect of l ime-sulphur sp rays is t reated more fu lly in an oth er sect ion of t his bullet in .
Soluble Sulphur P re p arations.
In the last f ew y ears a numb er of p owdered sulp hur compounds ha v e been manu factured an d placed upon the ma r k et by various in sect icid e manufacturers. 'I'he prin cipa l ar gument

fo r their adoption by the public is based on econ omy . It is obvious that a powder ed prep aration which w ould comp ar c favorably in price with the comme r cially prep ared liquid solution, t erms of effic ienc y being equ al, would sa ve t he growers much mon ey in freight and handling.
Soluble su lphur preparat ions are compo unds of sulp h ur wi th lime or sodium or barium, as t he cas e may be. 'I'hey are mor e or less difficulty solubl e in cold wa t er and , wh er eas t h ey hav e giv en excell en t scal e contr ol in some insta n ces, it has not been con clusiv ely pr oven that th ey a r e as uniforml y dep en dable or as che ap all things conside re d , as th e standard lime-sulphur solution.
Recommendations.
Badly infested trees should be sprayed twice wit h lime-sul phur, once in the f all and again in t he spring just befor e th e bloom buds ope n . Th e diluti on of t he spray shou ld dep end upon t h e stre ng th of th e conce n t rate as d et ermined by a hydromet er r eading. 'Whe re t he re is only a li ght in f estation, on e th or ou gh fall or win te r sprayin g is sufficient .
Spray thor ou ghl y , leavi ng n o scale inf ested twig or limb uncover ed lat er to r e-inf est t he t ree, using high pressure an d a noz zle throwing a medium fine spray. Failure to sp ray thorou ghl y is money and time wasted .
Th e f ormula and meth od of prep aration of th e home-made lime-sulphur conc entrate will be fo un d on page 43
BROWN ROT.
(Scleroiina [ru ctiqena, Schrot )
Lacking an effective preventive, until r ecent years, brown r ot r ecur r ed annua lly in Georgia. L osses were larg e or sm all from y ea r to year according t o wh ether or not weathecconditi ons f avored an d fostered th e di seas e. Many growers were so discourag ed by t heir in ab ili ty suc cessfully to cope with it that they ab andon ed p each growing en tire ly. Th is was before t h e in troduction of summe r sp raying.
But wi th t he adv ent of t he self-boile d lim e-sulphur compound, a di scovery whi ch was of in cal euluabl e va lue to t h e pea ch industry , th eir di scourag ement disapp ear ed. 'Wh en it was d emonst rated th at t he dread dis ease could be prevented by su mme r spraying, p each growing too k a new lease on lif e. Brown rot epidemi cs are no longer altogether a ma tter of wh eth er the weather is F air and 'Warm, or Rainy.
25

Descri ption of and Factors Favoring Brown Rot.

Br own ro t is a fung us disease which attacks blossoms, twigs

an d frui t, t aking its h eavi est t oll of the fr uit at or near ma -

turity. Under especia lly favorab le conditions of t emp er at ur e

an d moistu re the blossoms and twigs may be attacked, r esu lt-

ing in t he death of t he aff ect ed blossoms an d th e in f ection of

th e twigs. Later the young p each es may in t urn become in -

f ected, under sti mulating natural condit ions, by t h e spores t hat

are borne on diseased bl ossoms and t wigs. 'I'ha t er min al t wi gs

are fr equ ently killed outrigh t early in the seas on by inf ection s

entering by way of the blossoms. See Plate VII. Infec-

ti ons originat ing in blooms or peaches are frequ ently observ ed

to exte nd back into t he twigs, causing br own cankers which

may (a nd often do) gird lc thc twig, th e t ermin al par t of whi ch.

being cut off by t he cank er , di es. Th e most serious outbr eak

of the disease, h owever, occurs just bef or e or during th e ri pen -

ing p eriod.

.

Th e first symp to m of the di sease on the p ea ch is a v er y small brown spo t . Th e mycelium of this minu t e infect ion grows rapidly in the flesh of the f r uit; pro duc ing th e typica l brown , soft d ecay. A healthy p each in ocul ated fr om a r otten peach will d evelop a r ound r otten area as large as a silv er qu ar t er within twenty-f oul' hours, so rapid is its gro wth. Th e sp or es, or seeds, begin t o appeal' by or bef or e th e t im e th e r otted sp ot is as large as a 5-cen t piece. Finall y th e wh ole peach is r educ ed t o a r otten, shr unke n mass, cov er ed with t he gre y powd er y spores (P late VI II, fig. 1.) Ncar ly all th e r ot t ed p each es fa ll t o the gr ound . Some h owever , r ema in on the t r cc where they shrivel up, making the so-ca lled mummi es. As suc h as they ar e seed beds of infection f or the fr ui t Of th e succeeding y ear. Rotten peach es upon th e gro un d als o produce sp or es and, if left undisturb ed, produ ce apothccia the second seaso n. Th e cuplike apot he cium (Platc VI II, fig. 2) d ev elop s at the en d of a long st em which grows fr om the mummied p ea ch. It is known as the perfect fruiting f orm of th e fungus. 'I'hi s f orm als o li berates great quantities of spore s about the time the trees ar e
in bloom. The hi ghly contagious nature of th e dis eas e is due to th e
rapidity and abundance with which the sp or e masses are produced and the numerous agenc ies through which th ey are di sseminated. The sp or es are washe d off a discasedpeach by r ains to healthy fruits or carried by winds or by in sect s th at are always actively p r esent. In these and ot he r ways the disease is spread. If nothing has been d one t o prevent t he d ev elopm en t of the disease, a f ew rottin g p ea ch es may, in f av orable season, be t h e means of producing an epide mic.
Several agencies aid in the propagation and carriage of brown r ot. It d evelop s in proportion as there are moisture an d

26

h eat. Mu ggy or sh owe ry weath er is fav orabl e to the germin nt.ion 'Of th e di sea se se eds. R ain s al so ca r ry th es pores ahou t on t he t r ees, t hus h elpi ng to spr ea d t he pla gu e.
The most common preliminary t o infection are th e pun ctures made in the pea ch es by feeding or egg l ayin g in sects. 'I'h e cu r eul io is the great est offender in thi s r esp ect. Th e spores, l od g in g in th ese pun ctures, find id eal con d it ion s f or ge r mina t ion . See Plate VI. Th e r el ati onship b etw een cur cul io and brown r ot is close and ins epa rable . 'I'Iie am ount of br own rot or f r u it in any given or ch ar d is d irectl y prop orti ona t e to t h e n u mber of cur culio it ha rbors.
Brown rot cont r ol, th erefore, is mater ially d epe ndent up on cu r culio con t r ol. An y spr ay ing schcd nle direct ed a goa inst th e on e sho uld al so in clud e measu res against the oth er .
Brown Rot in Relation to Ourculio,
As will have bee n noticed by ev er yon e, pra cti cally every brown rot infecti on of th e p ea ch ente r s through cu re ulio eggor fccding-pun ctures or oth er breaks in the skin. This is f or the r eas on that an y sort of puncture or physical injury to t he pea ch aff ords an easy en t r ance t o the spores (s eeds) of br own r ot . Th e whit e du sty ma ss on th e snrfac e of a brown r ot pe ach is composed of thousand s of th ese seeds . When blown abo ut by winds or wash ed by rai ns from a rotting p ea ch or ot he r sources 10 a pun ctured p ea ch, th ese spo res find a r eady m a de en t r ance in t o th e flesh wh ere. under f nvo r nhlo con dit ion s such as are set u p h,v warm , sh owery w eath er, t he y start gro wth and the n ewly infect ed p ea ch is qui ckly cons um ed by r ot and coll apses. It will th us be seen th at there is a close and in separable re lation b etween cnreulio activity in f eedin g and egg lay in g on on e hand an d brow n rot ep ide mics on the other .
On e of th e prin cip nl fa cto rs in t h e brown r ot sit uat ion at p resen t is fo un d in th e h old-ov er canke r s on lm bs and t wigs, m-ig in ati n g largel y f ro m frni t that r ott ed on th e t ree , Th e hr own r ot or ganism r eadilv eommn nicates itself from a rotting (.]' r otten p ea ch t o th e twi g on wh ich it grew, r elating in th e sec ret ion of a gummy suhsta n ce f ro m the f r eshly infr ct ed twig. 'I'h is ex ud ation of gum is th e first vi sibl e sy mp to m of wha t is late r seen to be a true canker . Brown r ot also att ack s th e buds fo r med ear ly in t he sp r in gan d kill s bac k the leaves and t wigs . Th ese fa cts emph asize th e d emand f or r emoving all rotting and r ott en p ea ch es promptly f rom th e tr ee. These brown rot p oa ch es make th e so-cal oed mummies which , if left on the tree. also in fect t he wood gro w th and con st itu te anoth er sourc e of th e canke rs w hi ch f urn ish th e seeds of an other cr op of brown r ot th e fo llo wing' season. Th e r emoval by prunin g of all twigs and li mbs bear ing t he se cank ers and gummy masses is ad vis-
27

ab le , as fa r as it is po ssible t o do so, as a step towar ds eli minating one big sou r ce of brown r ot epid emics.

N it ro g en I n R el ation To Bro w n Ro t .

'I'h e t end en cy of p ea ch es t o r ot is closely id entified als o with

th e matt er of soil fe rtility and moisture. 'I'r ces grown in bot -

tom' Ian ds ar c u suall y larger a nd leafi er than t h ose grown on

high er elevations beca use th ey have more pl an t food a nd moi s-

ture. And th e fruit of suc h ri chly f ed trees is always the fir st

and wor st t o rot . H en ce f ortiliza ti on pl ays a leading part in

the brown r ot problem . T h e m ore nitrogen a t r ee is fed th e

mor e woo d and leaves it pro du ces, the more shade d t he fru it

and th e sappi er and softe r th e growth. These make id eal con -

ditions f or t hc developm en t of r ot. It is safe t o say t ha t t he

maj ority of th e yo unge r and b est care d-fo r p ea ch or chards of

middle Georgia would be better off, from the brown r ot stand-

point , is less nitr ogenous f ertilizer w er e u sed on th em fo r t he

next several y ears. The orchards fo r the most p art are al -

r eady ove r-st imulate d with t hi s fo rm of pl an t foo d, as evi-

den ced by t he ir h eavy w ood an d lea f growth . A r erl u c-

t ion in the appli cation of all forms of n itr ogen ous f er tiii zer for

a t ime and t he su bst it ut ion of ac id phosph ate and potash woul d

ea ch serv e in it s ow n way t owards th e m ending of a v ery bad

situ ati on- so bad that it a etualy threat ens the very life of th e

Georgia p ea ch industry.

.

