Bulletin [Nos. 41-50 (Mar. 1915 - Jan. 1918)]

'.

Georgia

State Board of Entomology

E. LEE WORSHAM. State Entomologist

-
BULLETIN 41- ~

MARCH, 1915.

r

SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT TR CROP PESTS IN GEORGIA
-By-

W. V. REED
Assistant State Entomologist

Atlanta

State Capitol

Georgia

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
J. D. PRICE, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
Ex-Officio Member. R. C. BERCKMANS, President, State Horticultural Society, Augu tao
Ex-Officio Member. JNO. A. COBB,
President, State Agricultural Society, Americus. Ex-Officio Member. E. L. WORSHAM,
State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta. A. C. LEWIS,.
Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta. W. V. REED,
Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.. W. W. CHASE,
Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta. C. S. SPOONER,
Assistant Entomologi t. IRA W. WILLIAMS,
A istant in Cotton Breeding Atlanta. J. CHESTER BRADLEY,
Special Assistant Entomologist.

CONTENTS

TRODUCTION

5

SECTS I JURIOUS TO VARIOUS TRUCK CROPS

Root-Knot

6

Red Spider

8

Harlequin Cabbage Bug

9

Squash Bug

10

Melon Aphis

..

11

Cabbage Aphis

14

Mole Cricket

15

Variegated Cut Worm

16

Black Cut Worm Web Worm

.... 17

..

18

o!'o

Pickle Worm Melon Borer

o Squash Vine Borer

u

Tomato Horn Worm

.. 20 .. __ .. 23
23
24

)0-

Cotton Boll Worm

..

27

K
III

Cabbage Looper

.. 28

Q

Imported Cabbage Worm

29

-Z
ID

ative Cabbage Worm Colorado Potato Beetle

31 31

)0-

Striped Cucumber Beetle

32

K ~

Cucumber Flea Beetle

34

.-..K
ID ORMULAS AND DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING SPRAY

... MIXTURES.

~

Lead Arsenate

35

oZ i=
z~

Lead Arsenate as a Dust Paris Green
Paris Green as a Dust Poisioned Corn Meal Baits

,

,'. __35 35
35 36

III

Poisioned Bran Mash Baits

.:.t.

Poisioned Cotton Seed Meal Baits Bordeaux Mixture (fungicide spray)

>-
III
az
:;)

Black Leaf 40 (nicotine solution) TObacco Decoction Soap Solution Commercial Lime-Sulphur

o

Kerosene Emulsion

III

36 36 36 37 37 .. __ , .37
37 37

ISPRAY PUMPS

38

ACCESSORIES

Some of the More Important Truck Crop
Pests in Georgia.
Truck farming in Georgia is gradually recelvmg more attention each year and is destined to grow in importance. Various sections of the state are admirably adapted to this branch of agriculture, and offer more remunerative returns than does general farming. In fruit and melon production the State's prestige is well established. Likewise, she ranks second in the production of cotton. Summed up as a whole the advantages offered truck farmers in Georgia are manifold, and equally as good as those offered in the production of cotton and other leading crops. The climate is unsurpassed and affords the greatest latitude in the variety of crops that can be grown and marketed profitably. The soil and moisture conditions are unexcelled. Labor and transportation facilities are good.
A home garden is recognized as indispensable on a farm and vitally important by citizens of small towns. Even in large cities vegetable growing is an important economic factor. Many vegetables can be grown under crowded city conditions, contributing materially to reducing the cost of living and the pleasure of the parties thus engaged.
Only in isolated instances do we find winter gardens even on farms, a thing that should be, by all means most common. It is not generally known that a number of vegetables will stand Our winter climate and can be grown in the open at that season. With a little ingenuity and a small expense in making hotbeds and cold frames, this number can be doubled, making it possible to have one or more home-grown vegetables all during the winter.
It is true that insect pests are an important factor to contend with in truck farming. However, with a few exceptions, they can be controlled with comparatively little expense. It is hoped that this bulletin will aid those looking for information regarding the more important truck crop pests. The preventive and remedial measures recommended in most cases have been tested by the State Board of Entomology. Likewise, the life histories of the different pests to a hirge extent have been verified.

6 ROOT-KNOT. Root-knot is very prevalent in central and south Georgia. This trouble is caused by a microscopic, round worm Or "nematode" (Heterodera radicicola). It occurs in the soil in countless numbers and', getting on the roots of plants, causes the characteristic root-knot (Fig. 1). The nematodes migrate through the soil very slowly, estimated at a few feet a year. In artificial ways they may be scattered over large areas and long distances. They may be carried by water flowing through the soil, on the feet of work animals, and by transplanting infested plants. The latter agency is the most prevalent source in causing uninfested localities to become infested. The nematodes can be transmitted any distance in this manner to localities in which they can thrive.
Fig. l.-Root-knot or nematode injury on the roots of cotton.
Preventatives.-In infested areas the nematodes can be eradicated only by cultural methods, proper rotation of crops. A number of crops are immune to nematodes while an exceedingly large number are not. By planting immune crops in an infested area for a few years,. the nematodes will die of starvation. A partial list of immune and non-immune crops given be-

7
low, will probably be of service to one in arranging a rotation of crops to get rid of the nematodes.

Crops Largely or Entrely Immune to Root-Knot:

Corn. Bean, velvet.
Peanut. Cowpea, Brabham.
Cowpea, Iron. Cowpea, Iron hybrids.

Wheat. Grasses (nearly all). Oats, winter. Chufas. Beggarweed, Florida.

Sorghum. Rye. Millets (nearly all).
Milo. Kafir.

Plants Less Severely Injured by Root.Knot:

Alfalfa. Asparagus.
Bean, lima. Bean, ~nap. Cabbage.
Clover, sweet.

Collard. Cotton. Mulberry. Onion. Pea, garden. Potato, sweet.

Radish..
Spinach Strawberry. Sugar cane. Vetch, common Vetch, hairy.

Plants and Crops Most Severely Injured by Root-Knot:

Bean, soy. Beet.
Cantaloupe. Carrot Celery
Clover, burr. Clover, crimson.

Cowpea (except Brabham, Iron and Ironhybrids).
Cucumber. Eggplant. Fig. Lettuce. Okra.

Peach. Pecan. Pomegranate. Potato. Salsify. Squash.
Tobacco. Tomato. Watermelon.

Since nematode-infested seed-beds are the most pernicious source of introducing root-knot into non-infested areas, care should be exercised in buying plants to be transplanted. There are three ways of treating seed-beds to destroy the nematode, namely:

1. By fumigating with carbon bisulphide. Punch nine or ten holes per square yard about a foot deep and pour into each about a tablespoonful of carbon bisulphide, filling the opening quickly and tramping under foot.

8
2. By sterilizing with formalin. Use one part of formalin to one hundred gallons of water. Saturate the soil thoroughly' as deep as the roots will penetrate.
3. By passing live steam for one hour or more through soil that will be used in seed-beds.
In buying plants, tomatoes, cabbage, egg-plant, etc., from growers or dealers, one should be sure they are grown in soil free from nematodes. It is only recently that farmers generally have realized the importance of preventing or getting rid of nematodes in their soil. Only light or loamy soils are affected, and by planting immune crops on infested soils root-knot, in the course of three years, can be eradicated.
RED SPIDER.
(Tetranychus bimaculatus H.)
This "troublesome pest (Fig. 2) is fully treated in Georgia Experiment Station Bulletin No. 92. At times it is particularly injurious to a variety of truck crops, as tomatoes, beans, cucumbers, melons, etc. Often in cold beds and hot frames its injury is exceedingly severe. The spider's life history is briefly, as follows: The winter is passed, in the adult stage, on plants that remain green, as violets, goldenrod, poke weed, etc. In early spring eggs are laid fFom which a new generation is produced in the course of two to three weeks. If conditions are favorable, they multiply rapidly and at once make their presence known should they be on plants in hot beds. They appear somewhat later on plants that are grown or have been transplanted to the field. The spiders are usually red in color and quite small, but can readily be detected if a close examination is made. They injure the plants by sucking the juice from the leaves and tender portions of the plant. Since they obtain their sustenance from within the plant, they are classed, from a feeding standpoint, as sucking insects and are only affected by contact poisons.

9

Treatment.-All overwintering plants that furnish food for

the spider, should, so far as possible, be

destroyed. A little time and effort spent

in this direction would entirely prevent

an infestation. Should an infestation

occur, prepared lime and sulphur at the

rate of one part of prepared lime and

sulphur to fifty to one hundred par~s of

water, has been found a reliable remedy.

The plant should be thoroughly sprayed

Fig. 2.-Tetranych1lo8 b;- -the under side of the leaves, as well

ma/'ulatus, red spider.

as the top surface.

HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG. (Murgantia histrionica Hahn.)

The Harlequin cabbage bug (Fig. 3) is black with orange
or yellow markings. This variegated color gives the insect its name, Harlequin. It is about three-eighths of an inch long and one-fourth inch wide. It passes the winter, in the adult stage, in protected places. Its principal food plants are collards, cabbage, mustard, radishes, turnips, lettuce, etc. It will attack other plants when its favorite food plants are not to be had.

The eggs are usually laid on

Fig. 3.-JIw"gantia histrionica Harle- the underside of leaves in double

quin cabbage bug: adult, eggs and rows. Twelve is the usual num-

nymph.

ber deposI.ted. The eggs are bar-

rel-shaped and marked by black bands. The young are called

nymphs, and resemble the adults except they are smaller, soft-

bodied and lack wings.

Remedies.-The Harlequin cabbage bug obtains its food by means of a long, slender beak, and is controlled only by contact

10
poisons. Thoroughly cleaning up and burning all trash in and. about a garden or field during the winter will destroy many hibernating adults.
Trap Plants.-The adults that pass the winter come out very early in spring and will congregate on mustard, which should be planted early and used as a trap plant. The planting of a few short rows at advantageous points is all that is necessary. As these become badly infested, they should be sprayed with pure kerosene. Warfare of this nature will reduce the number so as to protect later crops in most cases. Should the bugs eventually be found in numbers on growing crops, fifteen per cent kerosene emulsion can be applied
Fig. 4.-.dnusu tl';stis, with uccess, especially on the immature quash bug: adult. stages of the inse.ct. Care should be taken that each individual insect is thoroughly sat-
urated with the spray, otherwise, those not covered will escape.

THE SQUASH BUG (Anusu tristis, DeG.)

The squash bug is most common and generally recognized

(Fig. 4). Briefly described, they are a little over half an inch

long and dark brown

above and yellowish be-

neath. The mouth parts

consist of a long pointed

beak.

The adult passes the

winter in protected places

under rubbish and comes

forth early in the spring

to deposit eggs. The eggs

Fig. 5.-Egg rna of the squash bug.

are deposited irregularly and are conspicuous

brown in color (Fig. 5). The young are called nymphs and molt

11
from time to time until the adult stage is reached, when wings appear. They feed and injure the plants they attack by sucking the juice therefrom by means of their beaks, and in addition cause an irritation by means of poison injected.
Remedies.-In a home garden when the squash bug first appears, hand-picking should be resorted to. By getting rid of these hibernating adults, there is less likelihood of their giving trouble later.
Trapping by means of early plants is also recommended. They will deposit their eggs and collect on such plants, at which time they should be destroyed.
Spraying with 10 per cent. kerosene emulsion or "Black Leaf 40" at the rate of one part to 300 parts of water will kill the soft nymphs. Since bugs obtain their food by sucking, poison sprays are obviously useless when employed .against them.
Clean culture should be practiced. Particular care should be taken to gather and burn all rubbish during the fall and winter. This will prevent many adults from passing the winter successfully.
PLANT LICE OR APHIDS.
Of this group of insects several species are noted as serious pests attacking a great variety of crops, as well as fruit trees and ornamental plants. As all species possess quite similar life histories and are controlled, to a large extent, by the same agencies and remedial measures, treatment in detail of two of th~ principal offenders of this group will serve the purpose of this publication.
THE MELO APHIS.
(AZJhis fjossYZJii, Glov.)
The principal food plants of this insect ~re cucumbers, cante)oupes, cotton and similar plants.. This green-colored aphis (Fig. 6) congregates in great numbers on the underside of the leaves of its host and saps the life of the plant by means of a slender

12
Fig 6.-Aphis goss!lpii: (a) winged female; (b) side view, female; (c) wingl female, greatly enlarged.
beak. If the plant is badly infested its growth is at once arrested and even killed.
Life History.-The life history of the melon aphis is remarkable. True males and females are produced late in the season. These oviparous females lay eggs which carry the insect through the winter. In return in the spring, these eggs hatch into viviparous females, whose young are born alive. Many generations are thus produced-through the summer and form in colonies that contain no true males or females. This development is known as parthenogenesis, that is, the young are born by the female without the intervention of the male. Both 'winged and wingless forms are produced during the summer, as is shown in Fig. 6, which

Fig. 7.-;-(a) Aphides clustered on leaf; (b) aphides clustered on seed-stalk or radISh. (After Glenn W. Herrick and J. W. Hungate).

14
further enables the insect to migrate, should the necessity ari e.. The last brood produced during the season is maqe up of true males and females which have already been mentioned.
It should be noted that the winged individuals serve to spread the species, and this accounts for the isolated colonies over a given area during the summer. Each individual gives birth to about fifty young which mature in six to eight days. Were it not for parasites and predacious enemies the resulting . hordes of this pest would inevitably destroy all fields attacked. With these facts in mind we may consider methods of control.
Parasites and Predacious Enemies.-As previously stated, this aphis suffers severely from parasitic and predacious enemies. If given ample time their enemies will reduce their number to a minimum. Non-interference with this natural struggle, however, would mean serious injury or loss of valuable crops, and is not advisable. Among the most valuable enemies of the aphis is the lady-beetle and a hymenoptrous parasite. A common belief, which is very much a fallacy, is that ants destroy countless numbers of aphids. This should be corrected. It is true that ants are usually found in numbers where a colony of aphids is located. Their presence, however, is for a specific purpose not in keeping with this general belief, and that is to collect honey dew, which is secreted by the aphids. Instead of being an enemy they are very much the friends of the aphids and look upon them much like a dairyman does his cows, and are called, in fact, by close observers of nature, "ant cows."
Remedies.-Spraying with Black Leaf 40, a nicotine tobacco product, is one of the best remedies tested. The solution is very concentrated and gives splendid results even used at the rate of one part of "Black Leaf 40" to four or five hundred parts of water. Soap solution at the rate of one pound to three or four gallons of water is very good. Ten per cent. kerosene emulsion will also control the pest.
CABBAGE APHIS.
(AIJhis bJ'assicae Linn.)
The cabbage aphis (Fig. 7: a and b) may appear in early spring, but its most destructive season is late summer and early

15
fall. This is due to the fact that with the advent of cool weather parasitic and predaceous enemies of the aphis are not so numerous, and consequently do not seriously interfere with the maximum propagation of the pest. During the spring and summer especially parasitic enemies of the aphis are very active and as a rule serve to keep them in check.
The life history of cabbage aphis is similar to the life history of the melon aphis.
Treatment.-Spray with "Black Leaf 40" at the rate of one part to three or four hundred parts of water. Soap solution at the rate of one pound to four gallons of water is also a reliable remedy. Care should be taken that the spray operation is thorough. The spray should be applied as a mist and with considerable force.

THE MOLE CRICKET. ( capterisctls didactylus.)

The mole cricket (Fig. 8) is at present the most serious

truck crop pest in those counties in the southeastern part of the

State, particularly on the coast. It is

thought to have been brought to Geor-

gia in the ballast of ships, probably from

Porto Rico.

Few truck crops escape injury from

this pest. It feeds on tomatoes, pep-

pers, turnips, potatoes, sugarcane and

bermuda grass with equal fondness. In

the case of tomatoes and plants of like

nature, the cricket cuts them off just

below the surface of the ground while

they are young. Potato plants suffer

in a like manner and also from hav-

Figra.l .-.lz:Me. ole Cricket, natu- ing the tubers eaten into. For an ex-

th

.

tended and more complete account of

e mole cX:1cket, Georgia Experiment Station Bulletin No. 101

hould be consulted.

16

Life History.-Only one brood is produced during the year. The eggs are laid near the surface in earthen cells by the female during the months of April, May and June. The eggs hatch in from 24 to 26 days and from eight to twelve months elapse before the adult stage is reached.

Remedies.-Probably the plowing of breeding areas two or three times during the month of April, May and June is the best method of ridding a given area of this pest. The plowing will expose many of the eggs to the sun and other agencies which will kill them. Banding individual plants, as tomatoes, pepper, etc., with paper or tin cylinders affords absolute protection from this pest. Poisoned baits made of cotton seed meal in which arsenate of lead or Paris green has been incorporated has proven very beneficial.

CUT WORMS. (Peridroma saucilJ, and AgTos/is ypsi/on.)

Few gardens indeed escape from these nocturnal marauders.

Their activities are carried on altogether at night. During the

day the larvae se-

crete themselves

in shallow bur-

rows in the soil

and under boards

and rubbish that

may be handy.

Their injury in

cutting off plants

just at the sur-

face of the ground

is too familiar and

correctly diagnos-

ed by the garden-

er to warrant fur-

Fig. 9.-Peridroma saucia, variegated cut worm: (a)
adult; (b, C, d) larvae; (e) egg, greatly enlarged; (f) egg. (From Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. AgrL).

ther description of their nefarious
work. There are

a number of species variously known as the Variegated, Black

17

cut worm, etc. (Figs. 9 and 10). They all have practically the same habits but differ slightly in appearance. In their control the remedial measures advocated apply to all species.

Life History.-The principal damage from cut worms occurs in the spring. The winter is passed by the immature larvae in hibernation especially on sodded ground. In early spring these overwintering larvae come forth naturally with abnormal appetites after their long fast and attack readily almost any growing crop. It should be pointed out just here that grasses are thei)' original food plants. This fact leads to a method of combating them that will be considered later.
During June or July the cut worms reach maturity. They then burrow into the ground and form a silk-lined cocoon in which they pupate. In about three weeks the adult moth appears. Eggs are soon deposited on a great variety of tender vegetation on which the young larvae feed after hatching until winter drives them into hibernation. Only one brood occurs dur-
ing the year.

Remedial and Preventive

Measures.-Preventive measures

are one of the chief aids in the

control of cutworms. Since grass

is their natural food it follows

that we are liable to have them

in abundance when truck crops

are planted on land that has been

lJ
ig. IO.-Agrostis ypsilon, black cut-
wornl: (a) larvae; (b) head of arne; (c) adult. (From Bureau of
Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agri.).

in sod. Even in gardens that are in constant cultivation and are kept free from weeds, enough cut worms wander in from grass lands to be more or less injurious

every year. Garden and sod land especially that is to be planted

in truck should be plowed and thoroughly pulverized during the

inter before planting. In turning over the soil the pupae arf:

disturbed in their earthen cells and exposed to cold and various

agencies that destroy them.

18
The habits of the larvae in hiding during the day makes trapping them quite beneficial. Boards may be placed conveniently under which they will crawl, or otherwise holes may be punched in the soil near each plant by means of a stick. The larvae will usually crawl into these holes or under the boards during the day, at which time they can be destroyed.
Poisoned baits can be used with marked success. The best results from poisoned baits can probably be obtained by raking off all the vegetation on a plot of ground before it is planted, or before the seeds come up. Thus getting rid of the cutworms' food supply, they will attack with avidity poisoned baits ma~e of the following: Corn meal forty pounds, Paris green one pound; mix and moisten with water to make a rather stiff mash; af"er which sweeten with two quarts of common molasses. Apply this bait broadcast late in the afternoon over the field. The less available their natural food, the more likely the poison baits will be eaten. Another poisoned bait recommended is made by cutting up succulent clover or grass and dipping in a barrel of water containing one pound of Paris green. This should always be used fresh and in the same manner as corn meal baits.
No animals should be allowed to run at large that would be tempted by the baits for a few weeks after the bait has been applied. Otherwise they will surely be poisoned.
WEB WORM.
(He/hila undalis, Fab.)
The web worm is comparatively a new pest in Georgia. Its presence was first noticed in 1898 near Augusta, Ga. Since then from time to time at different places in the state, it has been reported as doing considerable damage to turnips, cabbage and beets, its principal food plants. During 1914 it was abundant in and near Fayetteville, Gao
The webworm feeds in the crown or at the base of the leaves of the turnip and cabbage planOts (Fig. 11) 0 For protection, the larvae enclose themselves in a web-like construction during the day from which they come forth at night to feed. On turnips they prefer feeding on the buds and stems of the large leaves.

19 Frequently they burrow into the crown of the plants. In most cases they multiply rapidly, and if not controlled, the plants they attack will be ruined in a few days. The presence of webworms is indicated by means of the webs they spin at the base of the leaves, and later by the dwarfed and unhealthy condition of the plants. The worms can usually be found beneath the webs.
Fig. 1l.-Hell1t1a undcdis, web worm: (a) adult moth; (b) larva; (c) pupa. Turnip, howing characteri tic injury to leaf tern.
The eggs are laid singly or in masses. One female will deposit
~ge nU~ber of eggs. In three or four days they hatch. The
ae attaIn, when full grown, a length of about a half inch.

20
They are grayish yellow in appearance and marked with longitudinal brownish stripes.
The pupae are shiny brown in color and are to be found enclosed tightly in cocoons in the folds of the leaves or at the base of the leaves in the crown of turnips and beets. They pass the winter in this stage and an excellent opportunity thereby is presented to reduce their number by destroying all litter and by practicing clean culture.
The adult flies at night and has a wing expanse of about three-fourths of an inch. The fore-wings are gray marked with lighter colored stripes.
Remedies.-Spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of two pounds to fifty gallons of water is effective, especially when the webworms first appear. The spray should be directed with considerable force into the crown of the plants to insure placing the poison where the webworms will be sure to feed on it at once. Delay in spraying will likely make the operation less successful, owing to the webs preventing the complete covering of all parts of the plant with the spray.
Clean culture is indispensable in rendering a recurrence of the pest unlikely. If all rubbish in an infested field is destroyed during fall and winter most of the over-wintering pupae will be destroyed.
PICKLE WORM.
(D'iC/1Jhania nitidalis, C,am.)
The pickle worms, together with the melon borer, a closely related species which will be eonsidered later, are among the few extremely annoying truck pests that are sometimes difficult to control satisfactorily. The pickle worm injury to cucumbers and canteloupes by boring into them is too familiar to growers to need further description (Fig. 12). All fruit attacked is rendered absolutely worthless for table use or for the market.
Life History.-The eggs of the parent moth are most often laid in masses in the bloom or on the buds of its food plants. When deposited they are white, but change to ye~low green

21
Fig. 12.-Diaphania n'itidalia, pickle worm: adult moth, larvae and melon showing injury.
before hatching into a small whitish worm. When fully grown the larvae measure about three-fourths of an inch in length.
The larvae spin silken cocoons in the folds of the leaves of its food plants or on nearby weeds, in which the pupae are formed, that later change to the adult moth. The moth has a wing ex- ' panse of about an inch and is yellowish brown in color. The body is terminated by a brush-like tuft Or scales similar to the melon worm moth.
Observations made in the life cycle of the worm at Tifton, Ga., varied from three to four weeks. It is generally known among truckers that early plantings of cucumbers and melons will escape serious injury from this pest. This is due to the fact that winter is passed in cocoons in the pupal state and the adult never emerges early in the spring. The cocoons are placed on weeds or under rubbish, etc., above ground and clean culture enables the gardener to destroy great numbers.
Remedial Measures.-Quaintance found that the blooms of the squash were preferred by the moth in depositing her eggs, an? obtained good results by using the squash as a trap plant. ThIS method employed at Fitzgerald last season gave perfect protection. The squashes were badly infested and the cantaloupes a

22
Fig. 12. antaloupe field howing trap row of qua h.
few feet away were free from the pest until the crop had been practically gathered. Seed of the squash should be planted at regular intervals in the cucumber or melon field every two or three weeks so as to have a continuous supply of the worms' preferred food (Fig. 13).
As has been stated, the moth deposits her eggs principally in the bloom, and here the young larvae feed for a few days thereafter. By collecting and destroying these blooms once a week the worm is largely controlled. Dusting the main and trap crops with arsenate of lead mixed with air-slaked lime at the rate of one pound of arsenate of lead to five pounds of lime should be employed as a further protection.
When pickle worms are found in fields in numbers it is hardly possible to control them that season. The infested fruit should be fed to hogs or destroyed. As soon as the crop is removed rake up and burn the vines along with other rubbish. Plow the field thoroughly with a view for their control another year.

23
MELO BORER.
(Diaphania hyalinata, Lin.)
The work of the pickle worm and melon borer are often confused. In fact, their injury is distinguished by no well marked
characteristic feature. The melon borer (Fig. 14) causes much damage by boring into cantaloupes, squash, etc. It eats more freely of the foliage than does the pickle worm, and in consequence thereof is more vulnerable to poison sprays.
Pig. 14.-Diaphania Life History.-The life history of the melon hyalinata, melon borer is very nearly the same as that of the
a borer: adult moth. pickle worm. The parent moth is a very
beautiful creature with pearly iridescent wings marked with border of brownish black. The body of the moth is terminated with a large brush or tuft of elongated scales.
The eggs are placed singly on the under surface of the leaves. The larvae when full grown are greenish yellow in color and are slightly longer than the pickle worm. The melon borer is apt to be more injurious during rainy seasons.
Remedies.-The habit of the melon worm in feeding more or Ie s on the foliage makes spraying or dusting the plants with poison quite beneficial in its control. The poisoned dust should be applied in the same proportion as for the pickle worm. When used as a spray, one and a half pounds of arsenate of lead should be used to fifty gallons of water. In general the same remedial measures as advocated for the pickle worm should be employed with the exception of planting squash: as a trap plant.
SQUASH VI E BORER. (Melittia satyrini'formis, Hbn.)
Usually considerable damage occurs each year from the uash vine borer. The larvae burrow into stalks and vines of he squash causing death or loss of vitality of the plants attacked

24

(Fig. 15). Their presence can first be detected in plants by the yellowish excrement cast out by the larvae around the base of the plant.

Life History.-There are two generations in Georgia a year. The winter is passed in the cocoon stage. The cocoons are usually placed below the surface of the ground near the base of the plant they attack. R. 1. Smith, former State Entomologist, found thaL the second brood emerges along the last of June. The second generation of larvae enter the cocoon stage in the fall and do not emerge as adults until the following spring.

... ature of Their Injury.-The larvae burrow into and tunnel the vines of their food plants. Squash, pumpkins and sometimes cucumbers are attacked.

Treatment.-When the borers are detected working in a plant

they should be removed. This

can be done without much l'.d

ditional injury by means of a

sharp knife. When plants are

found infested beyond recoy-

~ ~ -~~_ ._ L:- --.-

ery they should at once be pulled up and destroyed. Likewise, after the crop is gath-

ered all plants should be pulied

up and destroyed. Fall plow-

d
=- -
Fig. 15.-Melittia satyriniformis, quash
vine borer: (a) adult moth; (b) larvae; (c) pupal cell; (d) larvae in squa h vine.

ing is also essential to aid further in destroying those that have entered the cocoon stage.
A prompt and thorough appli-

cation of the measures suggested will keep the pest reduced to

an insignificant number.

