Bulletin [Nos. 41-50 (Mar. 1915 - Jan. 1918)]

'.

Georgia

State Board of Entomology

E. LEE WORSHAM. State Entomologist

-
BULLETIN 41- ~

MARCH, 1915.

r

SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT TR CROP PESTS IN GEORGIA
-By-

W. V. REED
Assistant State Entomologist

Atlanta

State Capitol

Georgia

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
J. D. PRICE, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
Ex-Officio Member. R. C. BERCKMANS, President, State Horticultural Society, Augu tao
Ex-Officio Member. JNO. A. COBB,
President, State Agricultural Society, Americus. Ex-Officio Member. E. L. WORSHAM,
State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. A. C. LEWIS,.
Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta. W. V. REED,
Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.. W. W. CHASE,
Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta. C. S. SPOONER,
Assistant Entomologi t. IRA W. WILLIAMS,
A istant in Cotton Breeding Atlanta. J. CHESTER BRADLEY,
Special Assistant Entomologist.

CONTENTS

TRODUCTION

5

SECTS I JURIOUS TO VARIOUS TRUCK CROPS

Root-Knot

6

Red Spider

8

Harlequin Cabbage Bug

9

Squash Bug

10

Melon Aphis

..

11

Cabbage Aphis

14

Mole Cricket

15

Variegated Cut Worm

16

Black Cut Worm Web Worm

.... 17

..

18

o!'o

Pickle Worm Melon Borer

o Squash Vine Borer

u

Tomato Horn Worm

.. 20 .. __ .. 23
23
24

)0-

Cotton Boll Worm

..

27

K
III

Cabbage Looper

.. 28

Q

Imported Cabbage Worm

29

-Z
ID

ative Cabbage Worm Colorado Potato Beetle

31 31

)0-

Striped Cucumber Beetle

32

K ~

Cucumber Flea Beetle

34

.-..K
ID ORMULAS AND DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING SPRAY

... MIXTURES.

~

Lead Arsenate

35

oZ i=
z~

Lead Arsenate as a Dust Paris Green
Paris Green as a Dust Poisioned Corn Meal Baits

,

,'. __35 35
35 36

III

Poisioned Bran Mash Baits

.:.t.

Poisioned Cotton Seed Meal Baits Bordeaux Mixture (fungicide spray)

>-
III
az
:;)

Black Leaf 40 (nicotine solution) TObacco Decoction Soap Solution Commercial Lime-Sulphur

o

Kerosene Emulsion

III

36 36 36 37 37 .. __ , .37
37 37

ISPRAY PUMPS

38

ACCESSORIES

Some of the More Important Truck Crop
Pests in Georgia.
Truck farming in Georgia is gradually recelvmg more attention each year and is destined to grow in importance. Various sections of the state are admirably adapted to this branch of agriculture, and offer more remunerative returns than does general farming. In fruit and melon production the State's prestige is well established. Likewise, she ranks second in the production of cotton. Summed up as a whole the advantages offered truck farmers in Georgia are manifold, and equally as good as those offered in the production of cotton and other leading crops. The climate is unsurpassed and affords the greatest latitude in the variety of crops that can be grown and marketed profitably. The soil and moisture conditions are unexcelled. Labor and transportation facilities are good.
A home garden is recognized as indispensable on a farm and vitally important by citizens of small towns. Even in large cities vegetable growing is an important economic factor. Many vegetables can be grown under crowded city conditions, contributing materially to reducing the cost of living and the pleasure of the parties thus engaged.
Only in isolated instances do we find winter gardens even on farms, a thing that should be, by all means most common. It is not generally known that a number of vegetables will stand Our winter climate and can be grown in the open at that season. With a little ingenuity and a small expense in making hotbeds and cold frames, this number can be doubled, making it possible to have one or more home-grown vegetables all during the winter.
It is true that insect pests are an important factor to contend with in truck farming. However, with a few exceptions, they can be controlled with comparatively little expense. It is hoped that this bulletin will aid those looking for information regarding the more important truck crop pests. The preventive and remedial measures recommended in most cases have been tested by the State Board of Entomology. Likewise, the life histories of the different pests to a hirge extent have been verified.

6 ROOT-KNOT. Root-knot is very prevalent in central and south Georgia. This trouble is caused by a microscopic, round worm Or "nematode" (Heterodera radicicola). It occurs in the soil in countless numbers and', getting on the roots of plants, causes the characteristic root-knot (Fig. 1). The nematodes migrate through the soil very slowly, estimated at a few feet a year. In artificial ways they may be scattered over large areas and long distances. They may be carried by water flowing through the soil, on the feet of work animals, and by transplanting infested plants. The latter agency is the most prevalent source in causing uninfested localities to become infested. The nematodes can be transmitted any distance in this manner to localities in which they can thrive.
Fig. l.-Root-knot or nematode injury on the roots of cotton.
Preventatives.-In infested areas the nematodes can be eradicated only by cultural methods, proper rotation of crops. A number of crops are immune to nematodes while an exceedingly large number are not. By planting immune crops in an infested area for a few years,. the nematodes will die of starvation. A partial list of immune and non-immune crops given be-

7
low, will probably be of service to one in arranging a rotation of crops to get rid of the nematodes.

Crops Largely or Entrely Immune to Root-Knot:

Corn. Bean, velvet.
Peanut. Cowpea, Brabham.
Cowpea, Iron. Cowpea, Iron hybrids.

Wheat. Grasses (nearly all). Oats, winter. Chufas. Beggarweed, Florida.

Sorghum. Rye. Millets (nearly all).
Milo. Kafir.

Plants Less Severely Injured by Root.Knot:

Alfalfa. Asparagus.
Bean, lima. Bean, ~nap. Cabbage.
Clover, sweet.

Collard. Cotton. Mulberry. Onion. Pea, garden. Potato, sweet.

Radish..
Spinach Strawberry. Sugar cane. Vetch, common Vetch, hairy.

Plants and Crops Most Severely Injured by Root-Knot:

Bean, soy. Beet.
Cantaloupe. Carrot Celery
Clover, burr. Clover, crimson.

Cowpea (except Brabham, Iron and Ironhybrids).
Cucumber. Eggplant. Fig. Lettuce. Okra.

Peach. Pecan. Pomegranate. Potato. Salsify. Squash.
Tobacco. Tomato. Watermelon.

Since nematode-infested seed-beds are the most pernicious source of introducing root-knot into non-infested areas, care should be exercised in buying plants to be transplanted. There are three ways of treating seed-beds to destroy the nematode, namely:

1. By fumigating with carbon bisulphide. Punch nine or ten holes per square yard about a foot deep and pour into each about a tablespoonful of carbon bisulphide, filling the opening quickly and tramping under foot.

8
2. By sterilizing with formalin. Use one part of formalin to one hundred gallons of water. Saturate the soil thoroughly' as deep as the roots will penetrate.
3. By passing live steam for one hour or more through soil that will be used in seed-beds.
In buying plants, tomatoes, cabbage, egg-plant, etc., from growers or dealers, one should be sure they are grown in soil free from nematodes. It is only recently that farmers generally have realized the importance of preventing or getting rid of nematodes in their soil. Only light or loamy soils are affected, and by planting immune crops on infested soils root-knot, in the course of three years, can be eradicated.
RED SPIDER.
(Tetranychus bimaculatus H.)
This "troublesome pest (Fig. 2) is fully treated in Georgia Experiment Station Bulletin No. 92. At times it is particularly injurious to a variety of truck crops, as tomatoes, beans, cucumbers, melons, etc. Often in cold beds and hot frames its injury is exceedingly severe. The spider's life history is briefly, as follows: The winter is passed, in the adult stage, on plants that remain green, as violets, goldenrod, poke weed, etc. In early spring eggs are laid fFom which a new generation is produced in the course of two to three weeks. If conditions are favorable, they multiply rapidly and at once make their presence known should they be on plants in hot beds. They appear somewhat later on plants that are grown or have been transplanted to the field. The spiders are usually red in color and quite small, but can readily be detected if a close examination is made. They injure the plants by sucking the juice from the leaves and tender portions of the plant. Since they obtain their sustenance from within the plant, they are classed, from a feeding standpoint, as sucking insects and are only affected by contact poisons.

9

Treatment.-All overwintering plants that furnish food for

the spider, should, so far as possible, be

destroyed. A little time and effort spent

in this direction would entirely prevent

an infestation. Should an infestation

occur, prepared lime and sulphur at the

rate of one part of prepared lime and

sulphur to fifty to one hundred par~s of

water, has been found a reliable remedy.

The plant should be thoroughly sprayed

Fig. 2.-Tetranych1lo8 b;- -the under side of the leaves, as well

ma/'ulatus, red spider.

as the top surface.

HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG. (Murgantia histrionica Hahn.)

The Harlequin cabbage bug (Fig. 3) is black with orange
or yellow markings. This variegated color gives the insect its name, Harlequin. It is about three-eighths of an inch long and one-fourth inch wide. It passes the winter, in the adult stage, in protected places. Its principal food plants are collards, cabbage, mustard, radishes, turnips, lettuce, etc. It will attack other plants when its favorite food plants are not to be had.

The eggs are usually laid on

Fig. 3.-JIw"gantia histrionica Harle- the underside of leaves in double

quin cabbage bug: adult, eggs and rows. Twelve is the usual num-

nymph.

ber deposI.ted. The eggs are bar-

rel-shaped and marked by black bands. The young are called

nymphs, and resemble the adults except they are smaller, soft-

bodied and lack wings.

Remedies.-The Harlequin cabbage bug obtains its food by means of a long, slender beak, and is controlled only by contact

10
poisons. Thoroughly cleaning up and burning all trash in and. about a garden or field during the winter will destroy many hibernating adults.
Trap Plants.-The adults that pass the winter come out very early in spring and will congregate on mustard, which should be planted early and used as a trap plant. The planting of a few short rows at advantageous points is all that is necessary. As these become badly infested, they should be sprayed with pure kerosene. Warfare of this nature will reduce the number so as to protect later crops in most cases. Should the bugs eventually be found in numbers on growing crops, fifteen per cent kerosene emulsion can be applied
Fig. 4.-.dnusu tl';stis, with uccess, especially on the immature quash bug: adult. stages of the inse.ct. Care should be taken that each individual insect is thoroughly sat-
urated with the spray, otherwise, those not covered will escape.

THE SQUASH BUG (Anusu tristis, DeG.)

The squash bug is most common and generally recognized

(Fig. 4). Briefly described, they are a little over half an inch

long and dark brown

above and yellowish be-

neath. The mouth parts

consist of a long pointed

beak.

The adult passes the

winter in protected places

under rubbish and comes

forth early in the spring

to deposit eggs. The eggs

Fig. 5.-Egg rna of the squash bug.

are deposited irregularly and are conspicuous

brown in color (Fig. 5). The young are called nymphs and molt

11
from time to time until the adult stage is reached, when wings appear. They feed and injure the plants they attack by sucking the juice therefrom by means of their beaks, and in addition cause an irritation by means of poison injected.
Remedies.-In a home garden when the squash bug first appears, hand-picking should be resorted to. By getting rid of these hibernating adults, there is less likelihood of their giving trouble later.
Trapping by means of early plants is also recommended. They will deposit their eggs and collect on such plants, at which time they should be destroyed.
Spraying with 10 per cent. kerosene emulsion or "Black Leaf 40" at the rate of one part to 300 parts of water will kill the soft nymphs. Since bugs obtain their food by sucking, poison sprays are obviously useless when employed .against them.
Clean culture should be practiced. Particular care should be taken to gather and burn all rubbish during the fall and winter. This will prevent many adults from passing the winter successfully.
PLANT LICE OR APHIDS.
Of this group of insects several species are noted as serious pests attacking a great variety of crops, as well as fruit trees and ornamental plants. As all species possess quite similar life histories and are controlled, to a large extent, by the same agencies and remedial measures, treatment in detail of two of th~ principal offenders of this group will serve the purpose of this publication.
THE MELO APHIS.
(AZJhis fjossYZJii, Glov.)
The principal food plants of this insect ~re cucumbers, cante)oupes, cotton and similar plants.. This green-colored aphis (Fig. 6) congregates in great numbers on the underside of the leaves of its host and saps the life of the plant by means of a slender

12
Fig 6.-Aphis goss!lpii: (a) winged female; (b) side view, female; (c) wingl female, greatly enlarged.
beak. If the plant is badly infested its growth is at once arrested and even killed.
Life History.-The life history of the melon aphis is remarkable. True males and females are produced late in the season. These oviparous females lay eggs which carry the insect through the winter. In return in the spring, these eggs hatch into viviparous females, whose young are born alive. Many generations are thus produced-through the summer and form in colonies that contain no true males or females. This development is known as parthenogenesis, that is, the young are born by the female without the intervention of the male. Both 'winged and wingless forms are produced during the summer, as is shown in Fig. 6, which

Fig. 7.-;-(a) Aphides clustered on leaf; (b) aphides clustered on seed-stalk or radISh. (After Glenn W. Herrick and J. W. Hungate).

14
further enables the insect to migrate, should the necessity ari e.. The last brood produced during the season is maqe up of true males and females which have already been mentioned.
It should be noted that the winged individuals serve to spread the species, and this accounts for the isolated colonies over a given area during the summer. Each individual gives birth to about fifty young which mature in six to eight days. Were it not for parasites and predacious enemies the resulting . hordes of this pest would inevitably destroy all fields attacked. With these facts in mind we may consider methods of control.
Parasites and Predacious Enemies.-As previously stated, this aphis suffers severely from parasitic and predacious enemies. If given ample time their enemies will reduce their number to a minimum. Non-interference with this natural struggle, however, would mean serious injury or loss of valuable crops, and is not advisable. Among the most valuable enemies of the aphis is the lady-beetle and a hymenoptrous parasite. A common belief, which is very much a fallacy, is that ants destroy countless numbers of aphids. This should be corrected. It is true that ants are usually found in numbers where a colony of aphids is located. Their presence, however, is for a specific purpose not in keeping with this general belief, and that is to collect honey dew, which is secreted by the aphids. Instead of being an enemy they are very much the friends of the aphids and look upon them much like a dairyman does his cows, and are called, in fact, by close observers of nature, "ant cows."
Remedies.-Spraying with Black Leaf 40, a nicotine tobacco product, is one of the best remedies tested. The solution is very concentrated and gives splendid results even used at the rate of one part of "Black Leaf 40" to four or five hundred parts of water. Soap solution at the rate of one pound to three or four gallons of water is very good. Ten per cent. kerosene emulsion will also control the pest.
CABBAGE APHIS.
(AIJhis bJ'assicae Linn.)
The cabbage aphis (Fig. 7: a and b) may appear in early spring, but its most destructive season is late summer and early

15
fall. This is due to the fact that with the advent of cool weather parasitic and predaceous enemies of the aphis are not so numerous, and consequently do not seriously interfere with the maximum propagation of the pest. During the spring and summer especially parasitic enemies of the aphis are very active and as a rule serve to keep them in check.
The life history of cabbage aphis is similar to the life history of the melon aphis.
Treatment.-Spray with "Black Leaf 40" at the rate of one part to three or four hundred parts of water. Soap solution at the rate of one pound to four gallons of water is also a reliable remedy. Care should be taken that the spray operation is thorough. The spray should be applied as a mist and with considerable force.

THE MOLE CRICKET. ( capterisctls didactylus.)

The mole cricket (Fig. 8) is at present the most serious

truck crop pest in those counties in the southeastern part of the

State, particularly on the coast. It is

thought to have been brought to Geor-

gia in the ballast of ships, probably from

Porto Rico.

Few truck crops escape injury from

this pest. It feeds on tomatoes, pep-

pers, turnips, potatoes, sugarcane and

bermuda grass with equal fondness. In

the case of tomatoes and plants of like

nature, the cricket cuts them off just

below the surface of the ground while

they are young. Potato plants suffer

in a like manner and also from hav-

Figra.l .-.lz:Me. ole Cricket, natu- ing the tubers eaten into. For an ex-

th

.

tended and more complete account of

e mole cX:1cket, Georgia Experiment Station Bulletin No. 101

hould be consulted.

16

Life History.-Only one brood is produced during the year. The eggs are laid near the surface in earthen cells by the female during the months of April, May and June. The eggs hatch in from 24 to 26 days and from eight to twelve months elapse before the adult stage is reached.

Remedies.-Probably the plowing of breeding areas two or three times during the month of April, May and June is the best method of ridding a given area of this pest. The plowing will expose many of the eggs to the sun and other agencies which will kill them. Banding individual plants, as tomatoes, pepper, etc., with paper or tin cylinders affords absolute protection from this pest. Poisoned baits made of cotton seed meal in which arsenate of lead or Paris green has been incorporated has proven very beneficial.

CUT WORMS. (Peridroma saucilJ, and AgTos/is ypsi/on.)

Few gardens indeed escape from these nocturnal marauders.

Their activities are carried on altogether at night. During the

day the larvae se-

crete themselves

in shallow bur-

rows in the soil

and under boards

and rubbish that

may be handy.

Their injury in

cutting off plants

just at the sur-

face of the ground

is too familiar and

correctly diagnos-

ed by the garden-

er to warrant fur-

Fig. 9.-Peridroma saucia, variegated cut worm: (a)
adult; (b, C, d) larvae; (e) egg, greatly enlarged; (f) egg. (From Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. AgrL).

ther description of their nefarious
work. There are

a number of species variously known as the Variegated, Black

17

cut worm, etc. (Figs. 9 and 10). They all have practically the same habits but differ slightly in appearance. In their control the remedial measures advocated apply to all species.

Life History.-The principal damage from cut worms occurs in the spring. The winter is passed by the immature larvae in hibernation especially on sodded ground. In early spring these overwintering larvae come forth naturally with abnormal appetites after their long fast and attack readily almost any growing crop. It should be pointed out just here that grasses are thei)' original food plants. This fact leads to a method of combating them that will be considered later.
During June or July the cut worms reach maturity. They then burrow into the ground and form a silk-lined cocoon in which they pupate. In about three weeks the adult moth appears. Eggs are soon deposited on a great variety of tender vegetation on which the young larvae feed after hatching until winter drives them into hibernation. Only one brood occurs dur-
ing the year.

Remedial and Preventive

Measures.-Preventive measures

are one of the chief aids in the

control of cutworms. Since grass

is their natural food it follows

that we are liable to have them

in abundance when truck crops

are planted on land that has been

lJ
ig. IO.-Agrostis ypsilon, black cut-
wornl: (a) larvae; (b) head of arne; (c) adult. (From Bureau of
Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agri.).

in sod. Even in gardens that are in constant cultivation and are kept free from weeds, enough cut worms wander in from grass lands to be more or less injurious

every year. Garden and sod land especially that is to be planted

in truck should be plowed and thoroughly pulverized during the

inter before planting. In turning over the soil the pupae arf:

disturbed in their earthen cells and exposed to cold and various

agencies that destroy them.

18
The habits of the larvae in hiding during the day makes trapping them quite beneficial. Boards may be placed conveniently under which they will crawl, or otherwise holes may be punched in the soil near each plant by means of a stick. The larvae will usually crawl into these holes or under the boards during the day, at which time they can be destroyed.
Poisoned baits can be used with marked success. The best results from poisoned baits can probably be obtained by raking off all the vegetation on a plot of ground before it is planted, or before the seeds come up. Thus getting rid of the cutworms' food supply, they will attack with avidity poisoned baits ma~e of the following: Corn meal forty pounds, Paris green one pound; mix and moisten with water to make a rather stiff mash; af"er which sweeten with two quarts of common molasses. Apply this bait broadcast late in the afternoon over the field. The less available their natural food, the more likely the poison baits will be eaten. Another poisoned bait recommended is made by cutting up succulent clover or grass and dipping in a barrel of water containing one pound of Paris green. This should always be used fresh and in the same manner as corn meal baits.
No animals should be allowed to run at large that would be tempted by the baits for a few weeks after the bait has been applied. Otherwise they will surely be poisoned.
WEB WORM.
(He/hila undalis, Fab.)
The web worm is comparatively a new pest in Georgia. Its presence was first noticed in 1898 near Augusta, Ga. Since then from time to time at different places in the state, it has been reported as doing considerable damage to turnips, cabbage and beets, its principal food plants. During 1914 it was abundant in and near Fayetteville, Gao
The webworm feeds in the crown or at the base of the leaves of the turnip and cabbage planOts (Fig. 11) 0 For protection, the larvae enclose themselves in a web-like construction during the day from which they come forth at night to feed. On turnips they prefer feeding on the buds and stems of the large leaves.