P runing.
Anoth er fa ct or that mak es f a vorable conditi ons for brown r ot is t he f orm oE pr uning pra cticed gen erally in m id dle and so ut h Geor g ia. 'l'h e cen t ers oE t h e trees aJ' C all owed or CIlC Oll1 ' aged to fill up with bran ch es and the d ensity of th e foliag e through th e cen te r prevents direct suns hine fr om finding its way to the fru it . Sunsh in e is on e of the best fun gicid es and ge r micides and a pow erful ally t o the sp ray n ozzle . It is also the b est fruit colo ring ag cnt. And it 's free . Y et , under th e ex ist ing gen eral type of prun ing a large p ercentage of th e crop is produced am id t hick fo l iage and n ev er has the b en efit of the direct raysof th e sun in hard ening and colo r in g the f ruit, or of t he sun's g erm-killing prop erties. It is advisable .f or p each gro we rs to mo d ify th e p resent type of prunin g in favo r of th e ope n , or vase-shaped type . By t he intellig ent us e of this syst em on e can hav e as mu ch fruit-b ea rin g area as before and gain besid es th e fr ee admission of sunshin e through the cente r of th e t r ee, t he wh ole t enden cy and effect of which wo uld be h elpf ul in th e fight against p eac h d iseas es.
28

The Necessity for Better Spraying.
Th e crying demand of the present deplorable situation is f or a far better quality of sp raying, both wint er and summer , than that which at present obtain s in the av erag e orc h ar d. Too ofte n or ehard owne rs entrust this most impor tan t t ask to incompetent, car eless labor and it is ca rr-ied on w i t lio u f th e Sl1 11PI'vision of som e compe te nt, r esp onsible per son . Th e result is that effect iveness is l ower ed or lost becau se spray solu t ions are not properly mix ed or th orou ghly appli ed . This condi tio n must b e chan ged now and for good if th e p each industry is to be mad e sa fe f or a profitabl e fu ture. It is a j ob callin g f or good equip ment, f or eonst ant, competen t supe rv ision, f or thoroughness r ath er than ha st e. H er e is one of t he poin ts at which the or chardist should be in closest touch with t he actua l orc hard work.
After rem oving all dis eas ed lim bs and twigs in th e fall, followin g th e sh edding of th e lea ves, evc r v t ree should he 011P hu ndr edp er cent spray ed with lime-sulphur solution. The f ungicida l effect ivenes s of thi s solut ion is in cr eased by the addition of causti c soda (l ye) at the r at e of t wo pounds t o fifty gallons of solution . If the trees are tho ro ug hly bla nke te d with the mixture most of th e h old-over bro wn r ot will b e kill ed and the tr ees left in a clean , sa n it ary condi t ion . If from a third to a half of th e t re e is mis sed in th e oper ati on of spraying it will not , of cou rse, a ccomp lish th e d esired results. Th e call is f or abso lut e thoroughn ess. Let th e app earance of the trees afte r dryin g be your witn ess. If th er e are areas of bark nak ed of spray d on't expect too mu ch of t he job. And spray the orch ard again and better .
P each grower s are adv ise d th at th e solution of th e brown r ot qu est ion r est s largely with th e way in whi ch they . as individ uals, meet it . If th ey are willin g to give fre ely to the study. tim e an attent ion n ecesary to insure carefu l and ti mely application of spr ays. and per sonal attention to the ot her details as outlined , t he fight against brown rot and cnrculio can be won handily. If. matters are all owed t o dri ft along as h er et ofore and use is n ot ma d e of suppl ementary measures all the odds are in fav or of r ecurrences of past disappointm entes and losses.
Summarizin g th e su gg estions as outliner] th e measu r es other t han spraying that sh ould be taken , in the ord er named, are as follows:
Prevention.
Self-boiled li me-sulphur . Brown r ot is r eadily prevented by sprayin g. Owin g to it s d eli cat e organic nature and its sensibility to spray injury, peach foliage cannot safely be sprayed
29

with t he strongest fu ngicid es such as Bordeaux mixture or con cent ra te d lim e-sulphur solut ion . Even when heavily diluted th ey ca use sho t -holing of th e l eav es and more or l ess-generally mor e-defoliati on.
Th e self-boil ed lime-sul phur compound, h owever , if properly made, yi eld s alm ost per fect brown rot contro l, withou t appreciable sh ot -holin g or loss of Icav es. Ta ble I on pa ge 17 affords an exampl e of its effic iency. In addition t o its splendid propert ies as a eontrol for bro wn rot and scab, the compound (in combinati on wit h arsenat e of lead ) imparts a hi gh color to the fr uit, mat erially enh ancing it s beauty and mark et value .
H is most essent ial, in t h e preparation of self-boil ed Iim c-snl . phur , t o usc only a gooo d gra d e of fresh, whole, lum p lime . P artially slak ed lime will not make a good mi xture. Th e supply of lim e should be bou ght fresh at ea ch sp r aying, and only the wh ole, u nslaked lump us ed. Gr ound brim est one makes as good a mi xture as th e mor e r efin ed gr ad es of sulph ur, an d is consider ably che aper, th er efore prefer abl e.
Proprietary Preparations. B esid es self-boiled lim e-sulphur, th ere are certain p r epared mixtures whic h hav e been used in Georgia wit h va ryin g degrees of suc cess. Not able am ong these is "atomic " sulphur whi ch. cost in g no more than lime-sulphur, is a d epen dable r emedy and an excellen t coloring agent . This ma t er ial should not be us ed. how ever. without the ad di t ion of th ree pounds of li me to ea ch fifty gallo ns of spray solu tion. If th e lime is n ot add ed bu rn in g and par tial def oliation are almost cer tain t o f oll ow.
The Use of Arsenate of Lead.
The writer ha s r epeat edl y t ested the r elative worth of summer sprays with and without arse nate of l ead. These experiments have exte n ded over a numb er of ye ar s. and included all practical combinations of su mmer spr ays wi th lead arsenate. The detailed data of this work will not be given, owing to lack of space. Th e definit e conclusion, sup ported by accurate figures, has been r eached that best r esults are to be had only by th e additi on of load arsenat e to each of th e summer sp ravings. Th er e is dist inctly less foliage in jury where small er amounts of l ead are used in an summe r tre atmen t s than where the first two (or th ree) spr avin gs contain an ex cessively large amount of lead arsenat e an d it is omitted from the third (or fourth) spraying. An d curcul io control is b etter.
A standard, gua r anteed gra de of powdered arsenate of lead is more uniform in chemical compos it ion, easi er to handle and less lia ble to d et er ior ati on than th e paste f orm . Being a powder. it is r eadily measured by volu me inste ad of by weight, and so forestalls the mis t akes in measurement that are 80 often
30

made by car eless employees. Mu ch foliage injury is caused by drenchi n g the tr ees. Th e m at eri al should be applied with a noz zle throwing a fine sp ray and t he t re es tho r ou ghly, though lightly cove re d.

How to Make Self-Boiled Lime-Sulphur.

Lime and sulp hur ar c used in equal prop ortions-eight

p ounds of each to fifty ga ll ons of water . Th e mix ture is more

easily prepared in t hree or fo ur -ba r re l l ots, as fo llo ws:

Weigh out, say, 32 poun ds of lime an d 32 p ounds of sul phu r .

.P lace f our or five ga ll ons of wat er in a fift y-gall on ba r re l. Sift

th e sulphu r in t o the ba r r el throug h a course sieve and mix it wi th t he water. Next, add t he lime (i t sho uld always b e wh ole

lump lime, fr ee of r ock ) , and sti r contin u ously aft er it b egins

sla king, to break up lu mp s. W at er sho ul d b e adde d as r e-

quir cd a li t tl e at a t im e, t o pr cvcnt burning, but n ot cop iously

en ou gh to dr own out t he cook in g. From five to te n ga llo ns will

gra duall y h avc to be add ed in t h is w ay. Afte r th e lime is

sla cked, imm ediately add eno u gh cold wat er to stop any fu r th er

cook ing.

.

Th e above fo r mula will mak e u p 200 ga ll ons of spray . Th e mixt ur e sho uld h c ca rcf'ully st r aine d in t o t h e spray tank

throu gh a cop pe r mesh sieve of th irt.y mesh es to t he in ch . A dd

a rs enat e of l ead t o th e d ilut e m ixt ur e in the sp r ay tank an d n ot

to the stock solution. Keep w ell agitat ed while spraying.

Dusting.
Since 1918 sp raying h as given place to du st in g in som e se cti ons. For fiv e y ears prior t o 1918 the writ er con du cte d exte ns ive an nual du st in g ex pe r iment s with sulphur an d l ead nr sen at c mix tu r es fo r th e con t r ol of p each scab, cure ulio a nd brown r e t with en com -ng in g r esults. Dur ing th e expe r iment al stage du st in g d id not enc oun t er th e abnor ma lly h ea vy infestatio n of cu rc ulio ex isting in some sect ions since 1918, wh ich may accou n t in a measur e, at least , fo r its in it ial success. Curculio beetl es h av e been carried over in suc h unpr eced ent ed number s fr om on e season to an othe r since 1918 th at t he custo mary st an da r dized con t rol measures h ave fa ll en short of th eir usu al an d expec te d effect iveness . Un der ex ist in g con dit ion s it h as been d emonstra t ed t hat du stiu u is n ot so effec t ive as good sprayi ng in p r ote ct in g p eaches from cnrculio. As bro wn r ot losses arc proportionat e to cu rc ulio feed ing an d egg -laying activity, it logi call y f oll ows th at bro wn ro t con t r ol is somewhat less satisfact or y wi th du st .
The contradict ory r esults secured by p ea ch grow ers with dust is evidence th at it s future stat us canno t b e accurately
31