TOMATO HORN WORM. (PhlogolhontiWi soxla.)
Ordinarily the tomato horn worm is kept in control by parasites. Only in isolated instances does its ravages assume serious

25 proportions. At Tifton in the spring of 1910 they were extremely numerous. The foliage as well as a large per cent. of the fruit
ere destroyed over several acres. As high as ten larvae were frequently counted on one plant.
Pig. 16.-PhlegethontiWl sexta, tomato horn worm: (a) adult; (b) egg (enl~rged); (c) larvae; (d) pupae (slightly enlarged). (After Z. P. Metcalf, . C. Department Agri.).
Description.-The parent moth of the tomato horn worm (Fig. 16) belongs to what is commonly known as the Hawkmoth

26

family. They are usually beautifully colored and can be seen late in the afternoon during the summer sucking nectar from nightblooming plants.

Life History.-The eggs are usually deposited on the under surface of tomato leaves and are green in color. The larvae hatching from the eggs is also green in color, with oblique whitish lines on the side of its body. When fully grown they measure three or more inches in length. The pupal stage is passed below the surface of the ground.
The insect gets its name, horn worm, from a horn-like apend age on the posterior end of the larva: The pupae are known a., pitchers by having at one end a construction resembling somewhat the handle of a pitcher.

Nature of Injury.-The larvae are voracious feeders and strip bare with the exception of the stems and main ribs of the leaves, the foliage of the plants they attack. Besides tomatoes, tobacco, egg plant, peppers, etc., are some of cultivated plants attacked. Jimson weed probably ranks first of its wild food plants.

atural Enemies.-Domestic fowls are very fond of the

worms. The larvae are subject to a bacterial disease which

causes the larvae to turn black, shrivel up and die. A small para-

site whose cocoons are

very conspicuous and fre-

quently observed on the

body of the larvae, plays

9.n important part in hold-

ing the pest in check.

The parasite lays its egg=<

upon the horn worm and

the larvae live in the in-

Fig. 11.-Para itised tomato worm.

terior of its host until grown. When mature

they come to the surface, spinning the white conspicuous cocoon

mentioned (Fig. 17). ,

Remedies.-Dusting with arsenate of lead at the rate of one pound of arsenate of lead to five pounds of air-slaked lime or flour, is a very economic and effective remedy. Spraying with

27

nate of lead is likewise effective, but is somewhat more costly in applying than is dusting. In addition the spray adheres tenaciou ly to the fruit and makes washing Or wiping the fruit neces-
before shipping. Deep fall and winter plowing is a valuable adjunct in the control of the tomato horn worm. In turning the soil many pupae are disturbed and exposed to the cold, thus killing them.
THE COTTON BOLL WOR I. (Heliothia obaoleta.)

The cotton boll worm (Fig. 18) has the distinction of being

known by a number of names, depending upon its food plant. It

feeds on tomatoes, corn and beans, in addition to cotton, and

hen found on these plants it is known respectively as the to-

mato worm and corn ear worm, and so on.

The cotton boll worm's favorite food is corn. The eggs are

deposited particularly on the silk. The larvae are dark brown

and greenish in color, and when grown measure about an inch

and a quarter in length. Four or five generations are produced

during a season. The worms injure tomatoes by boring into the

fruit as they do cotton. When on corn it is found in the end of

he roasting ears.

The insect passes the

winter in the pupal stage

below the surface of the

ground. [rhe adult

emerges in the spring.

Treatment. - Winter

r
b

plowing to destroy the pupae and planting early varieties of corn as a trap

plant are recommended.

I~ should be remembered

that the overwintering

pupae are to be found in

d
ig. I .-Heliathia abaoleta boll-worm tomato lao~ Corn ear worm: ("a and b) egg (en-
rltt'c1; (c) larvae; (d) pupa; (e and f) IJIOth. (F.rom Bureau of Entomology, U. S.
pt. Agn).

fields planted in peas, cotton, or very late corn, and such fields especially should be plowed. Corn, when used as a trap

28
plant, should be planted at irregular intervals through the field. It is necessary to inspect the corn plants from time to time and destroy the eggs and larvae found thereon before they reach the adult stage and enter the ground to pupate.
Direct remedies, as spraying, have not proven successful with this pest.
CABBAGE WORMS.
There are three principal offenders known as cabbage worms. The imported cabbage worm, the native cabbage worm, and the cabbage looper. The larvae are greenish or grayish in color and feed on cabbage and related plants by eating holes in the leaves or stripping them bare, leaving only midrib and large veins. Few gardens escape injury from one or all of these pests. It is not an uncommon sight to see fields and gardens alike in which every plant has ragged leaves due to one or all of the above worms.
THE CABBAGE LOOPER.
(A.'Utographa brassicae, Riley.)
The cabbage looper is a pale green worm, more or less distinctly striped. When crawling it has a looping motion similar to the measuring worm. When full grown the larvae measure about an inch and a half in length.
The adult moth is dull gray in color with a wing expanse of about one and a half inches (Fig. 19). The moth is not conspicuous and only flies late in the afternoon.

29

J:.ife History.-Eggs are

laid by the parent moth on

the leaves of its host plants.

The worms coming from the

eggs are very greedy. All

plants of the cabbage fam-

ily are attacked, including

cabbage, collards, turnips,

cauliflower, lettuce, etc.

When the worm or larva is

full grown it spins more or

less a cocoon in which it

pupates. These frail co-

coons containing the pupae

19. 19.-Autographa braasicae, cabbage looper: (a) adult moth; (b) egg (two
iews); (c) larvae; (d) pupa in cocoon: (From Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of AgrL).

are usually found in folds on the underside of the leaves. The moth emerges
from the pupa after a few

eeks. A number of generations are produced during a sea-

son. The last brood of worms in the fall change to pupae and

live over the winter as such. These pupae emerge as adults in

early spring.

Remedies.-The remedies recommended for the imported and native cabbage worms are applitable to the cabbage looper. It al 0 pays to destroy the rubbish and litter left on the field after removing a crop. Many pupae are thus destroyed for instance, hat would pass the winter on withered leaves and emerge as adults in the spring.

Il\IPORTED CABBAGE WORM.
(Pontia mpae, Linn.)
This insect, as its name indicates, is not a native of this eountry. It was introduced into Canada from England about
.60, probably on some ship carrying cabbage in the supplies. Ight years later it had been introduced into New York, and in e years more had spread to most all the Eastern States.

30

Life History.-The winter is passed in the pupal stage

and the adult butterflies appear very early in the spring. (Fig.

20). The eggs, yellow in color, are laid on cabbage and related

plants, and hatch into a green,

velvety looking worm very much

the same color as the cabbage

leaves. When grown the larvae

measure about an inch in length

and then they change to the pu-

paloI' chrysalis stage. Later

the adult butterflies emerge from

these pupae. The chrysalis is

not enclosed in a cocoon, but us-

ually hangs suspended by a

thread from the leaves of cab-

bage or other objects. There

are several broods during a year,

and the last generation of worms

in the fall produce the pupae

that live over the winter, from

which the adults emerge in the

spring.
c
Enernies.-Several small para-

sites have been introduced from

Fig. 20.-Pontia mpae, imported cab- Europe that have given a good

bage worm: (a) male; (b) female; account of themselves, even con-

(c) larvae.

t1I'0l'mg the pest"m mst ances.

The nests of dirt daubers usually contain a generous supply of

all species of cabbage worms.

Rernedies.-Dusting cabbage plants with arsenate of lead or Paris green mixed with air-slaked lime has proven very satisfactory in killing the worms. The arsenate of lead should be used at the rate of one pound to five pounds of air-slaked lime, and the Paris green at the rate of one ounce to one pound of lime. The dust is best applied by means of a thin cloth sack, which when gently shaken over the plants, will coat the leaves uniformly with the poison dust. Until the cabbage begins to head the dust caD

31

be used with impunity and even later. Rain will wash the poison from the plants and additional applications should be made if required.

THE NATIVE CABBAGE WORM.

(Pontia protoc/ice, Bel.)

The native cabbage worm is quite similar to the imported cabbage worm. The adults (Fig. 21) differ in color and mark-
ings as is shown by comparing Fig. 20 and Fig. 21. It is not so common or destructive as its imported relative.

The native cabbage worm is

found in all parts of North Amer-

ica, but is probably more abund-

ant in the Mississippi Valley

than elsewhere. The worms feed

on the leaves just as the im-

ported cabbage worm. In fact,

the life history is also similar.

\\ ......~.......~~ \:\ ",
", \
Fig. 21.-Pontia pr~todice, native cab-
bage WOJ:lll: (a) female; (b) male.

The remedial pleasures suggested for the imported cabbage worm apply equally as well to the native cabbage worm.

COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.
(Liptiontat'sa lO-li'll.eata Say.)
Few insects are more general or uniformly Injurious each year than the Colorado potato beetle. Its native home was Colorado, hence the name, Colorado potato beetle. The beetle's original fOOd plant was wild thistle, a plant closely akin to the potato. In settling the territory, Irish potatoes, of course, were grown and the native food plant more or less destroyed by cultivation. The beetle readily adapted itself to changed conditions and attacked
~sh potatoes and even preferred Irish potato plants to its na-
tIve food. In a few years the beetle spread naturally from this ~1lrce to all parts of the United States where the Irish potato I grown.

32

Description.-The adult beetle is yellow in color, with longitudinal black stripes on its wing covers. (Fig. 22). The winter is passed by the adult in protected places, and makes its appearance very early in the spring.

Eggs.-The eggs are conspicuous orange colored and are deposited on the underside of leaves in clusters. Several hundred eggs are deposited by each female.

Larvae.-The larvae are

soft-bodied objects resem-

bling somewhat the adult.

They feed voraciously and

soon strip bare the foliage

of potato plants. The pupal

stage is passed below the

surface of the ground in an 1fL.~~!z"I'~tL-....a earthen cell.

There are four genera-

tions or more in sections of

the State.

Fig. 22.-CoJorado potato beetle.

Remedies.-Arsenical poi-

sons used as a spray or dust are absolutely reliable as a remedy.

Either Paris green or arsenate of lead can be used. Arsenate of

lead is to be preferred in that it is less liable to burn the foliage.

Paris green should be used at the rate of one pound to one hun-

dred gallons of water. In addition three pounds of lime should

be added to prevent burning of the foliage.

Arsenate of lead should be used at the rate of one pound to

five pounds of air-slacked lime when used as a dust and one pound

to twenty-five gallons of water when used as a spray.

STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. (Diabrotica vittata, Fab.)
The striped cucumber beetle is an extremely annoying pest of cucumbers and related plants. It is somewhat difficult to con-

33

trol. The adult is about two-fifths of an inch long, yellow in color and marked with long black stripes on the wing covers (Fig. 23). They hibernate during the winter and emerge very early in the spring. They are voracious feeders and cause much damage to young plants.

Remedies.-Protecting plants by covering until they have

obtained considerable size is advisable. Cheese cloth or cheap

netting can be employed and is both economical and satisfactory.

small twig can be so shaped by sticking the ends in the ground

on each side of the plant as to make an excellent frame on which

to place the netting. The edge of the netting may be firmly held

to the ground by covering with earth.

In a few weeks the plants will have

attained enough growth to withstand

serious injury from this pest.

Spraying with arsenical Bordeaux

also gives good results. The Bordeaux

mixture controls fungus dis,~ases and

with the added arsenate of lead poi~

sons the beetles that feed on the fo-

Pig. 28.-Diabrotica 'Vittata, liage.

Itriped cucumber beetle (en- Paris green mixed with air-slacked

larged).

lime or cheap flour at the rate of one

POund of Paris green to ten or fifteen pounds of lime or flour and

used as a dust will poison many beetles and also act as a repellant.

Clean culture is advisable. By burning the rubbish that is

ually present in and around a garden during the winter many

adult beetles will be destroyed that are hibernating therein.

FLEA BEETLES.
Several species of flea beetles occur at times and affect a t variety of plants. They are particularly injurious to young
ts and the adults very often collect in numbers on tender ts at the surface of the ground, as cucumbers and cante-
pes, and injure them seriously.

34
CUCUMBER FLEA BEETLE. (Epitrix cucum.eris, Harr.)

The cucumber flea beetle (Fig. 24) is one of the most common species found. The adult is a small black beetle and is capable of jumping a remarkable distance. This jumping ability gives the insect its popular name, flea beetle.

Remedies.-Poison and repellant sprays are

. usually employed to control flea beetles. Pro-

Fig. 24.-Epitrix cu- tective covers or dusting with powders as

cunuJ!'is, flea beetle .

.

.

,

(greatly enlarged), aIr-slacked hme, road dust or tobacco dust,

may be employed with success. Spraying with arsenical Bor-

deaux is a very ef,fective remedy, and at the same time a pre-

ventive for fungus diseases.

35

- '...ULAS A D DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARI G SPRAY MIXTURES.
FOR BITI G I SECTS.

Lead Arsenate:
(Paste) 3 lbs., or (Dry) 1 1-2 lbs. Fifty gallons water. Spray on foliage. May be combjned with Bordeaux mixture
when both fungicidal and insecticidal spray is desired.

Lead Arsenate as a Dust:
(Dry), lIb. Dry slacked lime or cheap flour, 5 Ibs. Mix thoroughly and dust on plants by means of an ordinary
flour sack.

Green:

1 lb. Paris green. 31bs. Lime. 100 gals. water.
Can be used as a substitute for lead arsenate spray. combined also with Bordeaux as lead arsenate.

May be

. Green as a Dust:
Paris green, i lb.
Air-slacked lime, road dust or cheap flour, 15 lbs. Mix thoroughly together and dust on plants by means of an
ordinary flour sack.

36
Poisoned Corn Meal Baits:
Corn meal, 40 lbs. Paris green, 1 lb. Cheap molasses, 2 qts. Mix the Paris green and corn meal and moisten with water
to make a stiff mash, after which sweeten with the molasses. Apply broadcast on areas it is proposed to poison cut worms.
Poisoned Bran Mash Baits:
25 lbs. wheat bran. 1 lb. powdered lead arsenate. 2 qts. cheap molasses. Mix thoroughly and scatter around in garden or field for cut
worms.
Poisoned Cotton Seed Meal Baits:
Lead arsenate, 2 lbs. Cotton seed meal, 50 lbs. Cheap molasses, 2 qts. Dissolve lead arsenate in enough water to make the cotton
seed meal into a stiff paste. Add the molasses and mix the whole thoroughly. Scatter broadcast or place under boards for mole cricket, etc.
FOR A FUNGICIDE.
Bordeaux Mixture:
Bluestone (copper sulphate), 4 lbs. Lime, unslacked, 4 lbs. Water, 50 gals. Dissolve bluestone in hot water Or by suspending in a coarse
sack in 25 gallons of cold water. Slack the lime in another receptacle and dilute to 25 gallons. Pour the two solutions simultaneously into the spray barrel.

37
FOR SUCKING I SECTS.
icotine Solution: (Black Leaf 40), etc. 1 pint to 50 gals. of water. Excellent for plant lice, etc.
Obacco Decoction:
Tobacco leaves or stems, 2 lbs. Water, 4 gallons. Boil for two hours and use at full strength. Not as reliable
as nicotine solution but can be substituted when nicotine solutions cannot be had readily.
Soap Solution:
Laundry or potash soap, 1 lb. Water, 4 gals. Dissolve the soap by cutting it up in a small amount of boil.-
ing water. Dilute to four gallons. Used for plant lice and soft-bodied sucking insects in general.
Commercial Lime-sulphur:
1 part Lime-sulphur. 50 parts water. Excellent for red spiders.
&CnJI!lelne Emulsion:
2 gals. kerosene. 1-2 lb. common soap. 1 gal. water. Dissolve soap in hot water, add the kerosene and churn to-
gether, pumping back and forth until it emulsifies; that is, when the oil will not separate from the mixture after standing for some time. The mixture when properly made will have a thick creamy appearance. Dilute with water nine times before using.

38 SPRAY PUMPS.

Fig. 26.-Spray pump suitable for

Fig. 25.-Spray pump uitable for home gar- mall acreage. (Courtesy Gould

dening. (Courte y Bateman Mfg. 0.).

~Hg. 0.).

Fig. 21.- pray pump suitable for a large aCl"eage. (Courte. y Bateman ~1fg. Co.).
A great variety of spray pumps are on the market. It r('sts with the prospective purchaser to determine the one adaJ)table and most economical for his use. Too often pray pumps are bought that are unsuitable for the work at hand. Keep in mnd
your needs and investigate the types of spray pumps that will
likely be most economical in every particular.
The types of pumps illustrated in Figs. 25 26 and 27 will

39
~ e some idea of their adaptability for various uses. The spraying cene (Fig. 28) shows the spray pump illustrated in Fig. 27 in operation.
ACCESSORIES.

g. 2. praying cene, ame as on cover page. (Courtesy Bateman Mfg. Co.).

Proper accessories are equally as important as a satisfactory

ray pump. They are sometimes included in the purchase price

of a pump. The term, accessorie , includes nozzles, rubber hose,

extension rod, stop-cock, nozzle connections, hose mender, wash-

clamps, etc. The nozzle is of prime importance and there are

three general types, namely: Bordeaux,

Vermoral and Whirlpool (Fig. 29). Th(!

Bordeaux nozzle makes a coarse driving

spray; the Vermoral a conical shaped

1

fine spray, and the Whirlpool a conical shaped fine spray with an acute angle.

Unless force is desired the two last

named types of nozzles will give better

4 satisfaction for truck work. Where it is

Ir 29.-Types of nozzle:
mort; (I) Bordeaux; (2) Ver(2 and 4) WhirlPOO (4 angle whirlpool).

desirable to cover all parts of the plants I. t is neces ary that the nozzIe be set at an angle. A beginner in spraying should make a special study of spray pump

accessories, or have some one fully acquainted with his needs

d.thoroughly familiar with the details of spraying, make a seon for him.

Johnson-Dallis Co.. Printers. Atlanta. Ga.

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 42

JANUARY, 1915

Annual Report
OF THE

Atlanta

State Capitol

Georgia

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 42

JANUARY, 1915

Annual Report
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
For 1914

Atlanta

State Capitol

Georgia

GEORGIA TATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION.
J. D. PRICE, Chairman, Atlanta. J O. T. WILLIAMS,*
Round Oak, Ga. 1. C. WADE/* Cornelia, Ga. E. LEE WORSHAM, Secretary, Atlanta.
STAFF.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologi t.
A. C. LEWIS. Assistant State Entomologist.
W. V. REED. A sistant Entomologist.
W. W. CHA E, A sistant Entomologist.
C. S. SPOO ER, Assistant Entomologi t. J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Special Assistant Entomologist. IRA W. WILLIAMS, Assi tant in Cotton Breeding.
ucceeded in 1915 by Hon. Jno. A. Cobb, Americus, Ga. ucceeded in 1915 by Hon. R. C. Berckmans, Augu ta, Ga.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY ATLA TA, GA.
LETTER OF TRA SMITTAL.
Atlanta, Jan. 1, 1915. Sir: We transmit herewith the report of the State Entomologi t on the work of the State Board of Entomology for 1914.
Respectfully, J. D. PRICE, Chairman, JNO. T. WILLIAMS, 1. C. WADE.
HO . J O. M. LATO Governor of Georgia Atlanta, Ga.

REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
For 1914
Atlanta Georgia, January 1, 1915,
To the Honorable Members, tate Board of Entomology,
Atlanta, Georg'a.
Sir: I have the honor to ubmit the report of -the work of the State Board of Entomology for 1914.
During 1914 insects and plant di ea es did their u ual amount of damage to the farm orchard and garden where no effort wa made to check their ravage, It i gratifying to note the increa ed amount of intere t displayed in the control of pests attacking different crop. The owner of the farm, the orchard and the garden has learned that this department can be of real ervice and he does not he itate to call for the assistance we are able to render him. Throughout the entire year we were frequently called upon to make special inspections of. trees and plants for the purpose of giving pecial aid in control of seriou pest. Thi i a most important phase of our work and we would expre sly urge partie who are intere ted in our work to take advantage of the assistance to be rendered in thi way 0 that timely advice can be given.
RESEARCH WORK.
The most important part of our work consists of experimental work for the control of seriously injurious insects and diseases that can not be controlled by ordinary methods. Many of the old pe ts have become more seriou , and better and more economic remedies are required and many are investigated for the fir t time.
WORK 0 COTTO WILT 1914.
Mr. A. C. Lewis, Assistant State Entomologist, has had charge of the cotton work. Mr. Ira W. Williams has assisted in the field work by spending most of his time visiting the farmers and instructing them in seed selection.

6

The work on cotton wilt has been conducted on a larger cale than la t year. The demand for the wilt resistant seed was greater than ever before. We could not supply the demand, though we sent out 5000 bu hel of wilt re i tant seed in different ections of south Georgia. We also distributed 500 bushels of the Iron and Brabham cowpeas resistant to wilt and nematode.
Three variety tests were conducted on wilt infected land. At each place the results were very striking and gratifying, as shown by the following tables:

V RIETY TEST-AM ERIC ,GA. 1914.

Lbs. seed

Variety

Cotton per

acre
Webber ______________ 374

King ---------------- 374

Russell -------------- 663

Wilt resistant:

8-6-6 ---------------- 1309

B-28 Imp. Dixie ------ 1326

"Lewis 63" ---------- 1326

Per cent of Lint
32.5 36 34.5
35 37 37.5

Lbs. Lint per acre
121.55 134.64 228.73

Per cnt Healthy Stalks
10 10 15

458.15

95

490.62

96

497.25

96

VARIETY TEST-VIEN A, GA., 1914.

Variety

Lb . Seed Cotton per

acre

Columbia ------------ 341 King ---------------- 434 Half and Half ________ 775

Wilt resistant:

Dixie --------------- 1798 B-28 Imp. Dixie ______ 1829

"Lewis 63" ---------- 1829

Per Cent of Lint
32.5 36 40
37 37 37.5

Lbs. Lint per acre
110.82 154.24 310.00
665.26 676.73 685.87

Per ent Healthy Stalks
10 15 15
95 97 97

The e tests how that under certain conditions where the wilt i severe, resistant trains may yield three to four times as much per acre as the non-wilt resistant strains. The appearance of the variety test at Americus i well shown in Fig. 1.
Three variety te ts were made to determine how the yield of the re i tant stra;n of cotton compared with other varieties where the land was not infected with wilt. At Carrollton the following result were secured:
Cleveland yielded per acre 599.26 lb . lint. Triumph yielded per acre 578.25 lbs. lint. Half and Half yielded per acre 546 lbs. lint

7
Of the resistant strains the yield were as follows:
"Lewi 63" yielded per acre 511.87 lb . lint. Modella y:elded per acre 461.76 lbs. lint. Dix-Afifi (Long staple) yielded per acre 371.52 Its. lint.
THE BOLL WEEVIL A D THE WILT DISEASE.
That dreaded enemy of cotton, the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, i not in Georgia yet, but will be before the year is over, as last fall it wa found within two miles of the State line. In the wilt affectEd sect'on of South Georgia the cotton growers will then have this in ect and the wilt disease to fight. The best way to fight the boll weevil i by certain cultural methods and the planting of early maturing varieties of cotton. Our variety tests all how that the early trains of cotton, such as King and Triumph, die very badly from the wilt di ease. Knowing this, five years ago work was begun on developing an early wilt resistant strain of cotton.
We are pleased to report that we now have a strain of wilt resistant cotton that has been developed by crossing and individual selections, that can, we believe, be grown with profit under boll weevil conditions. While this train is not as early a the King, some stalks of it, the eed of which was planted April 7th, had as high a 24 bolls set by July first. Our observations have led us to conclude that strains of cotton like the King have too short a fruiting period to do well in the sandy soils of South Georgia. The early resistant cotton mentioned above begin fruiting early, and continues to grow and fruit until fro t. Thi cotton, in the variety te ts, is marked "S-6-6," but i now named "DeSoto."
PROFIT TO FARMERS.
Each year since the work on wilt was inaugurated it ha been the policy of the Board of Entomology to di tribute, free of charge to the farmers. eed of wilt resistant strains of cotton.
At fir t only a few bushels of seed were distributed each year. ~ the demand for the eed increased the legislature very wi ely Increased the appropriation for the work. This growth can best be hown with a few figures. Thu. in 1908 only 50 bU3hel of b'i1t resistant seed were di tributed, and last year about 5,000
u hels were distributed. We also sent out about 500 bushels of the Iron and Brabham cowpeas.
A few years ago it was e timated that the annual loss to the farmers in Georgia from wilt wa at least $1,000,000. It is now

8
safe to say that the annual 10 s from wilt in the State is Hot over 50 per cent. of what it was five years ago. In other words the farmer are now being benefited each year by the State Board of Entomology by the work on wilt at least $500 000.00.
Many of the farmer do not fully realize the value and importance of improved seed. To educate them along this line we are visiting those interested and instructing them in the latest cientific methods of improving their cotton eed. We now have thirty farmer who are making individual elections under our directions. To begin with, we furnish them orne of our best eed. In this way they may keep the cotton up to the high standard which it has at the time we distribute it, and thus in a few year have pedigreed seed to sell to their neighbor .
In the work on cotton wilt we have had the active co-operation of the . S. Bureau of Plant Industry.
WORK 0 COTTON A THRAC OSE.
Two experiments were conducted on anthracno e with eeJ from the arne source, one in orth Georgia and one at Brunswick, in South Georgia. In the e experiments 15 varieties were teo ted. In each experiment every other row was planted with badly itlfected seed, the other varieties were planted between the e row . At Brun wick in the rows from the infected eed, 43 per cent. of the boll had anthracnose. At Villa Rica only 5 per cent. of the bolls had anthracnose from the infected eed. At Brunswick the results were a follows: Russell, 18 per cent.; Cook, 17 per cent.; King, 16 per cent.; Modella, 12 5-10 per cent.; "Lewis 63," 10 per cent.
At Villa Rica these varieties all had less than 5 per cent. of anthracnose. These results show that the two greatest factors in controlling anthracnose are the climate and seed, and that where the weather i favorable for the development of the di ease, infected seed should not be planted.
SEED SELECTIO AND THE BOLL WEEVIL.
The territory that will be infested by the boll weevil and the time of infestation are well known. The e fact are tated elsewhere in this report. The vital que tion to the farmers in territc ry not yet infested is how much damage will the weevil do when he appears, and what can the farmers do to get ready to make a profitable crop under heavy infestation. Probably the mo t important question for the Georgja farmer at the present time i what can he do to "get ready" for the coming of the weevil in order that the profits from his farm may not be reduced when he appears. In some territory infested by the weevil some farmers make a good crop, while the crops of other farmers are almo t totally de troyed. The Georgia people will find that certain terri-

9
tory will make cotton some years while other years "it will not, and there will be failures in certain places even in good years and the people will jump at numerous conclusions in regard to reasons for thi. It is a well known fact that wet year are worse for the weevil than dry years, and with low land, or anywhere that cotton grow rank, thereby maintaining surface moisture, the crop of cotton i damaged more than in lands where the cotton does not grow rank, and the surface is dry.
Growing cotton under boll weevil conditions convinces me that the best method of fighting is good farming. In other word out ide of the work that the good farmers should do, there is nothing else he can do that has proved as beneficial, provided good farming includes the proper method of seed selection for producing cotton with the weevil.
In regard to getting ready for the weevil in order to make a profitable crop of cotton when he appears, experimental work for the past two years with pedigreed seed proves that the crop i increased several times even under heavy infestation by the u e of this seed. Seed election, as we recommend it, would pay for all the trouble if there were no weevil , and i nothing more than good farming. In order to elect seed properly it i necessary to know the kind of cotton that we wish to develop. It is also nece sary to know thoroughly the disease affecting the cotton plant, and know how to make the proper selections to eliminate and eradicate di eases, for the reason that diseases such as wilt and anthracnose in combination with the weevils, would certainly he de tructive to the cotton crop. Both wilt and anthracno e can be eradicated by proper eed election. To select the cotton plant that will produce cotton under boll weevil conditions it i nece ary-
1 t. That the plant should fruit early and rapidly.
2nd. Cotton hould be frEe from all di eases. If the land wilts it hould have a productive w'lt resistant cotton.
3rd. It hould have a high per cent. of lint. Thi is important, for if we have only a small number of boll , these should give u the maximum amount of lint.
4th. It should be pedigreed cotton; that is, the field ought to be planted from cotton coming every year from a single stalk. The plant will not only be productive, but every stalk in the field \,:,ill be producing cotton and every stalk producing at the same bme. With gin run seed, or with cotton which has not been elected from one talk for a long period of time, there is great \ ariation in the difference of the fruiting of the different stalk . The early stalk will fruit and the square will become infested