19 Frequently they burrow into the crown of the plants. In most cases they multiply rapidly, and if not controlled, the plants they attack will be ruined in a few days. The presence of webworms is indicated by means of the webs they spin at the base of the leaves, and later by the dwarfed and unhealthy condition of the plants. The worms can usually be found beneath the webs.
Fig. 1l.-Hell1t1a undcdis, web worm: (a) adult moth; (b) larva; (c) pupa. Turnip, howing characteri tic injury to leaf tern.
The eggs are laid singly or in masses. One female will deposit
~ge nU~ber of eggs. In three or four days they hatch. The
ae attaIn, when full grown, a length of about a half inch.

20
They are grayish yellow in appearance and marked with longitudinal brownish stripes.
The pupae are shiny brown in color and are to be found enclosed tightly in cocoons in the folds of the leaves or at the base of the leaves in the crown of turnips and beets. They pass the winter in this stage and an excellent opportunity thereby is presented to reduce their number by destroying all litter and by practicing clean culture.
The adult flies at night and has a wing expanse of about three-fourths of an inch. The fore-wings are gray marked with lighter colored stripes.
Remedies.-Spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of two pounds to fifty gallons of water is effective, especially when the webworms first appear. The spray should be directed with considerable force into the crown of the plants to insure placing the poison where the webworms will be sure to feed on it at once. Delay in spraying will likely make the operation less successful, owing to the webs preventing the complete covering of all parts of the plant with the spray.
Clean culture is indispensable in rendering a recurrence of the pest unlikely. If all rubbish in an infested field is destroyed during fall and winter most of the over-wintering pupae will be destroyed.
PICKLE WORM.
(D'iC/1Jhania nitidalis, C,am.)
The pickle worms, together with the melon borer, a closely related species which will be eonsidered later, are among the few extremely annoying truck pests that are sometimes difficult to control satisfactorily. The pickle worm injury to cucumbers and canteloupes by boring into them is too familiar to growers to need further description (Fig. 12). All fruit attacked is rendered absolutely worthless for table use or for the market.
Life History.-The eggs of the parent moth are most often laid in masses in the bloom or on the buds of its food plants. When deposited they are white, but change to ye~low green

21
Fig. 12.-Diaphania n'itidalia, pickle worm: adult moth, larvae and melon showing injury.
before hatching into a small whitish worm. When fully grown the larvae measure about three-fourths of an inch in length.
The larvae spin silken cocoons in the folds of the leaves of its food plants or on nearby weeds, in which the pupae are formed, that later change to the adult moth. The moth has a wing ex- ' panse of about an inch and is yellowish brown in color. The body is terminated by a brush-like tuft Or scales similar to the melon worm moth.
Observations made in the life cycle of the worm at Tifton, Ga., varied from three to four weeks. It is generally known among truckers that early plantings of cucumbers and melons will escape serious injury from this pest. This is due to the fact that winter is passed in cocoons in the pupal state and the adult never emerges early in the spring. The cocoons are placed on weeds or under rubbish, etc., above ground and clean culture enables the gardener to destroy great numbers.
Remedial Measures.-Quaintance found that the blooms of the squash were preferred by the moth in depositing her eggs, an? obtained good results by using the squash as a trap plant. ThIS method employed at Fitzgerald last season gave perfect protection. The squashes were badly infested and the cantaloupes a

22
Fig. 12. antaloupe field howing trap row of qua h.
few feet away were free from the pest until the crop had been practically gathered. Seed of the squash should be planted at regular intervals in the cucumber or melon field every two or three weeks so as to have a continuous supply of the worms' preferred food (Fig. 13).
As has been stated, the moth deposits her eggs principally in the bloom, and here the young larvae feed for a few days thereafter. By collecting and destroying these blooms once a week the worm is largely controlled. Dusting the main and trap crops with arsenate of lead mixed with air-slaked lime at the rate of one pound of arsenate of lead to five pounds of lime should be employed as a further protection.
When pickle worms are found in fields in numbers it is hardly possible to control them that season. The infested fruit should be fed to hogs or destroyed. As soon as the crop is removed rake up and burn the vines along with other rubbish. Plow the field thoroughly with a view for their control another year.

23
MELO BORER.
(Diaphania hyalinata, Lin.)
The work of the pickle worm and melon borer are often confused. In fact, their injury is distinguished by no well marked
characteristic feature. The melon borer (Fig. 14) causes much damage by boring into cantaloupes, squash, etc. It eats more freely of the foliage than does the pickle worm, and in consequence thereof is more vulnerable to poison sprays.
Pig. 14.-Diaphania Life History.-The life history of the melon hyalinata, melon borer is very nearly the same as that of the
a borer: adult moth. pickle worm. The parent moth is a very
beautiful creature with pearly iridescent wings marked with border of brownish black. The body of the moth is terminated with a large brush or tuft of elongated scales.
The eggs are placed singly on the under surface of the leaves. The larvae when full grown are greenish yellow in color and are slightly longer than the pickle worm. The melon borer is apt to be more injurious during rainy seasons.
Remedies.-The habit of the melon worm in feeding more or Ie s on the foliage makes spraying or dusting the plants with poison quite beneficial in its control. The poisoned dust should be applied in the same proportion as for the pickle worm. When used as a spray, one and a half pounds of arsenate of lead should be used to fifty gallons of water. In general the same remedial measures as advocated for the pickle worm should be employed with the exception of planting squash: as a trap plant.
SQUASH VI E BORER. (Melittia satyrini'formis, Hbn.)
Usually considerable damage occurs each year from the uash vine borer. The larvae burrow into stalks and vines of he squash causing death or loss of vitality of the plants attacked

24

(Fig. 15). Their presence can first be detected in plants by the yellowish excrement cast out by the larvae around the base of the plant.

Life History.-There are two generations in Georgia a year. The winter is passed in the cocoon stage. The cocoons are usually placed below the surface of the ground near the base of the plant they attack. R. 1. Smith, former State Entomologist, found thaL the second brood emerges along the last of June. The second generation of larvae enter the cocoon stage in the fall and do not emerge as adults until the following spring.

... ature of Their Injury.-The larvae burrow into and tunnel the vines of their food plants. Squash, pumpkins and sometimes cucumbers are attacked.

Treatment.-When the borers are detected working in a plant

they should be removed. This

can be done without much l'.d

ditional injury by means of a

sharp knife. When plants are

found infested beyond recoy-

~ ~ -~~_ ._ L:- --.-

ery they should at once be pulled up and destroyed. Likewise, after the crop is gath-

ered all plants should be pulied

up and destroyed. Fall plow-

d
=- -
Fig. 15.-Melittia satyriniformis, quash
vine borer: (a) adult moth; (b) larvae; (c) pupal cell; (d) larvae in squa h vine.

ing is also essential to aid further in destroying those that have entered the cocoon stage.
A prompt and thorough appli-

cation of the measures suggested will keep the pest reduced to

an insignificant number.

TOMATO HORN WORM. (PhlogolhontiWi soxla.)
Ordinarily the tomato horn worm is kept in control by parasites. Only in isolated instances does its ravages assume serious

25 proportions. At Tifton in the spring of 1910 they were extremely numerous. The foliage as well as a large per cent. of the fruit
ere destroyed over several acres. As high as ten larvae were frequently counted on one plant.
Pig. 16.-PhlegethontiWl sexta, tomato horn worm: (a) adult; (b) egg (enl~rged); (c) larvae; (d) pupae (slightly enlarged). (After Z. P. Metcalf, . C. Department Agri.).
Description.-The parent moth of the tomato horn worm (Fig. 16) belongs to what is commonly known as the Hawkmoth

26

family. They are usually beautifully colored and can be seen late in the afternoon during the summer sucking nectar from nightblooming plants.

Life History.-The eggs are usually deposited on the under surface of tomato leaves and are green in color. The larvae hatching from the eggs is also green in color, with oblique whitish lines on the side of its body. When fully grown they measure three or more inches in length. The pupal stage is passed below the surface of the ground.
The insect gets its name, horn worm, from a horn-like apend age on the posterior end of the larva: The pupae are known a., pitchers by having at one end a construction resembling somewhat the handle of a pitcher.

Nature of Injury.-The larvae are voracious feeders and strip bare with the exception of the stems and main ribs of the leaves, the foliage of the plants they attack. Besides tomatoes, tobacco, egg plant, peppers, etc., are some of cultivated plants attacked. Jimson weed probably ranks first of its wild food plants.

atural Enemies.-Domestic fowls are very fond of the

worms. The larvae are subject to a bacterial disease which

causes the larvae to turn black, shrivel up and die. A small para-

site whose cocoons are

very conspicuous and fre-

quently observed on the

body of the larvae, plays

9.n important part in hold-

ing the pest in check.

The parasite lays its egg=<

upon the horn worm and

the larvae live in the in-

Fig. 11.-Para itised tomato worm.

terior of its host until grown. When mature

they come to the surface, spinning the white conspicuous cocoon

mentioned (Fig. 17). ,

Remedies.-Dusting with arsenate of lead at the rate of one pound of arsenate of lead to five pounds of air-slaked lime or flour, is a very economic and effective remedy. Spraying with

27

nate of lead is likewise effective, but is somewhat more costly in applying than is dusting. In addition the spray adheres tenaciou ly to the fruit and makes washing Or wiping the fruit neces-
before shipping. Deep fall and winter plowing is a valuable adjunct in the control of the tomato horn worm. In turning the soil many pupae are disturbed and exposed to the cold, thus killing them.
THE COTTON BOLL WOR I. (Heliothia obaoleta.)

The cotton boll worm (Fig. 18) has the distinction of being

known by a number of names, depending upon its food plant. It

feeds on tomatoes, corn and beans, in addition to cotton, and

hen found on these plants it is known respectively as the to-

mato worm and corn ear worm, and so on.

The cotton boll worm's favorite food is corn. The eggs are

deposited particularly on the silk. The larvae are dark brown

and greenish in color, and when grown measure about an inch

and a quarter in length. Four or five generations are produced

during a season. The worms injure tomatoes by boring into the

fruit as they do cotton. When on corn it is found in the end of

he roasting ears.

The insect passes the

winter in the pupal stage

below the surface of the

ground. [rhe adult

emerges in the spring.

Treatment. - Winter

r
b

plowing to destroy the pupae and planting early varieties of corn as a trap

plant are recommended.

I~ should be remembered

that the overwintering

pupae are to be found in

d
ig. I .-Heliathia abaoleta boll-worm tomato lao~ Corn ear worm: ("a and b) egg (en-
rltt'c1; (c) larvae; (d) pupa; (e and f) IJIOth. (F.rom Bureau of Entomology, U. S.
pt. Agn).

fields planted in peas, cotton, or very late corn, and such fields especially should be plowed. Corn, when used as a trap

28
plant, should be planted at irregular intervals through the field. It is necessary to inspect the corn plants from time to time and destroy the eggs and larvae found thereon before they reach the adult stage and enter the ground to pupate.
Direct remedies, as spraying, have not proven successful with this pest.
CABBAGE WORMS.
There are three principal offenders known as cabbage worms. The imported cabbage worm, the native cabbage worm, and the cabbage looper. The larvae are greenish or grayish in color and feed on cabbage and related plants by eating holes in the leaves or stripping them bare, leaving only midrib and large veins. Few gardens escape injury from one or all of these pests. It is not an uncommon sight to see fields and gardens alike in which every plant has ragged leaves due to one or all of the above worms.
THE CABBAGE LOOPER.
(A.'Utographa brassicae, Riley.)
The cabbage looper is a pale green worm, more or less distinctly striped. When crawling it has a looping motion similar to the measuring worm. When full grown the larvae measure about an inch and a half in length.
The adult moth is dull gray in color with a wing expanse of about one and a half inches (Fig. 19). The moth is not conspicuous and only flies late in the afternoon.

29

J:.ife History.-Eggs are

laid by the parent moth on

the leaves of its host plants.

The worms coming from the

eggs are very greedy. All

plants of the cabbage fam-

ily are attacked, including

cabbage, collards, turnips,

cauliflower, lettuce, etc.

When the worm or larva is

full grown it spins more or

less a cocoon in which it

pupates. These frail co-

coons containing the pupae

19. 19.-Autographa braasicae, cabbage looper: (a) adult moth; (b) egg (two
iews); (c) larvae; (d) pupa in cocoon: (From Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of AgrL).

are usually found in folds on the underside of the leaves. The moth emerges
from the pupa after a few

eeks. A number of generations are produced during a sea-

son. The last brood of worms in the fall change to pupae and

live over the winter as such. These pupae emerge as adults in

early spring.

Remedies.-The remedies recommended for the imported and native cabbage worms are applitable to the cabbage looper. It al 0 pays to destroy the rubbish and litter left on the field after removing a crop. Many pupae are thus destroyed for instance, hat would pass the winter on withered leaves and emerge as adults in the spring.

Il\IPORTED CABBAGE WORM.
(Pontia mpae, Linn.)
This insect, as its name indicates, is not a native of this eountry. It was introduced into Canada from England about
.60, probably on some ship carrying cabbage in the supplies. Ight years later it had been introduced into New York, and in e years more had spread to most all the Eastern States.

30

Life History.-The winter is passed in the pupal stage

and the adult butterflies appear very early in the spring. (Fig.

20). The eggs, yellow in color, are laid on cabbage and related

plants, and hatch into a green,

velvety looking worm very much

the same color as the cabbage

leaves. When grown the larvae

measure about an inch in length

and then they change to the pu-

paloI' chrysalis stage. Later

the adult butterflies emerge from

these pupae. The chrysalis is

not enclosed in a cocoon, but us-

ually hangs suspended by a

thread from the leaves of cab-

bage or other objects. There

are several broods during a year,

and the last generation of worms

in the fall produce the pupae

that live over the winter, from

which the adults emerge in the

spring.
c
Enernies.-Several small para-

sites have been introduced from

Fig. 20.-Pontia mpae, imported cab- Europe that have given a good

bage worm: (a) male; (b) female; account of themselves, even con-

(c) larvae.

t1I'0l'mg the pest"m mst ances.

The nests of dirt daubers usually contain a generous supply of

all species of cabbage worms.

Rernedies.-Dusting cabbage plants with arsenate of lead or Paris green mixed with air-slaked lime has proven very satisfactory in killing the worms. The arsenate of lead should be used at the rate of one pound to five pounds of air-slaked lime, and the Paris green at the rate of one ounce to one pound of lime. The dust is best applied by means of a thin cloth sack, which when gently shaken over the plants, will coat the leaves uniformly with the poison dust. Until the cabbage begins to head the dust caD

31

be used with impunity and even later. Rain will wash the poison from the plants and additional applications should be made if required.

THE NATIVE CABBAGE WORM.

(Pontia protoc/ice, Bel.)

The native cabbage worm is quite similar to the imported cabbage worm. The adults (Fig. 21) differ in color and mark-
ings as is shown by comparing Fig. 20 and Fig. 21. It is not so common or destructive as its imported relative.

The native cabbage worm is

found in all parts of North Amer-

ica, but is probably more abund-

ant in the Mississippi Valley

than elsewhere. The worms feed

on the leaves just as the im-

ported cabbage worm. In fact,

the life history is also similar.

\\ ......~.......~~ \:\ ",
", \
Fig. 21.-Pontia pr~todice, native cab-
bage WOJ:lll: (a) female; (b) male.

The remedial pleasures suggested for the imported cabbage worm apply equally as well to the native cabbage worm.

COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.
(Liptiontat'sa lO-li'll.eata Say.)
Few insects are more general or uniformly Injurious each year than the Colorado potato beetle. Its native home was Colorado, hence the name, Colorado potato beetle. The beetle's original fOOd plant was wild thistle, a plant closely akin to the potato. In settling the territory, Irish potatoes, of course, were grown and the native food plant more or less destroyed by cultivation. The beetle readily adapted itself to changed conditions and attacked
~sh potatoes and even preferred Irish potato plants to its na-
tIve food. In a few years the beetle spread naturally from this ~1lrce to all parts of the United States where the Irish potato I grown.

32

Description.-The adult beetle is yellow in color, with longitudinal black stripes on its wing covers. (Fig. 22). The winter is passed by the adult in protected places, and makes its appearance very early in the spring.

Eggs.-The eggs are conspicuous orange colored and are deposited on the underside of leaves in clusters. Several hundred eggs are deposited by each female.

Larvae.-The larvae are

soft-bodied objects resem-

bling somewhat the adult.

They feed voraciously and

soon strip bare the foliage

of potato plants. The pupal

stage is passed below the

surface of the ground in an 1fL.~~!z"I'~tL-....a earthen cell.

There are four genera-

tions or more in sections of

the State.

Fig. 22.-CoJorado potato beetle.

Remedies.-Arsenical poi-

sons used as a spray or dust are absolutely reliable as a remedy.

Either Paris green or arsenate of lead can be used. Arsenate of

lead is to be preferred in that it is less liable to burn the foliage.

Paris green should be used at the rate of one pound to one hun-

dred gallons of water. In addition three pounds of lime should

be added to prevent burning of the foliage.

Arsenate of lead should be used at the rate of one pound to

five pounds of air-slacked lime when used as a dust and one pound

to twenty-five gallons of water when used as a spray.

STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. (Diabrotica vittata, Fab.)
The striped cucumber beetle is an extremely annoying pest of cucumbers and related plants. It is somewhat difficult to con-

33

trol. The adult is about two-fifths of an inch long, yellow in color and marked with long black stripes on the wing covers (Fig. 23). They hibernate during the winter and emerge very early in the spring. They are voracious feeders and cause much damage to young plants.

Remedies.-Protecting plants by covering until they have

obtained considerable size is advisable. Cheese cloth or cheap

netting can be employed and is both economical and satisfactory.

small twig can be so shaped by sticking the ends in the ground

on each side of the plant as to make an excellent frame on which

to place the netting. The edge of the netting may be firmly held

to the ground by covering with earth.

In a few weeks the plants will have

attained enough growth to withstand

serious injury from this pest.

Spraying with arsenical Bordeaux

also gives good results. The Bordeaux

mixture controls fungus dis,~ases and

with the added arsenate of lead poi~

sons the beetles that feed on the fo-

Pig. 28.-Diabrotica 'Vittata, liage.

Itriped cucumber beetle (en- Paris green mixed with air-slacked

larged).

lime or cheap flour at the rate of one

POund of Paris green to ten or fifteen pounds of lime or flour and

used as a dust will poison many beetles and also act as a repellant.

Clean culture is advisable. By burning the rubbish that is

ually present in and around a garden during the winter many

adult beetles will be destroyed that are hibernating therein.

FLEA BEETLES.
Several species of flea beetles occur at times and affect a t variety of plants. They are particularly injurious to young
ts and the adults very often collect in numbers on tender ts at the surface of the ground, as cucumbers and cante-
pes, and injure them seriously.

34
CUCUMBER FLEA BEETLE. (Epitrix cucum.eris, Harr.)

The cucumber flea beetle (Fig. 24) is one of the most common species found. The adult is a small black beetle and is capable of jumping a remarkable distance. This jumping ability gives the insect its popular name, flea beetle.

Remedies.-Poison and repellant sprays are

. usually employed to control flea beetles. Pro-

Fig. 24.-Epitrix cu- tective covers or dusting with powders as

cunuJ!'is, flea beetle .

.

.

,

(greatly enlarged), aIr-slacked hme, road dust or tobacco dust,

may be employed with success. Spraying with arsenical Bor-

deaux is a very ef,fective remedy, and at the same time a pre-

ventive for fungus diseases.

35

- '...ULAS A D DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARI G SPRAY MIXTURES.
FOR BITI G I SECTS.

Lead Arsenate:
(Paste) 3 lbs., or (Dry) 1 1-2 lbs. Fifty gallons water. Spray on foliage. May be combjned with Bordeaux mixture
when both fungicidal and insecticidal spray is desired.