proph esi ed at this t ime . 'Wh eth er it mak es and k eeps any fol lowing as a me ans of insect and disease control is a matter 'O f con je cture. As b et ween dusting and spraying, it is a case of th e survival of the fittest. Exp erimental data show t h at , treatm ent .f or treatment, dusting is less efficie nt t han th orough spr aying again st cu rc ulio . A t th e sam e t ime n ot a f ew growers t urned ou t bettcr fruit wi th dust during the past several ye ars than some of th eir ne ig hbo rs did with spray. This fact prev cnts one f ro m taking fina l j u dgmen t against dusting. It is indeed a qu estion if , aftcr the cur culi o clean-u p me th ods advoca t ed else whe re in t his bu ll etin are gene r all y and successfully ad opted, du stin g will no t mect r equ irem ents, In north Georgia whe re, up t o the present ti mc, cur cu lio is n ot a seri ous pr oblem, dustin g h as give n entirely satisfactory results. Thc compa rative simpli city, r apidity and ease of dusting r ecom men d th ems el ves high ly an d, wh en t h e saving of ti m e and lab or are taken into a ccoun t, th e cost is little, if any, greater than th at of thor ou gh spr ayin g.
Composition _of Dust Mixtures.
Dust mixtures ar e compo sed of two active elemen ts- superfin ely ground su lphur an d powdercd arsenate of lea d. Sulphur, whi ch ha s an establish cd f ungicidal value, a cts as a preven ti ve of fru it di seases, and arsen a te of lead is p er h aps the best and best known stomach p oison us ed in the suppression of ch ewi ng in sects. In additi on to t he se two active elemen t s, sulphur and lead arsenate, du st mi x tures in clude a t h ird in gredient, hy dra t cd lim e, whi ch serves mer ely as a fill er .
Th e sul phu r , arsenate of lea d and lime con sti tuting a p ea ch du sting m ix ture a re so finely gro und that pra cti cally] 00 p CI' cent. w ill p ass a 200 mesh scre en . Mu ch of it is evcn fin er. Th e ingredi ents are th or ou gh ly mixed and in corpor at ed, on e wi th th e ot he r , in a mi xin g ma chine espe cially designed for the purpose, so th at f or any g inn sa mple of mat erial th e r ati o of su lphur t o lead arsenat e is the same.
F or th ese mixtures it may be sa id th at all clai ms advanced f or thei r finen ess are w ell foun d ed. Due to th eir fine st ate of d ivi sion th ey will search ant and coat, wh en prop erly applied, all p ar t s of a tree. Th us, in a f ew se con ds, it is p ossible to secure a unifor m and thor ough distribution of m aterial through a dense tr ee t op . S nch th or ough n ess and unifo rrn ity in t h e e l lvelopment of fo lia ge and fruit with a combi ne d fungicide an d in sect icide is 1', lati vcl v imp ossibl e with liquid sp r ays. except by the expenditure of much greater t ime , labor and material. Comp ar isons of th e two meth ods are r edu ced, t herefo re , to the elementary considerati ons- efficiency and cost.
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Application.
D ust mixtures a re ap p lied by means of dusting machin es designe d f or t he purpose. E ssen t ial r equ iremen ts to be soug ht in dustin g ou tfits are p ositi v e f eed con t rol and capacit y fo r generati n g a stro ng air cur rent . Blowing th e du st ou t wi th f or ce is a matter of th e size and sp eed of the fan . Dust ers of various sizes are on th e ma rket, but f or comm ercial purp oses only t h e largest are su itable and th ese should be equ ip pe d wit h a fa n of sufficient size an d capable of being driv en at a sp eed that will insu re a strong draft. Su ccess wit h dust has bee n limit ed in some instance s by th e employme nt of dust ers n ot in tended for commer cial use and t oo sma ll to meet essential r equiremen ts.
Due t o it s finen ess du st ad her es w ell t o p eache s. It mi gh t be th ou ght that th e fir st r ain would w ash all evidence of it fr om the t ree . But t hi s is n ot the eas e. Following a r ain , a r ecen t a pp lication of dust sh ows more plainly on t he frui t than it do es imm ediat ely after being applied.
Dusting may be done wh en it is n ot r aining or t oo windy. A ligh t breeze bl owin g steadily in on e direction makes the best eonditions. Moisture on the f oliage and f ruit is n ot n ecessary to ca t ch and h old th e dust. It ad h er es w ell t o leaf su rfaces and esp ecially t o t he fuzzy sk in of th e peach .
Both ex pe r imen t al t ests and comme rc ial wo rk wi th du st a re always dir ectly influ en ced by t he qu antity used an d t he me thod of appli cati on. It has bee n sho wn t ha t th e ap plication should be made directly u pon ea ch t ree at each treatment. Successiv e appl icati ons sho uld alt ernat e fr om one side of t he r ow t o th e ot her if t h e directio n of t he wind at th e t im e will p erm it of alt ernating. If t he directi on of t he wind is t h e sam e as that p r evailin g at th e last ap plicat ion it is always p ossibl e t o drive the dustin g outfit at ri gh t ang les t o th e cou rse ta k en at t hat t ime, provided t h e or chard is lai d ou t on th e sq uare system. 'I'his sys t em of altern a t ing will p erm it of a mor e uniform distribuli on of du st t o a 11 part s of the t r ee and will min imiz e th e leafburning whi eh:-:omet imes fo ll ows a number of applications to one an d th e sa me si de of t he tree.
Success w itIt dustin g, as with sp raying , is d epend ent up on tlt e applica t ion bein g made promptl y up on sch ed ule t ime. D eIavs a rc costly.
'l'h e dosage sh ould be suffi cient t o cover th e f ruit an d foliage tho roug hly an d eve nly. 'l'h o a mount used p er tree w ill d epend u pon t h e size of th e t r ee an d t h e densi ty of t lte f oliag e. Den sely lcafed trees r equir e mor e mat eria l th an t hinly leafed trees. Failure h as foll owed t lte a ppl ication of t oo small a dosa ge. On th e ot he r hand , some foliag e inju ry, va ri a hle accor d ing t o local con dit ions, vigor of th e t re es, etc ., will fo llo w exee ssively Iiea "y appli ca tions.
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Dust Formulas .
Exp er iments with a numb er of dust mixture formulas lea d to t h e con clu si on that fiv e p erc ent. lead ars enate yields as good contro l of cur culi o as mixtur es con t a in in g a lar ger p er cent age. The oth er a ctiv e ingr ed ient, sulphur, is susce pti ble to some variation. 'I'he hydrated li m e is primarily a fill er, or d ilu ent , and serv es th e purpose of separating th e p articl es of su lphur and lea d ars enate an d prev ents th em from lu mpin g .
Th e mi xture r ecommend ed as combinin g effe ct iveness of in sec t and dis ea se cont ro l, with a m inimum t enden cy to wards fo lia ge injury, is known as th e 80-5-15 fo rmula. That is, 80 p er cent. sup erfin e su lphur, (95% two-h undred m esh or finer ), 5 per cent. lead arsen at e and 15 p er cen t. hydrated li me.
THE SHOT-HOLE BORER BEETLE .
(Sc olytus riujui osus, Ratz.)
P ea ch tr ees, am on g oth er s, arc f rec ly attacked, wh en in a r eceptiv e con d it ion by a sma ll se mi-scave nger b eetle. Th ese minat.n re bor ers g ive an in fest ed tree the app earance of b ein g the pnn ct urcd object of a charge of bird sho t, h en ce, th eir pop ula r an d d cscri p t.iv e t itle, "Shot -h ole " B or ers. This beetl e also ope ra tes und er th e n am e of t he F r uit -t ree B ark-B eetle.
Th e h oles mad e by th e en te r ing a nd eme rgin g adult be etl es a rc abo ut one-s ix teent h of an in ch in diam et er . 'I' h ey are numer ous on badly in f csted twigs and limb s (sec Plate XI, fig . 1 ) , mak in g the sho t-hole effec t . Although th e in sect attacks plum an d apple trees an d p erh ap s ot he r spec ies, p ea ch trees seem t o be its f avor it e f ood and in th em it breeds mo st abun d antl y.
On e 's att enti on is firs t attr ac te d to an infest ed tree by an ex udation of g'um hom th e bark, or hy th e ge ne r all y debilitated appearan ce of th e f olia ge and tree. Th e gum is p erh ap s th e first and most n oti ceab le cl ue t o its presen ce.
I t is a sa Ic post ula te , subject to th e usual exce pt ions whi ch go t o prnve a thin g a rule, th at only w eak and w eakening t r ees arc vi ctim ized by th e sho t -ho le bor er. Th e attack is v ery lar gely , if n ot cnt i rclv, seco n dar y in nature. The primary cause of t h e infes te d t r ee 's d cvit nl izcd con d it ion is not always at first a ppn rr-nt hut w ill be l'ey eal <, (l if th e in vesti gat ion is pur su ed far and ca refully eno ugh . Man y cause s m ay b e eit he r d ir ectly r esp onsib le 1'01' or con tri hut.i ve t o t hat d egree of tree-si ck n ess whi ch aff ords in vitin g cond it ions f or th e beetI e 's ent ran ce. I n some in st an ces it is Sa n J osc scale, but in most ca ses the t r ou bl e is n ot so a ppa re n t. P ro t rac te d d rought, soil imp ov cri shmont. acid soil, cro wn ga ll, bor ers, or any and all 'cond it ion s that fur-' nish the cause of a decline in a t r ee's vigor and r esis t an ce are
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more often th e causes . 'I'h e writ er has r arely f ound health y vigorous tr ees in fest ed an d thc n only sligh tly. In such cases th e beetl es w cr c usuall y br ccdin g abu nd antly in n car-by tr ccs or tree prunings,
Descr iption and Lif e Histor y.
'l'lic adult beetl e is qui t e sma ll, measurin g l ess t ha n a n eig ht of an in ch in len gth. 'l'h c color is dull black , a nd th o back is finely and close ly ind en t ed in parul lcl r ows. 'I'h c beetles hib ern at e both as larv ae and pup ae benea th thc ba rk, mat ur e during th e month of Mar ch an d, makin g t he ir way ou t th ro ug h th e little, round hol es whi ch th ey d r ill fo r t he pu rpo se, eme rge as adults. Wh en th e f cma lcs of th is over -win tering gonc ration arc r eady to lay eggs, th ey cat t hei r way back t hrough t he bark of a sui table tree, wh ich may or ma y n ot be t h o one in whi ch th ey passed the winter . H cr c t hey const ru ct a br ood cha mber in the sa p w ood, varyi n g f rom an in ch or less to two inc hes in len gth, an d along thc grain. In th c sides of t hc broo d ch amber , wh ich is of slightly lar ger di am et er th an h er body, th e fc ma lc bor es at r ight ang les sm all po cke ts j ust largc eno ugh t o contain a sing lc cgg . Th e cgg dep osit or ies lie clos ely sid e by side , In t hc p ock et s of a lar g c ch ambe r close to a liu ud rcd cggs may b c pl aced. 'l'h e eggs h at ch in seve ral days an d thc sma ll larvae w ork out f ro m the chamber an d ac ross th c sa p wood . 'I'h e d eep er cgg cham bers and th c ligh t er tra cing s mad c by tho larvac ar c plainly etc h ed on th e w ood of the bark-stripp ed limb pi ctured on P latc XI.
'I'h cr c arc fo ul' distinct sta ges of a gcncrat ion- cgg, lar va, pupa a nd adult. Th e cgg stagc lasts abo ut thre e da vs, t h e grub (l arval ) stage last s abou t thr cc w eek s, and ano t her w cck as pupa. 'I'his t ot al s ap proxima te ly a bou t five w eek s t o each gcn cratio n f r om cgg to adult. 'I'h cr e arc se ver al broo ds during thc se ason, t h e larva e an d pup ae of the last brood p assin g th e wint cr as suc h nud er th e bark. Thus, at any t imc of the y ear w e ma y, by r emovin g thc hark a f an infcstcd t ree, fin d b oth the gr ub and t h c pup al stages. Durin g thc breeding sea son we may find all fo ul' stagcs, fo r t lie ad ult f cmalc an d h er cggs [Ire also presen t .