10
and will hatch out in time for the new brood to infest the stalk fruiting three to four weeks later. The weevil cannot do any damage until the squares begin to form. A field destroyed by the weevil never blooms.
on-productive stalks are a great disadvantage, in that they shade the ground and aid in the reproducing of the weevil, as the sun can not kill the young weevils in protected or shaded squares.
By the experimental tests which we carried on last year in co-operation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, under heavy weevil infe tation at Vicksburg, we found that the pedigreed seed produces more cotton. even though it was a long-staple variety, than a good variety of short staple cotton which was not of the pedigreed strain. This pedigreed cotton was worth eventeen and one-half cent a pound, while the Simpkins cotton, which it surpassed in production, was worth thirteen cents a pound.
If Georgia will improve her cotton seed, and, where there is wilt, plant wilt resistant seed, she will not only produce a much cotton a at the present time, but will be able to produce her food supplie as well. The only "getting ready" that a farmer can do to produce cotton is to get ready to plant hi crop with a good pedigreed seed, one adapted to his soil and climate, and if he has wilt, to be sure to have a wilt resistant seed.
The State Board of Entomology is now carrying on the work of developing the varieties free from disease and that will be a productive as po ible with the weevil. This embodies the principles above.
EXPERIME TS FOR CO TROL OF FRUIT I SECTS A D
DISEASES.
Experiments in the control of economically important in ects and diseases of the apple and peach industries were located, in the spring and ummel' of 1914. at Cornelia. Thi phase of the Department's activitie was under the charge and direction of Mr. W. W. Chase, and was largely devoted to a continuation and expansion of work carried out in 1913 at Adairsville and the two preceding years, 1911 and 1912, at Cornelia. In particular, the operations related to the further trial, in a strictly experimental way. of the summer treatment of peaches by the Dry or Dust Method.
The location of the work at Cornelia was thought. and subsequently proved, to be peculiarly well chosen. In that vicinity are situated the largest commercial plantings of the State's two principal horticultural industries, peaches and apples, and, by having a local representative on the ground, the Department was better

11
enabled to serve the fruit growers more directly and efficiently in problems affecting the control of orchard pests. A great deal of work of this nature was requested and advice and material assi tance given, on the outside of experimental work.
PEACH D STING TESTS.
In 1913 the Department planned a series of co-operative tests with the Union Sulphur Company, of New York, of a product of that Company called sulphur-arsenate of lead dust, a mixture prepared for purposes of trial in the control of peach curculio, scab and brown rot as well as for codling moth, scab, curculio and bitter rot of the apple. In the co-operative agreement, th~ Company was to supply the material for the experiments and the special outfit designed to apply it, while the Department was to select the site for the work, make the applications under supervi ion of one of its agents and to collect and compile the data bearing on results secured.
The composition of the dust material was of finely ground sulphur and powdered arsenate of lead in the proportion of five per cent. arsenate of lead and ninety-five per cent. sulphur du t. Another formula, which was made to determine if additional lead would injure peach foliage, carried ten per cent. arser.ate of lead. Phy ically, the ingredients were perfectly mixed and so finely ground that all the mixture would go through a wire gauze of 200 meshes to the inch, and much of it was even finer.
The machine for the application of the dust (see F;g. 2) coni ted of a hopper to hold the dust mixture and a gasoline engine to furnish motive power. The operation of the outfit requires two men, one to drive and the other to operate the spout and direct the dust on the trees. Fig. 3 shows the duster in action and the manner in which the trees and their fruit are sprayed.
The amount of dust which the machine feeds may be regulated by a valve at the bottom of the hopper. This valve allows the requisite amount of material to drop through the neck of the hopper on to a rapidly revolving fan which blows it out through the pout (shown in the cut) as an extremely fine dust.
DUSTING VS. LIQUID SPRAYING
The principal idea behind the dust method is to provide a way of treating the fruit so as efficiently to protect it against its fhara ite at a smaller cost, term of efficiency being equal, than
at of the tandard liquid spray treatments. A proper and com-

12
petent power outfit (Fig. 4), while possessing a greater capacity for work and a higher order of results over the ordmary barrel outfit, requires a complement of three men to operate, with all the delays attendant on loading, mixing and straining of spray material, leaky hose, clogged nozzles, etc. Under best conditions trees require from one minute to ten or fifteen minutes to spray, dependent upon size, whereas with the dust method, no tree, irrespective of size, requires more than a few seconds. The saving in time alone is very great. In addition, only two men are required to operate the outfit, against three for the liquid spray outfit, an! sometimes more to assist in supplying material. The cost of material, though greater for the dust, would be more than offset by the saving in time and labor. These were known factors in which the method had its inception, and the one thing remaining to be determined was the relative efficiency of liquid and dust sprayings under identical conditions of soil. cultivation, fertilizing, etc. It wa to make this comparative test that the experiment was undertaken.
HE LTS
Following the second application at Adairsv;]le in 1913, the experimental plats were visited by a severe hailstorm which practically destroyed the whole crop of peaches. Those remaining on the trees were so badly battered that it was considered inadvisable to continue the treatment as the records would have been valueless.
The work was resumed this year (1914) at Cornelia, and a plat of several acres was divided into two equal parts and du ted three and four times, respectively, with a five per cent. lead mixture only. Records of a number of selected trees in each plat were kept throughout the season, the windfalls being gathered and classified as they fell from time to time, and the crop harvested from these trees at maturity and the records completed. In addition, a check plat (unsprayed) was also recorded in the same manner.
Curculios were so scarce duripg the season that the check pIaL yielded less than one per cent. of infestation. by count, hence the results in the du ted plats, with respect to this important insect were lost. But very decided comparison was obtained with reference to scab and brown rot. In both the dusted plats there wa somewhat less than five per cent. of either of these disease, whereas, in the check plat both were conspicuously and de tructivel;v prevalent. The coloring of the dusted fruit was high also, and its m'3Ykef value enhanced because of it.

13
COMPARATIVE RESULTS
Along ide the two dusted plat a block of about fifteen hundred tree wa treated with the standard summer sprays as follow : Atomic sulphur, self-boiled lime and sulphur and pa te ulphur. the la t a mixture of sulphur ground fine like that in the du t mixture in combinat:on with a srrall amount of glue. All of the"e prays were combined with smail amount of arsenate of lead, in quantity to corre~pond with that in the du t material. Records were made in the same way as that de cribed for the duo t plat. wh:ch enabled one to know precisely what each material and treatment accomplished. Brief!.. the results in control of cab and brown rot were practically alike.
PROPOSED CO TIN ATIO OF THE TEST
o encouraging was the showing of the dusting experiment in 1914. that the Department will continue the same line of work in 1915. enlarging the scope of the work to the scale of a field demon tration in a large commercial orchard. Data will be kept, not only as to the re ults secured, but as to cost, etc. The e data will be published in a circular or bulletin form at their conclusion, and di tributed to the peach and apple growers of the State.
APPLE INSECTS AN D DISEASES.
In addition to the work outlined above experimental and demonstration work was done at Cornelia at the same time with the older and better known spray solutions in conjunction with the newer and unproved proprietary compounds. Records were taken on control of codling moth, cab, bitter rot, aphis and leaf pot, and these will be compiled and published by the Department as Occa ion demands. It is proposed also, to employ the dust method on a considerable acreage in 1915 to determine its etTIciency as compared to the already proven merit of the liquid sprays and to show its relative cost and worth.
PECAN INSECTS AND DISEASES.
This work has been conducted in South Georgia for the past th~ee years by Mr. C. S. Spooner and is still in progress. The object of the work has been to study the various insects and disea ~ which affect the pecan and to determine methods of controlling them. A large amount of life history work has been undertaken and a study of the natural enemies or parasites of the

14
various insect enemies is being made. Experiments in control have also been made and good success has been realized with most of them. Further such experiments are under way and others planned.
The pecan industry is attaining great prominence in the south. ern section of the State. and with the growth in the number and size of the groves an increase in the number and seriousness of the enemies is bound to come. The surest way of meeting the difficulty is to study all the insects which may become pests so that remedies may be at hand when they become serious. At present the enemies of the pecan are comparatively few, and those few are readily controlled. Other insects of minor jmportance may become serious in the future, but it is planned to be ready for them with a means of control when they fu'st appear in injurious numbers.
There follows a short discussion of several of the most serious pests of pecans with suggestions for their control.
PECA SHUCK WORM
Enarmon;(, caryana.
This insect does considerable damage to pecans. The larva in the spring attacks the young nuts, often boring into them ar.d causing them to fall. Later the larvae tunnel into the green shuck surrounding the nut. As a result the nut fails to mature if the infestation is severe, or if light, the nut is stained wit' an ugly dark spot which lowers its market value. There are two generations a season. The first one, while not so numerous, does more serious damage, as they attack the nuts while young and prevent their maturing. The stained and spotted nuts mostly come from the second generation larvae.
The larvae spend the winter in the old shucks on the ground. Gathering and destroying these old shucks is therefore a very effective means of control. Late fall plowing is also effective to a somewhat lesser degree.
There are also a number of natural enemies of this pe t. so that between these enemies and the cleaning up of the old shuck, the pest is readily controlled and need not be feared by the pecan grower.
PECA TWIG GIRDLER
Oncideras cingtdata.
This pest is only occasionally destructive to any great degree. Nurseries and young groves planted near woods containing hi~k

15
ory and persimmons are often very seriously damaged, especially the rows adjoining the woods.
The adult is a large greyish beetle, with very long antennae or feelers. In the fall the female cuts small slits in pecan tWIg usually just below the buds; in these slits the egg are laid. The beetle then chews around the twig until it is entirely or nearly evered. The twig then falls to the ground. The eggs hatch in a few weeks and the larva lives and burrows in the dead twig. The winter i passed by the larva in the twigs on the ground. Pupation also occurs in these twigs.
The control of this pest, therefore, rests with the gathering and burning of the fallen twigs. The late fall is the time to make the collection, after all the infested twigs have fallen. As has been tated the insects also attack hickory and persimmon, and if these trees occur near the pecan grove they should also be watched and the twigs destroyed.
THE FALL WEBWORM
Hypl1cmtria Cttn6a Drury.
This pest is readily recognized because of the fact that the larvae or caterpillars spin a large web over the leaves at the end of the branches. Quite a colony of caterpillars live in this nest, and it i enlarged from time to time as fresh leaves are needed for food and the caterpillars increase in size.
When fully grown the caterpillars crawl away and hide in various cracks and crevices where they pupate. Later the moths emerge and lay their eggs on the leaves. The eggs hatch the cat erpillars and these repeat the proce s of nest making. There are at least two and probably more generations a year in South Georgia.
The insects can be controlled by burning the nests with a torch, twisting the ne ts out with a forked stick and crushing the caterpillars or by pruning the nests off and burning them.
SHOT-HOLE AND PI -HOLE BORERS.
. Several species of bark beetles belonging to the family Scoly!Jdae are found attacking pecan trees. The most common species In this section is Sinoxylon basilare Say.
As a rule, these borers attack only dead or dying trees. In neglected groves or in groves surrounded by forests containing much dead timber. the infestation often becomes so heavy that thhe insects attack healthy trees. They obtain entrance to these
ealthy trees through cracks and scars in the bark.

16
In avoiding or combating these insects, the first step is to cut and burn all dead tree and limb and so far as possible to clean the surrounding woods of dead timber. If the insects have become established in numbers, the bodies of all the trees should be whitewashed in the early pring. A thick wa h containmg a mall amount of table salt has been found to be as effective a' those of more complicated formula. For a full discu sian of this see Bulletin 264 of the Ohio Experiment Station.
PECA CA E BEARER
In many section of Georgia this is the most seriou enemy of the pecan. The adult is a greyi h moth with a wing spread of three-fourths of an inch. The pest gets its common name from the fact that the larva makes a tough ca e of silk and exuvla in which it spend its entire life, the case increasing in size with the larva.
The insect pends the winter as a tiny larva within its case, which is at thi time very small, rounded in shape and brown in color. The case are located at the ba e of the bud , often as many as three or four cases to the bud. In the pring, a soon as the buds swell they are attacked by the larva, and large numbers of the buds are killed. Later when the trees have leafed out, the larvae are found out at the ends of the leaves; two or three of the leaflets are fastened together with ilk forming a shield for the insect. At this time the larvae are about threefourths of an inch long and dark brown in color. The ca e i about an inch long and grey in color. The larvae pupate in the e cases and the moths emerge the latter part of June. Egg are laid on the leaves, and the larvae on hatching form a small S-shaped case attached to the leaves, where they remain and feed until the leaves are about ready to fall, when they migrate to the twigs and seek winter quarters near the buds.
It ha been found that these insects may be controlled by a spray of arsenate of lead, 1 1-2 lbs. (powdered) to 50 gallons of water. The spray should be applied any time between the middle of August to the middle of September.
As this insect not only has a very severe pruning effect on the tree, but also destroys many of the fruit buds, growers should spray for this insect if they are at all numerous.
Small trees may be sprayed with a barrel pump; larger trees may readily be prayed with a good power outfit (Fig. 9). As there are at least four weeks in which spraying is effective, several growers could unite in purchasing an outfit, thus reducing the cost.

Fig. 1.-Va riety test Americus, Ga., 1914. Two rows on left "Lewis 63"; in center Russell; on right Dixie. Yield, lbs. of seed cotton per acre: "Lewis 6B," 1326; Russell 663; Dixie 1326.

Fig. 2.-Power outfit for du ting. (ee page 10.)

Fig. 5.-P can .ltllckworm (EIICtnnonict clwyCtna).
Fig. 6.-P can twig gir'dJer and it work. (Oncideras cingulat1ts.) e page 14.)

Fig. 7.-Pecan ca e bearer.
Upp r figur hows larva, pupa and ca es as they appear in early umIII r. Lower figure how larvae on leaf in arly fall. (See page 16.)

Fig. .-Pecan scab (F'usicladimn effusu1Jl).
(See page 17)

Fig. 9.-Spraying pecan trees with ga oline power prayer.

Fig. lO.-Melon field howing trap row of qua h. Fig. ll.-Para iti ed tomato worm. (Se page 1 .)
Fig l2.-Potato howing powdery scab ( lJongoslJora subterranea) injury. ( ee page 1 .)

17
PECA CAB
]i'usicladiu11l effll.lIm.
The fungu dj ease of pecan known as scab occurs on both nut and leaves. It appear as mall black raised pots on both. The pot are u ually numerou enough to give a very freckled appearance to both the leaves and nut.
The injury. e pecially to the nut, may be very severe. Like all fungus disea es, it is much wor e in wet season than in dry. When weather condition favor the rapid spread of the disease. every nut on a tree may be attacked and fall off. In lighter cases mo t of the nuts mature, but are much undersized, while in orne ca es a few scab pots may appear on the nuts without appreciable injury.
Fortunately, scab is confined to a few varieties of pecans. Most varieties are either immune or 0 nearly so that the disease i~ not at all serious. It is, of course, advisable not to piant the varietie ubject to scab.
In regard to the treatment of grown trees which scab badly, many growers top-work the trees to non-scabbing varieties in order to escape the necessity of spraying. The disease may. however, be controlled by praying with Bordeaux mixture, 3-3-50. A number of sprays are nece sary. The nuts should be kept coated with this mixture throughout the growing sea on, especially in wet sea ons. During a long dry pell the trees may be left un prayed but a spray should be applied just before ram come.
TRUCK CROP PESTS.
Thi work has been in charge of Mr. W. V. Reed. During the year of 1914 remedial measures for the control of a number of truck crop insects were conducted in different sections of the tate. The work included a study of the life history and experiment with the most likely preventive or remedial measures. It !s evident that with the great development in truck farming that IS at hand the work on truck crop insects will become more important.
Root-Knot or Nematode Injury.-Where soils are badly infested with nematodes it is out of the question for one to hope to succeed in truck farming, as most truck crops are attacked. Cultural methods, proper rotation of crops will eliminate the nematodes in the course of three years. It is the aim of the department to conduct rotation experiments when a location and ~onditions are found favorable, in connectjon with truck farmIng.

18

Grasshoppers.-Every year in localized areas considerable damage is caused from grasshoppers. With one exception the injury has been done in mid or late summer, and was confined to hay crops, in which case the remedy was usually at hand by cutting the hay. The exceptional outbreak occurred the latter part of April during a somewhat lengthy drought and an exten ive field of watermelons was threatened with destruction. Spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of one pound of lead and three pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water proved entirely successful. As an experiment poi oned bran very successfully used in Kanas, was tested. The poisoned bran was prepared in the following manner:

Corn meal Arsenate of lead Syrup

1 lb. 1 oz. 3 oz.

LWeamtoenr --------------------------------Y-i of a2frputsi.t

The poisoned baits were irregularly distr'buted over a smail area. It was found the baits attracted the "hoppers," but also ants in large numbers in this particular instance so as to drive the "hoppers" away.
Melon Borers.-There are two species of melon borers that are notably injurious-Diapllllia Ilitida/is and Diapllllia by/il1ala. The first named species, commonly known as the pickle worm, is by far the most plentiful and causes the greatest injury. Spraying experiments with poisons and repellants have been carefully tested, but the results obtained can not be classed as sati facto!"). Squash planted as a trap plant affords almost absolute protection to early cantaloupes. Experiments with trap crops on later plantings of cantaloupes will be conducted. The squash should be planted in rows about twenty-five yards apart through the melon field at the same time the cantaloupes are planted. (Fig. 10). It will be found that the rows planted to squash can be used as a wagon road and facilitate the gathering of the melons.
Tomato Horn Worm.-Experiments conducted at Tifton, Ga.. established the fact that dusting with arsenate of lead mixed with flour or air-slacked lime, was the most economical treatment, everything considered, for tomato horn worm. An ordinary flour sack was employed and the dust applied to the plantf: by shaking over each plant. Nearly matured tomatoes are not stained as is the case where spraying is employed, thereby doing away with the necessity of wiping each tomato before shipping.
Parasites usually control the tomato horn worm. Fig. 11 shows the cocoons of one species attached to the body of horn

19
worm. The larva of the parasite lives within the body of its host, eating out its vitals, and when mature, makes its way to the surface and spins cocoons as illustrated. The larvae thus attacked never live to transform into pupae and adult moths.
The Cabbage Web-worm (Hel/lI/a I/Ilda/is).-This is comparatively a new pest in Georgia. The first record we have of it in the State occurred in 1898 at Augusta, Ga. Since then it has been reported from other localities and particularly from Fayetteville, Ga., in 1914.
Life history work and experiments looking to its controi are under way. From results gathered so far it appears that spraying with arsenate of lead when the plants are first attacked will control the web-worm. Their habit in working principally in the crown of plants attacked and in addition spinning a web over themselves makes treatment all the more necessary when they first attack plants. If spraying is postponed the chances are it will be difficult to place the poison where they will get it readily.
Insects on Pimento Peppers.-A serious handicap was experienced by a grower of this crop by the stoppage of growth in hi plants just as they begun to bear. Observations will be made thi season to ascertain if the trouble is due to insects. Spraying experiments will be conducted to control the most likely offender .
Work in General on Truck Crop Insects.-Treatment, in a demonstrative way for red spider, plant lice, cabbage worms, potato beetle, and other well known garden pests are constantly bein~ made when the occasion arises. A special effort is being put forth to acquaint farmers with the habits of such insects as cut-worms, cotton boll worm, tomato horn worm, etc., that spend the winter in the immature stage below the ground, and such pe t a the harlequin cabbage bug, squash bug etc., that hibernate during the winter in rubbish above ground. By understanding the life cycle of these insects cultural methods during the winter can be employed that will largely control them. It frequently happens that attention is called to insect troubles too late to employ remedial measures successfully.
Corn Stalk Borers.-Considerable injury is caused each year ?y. corn-stalk borers. At least three species contribute to this InJury. namely: Common stalk-borer (papaipellla Iliti/a) ; small cornstalk-borer (E/aslllopa/p/ls ligllosc/ll/s) and large cornstalkborer (Diatraca saccharalis) The last named species causes the most injury. Injury is caused by the larva of each species burrowing into the stalk. There is no remedy after they have en

20
tered the stalk. Cultural methods during the fall and winter i. the principal afeguard against them.
The Cotton Caterpillar (Alabamo argillacae) .-The cotton cat erpillar made its appearance in two localitie in the State the past ea on in outhwest Georgia in the vicinity of Bainbridge, and in
ortheast Georgia in and around Lavonia. Prompt measurer; were taken at both places to control the pest with very go:>d ucce s. Du ting with arsenate of lead according to instructions in Bulletin 36 of this department were followed.
The Army Worm (Laphygllla frugipcrda). Some injury was caused by the army worm, but of a minor nature during 1914. The previous year it had been especially abundant. The sam~ remedy. dusting with ar enate of lead, as employed against tht! cotton caterpillar, will control the army worm. Detailed information and remedial mea ures concerning both the cotton caterpillar and the army worm have been published in Bulletin 36 of thi department.
The Corn-bill Bug (phcllophorlls lIIaidis). Every year exten ive injury is caused by the corn-bill bug. Where an infe tation occurs it ha been on land not previou ly under cultivation. Preventive measures are the only safeguard against injury from this pest. ew land hould never be planted in corn in localitie where the bill-bug occurs. At least fall and winter plowing' should be made previous to planting in corn in the spring to destroy their natural food plants.
Potato Powdery Scab (Pollgospora sltbtcrrallca).- Probably the most threatening disease introduction into the State at present is the powdery scab of potatoes. This is a foreign disea e originally. but it has gained a foothold in orne of the potato growing areas of the ew England States. Since a majority of our seed Irish potatoes come from that section, caution should be exercised by growers in buying seed potatoes.
The name, powdery scab, indicates the appearance of the disea~e (Fig. 12). The disease is not readily distinguished by the average grower, and a safe rule to follow in buying would be to demand perfectly smooth, large or average size potatoes for seed.
URSERY I SPECTIO .
It is the duty of the Department to inspect all trees and plant in the nurseries of the State once each year and issue certificate for sale of same. The following nurseries qualified for the season of 1914-15:

21

GEORGIA URSERIES.

The Anderson ursery, Wm. Ander on, Prop.

Temple, RFD.

Appalachian Apple Orchard Co.

Tallulah Falls

Apple Valley Orch'd. & ur ery Co. Clayton, RFD.

Ashford Park urseries, H. C. Caldwell, Mgr.
P. J. Berckman Co.

Cros Key Augusta

Bremen Nursery, J. T. Anderson, Pro~. Bremen

Britton s Greenhou es,

C. A. Britton, Prop.

Atlanta

J. F'. Brown

hitesburK RFD.

S. M. Buchanan, Prop. Ro edale urscries

South Atlanta

Mrs. J. C. Bucher, Prep. Juanita Rose Gardens
Bullard Pecan urseries
G. M. Bacon Pecan Co.

Decatur Albany DeWitt

The Baconton Nurseries, R. F. Cowan, Prop.

Baconton

Barnesville Nursery Co., tafford & Howard. Props.
Cannon, H. G.

Barnesville Cairo

Capital City ursery. V. E. Lambert, Prop.

Atlanta

Carroll Co. ursery,
Chas. P. Turner, Prop. J. F. Cathey

Carrollton Mountain City

Clayton Nursery, Reynold & Queen, Prop.

Clayton

Ccncord urserie Co., mith Bra ., Props.

Concord

Dixie Wholesale ur ery H. 1. Dover

Marietta Ellijay

Dyer & Sons

Sharpe

Edwards & Patterson

Milledgeville

Ellijay ursery, J. A. Winthrop, Prop._. Ellijay

Jesse T. Ellis

Griffin

E!1telprise ursery.

A. J. Durham, Prop.

Carl

Excel ior urserie3, G. H. Miller & Son, Prop.

Rome

airview ursery, A. Campbell, Mgr._. aylor

O. H. Farr -

.Leesburg

22

Fayetteville Nursery B. Thornton, Prop.

Fayetteville

Mrs. A. M. Flanigan C. N. Fitts

Jefferson Dahlonega

F. K. Freeman, Prop. Freeman's Pecan Nursery
W. T. Gaulden

Athens Quitman

Georgia Experiment Station Georgia Nursery Co.

Experiment Concord

Georgia Seed Co., Jno. Williams, Prop.
J. H. Gheesling J. P. Gill

Hogansville Greensboro Baconton

Glousier Pecan Co. Hardaway urseries Hastings Seed Co.

Baconton Putney Atlanta

High Point Farm & ursery, A. E. Cole, Prop.

Buckhead

Hogansville ursery Co., Jno. Williams, Prop.
B. W. Hunt

Hogansville Eatonton

Idle Hour Nurseries, D. C. Horgan, Prop.

Macon

Ingleside ursery, A. E. Bell E. V. Jordan

Cairo Eatonton

Judson Orchard Co.

Cairo

LeConte Nursery, O. L. Thomp on LaFayette Nursery,
A. J. Caldwell, Prop.

Smithville LaFayette

Magnolia Nursery, Jones & Wight, Prop.
C. W. Morrill, 1005 Walnut St. W. H. Moulthrop J. R. Murphy
W. K. Nelson

Cairo
Macon Cairo Fayetteville
Augusta, RFD.

A. C. Oelschig & Sons C. D. Ouzts

Savannah Thoma ville, RFD.

Chas. E. Oxford, Prop. Rosedale Farm
C. S. Parker

Williamson, RFD. 2 Thomasville

J. B. Payne Orchard & ursery Co. _Blue Ridge

The Pecan ut & Orchard Co.,

O. P. Mears

Baconton

S. W. Peek

Hartwell

Pike Co. Nursery, A. A. McElveen, Prop.

Concord

23

F. B. Pinkston

Parrott

~ueen Tyra

VIountain City

Mrs. F. D. Ramsey

Leesburg

A. W. Richardson, Florist

.Savannah

Rood Pecan Grove Nurseries

Albany

R. T. Rouse, Magnolia Hill ursery P. B. Simmons J. L. Sims

Meigs Gainesville, RFD. Hapeville

Frank Singleton J. C. H. Sneed

Clayton Morrow

A. Clark Snedeker

Waycross

Southern Nut Tree & Nursery
Stubbs' Nursery O. L. Tanner

Thomasville
Augusta Milledgeville

Thomasville Nurseries, :'td., P. J. Hjort, Mgr.
G. H. Tomlinson Tuck Bros.

Thomasville Putney Thomasville

Upson Nurseries, A. D. Williams, Prop. Yatesville

Wachendorff Bros.

Atlanta

J. L. Westbrook

Temple, RFD.

H. C. White

.:.

Putney

J. B. Wight, Pecan Grove ursery Cairo

o stock can be offered for sale in the State until official certificate of inspection has been filed with the State Board of Entomology and an agreement to fumigate stock with hydrocyanic acid ha been properly signed and filed. The nurserieS out of the State which are authorized to offer tock for sale within the State are as follows:

Alvin ursery Co. Inc.