Lead Arsenate as a Dust:
(Dry), lIb. Dry slacked lime or cheap flour, 5 Ibs. Mix thoroughly and dust on plants by means of an ordinary
flour sack.

Green:

1 lb. Paris green. 31bs. Lime. 100 gals. water.
Can be used as a substitute for lead arsenate spray. combined also with Bordeaux as lead arsenate.

May be

. Green as a Dust:
Paris green, i lb.
Air-slacked lime, road dust or cheap flour, 15 lbs. Mix thoroughly together and dust on plants by means of an
ordinary flour sack.

36
Poisoned Corn Meal Baits:
Corn meal, 40 lbs. Paris green, 1 lb. Cheap molasses, 2 qts. Mix the Paris green and corn meal and moisten with water
to make a stiff mash, after which sweeten with the molasses. Apply broadcast on areas it is proposed to poison cut worms.
Poisoned Bran Mash Baits:
25 lbs. wheat bran. 1 lb. powdered lead arsenate. 2 qts. cheap molasses. Mix thoroughly and scatter around in garden or field for cut
worms.
Poisoned Cotton Seed Meal Baits:
Lead arsenate, 2 lbs. Cotton seed meal, 50 lbs. Cheap molasses, 2 qts. Dissolve lead arsenate in enough water to make the cotton
seed meal into a stiff paste. Add the molasses and mix the whole thoroughly. Scatter broadcast or place under boards for mole cricket, etc.
FOR A FUNGICIDE.
Bordeaux Mixture:
Bluestone (copper sulphate), 4 lbs. Lime, unslacked, 4 lbs. Water, 50 gals. Dissolve bluestone in hot water Or by suspending in a coarse
sack in 25 gallons of cold water. Slack the lime in another receptacle and dilute to 25 gallons. Pour the two solutions simultaneously into the spray barrel.

37
FOR SUCKING I SECTS.
icotine Solution: (Black Leaf 40), etc. 1 pint to 50 gals. of water. Excellent for plant lice, etc.
Obacco Decoction:
Tobacco leaves or stems, 2 lbs. Water, 4 gallons. Boil for two hours and use at full strength. Not as reliable
as nicotine solution but can be substituted when nicotine solutions cannot be had readily.
Soap Solution:
Laundry or potash soap, 1 lb. Water, 4 gals. Dissolve the soap by cutting it up in a small amount of boil.-
ing water. Dilute to four gallons. Used for plant lice and soft-bodied sucking insects in general.
Commercial Lime-sulphur:
1 part Lime-sulphur. 50 parts water. Excellent for red spiders.
&CnJI!lelne Emulsion:
2 gals. kerosene. 1-2 lb. common soap. 1 gal. water. Dissolve soap in hot water, add the kerosene and churn to-
gether, pumping back and forth until it emulsifies; that is, when the oil will not separate from the mixture after standing for some time. The mixture when properly made will have a thick creamy appearance. Dilute with water nine times before using.

38 SPRAY PUMPS.

Fig. 26.-Spray pump suitable for

Fig. 25.-Spray pump uitable for home gar- mall acreage. (Courtesy Gould

dening. (Courte y Bateman Mfg. 0.).

~Hg. 0.).

Fig. 21.- pray pump suitable for a large aCl"eage. (Courte. y Bateman ~1fg. Co.).
A great variety of spray pumps are on the market. It r('sts with the prospective purchaser to determine the one adaJ)table and most economical for his use. Too often pray pumps are bought that are unsuitable for the work at hand. Keep in mnd
your needs and investigate the types of spray pumps that will
likely be most economical in every particular.
The types of pumps illustrated in Figs. 25 26 and 27 will

39
~ e some idea of their adaptability for various uses. The spraying cene (Fig. 28) shows the spray pump illustrated in Fig. 27 in operation.
ACCESSORIES.

g. 2. praying cene, ame as on cover page. (Courtesy Bateman Mfg. Co.).

Proper accessories are equally as important as a satisfactory

ray pump. They are sometimes included in the purchase price

of a pump. The term, accessorie , includes nozzles, rubber hose,

extension rod, stop-cock, nozzle connections, hose mender, wash-

clamps, etc. The nozzle is of prime importance and there are

three general types, namely: Bordeaux,

Vermoral and Whirlpool (Fig. 29). Th(!

Bordeaux nozzle makes a coarse driving

spray; the Vermoral a conical shaped

1

fine spray, and the Whirlpool a conical shaped fine spray with an acute angle.

Unless force is desired the two last

named types of nozzles will give better

4 satisfaction for truck work. Where it is

Ir 29.-Types of nozzle:
mort; (I) Bordeaux; (2) Ver(2 and 4) WhirlPOO (4 angle whirlpool).

desirable to cover all parts of the plants I. t is neces ary that the nozzIe be set at an angle. A beginner in spraying should make a special study of spray pump

accessories, or have some one fully acquainted with his needs

d.thoroughly familiar with the details of spraying, make a seon for him.

Johnson-Dallis Co.. Printers. Atlanta. Ga.

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 42

JANUARY, 1915

Annual Report
OF THE

Atlanta

State Capitol

Georgia

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 42

JANUARY, 1915

Annual Report
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
For 1914

Atlanta

State Capitol

Georgia

GEORGIA TATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
J. D. PRICE, Chairman, Atlanta. J O. T. WILLIAMS,*
Round Oak, Ga. 1. C. WADE/* Cornelia, Ga. E. LEE WORSHAM, Secretary, Atlanta.
STAFF.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologi t.
A. C. LEWIS. Assistant State Entomologist.
W. V. REED. A sistant Entomologist.
W. W. CHA E, A sistant Entomologist.
C. S. SPOO ER, Assistant Entomologi t. J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assistant Entomologist. IRA W. WILLIAMS, Assi tant in Cotton Breeding.
ucceeded in 1915 by Hon. Jno. A. Cobb, Americus, Ga. ucceeded in 1915 by Hon. R. C. Berckmans, Augu ta, Ga.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY ATLA TA, GA.
LETTER OF TRA SMITTAL.
Atlanta, Jan. 1, 1915. Sir: We transmit herewith the report of the State Entomologi t on the work of the State Board of Entomology for 1914.
Respectfully, J. D. PRICE, Chairman, JNO. T. WILLIAMS, 1. C. WADE.
HO . J O. M. LATO Governor of Georgia Atlanta, Ga.

REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
For 1914
Atlanta Georgia, January 1, 1915,
To the Honorable Members, tate Board of Entomology,
Atlanta, Georg'a.
Sir: I have the honor to ubmit the report of -the work of the State Board of Entomology for 1914.
During 1914 insects and plant di ea es did their u ual amount of damage to the farm orchard and garden where no effort wa made to check their ravage, It i gratifying to note the increa ed amount of intere t displayed in the control of pests attacking different crop. The owner of the farm, the orchard and the garden has learned that this department can be of real ervice and he does not he itate to call for the assistance we are able to render him. Throughout the entire year we were frequently called upon to make special inspections of. trees and plants for the purpose of giving pecial aid in control of seriou pest. Thi i a most important phase of our work and we would expre sly urge partie who are intere ted in our work to take advantage of the assistance to be rendered in thi way 0 that timely advice can be given.
RESEARCH WORK.
The most important part of our work consists of experimental work for the control of seriously injurious insects and diseases that can not be controlled by ordinary methods. Many of the old pe ts have become more seriou , and better and more economic remedies are required and many are investigated for the fir t time.
WORK 0 COTTO WILT 1914.
Mr. A. C. Lewis, Assistant State Entomologist, has had charge of the cotton work. Mr. Ira W. Williams has assisted in the field work by spending most of his time visiting the farmers and instructing them in seed selection.

6

The work on cotton wilt has been conducted on a larger cale than la t year. The demand for the wilt resistant seed was greater than ever before. We could not supply the demand, though we sent out 5000 bu hel of wilt re i tant seed in different ections of south Georgia. We also distributed 500 bushels of the Iron and Brabham cowpeas resistant to wilt and nematode.
Three variety tests were conducted on wilt infected land. At each place the results were very striking and gratifying, as shown by the following tables:

V RIETY TEST-AM ERIC ,GA. 1914.

Lbs. seed

Variety

Cotton per

acre
Webber ______________ 374

King ---------------- 374

Russell -------------- 663

Wilt resistant:

8-6-6 ---------------- 1309

B-28 Imp. Dixie ------ 1326

"Lewis 63" ---------- 1326

Per cent of Lint
32.5 36 34.5
35 37 37.5

Lbs. Lint per acre
121.55 134.64 228.73

Per cnt Healthy Stalks
10 10 15

458.15

95

490.62

96

497.25

96

VARIETY TEST-VIEN A, GA., 1914.

Variety

Lb . Seed Cotton per

acre

Columbia ------------ 341 King ---------------- 434 Half and Half ________ 775

Wilt resistant:

Dixie --------------- 1798 B-28 Imp. Dixie ______ 1829

"Lewis 63" ---------- 1829

Per Cent of Lint
32.5 36 40
37 37 37.5

Lbs. Lint per acre
110.82 154.24 310.00
665.26 676.73 685.87

Per ent Healthy Stalks
10 15 15
95 97 97

The e tests how that under certain conditions where the wilt i severe, resistant trains may yield three to four times as much per acre as the non-wilt resistant strains. The appearance of the variety test at Americus i well shown in Fig. 1.
Three variety te ts were made to determine how the yield of the re i tant stra;n of cotton compared with other varieties where the land was not infected with wilt. At Carrollton the following result were secured:
Cleveland yielded per acre 599.26 lb . lint. Triumph yielded per acre 578.25 lbs. lint. Half and Half yielded per acre 546 lbs. lint

7
Of the resistant strains the yield were as follows:
"Lewi 63" yielded per acre 511.87 lb . lint. Modella y:elded per acre 461.76 lbs. lint. Dix-Afifi (Long staple) yielded per acre 371.52 Its. lint.
THE BOLL WEEVIL A D THE WILT DISEASE.
That dreaded enemy of cotton, the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, i not in Georgia yet, but will be before the year is over, as last fall it wa found within two miles of the State line. In the wilt affectEd sect'on of South Georgia the cotton growers will then have this in ect and the wilt disease to fight. The best way to fight the boll weevil i by certain cultural methods and the planting of early maturing varieties of cotton. Our variety tests all how that the early trains of cotton, such as King and Triumph, die very badly from the wilt di ease. Knowing this, five years ago work was begun on developing an early wilt resistant strain of cotton.
We are pleased to report that we now have a strain of wilt resistant cotton that has been developed by crossing and individual selections, that can, we believe, be grown with profit under boll weevil conditions. While this train is not as early a the King, some stalks of it, the eed of which was planted April 7th, had as high a 24 bolls set by July first. Our observations have led us to conclude that strains of cotton like the King have too short a fruiting period to do well in the sandy soils of South Georgia. The early resistant cotton mentioned above begin fruiting early, and continues to grow and fruit until fro t. Thi cotton, in the variety te ts, is marked "S-6-6," but i now named "DeSoto."
PROFIT TO FARMERS.
Each year since the work on wilt was inaugurated it ha been the policy of the Board of Entomology to di tribute, free of charge to the farmers. eed of wilt resistant strains of cotton.
At fir t only a few bushels of seed were distributed each year. ~ the demand for the eed increased the legislature very wi ely Increased the appropriation for the work. This growth can best be hown with a few figures. Thu. in 1908 only 50 bU3hel of b'i1t resistant seed were di tributed, and last year about 5,000
u hels were distributed. We also sent out about 500 bushels of the Iron and Brabham cowpeas.
A few years ago it was e timated that the annual loss to the farmers in Georgia from wilt wa at least $1,000,000. It is now

8
safe to say that the annual 10 s from wilt in the State is Hot over 50 per cent. of what it was five years ago. In other words the farmer are now being benefited each year by the State Board of Entomology by the work on wilt at least $500 000.00.
Many of the farmer do not fully realize the value and importance of improved seed. To educate them along this line we are visiting those interested and instructing them in the latest cientific methods of improving their cotton eed. We now have thirty farmer who are making individual elections under our directions. To begin with, we furnish them orne of our best eed. In this way they may keep the cotton up to the high standard which it has at the time we distribute it, and thus in a few year have pedigreed seed to sell to their neighbor .
In the work on cotton wilt we have had the active co-operation of the . S. Bureau of Plant Industry.
WORK 0 COTTON A THRAC OSE.
Two experiments were conducted on anthracno e with eeJ from the arne source, one in orth Georgia and one at Brunswick, in South Georgia. In the e experiments 15 varieties were teo ted. In each experiment every other row was planted with badly itlfected seed, the other varieties were planted between the e row . At Brun wick in the rows from the infected eed, 43 per cent. of the boll had anthracnose. At Villa Rica only 5 per cent. of the bolls had anthracnose from the infected eed. At Brunswick the results were a follows: Russell, 18 per cent.; Cook, 17 per cent.; King, 16 per cent.; Modella, 12 5-10 per cent.; "Lewis 63," 10 per cent.
At Villa Rica these varieties all had less than 5 per cent. of anthracnose. These results show that the two greatest factors in controlling anthracnose are the climate and seed, and that where the weather i favorable for the development of the di ease, infected seed should not be planted.
SEED SELECTIO AND THE BOLL WEEVIL.
The territory that will be infested by the boll weevil and the time of infestation are well known. The e fact are tated elsewhere in this report. The vital que tion to the farmers in territc ry not yet infested is how much damage will the weevil do when he appears, and what can the farmers do to get ready to make a profitable crop under heavy infestation. Probably the mo t important question for the Georgja farmer at the present time i what can he do to "get ready" for the coming of the weevil in order that the profits from his farm may not be reduced when he appears. In some territory infested by the weevil some farmers make a good crop, while the crops of other farmers are almo t totally de troyed. The Georgia people will find that certain terri-

9
tory will make cotton some years while other years "it will not, and there will be failures in certain places even in good years and the people will jump at numerous conclusions in regard to reasons for thi. It is a well known fact that wet year are worse for the weevil than dry years, and with low land, or anywhere that cotton grow rank, thereby maintaining surface moisture, the crop of cotton i damaged more than in lands where the cotton does not grow rank, and the surface is dry.
Growing cotton under boll weevil conditions convinces me that the best method of fighting is good farming. In other word out ide of the work that the good farmers should do, there is nothing else he can do that has proved as beneficial, provided good farming includes the proper method of seed selection for producing cotton with the weevil.
In regard to getting ready for the weevil in order to make a profitable crop of cotton when he appears, experimental work for the past two years with pedigreed seed proves that the crop i increased several times even under heavy infestation by the u e of this seed. Seed election, as we recommend it, would pay for all the trouble if there were no weevil , and i nothing more than good farming. In order to elect seed properly it i necessary to know the kind of cotton that we wish to develop. It is also nece sary to know thoroughly the disease affecting the cotton plant, and know how to make the proper selections to eliminate and eradicate di eases, for the reason that diseases such as wilt and anthracnose in combination with the weevils, would certainly he de tructive to the cotton crop. Both wilt and anthracno e can be eradicated by proper eed election. To select the cotton plant that will produce cotton under boll weevil conditions it i nece ary-
1 t. That the plant should fruit early and rapidly.
2nd. Cotton hould be frEe from all di eases. If the land wilts it hould have a productive w'lt resistant cotton.
3rd. It hould have a high per cent. of lint. Thi is important, for if we have only a small number of boll , these should give u the maximum amount of lint.
4th. It should be pedigreed cotton; that is, the field ought to be planted from cotton coming every year from a single stalk. The plant will not only be productive, but every stalk in the field \,:,ill be producing cotton and every stalk producing at the same bme. With gin run seed, or with cotton which has not been elected from one talk for a long period of time, there is great \ ariation in the difference of the fruiting of the different stalk . The early stalk will fruit and the square will become infested

10
and will hatch out in time for the new brood to infest the stalk fruiting three to four weeks later. The weevil cannot do any damage until the squares begin to form. A field destroyed by the weevil never blooms.
on-productive stalks are a great disadvantage, in that they shade the ground and aid in the reproducing of the weevil, as the sun can not kill the young weevils in protected or shaded squares.
By the experimental tests which we carried on last year in co-operation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, under heavy weevil infe tation at Vicksburg, we found that the pedigreed seed produces more cotton. even though it was a long-staple variety, than a good variety of short staple cotton which was not of the pedigreed strain. This pedigreed cotton was worth eventeen and one-half cent a pound, while the Simpkins cotton, which it surpassed in production, was worth thirteen cents a pound.
If Georgia will improve her cotton seed, and, where there is wilt, plant wilt resistant seed, she will not only produce a much cotton a at the present time, but will be able to produce her food supplie as well. The only "getting ready" that a farmer can do to produce cotton is to get ready to plant hi crop with a good pedigreed seed, one adapted to his soil and climate, and if he has wilt, to be sure to have a wilt resistant seed.
The State Board of Entomology is now carrying on the work of developing the varieties free from disease and that will be a productive as po ible with the weevil. This embodies the principles above.
EXPERIME TS FOR CO TROL OF FRUIT I SECTS A D
DISEASES.
Experiments in the control of economically important in ects and diseases of the apple and peach industries were located, in the spring and ummel' of 1914. at Cornelia. Thi phase of the Department's activitie was under the charge and direction of Mr. W. W. Chase, and was largely devoted to a continuation and expansion of work carried out in 1913 at Adairsville and the two preceding years, 1911 and 1912, at Cornelia. In particular, the operations related to the further trial, in a strictly experimental way. of the summer treatment of peaches by the Dry or Dust Method.
The location of the work at Cornelia was thought. and subsequently proved, to be peculiarly well chosen. In that vicinity are situated the largest commercial plantings of the State's two principal horticultural industries, peaches and apples, and, by having a local representative on the ground, the Department was better

11
enabled to serve the fruit growers more directly and efficiently in problems affecting the control of orchard pests. A great deal of work of this nature was requested and advice and material assi tance given, on the outside of experimental work.
PEACH D STING TESTS.
In 1913 the Department planned a series of co-operative tests with the Union Sulphur Company, of New York, of a product of that Company called sulphur-arsenate of lead dust, a mixture prepared for purposes of trial in the control of peach curculio, scab and brown rot as well as for codling moth, scab, curculio and bitter rot of the apple. In the co-operative agreement, th~ Company was to supply the material for the experiments and the special outfit designed to apply it, while the Department was to select the site for the work, make the applications under supervi ion of one of its agents and to collect and compile the data bearing on results secured.
The composition of the dust material was of finely ground sulphur and powdered arsenate of lead in the proportion of five per cent. arsenate of lead and ninety-five per cent. sulphur du t. Another formula, which was made to determine if additional lead would injure peach foliage, carried ten per cent. arser.ate of lead. Phy ically, the ingredients were perfectly mixed and so finely ground that all the mixture would go through a wire gauze of 200 meshes to the inch, and much of it was even finer.
The machine for the application of the dust (see F;g. 2) coni ted of a hopper to hold the dust mixture and a gasoline engine to furnish motive power. The operation of the outfit requires two men, one to drive and the other to operate the spout and direct the dust on the trees. Fig. 3 shows the duster in action and the manner in which the trees and their fruit are sprayed.
The amount of dust which the machine feeds may be regulated by a valve at the bottom of the hopper. This valve allows the requisite amount of material to drop through the neck of the hopper on to a rapidly revolving fan which blows it out through the pout (shown in the cut) as an extremely fine dust.
DUSTING VS. LIQUID SPRAYING
The principal idea behind the dust method is to provide a way of treating the fruit so as efficiently to protect it against its fhara ite at a smaller cost, term of efficiency being equal, than
at of the tandard liquid spray treatments. A proper and com-

12
petent power outfit (Fig. 4), while possessing a greater capacity for work and a higher order of results over the ordmary barrel outfit, requires a complement of three men to operate, with all the delays attendant on loading, mixing and straining of spray material, leaky hose, clogged nozzles, etc. Under best conditions trees require from one minute to ten or fifteen minutes to spray, dependent upon size, whereas with the dust method, no tree, irrespective of size, requires more than a few seconds. The saving in time alone is very great. In addition, only two men are required to operate the outfit, against three for the liquid spray outfit, an! sometimes more to assist in supplying material. The cost of material, though greater for the dust, would be more than offset by the saving in time and labor. These were known factors in which the method had its inception, and the one thing remaining to be determined was the relative efficiency of liquid and dust sprayings under identical conditions of soil. cultivation, fertilizing, etc. It wa to make this comparative test that the experiment was undertaken.
HE LTS
Following the second application at Adairsv;]le in 1913, the experimental plats were visited by a severe hailstorm which practically destroyed the whole crop of peaches. Those remaining on the trees were so badly battered that it was considered inadvisable to continue the treatment as the records would have been valueless.
The work was resumed this year (1914) at Cornelia, and a plat of several acres was divided into two equal parts and du ted three and four times, respectively, with a five per cent. lead mixture only. Records of a number of selected trees in each plat were kept throughout the season, the windfalls being gathered and classified as they fell from time to time, and the crop harvested from these trees at maturity and the records completed. In addition, a check plat (unsprayed) was also recorded in the same manner.
Curculios were so scarce duripg the season that the check pIaL yielded less than one per cent. of infestation. by count, hence the results in the du ted plats, with respect to this important insect were lost. But very decided comparison was obtained with reference to scab and brown rot. In both the dusted plats there wa somewhat less than five per cent. of either of these disease, whereas, in the check plat both were conspicuously and de tructivel;v prevalent. The coloring of the dusted fruit was high also, and its m'3Ykef value enhanced because of it.