As lias bccn sta t ed, t h c a tta cks of t he sh ot-h ole borer ar c confine d almost exc lus ively to unh eal thy trees. I n w eak trees th ey find con d itio ns that arc most con ductivc t o qu ick an d prolific r eprodu cti on .
'I'he effcct of a gen er al infes tation of a tree th at ha s already suffer ed the l oss of vitality is t o sea l an d h ast en its fatc . Numb erless larvae, cutting at ri gh t an gl es ac ross th c fl ow of sa p, make sh ort, sure work of their h ost. In ad di t ion to t h is direct interfer cnce with thc sap sup ply is t hc bl ccdin g of tli e w ounds,
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as evidenced by the heav y exu dat ions of gum, caused by the pu ncturing of th e bark and sa p wood by the adult beetle s.
Cont rol.
It is appar ent from the f or egoin g that spr ayin g is of 110 avail against the sh ot-h ole bore r . Th e only way to combat it wi th any degree of suc cess is t o cut out an d burn all in fest ed limbs or trees. No gener all y inf est ed tree can possibly survive, an d to leav e it stand t o mature its cro p of beetles is t o invit e dis aster to oth er trees.
Since any wea k tree is a menace, in asmu ch as it affords a fav orable medium of r epr od uction fo r the beetl es, end eavo r t o ke ep your t rees gr owing thri ft ly . "When t he r e is no apparen t cau se f or t h eir lack of good condition , ex amine the crow n an d ro ots. Look fo r pea ch tree bor ers . 'I'hese ar e m ore oft en than not, eithe r di r ectly or indir ect ly t he cause of the death of man y pea ch trees. Another sour ce of infestati on is tree pr unings that lie about in th e orc ha r d or p iled in h eap s adjoining th em. Th e trimmings should be pro mptly burned. .
Keep your t ree s fe rtiliz ed an d vigor ous an d, ab ove all, f re e of peach tree bor ers an d seal e, aa d you will h ave n o cause t o f ear or even ~ ' view with alarm" th e shot-hole beetl e.
PEACH CROWNGALL .
" This is th e sa me di seas e th at afflicts appl e and plum t rees
and others. It is not so commonly f ound in or cha rds as form erl y owing to th e fact that pla nters now und erstand mor e abou t its n ature and sy mptoms and have learned t o re ject n urs ery trees th at are visibly dis eased. It is universally pr esent ill va ry ing amounts in all n urseri es, entailing ann ually a mater ial mon ey loss t o tree pro pagators. No hon est nurseryman know ingly will all ow an ill Iect cd pla nt t o go out to his customers th erefore th e burden fa lls heavi est on his shoulders, as every diseased tree is a t otal loss.
Descript ion .
Th ere are t wo f or ms of the disease calle d, r esp ecti vely , t he hairy-root cro wn-ga ll and h ard cro wn -gall. Th c latter , wh ich is th e commones t and most in jurious type, is illustrate d on Plate XI. 'I'he spongy, sube r ized ga ll knots arc shown at t he cr own and on th e main r oots and th e trunk proper. Th e cha nces of t his kind of t ree for a long and a pro ductive l if'c nre slun rle r. for such decid ed ga ll developm ent u p on a n ursery tree mea ns , in the maj ori ty of cases, that th e galls would develop along with the tree, in th e or cha rd, fina lly th ro ttl ing it.
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The other , the h air y-r oot t ype, is l ess com mon on peach than on apple trees. Th is form som ctim es has a pronounced ga ll -like growth also , but its most conspi cu ous ch ar ac t er ist ic is a dense mat of very fine r oot s. 'Wh er e this bu shy mass of fibr ous r oots is present there usu all y is n o h ealt hy and w ell d evelop ed root s y s t em.
It may be autho r itatively st a t er th at n either typ e is h ighly contagious in the or chard. Th e loss of trees in orc h ards r esults almost entire ly f r om infeet ions that w er e or ig in ally u pon them w hen they w ere transplant ed , and n ot fr om th e ino culation of h ealthy trees by ad jacent diseased trees. 'I'he .pu rc h aser sh oul d learn t o kn ow an d t o w at ch for t h e sy mpt oms, and discard every nurser y t r ee that vi sibly sho ws th em.
Remedies.
Th ere is n o k n own means by whi ch a tree in advanced stages of t he disease can be saved. An envelop in g gall so impairs t he normal fun ctions of t he tr ee that gro wt h pra cticall y ceases an d th e f oliag e becomes sic kly and off-colo r, When it is d efinit ely det ermined th at crown-ga ll is t he cause of the d ebi lity the t ree sh ould be r emoved, r oot and br an ch, and r eset with a hea lthy one . In obedie nce t o the wat ch-wor d "Safety F irst" the pre cau t ion sh ould be t ak en t o th r ow ou t all th e soil that surrounded the diseased r oots an d crown , and r eplant in n ew un cont aminated t op soil. Ca re f ul ex amin ation of the root-system of nursery trees bef or e th ey are pl an t ed is the oun ce of preventi on t o be practi ced firs t and fo r emost.
PEACH SCAB .
( Cladosporium carpopluiuin, 'l'hum. )
P ea ch scab is a ver y common skin disease of p eaches, pa r t icularly of late-maturin g v ari eti es. As a gen eral thing, it ca n not be class ed as ser iou sly d estructi v e, its p rin cipal and w orst effect being t o r en d er t he fr uit u nsigh tl y and somewh a t to lower its mark et va lue, while n ot abs olu t ely d estroying it. I n ba d atta cks , h owever , as u p on Septemb er and Oct ober varieti es especiall y, u nder the imp etus of favorab le weather conditions, an d the abs en ce of prev entive measures, cr ops a rc r en d er ed la r gely or wholly unsal abl e. Alth ou gh some vari eti es are more r esist ant to inf ect ion t han oth ers, n one is actually immun e. All, however , a re perf ectl y r esp onsive to contr ol measures applied in the f orm of a f un gicide.
Symptoms and CaW3e.
Th e d isease is caused by a f un g us, Clrulos /for i ll lJl N l I' P O/ J!II'l Il Ill . which gr ows in t he ski n of the fr uit. 'I'h e fl esh is not invaded
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and d estroyed, as in the cas e of brown r ot fungus. It appear s as small, r ound, smoky brown, or bl ack spots. F or the most part , t hese sp ots are fo und on t he exp osed sid e of the fruit and a r e usually most numer ous aro un d t he stem en d, In vir ule nt a t tacks the spots ru n t oget h er, t he skin becoming black , t ou gh and thi ck ened , and t his sc abbed su r fa ce fina lly splits op en, ex p osin g the fl esh, in vitin g t he en t r ance of brown r ot . 'l'h ese sp ots us ually e10 n ot a ppear bcfor e the p ea ch is fully h alfgrown, alth ough in fect ion t akes p la ce ea r li er . Th e exte n t and virulence of t he mal ady ar e largely d ep en dent upon t he w ea th er. As wi th brow n r ot , the fu n gu s is f avor ed by war m, r ainy or clou dy weath er in A p r il, May an d J une,
'I'he disease a t ta cks th e twi gs, ca us in g th e d evelopment of small br own spots on t hem. It is u pon t he twigs t hat th e f ungus lives during t h e win ter, a nd f ro m th e my celium .of th ese di seased spo ts SP OI' CS a r c br ed th e f oll ow ing sp r in g, t o be carr ied t o yo ung peach es an d t o ger mina t c th er e, in t he presen ce of moisture and warmth .
Prevention.
P ea ch scab is easily an d su rely p r even table. It is almost perfectl y cont rolled by t h e same fungi cid cs and th c same spray sche dule as those r ccomm cnd cd on p agc 3 f or br own r ot a nd curc ulio (whic h sce). It should bc st r essed h cre, h owever, t hat th e best cont r ol of sca b is t o be h ad only by observanc e of t he time element in spr ay in g, Infcct ion star ts abou t one mont h aft cr th e bloom fa lls. 'I'he fungicide spray, th er efo re, sh oul d be upon th e fr uit bef ore t he first infcct ion na t urally oceurs .
PEACH LEAF CURL.
( E xoasclIs defor ill a ns, (B ) Fu ckcl. )
Seve re vi sitat ions of t hi s disease a rc of occ asion al occur enc e in peach or cha rds in the n or th ern section of t he State wh er e preventiv e measures are n ot t ak en . It d oes not a pp ear an nually, some t imes n ot f or se veral successive years, f or its develop ment and sp re ad ar c d epend en t u pon f avo r able con ditions of t emp erature an d moisture, fa ct ors whi ch a re not always present at t he time t r ees ar c lca fin g ou t. Wh en th e spr in g is cold, wit h abundance of moisture, t hc discasc is lik ely t o r ea ch seri ous proportions. On th e oth cr h and, dry suns hiny weather at t hat seas on cffcctually in sures th c budding leaves against in f ect ion.
Characteristic Appearance .
Every obs ervant peach gr ower knows t his di sease, if n ot by name at least by si ght, Th e y oun g leaf is at t ack cd in t he bu d
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or just after emergence from the bud, and th e symptoms are conspicuous. Th e leaf (Plate IX ) qui ckly becomes t urg id following infection, and thickened along the mid-rib, causing it to pucker and twist into a distorted ma ss h ardly r esembling a leaf. It is then a pal e y ellow color, shot with red. When the whole leaf is finally involved and its assimilative functions ceas e, it f all s to the ground. In this w ay, in particularly severe cases, the tre e is practically d efoliated. New leaves are usually formed , however, but at the exp ense of the fruit and sometimes seriously aff ect s the formation of the next crop of fruit buds. As the disease app ears ear ly in the spring and as affected leaves eventually fall from the tree, the active damage is done before midsummer.
Cause .
L eaf cu rl is primarily a foliage dis eas e and is caused by a fun gus , th e my celium of which grows in the leaf itself, iamifying throughout th e whole ti ssu e of the bl ad e and producing sp ore s, or seeds, on the outside surface g en erally th e upper side. The gr owt h of the myc elium, which ma y be lik en ed to the fin e f eedin g ro ots of a pl ant t ogether wi th the production of th e sp or es, cause th e bloating an d curling of th e leav es as describ ed above. Th c spo r es, wh en rip e, giv e th e st r icke n leaf a dusty app earance, and th ese innumer able seeds arc distributed by va r ious agen cies. H owever, n o f ew infect ions arc pr odu ced until th e foll owing y ear, and perh aps not th en unless favored by weather con ditions. These spores find r esting places upon th c buds and bark of th e tree, remaining th er e to ge rmin at e the following spr ing and to r eprodu ce th emselves in the leaves.
Prevention.
F ortuna t ely th e disease h as a su re prev entive. P each foliage can be protect ed f ro m at ta ck by a sin gle thorough dormant seas on spr ay ing. Any fun gi cid e of m er it, be it Bordeaux mixture, lim e-sulphur, 0 1" an y oth er will effec t ually qu ali fy. It is only a matt er of spr aying thoroughly an d at th e right time. Wh en ever th e con t ro l of San J osc sc ale is an it em for consideration in spraying op erations, th e best r emedy f or p each tree curl is lim e-sulphur solu t ion. Kill two birds with on e stone. Authorities ag re e that th e sure prev ention of leaf cu rl d emands that the treatm ent b e applied n ot later than th e last three or four w eek s before th e le af buds unfold . On ce the leaf buds hav e started t o br eak , sp rayin g f or leaf curl is not effective. Anoth er imp er ativ e dem and an d inf all ible guar ant ee of success (wh ich appli es al so to th e scale probl em) is thorou ghness. All the buds, twi gs an d little limbs-th e whol e tree, in fact-should
39