Grand Bay, Ala.

The American Rose & Plant Co.

Springfield, Ohio.

Andorra Nurseries, Wm. W. Harper, Chestnut Hill,

Proprietor

Philadelphia, Pa.

Mi sElla V. Baines

Springfield, Ohio.

Bechtel Pecan Nurseries

Ocean Springs, Miss.

Beckworth Bros. Nursery Co.

Smithville Tenn.

Big Four Nursery Co.

Smithville, Tenn., R 1.

Biloxi Nursery, Jas. Brodie, Prop. Biloxi Miss.

Biltmore Nurseries

Biltmore, N. C.

Bobbink & Atkins

Rutherford, N. J.

F. W. Brow Nursery Co.

Rose Hill, N. Y.

Cedar Hill & Orchard Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Chase ursery Co.

. _Chase, Ala.

Chattanooga Nurseries

Chattanooga, Tenn.

24

Jno. Lewis Childs

Floral Park, N. Y.

Commercial Nursery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Continental Plant Co.

Kittrell, . C.

Cumberland ur erie

Winchester, Tenn.

W. H. Davis & Son

Smithville, Tenn.

Henry A. Dreer, Inc., ur eries at Riverton, . J.

714 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Eagle Pecan Co.

.

Pittsview, Ala.

Easterly ursery Co.

Cleveland, Tenn.

Ellwanger & Barry

Rochester, . Y.

}lorida urseries, W. W. Ba sett, Prop.

Monticello, Fla.

Fore t ursery & Seed Co.

McMinville. Tenn., R. 2.

Franklin Davis ursery Co.

Baltimore, Md.

Fraser ursery Co.

Huntsville, Ala.

Gainesville Nurseries

Gainesville, Fla.

German Nurseries & Seed Hou e Glen Bros., Inc.

Beatrice eb. Rochester, N. Y.

Glen St. Mary Nurseries The Globe urseries

Glen St. Mary, Fla. Bristol, Tenn.

The Good & Ree e Co.

Springfield, Ohio.

The Great Western Plant Co. Green's ursery Co.

Springfield, Ohio. Rochester . Y.

Greenville Nursery o. Griffin Bros.

Greenville, S. C. MacClenny. Fla.

The Griffing Bros. R. B. Griffith

Port Arthur. Tex. Fredonia, . Y.

J. C. Hale ursery Co.

Winche ter, Tenn.

J. G. Harrison & Sons.

Berlin. Md.

Peter Hendel' on & Co.

Jersey City, . J.

The D. Hill Nursery Co.. Inc.

Dundee, Ill.

Hoopes Bro. & Thoma Co.

West Chester, P::t.

The Howard ursery Co. Howell urseries

Stovall, . C. Knoxville, Tenn.

T. S. Hubbard Co.

Fredonia, . Y.

Huntsville Wholesale urseries Increase Pecan Nursery

Huntsville. Ala. Lamont, Fla.

Jackson & Perkins Co.

Newark, N. Y.

Jefferson Co. Pecan & Live Stock Co. __ Monticello, Fla.

The Josselyn ursery Co.

Fredonia, N. Y.

Kelley Bros.

Dansville, . Y.

Killian ursery

ewton. N. C.

La seter ur ery Co. . , . 'IcLeod

Smithville, Tenn. Aucilla, Fla.

Thos. Meehan & Sons

Dresher, Pa.

Thos. Meehan & Sons

Germantown Pa.

25

Monticello urserie, Standard Pecan Co.

.Monticello, Fla.

Monticello Pecan Orch. & ursery Co. __ \1onticello, Fla.

The Wm. H. Moon Co.

. V1orrisville, Pa.

Mt. Arbor urseries, E. . Welch, Prop.

Shenandoah, Iowa.

The Munson ur eries

Denison Tex.

A. W. Newson, Oakhaven Nursery Hunt ville, Ab.

Oakland urseries, W. Y. C. Grant, Prop.

Columbia, Tenn.

Old Dominion Nurseries, W. T. Heard & Co., Prop.

Richmond, Va.

Perry ursery Co.

Rochester, . Y.

F. R. Pier on

Tarrytown, . Y

W. P. Ramsey

Ocean Springs, Miss.

The Wm. J. Riley urseries

Dansville, . Y.

The Richland Nul' erie

Roche tel', . Y.

Rock Hill Nurseries, T. B. Hawkins Wellborn, Fla.

Lewi Roe ch

Fredonia. . Y.

W. . Scarff

New Carlisle, Ohio.

The F. E. Schifferli Nurseries

Fredonia, . Y.

Seven Springs ursery R. G. Cantrell, Prop.

Smithville, Tenn.

Joe hadow ur ery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

henandbah ur erie

Shenandoah, Iowa.

Simp on ursery Co.

Monticello, Fla.

Southern Nursery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Smithville Nursery

Smithville, Tenn.

Stark Bro. urseries & Orchard Co. __Louisiana, Mo.

Wm. P. Stark urserie

Stark City, Mo.

The 1. Steckler Seed Co.

ew Orleans, La.

The Storrs Harrison Co.

Painesville, Ohio.

Sugg & Syler Nursery Co.

Meridianville, Ala.

Swain-Nelson & Sons Co.

Glenview, Ill.

H. . Taylor & Co.

Rochester, . Y.

Tennessee ur ery Co.

.Cleveland, Tenn.

Texa ursery Co.

Sherman, Tex.

W. W. Thomas

Anna, Ill.

Turkey Creek Nursery C. L. Barber, Prop.

MacClenny, Fla.

nited States ursery Co.

Ro eacres, Mis.

Valdesian Nurseries

Bostic N. C.

The Van Dusen urseries

Geneva, N. Y.

J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.

Pomona, N. C.

F. W. Wat on Co.

Topeka, Kansas.

26

Western . C. Nursery Co., J. M. Edwards, Prop.
Westminster ursery Wild Bros. ursery Co. Frank Wild Floral Co. Willett & Wheelock
Wills Valley Nursery Co. Winchester Nursery Co.

Stecoah . C. Westminster, Md. Sarcoxie, Mo. ..Sarcoxie, Mo.
orth Collins, N. Y. Ft. Payne Ala. Winchester, Tenn.

FOREIG

R ERY STOCK.

In view of the pre ence of brown-tail and gypsy moth and other serious pe ts in Europe, and in view of the inefficiency of the inspection system in many foreign countrie . it is now necessary to in. pect each shipment of foreign stock coming into Georgia. During the past few years many erious pests have been checked through careful inspection of these shipments, and millions of dollar have been saved for the State through this phase of our work. The following is a list of foreign nul' eries for the year 1914-1915 :

Ad D'Haene Co. Arthur De Meyer
Bier & Ankersmit Ghent, Belgium Horticultural Amandis P. & L. Van Acker Bros. C. Petrick Van Dillewyn & Thiel Geeup & Ploeger F. J. Grootendorst & Son Jac Smit & Co. The Holland ur eries Ottolander & Hooftman -Schaum & Van Tol G. Van del' Stam & Co. Van Zonneveld & Philli V. Zonneveld Bros. & Phillippo -Charle Detriche L. Lerou's Nursery Vincent Lebreton's ur ery
Vincent Lebreton' ur ery L. Boehmer & Co. L. Boehmer & Co.

Ghent, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium,
Mont St. Amand. Melle, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium. Ghent, Belgium. Loochristy, Belg. Ghent, Belgium.
Meirelbeke, Belg. Bo koop, Holland
Boskoop, Holland. Holland.
Boskoop, Holland. Bo koop, Holland. Bo lwop, Holland. Bo koop, Holland. Somergem, Holland.
Sassenheim, Holland. ..Angers, France. Angers, France.
LaPyramide-Trelaze.
France. Angers. France. Japan. Nagana, Ken. Oshima-gun, Kagoshima
Ken, Japan.

27
The Yokohama ur ery Co. Erne t Benary
chultheis Bros. R. H. Bath, Ltd.

Yokohama, Japan. Erfurt, Germany.
Steinfurth, Germany. Wi beck, England.

The past sea on 147,134 plants were exam:ned. The following firm received hipments and the countries from which they came are al 0 given:

C. A. Dahl Co.
The Atlanta Floral Co.
The Westview Florist
Wachendorff Bros.
Ashford Park Nursery
H. G. Hastings & Co. McMillan Bros. Seed Co. P. J. Berckmans Co.
Stubb' ursery Pike Co. ur erie~ Columbus R. R. Co. D. C. Horgan, Idlehour
ur ery
Chas. . Woodruff 'l. M. Duckworth G. H. Miller & Son
John Taylor

Holland Belgium
Holland BelgIUm
Holland :Belgium
Holland Belgium
Holland Belgium
Japan
Japan
Holland France Germany Japan
Belgium . Holland
France
Belgium
Belgium England Holland
Holland
Germany
Holland France
Belgium

Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Atlanta Augusta
Augusta Concord Columbu Macon
Macon Macon Rome Rome

28

A. C. Oelschig & Son A. W. Richardson W. A. Steven on & Co. John Wolf P. J. Hjort

Bdgium Belgium Belgium Belgium Japan

Savannah Savannah Savannah Savannah T h o m a s v ille

The largest number of shipments came from Belgium and the next largest from Holland, 1< rance, Japan, Germany and England in the order named.
Owing to the irregularity in the arrival of these shipments considerable expense i involved in making the inspections.
Doubtless thi matter will be simplified in the near future. The past ea on a few plant were found diseased or infested
with an insect, but not of a erious nature. Since this inspection has been in force great improvement has been made by foreign grower in ending tock free from in ect and plant diseases.

THE UB- TATIO AT THOMASVILLE.
In successfully conducting the investigations on pecan insect and disea es, cotton insects and disea es, and in view of the approach of the boll weevil from Alabama, the Board deemed it advisable to locate a station at some point in Southwest Georgia where experiments could be conducted from year to year until certain problems could be satisfactorily olved at the least po sible co t. An excellent location was found at Thomasville, ju t out of the city limits, consisting of a handsome two-story building and about ten acre of land. On this place there is a large number of bearing pecan trees, and it is al 0 diagonally acros the road from the beautiful pecan grove of Mr. Parker who gladly con ented for us to conduct experimental work on his trees. Thi place was leased at $480.00 per annum and Mr. C. S. Spooner placed in charge, and from time to time the State Entomologist and Messrs. Williams and Lewis were at the station looking after different phases of the work.
A large breeding cage was constructed for life history work on insects and a little more than five acres of the land was planted to cotton, corn and different varieties of cowpeas.
Eleven different varieties of cotton were planted to test and demonstrate resistance to disease. Two rows of each variety were planted and repeated across a field of five acres. The wilt was present over most of the field and we had a splendid demon-

29
stration of the wilt resisting qualities of the varieties propagated by the Board. Several varieties displayed great resistance to anthracnose or boll rot.
The citizens of Thomas County who were familiar with this piece of land were of the opinion that it would not produce cotton on account of wilt. The yield of the different varieties were as follows:

VARIETY TEST-THOMASVILLE, GA.-1914.

Variety

Lbs. Seed Cotton Per
Acre

Bank Account

1514.75

(S-6-6) DeSoto RusseH

2177.59 1788.5

Half & Half

991.34

Sunbeam

1721.34

Modella

1995.09

"Lewi 63"

1861.50

B-28 (Dixie Imp.) __ 2372.50

Expre

2244.75

toney

1843.25

Toole

2117

Per Cent. Lint
35.5 35 34.5 40 36 37 37.5 37 31 38 38

Lbs. Lint Per Acre
533.11 762.15 616.93 396.53 619.68 738.18 697.96 877.82 695.87 700.43 828.46

Rank in Yield
10 3 9
11 8 4 6 1 7
5 2

A mall area was planted in corn with the idea of producing a weevil resi tant variety and promising result were obtained.
A mall area was al 0 planted in different varieties of cowpeas to test their resistance to nematode and cowpea wilt. The Iron and Brabham peas gave the best yields and were the only ones displaying resistance to disease.
The tation i a plendid proposition from every standpoint. In addition to the excellent opportunity afforded for experimentrd work. we are able to make demonstration of re ults already ohtained which i invaluahle to the people of that section of the tate. We are also able to economize to a considerable extent in re ponse to call for help in South Georgia. During the growing ea on there are numerous calls for orne member of the staff to come quickly and as ist in combating orne insects or diseases a~tacking the crops. We have been able to render far more effiCIent ervice in outh Georgia than ever before by ending a man from Thomasville rather than from Atlanta. As the boll weevil advances into Georgia the calls for help will become more numerou .

30
We will have the co-operation of the U. S. Bureau of Ento. mology during 1915. One of their men who has been in charge of boll weevil work in Loui iana will be located at the tation. They have agreed to pay one-half the rent, thus reducing the co t of operation for the Board.
EDUCATIO TAL WORK.
The Board has conducted its usual amount of educational work relating to the control of seriously inj urious insects and disease.. Different members of the staff have lectured at farmer' meetings in different section of the State. These lectures were on cotton wilt nematodes, boll weevil, grain weevils, pests attacking truck crops, melon and fruit crops in general. Some of the e lectures have been given at pecial meetings called by the Board for the purpose of giving information in regard to pests in certain localities in which farmers were particularly interested. In addition to this, we have complied with all reque ts for speaker at agricultural meeting held by other agencies and co-operated actively with all the forces in the State working in behalf of the farmer.
APPROPRIATIO
There is no appropriation which mean 0 much to the farmers a the appropriation made to the State Board of Entomology. The work of the Board is of direct practical value and i indipen able to the farmer. With Georgia's great diversity of crop~ every ingle section is directly benefited by the work and many comparatively small area in different sections have saved each year through our work con iderably more than the appropriation to this department. The cotton growers alone have saved more than $500,000, to say nothing of the saving to fruit grower , truck grower and the growers of other agricultural crops. With the coming of the boll weevil, which i now at the Georgia line, our work is far more important than ever before.
The Georgia farmer will never cea e to grow cotton, and it is not advisable for him to do so. We want a reduction in acreage, but a greater yield per acre. Georgia could easily produce the same amount of cotton as she does at present with half the acreage. The acreage mu t be reduced in order to make room for food crop. The succe ful cotton grower of the future mu t grow varieties free from disea e and that will produce as much lint as po sible per acre at the mallest pos ihle cost.
Our appropriation for 1914 was $33,000, and of this amount $32,363.86 was expended. Thi amount is really inadequate for

31
the work that ought to be done, but in view of present financial condition in the State we cannot expect very much increase, but we do hope the present appropriation can be continued.
PUBLICATION.
The following bulletin and new letters concerning the work of the Board were issued in 1914:
Bulletin o. 39 February, 1914: "The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil."
Circular No. 14, July, 1914: "Regulations concerning the Mexican Cotion Boll Weevil, etc."
March 28. To no papers a two-column story entitled
"Spraying Fruit." This included all varieties of fruit and methods of spraying.
Sept. 12, To 174 newspapers: 1. t. "Cotton Seed Selection Important to the Farmers." 2nd. "Plant Wheat Late to Avoid Seriou Damage." :1rd. "How to Destroy Corn or Rice Weevil."
The following bulletins have been prepared and will be issued early in 1915:
"Report on Cotton Wilt in Georgia." " orne Important Truck Crop Pe ts."
MEXICA COTTO BOLL WEEVIL.
The peculiar climatic conditions in 1913 and 1914 prevented the boll weevil from getting into the State. The accompanying map hows that in Jorthern Alabama an average advance was made, but toward the southeast the advance was less, being only about 2 to 4 miles nearer the Georgia line than in 1913. Th~ failure to make an average advance was due to cold weather in 1913 and 1914, which forced the weevil to recede, and the long drought in South Alabama operated against its advance in early ummel', and following thi the heavy top crop of cotton provided so much food that there was no incentive to travel. He camped right at the Georgia line oppo ite Early County, as indicated on the map. Under normal conditions it will cover ev-

32 eral counties in the southwestern part of the State by the end of the pre ent season.
With the appropriations that have been made for cotton wilt and boll weevil we have been able to render mo t valuable aid to the farmers of this particular section, and a a consequence, they are better prepared for the coming of the weevil than the farmers of any ection of the outh have been up until the pre ent time.
Respectfully, Eo LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist.
JOllNSON-DALLlS COo, PIlIX1.EIlS. TI.ANlo...

Geo(rgla State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM. State Entomologist

BULLETIN 43

MARCH,1916

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
BY
W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist

,
y
OCT 14 l~L.,
UNIVERSITY OF G~ORG CARE AND MANAGEM ENT OF
PEACH ORCHARDS
BY
R. C. BERCKMANS
President, State Horticultural Society

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 43

MARCH, 1916

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
BY
W. W. CHASE
Assistant State Entomologist
CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS
BY
R. C. BERCKMANS
President State Horticultural Society

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA, GA.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY

ORGANIZATION

J. D. PRICE
Chairman, Commis ioner of Agriculture
Ex-Officio Membe1'.

tlanta.

Pre ident

R. . BERCKM S,
tate Horticultural ociety, Augu tao
Ex-Officio Member.

Pre ident

mo. A. COBB,
tate gricultural ociety, Americu .
Ex-Officio Member.

E. LEE WOR HAM, tate Entomologi t and ecretal'Y o~ the Board, . tlanta.

. C.' LEWIS, As i tant State Entomologi t, Atlanta.

W. Y. REED, i tant Entomoloai t, Atlanta.

W. W. CHA E, svi tant Entomologist, Atlanta.

\\. F. T RNER, A i tant Entomologist, Thoma yill .

IRA . WILLIAMS, A istant in Cotton Br ding, tlanta.

./ , .

C. A. McLE DO , Expert in- otton Breeding, Atlanta.

FOREWORD.
In point of quantity, Georgia's production of peaches is as great, if not greater, than that of any other State. In point of quality, her production is easily the best and the best known. She has originated and introduced some of the finest commercial varieties. The average annual yield is approximately 5,000 cars, or 2,500,000 crates, with a gross estimated value (on a conservative basis of $1.25 per crate) of $3,125,000.
The industry is on a sounder footing than at any time in its history. With the passing of the old order, when peach trees were planted on land regarded as too poor to raise anything else and thereafter left to their fate, and the coming of the new, which means scientific orchard management, scientific spraying and the elimination of hitor-miss marketing, the business is upon a safe, profitable plane. It is great and growing. As an investment for the man who is willing to mix brains with money, who goes into the game with a determination to make it pay, a Georgia peach orchard presents splendid opportunities. It has never been so promising of profit as it is today.
At a time when national preparedness is the slogan and the public mind is in a receptive attitude towards it preachings, it is pertinent to point out some of the benefits of horticultural preparedness. It is the purpose of this publication to discuss the several worst enemies of the peach industry, with recommendations for defense against invasion of orchards by them.
The various subjects are grouped under the broad title Peach Parasites. An attempt has been made to take them up in the order of their relative importance, though it is realized that they have a variable significance,. -due to nu merous factors. What, to one grower, is a vital problem is, to another, of no consequence. The rating as given, however, is generally applicable to Georgia orchards. The recommendations are based, for the most part, upon methods that have been tested and proven by the author. Statistical tabulation of data on results of experiments has been omitted as far as possible.
The Department is pleased to supplement the bulletin with an article on "Care and Management of Peach Orchards" by Mr. R. C. Berckmans. Mr. Berckmans is joint owner of one of the largest, finest and most profitable orchards in the State. He is thoroughly conversant with his subject, and his suggestions are certain to be of interest and value to peach orchardists, especially to beginners.
8

CO DE SED SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES.
Winter, or Dormant" Spraying.,
For San Jose scale and leaf curl, spray with lime-sulphur solution after the trees become dormant, preferably within the last three or four weeks before the bloom btids begin to open. Dilute the concentrate with water in pr'oportion to the trength of the, solution (See page 37). It is important to know what the strength actually is, in order to avoid over-dilution, which would weaken the effectiveness of the spray. Badly infested trees should be sprayed twice, once in the fall and again in early spring.
Spray thoroughly under high pressure and with a medium-fine mist. For San Jose scale, a nozzle throwing . he spray at an acute angle has more penetration than wide-angle nozzles.
The Summer Spray Schedule.
1st. For curculio, spray just as the shucks are shedding (Plate XII) with %,-pound powdered arsenate of .lead (1% lbs. paste) to 50 gallons watel' and milk-of lime solution made from three pounds lump lime. Use a wide-angle nozzle throwing a fine mist and cover the foliage and fruit lightly but thoroughly. Do not drench the trees.
2nd. For brown rot, curculio and scab, spray four weeks after the petals drop (about three weeks after the first spraying) with self-cooked lime-sulphur and powdered arsenate of lead 8-8-%-50. Or with atomic sulphur according to directions on the container. If paste lead is used, the amount would' be one pound. Spray lightly, but thoroughly, so that the peaches will be pebbled on all sides with the spray.
3rd. For curculio, brown rot and scab. One month before the ripening period, spray with same materials and 'same formula as for second summer spraying. This time the disc opening of the nozzle should be larger, so as to give a coarser spray and a heavier coating to the fruit. If curculio is under good control omit the arsenate of lead from this treatment. It usually pays to add the lead. .r The above summer spraying schedule is for all varieties tipening in mid~season. Early maturing varieties should receive only two applications and fall-ripening varieties four.
It is important to use the right" types of nozzles, as resuIts are greatly influenced by this factor.
4

THE PRINCIPAL
PARASITES OF THE PEACH
By
W. W. CHASE
THE PEACH TREE BORER.
(Sanninoidea exitiosa, Say)
On the debit page of commercial peach growing, the borer should be entered as the largest natural liability. It is the greatest single cause, directly or indirectly, of the mortality among peach trees. This statement is made advisedly, and is based upon ten years' experience and observation. All the other enemies of the industry are of secondary importance because their antidotes are generally known and successfully applied. And the reason it is the premier insect pest is not because of the insect's inherent immunity to repressive measures, but mainly the result of the many misconceptions that exist as to its life history and habits. Control measures, being based on these misconceptions, are, therefore, inadequate and abortive. It is true that many growers use the right processes, but at the wrong time to attain maximum effectiveness. The peach tree borer problem, if intelligently met, is easy of solution.
The high development of spray chemicals and the art of spraying, and their effective application to fruit growing" have shorn San Jose scale, brown rot, cu:-culio, etc., of their one-time terror. The Delilah that sheared these Samsons was comprehensive knowledge and application of control mea ure -the how and when and what to spray. So soon a orchardists gra p the principles and practices of peach borer control as thoroughly as they have those of brown rot, for instance, it will entirely cease to be the menace that it is at present.
Description.
In common with most all borers, the destruction is wrought by the larval or grub stage of the insect. Every one posse sing even casual knowledge of peach growing is familiar with this stage and its work. The winged form,
5

also, because of its abundance in the fall of the year and its characteristic color markings, is fairly familiar. There are four entirely distinct periods in the transformation of the insect-the egg, the larva, the pupa and (he adult. These four stages are separately de cribed in the following paragraphs:
The Adult. . The fully-grown insect is a moth about one inch long and perhaps an inch and a half acros the outtretched wing. The body and fore-wings are very dark blue in color, with a broad orange belt encircling the midection of the abdomen. (See Plate IV, fig. 3). The hind-wing are transparent, heavily fringed and delicately veined. Her general appearance resembles that of a mudbuilding wa p. The male, on the other hand, is smaller than the female, lenderer, and suggestive of the "yellow jacket." Its basic coloring is blue, ringed with ellow at the intersections of the abdominal segments. These narrow banding , together with other yellow marking of the body, help to create the impression of a yellow insect. Both pair of wings are tran parent, with a heavy fringe about the edges and transversely dividing the fore-wings.
The Egg. The eggs, owing to their very small size and brown color, are exceedingly difficult to find upon the bark of the tree. It is doubtful if a single orchardist in the entire State has ever detected them, even when active depo ition is going on.
The Larva. This stage embodies the insect's economical importance. The size varies, of course, according to age and feeding, the largest being more than an inch in length. At first white, the body changes with growth to muddywhite. The head is dark brown, terminating in a pair of powerful and devastating jaws. There are eight pairs of legs, seemingly a superfluou number for a larva that takes almost a year to cover a space mea ured in inche .
The Pupa. A pupa case, showing a protruded and empty pupa skin i illustrated on Plate IV, fig. 2. The case itself i a d~rk brown, tough composition of fine-ground wood filings, frass and gum, lined with a silky facing of the larva's weaving. Even in the pupal stage the pronounced difference in size and shape that characterizes the adult male and female is di cernible. The male ca ing is
horter than that of the female, and smaller in diameter. The size of the cocoons is variable, ranging from threequarters of an inch to one and three-quarters inches, with an average of lightly more than an inch. Within is the
6

pupa, which eventually forces its way nearly its full length through the anterior end of cocoon, as shown in the cut, the skin i ruptured and the moth emerges.

Life History.

A the uccess of borer control is contingent upon a cor-

rect knowledge of the insect' life hi tory, the transforma-

tion , as they occur in Georgia, will be described some-

what in detail.

.

Although a few precocious moths may appear in June

or July-or e en earlier-they are only scouts, so to speak,

and their numbers are negligible. The main army begin

to arrive the last week in August, and reache it greate t

numerical trength in September, during which between

eighty and ninety per cent. emerge. Just as there is an

advance guard during early and mid summer, so there is

a rear guard in October, but it also is very small.

Mating and egg-laying follow immediately upon the ar-

rival of the borers at the adult stage. The female is a

prolific egg-layer, averaging approximately five hundred

eggs, which are laid singly or in small, irregular clusters.

These are attached to the bark of the trunk near the ground,

or under the first lateral limbs if the latter are close to the

ground. ormally, the female will oviposit within less

than two feet of the ground, but if inhibited by artificial

conditions, such as mounding or whitewashing, will ascend

higher and lay her eggs upon unprotected bark. She may

be intimidated by hostile conditions from taking her natural

choice of the place, but not at all from egg-laying itself.

~othing short of death will prevent her from fulfilling that

function, which fact has a most important bearing on its

attempted prevention by mounding, wrapping, or painting

the trees with protective washes. Attempts to curb the

adult female must inevitably result in failure. It is not

against her or her egg-laying activities that the fight must

be directed, for it is the larval and not the adult form

that is vulnerable to attack.

The adult moths live only about a week, during which

their sole concern is the propagation of the species. Egg

laying over in a week or ten days, the females die.

The oval-shaped egg hatches in about a week or less and

the larva is ues forth. For various reasons, only a small

percentage of the total number of eggs survives as larvae.