13
COMPARATIVE RESULTS
Along ide the two dusted plat a block of about fifteen hundred tree wa treated with the standard summer sprays as follow : Atomic sulphur, self-boiled lime and sulphur and pa te ulphur. the la t a mixture of sulphur ground fine like that in the du t mixture in combinat:on with a srrall amount of glue. All of the"e prays were combined with smail amount of arsenate of lead, in quantity to corre~pond with that in the du t material. Records were made in the same way as that de cribed for the duo t plat. wh:ch enabled one to know precisely what each material and treatment accomplished. Brief!.. the results in control of cab and brown rot were practically alike.
PROPOSED CO TIN ATIO OF THE TEST
o encouraging was the showing of the dusting experiment in 1914. that the Department will continue the same line of work in 1915. enlarging the scope of the work to the scale of a field demon tration in a large commercial orchard. Data will be kept, not only as to the re ults secured, but as to cost, etc. The e data will be published in a circular or bulletin form at their conclusion, and di tributed to the peach and apple growers of the State.
APPLE INSECTS AN D DISEASES.
In addition to the work outlined above experimental and demonstration work was done at Cornelia at the same time with the older and better known spray solutions in conjunction with the newer and unproved proprietary compounds. Records were taken on control of codling moth, cab, bitter rot, aphis and leaf pot, and these will be compiled and published by the Department as Occa ion demands. It is proposed also, to employ the dust method on a considerable acreage in 1915 to determine its etTIciency as compared to the already proven merit of the liquid sprays and to show its relative cost and worth.
PECAN INSECTS AND DISEASES.
This work has been conducted in South Georgia for the past th~ee years by Mr. C. S. Spooner and is still in progress. The object of the work has been to study the various insects and disea ~ which affect the pecan and to determine methods of controlling them. A large amount of life history work has been undertaken and a study of the natural enemies or parasites of the

14
various insect enemies is being made. Experiments in control have also been made and good success has been realized with most of them. Further such experiments are under way and others planned.
The pecan industry is attaining great prominence in the south. ern section of the State. and with the growth in the number and size of the groves an increase in the number and seriousness of the enemies is bound to come. The surest way of meeting the difficulty is to study all the insects which may become pests so that remedies may be at hand when they become serious. At present the enemies of the pecan are comparatively few, and those few are readily controlled. Other insects of minor jmportance may become serious in the future, but it is planned to be ready for them with a means of control when they fu'st appear in injurious numbers.
There follows a short discussion of several of the most serious pests of pecans with suggestions for their control.
PECA SHUCK WORM
Enarmon;(, caryana.
This insect does considerable damage to pecans. The larva in the spring attacks the young nuts, often boring into them ar.d causing them to fall. Later the larvae tunnel into the green shuck surrounding the nut. As a result the nut fails to mature if the infestation is severe, or if light, the nut is stained wit' an ugly dark spot which lowers its market value. There are two generations a season. The first one, while not so numerous, does more serious damage, as they attack the nuts while young and prevent their maturing. The stained and spotted nuts mostly come from the second generation larvae.
The larvae spend the winter in the old shucks on the ground. Gathering and destroying these old shucks is therefore a very effective means of control. Late fall plowing is also effective to a somewhat lesser degree.
There are also a number of natural enemies of this pe t. so that between these enemies and the cleaning up of the old shuck, the pest is readily controlled and need not be feared by the pecan grower.
PECA TWIG GIRDLER
Oncideras cingtdata.
This pest is only occasionally destructive to any great degree. Nurseries and young groves planted near woods containing hi~k

15
ory and persimmons are often very seriously damaged, especially the rows adjoining the woods.
The adult is a large greyish beetle, with very long antennae or feelers. In the fall the female cuts small slits in pecan tWIg usually just below the buds; in these slits the egg are laid. The beetle then chews around the twig until it is entirely or nearly evered. The twig then falls to the ground. The eggs hatch in a few weeks and the larva lives and burrows in the dead twig. The winter i passed by the larva in the twigs on the ground. Pupation also occurs in these twigs.
The control of this pest, therefore, rests with the gathering and burning of the fallen twigs. The late fall is the time to make the collection, after all the infested twigs have fallen. As has been tated the insects also attack hickory and persimmon, and if these trees occur near the pecan grove they should also be watched and the twigs destroyed.
THE FALL WEBWORM
Hypl1cmtria Cttn6a Drury.
This pest is readily recognized because of the fact that the larvae or caterpillars spin a large web over the leaves at the end of the branches. Quite a colony of caterpillars live in this nest, and it i enlarged from time to time as fresh leaves are needed for food and the caterpillars increase in size.
When fully grown the caterpillars crawl away and hide in various cracks and crevices where they pupate. Later the moths emerge and lay their eggs on the leaves. The eggs hatch the cat erpillars and these repeat the proce s of nest making. There are at least two and probably more generations a year in South Georgia.
The insects can be controlled by burning the nests with a torch, twisting the ne ts out with a forked stick and crushing the caterpillars or by pruning the nests off and burning them.
SHOT-HOLE AND PI -HOLE BORERS.
. Several species of bark beetles belonging to the family Scoly!Jdae are found attacking pecan trees. The most common species In this section is Sinoxylon basilare Say.
As a rule, these borers attack only dead or dying trees. In neglected groves or in groves surrounded by forests containing much dead timber. the infestation often becomes so heavy that thhe insects attack healthy trees. They obtain entrance to these
ealthy trees through cracks and scars in the bark.

16
In avoiding or combating these insects, the first step is to cut and burn all dead tree and limb and so far as possible to clean the surrounding woods of dead timber. If the insects have become established in numbers, the bodies of all the trees should be whitewashed in the early pring. A thick wa h containmg a mall amount of table salt has been found to be as effective a' those of more complicated formula. For a full discu sian of this see Bulletin 264 of the Ohio Experiment Station.
PECA CA E BEARER
In many section of Georgia this is the most seriou enemy of the pecan. The adult is a greyi h moth with a wing spread of three-fourths of an inch. The pest gets its common name from the fact that the larva makes a tough ca e of silk and exuvla in which it spend its entire life, the case increasing in size with the larva.
The insect pends the winter as a tiny larva within its case, which is at thi time very small, rounded in shape and brown in color. The case are located at the ba e of the bud , often as many as three or four cases to the bud. In the pring, a soon as the buds swell they are attacked by the larva, and large numbers of the buds are killed. Later when the trees have leafed out, the larvae are found out at the ends of the leaves; two or three of the leaflets are fastened together with ilk forming a shield for the insect. At this time the larvae are about threefourths of an inch long and dark brown in color. The ca e i about an inch long and grey in color. The larvae pupate in the e cases and the moths emerge the latter part of June. Egg are laid on the leaves, and the larvae on hatching form a small S-shaped case attached to the leaves, where they remain and feed until the leaves are about ready to fall, when they migrate to the twigs and seek winter quarters near the buds.
It ha been found that these insects may be controlled by a spray of arsenate of lead, 1 1-2 lbs. (powdered) to 50 gallons of water. The spray should be applied any time between the middle of August to the middle of September.
As this insect not only has a very severe pruning effect on the tree, but also destroys many of the fruit buds, growers should spray for this insect if they are at all numerous.
Small trees may be sprayed with a barrel pump; larger trees may readily be prayed with a good power outfit (Fig. 9). As there are at least four weeks in which spraying is effective, several growers could unite in purchasing an outfit, thus reducing the cost.

Fig. 1.-Va riety test Americus, Ga., 1914. Two rows on left "Lewis 63"; in center Russell; on right Dixie. Yield, lbs. of seed cotton per acre: "Lewis 6B," 1326; Russell 663; Dixie 1326.

Fig. 2.-Power outfit for du ting. (ee page 10.)

Fig. 5.-P can .ltllckworm (EIICtnnonict clwyCtna).
Fig. 6.-P can twig gir'dJer and it work. (Oncideras cingulat1ts.) e page 14.)

Fig. 7.-Pecan ca e bearer.
Upp r figur hows larva, pupa and ca es as they appear in early umIII r. Lower figure how larvae on leaf in arly fall. (See page 16.)

Fig. .-Pecan scab (F'usicladimn effusu1Jl).
(See page 17)

Fig. 9.-Spraying pecan trees with ga oline power prayer.

Fig. lO.-Melon field howing trap row of qua h. Fig. ll.-Para iti ed tomato worm. (Se page 1 .)
Fig l2.-Potato howing powdery scab ( lJongoslJora subterranea) injury. ( ee page 1 .)

17
PECA CAB
]i'usicladiu11l effll.lIm.
The fungu dj ease of pecan known as scab occurs on both nut and leaves. It appear as mall black raised pots on both. The pot are u ually numerou enough to give a very freckled appearance to both the leaves and nut.
The injury. e pecially to the nut, may be very severe. Like all fungus disea es, it is much wor e in wet season than in dry. When weather condition favor the rapid spread of the disease. every nut on a tree may be attacked and fall off. In lighter cases mo t of the nuts mature, but are much undersized, while in orne ca es a few scab pots may appear on the nuts without appreciable injury.
Fortunately, scab is confined to a few varieties of pecans. Most varieties are either immune or 0 nearly so that the disease i~ not at all serious. It is, of course, advisable not to piant the varietie ubject to scab.
In regard to the treatment of grown trees which scab badly, many growers top-work the trees to non-scabbing varieties in order to escape the necessity of spraying. The disease may. however, be controlled by praying with Bordeaux mixture, 3-3-50. A number of sprays are nece sary. The nuts should be kept coated with this mixture throughout the growing sea on, especially in wet sea ons. During a long dry pell the trees may be left un prayed but a spray should be applied just before ram come.
TRUCK CROP PESTS.
Thi work has been in charge of Mr. W. V. Reed. During the year of 1914 remedial measures for the control of a number of truck crop insects were conducted in different sections of the tate. The work included a study of the life history and experiment with the most likely preventive or remedial measures. It !s evident that with the great development in truck farming that IS at hand the work on truck crop insects will become more important.
Root-Knot or Nematode Injury.-Where soils are badly infested with nematodes it is out of the question for one to hope to succeed in truck farming, as most truck crops are attacked. Cultural methods, proper rotation of crops will eliminate the nematodes in the course of three years. It is the aim of the department to conduct rotation experiments when a location and ~onditions are found favorable, in connectjon with truck farmIng.

18

Grasshoppers.-Every year in localized areas considerable damage is caused from grasshoppers. With one exception the injury has been done in mid or late summer, and was confined to hay crops, in which case the remedy was usually at hand by cutting the hay. The exceptional outbreak occurred the latter part of April during a somewhat lengthy drought and an exten ive field of watermelons was threatened with destruction. Spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of one pound of lead and three pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water proved entirely successful. As an experiment poi oned bran very successfully used in Kanas, was tested. The poisoned bran was prepared in the following manner:

Corn meal Arsenate of lead Syrup

1 lb. 1 oz. 3 oz.

LWeamtoenr --------------------------------Y-i of a2frputsi.t

The poisoned baits were irregularly distr'buted over a smail area. It was found the baits attracted the "hoppers," but also ants in large numbers in this particular instance so as to drive the "hoppers" away.
Melon Borers.-There are two species of melon borers that are notably injurious-Diapllllia Ilitida/is and Diapllllia by/il1ala. The first named species, commonly known as the pickle worm, is by far the most plentiful and causes the greatest injury. Spraying experiments with poisons and repellants have been carefully tested, but the results obtained can not be classed as sati facto!"). Squash planted as a trap plant affords almost absolute protection to early cantaloupes. Experiments with trap crops on later plantings of cantaloupes will be conducted. The squash should be planted in rows about twenty-five yards apart through the melon field at the same time the cantaloupes are planted. (Fig. 10). It will be found that the rows planted to squash can be used as a wagon road and facilitate the gathering of the melons.
Tomato Horn Worm.-Experiments conducted at Tifton, Ga.. established the fact that dusting with arsenate of lead mixed with flour or air-slacked lime, was the most economical treatment, everything considered, for tomato horn worm. An ordinary flour sack was employed and the dust applied to the plantf: by shaking over each plant. Nearly matured tomatoes are not stained as is the case where spraying is employed, thereby doing away with the necessity of wiping each tomato before shipping.
Parasites usually control the tomato horn worm. Fig. 11 shows the cocoons of one species attached to the body of horn

19
worm. The larva of the parasite lives within the body of its host, eating out its vitals, and when mature, makes its way to the surface and spins cocoons as illustrated. The larvae thus attacked never live to transform into pupae and adult moths.
The Cabbage Web-worm (Hel/lI/a I/Ilda/is).-This is comparatively a new pest in Georgia. The first record we have of it in the State occurred in 1898 at Augusta, Ga. Since then it has been reported from other localities and particularly from Fayetteville, Ga., in 1914.
Life history work and experiments looking to its controi are under way. From results gathered so far it appears that spraying with arsenate of lead when the plants are first attacked will control the web-worm. Their habit in working principally in the crown of plants attacked and in addition spinning a web over themselves makes treatment all the more necessary when they first attack plants. If spraying is postponed the chances are it will be difficult to place the poison where they will get it readily.
Insects on Pimento Peppers.-A serious handicap was experienced by a grower of this crop by the stoppage of growth in hi plants just as they begun to bear. Observations will be made thi season to ascertain if the trouble is due to insects. Spraying experiments will be conducted to control the most likely offender .
Work in General on Truck Crop Insects.-Treatment, in a demonstrative way for red spider, plant lice, cabbage worms, potato beetle, and other well known garden pests are constantly bein~ made when the occasion arises. A special effort is being put forth to acquaint farmers with the habits of such insects as cut-worms, cotton boll worm, tomato horn worm, etc., that spend the winter in the immature stage below the ground, and such pe t a the harlequin cabbage bug, squash bug etc., that hibernate during the winter in rubbish above ground. By understanding the life cycle of these insects cultural methods during the winter can be employed that will largely control them. It frequently happens that attention is called to insect troubles too late to employ remedial measures successfully.
Corn Stalk Borers.-Considerable injury is caused each year ?y. corn-stalk borers. At least three species contribute to this InJury. namely: Common stalk-borer (papaipellla Iliti/a) ; small cornstalk-borer (E/aslllopa/p/ls ligllosc/ll/s) and large cornstalkborer (Diatraca saccharalis) The last named species causes the most injury. Injury is caused by the larva of each species burrowing into the stalk. There is no remedy after they have en

20
tered the stalk. Cultural methods during the fall and winter i. the principal afeguard against them.
The Cotton Caterpillar (Alabamo argillacae) .-The cotton cat erpillar made its appearance in two localitie in the State the past ea on in outhwest Georgia in the vicinity of Bainbridge, and in
ortheast Georgia in and around Lavonia. Prompt measurer; were taken at both places to control the pest with very go:>d ucce s. Du ting with arsenate of lead according to instructions in Bulletin 36 of this department were followed.
The Army Worm (Laphygllla frugipcrda). Some injury was caused by the army worm, but of a minor nature during 1914. The previous year it had been especially abundant. The sam~ remedy. dusting with ar enate of lead, as employed against tht! cotton caterpillar, will control the army worm. Detailed information and remedial mea ures concerning both the cotton caterpillar and the army worm have been published in Bulletin 36 of thi department.
The Corn-bill Bug (phcllophorlls lIIaidis). Every year exten ive injury is caused by the corn-bill bug. Where an infe tation occurs it ha been on land not previou ly under cultivation. Preventive measures are the only safeguard against injury from this pest. ew land hould never be planted in corn in localitie where the bill-bug occurs. At least fall and winter plowing' should be made previous to planting in corn in the spring to destroy their natural food plants.
Potato Powdery Scab (Pollgospora sltbtcrrallca).- Probably the most threatening disease introduction into the State at present is the powdery scab of potatoes. This is a foreign disea e originally. but it has gained a foothold in orne of the potato growing areas of the ew England States. Since a majority of our seed Irish potatoes come from that section, caution should be exercised by growers in buying seed potatoes.
The name, powdery scab, indicates the appearance of the disea~e (Fig. 12). The disease is not readily distinguished by the average grower, and a safe rule to follow in buying would be to demand perfectly smooth, large or average size potatoes for seed.
URSERY I SPECTIO .
It is the duty of the Department to inspect all trees and plant in the nurseries of the State once each year and issue certificate for sale of same. The following nurseries qualified for the season of 1914-15:

21

GEORGIA URSERIES.

The Anderson ursery, Wm. Ander on, Prop.

Temple, RFD.

Appalachian Apple Orchard Co.

Tallulah Falls

Apple Valley Orch'd. & ur ery Co. Clayton, RFD.

Ashford Park urseries, H. C. Caldwell, Mgr.
P. J. Berckman Co.

Cros Key Augusta

Bremen Nursery, J. T. Anderson, Pro~. Bremen

Britton s Greenhou es,

C. A. Britton, Prop.

Atlanta

J. F'. Brown

hitesburK RFD.

S. M. Buchanan, Prop. Ro edale urscries

South Atlanta

Mrs. J. C. Bucher, Prep. Juanita Rose Gardens
Bullard Pecan urseries
G. M. Bacon Pecan Co.

Decatur Albany DeWitt

The Baconton Nurseries, R. F. Cowan, Prop.

Baconton

Barnesville Nursery Co., tafford & Howard. Props.
Cannon, H. G.

Barnesville Cairo

Capital City ursery. V. E. Lambert, Prop.

Atlanta

Carroll Co. ursery,
Chas. P. Turner, Prop. J. F. Cathey

Carrollton Mountain City

Clayton Nursery, Reynold & Queen, Prop.

Clayton

Ccncord urserie Co., mith Bra ., Props.

Concord

Dixie Wholesale ur ery H. 1. Dover

Marietta Ellijay

Dyer & Sons

Sharpe

Edwards & Patterson

Milledgeville

Ellijay ursery, J. A. Winthrop, Prop._. Ellijay

Jesse T. Ellis

Griffin

E!1telprise ursery.

A. J. Durham, Prop.

Carl

Excel ior urserie3, G. H. Miller & Son, Prop.

Rome

airview ursery, A. Campbell, Mgr._. aylor

O. H. Farr -

.Leesburg

22

Fayetteville Nursery B. Thornton, Prop.

Fayetteville

Mrs. A. M. Flanigan C. N. Fitts

Jefferson Dahlonega

F. K. Freeman, Prop. Freeman's Pecan Nursery
W. T. Gaulden

Athens Quitman

Georgia Experiment Station Georgia Nursery Co.

Experiment Concord

Georgia Seed Co., Jno. Williams, Prop.
J. H. Gheesling J. P. Gill

Hogansville Greensboro Baconton

Glousier Pecan Co. Hardaway urseries Hastings Seed Co.

Baconton Putney Atlanta

High Point Farm & ursery, A. E. Cole, Prop.