be car efull y covere d. In this w ay t he seeds of t he disease will be d est r oy ed and n ot a single leaf will be lost because of it . The d egr ee of tho ro ughness of sp rayin g is t he measure of su ccess in contro lling the diseas e. Leaf curl will ap pear only on those p arts of th e tr ee which th e spray h as n ot touched.
If San Jose scale is abundantly present in the orchard. apply lime-sul phur at the strength r ecomm ended on page 42. If there is on ly a trace p resent, the curl it self is just as p erf ectl y prevent ed by a w eak er SOlu t ion, say 1 t o 15. A 3-4-5 fo rmula of Bo rdeaux mixtur e is al so effect ive, but t he lime-sul p hur solu tion is pref erab le because of it s insecticidal va lue . As San J ose sca le is pr esent mor e or less in all Georgia p each ,or chards, sp rayi ng w ith t h e fu ll strength dormant spray of lime-sulph ur is r ecommen d ed in pr ef er en ce to a weak er solution of limesulphu r or Bo rd ea ux mixtu r e.
THE NEMATODE WORM .
(Hct cl'odcm radicicola, (Greff.) :i\Iul.)
Th e mis cro sco p ic n emat od e worm , wh ich attacks the r oots of a large nu mb er an d va ri ety of pl an t s, is common ly fo und u p on and is v er y in ju rious to t he peac h. An infeste d t r ee is sh own on P late XII. The f eedi n g of t he n ematod es ca us es th c fo r matio n of th e galls or root k not s, t h er eby stunting th e growth of the tree. I n sever e att ack s the trees ar e killed outri ght.
Nematod e worms infest a number of cultivated pla nts and a few w eeds. Am on g th e f orm er class commonly infested a re cott on, watermelons, cu cum bers , can t alou pes, su garcane, soybeans, ok r a, cabbage, coll ar ds, po tat oes, tomat oes, tobacco and cowpe ns, exce pt th e Brabh am, t h e Iron, and Iron hybrids.
Th c worm s, on ce in the soil of a field, l ive there and multiply en or mously if supplied with anyon e of their plant f oods. Ther efore, on e sho ul d avoid planting a peach orchard on cultivated lan d known to be infest ed, or sowing cove r or shade crops susce p tible to infestation in an establish ed or cha rd. If p cas are used as an or chard crop, none but th e Brabham, or I r on , or Iron h ybr ids shou ld be pla n te d. Th ese va ri eties are entire ly immune and may be gr own without subjecting th e t r ees to infestat ion .
Soi l in fest ed with the worms cann ot b e fr eed of the m exce pt by a r ot ati on of crops immune to attack.
LIME-SULPHUR CONCENTRATES.
F or dorm ant season sp r ayi ng against San J ose sc ale, et c., th e use of the" old fash ion ed" home made, lime-sulphur solut ion h as been gene rally, if n ot entire ly, suppla nte d eithe r by the
40