The newly hatched grub are very mall and frail, and

readily succumb to adver e conditions, which accounts for

the heavy mortality among them. Wherever hatched, the

larva's fir t effort i to reach the surface of the ground,

7

either by crawling down the trunk or by suspending itself from a silken thread which it spins for the purpose. Having reached the ground it at once begins its entry into the tree. If all things are favorable, the larva works its way beneath the bark within a short time. Thenceforth, during the larval stage, the channels are enlarged and extended, followed by large jelly-like exudations from the tree, mixed with frass. The jelly-like mass around the trunk at 'the surface of the ground is a characteristic mark of infestation. On contact with the air it hardens to a gummy consistency. Quite a large percentage of the larvae does not at once effect an entrance, but remain upon the outer bark, covered by the gummy excretion, until late fall. While so situated they are comparatively easy of removal. This, also, is an important fact.
The larva, once under cover, continues to feed on the ap-wood and bark until winter. It lies dormant and inactive during the coldest winter weather, but renews active feeding very early in the pring. There is great variation in the size and development of the larvae during the spring and summer, due partly to the difference in age, and partly to the fact that ome had easy, quick entrance to the tree while that of others was slow and difficult. A small percentage never enters the tree at all, but establish themselves at the base of the tree in chamber made of gum, dirt and castings (see Plate IV, fig. 1) and feed on the bark from the outside.
Practically the whole life of the peach borer is passed in the larval stage. The great majority completes this stage during the month of August and the first week of September, leaves the channels and constructs cocoons at or near the base of the tree.
The pupa stage last about four weeks, though there i a slight variation both ways. With the exception noted above, pupation occurs in August and September-mostly in August. By removing the top soil from the base of infested trees during the latter month, one may readily find the cocoons. As an illustration, the author took seven, on Augu t 31, 1915, from around the base of a two-year plum tree in an abandoned section of a nursery. The bark of this tree below the ground had been completely eaten away by the larvae, and the tree was in a dying condition.
At the end o:fi pupal period the pupa works its way through the end of the cocoon, breaks its skin and emerges, a winged moth.
Thus, out of the year required to complete the insect's full life cycle, more than ten months are lived as a larva.
8

Control.
From the foregoing it will be seen that no appreciable good results are to be had from washing the trunk with any of the numerous so-called protective compounds that have been, and are (even yet) u ed with the object either of preventing egg-laying or the entrance of the borer into the tree. Neither re ult is attained. Likewise, the a.plication of some of the stronger of these preparations i liable to injure or kill the tree it elf, while not strong enough to affect in the least the borer under bark or gum.
ncovering the crown and main roots during the wintel to expose the hibernating larvae to freezing temperatures is equally to no purpo e so far as the borer is concerned, but may winter-kill the trees 0 . exposed. Wrapping the trees with paper also has a questionable value from an economical standpoint.
Experience has demonstrated that uccessful control IS to be realized only by mechanical means-(l) mounding and (2) worming. Both these measures are co-ordinating, and their succe sful practice is absolutely dependent upon their being done at the right time.
It has been shown that nearly all the larvae pupate in August and emerge as moths in September, at once laying egg from which the next generation of worms is hatched. It follows, then, that mounding up the trees to a height of ten or twelve inches, from August 10th-20th, accompli hes a double purpose. The first result is the prevention of the e cape of a large number of the pupae from the earth. The second is that the moths that do ucceed in working their way from the bottom of the mound and escaping, are forced to lay their eggs higher upon the tree. In turn, the larvae that hatch from these egg are forced to enter the tree at the top of the mound instead of at the ground level or below, as they would in the absence of the mound. After all egg are laid and hatched, which is early in October, the mound should be removed, and the trees craped and wormed. The leveling of the mound leaves the young larvae high upon the trunk, where they are accessible, instead of around the crown and roots, where it is difficult to locate and remove them. The latter part of October finds mo t of the worm on the out ide of the tree, under gum and other protection, whence they are easily removed by scraping
9

with a worming hook, such as is illustrated in the accompanying figure.
The worming of the trees, if done at the right time (the latter part of October) is in reality more of a scraping process. Some few larvae may have worked under
the outer bark, nece sitating removal with the point of the hook. Mo t of them, however, are very small at that time and can be scraped off without injury to the tree. Spring worming, while better than none, is, for obviou reason, the wrong time to do the work. The worms have fed and fattened within the tree all fall and spring, and their removal or destruc tion with knife, wire or hook is inevitably hurtful' to the tree. Little actual cutting or mutilation of the tree is necessary if worming is done in the fall.
Tree Protectors.
A patented device* for the protection of peach trees from borers is pictured on Plate III. It consi ts of a heavy circular piece of tarred building paper cut in several izes to accommodate trees of various trunk diameters. The protector is placed about the base of the tree on a little conical mount of dirt, and sealed about the trunk and along the line of the overlapping edges with a heavy tar preparation. This device has a minimum effective life e timated at three years. The Department is testing its merits, but owing to the fact that the te t has been operative only one season, result are inconclusive. It gives fair promise, however, of insuring prevention of borer infestation to a degree hitherto unattained. Apparently it is superior to, and perhaps cheaper, than mounding alone, or mounding and wrapping.
Recommendations.
Between the tenth and twentieth of August mound the trees ten or twelve inches high. Use a shovel, throw-
cott Tree Protector Co., Baltimore. Md.
10

ing the dirt to the trees in a cone-shaped mound with a broad base. Pack the dirt down with the shovel. Do not make the mound carele sly or too hurriedly. If properly made, the mounds will prevent the escape of all but a few of the moths.
The latter part of October level off the mounds, following immediately with the scraping and worming of the tree crape the trunk clean of gum and dead bark, being certain to throw all the gum several feet away from the tree. If this operation is carefully carried out, a econd worming in the pring will be saved.
These two essential things should be done thoroughly, and on schedule time.
THE SAN JOSE (pronounced San-Ho-zay) SCALE.
(Aspidiotus pe1'niciosus, Comstock.)
The literature of economic entomology has made this important and destructive insect the theme of comprehensive, almost exhaustive, description and discussion. Fully ninety per cent. of our commercial fruit growers are personally acquainted both with the insect itself and its history, and to them it needs no formal introduction. Only a few ections of the entire State are free of its pre ence and influence, and the e few are becoming annually fewer and fewer. Like the poor, it is always and everywhere with us.
Until recent years San Jo e cale was the most pernicious in ect pest with which the growers of deciduous fruits had to contend. Many of the growers came to believe that an orchard, once infested with it, was beyond salvage. This attitude and belief were the outcome of inadequate means of control, particularly in praying equipment. With the arrival of more efficient insecticides and the perfection of mechanical means of applying them, scale has been brought under easy subjugation, and is now relatively of less importance.
History.
As is generally known, San Jose scale is an imported introduction from the Orient. The records disclose the fact that its entrance to our country was made through the medium of infested nursery stock, shipped into California, about thirty or forty years ago, from China. Ac-
11

cording to authentic information, the first official knowledge of its presence was gained through the devastating spread of the introduced pest among the fruit trees at San Jose, California. From this fact the insect derived its common name, San Jose cale, which oft-mispronounced and non-de criptive title it bears to this day. From California the scale sub equently spread to every state in the Union.
atural Enemies.
Following the establishment of the scale in the United States, agents of the United States Bureau of Entomology made a thorough study of it in its native habitat. There they found that it was kept under control by a predacious ladybird beetle (Chilocorus similis), a very cIo ely related ~pecies of our own twice-stabbed ladybird (bivulnerus sp). Acting on this infO! mation, the Government made prompt efforts to introduce this natural enemy of the scale into this country on the theory and with the hope that it would readily acclimatize it elf, become a naturalized citizen, and resume its ceaseless and effective warfare upon the ancient enemy that had preceded it to our shores. These worthy efforts resulted in failure. The ladybird was not sufficiently hardy or adaptable to survive the rigors of our variegated climate, 0 that now we have the evil without its attendant natural antidote. We were then compelled to re ort to artificial means of controlling the insect, and the e were uccessfully evolved only in the fullness of time and after pain taking study and experimentation, marked by many failures.
In addition to the common twice- tabbed ladybird, which preys upon the scale in Georgia, but which is not sufficiently numerous to accomplish a noticeable repression, we have two fungi which are fairly well distributed, one of which, under certain favorable conditions, is partially effective. These are the red-headed fungus ( phaero tilbe coccophila) , and the black fungu (My?iangium du?iaei). This Department experimented a number of year ago on the artificial inoculation of cale-infe ted peach orchards with the spores of the red-headed fungu , and succeeded, in orne instance , in para itising a small percentage of the scales on the treated trees. This fungus, however, proved so weakly reproductive that the infestations were materially unchecked. The black fungus is much more generally scattered over the State. It is commonly found in neglected orchards where spraying is not practiced, reproduce itself freely and, in the presence of a sufficient
12

upply of it host, has occa ionally been observed almost to rid the infested tree of cale.
The growth, reproduction and spread of these two fungi are so greatly dependent upon certain known conditions of climate and moisture, as to make them of little or no value where such conditions do not obtain. Our Georgia climate is so hot and dry during a greater part of the year that, lacking the requisite quantities of rainfall and humidity, they survive with difficulty and are in no wise dependable to control an Joe scale.
ot 0 many years ago inoculations of the black fungus were sold to a number of credulous peach orchardists at different places in the tate. The eloquent salesman peruaded these orchardists that cheap and permanent emancipation from the lavery of spraying could be obtained only by buying and applying their panacea. Needless to say, these growers paid through the nose for their faith, not only in the purchase price of! the material, but also in the resultant multiplication of scale and scale injury.
in the first place, the life of any fungus parasite is predicated on availability and abundance of it food supply, in the in tance under discus ion, scale insect. The reproduction of even a small initial colony of scale i oftentime o rapid, and the re ultant inj ury so quick and deadly that, before the fungus can become established, under the advel' e conditions prevailing in our peach belt, the tree is either killed or greatly injured.
In the second place, these beneficial fungi are subject to destruction by spraying, just as are injurious fungi (brown rot and scab, for instances). U we wish to foster our cale-de troying fungi we must, perforce, abandon all spraying of our trees with fungicides. Any orchardist having even a rudimentary knowledge of the production of edible or merchantable peaches knows this can not be done. 0 that we mu t relinqui h all hope of the beneficent and gratuitous aid of in ects and fungi in controlling
an Jose scale, and turn to other and dependa'ble methods.
Descriptive and Life History.
For tho e having no knowledge of the appearance or life cycle of the scale, they will be briefly described.
Plate IV, fig. 4, illustrates the half-grown stage in which the insect passes the winter. Most of the old scales are killed during the winter month , the younger ones surviving, and the e latter are clearly illustrated on the peach twigs shown in the cut. They are about 1-32 of an inch in diameter, black in color, and crowned at the apex by a nipple. These
13

scales enlarge and mature in the early spring, the male insects emerging as a very small winged fly. In about three weeks after impregnation the females begin to bring forth young. The insect is viviparous, that is, it reproduces without the egg stage common to most all other insects. It requires about three weeks for the female to complete this function, which involves the birth of several hundred young scales. At the end of this period she dies. There are five or six generations a year in this State.
The young are provided with legs, and the first hours of their lives are devoted to crawling about over the limbs and twigs seeking a suitable place to locate. This found, they insert a long hair-like sucking tube into the host, and settle down (except in the ca e of the males) permanently. A scale covering then begins to form over them, at first white and later grey or black. It is in the crawling stage that they are carried about locally from tree to tree and place to place. Birds alighting momentarily on limbs infested with crawling young frequently carry off the latter on feet or legs to their next stopping place, which may be far distant, ~nd there deposit them This is only one agent of the many that are responsiblQ for the spread of scale.
The increase in the number of scales on an infested tree in a single season, when unchecked by artificial means, environment or natural conditions, is imply amazing. One favorable eason is enough to over-run and destroy young trees that were only lightly infested at the opening of the breeding season. Yet, at the same time, it is an insect that succumbs easily to control measures.
Typical Injury Produced by the Scale.
To anyone not familiar with the appearance of the scale and the injury it produces, a minor infestation is likely to go unobserved. But to the most unobservant and unfamiliar, the characteristic a h-colored encru tation of a heavy infestation is unmistakable. When reproduction is active during the summer, the young also can readily be seen by the unaided eye as they crawl about-slow moving points of yellow-on limbs and twigs and leaves.
As has been explained, San Jose scale is a sucking insect, remaining permanently in one position (except as noted) all its life. It sucks the juice from the bark by means of a minutely fine hair-like probo cis. The immediate effect of this operation upon the bark and sap wood is to produce a reddish-purple discoloration which affects, even
14

in the case of a single feeding insect, the bark and sap wood for a considerable area around the point of incision and down to the wood itself. This is accompanied or followed by a depression or indenture of the bark just under the insect, and secondarily by a swelling of the bark around the depressed area, producing a pitted effect. The swelling is apparently an effort, on the part of the tree, to overcome the abnormal condition at that point. Both the discoloration and the swelling are strongly indicative of a chemical reaction between the sap cells and a poisonous secretion of unknown composition injected by the insects into the incision when feeding. This secretion-if present-is probably for the better assimilation and digestion of the plant juices, and doubtless is comparable to that injected into a person or animal by a feeding mosquito in order to make its food assimilable. The reaction in the latter case is well known to be caused by a poison. The commonly accepted belief that the San Jose scale saps a tree to death by depriving its host of its juices is not sufficient to account for the discoloration and swelling mentioned above. The mere mechanical abstraction of the sap by a pumping or sucking action on such a minute scale is not sufficient to account for the phenomena that follow upon even a single isolated feeding operation. The theory that the writer advocates is that the host succumbs more to the effects of toxins set up in the sap supply rather than from impaired physiological functions caused solely by the loss of such small amounts of sap as are required to sustain the life of the scale insects.
Control.
After a long period of experimentation with many compounds of many natures, the concentrated lime-sulphur solution has been accepted as the best "all-'round" treatment for San Jose scale. Because of its caustic nature this can be applied in a highly concentrated form only in the dormant season, when the trees are bare of leaves. Sometimes, in exceptional cases, it is found necessary to apply measures to check multiplication of scale during the summer, but such measures should never include concentrated. lime-sulphur spray. Even in weakly dilute proportions it is deadly to peach foliage.
P1'epa'red Liquid Lime-Sulphur. Lime-sulphur combinations are the best treatments to use because they are effective, when thoroughly applied at the right strength, in reducing scale infestation to negligible quantities, and
15

because other and almost equally important benefits accrue incidentally or directly. The compounds are highly efficient fungicides, and they either minimize or entirely destroy fungi of various kinds that live upon the tree itself during the winter months. The subject of lime-sulphur sprays is treated more fully in another section of the bulletin.
oluble Sulphu1' P1epamtions. In the last few years a number of powdered sulphur compounds have been manufactured and placed upon the market by various insecticide companies. The principal arguments .for their adoption by the public were ba ed on economy. It is obvious that a powdered preparation which would compare favorably in price with the commercially prepared liquid solutions, tenns of efficiency being equal, would ave the grower much money in freight and hauling. With a view to determining the relative efficiency of soluble sulphur and liquid lime-sulphur preparations against San Jose scale, the writer tested four brands of the former alongside of a standard make of the latter in L. H. Gibbs' apple orchard, at Cornelia, in ~rch and early April, 1915. The result are briefly set forth in Table 1.

TABLE I. Condensed Results of Soluble Sulphur Experiments.

NamE' of ;\IanufachIrers.
Thomsen Chemical Co.
fodoc hemical Co.
Xiagal'a Sprayer Co.
herwinWilliams Co.
Thorn. en Chemical Co.

Trade name
of. and test plat no. of
material.

Ibs. to 50 gals. ,Yater.

.. 1
"R. T.

16.

2

"Spra

10.

Sulphur"

3 oluble ulphur

12 .'

4 .01uble Sulphul'
-
Prepared LimeSulphur
6 Check

12'h.
1 gal. L.to 9 gals. water.

~- ...........
\\"I1('n spr'ay d.

RE LTS

March 3 Mal'"h 3
and 2~. :\larch 4 ~arch 4
and 23. ;'.larch 23
April 2 March 3 March 3
and 23. March 3 Marrh 3
anr1 2~.

Excellent. :\'1alerial adheres well.
Very good, a rew li\ing scales.
YeJ'Y poor. no appar-
I ent benefit. Scale unde, good control.
Living scale scarte. trees rather ligh t1)
I i n f est e d when sprayed. Scale appears almost entirely )<i1led out.
Ve " y p 0 0 1'. scale breeding freely.
i\1 uch better than single spraying.
Good control. one tree slightly infested.
Very good. living. scale difficult to find.

Heavy infestation.

16

The orchard wa::; laid off into six plat, five of which were sprfA-yed and the sixth left unsprayed as a check. OnehaIr of each sprayed plat was given a single treatment and the other half a double treatment. The first application wa made under high and uniform pressure with a power sprayer, and the second application, owing to a breakdown of the power outfit, was made with a barrel pump. The mixing of the material was careful and exact, and the actual application to the trees was as thorough as it is possible to do such work. The brief data on the reo
ults, a given in Table I, were obtained from examination of the plats at intervals during the summer after urviving cales began to breed. From these data it will be seen that two of the oluble sulphur compounds gave a credit able account of themselves while the single treatment with the other two was practically worthless.
Further experiments with these (and perhap other) powdered preparations are planned, but before they are made the results as et forth must be considered inconclusive.
Analyse of the four sample products are given in Table II. Without going into the detail of their chemical composition, it may merely be "'aid that orne of the compoundR in each of them are chemically of no value as contact inecticides. Other compounds are imilarly of no merit because of their in olubility, though they erve to good purpose through their adhesive properties-in holding the pray material to the trees. All of them contain less soluble sulphides (the active compounds) in their dry state and more inert matter than the prepared lime-sulphur concentrate.

TABLfZ II. Average Analyses of the Four Soluble Sulphurs.

I: Harlum' \IlJiysul-

J.

,)hides

48.210/r

Sodium

polysul-

I2.

phides

r,3.70o/,

odium

polysul-

".

phides

41.99%

InsolUble

(Lime and

4.

ulphur)

'-7.00,*

I I Barium thio-
I sulphate 11.63%
I Sodium
I tblosulphate 11.07'*
I odium I thio ulI phate I 41.45%
I I Total ulphur I In .olution I 17.00%

Free ,",ulphur
28.36%
I, Sodium I sulphate I 0.44,* 'Calcium in Isolutlon as UndeterIsulpho-cal- mined Icium compd~ 4. 2% I r,.43%

. [ois-
I ture
14.24%
I
II )[ois5t.u1r6e%
I I Mois- .
I ture
I 4% I I )[olsI ture I 1.75%

17

Recommendations.
Badly infe ted tree hould be prayed twice with limesulphur-once in the fall and again in the spring just before the bloom buds open. The dilution of the spray should depend upon the strength of the concentrate as determined by hydrometer readings ( ee page 37). Where there is only a light infe tation. one thorough praying is sufficient.
Spray th01'oughly, leaving no twig or limb uncovered later to re-infe t the tree, using high pressure and a nozble throwing a medium fine spray.
The formula and method of preparation for the homemade lime- ulphur concentrate will be found on page 37.
THE PLUM CURCULIO.
(Conot1'achelus nenuphar, Herb t.)
The larva of thi beetle is the most widely distributed and de tructive, the best known and superlatively execrated insect enemy of peaches. The wormy peach has no friends among producers or consumers. The adult beetle, on the contrary, i little known, even among closely observant peach growers, for it is of shy and retiring nature and i active mainly at night.
The curculio is not exclu ive as to diet. In Georgia, the neach i its favorite medium of reproduction, but that is both because peaches are more abundant than other fruits, a well a the natural selection of the insect for the perpetuation of species. Other fruit crops, principally plums, are also curtailed in output and value by this pest.
Life Hi tory.
The Adult. The full-grown in ect i pictured on Plate V. Two characteristics which are shown in the picture are the roughly ridged back and the long snout, the latter fully one-third of the length of the body. The backgtound color is dark grey or black, relieved by yellow and white markings. The beetles feign death when harply disturbed, and drop from the tree. In this little game of bluff the legs and proboscis are clo ely drawn up under the body and, what with the rough exterior and protective coloring, the in ect might easily be mistaken for a mall piece of dead bark or a dried bud.
The curculio hibernates during the winter as the adult heetle in protected place surrounding orchards. Rubbish and litter. hedge- and fence-row are among it favorite winter resort .
1

The beetles rouse from their winter torpor about the time peaches are in bloom, and emerge from their hiding place , feeding on the budding blooms and foliage until the fruit appears. Mating follows quickly upon their spring emergence from hibernation, and the female is fertilized and ready for egg-laying even before the peaches are uncovered from the shuck.
The Egg. The mother beetle prepares a nest for the reception of the egg by eating out a ca vity in the peach. In this he carefully inserts the egg, and solicitou ly packs
it about with peach pulp. As a finishing touch, a crescent-shaped mark is cut above the egg. This is not alway a part of the operation, but it appear in the majority of ca es-enough to call it a distingui hing characteri tic.
The beetle is a very prolific egg-layer, its average production being above two hundred. The deposition of eggs lasts practically all summer. It i fallacy to believe that all the eggs are laid early in the summer. Peaches will J.)e found infested with worm from newly hatched eggs at any time from the shedding of the shuck up until harvest. Thi fact ha an important bearing on the matter of spraying, and i provided for in the recommendation for the control of this insect. (See page 25.)
The egg hatches in about five day and from it come forth the tiny worm or grub.
The Lan:a 01' "Wmm." This phase of the insect's metamorpho i need no description. It i well known for what it i and doe. But when the worm is grown, which, in most case, i after about three weeks from the egg, it eat it way from the peach and works its way into the soil to pupate. By the time the worm is ready for pupation the infested peach i usually upon the ground, 0 that the journey from the one to the other i a short one, and brief.
early all the larvae pupate at a depth of less than three inche .
Th Pupa. Having tunneled beneath the ground, the worm make for itself a pupal chamber by thrusting a ide and packing the soil. In thi chamber it slowly changes to the pupa, which stage lasts about three week. At the cIo e of this period, when the transformation is complete,
the pupal skin is ruptured and a: new winged beetle i
born. If the soil is loose and moist, the beetle at once work hi way to the urface of the ground; if it is hard and baked, the appearance of the beetle is delayea untIl rains soften it. The remainder of the summer i spent in feeding on leaves and available fruit. but there i no egglaying by the new brood until the following pring.
19

How May Wormy Peaches Best Be Prevented?
We have seen that worm-infested peaches are to be found at all stages of the growth and development of the fruit from bloom to maturity. They are especially plentiful at harvest, and many a peach shipper who flattered himself that his crop was wormless has been disappointed to find a slice of his profits disappeal( at the packing houses In a big pile of unsalable, wormy culls. How can this los be prevented?
Clean cultivation during the summer months is partially a solution of the problem. Plowing lightly or harrowing beneath the trees until just before the crop is gathered will insure the destruction of large numbers of the pupae that are within easy reach of plow-share or harrow.
Spraying with arsenate of lead is the other-and bestpreventive. It is the standardized, accepted one. But there is a great lack of uniformity of results attained with it. Some growers u e it succes fully every year, while others complain that it is not dependable, charging their lack of good results to the lead itself. The failure of the latter class is really attributable to one of two causes: (1) they do not apply it at the right time or in the right way, or (2) not often enough.
Mo t growers, in spraying later-maturing varieties of peaches three times for control of curculio and brown rot, include arsenate of lead 1ll the first two applications and omit it from the third. This omi ion is the cause of many failures to forestall curculio infestation.
The writer has made repeated tests for the determination of the relative value of three application of lead a against two applications, invariably re ulting in better curculio control with the former. An'lther direct benefit i better protection from brown rot, for it is an axiom that the fewer curculio the Ie s rot. Table III give the results in curculio and brown rot control obtained in one experiment from three treatments including arsenate of lead on Elbertas, as opposed to two treatments with, and one without. ote the poor curculio control re ulting in plat which received only one application of lead.
20

TABLE III. Results of 3 Combination Sprayings,

IoF,PIRR S\Ty. \ '~EPCRO\:Y<D

I,,\(j

I"l"G

.\r\;enat( and Self
ookE'd Lim~ Sulphur
ATsenate and Self Cooked
Limeu1llh.E!.- _

3 ~~:I~l:~~' Lime

Self. ooked Lime Ull)hur

ani as ecoml

I I RONrIo".El) I "'I: FENfo:,.T ED SONL"o:'.I:I)
P~.\ HE I~I~.\ liE PE.\ HI::

I I PEENRT

PEEXRT

PEENRT

Rorn:D INFESTED OUND

--- ---------------

18

55 2938 0.59 1.82 97.59

31 135 1649 1. 70 7.43 90.85
23 ~ 12981~39 19.94 178.66

4 ~I~:a)ed

~Ol pra)("d

;';01
prare.Jf

318

I 1124 3862 6.

21.19 72.81

The data in the above table were obtained by opening and classifying all the peaches from a number of repreentative trees in each plat.

The figure are an actual count and classification of all drop and windfalls, as well a of the picked fruit. They'accurately how the average greater compen ation insured

by the additon of lead to the last ummer praying.

The argument may be advanced that it is un afe to use lead in the last spraying because of the po sible presence

of orne of the poison on the mature peaches, thus rendering them unsafe to eat. If the la t spr...ying i applied four week before the ripening period, it is only a possibility that more than exceedingly minute quantities remain,

and the probability is that it i not pre ent at all. The pos-

sibility i so remote it is not worthy of consideration. Be-

sides, very few have a taste for peach peelings. On the other

hand, there are certain and real benefits accruing, both in

the quality and quantity of salable fruit, from three treat-

ment with arsenate of lead.

'

Spray Schedule.

praying measures for control of curculio are so ineparably linked with those for brown rot that they can not be considered apart, hence the reader is referred to the pray chedules for brown rot, on page 25.