Buckhead

Hogansville ursery Co., Jno. Williams, Prop.
B. W. Hunt

Hogansville Eatonton

Idle Hour Nurseries, D. C. Horgan, Prop.

Macon

Ingleside ursery, A. E. Bell E. V. Jordan

Cairo Eatonton

Judson Orchard Co.

Cairo

LeConte Nursery, O. L. Thomp on LaFayette Nursery,
A. J. Caldwell, Prop.

Smithville LaFayette

Magnolia Nursery, Jones & Wight, Prop.
C. W. Morrill, 1005 Walnut St. W. H. Moulthrop J. R. Murphy
W. K. Nelson

Cairo
Macon Cairo Fayetteville
Augusta, RFD.

A. C. Oelschig & Sons C. D. Ouzts

Savannah Thoma ville, RFD.

Chas. E. Oxford, Prop. Rosedale Farm
C. S. Parker

Williamson, RFD. 2 Thomasville

J. B. Payne Orchard & ursery Co. _Blue Ridge

The Pecan ut & Orchard Co.,

O. P. Mears

Baconton

S. W. Peek

Hartwell

Pike Co. Nursery, A. A. McElveen, Prop.

Concord

23

F. B. Pinkston

Parrott

~ueen Tyra

VIountain City

Mrs. F. D. Ramsey

Leesburg

A. W. Richardson, Florist

.Savannah

Rood Pecan Grove Nurseries

Albany

R. T. Rouse, Magnolia Hill ursery P. B. Simmons J. L. Sims

Meigs Gainesville, RFD. Hapeville

Frank Singleton J. C. H. Sneed

Clayton Morrow

A. Clark Snedeker

Waycross

Southern Nut Tree & Nursery
Stubbs' Nursery O. L. Tanner

Thomasville
Augusta Milledgeville

Thomasville Nurseries, :'td., P. J. Hjort, Mgr.
G. H. Tomlinson Tuck Bros.

Thomasville Putney Thomasville

Upson Nurseries, A. D. Williams, Prop. Yatesville

Wachendorff Bros.

Atlanta

J. L. Westbrook

Temple, RFD.

H. C. White

.:.

Putney

J. B. Wight, Pecan Grove ursery Cairo

o stock can be offered for sale in the State until official certificate of inspection has been filed with the State Board of Entomology and an agreement to fumigate stock with hydrocyanic acid ha been properly signed and filed. The nurserieS out of the State which are authorized to offer tock for sale within the State are as follows:

Alvin ursery Co. Inc.

Grand Bay, Ala.

The American Rose & Plant Co.

Springfield, Ohio.

Andorra Nurseries, Wm. W. Harper, Chestnut Hill,

Proprietor

Philadelphia, Pa.

Mi sElla V. Baines

Springfield, Ohio.

Bechtel Pecan Nurseries

Ocean Springs, Miss.

Beckworth Bros. Nursery Co.

Smithville Tenn.

Big Four Nursery Co.

Smithville, Tenn., R 1.

Biloxi Nursery, Jas. Brodie, Prop. Biloxi Miss.

Biltmore Nurseries

Biltmore, N. C.

Bobbink & Atkins

Rutherford, N. J.

F. W. Brow Nursery Co.

Rose Hill, N. Y.

Cedar Hill & Orchard Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Chase ursery Co.

. _Chase, Ala.

Chattanooga Nurseries

Chattanooga, Tenn.

24

Jno. Lewis Childs

Floral Park, N. Y.

Commercial Nursery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Continental Plant Co.

Kittrell, . C.

Cumberland ur erie

Winchester, Tenn.

W. H. Davis & Son

Smithville, Tenn.

Henry A. Dreer, Inc., ur eries at Riverton, . J.

714 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Eagle Pecan Co.

.

Pittsview, Ala.

Easterly ursery Co.

Cleveland, Tenn.

Ellwanger & Barry

Rochester, . Y.

}lorida urseries, W. W. Ba sett, Prop.

Monticello, Fla.

Fore t ursery & Seed Co.

McMinville. Tenn., R. 2.

Franklin Davis ursery Co.

Baltimore, Md.

Fraser ursery Co.

Huntsville, Ala.

Gainesville Nurseries

Gainesville, Fla.

German Nurseries & Seed Hou e Glen Bros., Inc.

Beatrice eb. Rochester, N. Y.

Glen St. Mary Nurseries The Globe urseries

Glen St. Mary, Fla. Bristol, Tenn.

The Good & Ree e Co.

Springfield, Ohio.

The Great Western Plant Co. Green's ursery Co.

Springfield, Ohio. Rochester . Y.

Greenville Nursery o. Griffin Bros.

Greenville, S. C. MacClenny. Fla.

The Griffing Bros. R. B. Griffith

Port Arthur. Tex. Fredonia, . Y.

J. C. Hale ursery Co.

Winche ter, Tenn.

J. G. Harrison & Sons.

Berlin. Md.

Peter Hendel' on & Co.

Jersey City, . J.

The D. Hill Nursery Co.. Inc.

Dundee, Ill.

Hoopes Bro. & Thoma Co.

West Chester, P::t.

The Howard ursery Co. Howell urseries

Stovall, . C. Knoxville, Tenn.

T. S. Hubbard Co.

Fredonia, . Y.

Huntsville Wholesale urseries Increase Pecan Nursery

Huntsville. Ala. Lamont, Fla.

Jackson & Perkins Co.

Newark, N. Y.

Jefferson Co. Pecan & Live Stock Co. __ Monticello, Fla.

The Josselyn ursery Co.

Fredonia, N. Y.

Kelley Bros.

Dansville, . Y.

Killian ursery

ewton. N. C.

La seter ur ery Co. . , . 'IcLeod

Smithville, Tenn. Aucilla, Fla.

Thos. Meehan & Sons

Dresher, Pa.

Thos. Meehan & Sons

Germantown Pa.

25

Monticello urserie, Standard Pecan Co.

.Monticello, Fla.

Monticello Pecan Orch. & ursery Co. __ \1onticello, Fla.

The Wm. H. Moon Co.

. V1orrisville, Pa.

Mt. Arbor urseries, E. . Welch, Prop.

Shenandoah, Iowa.

The Munson ur eries

Denison Tex.

A. W. Newson, Oakhaven Nursery Hunt ville, Ab.

Oakland urseries, W. Y. C. Grant, Prop.

Columbia, Tenn.

Old Dominion Nurseries, W. T. Heard & Co., Prop.

Richmond, Va.

Perry ursery Co.

Rochester, . Y.

F. R. Pier on

Tarrytown, . Y

W. P. Ramsey

Ocean Springs, Miss.

The Wm. J. Riley urseries

Dansville, . Y.

The Richland Nul' erie

Roche tel', . Y.

Rock Hill Nurseries, T. B. Hawkins Wellborn, Fla.

Lewi Roe ch

Fredonia. . Y.

W. . Scarff

New Carlisle, Ohio.

The F. E. Schifferli Nurseries

Fredonia, . Y.

Seven Springs ursery R. G. Cantrell, Prop.

Smithville, Tenn.

Joe hadow ur ery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

henandbah ur erie

Shenandoah, Iowa.

Simp on ursery Co.

Monticello, Fla.

Southern Nursery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Smithville Nursery

Smithville, Tenn.

Stark Bro. urseries & Orchard Co. __Louisiana, Mo.

Wm. P. Stark urserie

Stark City, Mo.

The 1. Steckler Seed Co.

ew Orleans, La.

The Storrs Harrison Co.

Painesville, Ohio.

Sugg & Syler Nursery Co.

Meridianville, Ala.

Swain-Nelson & Sons Co.

Glenview, Ill.

H. . Taylor & Co.

Rochester, . Y.

Tennessee ur ery Co.

.Cleveland, Tenn.

Texa ursery Co.

Sherman, Tex.

W. W. Thomas

Anna, Ill.

Turkey Creek Nursery C. L. Barber, Prop.

MacClenny, Fla.

nited States ursery Co.

Ro eacres, Mis.

Valdesian Nurseries

Bostic N. C.

The Van Dusen urseries

Geneva, N. Y.

J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.

Pomona, N. C.

F. W. Wat on Co.

Topeka, Kansas.

26

Western . C. Nursery Co., J. M. Edwards, Prop.
Westminster ursery Wild Bros. ursery Co. Frank Wild Floral Co. Willett & Wheelock
Wills Valley Nursery Co. Winchester Nursery Co.

Stecoah . C. Westminster, Md. Sarcoxie, Mo. ..Sarcoxie, Mo.
orth Collins, N. Y. Ft. Payne Ala. Winchester, Tenn.

FOREIG

R ERY STOCK.

In view of the pre ence of brown-tail and gypsy moth and other serious pe ts in Europe, and in view of the inefficiency of the inspection system in many foreign countrie . it is now necessary to in. pect each shipment of foreign stock coming into Georgia. During the past few years many erious pests have been checked through careful inspection of these shipments, and millions of dollar have been saved for the State through this phase of our work. The following is a list of foreign nul' eries for the year 1914-1915 :

Ad D'Haene Co. Arthur De Meyer
Bier & Ankersmit Ghent, Belgium Horticultural Amandis P. & L. Van Acker Bros. C. Petrick Van Dillewyn & Thiel Geeup & Ploeger F. J. Grootendorst & Son Jac Smit & Co. The Holland ur eries Ottolander & Hooftman -Schaum & Van Tol G. Van del' Stam & Co. Van Zonneveld & Philli V. Zonneveld Bros. & Phillippo -Charle Detriche L. Lerou's Nursery Vincent Lebreton's ur ery
Vincent Lebreton' ur ery L. Boehmer & Co. L. Boehmer & Co.

Ghent, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium,
Mont St. Amand. Melle, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium. Loochristy, Belg. Ghent, Belgium.
Meirelbeke, Belg. Bo koop, Holland
Boskoop, Holland. Holland.
Boskoop, Holland. Bo koop, Holland. Bo lwop, Holland. Bo koop, Holland. Somergem, Holland.
Sassenheim, Holland. ..Angers, France. Angers, France.
LaPyramide-Trelaze.
France. Angers. France. Japan. Nagana, Ken. Oshima-gun, Kagoshima
Ken, Japan.

27
The Yokohama ur ery Co. Erne t Benary
chultheis Bros. R. H. Bath, Ltd.

Yokohama, Japan. Erfurt, Germany.
Steinfurth, Germany. Wi beck, England.

The past sea on 147,134 plants were exam:ned. The following firm received hipments and the countries from which they came are al 0 given:

C. A. Dahl Co.
The Atlanta Floral Co.
The Westview Florist
Wachendorff Bros.
Ashford Park Nursery
H. G. Hastings & Co. McMillan Bros. Seed Co. P. J. Berckmans Co.
Stubb' ursery Pike Co. ur erie~ Columbus R. R. Co. D. C. Horgan, Idlehour
ur ery
Chas. . Woodruff 'l. M. Duckworth G. H. Miller & Son
John Taylor

Holland Belgium
Holland BelgIUm
Holland :Belgium
Holland Belgium
Holland Belgium
Japan
Japan
Holland France Germany Japan
Belgium . Holland
France
Belgium
Belgium England Holland
Holland
Germany
Holland France
Belgium

Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Augusta
Augusta Concord Columbu Macon
Macon Macon Rome Rome

28

A. C. Oelschig & Son A. W. Richardson W. A. Steven on & Co. John Wolf P. J. Hjort

Bdgium Belgium Belgium Belgium Japan

Savannah Savannah Savannah Savannah T h o m a s v ille

The largest number of shipments came from Belgium and the next largest from Holland, 1< rance, Japan, Germany and England in the order named.
Owing to the irregularity in the arrival of these shipments considerable expense i involved in making the inspections.
Doubtless thi matter will be simplified in the near future. The past ea on a few plant were found diseased or infested
with an insect, but not of a erious nature. Since this inspection has been in force great improvement has been made by foreign grower in ending tock free from in ect and plant diseases.

THE UB- TATIO AT THOMASVILLE.
In successfully conducting the investigations on pecan insect and disea es, cotton insects and disea es, and in view of the approach of the boll weevil from Alabama, the Board deemed it advisable to locate a station at some point in Southwest Georgia where experiments could be conducted from year to year until certain problems could be satisfactorily olved at the least po sible co t. An excellent location was found at Thomasville, ju t out of the city limits, consisting of a handsome two-story building and about ten acre of land. On this place there is a large number of bearing pecan trees, and it is al 0 diagonally acros the road from the beautiful pecan grove of Mr. Parker who gladly con ented for us to conduct experimental work on his trees. Thi place was leased at $480.00 per annum and Mr. C. S. Spooner placed in charge, and from time to time the State Entomologist and Messrs. Williams and Lewis were at the station looking after different phases of the work.
A large breeding cage was constructed for life history work on insects and a little more than five acres of the land was planted to cotton, corn and different varieties of cowpeas.
Eleven different varieties of cotton were planted to test and demonstrate resistance to disease. Two rows of each variety were planted and repeated across a field of five acres. The wilt was present over most of the field and we had a splendid demon-

29
stration of the wilt resisting qualities of the varieties propagated by the Board. Several varieties displayed great resistance to anthracnose or boll rot.
The citizens of Thomas County who were familiar with this piece of land were of the opinion that it would not produce cotton on account of wilt. The yield of the different varieties were as follows:

VARIETY TEST-THOMASVILLE, GA.-1914.

Variety

Lbs. Seed Cotton Per
Acre

Bank Account

1514.75

(S-6-6) DeSoto RusseH

2177.59 1788.5

Half & Half

991.34

Sunbeam

1721.34

Modella

1995.09

"Lewi 63"

1861.50

B-28 (Dixie Imp.) __ 2372.50

Expre

2244.75

toney

1843.25

Toole

2117

Per Cent. Lint
35.5 35 34.5 40 36 37 37.5 37 31 38 38

Lbs. Lint Per Acre
533.11 762.15 616.93 396.53 619.68 738.18 697.96 877.82 695.87 700.43 828.46

Rank in Yield
10 3 9
11 8 4 6 1 7
5 2

A mall area was planted in corn with the idea of producing a weevil resi tant variety and promising result were obtained.
A mall area was al 0 planted in different varieties of cowpeas to test their resistance to nematode and cowpea wilt. The Iron and Brabham peas gave the best yields and were the only ones displaying resistance to disease.
The tation i a plendid proposition from every standpoint. In addition to the excellent opportunity afforded for experimentrd work. we are able to make demonstration of re ults already ohtained which i invaluahle to the people of that section of the tate. We are also able to economize to a considerable extent in re ponse to call for help in South Georgia. During the growing ea on there are numerous calls for orne member of the staff to come quickly and as ist in combating orne insects or diseases a~tacking the crops. We have been able to render far more effiCIent ervice in outh Georgia than ever before by ending a man from Thomasville rather than from Atlanta. As the boll weevil advances into Georgia the calls for help will become more numerou .

30
We will have the co-operation of the U. S. Bureau of Ento. mology during 1915. One of their men who has been in charge of boll weevil work in Loui iana will be located at the tation. They have agreed to pay one-half the rent, thus reducing the co t of operation for the Board.
EDUCATIO TAL WORK.
The Board has conducted its usual amount of educational work relating to the control of seriously inj urious insects and disease.. Different members of the staff have lectured at farmer' meetings in different section of the State. These lectures were on cotton wilt nematodes, boll weevil, grain weevils, pests attacking truck crops, melon and fruit crops in general. Some of the e lectures have been given at pecial meetings called by the Board for the purpose of giving information in regard to pests in certain localities in which farmers were particularly interested. In addition to this, we have complied with all reque ts for speaker at agricultural meeting held by other agencies and co-operated actively with all the forces in the State working in behalf of the farmer.
APPROPRIATIO
There is no appropriation which mean 0 much to the farmers a the appropriation made to the State Board of Entomology. The work of the Board is of direct practical value and i indipen able to the farmer. With Georgia's great diversity of crop~ every ingle section is directly benefited by the work and many comparatively small area in different sections have saved each year through our work con iderably more than the appropriation to this department. The cotton growers alone have saved more than $500,000, to say nothing of the saving to fruit grower , truck grower and the growers of other agricultural crops. With the coming of the boll weevil, which i now at the Georgia line, our work is far more important than ever before.
The Georgia farmer will never cea e to grow cotton, and it is not advisable for him to do so. We want a reduction in acreage, but a greater yield per acre. Georgia could easily produce the same amount of cotton as she does at present with half the acreage. The acreage mu t be reduced in order to make room for food crop. The succe ful cotton grower of the future mu t grow varieties free from disea e and that will produce as much lint as po sible per acre at the mallest pos ihle cost.
Our appropriation for 1914 was $33,000, and of this amount $32,363.86 was expended. Thi amount is really inadequate for

31
the work that ought to be done, but in view of present financial condition in the State we cannot expect very much increase, but we do hope the present appropriation can be continued.
PUBLICATION.
The following bulletin and new letters concerning the work of the Board were issued in 1914:
Bulletin o. 39 February, 1914: "The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil."
Circular No. 14, July, 1914: "Regulations concerning the Mexican Cotion Boll Weevil, etc."
March 28. To no papers a two-column story entitled
"Spraying Fruit." This included all varieties of fruit and methods of spraying.
Sept. 12, To 174 newspapers: 1. t. "Cotton Seed Selection Important to the Farmers." 2nd. "Plant Wheat Late to Avoid Seriou Damage." :1rd. "How to Destroy Corn or Rice Weevil."
The following bulletins have been prepared and will be issued early in 1915:
"Report on Cotton Wilt in Georgia." " orne Important Truck Crop Pe ts."
MEXICA COTTO BOLL WEEVIL.
The peculiar climatic conditions in 1913 and 1914 prevented the boll weevil from getting into the State. The accompanying map hows that in Jorthern Alabama an average advance was made, but toward the southeast the advance was less, being only about 2 to 4 miles nearer the Georgia line than in 1913. Th~ failure to make an average advance was due to cold weather in 1913 and 1914, which forced the weevil to recede, and the long drought in South Alabama operated against its advance in early ummel', and following thi the heavy top crop of cotton provided so much food that there was no incentive to travel. He camped right at the Georgia line oppo ite Early County, as indicated on the map. Under normal conditions it will cover ev-

32 eral counties in the southwestern part of the State by the end of the pre ent season.
With the appropriations that have been made for cotton wilt and boll weevil we have been able to render mo t valuable aid to the farmers of this particular section, and a a consequence, they are better prepared for the coming of the weevil than the farmers of any ection of the outh have been up until the pre ent time.
Respectfully, Eo LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist.
JOllNSON-DALLlS COo, PIlIX1.EIlS. TI.ANlo...

Geo(rgla State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM. State Entomologist

BULLETIN 43

MARCH,1916

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
BY
W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist

,
y
OCT 14 l~L.,
UNIVERSITY OF G~ORG CARE AND MANAGEM ENT OF
PEACH ORCHARDS
BY
R. C. BERCKMANS
President, State Horticultural Society

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 43

MARCH, 1916

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
BY
W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS
BY
R. C. BERCKMANS
President State Horticultural Society

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY

ORGANIZATION

J. D. PRICE
Chairman, Commis ioner of Agriculture
Ex-Officio Membe1'.

tlanta.

Pre ident

R. . BERCKM S,
tate Horticultural ociety, Augu tao
Ex-Officio Member.

Pre ident

mo. A. COBB,
tate gricultural ociety, Americu .
Ex-Officio Member.

E. LEE WOR HAM, tate Entomologi t and ecretal'Y o~ the Board, . tlanta.

. C.' LEWIS, As i tant State Entomologi t, Atlanta.

W. Y. REED, i tant Entomoloai t, Atlanta.

W. W. CHA E, svi tant Entomologist, Atlanta.

\\. F. T RNER, A i tant Entomologist, Thoma yill .

IRA . WILLIAMS, A istant in Cotton Br ding, tlanta.

./ , .