commer cially pr ep ared lime-sul phur or th e h ome-mad e eon cen t rate, Ou tfit s f or the manufacture fo r the lat t er have lat ely b een install ed at seve r al p oints in Geor gia, an d it seems probab le t h at the manufacture of th e h ome-made article will become gene ral. E quipment f or pr eparing t h e solution is eompar ativ ely in expensive, and t he pu rchase pri ce and cost of ins ta lla tio n as soon absor bed by t he d ifferen ce bet wee n the cost of p r od u cing the conc en t ra t e at h ome and buying it r eady-mad e. From t h e standpo int of an inv est ment, t he small initial outla y fo r equip ment yields handsome r eturns.

Lime-sulphur Concentrate Versus Lime-sulphur Wash.

'I'ho commer cial li me-sul ph ur solution gre w out the w id e-

s p read ave rsion, on t he part of orch ar d ist s, t o cook ing what

us ed to b e called lime-sulphur wash and t h e d emand fo r an ef -

f ective substitute tha t would eliminate th e t rouble of mix ing

an d cook in g an d th e delays and an n oyan ce incid en t al to appli-

cation . As t he old lim e-su lphu r compo un d ca r r ied large amount s

of fr ee lime and "was often imp ro pe rly strained , it cause d con -

st ant t rouble and d elay in th e field on account of clo gg ed spray

n ozzles, and in othe r way s.

In discus sin g home-m ad e con cen t r ate, ther efo r e, it may

p ro p erly be ask ed , " W ha t is t o be gaine d by go in g ba ck t o

s omething tha t proved un satisf act ory an d for wh ich t he re is an

a ccep t abl e su bstit ut e ?" Th e ans wer is t hat the old lime-sul-

phur wa sh an d t he h ome-ma de conc entrate ar e entir ely differ -

ent compounds, che mically and physica lly. Th e h ome-made

conce ntrate , wit h th e except ion of some fin ely d ivid ed , li ght

r esidu e, is a clear decoction Cont aining n o object ion al f or ms

or amounts of solid mat t er, it is f r ee-flowing and d oes not clog

th e n ozzles. 'While t he old wa sh had to be us ed at onc e, t h e

con eent rate can be k ept in d efini t ely wit h out det oriati on . 'Wher e-

as fifty gallo ns of th e wa sh made by th e old formula makes fifty

ga llo ns of dilut e sp r ay, fifty gall ons of t he conce n t r ate is equiv-

alent t o f ro m 300 t o 450 gall ons wh en dilut ed according t o

d ensi ty.

.

Comp are d t o t he commer cial produ ct th e quali ty of the home-

made con centrate is very v ar iable in sp ecific gr avity, or d ens -

it y. B ecau se of it s (usu all y) lower specific gravit y, less dilu-

t ion is p er mis sib le in or der t o ins ur e an effect iv e spraying

str en gth. Th e spe cific gravit v of t h e st anda r d comme re iall y

prepared lime-sulphur solut ion is n early a cons t an t qu antity

- 32 t o 34 d egrees, Bau me. Th e den sity of th e h ome-made

art icle r an ges fro m 20 d egrees or Iess. to 30 degr ees or more,

av er agin g ab out 26 d egrees. Th e fact tha t a h ome-ma de

conc ent r ate r egist er in g, sa y, 26 d egrees is d ilu te d to a giv en

sp rayin g stre ngth wi th 214 gall ons less wat er t ha n are r'e-

4]

quired f or a d ensit y of 32 d egr ees, m eans that there is less actual differ en ce in cost bet ween t hem than at fir st appea rs . Th er e is, however , a substantial mcney-soving in th e h omemade goods, with n o loss in efficiency.
Dilution of Lime-Sulphur Concentrate.
Th e d ensi ty of lime-sul phur conce nt r ate is so va r iable th at its sp ecific gr av it y sho uld be det ermined bef or e dilution by means of a hy dromet er , or specific gravity sp indle. Th is instrumen t costs on ly abo ut a d oll a r at dr uggists or su pp ly houses. After drawin g off a sa mp le of the clea r solution in a sui t abl e vessel, t he spi ndle is imme rsed t he rei n. Th e r eadi n g is th en taken at t he sur face in degrees Baume. Th e dilu tion of the concentrate sh ul d be based on this r eadin g, a ccor d in g to the sca le in t he follo wing t abl e:

TABLE IV.*-DiJut ion f or W inter Spraying with Llrn e-Sutphur- Concentra te.

N o . gallo ns w a -

H ydrometer ' t er t o 1 gallon

r eadin g (De-

concentrate

!fr e e s o n Bau m e (For San J o se

epin,U e )

s cale)

35

9

34

8%

33

8%

32

'

8

31

7 'h

30

7~

29 28

e6

~
'h

No . gallon s WIl -

H ydrometer

t er to 1 gallon

r eading (De-

con ce n t r a t e

grees on Bau m e ( For San J os e

sp in d le)

scale)

27

6

26

5 ::~

2;)

i %,

24

5

23

4 'h

22 21
20

*4 ~
33 'h

Th e r ead in gs d o n ot de te rmine th e ch emi cal composition of the solu t ion, but mer ely indi cate its w eight. For all practical purp os es th ey are r eliable guides for the diluti on of the concen t rate .

Materials and Formula for Making.
Th e proportions of su lphur an d lim e in t he solution are two in one- l Oa p oun ds of sulphur an d 50 p ounds of lime-cook ed in fift y ga ll ons of water . To avo id h ayin g a large volume of sed iment an d to f aci litate che mical uni on between th e lime an d th e sulphur, only th e best grade of lum p lime (or hydrated lime) sh ould be used . 'I'he efficienc y6f th e solu t ion is d epend ent up on the qu al ity of the lime us ed , an d th e purchaser sh ould sa t isfy hi mself bef or ehand that the lime contains n ot les s t ha n 90 p er cen t . calciu m ox ide , an d n ot mor e th an five p er cent. magnesium oxi de . In addi tio n t o t his guar antee, fh e lim e sho uld also be in lumps (not slaked) an d fr ee of grit and ro ck. If h yd rat ed lim e is used the fo rmula w ould be: sulphur 100 lb s. : hydr ated l ime 67 1I1s. ; wa te r 50 gallo ns , as
From N ew YOI'I, (G en eva Stat ion) Bu ll etin .
42

a ppr ox imat ely one-third the weight of the hydrated lime is

water. Ground limestone is worthless for making the con-

centrate.

'1'00 much stress cannot be laid on the necessity of using a

lime that measures fully up to the above specifications. Anal-

yses of their products should be required of the lim e manu-

fa cturers.

.

Comme rc ial ground sulphur answers the requirements as well

as the r efined grades, and is much eheaper. In ba gs, the

commercial brimstone costs from about $2.00 to $2.50 per

hundred pounds.

Equipment.
Sin ce th e f ormula calls f or 50 gallons of water to make, a . cooking vessel of ab out 75 gallons is necessary. A jacketed k ettl e can be had of supply houses for about $25.00, or a st eam-b oil er fo r $50.00 t o $100.00. Or th c ou t fits can he madeen a larger and mor c elabor ate scal e to meet r equirements. The small steam boil er equipment answers the purpose of ordinary usa ge. It can re adily be connec t ed up by piping with tw o or m or e ba r rels at any conve nient pl ac e, a sing le " batch", or cooking , bein g divided between two 50 gallo n barrels. This ty pe is light and p ortable.

Met ho ds of Making.

Pla ce ab out ten gallo ns of wat er in th e cooking vessel and h eat it. Th en add th e lump lim e, and wh en it begins to slak e, add t he sulp h u r , whi ch should p r ev iously be sift ed. Stir together whil e slaking is in progress to preven t lumping of t he sulphur. Th en dilut e to fift y gall ons and boil steadily not l ess th an fiftv minu tes nor mor e t ha n one hour. Add water as necessary to 'replace t hat whi ch evapo r ate s, al ways keeping 50 gall ons in the vessel.

S to r age.
Th e conc en trat e may be k ep t indefinitely in tight barrels. If not at once us ed it sh ould be stra ine d into barrels and kept t ightl y corked. It un de rgoes che mica l decomposition if expos ed t o th e air for any consid erable period.
F or t he sake of convenience, th e d ensity of the clear concent r ate of ea ch barrel, as determined by th e hydrometer, may be marked on the barrels as stored.