21

BROW ROT.
clerotina fructigena, Schrot)
Until recent years this disease wa the most destructive and baffling malady of any with which our peach growers had to grapple. Lacking an effective preventive, it wa of annual recurrence, occasioning large losses. Many growers were so demoralized by their inability successfully to cope with it that they abandoned peach growing entirely. Even the stoutest hearted were greatly discouraged when,' in years favorable to the disease, one-half or more of the crop was claimed by it before or during the ripening period.
But with the coming of the self-boiled lime-sulphur compound, which discovery was and is of incalculable value, their despair vanished. Instead of trusting with small faith to Providence, which too often was fickle, they now have the assurance that goes with the certainty of clo e to 100 per cent. prevention, regardIe s of weather conditions.
Description of and Factor Favoring Brown Rot.
Brown rot is a fungus disease which attacks blossoms, twigs and fruit, taking its heaviest toll of the fruit at or near maturity. Under especially favorable condition of temperature and moisture, the bIos oms and twig may be attacked, resulting in the death of the disea ed bIos oms and the infection of the twigs. Later the young peaches may in turn become infected, under timulating natural condition, by the pores that are borne on diseased blossom and twig. The terminal twigs are frequently killed outright early in the season by infections entering via the blossoms (See Plate VI, fig. 1.) Infection originating both from diseased-killed blossoms and peache are frequently ob erved to extend back into twigs, causing brown canker which may (and often do) girdle the twig, th~ distal part of which, of course, dies. The most serious outbreak of the disease, however, occurs just before or at the ripening period.
The fir t symptom of the disease on the peach is a very mall brown pot. The mycelium of this minute initial infection grows rapidly in the flesh of the fruit, producing the typical brown, soft decay. A healthy peach inoculated from a rotting peach will develop a round rotten area as large as a ilver quarter within twenty-foul' hour , so rapid is it progress'. The pores, or seeds, begin to appear by or before the time the rotted spot is as large a a 5-cent piece. Finally the whole peach is rotted, omewhat hrunken, and
22

covered with the grey powdery spores (see front cover). early all the rotted peaches fall to the ground. Some.
however, remain on the tree where they shrivel up, making mummies. As such they are veritable seed beds of infection for the fruit of the succeeding year. Rotted peaches upon the ground also produce spores, and, if left undisturbed, produce apothecia the second eason. The cuplike apothecium (Plate VI, fig. 2) develops at the end of a long stem which grows from the mummied peach. It j~ the perfect fruiting form of the fungus. This form also liberates great quantities of spores about the time the trees are in bloom.
The highly contagious nature of the disease is due to the prodigality with which the spore masses are produced and the numerous agencies through which they are disseminated. They are washed off by rains to healthy fruits, or carried by winds or numerous species of insects that are always actively present. In this way the disease is transmitted. If nothing has been done to prevent the development and spread of the disease, a few rotting peaches may, in favorable easons, produce an epidemic.
Several agencies aid in the propagation and carriage of brown rot. It develops in proportion as there are moisture and heat. Muggy or showery weather is favorable, both kinds favoring the germination of the disease seeds. Rains also carry the spore about on the trees, thus facilitating the spread of the plague.
The most active accessory to infection is punctures made in the peaches by feeding or egg-laying insects. The curculio is the greatest offender in this respect. The spores, lodging in these punctures, find ideal conditions for germination. The relationship between curculio and brown rot i close and inseparable. The amount of brown rot of fruit in any given orchard is directly proportionate to curculio activities therein.
Brown rot controL therefore, is materially dependent upon curculio control. Any spraying schedule directed against the one, should also include measures against the other.
Prevention.
Self-Cooked Lime-Sulphu1'. Brown rot is readily prevented by spraying. Owing to its delicate organic nature and its super-sensibility to spray injury, peach foliage cannot safely be sprayed with the strong fungicides such as Bordeaux mixture or concentrated lime-sulphur solu-
23
;

tion. Even when heavily diluted they cause shot-holing of the leaves and more or less-genera ly more-defoliation.
The self-cooked lime-sulphur compound, howe er, if properly made, yields almost perfect brown rot control, without appreciable shot-holing or loss of leaves. Table III. on page 21 affords unan werable testimony a to it efficiency. In addition to its splendid properties as a con trol for brown rot and scab, the compound (in combina; tion with arsenate of lead) imparts a high color to the fruit, materially enhancing its beauty and market value.
It is most essential, in the preparation of self-cooked lime-sulphur, to use only a good grade of fresh, 'Whole lump lime. Partially slaked lime will not make a good mixture. The supply of lime hould be bought fresh at each praying, and only the whole, unslaked lumps u ed. Gl'ound brim tone makes as good a mixture as the more refined grades of sulphur, and is considerably cheaper, therefore preferable.
P1'01J1'ietan} Prepamtions. Beside elf-cooked lime-sulphur, there are certain prepared mixtures which have been used in Georgia with varying degree of succe s. otable among these i "atomic" ulphur, which, costing no more than lime-sulphur, i a dependable remedy and an excellent coloring agent. This material should not be used, however, without the addition of lime-three pounds to each fifty gallons of water. If the lime is not added burning and partial defoliation are certain to follow. As an example of thi , Plate XIII shows an Elberta tree of normal vigor, one of a plat prayed twice with four pound of atomic ulphur (the manufacturer recommend five) to fifty gallons of water, without lime. Defoliation here was
ufficiently advanced to retard the fuB growth of the fruit, Although brilliantly colored at maturity, the peaches were under ized. So much defoliation is bad for the tree, and i liable to reduce in number and vitality the next year' crop of fruit buds.
The Use of Arsenate of Lead. The writer has repeatedly tested the relative worth of summer sprays with and without arsenate of lead. These experiment have extended over a number of year, and have included all practical combinations of summer sprays with lead arsenate. The detailed data of this work will not be given, owing to lack of space. The definite conclu ion has been reached, however, and is supported by accurate figures, that best re ults are to be had by the addition of lead to each of the summer prayings. There is distinctly less foliage injury
24

PLATE I
The Peach Tree Borer and its Work in Trunk and !\'lain Roots.

PLATE II
-..IcI:I

PLATE III
Tree Protector and Method of Affixing to Tree.

PLATE IV

Fig. 1. Borer
Larva a Housed for Outside Feeding. (in 8itu)

Fig. 2. Cocoon and Pupal Ca e of Peach Tree Borer.

Fig. 3. The Adult Female Peach Tree Borer. (Afler milh.)

Fig. 4. a II J 0 s e Scale on
Peach Twig.

PLATE V
Fig. 1. Curculio Larvae in Ripe Fruit.

Fig. 2. The Curculio Beetle.
(After Q1IClil11allCe alld JemIe.)

- "\'(\\, \lN\VERS7fY~
LIBRARIES
OF GEQR()\t\

PLATE VI
Fig. 2. The Perfect Fruiting Form.of the Brown Rot Fungus (on mummled peach). Fig. 1. Blooms and Twigs Killed by Brown Rot.

PLATE VII

Fig. 1. Peach Limbs Mined by Shot-

Fig. 2. Crown Gall on Roots and

ole Bark Beetle.

Trunk of Young Peach Tree.

PLATE VIII
Scab on Peaches. (I ote how the fruit is cracked.)

Fig. 1. The Terrapin Scale. (After U. S. Div. Bill.)

1)
r
~ (TJ
x
Fig. 2. Peach Tree with Leaf Curl.

PLATE X
Peach Leaf Curl. (Natural Size.)

PLATE XI

PLATE XII
The Right Stage for the First Summer Spraying.

PLATE XIII

PLATE XIV
...
Q Co
uf..
4:-1
Q
U
..Sr.:.!::
.:0:1
.u=::
"Cl C 01 tlII
..'c=C
0..
.. .QI
Co Q
0..
tlII C
.-.:;
01
.-
III
.E
;::::;

PLATE XV

PLATE XIV

on the one hand, and better curculio and brown rot control on the other, where smaller amounts of lead are used in all three treatments of a three-sprayings chedule than where the first two sprayings include lead in greater amounts, with none in the third spraying.
A tandard, guaranteed grade of powdered ar enate of lead is more uniform in chemical composition, ea ier to handle and less liable to deterioration than the paste form. Being a powder, it is readily measured by volume in tead of by weight, and so fore taIls the mistakes in measurement that are so often made by careless spray-mixer. Much foliage injury is caused by drenching the trees. The material should be applied with a nozzle throwing a fine
pray, and the trees thoroughly, though lightly, covered.
pray chedule.
1st. pray ju t as the greater part of the shuck have plit loose from the young peaches, (See Plate XII) with three-quarter of a pound of dry arsenate of lead (11/2 pounds pa te) and three pound of lime to fifty gallon of water. Use a nozzle that give a fine pray, and cover the tree lightly, but thoroughly, under high pressure. Care hould be taken in this and in subsequent spraYl.ng to keep the spray solution well agitated.
2nd. Three week later pray with self-cooked limesulphur (or atomic ulphur as directed) and arsenate of
lead (112 lb. dry, or 1 lb. paste). Apply uniformly but
not heavily in a fine mist-like spray.
3rd. One month before the e timated ripening period pray with the arne material at the same formula usea In the second spraying. Use a coal' er nozzle and apply the material more heavily than in the first two treatments.
The above pray schedule is for Elbertas, Hileys, Georgia Belle , and other mid-season varieties. Two prayings are ufficient for those that mature earlier. Varietie ripening in September and October should have four summer sprayings instead of three, as recomn ended for Elberta, etc.
How to Make Self-Cooked Lime-Sulphur.
Lime and sulphur are used in equal proportions-eight pounds of each to fifty gallons of water. The mixture i more readily prepared in three- or four-barrel lots, a' follow:
Weigh out, say, 32 pounds of lime and 32 pounds sulphur. Place four or five gallons of water in a 50-gallon
25

lJarrel. Sift the sulphur into the barrel through a coarse sieve and mix it with the water. Next, add the lime (it should always be whole lump lime, free of rock), and stir continuously after it begin slaking, to break up lumps. Water should be added as required, a little at a time, to prevent burning, but not copiously enough to drown out the cooking. From five to ten gallons will graoually have to be added in this way. After the lime is slaked, immediately add enough cold water to stop any further cook~ng.
The above formula will make up 200 gallons of spray. The mixture should be carefully strained into the spray tank through a brass sieve of thirty meshes to the inch. Add arsenate of lead to the dilute mixture in the spray tank and not to the stock solution. Keep well agitated while spraying.
THE SHOTHOLE BORER BEETLE.
( colytus 1'ugulosus, Ratz.)
Peach trees, among other , are freely attacked, when in a receptive condition, by a small beetle of semi-scavenger propensities. These miniature borers give an infested tree the appearance of being the punctured object of a charge of bird hot, hence their popular and descriptive title, " hot-hole" borer. The marauder also operate under an alia a the fruit-tree bark beetle. The names are synonymous for an in ect culprit occupying a prominent plat:e In the entomological rogues' gallery. Its work is well, though very unfavorably, known to orchard owners, who are the ultimate victim of its mining activities.
The hole made by the entering and emerging adult beetles are about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. They are numerous on badly infested twigs and limbs (see Plate VII), heightening the shot-hole effect. Although the inect attacks plum and apple trees and perhaps other species, peach tree seem to be its favorite food and in them it breeds most abundantly.
One's attention is first attracted to an infe ted tree by an exudation of gum from the bark, or by the generally debilitated appearance of the foliage and tree. The gum is perhaps the first and mo t faithful clue to its presence.
It i a afe postulate, ubject to the usual exceptions which go to prove a thing a rule, that only weak or weakening trees are victimized. The attack i very largely, if
26

not entirely, secondary in nature. The primary cause of the infested tree's devitalized condition is not always apparent, but will be revealed if the investigation is pursued far and carefully enough. Many causes may be either directly responsible for or contributive to that degree of tree-sicknes which affords inviting conditions for the beetle' entrance. In orne in tance it is San Joe scale, but in most ca es the trouble is not so apparent. Protracted drought, soil impoverishment, acid soil, crown-gall, borers, or any and all conditions that furnish the initial decline in a tree's vigor and resistance are more often the causes. The writer ha rarely found healthy vigorou tree infe ted, and then only slightly. In such case the beetles were usually breeding prolifically in near-by trees or tree pruning.
De cription and Life History.
The adult beetle i quite mall, measuring Ie s than an eighth of an inch in l,ength. The color is a dull black, and the back is finely and closely indented in parallel rows. Beetle hibernate both as larvae and pupae beneath th~ bark, mature during the month of March, and, making their way out through the little, round hole which they make for the purpose, emerge a adults. When the females of thi over-wintering generation are ready to lay eggs, they eat their way back through the bark of a suitable tree, which mayor may not be the one in which they pa sed the winter. Here they con truct a brood chamber in the sap wood, varying from an inch or Ie s to two inches in length, and along the grain. In the ide of the brood chamber, which is of slightly larger diameter than her body, the female bores at right angles mall pockets iust large enough to contain a single egg. The egg depo itories lie closely ide by side and, in the pocket of a large chamber, clo e to a hundred egg may be placed. The egg hatch in several days and the small larvae work out from the chamber and across the sap wood. The deeper egg chamber and the lighter tracing made by the larvae are plainly etched on the wood of the bark. trioped limb pictured on Plate VII.
There are four distinct stages to the evolution of a single generation-egg, larva, pupa and adult. The egg tage la 18 about three days, the grub (larval) stage about three weeks, and another week as pupa. This totals approximately five weeks to each generation from egg to adult. There are several broods during the season, the larvae and
27

pupae of the last brood passing the winter as such under the bark. Thus, at any time of the year we may, by removing the bark of an infested tree, find both the gruo and the pupal stages. During the breeding season we may find all four stages, for the adult female and her eggs are also present.
As has been stated, the attacks of the shot-hole borer are confined almost exclusively to unhealthy trees. In weak trees they find the conditions that are most conducive to quick and prolific reproduction.
The effect of a general infestation of a tree that ha already suffered the loss' of vitality is to hasten and seal its fate. umberless larvae, cutting at right angles acros the flow of sap, make short, sure work of their host. In addition to this direct interference with the sap supply is the bleeding of the wounds, as evidenced by the heavy exudations of gum, caused by the entrance of the female in ante-egg-laying procedure.
Control.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that spraying is of no avail against the beetle. The only way to combat it with any degree of success is to cut out an~ burn all infested limbs or tree. No generally infested tree can possibly survive, and to leave it stand to mature its crop of beetles is to invite disaster to other trees.
Since any weak tree is a menace, inasmuch as it afford a favorable medium of reproduction for the beetles, endeavor to keep your trees growing thriftily. When there is no apparent cause for their lack of condition, examine the crown and roots. Look for peach tree borers. Borers are either directly or indIrectly the source of much peach tree mortality. Another fruitful source of infestation is tree prunings that lie about in the orchard or piled in heap adjoining them. The trimmings should be promptly burned.
Keep your trees fertilized and vigorous and, above all, free of peach tree borers and scale, and you will have no cause to fear or even to "view with alarm" the shot-hole beetle.
28

PEACH CROW -GALL.

This is the same disease that afflicts apple and plum trees and others. It is not so commonly found in orchards as formerly owing to the fact that planters are latterly more conversant with it, and have learned to reject nursery trees that are visibly diseased. It is universally present in varying amounts in all nurseries, entailing annually a material money loss to tree propagators. No honest nurseryman knowingly will allow an infected plant to go out to his patron , therefore the burdens falls heaviest on his shoulder , as every di ea ed tree is a total loss.

De cription.

There are two form of the disease called, re pectively

the hairy-root crown-gall and hard crown-gall. The lat-

ter, which is the commonest and most injurious type, is

illu trated on Plate VII. The pongy, suberized gall knot

are hown at the crown and on the main root and the trunk

p opel'. The chances of thi kind of a tree for long and

productive life are slender, for such decided gall develop-

ment upon a nul' ery tree means, in the majority of cases,

that the gall would develop along with the tree, in the

orchard, finally throttling it to death.

The other, the hairy-root type, i les common on peach

than upon apple trees. This form sometimes has a pro-

nounced gall-like growth also, but its most conspicuous

characteri tic is a dense mat of very fine root. Where

thi bu hy mass of fibrou roots i present there usually

i no healthy and well developed root system.

It may be authoritatively stated that neither type is

highly contagious in the orchard. The loss of trees in

orchard results almost entirely from infection that were

originally upon them when they were transplanted, and

not from the inoculation of healthy trees by diseased neigh-

bor. The purchaser should learn to know and to watch

for the ymptoms, and discard every nursery tree that

vi ibly how them.

.

Remedies.

There i no known means by which an advanced victim of the malady can be saved. An enveloping gall so impair the normal functions of the tree that growth practically ceases and the foliage becomes sickly and off-color.. When it is definitely determined that crown-gall is the cause
29

the tree should be removed, root and branch, and re et with a healthy one. In obedience to the watch-word" afety First," the precaution should be taken to throw out all the soil that surrounded the diseased roots and crown, and replant in new and uncontaminated top soil. A little intelligent examination of trees for planting purpo e i the "ounce of pre ention" to be practiced first and foremo t.
PEACH SCAB.
(CladospoTium caTpophilum, Thlim.)
Peach scab is a very common skin di ease of peache , particularly of late-maturing varieties. As a general thing, it can not be classed as seriously destructive, its principal and worst effect being to render the fruit unsightly and somewhat to lower its market value, while not absolutely destroying it. In bad attacks, however, as upon September and October varietie especially, under the impetus of favorable weather conditions and the absence of preventive measures, crops are rendered largely or wholly unsalable. Although some varieties are more resistant to infections than other , none is naturally immune. All however, are perfectly responsive to immunity baths administered in the form of a fungicide.
ymptoms and Cause.
The disease is cau ed by a fungus, Cladosporium cm'pophilum, which grows in the skin of the fruit. The flesh i not invaded and destroyed, as is the case with brown rot fungus. It appears as mall, round, smoky brown or black spots. (See Plate VIII.) For the most part, spots are found upon the exposed side of the fruit and are usually most numerous around the tern end. In virulent attacks the pots run together, the skin becoming black, tough and thickened, and this scabbed surface finally splits open, expo ing the fle h, as illustrated on Plate VIII, inviting the entrance of brown rot. These spots usually do not appear before the peach is fully half-grown, although infection takes place earlier. The extent and virulence of the malady are largely dependent upon the weather. As with brown rot, the fungus is favored by warm, rainy or cloudy weather in April, May and June.
The disease attacks the twigs, causing the developmem. of mall brown spot on them. It is upon the twigs that
30

the fungus lives during the winter, and from the mycelium of the e diseased spots spores are bred the followin~: spring, to be carried to young peache and to germinate there, in the pre'Jence of moi ture and warmth.
Prevention.
Peach cab is easily and urely preventable. It is almo t perfectly controlled by the arne fungicides and the arne pray chedule a those recommended on page 25 for brown rot and curculio (which see). It should be tre ed here, however, that the best control of scab is to be had only by observance of the time element in spraying. Infections tart about one month after the bloom falls. The second spraying therefore should be upon the fruit be!o?'e the first infection would naturally occur.
THE TERRAPI SCALE.
(Eulecanium nig?'o!asciatum, Pergande.)
Thi pecies of scale insect, while not nearly so numerou , and widely di tributed a San Jose scale, i , neverthele ,a pest to be reckoned with in localities where it ha e tablished a foot-hold. It is unrecorded a occurring in the northern section of the State, but certain localitie in middle and south Georgia have had evere and stubborn experiences with it from time to time. In the summer of 1915, a large peach orchard in Hancock county became 0 heavily infested a to threaten the welfare of the crop, necessitating immediate measures of control. It i likely, of course, to occur in any. ection at any time and, ina much as it difters rad:~ally from San Jo>:!e cale in many re peets and requires different means of control, it i deemed advisable to describe and illustrate the pecie~, with recommendations for combatting it.
Description and Life History.
The "terrapin," or "turtle-back" scale, is a soft scale. The winter tage, pictured on Plate IX, fig, 1, is a giant compared to San Jose. Ten or a dozen of them, laid side by ide and touching, would cover an inch. As will be ~en in the cut, the back is hemispherical in conformatIon, and somewhat ridged or currugated. Its general ap-
31

pearance at once suggests a turtle or terrapin, proving how happily chosen is its popular name. In color it is a mottleCl brown, with radiating black lines, and surmounted at the apex with a touch of orange-red.
The female hibernates in a partially mature stage of development, reaching maturity the followi:lg spring. Eggs are then deposited under the skin, thE: whole body literally converting itself into an egg mass, houE-=d by a dermal covering which was the skin of the mother. The hatching of the eggs occurs in late API il or early May, depending upon latitude and temperature, and the larvae crawl from beneath the scale to the lea es, where they temporarily affix thems.elves and begin to feed by sucking the sap. As larvae the insects are pale green in color, oval in outline and flat. After a temporary residence of four to eight weeks on the leaves, the semi-d~veloped females of this new brood are fertilized by the T!lales and return to the woody growth of the tree proper, where they continue to grow and develop until winter, reaching full maturity the next spring. This ability to remove themselves at will from one point to another, again differentiates the species from San Jose scale, which loses the power of locomotion after it once settles down and begins feeding.
Lecanium pe?-sicae. Another species of soft scale, Lecanium persicae, occasionally appears to an injurious extent in the middle and lower sections of the State. In appearance and life history it is closely similar to terrapin scale. and is controlled by the same means.
Typical Injury.
When present in large numbers the insects unquestionably damage the tree itself by retarding leaf and twig development. However, the greater injury is done to the fruit itself, not directly as a result of the feeding of the scales, but incidentally by the secretion in large quantities of honey-dew which films over the fruit, twigs and leaves, furnishing food for a parasitic soot-fungus. This fungus lives upon the honey-dew and blacken leaves and fruit, stultifying the growth and development of the tree, and rer.dering the fruit unsalable.
Control.
There are several predatory and parasitic insect that prey upon terrapin scale, but, from the standpoint of con-
32

trol, are of slight importance. As with an Jose cale, we must rely upon spraying.
Experiments have demon tl'ated that lime-sulphur is an impotent remedy. The scales literally seem to thrive upon a lime-sulphur diet. The soluble oil preparations, on the other hand, are highly effective and dependable. Of the proprietary soluble oils, Scalecide may be mentioned as among the be t. This material is a mixture of vegetable and mineral oil with naphthalene. Applied in the spring just befo1'e the buds open at a dilution of 1 to 15, it will de troy well over ninety per cent. of the infestation. Do not apply it in the fall when the trees have recently entered dormancy, but in the spring, just before they emerge therefrom. The use of oil preparations on peach trees is not to be recommended as a general thing, either in theory or practice. The possibility of injury to the trees from it, however, is minimized in the spring application, and its insecticidal value is greater.
PEACH LEAF CURL.
(Exoa GUs deformans, (B) Fuckel.)
evere vi itations of this di ease are of occasional occurrence in all peach orchards where preventive measures are not practiced. It does not appear annually, ometime not for several successive years, for its propagation and pread are dependent upon favorable conditions of temperature and moisture, factors which are not always present at the time trees are leafing out. When the spring i cold, with abundance of moisture, the disea e is likely to reach serious proportion. On the other hand, dry, sunhiny weather at that season effectually insures the bud ding leaves again t infection.
Characteri tic Appearance.
Every ob ervant peach grower knows this disease, if not by nam~ at least by ight. Frequently his sight i' aided by the lessons of experience-and between them he learn. The young leaf is attacked in the bud or just after emergence from the bud. and the symptoms are conspic~ou.. The leaf (Plate X) quickly becomes turgid foUow~ng mfection, and thickened along the mid-rib, causing It to pucker and twist into a distorted mass hardly re-
33

embling a leaf. It is then a pale yellow color, shot with red. When the whole leaf is finally involved and the assimilative functions cease, it falls to the ground. In thi way, in particularly severe cases, the tree is practically defoliated. New leaves are usually formed, however, but at the expense of the fruit, and oftentimes at the cost of the formatioD! of the next crop of fruit buds. As the disea e appears early in the pring and as all affected leaves eventually fall from the tree, the active damage is done before midsummer.
Cause.
Leaf curl is e sentially a foliage disease and is caused by a fungus, the mycelium of which grows within the leaf itself, ramifying throughout the whole tissue of the blade and producing spores, or seeds, on the outside ,Surfaces, generally the upper. The growth of the mycelium, which may be likened to the fine feeding roots of a plant, together with the production of the spores, causes the bloating and curling of the leaves described above. The spores, when ripe, give the stricken leaf a dusty appearance, and these innumerable seeds are distributed by various agencies. However, no new infections are produced until the following year, and perhaps not then if not favored by weather conditions. These spores find resting places upon the buds and bark of the tree, remaining there to germinate the following spring and to reproduce themselves after the manner of their kind.
Prevention.
Fortunately the malady has a sure prevention. Peach foliage can be immunized from attack by a single th01ough dormant season spraying. Any fungicide of merit, be it Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur, or of any other composition or name, will effectually qualify. It is only a matter of spraying thoroughly and at the right time. Whenever the control of San Joe scale i an item for consideration in spraying operations, the best remedy for peach leaf curl is lime-sulphur solution. Kill your two birds with one stone. Most authorities agree that the surest prevention of leaf curl demands that the treatment be applied within the last three or four week before the leaf bud unfold. This is not e sential to ucce ,however. Another imperative demand and infallible guarantee of success (which applies also to the scale problem) i thoroughness. All the buds,
34

twigs and limbs-the whole tree, in fact- hould be carefully covered. In this way the seeds of the disease will be destroyed and not a single leaf will be lost becau e of it.
If San Jose scale is present in the orchard apply limeulphur at the strength recommended on page 37. If not present, the curl itself is just as perfectly prevented by a weaker dilution, say 1 to 15 or 1 to 20, according to the strength of the concentrate as determined by a hydrometer reading. (Se page 37.) A 3-4-50 formula of Bordeaux mixture is also effective, but the lime-sulphur solution is preferable because of its insecticidal value.
THE EMATODE WORM.
(Hete1"ode'ra radicicola, (Greff.) Mul.)
The microscopic nematode worm, which attacks the roots of a large number and variety of plants, is commonly found upon and is very injurious to the peach. An infested tree is shown on Plate XI. The feeding of the nematodes cause the formation of the galls or root knots, thereby stunting the growth of the tree. In severe attacks the trees are killed outright.
ematode worms infest a number of cultivated plants and a few weeds. Among the former class commonly infested are cotton, watermelon, cucumber, cantaloupe, sugarcane, soy-bean, okra, cabbage, collards, potato, tomato, tobacco and cow-peas, except the Brabham, the Iron, and Iron hybrids.
The worms, once in the soil of a field, live there and multiply enormously, if supplied with quantities of any of their food plants. Therefore, one should avoid planting a peach orchard on cultivated land known to be infested, or owing usceptible cover-or shade-crops in an establi hed orchard. If peas are used as an orchard crop, none but the Brabham, or Iron, or Iron-hybrids should be planted. These varieties are entirely immune and many be grown without subjecting the trees to infestation.
oil infested with the worms cannot be freed of them except by a rotation of crops immune to attaCk.
LIME-SULPHUR CO CE TRATES.
For dormant season spraying against San Jose scale, etc., the use of the "old-fashion" home-made, lime-sulphur solu-
35

tion has been gen~rally, if not entirely, supplanted either by the commercially prepared lime-sulphur or the homemade concentrate. Outfits for the manufacture for the lat-
ter have lately been installed at several points in Georgia, and it seems probable , that the manufacture of the home-made article will become general. Equipment for preparing the solution is comparatively inexpensive, and the purchase price and cost of installation are soon absorbed by the difference between the cost of producing the concentrate at home and buying it readymade. From the standpoint of an investment, the small initial outlay for equipment yields handsome returns.
Lime-Sulphu1' Concent'rate Venus LimeSulphu1' Wash: The commercial lime-sulphur solution grew out of the wide-spread aversion, on the part of orchardists, to cooking the old compound, and the demand for an effective substitute that would eliminate the trouble of preparation and the delay and annoyance incidental to application. As the old compound carried large amounts of free lime and was often improperly strained, it caused constant trouble and delay in the field on account of clogged spray-nozzle, and in other ways.
In discussing home-made concentrate, therefore, it may properly be asked, "What is to be gained by going back to something that proved unsatisfactory and for which there is an acceptable substitute." The answer is that the old-lime-sulphur wash and the home-made concentrate are entirely different compounds, chemically and physically. The home-made concentrate, with the exception of some finely-divided, light residue, is a clear concoction. Containing no objectionable forms or amounts of solid matter, it is free-flow in and does not clog the nozzles. While the old wash had to be used :t renared, the concentrate can be kept inflefinitelv without deterioration. Whereas fifty gallons of the wash made by the old formula makes only fifty gallon of dilute spray, fifty gallons of the concentrate is equivalent to from 300 to 450 gallons when diluted according to density.
36

Compared to the commercial product for quality, the home-made concentrate is very variable in chemIcal composition and specific gravity, or density. Becau e of its (usually) lower specific gravity, less dilution i permis ible in order to in ure an effective praying strength. The pecific gravity of standard brands of prepared lime-sulphur solution is nearly a constant quantity-32 to 33 deg. The density of the home-made article ranges from 20 deg. or less, to 30 deg. or more, averaging about 26 deg. The fact that a home-made concentrate registering, say, 26 deg. i diluted to a given spraying strength .with 2%, gallons Ie s water than are rpquired for a density of 32 deg., means that there i les actual difference in cost between them than at first appears. There is, how~ver, a sub tantial money- aving in the home-made goods, with no 10 s in efficiency.
Dilution of Lime-Sulphur Concentrate. The density of lime- ulphur concentrate is so variable that its specific gravity should be determined before dilutIOn by means of a hydrometer, or specific gravity spindle. This instrument, which costs only 75 cents at druggist or supply hou e ,i illu trated in the cut appearing on preceding page. After drawing off a sample of the clear olution in a uitable vessel, the spindle is immersed therein. The reading is then taken at the surface in degree Baume. The dilution of the concentrate should be ba ed on thi reading, according to the scale in the following table:
TABLE IV.. Dilution for Winter Spraying with Lime Sulphur Concen, trate.