C. A. McLE DO , Expert in- otton Breeding, Atlanta.

FOREWORD.
In point of quantity, Georgia's production of peaches is as great, if not greater, than that of any other State. In point of quality, her production is easily the best and the best known. She has originated and introduced some of the finest commercial varieties. The average annual yield is approximately 5,000 cars, or 2,500,000 crates, with a gross estimated value (on a conservative basis of $1.25 per crate) of $3,125,000.
The industry is on a sounder footing than at any time in its history. With the passing of the old order, when peach trees were planted on land regarded as too poor to raise anything else and thereafter left to their fate, and the coming of the new, which means scientific orchard management, scientific spraying and the elimination of hitor-miss marketing, the business is upon a safe, profitable plane. It is great and growing. As an investment for the man who is willing to mix brains with money, who goes into the game with a determination to make it pay, a Georgia peach orchard presents splendid opportunities. It has never been so promising of profit as it is today.
At a time when national preparedness is the slogan and the public mind is in a receptive attitude towards it preachings, it is pertinent to point out some of the benefits of horticultural preparedness. It is the purpose of this publication to discuss the several worst enemies of the peach industry, with recommendations for defense against invasion of orchards by them.
The various subjects are grouped under the broad title Peach Parasites. An attempt has been made to take them up in the order of their relative importance, though it is realized that they have a variable significance,. -due to nu merous factors. What, to one grower, is a vital problem is, to another, of no consequence. The rating as given, however, is generally applicable to Georgia orchards. The recommendations are based, for the most part, upon methods that have been tested and proven by the author. Statistical tabulation of data on results of experiments has been omitted as far as possible.
The Department is pleased to supplement the bulletin with an article on "Care and Management of Peach Orchards" by Mr. R. C. Berckmans. Mr. Berckmans is joint owner of one of the largest, finest and most profitable orchards in the State. He is thoroughly conversant with his subject, and his suggestions are certain to be of interest and value to peach orchardists, especially to beginners.
8

CO DE SED SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES.
Winter, or Dormant" Spraying.,
For San Jose scale and leaf curl, spray with lime-sulphur solution after the trees become dormant, preferably within the last three or four weeks before the bloom btids begin to open. Dilute the concentrate with water in pr'oportion to the trength of the, solution (See page 37). It is important to know what the strength actually is, in order to avoid over-dilution, which would weaken the effectiveness of the spray. Badly infested trees should be sprayed twice, once in the fall and again in early spring.
Spray thoroughly under high pressure and with a medium-fine mist. For San Jose scale, a nozzle throwing . he spray at an acute angle has more penetration than wide-angle nozzles.
The Summer Spray Schedule.
1st. For curculio, spray just as the shucks are shedding (Plate XII) with %,-pound powdered arsenate of .lead (1% lbs. paste) to 50 gallons watel' and milk-of lime solution made from three pounds lump lime. Use a wide-angle nozzle throwing a fine mist and cover the foliage and fruit lightly but thoroughly. Do not drench the trees.
2nd. For brown rot, curculio and scab, spray four weeks after the petals drop (about three weeks after the first spraying) with self-cooked lime-sulphur and powdered arsenate of lead 8-8-%-50. Or with atomic sulphur according to directions on the container. If paste lead is used, the amount would' be one pound. Spray lightly, but thoroughly, so that the peaches will be pebbled on all sides with the spray.
3rd. For curculio, brown rot and scab. One month before the ripening period, spray with same materials and 'same formula as for second summer spraying. This time the disc opening of the nozzle should be larger, so as to give a coarser spray and a heavier coating to the fruit. If curculio is under good control omit the arsenate of lead from this treatment. It usually pays to add the lead. .r The above summer spraying schedule is for all varieties tipening in mid~season. Early maturing varieties should receive only two applications and fall-ripening varieties four.
It is important to use the right" types of nozzles, as resuIts are greatly influenced by this factor.
4

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
By
W. W. CHASE
THE PEACH TREE BORER.
(Sanninoidea exitiosa, Say)
On the debit page of commercial peach growing, the borer should be entered as the largest natural liability. It is the greatest single cause, directly or indirectly, of the mortality among peach trees. This statement is made advisedly, and is based upon ten years' experience and observation. All the other enemies of the industry are of secondary importance because their antidotes are generally known and successfully applied. And the reason it is the premier insect pest is not because of the insect's inherent immunity to repressive measures, but mainly the result of the many misconceptions that exist as to its life history and habits. Control measures, being based on these misconceptions, are, therefore, inadequate and abortive. It is true that many growers use the right processes, but at the wrong time to attain maximum effectiveness. The peach tree borer problem, if intelligently met, is easy of solution.
The high development of spray chemicals and the art of spraying, and their effective application to fruit growing" have shorn San Jose scale, brown rot, cu:-culio, etc., of their one-time terror. The Delilah that sheared these Samsons was comprehensive knowledge and application of control mea ure -the how and when and what to spray. So soon a orchardists gra p the principles and practices of peach borer control as thoroughly as they have those of brown rot, for instance, it will entirely cease to be the menace that it is at present.
Description.
In common with most all borers, the destruction is wrought by the larval or grub stage of the insect. Every one posse sing even casual knowledge of peach growing is familiar with this stage and its work. The winged form,
5

also, because of its abundance in the fall of the year and its characteristic color markings, is fairly familiar. There are four entirely distinct periods in the transformation of the insect-the egg, the larva, the pupa and (he adult. These four stages are separately de cribed in the following paragraphs:
The Adult. . The fully-grown insect is a moth about one inch long and perhaps an inch and a half acros the outtretched wing. The body and fore-wings are very dark blue in color, with a broad orange belt encircling the midection of the abdomen. (See Plate IV, fig. 3). The hind-wing are transparent, heavily fringed and delicately veined. Her general appearance resembles that of a mudbuilding wa p. The male, on the other hand, is smaller than the female, lenderer, and suggestive of the "yellow jacket." Its basic coloring is blue, ringed with ellow at the intersections of the abdominal segments. These narrow banding , together with other yellow marking of the body, help to create the impression of a yellow insect. Both pair of wings are tran parent, with a heavy fringe about the edges and transversely dividing the fore-wings.
The Egg. The eggs, owing to their very small size and brown color, are exceedingly difficult to find upon the bark of the tree. It is doubtful if a single orchardist in the entire State has ever detected them, even when active depo ition is going on.
The Larva. This stage embodies the insect's economical importance. The size varies, of course, according to age and feeding, the largest being more than an inch in length. At first white, the body changes with growth to muddywhite. The head is dark brown, terminating in a pair of powerful and devastating jaws. There are eight pairs of legs, seemingly a superfluou number for a larva that takes almost a year to cover a space mea ured in inche .
The Pupa. A pupa case, showing a protruded and empty pupa skin i illustrated on Plate IV, fig. 2. The case itself i a d~rk brown, tough composition of fine-ground wood filings, frass and gum, lined with a silky facing of the larva's weaving. Even in the pupal stage the pronounced difference in size and shape that characterizes the adult male and female is di cernible. The male ca ing is
horter than that of the female, and smaller in diameter. The size of the cocoons is variable, ranging from threequarters of an inch to one and three-quarters inches, with an average of lightly more than an inch. Within is the
6

pupa, which eventually forces its way nearly its full length through the anterior end of cocoon, as shown in the cut, the skin i ruptured and the moth emerges.

Life History.

A the uccess of borer control is contingent upon a cor-

rect knowledge of the insect' life hi tory, the transforma-

tion , as they occur in Georgia, will be described some-

what in detail.

.

Although a few precocious moths may appear in June

or July-or e en earlier-they are only scouts, so to speak,

and their numbers are negligible. The main army begin

to arrive the last week in August, and reache it greate t

numerical trength in September, during which between

eighty and ninety per cent. emerge. Just as there is an

advance guard during early and mid summer, so there is

a rear guard in October, but it also is very small.

Mating and egg-laying follow immediately upon the ar-

rival of the borers at the adult stage. The female is a

prolific egg-layer, averaging approximately five hundred

eggs, which are laid singly or in small, irregular clusters.

These are attached to the bark of the trunk near the ground,

or under the first lateral limbs if the latter are close to the

ground. ormally, the female will oviposit within less

than two feet of the ground, but if inhibited by artificial

conditions, such as mounding or whitewashing, will ascend

higher and lay her eggs upon unprotected bark. She may

be intimidated by hostile conditions from taking her natural

choice of the place, but not at all from egg-laying itself.

~othing short of death will prevent her from fulfilling that

function, which fact has a most important bearing on its

attempted prevention by mounding, wrapping, or painting

the trees with protective washes. Attempts to curb the

adult female must inevitably result in failure. It is not

against her or her egg-laying activities that the fight must

be directed, for it is the larval and not the adult form

that is vulnerable to attack.

The adult moths live only about a week, during which

their sole concern is the propagation of the species. Egg

laying over in a week or ten days, the females die.

The oval-shaped egg hatches in about a week or less and

the larva is ues forth. For various reasons, only a small

percentage of the total number of eggs survives as larvae.

The newly hatched grub are very mall and frail, and

readily succumb to adver e conditions, which accounts for

the heavy mortality among them. Wherever hatched, the

larva's fir t effort i to reach the surface of the ground,

7

either by crawling down the trunk or by suspending itself from a silken thread which it spins for the purpose. Having reached the ground it at once begins its entry into the tree. If all things are favorable, the larva works its way beneath the bark within a short time. Thenceforth, during the larval stage, the channels are enlarged and extended, followed by large jelly-like exudations from the tree, mixed with frass. The jelly-like mass around the trunk at 'the surface of the ground is a characteristic mark of infestation. On contact with the air it hardens to a gummy consistency. Quite a large percentage of the larvae does not at once effect an entrance, but remain upon the outer bark, covered by the gummy excretion, until late fall. While so situated they are comparatively easy of removal. This, also, is an important fact.
The larva, once under cover, continues to feed on the ap-wood and bark until winter. It lies dormant and inactive during the coldest winter weather, but renews active feeding very early in the pring. There is great variation in the size and development of the larvae during the spring and summer, due partly to the difference in age, and partly to the fact that ome had easy, quick entrance to the tree while that of others was slow and difficult. A small percentage never enters the tree at all, but establish themselves at the base of the tree in chamber made of gum, dirt and castings (see Plate IV, fig. 1) and feed on the bark from the outside.
Practically the whole life of the peach borer is passed in the larval stage. The great majority completes this stage during the month of August and the first week of September, leaves the channels and constructs cocoons at or near the base of the tree.
The pupa stage last about four weeks, though there i a slight variation both ways. With the exception noted above, pupation occurs in August and September-mostly in August. By removing the top soil from the base of infested trees during the latter month, one may readily find the cocoons. As an illustration, the author took seven, on Augu t 31, 1915, from around the base of a two-year plum tree in an abandoned section of a nursery. The bark of this tree below the ground had been completely eaten away by the larvae, and the tree was in a dying condition.
At the end o:fi pupal period the pupa works its way through the end of the cocoon, breaks its skin and emerges, a winged moth.
Thus, out of the year required to complete the insect's full life cycle, more than ten months are lived as a larva.
8

Control.
From the foregoing it will be seen that no appreciable good results are to be had from washing the trunk with any of the numerous so-called protective compounds that have been, and are (even yet) u ed with the object either of preventing egg-laying or the entrance of the borer into the tree. Neither re ult is attained. Likewise, the a.plication of some of the stronger of these preparations i liable to injure or kill the tree it elf, while not strong enough to affect in the least the borer under bark or gum.
ncovering the crown and main roots during the wintel to expose the hibernating larvae to freezing temperatures is equally to no purpo e so far as the borer is concerned, but may winter-kill the trees 0 . exposed. Wrapping the trees with paper also has a questionable value from an economical standpoint.
Experience has demonstrated that uccessful control IS to be realized only by mechanical means-(l) mounding and (2) worming. Both these measures are co-ordinating, and their succe sful practice is absolutely dependent upon their being done at the right time.
It has been shown that nearly all the larvae pupate in August and emerge as moths in September, at once laying egg from which the next generation of worms is hatched. It follows, then, that mounding up the trees to a height of ten or twelve inches, from August 10th-20th, accompli hes a double purpose. The first result is the prevention of the e cape of a large number of the pupae from the earth. The second is that the moths that do ucceed in working their way from the bottom of the mound and escaping, are forced to lay their eggs higher upon the tree. In turn, the larvae that hatch from these egg are forced to enter the tree at the top of the mound instead of at the ground level or below, as they would in the absence of the mound. After all egg are laid and hatched, which is early in October, the mound should be removed, and the trees craped and wormed. The leveling of the mound leaves the young larvae high upon the trunk, where they are accessible, instead of around the crown and roots, where it is difficult to locate and remove them. The latter part of October finds mo t of the worm on the out ide of the tree, under gum and other protection, whence they are easily removed by scraping
9

with a worming hook, such as is illustrated in the accompanying figure.
The worming of the trees, if done at the right time (the latter part of October) is in reality more of a scraping process. Some few larvae may have worked under
the outer bark, nece sitating removal with the point of the hook. Mo t of them, however, are very small at that time and can be scraped off without injury to the tree. Spring worming, while better than none, is, for obviou reason, the wrong time to do the work. The worms have fed and fattened within the tree all fall and spring, and their removal or destruc tion with knife, wire or hook is inevitably hurtful' to the tree. Little actual cutting or mutilation of the tree is necessary if worming is done in the fall.
Tree Protectors.
A patented device* for the protection of peach trees from borers is pictured on Plate III. It consi ts of a heavy circular piece of tarred building paper cut in several izes to accommodate trees of various trunk diameters. The protector is placed about the base of the tree on a little conical mount of dirt, and sealed about the trunk and along the line of the overlapping edges with a heavy tar preparation. This device has a minimum effective life e timated at three years. The Department is testing its merits, but owing to the fact that the te t has been operative only one season, result are inconclusive. It gives fair promise, however, of insuring prevention of borer infestation to a degree hitherto unattained. Apparently it is superior to, and perhaps cheaper, than mounding alone, or mounding and wrapping.
Recommendations.
Between the tenth and twentieth of August mound the trees ten or twelve inches high. Use a shovel, throw-
cott Tree Protector Co., Baltimore. Md.
10

ing the dirt to the trees in a cone-shaped mound with a broad base. Pack the dirt down with the shovel. Do not make the mound carele sly or too hurriedly. If properly made, the mounds will prevent the escape of all but a few of the moths.
The latter part of October level off the mounds, following immediately with the scraping and worming of the tree crape the trunk clean of gum and dead bark, being certain to throw all the gum several feet away from the tree. If this operation is carefully carried out, a econd worming in the pring will be saved.
These two essential things should be done thoroughly, and on schedule time.
THE SAN JOSE (pronounced San-Ho-zay) SCALE.
(Aspidiotus pe1'niciosus, Comstock.)
The literature of economic entomology has made this important and destructive insect the theme of comprehensive, almost exhaustive, description and discussion. Fully ninety per cent. of our commercial fruit growers are personally acquainted both with the insect itself and its history, and to them it needs no formal introduction. Only a few ections of the entire State are free of its pre ence and influence, and the e few are becoming annually fewer and fewer. Like the poor, it is always and everywhere with us.
Until recent years San Jo e cale was the most pernicious in ect pest with which the growers of deciduous fruits had to contend. Many of the growers came to believe that an orchard, once infested with it, was beyond salvage. This attitude and belief were the outcome of inadequate means of control, particularly in praying equipment. With the arrival of more efficient insecticides and the perfection of mechanical means of applying them, scale has been brought under easy subjugation, and is now relatively of less importance.
History.
As is generally known, San Jose scale is an imported introduction from the Orient. The records disclose the fact that its entrance to our country was made through the medium of infested nursery stock, shipped into California, about thirty or forty years ago, from China. Ac-
11

cording to authentic information, the first official knowledge of its presence was gained through the devastating spread of the introduced pest among the fruit trees at San Jose, California. From this fact the insect derived its common name, San Jose cale, which oft-mispronounced and non-de criptive title it bears to this day. From California the scale sub equently spread to every state in the Union.
atural Enemies.
Following the establishment of the scale in the United States, agents of the United States Bureau of Entomology made a thorough study of it in its native habitat. There they found that it was kept under control by a predacious ladybird beetle (Chilocorus similis), a very cIo ely related ~pecies of our own twice-stabbed ladybird (bivulnerus sp). Acting on this infO! mation, the Government made prompt efforts to introduce this natural enemy of the scale into this country on the theory and with the hope that it would readily acclimatize it elf, become a naturalized citizen, and resume its ceaseless and effective warfare upon the ancient enemy that had preceded it to our shores. These worthy efforts resulted in failure. The ladybird was not sufficiently hardy or adaptable to survive the rigors of our variegated climate, 0 that now we have the evil without its attendant natural antidote. We were then compelled to re ort to artificial means of controlling the insect, and the e were uccessfully evolved only in the fullness of time and after pain taking study and experimentation, marked by many failures.
In addition to the common twice- tabbed ladybird, which preys upon the scale in Georgia, but which is not sufficiently numerous to accomplish a noticeable repression, we have two fungi which are fairly well distributed, one of which, under certain favorable conditions, is partially effective. These are the red-headed fungus ( phaero tilbe coccophila) , and the black fungu (My?iangium du?iaei). This Department experimented a number of year ago on the artificial inoculation of cale-infe ted peach orchards with the spores of the red-headed fungu , and succeeded, in orne instance , in para itising a small percentage of the scales on the treated trees. This fungus, however, proved so weakly reproductive that the infestations were materially unchecked. The black fungus is much more generally scattered over the State. It is commonly found in neglected orchards where spraying is not practiced, reproduce itself freely and, in the presence of a sufficient
12

upply of it host, has occa ionally been observed almost to rid the infested tree of cale.
The growth, reproduction and spread of these two fungi are so greatly dependent upon certain known conditions of climate and moisture, as to make them of little or no value where such conditions do not obtain. Our Georgia climate is so hot and dry during a greater part of the year that, lacking the requisite quantities of rainfall and humidity, they survive with difficulty and are in no wise dependable to control an Joe scale.
ot 0 many years ago inoculations of the black fungus were sold to a number of credulous peach orchardists at different places in the tate. The eloquent salesman peruaded these orchardists that cheap and permanent emancipation from the lavery of spraying could be obtained only by buying and applying their panacea. Needless to say, these growers paid through the nose for their faith, not only in the purchase price of! the material, but also in the resultant multiplication of scale and scale injury.
in the first place, the life of any fungus parasite is predicated on availability and abundance of it food supply, in the in tance under discus ion, scale insect. The reproduction of even a small initial colony of scale i oftentime o rapid, and the re ultant inj ury so quick and deadly that, before the fungus can become established, under the advel' e conditions prevailing in our peach belt, the tree is either killed or greatly injured.
In the second place, these beneficial fungi are subject to destruction by spraying, just as are injurious fungi (brown rot and scab, for instances). U we wish to foster our cale-de troying fungi we must, perforce, abandon all spraying of our trees with fungicides. Any orchardist having even a rudimentary knowledge of the production of edible or merchantable peaches knows this can not be done. 0 that we mu t relinqui h all hope of the beneficent and gratuitous aid of in ects and fungi in controlling
an Jose scale, and turn to other and dependa'ble methods.
Descriptive and Life History.
For tho e having no knowledge of the appearance or life cycle of the scale, they will be briefly described.
Plate IV, fig. 4, illustrates the half-grown stage in which the insect passes the winter. Most of the old scales are killed during the winter month , the younger ones surviving, and the e latter are clearly illustrated on the peach twigs shown in the cut. They are about 1-32 of an inch in diameter, black in color, and crowned at the apex by a nipple. These
13