43

1922 I N DE X PRINTING COMPA NY
AT L ANTA, GA.

Georgia State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN 62

MARCH,1922

Results of Cotton Dusting Experiments for
1921 Together With Summary of the
Dusting Results for Past Three Years
BY D. C. WARREN Assi stant Entomologi st, Valdosta Station

WITH
Recommendations for Cnttnnlliusttng for Coming Season

BY
IRA W. WILLIAMS General Agent
In Charge of Field Work

A'l'LANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF E NTOMOLOGY
Or ganization a nd Staff
HON. J . J . BR OWN, Chair man, Commiss ioner of Agricult ure, Atlanta.
H ON. R. C. BERCKMANS, Horticulturist, Macon.
COL. W. D. HAMMACK, Agri culturist , Colema n, Ga .
W . V. RE E D, State Entomologist, Atlanta .
\V. L. NEESE, Secretary a nd Treasurer, Atla nta.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, General F ield Agent.
( I n Cha rge of Thomasvill e, Val dosta an d Ba xl ey Sta tio ns)
W. W. CHASE, Assistan t State E ntomologist, Cornelia.
W . F . TUR NER, Assistant Entomologist, Atla nta.
D. C. WARREN, Assistant Entomologist, Valdosta.
B. M. GADDIS , Su peri nt en dent Va ldosta Station, Va ldos ta.
W. H. LEONARD, Superintendent Th omasville Station, Th omasvill e.
C. H. GADDIS , Superint end en t Baxley St ation, Baxle y .
J. C. MAN ESS, .F ield Agent, Atl a nt a
J . M. MALLOY, Field Agent, Macon .
J. H. PRESSLEY, Field Agent, Val dosta.

RES ULTS OF COTTO N DUSTING EXPERIMENTS FOR
1921 TOGETHER WITH SUMMARY OF THE DUSTING RESULTS FOR PAST THREE YEARS.
By
D. C. WARREN, Assistant Entomologis t.
THE 1921 EXPERIME NTS.
Th e 1921 experiments were planned to obtai n information upon: first, results to be obtained f rom early seaso n du sting ; second, the r elative merits of du sting in the presence and ab sence of dew ; third, th e valu e of squar e picking in conj unct ion with du sting. Most of the emphasis was laid upon the first exp eriment . A cons iderable number of t est s were car r ied out during t he 1920 seaso n compa r ing the merits of du sting in the presence and ab sen ce of dew a nd the experiments conduct ed along this line durin g 1921 were only to che ck up last seas on' s results.
The exper iment al work wa s carried out at th e three E xperiment Stati ons of t he St at e Board of Entomology located at Valdosta, Th omasville and Baxley . The Valdosta Stati on was devoted to experiments upon Sea Island Cotton whil e at t he ot her t wo Stati ons t he work wa s on sho rt st aple cot t on. Th ese Stations are laid off in one-acre blocks with t en row s of corn bet ween the blocks of cotton. Th e corn not only prevents the drift of the pois on fr om one block to anot her but also helps t o che ck th e weevil migrati on in early seaso n .
Th e weathe r condit ions and weevil inf est ati on were perhap s abo ut average f or t he regions in which t he expe ri me nts were conducted.
Results From Du sting Before Squares Are Formed. It is generally r ecommended th at du sting operations be not started till after th e cot to n plant begin s to squa r e vigorously. It has been frequ ently ask ed wh y du sting would not be profit able at.the early se ason befo r e any sq ua r es ar e set , wh en t he weevils ar e feeding on t he bud of t he plan t . Work by ot he r in vestigator s has ind icat ed t hat du sting at t h is ea r ly period is not profitable. At the early season wh en the weevils are feeding on the cotton bud, they are probably

doing more s urface feeding than any other period of their life. So it woul d seem that at this period weevils could be most easily poisoned and they would be killed before they had done any damage to the cotton or had lef t any offspring. So in view of this fact a series of experiments were planned to compare the r esult of dusting started at this early seas on with du sting started at a later period. This comparison was car r ied out at each of the three Experiment Stations.
Three applications of poison were made at each Station in late May and ear ly June, when the weevils from h ibernat ion were feeding on t he cotton bud s. Ca re was taken to make these applications as lat e du r ing the season as possible, bu t before any sq ua res were large eno ugh fo r t he weevils t o deposit eggs. Since the weevils emerge from h ibernati on over a conside rable period, a maximum number would be subj ect ed t o t he poiso n by delaying t h e poisoning as lat e as possible in th e period before sq uare f ormat ion. No mor e applications of poison were made till early in July , when dusting was also started upon t he blocks which were to be compared with th e early dusted blocks . The blocks in which the ea r ly season dusting was done r eceived an application every time poison was applied to the late season block s and in addition to t he three applications made before the squares formed .

TABLE 1.
Com pa r is on of Dusti ng Started Before t he Sq uares We re For me d wit h Du sting Star t ed at a Later Period.

THOMASVILLE.
I Data f or Du sting Data f or Du sti n g I Started Early. Started Later.

No. of blocks

1

7

I

5

No. applications poison 1

10

1

7

Average yield (seed cotton) I

474

1

446

Average ga in from early I

I

dusting

28

1

BAXLEY.
I Data for Dusting Data for D us ting I Started Early. Started Lat er .

No. of blocks

1

2

I

3

No. applications poison 1

6

I

3

Average yield (seed cotton) I

683 I

631

Average gain from early I

du sting

1

52

1

V A L D OST A .
Data for Dusting IData for Dusting I Started Early. Started Later.

No. of blocks

1

3

3

No. applications poison 1

8

5

Average yield (seed cotton) I

571

532

Average gain from early I

dus tmg

1

39

It will be see n t hat no large incr eas es were obtained from the dusting started at the early season before any sq uares were formed . At all three Stations the blocks dusted during the early season yielded somewhat higher than those in which the dusting was started at a later period. It is to be expected that some increase should result from the early season dusting but t he point of interest is whether t h is increase be s ufficient to justi f y t he expense of the additional applications of poison. At t he Thomasville Station the average incr ease from dusting started when the weevils were feeding on the bud stage was 20 pounds. At the Baxley station the increase from early dusting was 52 pounds and at the Valdosta Station the incr ease was 39 pounds. The average increase for all three Stations due to du st ing started before the sq uares were for med was 40 po unds . A few tests simila r to the above were carried out at t he Valdosta Station during the 1920 season and gave results very similar to those of the more extensive tests of the past season.

The comparatively dry period which occurred early in the growing season afforded a natural protection for the cotton, th e damage by weevils bei ng confined to t he lat t er part of th e growing season. Th is naturall y int er f ered wit h t h e results that mi gh t ha ve been obtained fro m ea rly season dusting. During a normal year when weevil damage covers the entire fruiting period the control measures afforded by early dusting would probably be greater.

Du sting in the Presen ce and Abse nce of De w.
These tests were conducted to compare the results obtained fro m dusting while the cotton was wet with dew, with dusting when the plants were dry. A considerable number of tests along this line were conducted during the 1920 season but further tests were made this season to check up the r esults of t he previo us season. These tests were

made a t the Thomasville and Baxley Stati ons. The du sting in the presence of dew was done at night or durin g the early morning before the dew had evaporated. Dusting in t he abs enc e of dew wa s usually done at mid -day , whi le the cot ton was absolutely dry. At Thomasville fo ur blocks wer e dusted while dry and three whi le wet with dew, an d at Ba xley two blocks were du sted whil e dry and the same number while wet with dew. Table 2 gives the re sults obt a ined f ro m these experiments.

TABLE 2.

Com pa r is on of Re sul ts Ohtaine'd From Dusting in t he Presence a nd

Absence of Dew,

I Thomas vill e Ba xl ey

I
Average yie ld of blocks du sted whi le I

wet with dew

,

1 516

903

Average yield of blocks dusted while I

dry

,

1 506

852

Gain from du sting in the presen ce of II

dew

,

1

10

51

Th e gains h ere from du sting while the plants are wet with dew a r e rath er slight . However, t hey subs t a nt iate th e conclusi ons reached last yea r t hat du stin g could be more profitably done while the cot to n "vas wet with dew . Last year the gain at th e Thomasville Station fr om du sting whil e the plants were wet wa s 95 pounds of se ed cotton per acre and at Baxley it wa s 143 pounds per acre. For the two years ' exper ime nt s t he average ga in from du sting whi le th e cotton is wet with dew is 90 pounds of seed cot t on per ac re. So it is se en t hat as a general practi ce du stin g sho uld be done wh ile th e cotton is wet with dew . It is evi dent that m or e of t he poison will adhe re to the plant while it is wet with dew and al so durin g t hat peri od t he at mos pheric conditions are much more favor abl e fo r du st in g.

Weevil a nd Sq uare Pick ing in Conjunction with Dusting.
At th e Thomasville and Vald osta Stations exper ime nts were carried out t o t est the va lue of sq ua re a nd weevil pickm g in addit ion t o po isoning. At Valdosta t he weevils were pick ed once and t he sq uares wer e picked up t h ree times. At Th omasville th e weevils were pick ed twice a nd t h e sq ua res were picke d up t hree t imes . At Valdosta t he cost of t h e sq ua re an d wee vil picking was $6.75 per acre fo r t he season

and at Th omasville it was $6.50 per acre. Th e fo llowi ng table gi ves th e result s f r om this exper iment :

TABLE 3.
Results of ' Vee vil and Square Pi cking Experim ents.

P oisoned

I Not P oi soned j Ga i n fro m

- - - --. I Square

I Squares and
W eevils Pick ed

N o Squares or ! Squares and

I

1

W ee v il s Pick ed iW ee"i!s Picked ,

Waenedv ui
P i cki n~.