Hydrometer r ading (DeIn"e l' on Raum~
1'pindle)

No. ",allon water to 1 gallon
concentrate
(For San Jos~ scale)

9

8~

8 'h

8

7 7

v'h...

6 3f.

6 'h

Hydl'ometer r ading (Degrees on Ballm~
pindle)
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

'0. gallons wa-
t I' to 1 gallon COD entrate
(For . an Jos~ scale)

6

5~

5 ';4

5

4 4

'vh...

3~

3 'h

The readings do not determine the chemical composition of the olution, but merely indicate it weight. For all ~ractical purposes tl)ey are reliable guide for the dilution of the concentrate.
Materials and F01'mula f01' Making: The proportion of ulphur and lime in the solution are two to one-IOO
tatjon) Bull tin.
37

pounds sulphur and 50 pounds lime-eooked in 50 gallons water. To avoid having a large volume of sediment and to facilitate chemical union between the lime and the sulphur, only the best grade of lump lime (or hydrated lime) should be used. The efficiency of the solution is dependent upon the quality of the lime used, and the purchaser hould satisfy himself beforehand that the lime contains not less than 90 per cent. calcium oxide, and not more than five per cent. magnesium oxide. In addition to this guarantee, the lime should also be in lumps (not slaked), and free of grit and rock. If hydrated lime is used the formula would be: sulphur, 100 lbs.; hydrated lime, 67 lbs.; water, 50 gallons, as approximately onethird the weight of the hydrated lime is water. Ground limestone is worthless for making the concentrate.
Too much tress cannqt be laid on the necessity of using a lime that measures fully up to the above specification . Analyses of their products should be required of the producers.
Commercial ground sulphur answers the requirements as well as the refined grades, and is much cheaper. In bags, the commercial brimstone costs from $1.75 to $2.25 per hundred pounds.
Equipment: Since the formula calls for 50 gallons of water to make, a cooking vessel of about 75 gallon i~ necessary. A jacketed kettle can be had of supply house' for about $15.00, or a mall steam-boiler for $35.00 or $40.00. Or the outfits can be on a larger and more elaborate scale to meet requirements. The small steam-boiler equipment answers the purposes of ordinary usage. It can be easily and readily connected up by piping with two or more barrels at any convenient place, a single "batch," or cooking, being divided between two 50-gallon barrels. This type is light and easily portable.
Methods of Making: Place about ten gallons of water
in the cooking ves el and heat it. Then add the lump lime. and, when it begins to slake, add the ulphur, which should previously be sifted. Stir together while slaking ig in progress to break up the sulphur. Then dilute to 50 gallons and boil steadily not less than fifty minutes nor more than one hour. Add water as necessary to replace that
. which evaporates, always keeping 50 gallons in the vesse1. Storage: The concentrate may be kept indefinitely in tight barrels. If not at once used, it should be strained into air-tight barrels and kept tightly corked. It under-
38

goes chemical decompo ition if exposed to the air for any considerable period.
For the sake of convenience, the density of the clear concentrate of each barrel, as determined by the hydrometer, may be marked on the barrels as stored.
ACK OWLEDGME T . Thanks are hereby tendered to the several orchard owners who, by their interest and co-operation, have aided the Department through the appropriation of orchards for experimental purposes, and been of material assistance in the contribution of labor, teams, etc. Also to the Thomsen Chemical Co., the Corona Chemical Co. and the Scott Tree Protector Co. for material. Acknowledgments are also made to Mr. Reynolds Clark, of the tate Department of Chemi try, for analyses.
39

CARE A D MA AGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS.
By R. C. Berckmans, Pre . State Horticultural ociety.
There seem to be no definite record of the introduction of the peach into America. The paniards are said to have planted them at St. Augu tine about 1565, and the growing of peache has increa ed ever since, and today Georgia is credited with being one of the largest peach growing tates in the Union. Large amounts of capital are invested in commercial peach growing, which has proven most profitable where conducted along intelligent and cientific lines.
Location and Site.
The location of an orchard should be carefully considered from the following points: Transportation facilitie , markets, climatic conditions, or in other words its local geography. The site relate to soil, lay of land, atmospheric drainage, and other natural factors which affect the suitability of the area for peach growing.
All these conditions hould be most carefully considered before selecting the orchard site.
Soil.
It i the general opinion that the peach should be planted on sandy or the lighter type of soil. It is true that mo t excellent re ults have been obtained on these types of oil, but it is equally true that peache do well on a wide range of soils, including even the ordinary heavy red clay land. But whatever type of soil is selected must be well drained, for peaches will not succeed on poorly drained land or on heavy red clay which is so hard that it will not permit the moisture to penetrate. Such soils will also bake and should never be selected.
A oil should be fairly fertile. One very rich in nitrogen is not very desirable a it i likely to induce a heavy, dense growth of foliage not de irable. On the other hand the very common impression that poor soil is good enough is mo t erroneou , and often results in failure.
Location with Reference to Elevation.
A a general propo ition it i best to select a site that i elevated considerably above the surrounding country. It
40

is a well known fact that this is often overlooked in selecting an orchard site. that cold air settles in the lower level , and it is often that the air in the low positions is much colder than on the higher elevations in the same locality, and this is what is referred to as atmospheric drainage. Frost forms in the low places when there is none on the higher places. Buds are winter killed or blossoms are injured by fro t in spring in these low places, when nearby or adjoining orchard located on the higher elevations escape uninjured.
ections where severe spring frosts occur from year to year over a given area should never be elected for peach growing.
Preparation of the Land.
We will consider two important points settled, the location and site for the orchard have been selected, therefore a proper preparation of the land should be the first point considered.
If the land is fresh and has just been cleared, it should be cultivated at least two years in cotton, corn or some other crop adapted to the locality, and especially one that requires frequent workings that will remove the roots and stumps.
hould this new land be too fertile for peaches, its fertility can be reduced by planting in corn or some other exhaustive crops for a year or two. However, if it is old or worn out, it should be restored to a state of fertility by planting in Brabham or Iron cow peas, velvet beans or some other crops that are soil builders, and these crops plowed under.
The land hould be plowed to the proper depth with a two hor e plow, and sub-soiled if necessary. Excellent results have been derived from the following treatment:
After the land ha received the proper plowing and harrowing, broadca t or drill in cow peas in May, June or July (all depending on your locality) using one to one and a half bushels per acre. One hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds of good fertilizer per acre will materially inc.rea e the growth. If the peas are inoculated with nitrogen b~cteria this will add very materially to the growth and gIve a larger quantity of humus to turn under, and at the safme time increase the nitrogen, a most essential plant ood to all of our soils.
Velvet bean are great producers of plant food, and should be planted more generally, and more especially on our thin sandy soils. Their growing season is a long one, and in
41

some sections growth is only checked by frost. Planting can begin in early April and continue through June.
These cover .crops should be turned under in fall with a good two horse plow, land put in good condition by harrowing, then follow with crimson clover, and this, like all leguminous crops, can be improved by inoculation.
This crop should be plowed under in spring and followed with peas, velvet beans, or some other leguminous crop. After having treated the proposed orchard land in the above manner you have supplied the necessary plant food, in humus and nitrogen, in a most economical way, and it will be of lasting benefit for a long period. ot only have you provided for these element of food for the trees but you have put the soil in a most excellent condition by these repeated plowings and harrowings and at the same time removed all stumps and roots, thus giving opportunity to use labor-saving implement in subsequent culture.
Now having put the orchard site in good condition, we are ready for the next step.
Planting.
Check off land at the proper distance-18'x18, or 20'x20' is the usual distance that trees are planted. Thi give 132 and 105 trees per acre. This checking should be done with a two horse turn plow, and followed with a sub oil plow. At the inter ections dig a hole of sufficient depth. This hole should be anywhere from one to two feet quare, all dependent on character of soil. Throw the top soil to one side, use a liberal amount of well decomposed stable manure to each hole, have this thoroughly incorporated with the soil. If stable manure is not available, then use from one to two pounds of bone meal, or the same quantity of a mixture of two parts acid phosphate to one part cotton seed meal. When using commercial fertilizer, the best results are obtained by first setting the tree in the hole, fill up the hole one-half the depth, and then apply the fertilizer, but mixing it thoroughly with the top soil previously put a ide in digging the hole, firm the earth well about the roots of the tree, and level off.
Pruning.
Unless one understands why he is pruning he is not likely to do it very intelligently. The main objects may be classed as follows:
1. To keep the tree in proper shape. 2. To make the tree stocky. 3. To admit air and sun hine.
42

4. To remove unnecessary branches. 5. To remove dead wood. 6. To thin fruit. 7. To admit of thorough spraying. 8. To assist in harvesting.
Upon the proper and intelligent pruning will depend in a great measure the success of the orchard, therefore, the pruning that a tree receives during the first two or three years after being planted has much to do with its future. Mistakes made in giving the proper head or shape to the tree, or neglect during the first years, are irreparable.
In this latitude trees should be headed low when set out. Cut tree back to single stem of good live eyes from 12"-18" above bud. After trees have started growth rub off all but three eyes, have these evenly distributed so that they are well balanced. This is known as the Tripod System. ow that the tree has been set to three limbs, cut off 1-2 to 1-3 of the growth in June, all pruning being done so that it will permit the tree making a broad open head, thus permitting light and air. Summer pruning should not be done later than July (in middle Georgia), other sections according to season. Late summer pruning forces a late growth that cannot mature before frost, and is frequently killed, which is injurious to the tree. Other pruning should be done when the tree i dormant, and can be done in some sections of the State early in November. Pruning should be done annually and great care must be exerci ed in leaving the proper quantity of fruiting wood. Frequently crops are materially reduced by ignorant cutting away of too many fruit bud. The proportion of fruit buds on a tree . hould determine the extent of cutting back. Usually it i safe to cut back 1-2 to 1-3 of the previous season's ~rowth. Heavy pruning generally induces a correspondin~ large amount of new wood.
Too much attention can not be given to the proper pruning of peach, and should only be done by the most intelligent class of labor.
Fertilization.
For the fir t two years the growth of the orchard should. be stimulated as much as possible by an abundant supply of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, but care should be exercised not to give an exce s of nitrogen.
Thi is readily distinguishable by the vigorous growth and the dark green color of the leaves. An excess of nitrogen will cause exudation of sap and immature ripening of the twigs, which are frequently winter killed. When the
43

tree shows a pale color it indicates a lack of nitrogen, and in such cases an application of 2 to 3 pounds of the following fertilizer will be most beneficial:
1200 lbs. Acid Phosphate, 400 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal, 400 lbs. Muriate or Sulphate of Potash.
Apply broacast about 3 or 4 feet from the tree on opposite sides. As the tree increases in, size the distance should be greater. When the bearmg period is reached the amount of potash should be increased and the nitrogen decreased, but all dependent on character of soil. Fertilizers should be applied in February, or just before active root growth begins.
Hardwood ashes are a most economical source of potash, and is most beneficial to orchards.
A good method of applying fertilizers is to use a broadcast guano distributor or a grain drill, using the guano side ~et to the proper proportions.
If orchards are given too much phosphoric acid and nitrogen the growth will be excessive, the fruit watery, and lacking in color; fruit will also have poor carrying qualities, and be more susceptible to brown rot. In such case use a large amount of potash, which gives color and carrying qualities to the fruit, also induces strong, well matured wood.
Cultivation.
The question is often asked: How often should an orchard be cultivated? The answer is whenever needed, that is, when weeds or grass show, or when the ground has a crust on it. Frequently an orchard is gone over with the harrow or weeder as many as twenty times during a season. One good plowing with a turning plow during winter is sufficient for breaking, but be careful not to plow too close to the trees, so that roots are turned up. This space next to the tree should be plowed with an orchard harrow. All sub equent cultivation should be done with orchard harrows. Keep the orchard cultivated and all trees free from weeds and grass. This is frequently done by hoeing. Under no consideration neglect this important feature that means success or failure, but keep orchards clean. The early rubbing off of all surplus young growth on the tree can not be too thoroughly emphasized. It is a great saving of time to do this rubbing off before the young growth becomes too tough and it is not such a severe strain or shock to the tree. Trees should be gone over several times during the growing season. If these growths are allowed to make some
44

growth it is necessary to use the pruning knife, a necessarily slower and more expensive operation.
The first few years, orchards can be intercropped to some crop that does not injure the trees, such as truck, melons or peas, but in no cases should they be planted too near trees-not closer than six feet, but never plant corn. That shades trees too much, and will not be beneficial. Never inter-crop after orchards begin to bear, and more especially don't plant before the crop is harvested. Mter harvest time cow peas can be planted and plowed under.
45

CO TENTS

FOREWORD

Page 3

CONDENSED SPRAY SCHEDULE FOR PEACHES

4

THE PEACH TREE BORER Description Life History Control __-Tree Protectors Recommendations

5

5

7

~_____

9

10

__ __

10

THE SAN JOSE SCALE

11

History

--______ 11

Natural Enemies

12

Description and Life History

13

Typical Injury

14

Control __--_________________________________________ 15

Prepared Lime-Sulphur Solution

15

Soluble Sulphur Preparations

16

Recommendations

1

THE PLUM CURCULIO

1

Life History

--______________________________ 18

How May Wormy Peaches Be Prevented Spray Schedule

~___

20

21

BROWN ROT

--

--_______________ 22

Description _ Prevention
Spray Schedule

__ 22 23
25

How to Make Self-Cooked Lime-Sulphur

25

THE SHOT-HOLE BORER BEETLE
Description and Life History Control

26

27

._ __

_ 28

PEACH CROWN GALL Description Remedies
PEACH SCAB Symptoms and Cause Prevention
THE TERRAPIN SCALE Description and Life History Typical Injury Control
PEACH LEAF CURL Characteristic Appearance Cause Prevention

Page 2!)
... _ 29 29

30

~_____________

30

31

31
31 32 32

33
33 --____________ 34
34

THE NEMATODE WORM

35

LIME-SULPHUR CONCE TRATES

35

Lime-Sulphur Concentrates vs. Lime-Sulphur Wash____ 36

Dilution of Lime-Sulphur Concentrates

37

Materials and Formula

37

Equipment

3

Methods of Making

3

Storage

--

--_____ 38

A K OWLEDGMENTS

39

THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF PEACH ORCHARDS__ 40

Location and Site

40

Soil

40

Location with Reference to Elevation

40

Preparation of the Land

41

Planting

--__________________________________ 42

Pruning

42

Fertilization

43

Cultivation

--__________________ 41

.. lItlNTI". aT .
JOHNSON' D"LLlI
CO",,"'"
ULANTA

E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN 44

MARCH, 1916

THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZAnON
J. D. PRICE,
Chairman, Commis ioner of Agriculture Atlanta.
Ex-Officio Jltlembe'f.
R. C. BEIWKMAN , President State Horticultural ociety, Augu tao
Ex-Officio Member.
JNO. A. COBB, President State Agricultural Society, Americus.
Ex-Officio Member.
E. LEE WaR HAM, .tate Entomologist and 'ecr:eta!y of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assi tant tate Entomologist, Atlanta.
~. "\. REED, Assi tant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist Atlanta.
W. F. TURNER, .\R i tant Entomologist, Thoma ville.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, As istant in Cotton Breedino', Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDO , Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
C. G. CRITTENDEN, A i tant Entomol0 i t and Pathologi t.
J. D. SMITH, i tant Entomologi t.

,

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 44

MARCH, 1916

THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL
(Anthonomus grandis BOh)

The boll weevil entered Georgia in 1915 for the first time. On

August 25th, the first specimen was taken at Thomasville, and

a careful examination showed that the boll weevil had made a

decided advance in Georgia, Florida and Alabama. In Georgia it

was found as far east as Brooks County and as far north as

Haralson County. Before the first killing frost which occurred

November 16th, 1915, it appeared in about forty counties, and in

most of them it was quite abundant. The weevils were so plenti-

ful, in fact, that, with normal winter temperature, 1916 wm be

equivalent to about a third year infestation.

The unusual advance was due undoubtedly to the high winds

of the tropical storm which occurred a few days before the first

weevil was taken at 'rhomasville, It occurs in the following coun-

ties: Polk, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Douglas, Campbell,

Heard, Coweta, Troup, Meriwether, Pike, Harris, upson,

Talbot, Muscogee, Marion, Chattahoochee, Taylor, Schley

Stewart, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Terrell, Randolph, Clay, Cal-

houn, Dougherty, Worth, Turner, Tift, Berrien, Colquitt, Mitchell,

Baker, Early, Miller, Decatur, Grady Thomas Brooks, Lowndes,

!fchols, and Clinch, which is about one-fourth of the cotton grow-

mg area of the State. It is impossible to make any prediction as

t? how much time will be required for the weevil to cover the eh-

tIre State. The chances are rather in favor of a rapid advance

o~ovemr aGkeeoargdieafiannidte

South Carolir:a, but estimate as to how

it is impossible for anyone rapidly it will travel. There

IS no d.oub~, however, of the fact that it .is but a question of time

jhen It WIll cover the whole State and remain with us just as

I.onn~g89a2s,

we continue to and the records

grow show

cotton. The that it did as

weevil entered Texas much damage in 1915

:ahsbToInuhteaenl.}IygehwyteYta-eSr~IsXriinttcohreoyiutsscaofnvirdesrtseqdapubpayreeartmhaneUceews..eeavcicloirndin1g91t5o

amounts estimate

to of

e Umted States Bureau of Entomology. There was oonsidera-

~

ble advance in Northwest Texas as well as in Georgia. Map Fig. 1, shows the territory now covered by the weevil.
It is to point out the methods necessary to grow cotton in spite of the weevil that this bulletin is published. If these methods are
employed universally we may avoid severe losses, panic and depreciation of land values.
In order to understand ;fully the problem which confronts the .growers; a knowledge of the lift history and habits of this insect is necessary.
Much of the data in this bulletin have been furnished bv Messrs. W. D. Hunter and W. D. Pierce, of the Bureau of Entomology, and Dr. W. E. Hinds, State Entomologist of Alaba,ma.

HISTORY.
The first official record.of the injury to cotton by boll weevil wa in 1885, when specimens were sent to Dr. C. V. Riley, Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture. These specimen were from northern Mexico. It appeared at Brownsville, Texa , in 1892. Since that time it has advanced steadily into our territory northward and eastward at the rate of about sixty-five miles per year.
The weevil is now found in the following states:
Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Arizona, Alabama Georgia, Tennessee and Florida. The man on Page 2 shows the portion of these states infested at the end of the season of 1915. It is also found through the cotton growing region' of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and the western part of Cuba.

ANNUAL LOSS FROM THE BOLL WEEVIL.

Many estimates have been made of the loss to cotton grower'

caused by the boll weevil. We give a few of these estimates in

the following paragraphs:

Before the boll weevil came the yield per acre in Texas wa ~

0.413 bale; from 1908-1912 it was 0.369, in 1913, 0.313, in 1914,

0.384 bale.

The normal yield of Louisiana was 0.512 bale; while from 1908-

1912 it was 0.317. 19130.356 and 1914. 0.334 bale.

The normal yield of Arkansas was 0.539 bale; while from 190 -

1912 it was 0.386, in 1913 0.428, 1914 0.402.

The normal yield in Mississippi was 0.424 bale, while from

1908-1912 it was 0.384, in 1913 0.427 and in 19140.398.

An estimate of the loss in productivitv of the acreage in cotton made by Mr. Pierce indic~tes that from 1895 to 1914 this amount

ed to over 700 million dollars.

Although some of the infested states have greatly increac:ed

the not

farm value of their products vet overcome the loss in vield

and on t

heevierncoofttocnotatocnretahgeeywhb~1VCh~

is due to boll weevil attack. The financial gains they have made

4

are due to increased cotton acreage and to irtc,:reased production
of other crops. In 1905 Prof. E. D. Sanderson made" a careful study of the
damage done by the boll weevil in Texas from 1899-1904 ("The Boll Weevil and the Cotton Crop of Texas," published by the Texas Department of Agriculture). According to his estimate, in 1901 the loss from the weevil in thirty-two infested counties was 100,920 bales; in 1902 in forty-nine infested counties the loss was 200,000 b~les; in 1903, in forty--nine infested counties the 10 s was 500,000; in 1904, sixty-nine infested counties showed a loss of 550,000 bales. In Bulletin 51, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, the loss from the weevil is estimated for 1903 at $15,000.000; for 1904, at $22,000,000; the 10 s in 1909 was $88,056,500, thi being based on figures from the Bureau of Statistics (Foot note 2, Bulletin 114, Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture).
As a further illustration of the damage done by the weevil, the following table contains figures taken from the U. S. census report on cotton production in Texas and Louisiana 1899 to 1914 inclu ive. The weevil was present in Tex:as during the years cited, but did not occur in destructive numbers in Louisiana durinsr the same period.

Year.
1 9~ 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914

TEXAS.

Acreage.
6,642309 7,041,000 7,745,.100 8,006,546 8,129300 8,704,000 6945,501 8,894,000 9156,000 9,316000 9.660,000 10,060,000 10,943,000 11,338,000 12.597,000 11,931,000

Crop.
2,609018 3,438,386 2,502,166 2,498,013 2,471 081 3,030,433 2,541,932 4,174,206 2,300179 3,814,485 2,522,811 3,049,409 4,256,427 4,880210 3944,970 4,592,112

LOUISIANA.
Acreage.
1179,156 1,285,000 1400,650 1,662,567 1,709200 1,940,000 1,561,774 1,739,000 1622000 1,550,000
930,000 975,000 1,075,000 929000 1244,000 1,299000

Crop.
700,352 705,767 840,476 882,073 824,965 893,193 513,480 987,779
675,4~8
470,136 253,412 245,648 384,597 376,096 443821 449,458

From the above table it will be seen that the acreage in the two . tates increased about evenly each year, but the Texas crop Rhowed a falling off each year, with the exception of 1900 and 190~. while the Louisiana crop increased each year with the excepti?n of a slight falling 017 of the 1903 crop. The effect of thE' weeVIl cannot be doubted here.
5

It should be mentioned here that a common error made by cotton growers is causefl by a lack of knowledge of the true conditions. The total crop of Texas has remained about the same throughout the weevil infestation, excepting only the first few years of attack. Many people argue from this that the weevils do not do much damage. The true explanation however, is an increase in acreage and a general movement westward of the center of cotton growing combined with unfavorable weather conditions for the weevil.
The western part of Texas is not favorable climatically to the weevil. Low winter temperature and hot dry summers kill them off in large numbers. For this reason they do very little damage in that section. The weevil has, however, seriously cut the crop in the original cotton section, namely, the eastern and southern parts of the state.
The following i an extract from circular recently issued by Hon. William J. Harris Director of the U. S. Bureau of Census:
Mississippi.
"In 1907, the year before the advent of the weevil into Mississippi, the production of cotton in seven selected counties in the southwestern part of the state amounted to 191,790 bales. with a value of nearly $11,000,000.00. In 1909, when the weevil hAd become well established in these counties, the production had dropped to 89,577 bales; in 1910, to 61,432 bales; in 1911, to 37,816 bales; and in 1912, to 30,809 bales. The aggregate production of these counties during the four years 1909-1912, inclusive, was only 219,634 bales, with a value of approximately $14,600.000. or an average of about $3,650,000 per crop, as compared with a value of nearly $11,000.000 for the crop of 1907. Thus, on the supposition that but for the boll weevil the crops of these four seasons would have averaged as large as that of 1907, a loss in these seven counties of more than 545,000 bales of cotton, valued at approximately $34,000,000, is indicated.
"These figures however do not show the full effect of the invasion of the pest. It has resulted not only in a great decrease in the quantity of cotton produced, but has had a far-reaching influence on the social and economic life of these counties. On account of the destructive effects of the boll weevil many farmers have abandoned entirely the attempt to produce cotton or have reduced the acreage devoted to this crop very materially. This has deprived the majority of the farm laborers of employment and resulted in their emigration to other places. In the case of some counties it is said that as much as 65 per cent of the adult negro farm laborers have moved to other sections. It is claimed that because of this condition, it would be impossible. even should the boll weevil leave the te:r;ritory at once, to 'make' a normal crop of cotton for a number of years.
6

Louisiana.

'The larbest cotton crop in Louisiana was grown in 1904, and
amounted to 1,089,526 bales. From that year the production decreased, and in 1910 it was only 245,648 bales, although in the past three years the crop has mcreased somewhat. The great
decrease in the production of cotton in this state was due principally to the boll weevil, much land formerly devoted to this crop baving been diverted to cane, rice and other crops. The production in ten parishes for a year immediately preceding the ap-
pearance of the boll weevil in each of the parishes amounted to 256,018 bales, valued"at about $15,000,000. The crops of the four easons following the dispersion of the weevil through these parishes aggregated 211,253 bales, valued at approximately $13,5CO,000. Had the production for these years equaled that of the year before the advent of the weevil, the total amount of
cotton grown would have been 1,024072 bales, valued at about 65,000,000, or an average of about $16,250 000 per crop, in-
:5tead of less than $3,500,000, as above indicated. In other words, the loss to the cotton growers in these ten parishes in the state, attributable very largely to the boll weevil, was more than $50,000,000 for the four years.

Texas.
"The spread of the boll weevil over central and eastern Texas covered a period of about 15 years. In the north-eastern section of the state the infestation was mainly during the seasons of
1905 and 1906, but the weevil had not made its appearance early enough, or in sufficient number , in 1906 to affect seriously the production in that year, which, up to that time, was the largest ever reported. In seven selected counties the production for that year amounted to 232,063 bales; in 1907, to 114,701 bales; in 1908, to 153,347 bales; and in 1909 to 145,752 bales. The aggregate value of the last three crops mentioned was about $24,000,000. If the production during each of the e seasons had equaled that of 1906, the total value of the three crops would ~ave been approximately $40,000,000, which would indicate a loss m these counties for the three crops of approximately $16,000,000, largely attributable to this cause."
It will be seen from the foregoing paragraphs that the weevil has caused great damage. It has also been the cause of the general discouragement of farmers. depreciation of land values and general panic in the infested regions. It is the desire of this Department to prevent such loss in Georgia and forestall the panic And discouragement.

EFFECT UPON YIELD PER ACRE.

theThfeigfuirgeusretshtahtathagvivee

the best idea as to reduction been compiled to show the

in yield are decrease in

amount of lint cotton per acre since arrival of weevil.

NtAt the end of 1912 Louisiana was the only state totally infest-

. and only about one-half of Texas, Mississippi and Arkansas

7

was really infested. The damage in Alabama at that time was very small. At the end of 1915, however, the weevil covered al. most two-thirds of Texas, one half of Oklahoma, more than seveneighths of Alabama and practically one-fourth of the cotton growing area of Georgia.
The following tables were compiled by Dr. W. E. Hine , of Alabama:

TAD'.E 1.

] nlested States.

At'erage Collon Yields Pe?' Acre U!/ 5-.!lear Period.

Period

Texa

La.

Mi s.

Ark.

Ibs.

Ibs.

lb.

Ib".

I 93-91

196

259

21G

16j

I 9 -1902

191.6

266.2

202.

220.~

81903-Oi

169

22

212.

190 -12

I a.

156.2

I5

1 1.2

(a) This line indicates approximately the time that weevil pffect~ became noticeable upon tate yield.

An:IlAGE Y,,:I.I) fh;I'O'''; AXil AI'TEIl lxn;STATIOX.

Ill'.

Before

193.