scales enlarge and mature in the early spring, the male insects emerging as a very small winged fly. In about three weeks after impregnation the females begin to bring forth young. The insect is viviparous, that is, it reproduces without the egg stage common to most all other insects. It requires about three weeks for the female to complete this function, which involves the birth of several hundred young scales. At the end of this period she dies. There are five or six generations a year in this State.
The young are provided with legs, and the first hours of their lives are devoted to crawling about over the limbs and twigs seeking a suitable place to locate. This found, they insert a long hair-like sucking tube into the host, and settle down (except in the ca e of the males) permanently. A scale covering then begins to form over them, at first white and later grey or black. It is in the crawling stage that they are carried about locally from tree to tree and place to place. Birds alighting momentarily on limbs infested with crawling young frequently carry off the latter on feet or legs to their next stopping place, which may be far distant, ~nd there deposit them This is only one agent of the many that are responsiblQ for the spread of scale.
The increase in the number of scales on an infested tree in a single season, when unchecked by artificial means, environment or natural conditions, is imply amazing. One favorable eason is enough to over-run and destroy young trees that were only lightly infested at the opening of the breeding season. Yet, at the same time, it is an insect that succumbs easily to control measures.
Typical Injury Produced by the Scale.
To anyone not familiar with the appearance of the scale and the injury it produces, a minor infestation is likely to go unobserved. But to the most unobservant and unfamiliar, the characteristic a h-colored encru tation of a heavy infestation is unmistakable. When reproduction is active during the summer, the young also can readily be seen by the unaided eye as they crawl about-slow moving points of yellow-on limbs and twigs and leaves.
As has been explained, San Jose scale is a sucking insect, remaining permanently in one position (except as noted) all its life. It sucks the juice from the bark by means of a minutely fine hair-like probo cis. The immediate effect of this operation upon the bark and sap wood is to produce a reddish-purple discoloration which affects, even
14

in the case of a single feeding insect, the bark and sap wood for a considerable area around the point of incision and down to the wood itself. This is accompanied or followed by a depression or indenture of the bark just under the insect, and secondarily by a swelling of the bark around the depressed area, producing a pitted effect. The swelling is apparently an effort, on the part of the tree, to overcome the abnormal condition at that point. Both the discoloration and the swelling are strongly indicative of a chemical reaction between the sap cells and a poisonous secretion of unknown composition injected by the insects into the incision when feeding. This secretion-if present-is probably for the better assimilation and digestion of the plant juices, and doubtless is comparable to that injected into a person or animal by a feeding mosquito in order to make its food assimilable. The reaction in the latter case is well known to be caused by a poison. The commonly accepted belief that the San Jose scale saps a tree to death by depriving its host of its juices is not sufficient to account for the discoloration and swelling mentioned above. The mere mechanical abstraction of the sap by a pumping or sucking action on such a minute scale is not sufficient to account for the phenomena that follow upon even a single isolated feeding operation. The theory that the writer advocates is that the host succumbs more to the effects of toxins set up in the sap supply rather than from impaired physiological functions caused solely by the loss of such small amounts of sap as are required to sustain the life of the scale insects.
Control.
After a long period of experimentation with many compounds of many natures, the concentrated lime-sulphur solution has been accepted as the best "all-'round" treatment for San Jose scale. Because of its caustic nature this can be applied in a highly concentrated form only in the dormant season, when the trees are bare of leaves. Sometimes, in exceptional cases, it is found necessary to apply measures to check multiplication of scale during the summer, but such measures should never include concentrated. lime-sulphur spray. Even in weakly dilute proportions it is deadly to peach foliage.
P1'epa'red Liquid Lime-Sulphur. Lime-sulphur combinations are the best treatments to use because they are effective, when thoroughly applied at the right strength, in reducing scale infestation to negligible quantities, and
15

because other and almost equally important benefits accrue incidentally or directly. The compounds are highly efficient fungicides, and they either minimize or entirely destroy fungi of various kinds that live upon the tree itself during the winter months. The subject of lime-sulphur sprays is treated more fully in another section of the bulletin.
oluble Sulphu1' P1epamtions. In the last few years a number of powdered sulphur compounds have been manufactured and placed upon the market by various insecticide companies. The principal arguments .for their adoption by the public were ba ed on economy. It is obvious that a powdered preparation which would compare favorably in price with the commercially prepared liquid solutions, tenns of efficiency being equal, would ave the grower much money in freight and hauling. With a view to determining the relative efficiency of soluble sulphur and liquid lime-sulphur preparations against San Jose scale, the writer tested four brands of the former alongside of a standard make of the latter in L. H. Gibbs' apple orchard, at Cornelia, in ~rch and early April, 1915. The result are briefly set forth in Table 1.

TABLE I. Condensed Results of Soluble Sulphur Experiments.

NamE' of ;\IanufachIrers.
Thomsen Chemical Co.
fodoc hemical Co.
Xiagal'a Sprayer Co.
herwinWilliams Co.
Thorn. en Chemical Co.

Trade name
of. and test plat no. of
material.

Ibs. to 50 gals. ,Yater.

.. 1
"R. T.

16.

2

"Spra

10.

Sulphur"

3 oluble ulphur

12 .'

4 .01uble Sulphul'
-
Prepared LimeSulphur
6 Check

12'h.
1 gal. L.to 9 gals. water.

~- ...........
\\"I1('n spr'ay d.

RE LTS

March 3 Mal'"h 3
and 2~. :\larch 4 ~arch 4
and 23. ;'.larch 23
April 2 March 3 March 3
and 23. March 3 Marrh 3
anr1 2~.

Excellent. :\'1alerial adheres well.
Very good, a rew li\ing scales.
YeJ'Y poor. no appar-
I ent benefit. Scale unde, good control.
Living scale scarte. trees rather ligh t1)
I i n f est e d when sprayed. Scale appears almost entirely )<i1led out.
Ve " y p 0 0 1'. scale breeding freely.
i\1 uch better than single spraying.
Good control. one tree slightly infested.
Very good. living. scale difficult to find.

Heavy infestation.

16

The orchard wa::; laid off into six plat, five of which were sprfA-yed and the sixth left unsprayed as a check. OnehaIr of each sprayed plat was given a single treatment and the other half a double treatment. The first application wa made under high and uniform pressure with a power sprayer, and the second application, owing to a breakdown of the power outfit, was made with a barrel pump. The mixing of the material was careful and exact, and the actual application to the trees was as thorough as it is possible to do such work. The brief data on the reo
ults, a given in Table I, were obtained from examination of the plats at intervals during the summer after urviving cales began to breed. From these data it will be seen that two of the oluble sulphur compounds gave a credit able account of themselves while the single treatment with the other two was practically worthless.
Further experiments with these (and perhap other) powdered preparations are planned, but before they are made the results as et forth must be considered inconclusive.
Analyse of the four sample products are given in Table II. Without going into the detail of their chemical composition, it may merely be "'aid that orne of the compoundR in each of them are chemically of no value as contact inecticides. Other compounds are imilarly of no merit because of their in olubility, though they erve to good purpose through their adhesive properties-in holding the pray material to the trees. All of them contain less soluble sulphides (the active compounds) in their dry state and more inert matter than the prepared lime-sulphur concentrate.

TABLfZ II. Average Analyses of the Four Soluble Sulphurs.

I: Harlum' \IlJiysul-

J.

,)hides

48.210/r

Sodium

polysul-

I2.

phides

r,3.70o/,

odium

polysul-

".

phides

41.99%

InsolUble

(Lime and

4.

ulphur)

'-7.00,*

I I Barium thio-
I sulphate 11.63%
I Sodium
I tblosulphate 11.07'*
I odium I thio ulI phate I 41.45%
I I Total ulphur I In .olution I 17.00%

Free ,",ulphur
28.36%
I, Sodium I sulphate I 0.44,* 'Calcium in Isolutlon as UndeterIsulpho-cal- mined Icium compd~ 4. 2% I r,.43%

. [ois-
I ture
14.24%
I
II )[ois5t.u1r6e%
I I Mois- .
I ture
I 4% I I )[olsI ture I 1.75%

17

Recommendations.
Badly infe ted tree hould be prayed twice with limesulphur-once in the fall and again in the spring just before the bloom buds open. The dilution of the spray should depend upon the strength of the concentrate as determined by hydrometer readings ( ee page 37). Where there is only a light infe tation. one thorough praying is sufficient.
Spray th01'oughly, leaving no twig or limb uncovered later to re-infe t the tree, using high pressure and a nozble throwing a medium fine spray.
The formula and method of preparation for the homemade lime- ulphur concentrate will be found on page 37.
THE PLUM CURCULIO.
(Conot1'achelus nenuphar, Herb t.)
The larva of thi beetle is the most widely distributed and de tructive, the best known and superlatively execrated insect enemy of peaches. The wormy peach has no friends among producers or consumers. The adult beetle, on the contrary, i little known, even among closely observant peach growers, for it is of shy and retiring nature and i active mainly at night.
The curculio is not exclu ive as to diet. In Georgia, the neach i its favorite medium of reproduction, but that is both because peaches are more abundant than other fruits, a well a the natural selection of the insect for the perpetuation of species. Other fruit crops, principally plums, are also curtailed in output and value by this pest.
Life Hi tory.
The Adult. The full-grown in ect i pictured on Plate V. Two characteristics which are shown in the picture are the roughly ridged back and the long snout, the latter fully one-third of the length of the body. The backgtound color is dark grey or black, relieved by yellow and white markings. The beetles feign death when harply disturbed, and drop from the tree. In this little game of bluff the legs and proboscis are clo ely drawn up under the body and, what with the rough exterior and protective coloring, the in ect might easily be mistaken for a mall piece of dead bark or a dried bud.
The curculio hibernates during the winter as the adult heetle in protected place surrounding orchards. Rubbish and litter. hedge- and fence-row are among it favorite winter resort .
1

The beetles rouse from their winter torpor about the time peaches are in bloom, and emerge from their hiding place , feeding on the budding blooms and foliage until the fruit appears. Mating follows quickly upon their spring emergence from hibernation, and the female is fertilized and ready for egg-laying even before the peaches are uncovered from the shuck.
The Egg. The mother beetle prepares a nest for the reception of the egg by eating out a ca vity in the peach. In this he carefully inserts the egg, and solicitou ly packs
it about with peach pulp. As a finishing touch, a crescent-shaped mark is cut above the egg. This is not alway a part of the operation, but it appear in the majority of ca es-enough to call it a distingui hing characteri tic.
The beetle is a very prolific egg-layer, its average production being above two hundred. The deposition of eggs lasts practically all summer. It i fallacy to believe that all the eggs are laid early in the summer. Peaches will J.)e found infested with worm from newly hatched eggs at any time from the shedding of the shuck up until harvest. Thi fact ha an important bearing on the matter of spraying, and i provided for in the recommendation for the control of this insect. (See page 25.)
The egg hatches in about five day and from it come forth the tiny worm or grub.
The Lan:a 01' "Wmm." This phase of the insect's metamorpho i need no description. It i well known for what it i and doe. But when the worm is grown, which, in most case, i after about three weeks from the egg, it eat it way from the peach and works its way into the soil to pupate. By the time the worm is ready for pupation the infested peach i usually upon the ground, 0 that the journey from the one to the other i a short one, and brief.
early all the larvae pupate at a depth of less than three inche .
Th Pupa. Having tunneled beneath the ground, the worm make for itself a pupal chamber by thrusting a ide and packing the soil. In thi chamber it slowly changes to the pupa, which stage lasts about three week. At the cIo e of this period, when the transformation is complete,
the pupal skin is ruptured and a: new winged beetle i
born. If the soil is loose and moist, the beetle at once work hi way to the urface of the ground; if it is hard and baked, the appearance of the beetle is delayea untIl rains soften it. The remainder of the summer i spent in feeding on leaves and available fruit. but there i no egglaying by the new brood until the following pring.
19

How May Wormy Peaches Best Be Prevented?
We have seen that worm-infested peaches are to be found at all stages of the growth and development of the fruit from bloom to maturity. They are especially plentiful at harvest, and many a peach shipper who flattered himself that his crop was wormless has been disappointed to find a slice of his profits disappeal( at the packing houses In a big pile of unsalable, wormy culls. How can this los be prevented?
Clean cultivation during the summer months is partially a solution of the problem. Plowing lightly or harrowing beneath the trees until just before the crop is gathered will insure the destruction of large numbers of the pupae that are within easy reach of plow-share or harrow.
Spraying with arsenate of lead is the other-and bestpreventive. It is the standardized, accepted one. But there is a great lack of uniformity of results attained with it. Some growers u e it succes fully every year, while others complain that it is not dependable, charging their lack of good results to the lead itself. The failure of the latter class is really attributable to one of two causes: (1) they do not apply it at the right time or in the right way, or (2) not often enough.
Mo t growers, in spraying later-maturing varieties of peaches three times for control of curculio and brown rot, include arsenate of lead 1ll the first two applications and omit it from the third. This omi ion is the cause of many failures to forestall curculio infestation.
The writer has made repeated tests for the determination of the relative value of three application of lead a against two applications, invariably re ulting in better curculio control with the former. An'lther direct benefit i better protection from brown rot, for it is an axiom that the fewer curculio the Ie s rot. Table III give the results in curculio and brown rot control obtained in one experiment from three treatments including arsenate of lead on Elbertas, as opposed to two treatments with, and one without. ote the poor curculio control re ulting in plat which received only one application of lead.
20

TABLE III. Results of 3 Combination Sprayings,

IoF,PIRR S\Ty. \ '~EPCRO\:Y<D

I,,\(j

I"l"G

.\r\;enat( and Self
ookE'd Lim~ Sulphur
ATsenate and Self Cooked
Limeu1llh.E!.- _

3 ~~:I~l:~~' Lime

Self. ooked Lime Ull)hur

ani as ecoml

I I RONrIo".El) I "'I: FENfo:,.T ED SONL"o:'.I:I)
P~.\ HE I~I~.\ liE PE.\ HI::

I I PEENRT

PEEXRT

PEENRT

Rorn:D INFESTED OUND

--- ---------------

18

55 2938 0.59 1.82 97.59

31 135 1649 1. 70 7.43 90.85
23 ~ 12981~39 19.94 178.66

4 ~I~:a)ed

~Ol pra)("d

;';01
prare.Jf

318

I 1124 3862 6.

21.19 72.81

The data in the above table were obtained by opening and classifying all the peaches from a number of repreentative trees in each plat.

The figure are an actual count and classification of all drop and windfalls, as well a of the picked fruit. They'accurately how the average greater compen ation insured

by the additon of lead to the last ummer praying.

The argument may be advanced that it is un afe to use lead in the last spraying because of the po sible presence

of orne of the poison on the mature peaches, thus rendering them unsafe to eat. If the la t spr...ying i applied four week before the ripening period, it is only a possibility that more than exceedingly minute quantities remain,

and the probability is that it i not pre ent at all. The pos-

sibility i so remote it is not worthy of consideration. Be-

sides, very few have a taste for peach peelings. On the other

hand, there are certain and real benefits accruing, both in

the quality and quantity of salable fruit, from three treat-

ment with arsenate of lead.

'

Spray Schedule.

praying measures for control of curculio are so ineparably linked with those for brown rot that they can not be considered apart, hence the reader is referred to the pray chedules for brown rot, on page 25.

21

BROW ROT.
clerotina fructigena, Schrot)
Until recent years this disease wa the most destructive and baffling malady of any with which our peach growers had to grapple. Lacking an effective preventive, it wa of annual recurrence, occasioning large losses. Many growers were so demoralized by their inability successfully to cope with it that they abandoned peach growing entirely. Even the stoutest hearted were greatly discouraged when,' in years favorable to the disease, one-half or more of the crop was claimed by it before or during the ripening period.
But with the coming of the self-boiled lime-sulphur compound, which discovery was and is of incalculable value, their despair vanished. Instead of trusting with small faith to Providence, which too often was fickle, they now have the assurance that goes with the certainty of clo e to 100 per cent. prevention, regardIe s of weather conditions.
Description of and Factor Favoring Brown Rot.
Brown rot is a fungus disease which attacks blossoms, twigs and fruit, taking its heaviest toll of the fruit at or near maturity. Under especially favorable condition of temperature and moisture, the bIos oms and twig may be attacked, resulting in the death of the disea ed bIos oms and the infection of the twigs. Later the young peaches may in turn become infected, under timulating natural condition, by the pores that are borne on diseased blossom and twig. The terminal twigs are frequently killed outright early in the season by infections entering via the blossoms (See Plate VI, fig. 1.) Infection originating both from diseased-killed blossoms and peache are frequently ob erved to extend back into twigs, causing brown canker which may (and often do) girdle the twig, th~ distal part of which, of course, dies. The most serious outbreak of the disease, however, occurs just before or at the ripening period.
The fir t symptom of the disease on the peach is a very mall brown pot. The mycelium of this minute initial infection grows rapidly in the flesh of the fruit, producing the typical brown, soft decay. A healthy peach inoculated from a rotting peach will develop a round rotten area as large as a ilver quarter within twenty-foul' hour , so rapid is it progress'. The pores, or seeds, begin to appear by or before the time the rotted spot is as large a a 5-cent piece. Finally the whole peach is rotted, omewhat hrunken, and
22

covered with the grey powdery spores (see front cover). early all the rotted peaches fall to the ground. Some.
however, remain on the tree where they shrivel up, making mummies. As such they are veritable seed beds of infection for the fruit of the succeeding year. Rotted peaches upon the ground also produce spores, and, if left undisturbed, produce apothecia the second eason. The cuplike apothecium (Plate VI, fig. 2) develops at the end of a long stem which grows from the mummied peach. It j~ the perfect fruiting form of the fungus. This form also liberates great quantities of spores about the time the trees are in bloom.
The highly contagious nature of the disease is due to the prodigality with which the spore masses are produced and the numerous agencies through which they are disseminated. They are washed off by rains to healthy fruits, or carried by winds or numerous species of insects that are always actively present. In this way the disease is transmitted. If nothing has been done to prevent the development and spread of the disease, a few rotting peaches may, in favorable easons, produce an epidemic.
Several agencies aid in the propagation and carriage of brown rot. It develops in proportion as there are moisture and heat. Muggy or showery weather is favorable, both kinds favoring the germination of the disease seeds. Rains also carry the spore about on the trees, thus facilitating the spread of the plague.
The most active accessory to infection is punctures made in the peaches by feeding or egg-laying insects. The curculio is the greatest offender in this respect. The spores, lodging in these punctures, find ideal conditions for germination. The relationship between curculio and brown rot i close and inseparable. The amount of brown rot of fruit in any given orchard is directly proportionate to curculio activities therein.
Brown rot controL therefore, is materially dependent upon curculio control. Any spraying schedule directed against the one, should also include measures against the other.
Prevention.
Self-Cooked Lime-Sulphu1'. Brown rot is readily prevented by spraying. Owing to its delicate organic nature and its super-sensibility to spray injury, peach foliage cannot safely be sprayed with the strong fungicides such as Bordeaux mixture or concentrated lime-sulphur solu-
23
;

tion. Even when heavily diluted they cause shot-holing of the leaves and more or less-genera ly more-defoliation.
The self-cooked lime-sulphur compound, howe er, if properly made, yields almost perfect brown rot control, without appreciable shot-holing or loss of leaves. Table III. on page 21 affords unan werable testimony a to it efficiency. In addition to its splendid properties as a con trol for brown rot and scab, the compound (in combina; tion with arsenate of lead) imparts a high color to the fruit, materially enhancing its beauty and market value.
It is most essential, in the preparation of self-cooked lime-sulphur, to use only a good grade of fresh, 'Whole lump lime. Partially slaked lime will not make a good mixture. The supply of lime hould be bought fresh at each praying, and only the whole, unslaked lumps u ed. Gl'ound brim tone makes as good a mixture as the more refined grades of sulphur, and is considerably cheaper, therefore preferable.
P1'01J1'ietan} Prepamtions. Beside elf-cooked lime-sulphur, there are certain prepared mixtures which have been used in Georgia with varying degree of succe s. otable among these i "atomic" ulphur, which, costing no more than lime-sulphur, i a dependable remedy and an excellent coloring agent. This material should not be used, however, without the addition of lime-three pounds to each fifty gallons of water. If the lime is not added burning and partial defoliation are certain to follow. As an example of thi , Plate XIII shows an Elberta tree of normal vigor, one of a plat prayed twice with four pound of atomic ulphur (the manufacturer recommend five) to fifty gallons of water, without lime. Defoliation here was
ufficiently advanced to retard the fuB growth of the fruit, Although brilliantly colored at maturity, the peaches were under ized. So much defoliation is bad for the tree, and i liable to reduce in number and vitality the next year' crop of fruit buds.
The Use of Arsenate of Lead. The writer has repeatedly tested the relative worth of summer sprays with and without arsenate of lead. These experiment have extended over a number of year, and have included all practical combinations of summer sprays with lead arsenate. The detailed data of this work will not be given, owing to lack of space. The definite conclu ion has been reached, however, and is supported by accurate figures, that best re ults are to be had by the addition of lead to each of the summer prayings. There is distinctly less foliage injury
24

PLATE I
The Peach Tree Borer and its Work in Trunk and !\'lain Roots.