Th omasvill e Station \

~~~ a~::d. ~~:~~~I 643

654

534

Vald osta Station I

Lbs. Seed Cot to n ]

per acre

1 854

76 3

463

91

It should be st at ed at the beginning th at la st se ason wa s not one in whi ch square picking could be expect ed to give its best resul t s. The dr y se as on t hat ca me in th e early gro wing pe r iod killed th e developing weevils in t he fallen sq uar es in th e blocks wh ere t he sq uares wer e not picked. H owe ver , most of t h e exp en se of t he oper ation is usu all y incurred before it is realized that the weather condit ions make it unnecessary. It is se en from the a bove r esults that the squa r e and we evil picking a t Th omasville gave no in creases and at that Station th er e were eigh t block s in t he t est . At Valdosta t he sq ua re and weevil picki ng showed an inc rease of 91 pounds seed cotton pe r acre but her e t he re were only two blocks in the test. Althoug h definite conclus ions cannot be drawn fro m t hese exper ime nts, it see ms t hat as a whole poisoning is a mu ch mor e pr ofit able oper ation t han squa re and weevil picking.

INCREASED YIELDS FROM DUSTING.
TABLE 4.
S howing In cr eas ed Yie lds Du e to Dusti ng at th e Three Experim ent Stat ions.

-Thomusville ]Valdost a ' Baxley

Avera ge yield of poisoned blocks ! 554

Ave rage y ield of unpoisoned i

block s

1 361 i

Gain fro m du sting (lbs. seed

cotton )

. 193
- - --'---- - -

615 890 504 733
I
111 I 157
'--- - -'-- - -

The records from the Thomasville Station included 31 oneacre dusted blocks and 4 check blocks which received no du st. The records for the Valdosta Station included 14 one-
2 acre dusted blocks of Sea Island cotton and 4 check blocks
and at Baxley the records included 6 dusted blocks and checks. The main dusting operations were started on all three Stations about the first of July. At Baxley an average of four applications of six pounds per acre each, were made; at Thomasville seven applications of five pounds each, and at Valdosta seven applications of six pounds each. Th e increased yield from dusting at Valdosta was probably somewhat larger than is shown in the above table as one of the checks yielded very high from some unaccountable reason. However, this check wa s included in the averages and makes the gain from dusting somewhat low.
The increased yields from dusting at all the stations were much smaller than last year. This can probably be attributed to the very dry, hot weather throughout .t he month of June, during which time a very small percentage of weevils hatched from infested squares, the checks or un dusted blocks thus being protected by a natural control. It is true, h owever, that less Calcium Arsenate was used this year at ea ch of the stations.
SUMMARY OF THE THREE YEARS' DUSTING WORK
IN SOUTH GEORGIA.
For three years the poisoning of short staple cotton with calcium arsenate has been tested in South Georgia. For the past two years tests have also been carried out on Sea Island cotton. The work on short staple cotton has been carried out at three rather widely separated localities, Thomasville, Valdosta and Baxley. The Lewis 63 and Council Toole were the two varieties used in these tests, being well adapted to the sections represented . The work on Sea Island cotton has all been done at Valdosta. Over one hundred tests have been made on short staple cotton. In eightythree of these tests checks have been so located to give an accurate measurement of the increased yield due to dusting. Twenty-one tests have been made on Sea Island cotton in which an accurate measurement could be made of the increased yield due to poisoning.

TABLE 5.

Summary of Three Years' 'York in Cotton Du sting.

I I N'1 N_I I I ~o. of

A v e r a rre A pplica t ion s

Ave ra g e Lbs. per

A ve rage Averag e Gain Yi eld Du s t ed Yi el d Ch eck fr om

eats of Poiso n A p p lica t ion

Bl ocks (no pois on ) D usting

Sh ort

I

Stapl e

Cotton .. [ 83 38

840

634 206

Sea Island

Cotton . . J 21

52

654

495 159

These results have been obtained in fields wit h check block s near by in which the weevils have been allowed to breed freely. This has probably to a certain extent reduced t he y ields of th e poisoned blocks and th e average planter sho uld expect t o obt ain from general field du st in g inc r eas es at lea st as large a s those obtained in ' the experimental work. It can be seen that, on an average, extreme incr eases due to poisoning should not be expected. There has been cons idera ble va ri a t ion in t h e increases obtained, t he largest car ef ully checked increase bieng 451 pounds and t he oppos it e ext reme s eldom falling below 100 pounds. In th e Th omasville and Bax ley Stations there have been represented two extremes in the cotto n produ cin g capac ity of the land, the Baxle y land being rather hi gh producin g, wh ile the Thomasville has been rather low producing land. On an average one hundred pounds of seed cotton should pay for the expense of poisonin g so the average gain of 206 pounds of seed cot t on per acr e would lea ve over one hundred pounds as profit from t he operation.
The average increase from du sting Sea Isla nd cot t on has been less than that from poisoning short staple. However, since Sea Island cotton is worth ab out twice as much per pound the difference in value would more than make up f or t he difference in increase.

The Mea ns by Whic h t he Weevils Obtain t he Poison.
There has been some disagreement among investigator s as to how the we evil s obtain the poison by which they are killed . By some it has been he ld t hat the weevils obtain t he poison by drinking the dew from the plant. Other invest igators have di sagreed with this idea . This point is of no vit al importance to the farmer so long as the weev il is killed by the poison, but a correct knowled ge of the existing conditions would h elp in intelligently combating t he weevil. The writer for the pa st three years has been accumulating inf ormation on t h is point by experimenting with wee vils in cages.

In one experiment weevils were caged on poisoned plants. Some of th e ca ges were cove r ed so that no dew could fo r m on t he plant and in others the dew wa s allowed to for m on t he plants. The weev ils were kill ed just as r apidly on t he plant s upon which no dew was allowed t o form as t hey were where t he dew f ormed.
To furth er ch eck t his poin t weev ils were caged on poisoned plants fro m s ix o'clock in t he evening till nine in t he morning, wh ich covers t he period wh en t he dew is on the plan t . The weevil s were then removed t o f resh unpoisoned plan t s and a re cord was kept of the mortality. To comp are wit h these, weevils were pla ced on poisoned plants at nine in t he morning and removed at s ix in the evening. These weevils were also placed on a fresh plant and a record was kept of the mortality.
Although the weevils that were on the poisoned plant from nine in the morning to six in the evening had a mu ch sh or t er feeding period and were feeding while there wa s no moisture on the plant, a high er mortality occur r ed amo ng th ese weevils.
It would seem that the two above ex periments show conclu sively that the weevils do not obtain the poison by drinkin g th e dew. The dew is of value in caus in g t h e poison to adh ere better t o the plan t but not essential in get t ing th e poison into the insect's system.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DUSTING RECOMMENDED
BY THE BOARD FOR THE YEAR 1922.
Th e du st in g exper ime nts ca r ried on by the Board fo r th e past several years have always given a decided resul t in favo r of du sting. While in t hese exper iments th e ga in has not always been large , it mu st be rem embered that even wit h t he most car ef ul division of t he different blocks, it is imp ossible t o leave ch eck blocks and ot h er blocks not th or ou ghl y du sted for ex per imental purpose s, and get th e maximum r esults from the du sted blocks. Weevil s f r om the check blocks, and f rom other places, even tually find th eir wa y into t he du sted blocks, lessening th e damage on the check and incr easing th e damage on the du sted blocks . Th en, a s we have always gotten an increased yield both from our early du sting and from du sting gener ally, we fe el sure that th e farm er who du sts ca refully and th oroughly hi s ent ire field will ge t better results th an th e re sults obtained at th e E xperimen t Station.
In makin g our r ecomm end ati ons to t he farmers from t he r esul t s obt ained in the experiments, we want t o make t he m

so as to be absolutely on the safe side, and prohibit from creeping in any element of chance for the weevil infestation ' to be great. We , therefore, recommend, where the weevil infestation is at all he avy, that just before the cotton squar es begin to form sufficiently for the weevils to depo sit their eggs, the farmer give his cotton two dustings at interval s of about three t o four da ys, afterward examine hi s field closely, and when he finds by th e appearance of punctured squar es that spots are becoming infested, du st these spots and pick up th e punctured squar es. When he finds that t he spread is becoming general, he should du st hi s entire field every five or six da ys, and should he find the weevil infestation getting he av y, du st at intervals of about four days until three to f our applications have been mad e, and until h e finds the wee vils under control.
Fight always when you se e th e damage beginning. Don't wait . Continue to du st every five or six days regardless of whether it is raining, or wh et h er it is dry. On damp, foggy days when the rain is not hard enough to wash off the du st, you will get greater results than in dry weather. Cont in ue the du sting until the bolls are matured t o the top of the plant; that is, until they are matured to the extent of making a good crop-just as though you had no weevil. This will save the damage to the bolls, which is somet imes se r ious. Dust always at night or early in the morning, because the atmospheric conditions are much better for the dust settling on the plant. Use an average of 5 lbs. of du st per acre at an application. Use good judgment and dust often so that the weevil will not get a start and multiply too rapidly in rainy weather. Don 't have the weevil when the r ains begin.
Write us for an y information. We are s ur e that you can save your crop by using good cultural methods of farming, and then by du sting.
IRA W. WILLIAMS,
General Field Agent.

Georgia State .Board of Entomology

BULLETIN 63 .

JUNE 1922

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1921
BY
w. V. REED
State Entomologist

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEO RGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
Organization and Staff
HON. J. J . BR OWN, Cha irma n, Comm iss ione r of Agri cul ture, Atlant a.
HON. R. C. BERCKMANS, Horticulturist, Macon .
COL. W. D. HAMMACK, Agriculturist , Colema n, Ga.
W . V. REED , State Ent omologi st , Atlan ta.
W. L. NEESE, Secretary and Trea surer, Atlanta.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Gen eral Field Agent .
(In Cha rge of Th omasville, Valdosta , Reidsville and Cornelia Stations)
W . W . CHASE, Assistant State Entomoiogist, Cornelia .
W. F. TURNER, As si stant Entomologi st, Thomasvill e
D. C. WARREN, Assistant E ntomologi s t, Valdosta.
B. M. GADDIS, Superintendent Va ldosta Station, Valdosta .
W . H. LEONARD, Superint end ent Th omasvill e Station, Th omasville.
C. H . GADDIS, Superintendent Reid sville Station, Reid svill e.
J . C. MANESS, Field Agent, Atlanta.
J . M. MALLOY, Field Agent, Macon .
J. H. PRESSLEY, Field Ag ent, Valdosta.

A NN U A L REPORT
of the
STATE E NTO MOLOGIST
f or 1921
By W. V. REED .
To th e Honorable Members of th e Georgia State Board of Entom ology an d t he Gener al Assem bly:
As State Entom logist I have th e honor t o present a r eport of the work of th e State Board of Entomology for 1921.
Th e st aff cons is ts at present of myself and th e f ollowing assi stan t s:
W. W. Chase, Assistant State En tom ologi st. Ira W. Williams, Cotton Speciali st in Charge of Fi eld
Work. Will iam F . Turner, Assistant En t omologi st. D. C. Warren , Assi stant Entomologi st. B. M. Gaddis, Field Agent in Charge of the Vald ost a Ex-
perimen t Station. W . H. Leonard, Field Agen t in Charge of th e Th oma svill e
Experiment Station. C. H. Gaddis, Fi eld Ag ent in Char ge of t he Rei dsville
E xp erimen t Stati on. J. C. Man ess, Field Ag ent. J . H. Pressle y, Field Agen t. James M. Malloy, Field Agent. "V. L. Neese, Secret ary and Trea surer. S. V. Brown, Bee In sp ector. J. 1. Ayres, Pathologist. Mr s. W. A. Magu ire, St enographer.
In a ddit ion t o t he above, additi onal h elp has been employed from tim e t o time to take care of special work.
Th e duties of t he Board cove r a very bro ad f ield and consist of exp erimental work in the contro l of injurious
3

insect s and plan t disea ses ; insp ection of all nurseries in t he State ; inspe ction of all foreign nursery stoc k imp orted into the State ; inspect ion of sweet potatoes of comme rc ial plant growers in the State; cotton breeding work; exte ns ion work visiting and advising the treatment of the various pests attacking growing crops and orchards; the inspection of apiaries and the handli ng of Calc ium Arsenate. In addition, members of the st aff attend agricultural and h orticultural meetings, giving practical information on th e r esu lt s obtai ned in experime nts in the contro l of in sects and diseases, conducted by t he Board.
QUARANTINE REGULATIONS .
It is t he duty of the Board to enf orce all plant quarantine r egulati ons, and the fo llowing quarantin es are now being enforced:
1. Th ose re lating t o the sh ipment of nursery st ock into and within "th e State.
2. Shipment of sweet potat o plants, draws and cutt ings in t o and within t he State.
3. Chestnut Blight . 4. Nematode Worm of Wh ea t. 5. Cit r us Canker. 6. Pine Blister Rust. 7. Mosaic Dis ease of Sugar Cane. 8. Sweet Potato Weevil. 9. Pink Bollworm of Cotton. 10. Mexican Bean Beetle. A t this point I desire t o call special attention t o the seriousn ess of the two last named pest s, the Pink Bollworm of Cotton and the Mexi can Bean Be etl e. Th e latter is already establish ed in thirty or more counties in th e State and it s influence on the agricul tural interests of the State may. be far rea ching.
LEC TU RES AND E DUCATIONAL WORK.
In view of the great demand to know the best methods of g rowing cotton under boll weev il conditions more requests have come to the department f or speaker s on this subj ect
4

than could be given prompt attention. Mr. J. C. Maness has devoted cons ider able time to this special work.
FIELD EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
Th e Field Experiment Stati ons, un der th e di r ect char ge of Ira W. Williams, are located at Th omasville, Val dosta, Reidsville and Cornelia. Th e work conducted at th ese stati ons consist s of th e foll owing : At Thomasville and Reidsville sho r t st ap le cotton variety tests are conducte d and du sting exper iments with calcium arsenate to control the boll weev il. Th e same line of work is conduct ed at Valdosta, but on Sea Island cotton alt oge t he r . At Cornelia a Field Stati on wa s es tablished this year to better cent r alize th e work on apple insects and dis ea ses.
APPLE INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Th e work on apple insects and dise ases is in ch ar ge of W. W. Chase and cons ist s in conduct ing spraying experiments fo r th e better cont r ol of th e important insects and disea ses that attack th e apple.
PEACH INSECTS AND DISEASES.
In co-opera t ion with th e U. S. Bureau of Entomology and the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry, exper ime n t al wor k on a large scal e to more satisfactorily control, esp ecially br own r ot and curculio, is being conduct ed at F ort Vall ey. William F. Turner , J . H. Pressley and J . M. Malloy assist in the peac h work.
PECAN INSECTS AND DISEASES.
Arrang ements have been mad e to conduct furth er exper iment work on pecan insec t s and diseases at Thomasvill e, Ga. , and William F. Turner has be en transferred t o Th omasvill e t o have direct char ge of this work.
COTTON WORK.
In additi on t o th e cotton wor k conducte d at the Field E xperiment Stations pr eviousl y m entioned , J . C. Maness and J . H. P r essl ey, as part of th eir work, assist individual cot-
5

ton growers in making selections to improve and maintain the purity of their cotton seed. They al so advise and direct as many parties as can be sa ti sf ac t or ily handled in the best methods of controlling the boll weevil. In connection with th e cotton selections, a small gin is operated by th e department fo r the purpose of ginning th e sel ections of cot t on and returning the seed to the individuals who send them in. This year a great many more selections wer e g inned than in the year before. Requests for this service will undoubtedly increase each year, as they have heretofore.
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE.
In co-operation with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology arrangements have been made to conduct at Thomasville, Ga ., experiments on the control of this serious pest. The infestation at Thomas ville being isolated gives possibly better opp ortunities for conducting this work.
Th e area in the State at present infested by this beetle in clud es ab out one-t h ir d of th e State, or roughly, all th e count ies north of th e' lin e extending from the lower edge of Troup county on the west t o t he so ut he r n edg e of Stephens county on th e eas t . In addition two is olated infestations occu r, one in 'Wilkes county, and th e ot he r previously menti oned in Thom as coun ty. The beetles fee d vor acious ly on all garden var iet ies of bean s a nd 'peas , and it s injury t o thes e cro ps is ve ry ser ious. The possibility of th e beetl e becoming equally as serious a men ace t o the succe ssf ul g ro wing of cow or fi eld peas makes it eve n more important .
THE PINK BOLLWORM .
Th e danger of th e Pink Bollworm bein g introduced into th e Stat e demands cons ider a t ion. N o see d are permitted t o come into Georg ia from Tex as or Louisiana that are kn own t o have infest ed area s. Additi onal assi stan ce t o better en forc e all th e Board's qua r an t ine r egulations, and especia lly th e Pink Bollworm qu a r antine, in my opinion , is urgent and advisable.
6

OFFICE WORK.
Th e office work has been exce pt ionally heavy . The ma ny activities of th e Board mak e th e cor respondence quite large and r equires from t h ree to fo ul' people t o handle satisfacto r ily t he de t ail s:
IN SP ECTION DUTIES.
Th e enforcem ent of the diff erent quarantine regu lations require a great amount of inspection work. Th e Board's limited fund s f or this duty is quite inadequa te to properly org anize and perf orm the du t y as it sho uld be done t o protect all 'int er est s inv olved . One hundred and forty-eight nurseries located in Georgia were inspect ed during t he sea son of 1921 and 1922 . E leven hundr ed and twenty sweet potato certificates were issu ed. Sixteen Bee Cert if icat es and fift een Bee Licen ses,-the latter requiring t he collect ing of a f ee of twenty-five dollars f or eac h license issu ed and dep osi ting same with th e Stat e Treasurer. Nurseries outside of Georgia ar e requ ired t o file a copy of their origina l certificate of t he inspect or of th e State where t he nurser y is locat ed, and s ign an agreement t o f umigate sto ck pr ior t o sh ipme nt . One hundred and fift een nurseries outs ide of t he Stat e qua lified t o se li stock in Georgia in 1921 and 1922. By ap plyi ng t o t he State Ent omologi st a list of all th e cer t if ica te s an d licenses issu ed may be obtained .
CALCIUM ARSEN ATE .
In accordance with a resoluti on pa ssed by the Gen er al Assembly las t ye a r , t he Board wa s a ut hor ized t o use $10,000.00 of it s a ppro priation as a revolvin g f und t o bu y ca lcium arsenate in large quanti t ies and re-sell to t he f ar me rs a t actual cost . Com petit ive bids were ask ed of man uf act urers of calc ium arsena t e and t he lowe st bid accepted, guaran t eeing th e material t o fulfill all the requ irements 'of t he Georgia Insect icid e Law. At present th e a rra ng eme nt ha s been th e mea ns of f ar me rs saving at lea st f oul' cents
7

a pound on all their purchases of calcium arsenate. A complete report will be issued at the close of the season on the calcium arsenate transactions. I am saf e in say ing, h owever, that orders already pla ced with the Board indicate the success of the undertaking.
8

GEORGI A STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS Ye ar End ed December 31, 1921

RECEIPTS :
State T rea sure r Sa le of Products-Va ldo sta Station Sale of Product s-Tho masv ill e Station Sale of Prod uct s-Baxley Station
T otal Recei pts J anua ry 1, 1921 (Overdraft)
T ot a l to Accou nt fo r :

$60,000.00 2,4 82 .30 1,549.47 1,200.60
$65,232 .37 1,11 4 .63
$64,117.74

Dl S BUR SEi\IENTS :

Sal ari es : E ntomol og ists and Assi stants Offi ce Cot to n Breed er s

$ 9,423 .26 3,999.97
16,07 6.64 $29,499 .87

Traveling : En t om olog ist s and Ass is ta nt s Board Members Cot to n Breeders

$ 3,771.76 659.52
7,477 .43 $11,908.71

St ation ery a nd Off ice Suppli es Freight and Express B ulletin s and Cir cula r s Postage, T eleph one and T eleg ra ph Mi scella neous Offi ce Expen se Library Labora t or y Labor Field Expense F ield Supplie s

$ 849.20 . . 61.14 . 1,108.30 . 539 .95 . 1,286.06 . 42.75 . 105.00 . 1,666.31 . 1,036.51 $ 6,69 5.22

Valdosta Station:

Wages

$ 1,711.47

F r eigh t Expen se s

. 23.38

Field Expenses

.. 248. 04

F ield Supplies

. 1,274.51

Office Supplies

. 260.77

P ost a g e, Tel ephon e and T el egraph . 222.41

T r a veli ng Expen se

. 401.16

Miscellaneous Expen se

. 151.20

R en t

.. 974 .00

Total Valdosta Station

.

$ 5,272.94

Total t o Accoun t fo r F orwarded Disbu r s em en t s ca rried f orward

$64,117.74 $53,3 76.74

9

T ot al t o a ccount f or br ou ght forw ard Disbursem en t s brou gh t forward

$64 ,11 7.74 $53 ,376.74

Th om a svill e Sta t ion :

Wa g es

Seeds

F r ei gh t and Express

F ield E x penses

F ield Su pp lie s

Offi ce Supplies

Post a g e, T el eph on e and T ele graph

Traveling E xpen ses

Miscellaneous E xpen se

Rent

.,

$ 2,331.0 4 . 39. 15 . 138.81 . 719.57 . 2,464.36 . 38 .55 . 39.62 . 365 .38 . 76.10 . 750.00

T ot a l Th om a s vill e Station

s 6,962 .58

Baxley Station :

Wa ges F ield Supplies Fi eld Expen s es F r e igh t an d Express Mi scellaneou s Expense P osta g e, T elephon e a nd T elegra ph Rent

$ 1,584.96 . 867.46 . 322.43 . 23.07 . 171.7 2 . 23.40 . 240.10

T ot a l Baxley St a t ion

.

$ 3,233. 14

T ot al Disbursem ent s

$63 ,5 72 .46

December 31, 1!.J21- Bal an ce

:

$ 545.2 8

PROOF:

On Deposit- Fulton Na tio nal Ba nk

Ad va nces to Stations and T ra veling

E xpen s e accounts not r eceiv ed up

to Decem ber 31, Hl2 1

$

Overpay ment, .1. C. Ma ness

L e s s:

E xp ens e Adju s tm en t s

.

$
3 74 .04 61.80
s

122.13
435.8 4 55 7.9 7 12. 69

$ 545 .28

/

10

Schedule No. 1.

RE CONCILEMENT OF ACCOUNT WITH FULTON NATIO NAL BANK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA.

Dec. 3 1, '2 1- BAL A NC E PER BANK STATE-

MENT

$ 1,537.29

ADD : E rror in ente r ing Check

N o. 1986

.

.25 $ 1,537.54

DEDU CT : Checks Outstanding:

N o. 1966 ........................................$ 2036 2049 2052 2053 2056 2057 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064

2.08 150.00
5.00 7.50 150 .00 246.17 240.75 15.00 106.00 50.59 42.32 300.0 0 10 0.0 0

1,415.41

Dec. 31, '2 1-BAL AN CE PER CAS H JOURNAL

$ 122.13

I h er eby certify that t he above is a true st ate me nt of r eceipts and disbursements of t he Department for t he year 1921, as audited by Alonzo Richar dson & Co.

Respectfully submitted ,
w. V. REED,
State Entomologis t .

11