PLATE II
-..IcI:I

PLATE III
Tree Protector and Method of Affixing to Tree.

PLATE IV

Fig. 1. Borer
Larva a Housed for Outside Feeding. (in 8itu)

Fig. 2. Cocoon and Pupal Ca e of Peach Tree Borer.

Fig. 3. The Adult Female Peach Tree Borer. (Afler milh.)

Fig. 4. a II J 0 s e Scale on
Peach Twig.

PLATE V
Fig. 1. Curculio Larvae in Ripe Fruit.

Fig. 2. The Curculio Beetle.
(After Q1IClil11allCe alld JemIe.)

- "\'(\\, \lN\VERS7fY~
LIBRARIES
OF GEQR()\t\

PLATE VI
Fig. 2. The Perfect Fruiting Form.of the Brown Rot Fungus (on mummled peach). Fig. 1. Blooms and Twigs Killed by Brown Rot.

PLATE VII

Fig. 1. Peach Limbs Mined by Shot-

Fig. 2. Crown Gall on Roots and

ole Bark Beetle.

Trunk of Young Peach Tree.

PLATE VIII
Scab on Peaches. (I ote how the fruit is cracked.)

Fig. 1. The Terrapin Scale. (After U. S. Div. Bill.)

1)
r
~ (TJ
x
Fig. 2. Peach Tree with Leaf Curl.

PLATE X
Peach Leaf Curl. (Natural Size.)

PLATE XI

PLATE XII
The Right Stage for the First Summer Spraying.

PLATE XIII

PLATE XIV
...
Q Co
uf..
4:-1
Q
U
..Sr.:.!::
.:0:1
.u=::
"Cl C 01 tlII
..'c=C
0..
.. .QI
Co Q
0..
tlII C
.-.:;
01
.-
III
.E
;::::;

PLATE XV

PLATE XIV

on the one hand, and better curculio and brown rot control on the other, where smaller amounts of lead are used in all three treatments of a three-sprayings chedule than where the first two sprayings include lead in greater amounts, with none in the third spraying.
A tandard, guaranteed grade of powdered ar enate of lead is more uniform in chemical composition, ea ier to handle and less liable to deterioration than the paste form. Being a powder, it is readily measured by volume in tead of by weight, and so fore taIls the mistakes in measurement that are so often made by careless spray-mixer. Much foliage injury is caused by drenching the trees. The material should be applied with a nozzle throwing a fine
pray, and the trees thoroughly, though lightly, covered.
pray chedule.
1st. pray ju t as the greater part of the shuck have plit loose from the young peaches, (See Plate XII) with three-quarter of a pound of dry arsenate of lead (11/2 pounds pa te) and three pound of lime to fifty gallon of water. Use a nozzle that give a fine pray, and cover the tree lightly, but thoroughly, under high pressure. Care hould be taken in this and in subsequent spraYl.ng to keep the spray solution well agitated.
2nd. Three week later pray with self-cooked limesulphur (or atomic ulphur as directed) and arsenate of
lead (112 lb. dry, or 1 lb. paste). Apply uniformly but
not heavily in a fine mist-like spray.
3rd. One month before the e timated ripening period pray with the arne material at the same formula usea In the second spraying. Use a coal' er nozzle and apply the material more heavily than in the first two treatments.
The above pray schedule is for Elbertas, Hileys, Georgia Belle , and other mid-season varieties. Two prayings are ufficient for those that mature earlier. Varietie ripening in September and October should have four summer sprayings instead of three, as recomn ended for Elberta, etc.
How to Make Self-Cooked Lime-Sulphur.
Lime and sulphur are used in equal proportions-eight pounds of each to fifty gallons of water. The mixture i more readily prepared in three- or four-barrel lots, a' follow:
Weigh out, say, 32 pounds of lime and 32 pounds sulphur. Place four or five gallons of water in a 50-gallon
25

lJarrel. Sift the sulphur into the barrel through a coarse sieve and mix it with the water. Next, add the lime (it should always be whole lump lime, free of rock), and stir continuously after it begin slaking, to break up lumps. Water should be added as required, a little at a time, to prevent burning, but not copiously enough to drown out the cooking. From five to ten gallons will graoually have to be added in this way. After the lime is slaked, immediately add enough cold water to stop any further cook~ng.
The above formula will make up 200 gallons of spray. The mixture should be carefully strained into the spray tank through a brass sieve of thirty meshes to the inch. Add arsenate of lead to the dilute mixture in the spray tank and not to the stock solution. Keep well agitated while spraying.
THE SHOTHOLE BORER BEETLE.
( colytus 1'ugulosus, Ratz.)
Peach trees, among other , are freely attacked, when in a receptive condition, by a small beetle of semi-scavenger propensities. These miniature borers give an infested tree the appearance of being the punctured object of a charge of bird hot, hence their popular and descriptive title, " hot-hole" borer. The marauder also operate under an alia a the fruit-tree bark beetle. The names are synonymous for an in ect culprit occupying a prominent plat:e In the entomological rogues' gallery. Its work is well, though very unfavorably, known to orchard owners, who are the ultimate victim of its mining activities.
The hole made by the entering and emerging adult beetles are about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. They are numerous on badly infested twigs and limbs (see Plate VII), heightening the shot-hole effect. Although the inect attacks plum and apple trees and perhaps other species, peach tree seem to be its favorite food and in them it breeds most abundantly.
One's attention is first attracted to an infe ted tree by an exudation of gum from the bark, or by the generally debilitated appearance of the foliage and tree. The gum is perhaps the first and mo t faithful clue to its presence.
It i a afe postulate, ubject to the usual exceptions which go to prove a thing a rule, that only weak or weakening trees are victimized. The attack i very largely, if
26

not entirely, secondary in nature. The primary cause of the infested tree's devitalized condition is not always apparent, but will be revealed if the investigation is pursued far and carefully enough. Many causes may be either directly responsible for or contributive to that degree of tree-sicknes which affords inviting conditions for the beetle' entrance. In orne in tance it is San Joe scale, but in most ca es the trouble is not so apparent. Protracted drought, soil impoverishment, acid soil, crown-gall, borers, or any and all conditions that furnish the initial decline in a tree's vigor and resistance are more often the causes. The writer ha rarely found healthy vigorou tree infe ted, and then only slightly. In such case the beetles were usually breeding prolifically in near-by trees or tree pruning.
De cription and Life History.
The adult beetle i quite mall, measuring Ie s than an eighth of an inch in l,ength. The color is a dull black, and the back is finely and closely indented in parallel rows. Beetle hibernate both as larvae and pupae beneath th~ bark, mature during the month of March, and, making their way out through the little, round hole which they make for the purpose, emerge a adults. When the females of thi over-wintering generation are ready to lay eggs, they eat their way back through the bark of a suitable tree, which mayor may not be the one in which they pa sed the winter. Here they con truct a brood chamber in the sap wood, varying from an inch or Ie s to two inches in length, and along the grain. In the ide of the brood chamber, which is of slightly larger diameter than her body, the female bores at right angles mall pockets iust large enough to contain a single egg. The egg depo itories lie closely ide by side and, in the pocket of a large chamber, clo e to a hundred egg may be placed. The egg hatch in several days and the small larvae work out from the chamber and across the sap wood. The deeper egg chamber and the lighter tracing made by the larvae are plainly etched on the wood of the bark. trioped limb pictured on Plate VII.
There are four distinct stages to the evolution of a single generation-egg, larva, pupa and adult. The egg tage la 18 about three days, the grub (larval) stage about three weeks, and another week as pupa. This totals approximately five weeks to each generation from egg to adult. There are several broods during the season, the larvae and
27

pupae of the last brood passing the winter as such under the bark. Thus, at any time of the year we may, by removing the bark of an infested tree, find both the gruo and the pupal stages. During the breeding season we may find all four stages, for the adult female and her eggs are also present.
As has been stated, the attacks of the shot-hole borer are confined almost exclusively to unhealthy trees. In weak trees they find the conditions that are most conducive to quick and prolific reproduction.
The effect of a general infestation of a tree that ha already suffered the loss' of vitality is to hasten and seal its fate. umberless larvae, cutting at right angles acros the flow of sap, make short, sure work of their host. In addition to this direct interference with the sap supply is the bleeding of the wounds, as evidenced by the heavy exudations of gum, caused by the entrance of the female in ante-egg-laying procedure.
Control.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that spraying is of no avail against the beetle. The only way to combat it with any degree of success is to cut out an~ burn all infested limbs or tree. No generally infested tree can possibly survive, and to leave it stand to mature its crop of beetles is to invite disaster to other trees.
Since any weak tree is a menace, inasmuch as it afford a favorable medium of reproduction for the beetles, endeavor to keep your trees growing thriftily. When there is no apparent cause for their lack of condition, examine the crown and roots. Look for peach tree borers. Borers are either directly or indIrectly the source of much peach tree mortality. Another fruitful source of infestation is tree prunings that lie about in the orchard or piled in heap adjoining them. The trimmings should be promptly burned.
Keep your trees fertilized and vigorous and, above all, free of peach tree borers and scale, and you will have no cause to fear or even to "view with alarm" the shot-hole beetle.
28

PEACH CROW -GALL.

This is the same disease that afflicts apple and plum trees and others. It is not so commonly found in orchards as formerly owing to the fact that planters are latterly more conversant with it, and have learned to reject nursery trees that are visibly diseased. It is universally present in varying amounts in all nurseries, entailing annually a material money loss to tree propagators. No honest nurseryman knowingly will allow an infected plant to go out to his patron , therefore the burdens falls heaviest on his shoulder , as every di ea ed tree is a total loss.

De cription.

There are two form of the disease called, re pectively

the hairy-root crown-gall and hard crown-gall. The lat-

ter, which is the commonest and most injurious type, is

illu trated on Plate VII. The pongy, suberized gall knot

are hown at the crown and on the main root and the trunk

p opel'. The chances of thi kind of a tree for long and

productive life are slender, for such decided gall develop-

ment upon a nul' ery tree means, in the majority of cases,

that the gall would develop along with the tree, in the

orchard, finally throttling it to death.

The other, the hairy-root type, i les common on peach

than upon apple trees. This form sometimes has a pro-

nounced gall-like growth also, but its most conspicuous

characteri tic is a dense mat of very fine root. Where

thi bu hy mass of fibrou roots i present there usually

i no healthy and well developed root system.

It may be authoritatively stated that neither type is

highly contagious in the orchard. The loss of trees in

orchard results almost entirely from infection that were

originally upon them when they were transplanted, and

not from the inoculation of healthy trees by diseased neigh-

bor. The purchaser should learn to know and to watch

for the ymptoms, and discard every nursery tree that

vi ibly how them.

.

Remedies.

There i no known means by which an advanced victim of the malady can be saved. An enveloping gall so impair the normal functions of the tree that growth practically ceases and the foliage becomes sickly and off-color.. When it is definitely determined that crown-gall is the cause
29

the tree should be removed, root and branch, and re et with a healthy one. In obedience to the watch-word" afety First," the precaution should be taken to throw out all the soil that surrounded the diseased roots and crown, and replant in new and uncontaminated top soil. A little intelligent examination of trees for planting purpo e i the "ounce of pre ention" to be practiced first and foremo t.
PEACH SCAB.
(CladospoTium caTpophilum, Thlim.)
Peach scab is a very common skin di ease of peache , particularly of late-maturing varieties. As a general thing, it can not be classed as seriously destructive, its principal and worst effect being to render the fruit unsightly and somewhat to lower its market value, while not absolutely destroying it. In bad attacks, however, as upon September and October varietie especially, under the impetus of favorable weather conditions and the absence of preventive measures, crops are rendered largely or wholly unsalable. Although some varieties are more resistant to infections than other , none is naturally immune. All however, are perfectly responsive to immunity baths administered in the form of a fungicide.
ymptoms and Cause.
The disease is cau ed by a fungus, Cladosporium cm'pophilum, which grows in the skin of the fruit. The flesh i not invaded and destroyed, as is the case with brown rot fungus. It appears as mall, round, smoky brown or black spots. (See Plate VIII.) For the most part, spots are found upon the exposed side of the fruit and are usually most numerous around the tern end. In virulent attacks the pots run together, the skin becoming black, tough and thickened, and this scabbed surface finally splits open, expo ing the fle h, as illustrated on Plate VIII, inviting the entrance of brown rot. These spots usually do not appear before the peach is fully half-grown, although infection takes place earlier. The extent and virulence of the malady are largely dependent upon the weather. As with brown rot, the fungus is favored by warm, rainy or cloudy weather in April, May and June.
The disease attacks the twigs, causing the developmem. of mall brown spot on them. It is upon the twigs that
30

the fungus lives during the winter, and from the mycelium of the e diseased spots spores are bred the followin~: spring, to be carried to young peache and to germinate there, in the pre'Jence of moi ture and warmth.
Prevention.
Peach cab is easily and urely preventable. It is almo t perfectly controlled by the arne fungicides and the arne pray chedule a those recommended on page 25 for brown rot and curculio (which see). It should be tre ed here, however, that the best control of scab is to be had only by observance of the time element in spraying. Infections tart about one month after the bloom falls. The second spraying therefore should be upon the fruit be!o?'e the first infection would naturally occur.
THE TERRAPI SCALE.
(Eulecanium nig?'o!asciatum, Pergande.)
Thi pecies of scale insect, while not nearly so numerou , and widely di tributed a San Jose scale, i , neverthele ,a pest to be reckoned with in localities where it ha e tablished a foot-hold. It is unrecorded a occurring in the northern section of the State, but certain localitie in middle and south Georgia have had evere and stubborn experiences with it from time to time. In the summer of 1915, a large peach orchard in Hancock county became 0 heavily infested a to threaten the welfare of the crop, necessitating immediate measures of control. It i likely, of course, to occur in any. ection at any time and, ina much as it difters rad:~ally from San Jo>:!e cale in many re peets and requires different means of control, it i deemed advisable to describe and illustrate the pecie~, with recommendations for combatting it.
Description and Life History.
The "terrapin," or "turtle-back" scale, is a soft scale. The winter tage, pictured on Plate IX, fig, 1, is a giant compared to San Jose. Ten or a dozen of them, laid side by ide and touching, would cover an inch. As will be ~en in the cut, the back is hemispherical in conformatIon, and somewhat ridged or currugated. Its general ap-
31

pearance at once suggests a turtle or terrapin, proving how happily chosen is its popular name. In color it is a mottleCl brown, with radiating black lines, and surmounted at the apex with a touch of orange-red.
The female hibernates in a partially mature stage of development, reaching maturity the followi:lg spring. Eggs are then deposited under the skin, thE: whole body literally converting itself into an egg mass, houE-=d by a dermal covering which was the skin of the mother. The hatching of the eggs occurs in late API il or early May, depending upon latitude and temperature, and the larvae crawl from beneath the scale to the lea es, where they temporarily affix thems.elves and begin to feed by sucking the sap. As larvae the insects are pale green in color, oval in outline and flat. After a temporary residence of four to eight weeks on the leaves, the semi-d~veloped females of this new brood are fertilized by the T!lales and return to the woody growth of the tree proper, where they continue to grow and develop until winter, reaching full maturity the next spring. This ability to remove themselves at will from one point to another, again differentiates the species from San Jose scale, which loses the power of locomotion after it once settles down and begins feeding.
Lecanium pe?-sicae. Another species of soft scale, Lecanium persicae, occasionally appears to an injurious extent in the middle and lower sections of the State. In appearance and life history it is closely similar to terrapin scale. and is controlled by the same means.
Typical Injury.
When present in large numbers the insects unquestionably damage the tree itself by retarding leaf and twig development. However, the greater injury is done to the fruit itself, not directly as a result of the feeding of the scales, but incidentally by the secretion in large quantities of honey-dew which films over the fruit, twigs and leaves, furnishing food for a parasitic soot-fungus. This fungus lives upon the honey-dew and blacken leaves and fruit, stultifying the growth and development of the tree, and rer.dering the fruit unsalable.
Control.
There are several predatory and parasitic insect that prey upon terrapin scale, but, from the standpoint of con-
32

trol, are of slight importance. As with an Jose cale, we must rely upon spraying.
Experiments have demon tl'ated that lime-sulphur is an impotent remedy. The scales literally seem to thrive upon a lime-sulphur diet. The soluble oil preparations, on the other hand, are highly effective and dependable. Of the proprietary soluble oils, Scalecide may be mentioned as among the be t. This material is a mixture of vegetable and mineral oil with naphthalene. Applied in the spring just befo1'e the buds open at a dilution of 1 to 15, it will de troy well over ninety per cent. of the infestation. Do not apply it in the fall when the trees have recently entered dormancy, but in the spring, just before they emerge therefrom. The use of oil preparations on peach trees is not to be recommended as a general thing, either in theory or practice. The possibility of injury to the trees from it, however, is minimized in the spring application, and its insecticidal value is greater.
PEACH LEAF CURL.
(Exoa GUs deformans, (B) Fuckel.)
evere vi itations of this di ease are of occasional occurrence in all peach orchards where preventive measures are not practiced. It does not appear annually, ometime not for several successive years, for its propagation and pread are dependent upon favorable conditions of temperature and moisture, factors which are not always present at the time trees are leafing out. When the spring i cold, with abundance of moisture, the disea e is likely to reach serious proportion. On the other hand, dry, sunhiny weather at that season effectually insures the bud ding leaves again t infection.
Characteri tic Appearance.
Every ob ervant peach grower knows this disease, if not by nam~ at least by ight. Frequently his sight i' aided by the lessons of experience-and between them he learn. The young leaf is attacked in the bud or just after emergence from the bud. and the symptoms are conspic~ou.. The leaf (Plate X) quickly becomes turgid foUow~ng mfection, and thickened along the mid-rib, causing It to pucker and twist into a distorted mass hardly re-
33

embling a leaf. It is then a pale yellow color, shot with red. When the whole leaf is finally involved and the assimilative functions cease, it falls to the ground. In thi way, in particularly severe cases, the tree is practically defoliated. New leaves are usually formed, however, but at the expense of the fruit, and oftentimes at the cost of the formatioD! of the next crop of fruit buds. As the disea e appears early in the pring and as all affected leaves eventually fall from the tree, the active damage is done before midsummer.
Cause.
Leaf curl is e sentially a foliage disease and is caused by a fungus, the mycelium of which grows within the leaf itself, ramifying throughout the whole tissue of the blade and producing spores, or seeds, on the outside ,Surfaces, generally the upper. The growth of the mycelium, which may be likened to the fine feeding roots of a plant, together with the production of the spores, causes the bloating and curling of the leaves described above. The spores, when ripe, give the stricken leaf a dusty appearance, and these innumerable seeds are distributed by various agencies. However, no new infections are produced until the following year, and perhaps not then if not favored by weather conditions. These spores find resting places upon the buds and bark of the tree, remaining there to germinate the following spring and to reproduce themselves after the manner of their kind.
Prevention.
Fortunately the malady has a sure prevention. Peach foliage can be immunized from attack by a single th01ough dormant season spraying. Any fungicide of merit, be it Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur, or of any other composition or name, will effectually qualify. It is only a matter of spraying thoroughly and at the right time. Whenever the control of San Joe scale i an item for consideration in spraying operations, the best remedy for peach leaf curl is lime-sulphur solution. Kill your two birds with one stone. Most authorities agree that the surest prevention of leaf curl demands that the treatment be applied within the last three or four week before the leaf bud unfold. This is not e sential to ucce ,however. Another imperative demand and infallible guarantee of success (which applies also to the scale problem) i thoroughness. All the buds,
34

twigs and limbs-the whole tree, in fact- hould be carefully covered. In this way the seeds of the disease will be destroyed and not a single leaf will be lost becau e of it.
If San Jose scale is present in the orchard apply limeulphur at the strength recommended on page 37. If not present, the curl itself is just as perfectly prevented by a weaker dilution, say 1 to 15 or 1 to 20, according to the strength of the concentrate as determined by a hydrometer reading. (Se page 37.) A 3-4-50 formula of Bordeaux mixture is also effective, but the lime-sulphur solution is preferab