After

111.9

Decrease after infestation 11.3

Ibs.
251 156.2 3

lb.
210.5 1 5.
12

Ib'.
:<~6.
1 1.2 }7 .i

Three state, each one-half infe ted, decrease (,,"craged 13.6 per ("ent. One tate wholly infested d (TCMe averaged 3 per cent.
If Texa , Mississippi and rkan&as were wholly infested, they would how a net decrease of approximately 21 per cent. Thi decrease, taken with nel increase, in unjnfe ted state of 10. per cent indicate that actual direct boll weedl injury in the iDfe ted area has amounted to 31. per cent. Compare thi. tatement with conditions in Louisiana, where the decrea e is about 38 per ~enl. Evidently most of the decrea e in state or county yield beyond 35 to 40 per cent may be -chargeuble to reduc d acreage in cOttOD, as a general rule.

Uninlested
Period
1 93-91 ] 9 -1902 ]903-07 190 -12

fates.

A1..'er(l.qe ('011011 Yield Per Acre u!I 5-peof Periods

la. Ib,.
161 16k2 110 173.6

Ga. Ibs.
116 1 O. 1 3.6 192.8

.c.
lb.
210 I 3.4 200.6 231.2

~.C. Ib-.
199 19U 217. 2]2./i

A'EIl.\(;>: Y":I.D llY 10-YEAIl P.:IlIODS.

1 93-1902 1903-]2
Increa ed Second Period.

165.6 111.
1O.-l

11 . I 7.2
10.5

19l.i 215.9
11.8

Four infe ted state average increa. e 10. per cent.

196. 7 215.2
10.9

8

WEEVIL INJL'RY ACCORDING TO RAINFALL ZONES.

I \rea Included

A\'erage Yields-Bales

Percentage, Taking A as Base

IRainfall
I I I I I June-Aug. No'1
I . l Inches Cos. State

First (a) Infestation

,

BefoAre. W.

Last 5By. ears

Maxc.. crop

MinD.. crop

E.

B. Yield C. Max'l D. Min. E. 191:1

1913 last 5 yrs. yield

yield

yield

I I 4

20-18

4

I I 2

LMai.ss. Ala.

1908-1910} (b) Cotton crop is small. Has lost 70% from normal, Ilnd is probably not yet down to minimum. 190H

1910 infested urea lost 85 per cent.

I

1911

63,560 I 19.480 I 82,599 I 13,5el I

19,4]2 I 30 I ]30 I

2] I 30

I I I ]8-16

8 6

LMai.ss.

1 Ala.

11990097--11991008} (b) Infestab.on averages older than that above. Avcrage loss 830/<:; no recovery here eV.Ident as yet.

1911

231,600 I 38,650 I 289,383 I 24,191 I

35,602 I 17 I 125 I 10.4 I 15

I I ]6-14

(j
]0 LMai.ss. 3 Ala.

I 1906-]910 } (b) Infestation nearly at maximum; loss 59% on last 5 years; 19]3 nap only 29% of normal; tendency

I 1909-1911 still downward.

1911

366,700 I 150,850 I 404286 I

I 81~,894

]04,600 I 41

I 127 I 28. I 29

to

11 \ Texas

I 14-12

21 La.
28 I Miss. 8 I Ala.

1895-1904 ~ 1905-]909

(b)

This is the heart of the cotton belt; loss 34% On last five years; 1913 crop 70% of normal; onl~' some

1909-1912 Texas counties exceed normal; two thirds of Alabama lies in this zone.

1912 J 1,084,800 I 680,116 I 1,290,652 I 487,496 I 7Jl,207 I 66 I 125 I

47 I 70

]2-10
10- 8 8 and less

12 8

26

9

78

2

II

11 5

I
I 85
I

Texas La. Ark.
IOkla. TLeax. as Ark.
I Okla.
Texas

1902-1907 )
r 1905-]906 I (b) All this territory lies west of Mississippi river; period of greatest loss was 1907-09; under favorable
]907-]912 condition of past few years yield has even exceeded normal. Natural control important here.

1 1907-1909 I 1,481,200 I 1,491,250 I 1,923,400 I 929,151 I 1.636,983 I 104 I 134 I

65 I 114

1894-1906 (b) This is principally in open prairie country; much of it lies along the edge of infestation; general in-

\

1905 crease in cotton production is shown; weevil will never be very serious here. No Alabama territory com-

r 1907-1910 parable.

I 1907-1908 J 1,955,600 I 2,810,800 I 2,978,844 I 1,279,714 I 2,462,794 I tl8 I 152 I

65 1 126

I 1 (b) This is also open country, much of it at altitude of over 1000-1500 ft.; so dry that weevil cannot do

1898 to ~ much harm, and cotton crop is often cut by drought. E. g.-In Nine uninifested counties, lying outside

I Uninfested I weevil area, yield for past five years has been only 80% of that from 1902 to 1906.

I

J

588,800 I 627,000 r 950,420 I 896,639 I 578.602 I 107 I 161 I

67 I 97

(a) First infestation is considered as being for the crop following the first occurrence of the weevils. (b) Comments summarizing general conditions.

EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON COTTON PRODUCTIO .
Dr. Hinds has estimated weevil damage and its relation to rain-
fall. It is a well known fact that there is a great variation in
rainfall in different sections of cotton belt. The lowe t rainfall during the growing season of June, July and August is in northwe t Texa and the highest is found in southern Loui iana Mi sissippi., Alabama, Georgia and northern Florida.
The comparative damage is hown in Table 3, a compiled by Dr. Hind.
The map Fig. 2, published through courtesy of U. S. Weather Bureau shows the rainfall in June, July and August in different ections of Georgia. The cotton crop must be produced during these three month. The weevil will be so abundant by Augu t 15th that practically no cotton will be produced after that date.
I ECTS OFTE MISTAKE FOR BOLL WEEVIL.
With the appearance of the boll weevil in GeOl'gia there- are naturally many false alarm. Insects are constantly being fou.nd which are mistaken for the boll weevil and considerable excitement ensues.
There are so many insects very closely resembling the boll weevil that the e mistakes are quite natural. We would advise anyone finding an insect which he thinks might be the boll weevil. to send it to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga., for authoritative determination. Plate 1 show some of these insects which mo t closely resemble the boll weevil. A comparison with the figure (a) on plate will show how nearly alike these insects are.
FOOD PLANTS OF THE BOLL WEEVIL.
The original food plant of the boll weevil was probably the wild tree-cotton of South America. As cotton began to be cultivated more and more extensively, the weevil spread its feeding ground to include the cultivated plant.
Many expeJ:"iment have been made to force the weevil to live upon other closely related plants, and until recently it was found to attack only the cotton plant. Dr. W. D. Pierce, of the U. ~. Bureau of Entomology. has found the boll weevil at work m Arizona on Thurberia, the most closely related of all plants to the cotton plant. The weevil varie slightly from the Anthonomu grandis, or. the species whkh is so abundant, but when placed on cotton its habits were the same.
The weevil is now able to breed in the buds of various Hibiscus species and lilso of the 'purple mallow, Callirrhoe involucrata. Adults hav been found in Okra blooms feeding on th~ stamens.
10

DESCRIPTION OF INSECT.
The Egg.
The egg of the boll weevil is a small, elliptical, glossy white object. The average size is almost 4-5 mm. long by 1-2 mm. wide. The shape and ize of the egg vary omewhat, but in general they are as above described. It is deposited inside of the sqlJare or boll and for this rea on i not often seen by the fa-rmer. It can only be found by a very careful dissection of the quare.
The Larva.
Upon hatching from the egg the larva is a white legless grub about 1 mm. in length. The head and mandibles are dark brown. It feeds upon the inner tissues of the square or boll thus gradually increasing the size of the hole. The larva itself increase in size until when fully grown it is about 1-4 of an inch long.
By the time the larva has become fully grown, it has eaten out a comparatively large cavity in the square or boll. The larval castings are pressed firmly against the walls of the cavity, forming a well-defined cell. The larva then assumes a curved, crescent- haped posture, and remains at rest until the last larval skin is shed and the pupal stage arrives.
The Pupa.
When the pupa is first formed it is very tender and delicate and of a uniform creamy-white color. As it ages, the outer kin becomes harder and tougher and there is some change in color. The eyes become black, and the beak, wing covers and legs become brown. The pupa of the boll weevil is readily recognized by the pre ence of two projections on the prothorax and by the fact that the apex of the abdomen is produced into a flat, horny process on the end of which are two strong pines.
The final molt or'shedding of the skin occur when the adult i ready to emerge. In this molt the skin split open along the front of the head. The body and legs become free next, and finally the antennae and beak.
The Adult.
When newly emerged the adult weevil is very soft and of a light yellow color. It is entirely unable to travel and remains in the p.upal cell for about two days, when the body has hardened suffi~Iently to allow the weevil to escape from the cell and go about In search of food.
The adult is a brownish snout beetle. that is, the head is prolonged into a slightly curved beak or snout. In size and color the weevil vary to a remarkable degree. The smallest ones barely jea ure 1-10 of an inch, while the largest ones are 1-4 of an inch ong. The food supply probably has the greatest effect on size.
11

Plate I
.J}S
THE BOLL WEE'IL AND I SECTS OFTEN MISTAKEN FOR IT. a, The cotton boll weeviJ, Anlhonomus grandis; b, the mallow weevil Anlhono-
ml1S tl1{VUS; c, the outhem pine' weevil, Pissodes nemorensis; d, the cotton-
wood-f1o,~er weevil, Doryloml1s 9llucidus.; e, Conotrache/us erinacel1s; t, the
pecan gall weevil, Conotrache/l1s e{egans. (Bul. 114, . S. Bureau of Entomology.)

Plate II
ANATO~IICAL STRUCTURE OF THE BOLL WEEVIL. II, Dor al view of anal egment of larva; b, front ,-iew of head and interior
segments of larva; c, ventral view of anal egments of larva; d, lateral view
of adult; e, lateral view of larva; f, ventral view of adult; g, dor al view of
adult with wings spread; 11, ventral view of pupa; i, ventral view of anal segments of pupa; j, ventral view of anterior portion of puria. (Bul. 114
t. . Bureau of Entomology.)

Plate III
Fig. a.-Cotton field adjacent to timber .covered with panish moss. (BuI. 114, . S. Bureau of Entomology.)
Fig. b.-Proximity of moss lacle.n trees, conducing to high infestation by weevil. BuI. 114-, . S. Bureau of Entomology.)
HIBERNATION CONDITIO~ FOR THE BOLL WEEVIL.

Plate IV

EFFECTS OF BOLL-WEEYTL ATTACK ON LEAF r 0 QUARES.

tI. ~Caroettdonsqlueaafremwuicthh

fed upon by adults; b, square with two egg punctures; c, many feeding puncture; d, square prevented from bloom-

Ing by puncture; e, bloom injured by feeding punctures; f, poor blooms caused

hy feeding punctures. (Bul. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)

Plate V
JNJURY BY BOLL '~EEVIL TO BOLLS. (I, Three larvae in boll; b, emergence hole in dry unopened boll; c, two larvae
in boll; d, weevils puncturing boll; 6, opened boll, with two locks inJured by
weevil; I, large bolls everely punctured. (Bu!. 114, U. S. Bureau of "Ento-
molo~y")

Plate VI
BOLL WEEVIL PARASITE~. "I, Eurytoma ty/odermatis; male; b, Eurytoma ty/odematis, female; c, micro-
dontomeT1l8 alltlwnomi, female; c, antenna of same; d, Habroeytm piereei, female; d, antenna of am; e, Cato/aeeus hunteri, female; e, antenna of
same; f, antenna of Cato/acclIs ineertua. (Bu!. 114, U. S. Bureau of Ento-
molog).)

Plate VII
Pig. a.-Late-planted cotton under boll-weevil conditions, given arne culture as early planting. (Bul. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)
Fig. b.-Early-planted cotton adjoining the late planting under arne conclitions. (Bu!. 114, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.)
RESrT.TS OF EARLY A~D LATE PLANTING OF COTTO r.

GEORGIA
- .rCAujTAnrr~MILES
tionsPiogf. 2t.a-tTe.h llVerage rainfall during June, July and August in different sec-

. .. . GEORGIA SCAl.lSTATurl AUU~
Fig. S.-This map show the a\'erage time at which the last killing frost occurs in pring in different section- of tate.

. .. . GEDRGIA .,

NOY. ZI
Fig. 4.-This map shows the average time at which the fir t killing frost OCCUr in fall in different sections of State.

The largest weevil are those which lived in nearly mature bolls where the food supply was practically unlimited. 'fhe small we~ vils emerge from small, undeveloped squares; here the food up.. ply was scant, 'and the weevils were unable to attain normal size.
In color the adults ~ry from a light yellowi h brown to a dark brown. The color usually darkens as the age of the weevil increases, so that ordinarily the dark colored individuals are the oldest. This does not al\Yays follow, however, as often a newly emerged weevil wjJl be very dark in color, while some very old ones may be found to be quite light.
SEASO AL HISTORY~
Hibernation.
The boI.l weE!'Vil spends the winter in the adult stage. In other words. the adults hibernate. Hibernation is the term applied to the period of suspended activity in which many animals pass the winter. The weevils seek theIr hibernation quarters in the fall at the first approach of cold weather. A period of temperatures below 56 degrees F. will send the weevils into hibernation.
Any place affording tbe slightest shelter will be ought by the hibernating weevils; old cotton stalks, dead leaves and rubbish of all kinds, fence corners, boards and logs about the edges of the fields. all form excellent hiding places for the weevil. Plate III shows cotton field near timber covered with Spani h Moss. Thi is an exceptionally favorable place for the weevils to spend the winter.
Of the many weevils which enter hibernation, a very large per cent of them die during the winter. Only the strongest weevils survive. The sevprihr of the wjpter i also a determining factor in the number which succeed in livin.!!'. The milder th~ winter the more weevils live to attack the cotton in the sprin~. A temperature below 12 degreec:; 'F'. is fatal to all weevils throuQ'hout the territory affected by this low temperature, if directly exposed, but usually the weevils are protected by shelter ufficient to exclude the extreme cold. It is therefore possible for some weevils to survive even colder weather if they are sufficiently protected.
Emergence from Hibernation.
In the spring, those weevils which have successfully passed the winter leave their winter quarters and start in search of cotton. There is, however, a great variation in the date of their emergence. Records have been obtained showing that the first weevils to leave their hiding places came out as early as the middle of February, while the last ones did not come out until the first of July.
A temperature averaging 57 degrees' F. will start the weevils
12

in search of food. The ~atest number, however, remain inactive until an ~V'erage temperature of from 64 degrees to 68 degrees ha been reached. In other cases a temperature of 76 degl'ees was necessary to induce the majority of the weevils to emerge.
The character of the hiding place has much to do with the time of emergence. The weevils with the least protection are thp. first to emerge, as the change in temperature is first felt by them. Those with the deepest covering and most protection are the last to emerge.
The reason Spanish Moss makes such a favotable hibernating medium is because the outer temperatures do not penetrate it readily. A very cold temperature outaide would still leave the center of the moss warm, and on the other hand, the warm temperatures of spring do not penetrate the moss for some time. This prevents the weevils from being forced out prematurely by a warm day in spring only to be caught and killed by a cold snap. Many of the weevils are fertilized in the fall and consequently a single surviving female is capable of beginning or renewing an infestation.
Feeding Habits of Weevils.
Mter their long, all-winter fast, the first thing the weevils eek in the spring is cotton upon which to feed .. Tne condition of the COlton plants at the time of their emergence determines their first feeding habits. The first weevil to emerge feed upon the young seedlings. Their habit is to puncture the stem at or just below the attachment of the cotyledons on seed-leaves. These early attacks are usually very injurious in that unless the plants are very robust and thriving they are klled. When planting is delayed, or the early weevils are unusually numerous, very serious inroads are made on the stand of cotton obtained.
When the cotton has put out its first true leaves it i not apt to be killed by the weevils, although it may W more or Ie retarded in it growth. The weevils feed on the tender growing hoots anL new leaves until the first squares appear. Mter their first meal on the squares they seldom attack the stems of the plant, seeming to prefer the squares.
The injury of the feeding punctures varies in extent. When ~any such holes are made in one square it is very sure to be kIlled. Others are prevented from blooming by a single puncture and many are distorted and mature imperfect bolls because of them. Plate IV shows injuries caused by feeding punctures on the leaf and square, and Plate V. injuries to bolls.
Oviposition.
Soon after the squares form on the plants, the weevils begin
to ?epo it their eggs. rfhe act of egg.laying is known as ovi-
po Ibon. The female eats a hole into the square with its beak, then turns and places tip of abdomen over the hole. The ovipos-
13

itor is then thrust to the bottom of the cavity and the eggs deposited there. The ovipositor is then withdrawn, and just as it reaches the edge of the cavity a drop of sticky substance exudes from the tip and seals the hole. It is patted and pushed into place by the tip of the abdomen.
The number of eggs laid by female weevils varies greatly. From a very few eggs the numbers run well over two hundred eggs. The average would probably be about one hundred eggs. The number of eggs laid each day al 0 varies with the temperature. On warm days the number laid will be greater than on cool days, the usual number being from one to five eggs. Records have been obtained showing as high as seven eggs laid in one day.
The issue of the square at once proceeds to heal the wound and the sealing substance secreted by the weevil seems to stimulate the growth of the plant tissue. As a consequence the egg puncture is almost always evidenced by a raised, wart-like protuberance on the side of the quare.
One of the first effects of egg deposition is the flaring of the square, that is, the bracts which normally close tightly about the bud spread apart and expose the bud. This usually occurs six or seven days after the egg has been deposited. The next effect is the falling of the square. Usually about ten days after the female lays the egg the squares hang by a few threads to the plant. This is especially true of some varieties of cotton, a will be discussed later.
The Egg Stage.
The length of time elapsing between the deposition of the egg and its hatching varies greatly. Two climatic conditions influence it, namely temperature and humidity. Warm, moist conditions hasten the hatching, while coolness and dryness retard it. Eggs have been observed to hatch in twenty-four hours after being laid, while in other cases seventeen days have been required. The average is probably about four days.
The Larva.
Immediately upon hatching the larva begins to feed upon the food, which, thanks to the instinct of the mother weevil, is ready at hand. The first food consists entirely of the immature pollen in the center of the square. The larva is usually half grown before this food is exhausted. It then feeds on the pistil and other tissues of the bud.
Many eggs are laid in bolls and the larvae from these feed on tfie seeds and occasionally on the immature fibres. Usually only one lock of the boll is injured unless, as often happens, more than one egg is deposited in a boll.
The larvae, of course, as is the case of all insect larvae, molt or shed their skin to accommodate the increased size of the
14

body. In the boll weevil this molting occurs twice in the early stage. The first one usually occurs about the second day after hatching, while the second molt takes place on the fourth day.
The length of the larval stage varies with the temperature as does all the other stages of the weevil. From seven to twentyfive days have been reckoned as the length of this stage. Dur-
ing the summer months the average would be about eight days. As the larva reaches full size it forms about 'itself a cell com-
posed of exc.rement and the cast larval skin. These are packed together into a hard, leathery coat. This structure is known a" the pupal cell. In this cell the larva sheds its skin for the third time and transforms into a pupa.

The Pupa.
Like the stage~ of the weevil already described, the pupal period varies in length with the temperature. The range has been found to be from two to fourteen days. It is much shorter at high teroperature than at low ones.

Length of the Life Cycle.
The variation in the length of time required to complete thl:' various stages of the weevil has been shown to be very great. This variation is caused chiefly by differing temperatures and humidity, and the condition of the food. It has been found, however, by taking the average length of time required for the various stages, that the average time required to complete the life cycle of the weevil, that is trom oviposition by the female of one generation to oviposition of the next succeeding generation, is about fifty-six days.

Generations.
The number of generations of the weevil which may occur in any given season 1s very difficult to ascertain because of the fact that the generations overlap one another. Weevils that come out cf hibernation may deposit eggs over a period of three months. Thus the eggs first laid would develop and these weevils lay eggs and start a third generation before the last eggs laid
b! the hibernating weevil would develop. Taking the average
time required for th~ life cycle of the weevil, and the length of he average growing season, it has been found that eight to ten generations are possible for the first eggs laid in the spring.

Weevils Which Enter Hibernation.

. There is no special generation of weevils which enter hiberna-

!on. Weevils of any or all generations that are strong and ac-

tlV~ It IS

sneoe~k

hibernating quarters known, however. whe

on the approach ther the weevils

of cold weather. of any particular

~enel"abon are more apt to succumb to the severity of the winter

weather.

1!'i

Fall Flight.
During the spring and summer there is a more or less continual flight of weevils from plant to plant and from field to field. The general flight of weevils does not take place, however, until fall. Then large numbers of weevils make flights of considerable length. The pnmary cause of this general flight is lack of food caused by an over-abundance of weevils in one locality. There also seems to be a general feeling of restlessness upon the part of the weevils which causes them to seek new feeding grounds at this season of the year.
The yearly increase in the distribution of the weevil take place during this fall flight. As previously stated, weevils have inroaded new territory for an average distance of sixty-five mile per year. The distance traveled eastward into northern Georgia in 1915 was more than one hundred miles.
On the approach of cold weather, still another flight of weevils takes place. This time they are in search of winter quarters. This last flight is known as the hibernation flight.

Annual Progeny of One Pair of Hibernated Boll Weevils.

The number of progeny that may spring from one pair of hibernated weevils is enormous, and a little study of the foliowing figures will show one reason why the weevil is such a pest.
The following table is taken from Bulletin 114 of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture:

Weevils.

First generation average adult June 29, numbering__

70

Second generation, average adult Aug. 10, numbering__ 2450

Third generation, average adult Sept. 22, numbering__ 85,750

Fourth generation, average adult Nov. 4, numbering__3,001,250

Total

3,089,520

METHODS BY WHICH THE WEEVILS ARE ARTIFICIALLY SPREAD.
There are a number of ways by which the weevil may be carried into uninfested territory prematurely, that is, before the natural spread of the weevil would take them there. By far the most important of these methods is in cotton seed and cotton seed products. A great many weevils are carried to the gins with the cotton. Some of these are crushed during the ginning process. but many of them go through with the seed. These are then often shipped to oil mills and an infestation of the cotton field!? wrrounding the gins results. Because of this, the shipping of cotton seed from infested areas to uninfested areas has been prohibited by law. Wagons, automobiles and railroad trains m~y
16

.ometimes carry weevils into m:w areas, as many farm hands carry them in their clothing and cotton sacks. These, however, are anusual and minor means of distributing the weevil.
The intentional distribution of weevils has also been found to be the cause of premature infestation in many places. For this reason a law has been passed prescribing a heavy penalty fOl' the interstate shipment of the boll weevil. .The penalty is $5,000 fine and five years imprisonment.

NATURAL CO TROL OF THE WEEVIL.

Climate.

Climate has a very direct effect upon the abundance of the weevils. Hot, dry weather during the summer may kill hundredg of the larvae; drought may prevent the formation of squares and thus give the weevils no place to deposit their eggs, and excessive cold weather in the winter will kill hundreds of the weevils in their winter quarters. Many weevils will be drowned by excessive rains or overflows and sudden cold snaps will kill large numbers oftnem.
Hot, dry weather is very destructive to weevil life, provided they are exposed to the sun. For this purpose wide rows are advi ed, and Dr. W. E. Hinds has perfected a chain drag which brings fallen squares from under the plants a!ld leaves them in the center of the row. This method is not as likely to prove effective in Georgia as it has in parts of Texas, as the Georgia climate rarely has the excessive heat and dryness necessary to kill the weevils. When the boll weevil first entered Texas, it increased with great rapidity. In Texas the percentage of infestat!on increased until 1896, when a severe dry spell caused a decided drop. Then it steadily increased until 1905, when it began to drop again and it has continued to drop each year until 1915, When conditions were very favorable for weevil.

Birds.

~~ Tt hh ee

U. S. birds

B.iological Survey has made a careful investigation that attack the boll weevil, and investigation shows

~maotnlthfetrhee

are fifty-three most important

species which feed birds attacking the

on boll

adult weevils. weevil are the

b ackblrds meadow larks, sparrows, wrens and titmouse. It will

~ll een f~om the table that the quail was not found to feed on

a~d

weeVil. devour

They the.m.

~sheearfcohlloowutintghteabaldeuilst

weevils during winter taken from Circular 64

o the U. S. BIOlogICal Survey:

17

ehedu/e of stomach e.caminations of birds wlrich had ealen boll weed/s,

Durin~ Janu~
ary, February and March

Durinlt April, May and Junel

SPECIES
Upland plover (Bmtramia /ongiclwda) Killdeer (Oxyee/ms vociferus)

~.'~ ~ ~ '10 ~' ~ c c.o .e:n: .
.c~

~!! ~'>

.0 ~

~.:: .: d.cog

:c:d!"!>!.._o

Q)':: .::: Cd .Q'g ~

I'>E

_.0

.5" CQ):r"r. tit
~,QoC;;=

I 0-c_~Q. ,)oQ)- 0c_ .~ , oQ)w 0c_Q). ,~oQ)~C~Q>

~'"'~E;~..;_;;;~..U~J~'"~'E~'"'i'; ~'"'U~J~'"~'E~'"'~ ~'"'U~J ~'"d'E~,",~

I "I' . i .. , . Z:E:> .,Z"'E.0o:Z:>E~;,~,Z'"E~Z:E:>~.0EZ "' ~~..EZ::>~EZ"~'.Eo:Z":>~E~'Z~" E=::>,8

, 4-

1111-1-1 ~,-.~.-.r.'--'T"--=';;

2 2 5 1.... .. 6...... .

Quail (Colinus virginiamus)

,

1 63 . .. '"

'1'" ,- '" Nighthawk (Chordei/es virginianus)

, ..

i. .. cissor-tailed flycatcher (ilIuseivora forficata)

'1'" Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)

_

1..

10". 10 I

Crested flycatcher (Myi01'chus erinit1ls)

1...

71

3 . . . 10
1O.J. 15 91 5 7 .
22 6 251

Phrebe (Sayornis .phoebe)

'119

21

Olive- ided flycatcher ( uttallornis borealis)..

Alder flycatcher (Empidonax trailli alnorum)..

Least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)

I '"

I
::: :::

21 31 14 7 211 ... ' .

Blue ,jay (Cyanocitta cristala)

/

11 1 1

1

2.

CowbIrd (Molothrus ater)

92 4 4-. . .

4 3 3 24" .

Red-winged blackbird (Ll gelaius lJhoeni etts). '179 4 5 16

1 11

.J.9 II

Meadowlark ( turnella magna)

4 10 1 1

1

1 3 28

! /... Western meadow lark ( turnella neglecta).... 52
Orchard oriole (Tcterus spuritl8)

11

". 66 III

20 1 1101 30 6~ 1 .

Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula)

2

50 11 2.J.

.

1 11 1 1'" . Bullock oriole (Icterus bullocki)
Rusty blackbird (Euphagus earolinus)

. .. 1. . .
61

, " , .. 149 40 183 , .
10

Brewer blackbird (E~IIJlwgus eyanoceplwlus) .. 139 24 40 1.. .

5 II

I Bronzed grackle (Qulscalus q. aeneus)

I 361 51

Gre~~:~o~rusr~~~l..e.. ~~~~~~~~s.c.a.I~I~.. ~l~~~~ 32 21

Vesper parrow (Pooecetes gramineus) ...... 1291 11
Sa"anna parrow (Passerculus sandwichen.~is,I 1

5 19
I2 7 1
1...

1

3 6...

8 , .
21. .
111 .
II

subspecie)

I 61 8 15 2. . .

. .. 1 1 1 11

Lark sparrow (Chondesles gmmmacus)

1

13...

54

"'1 White-throated sparrow (Zon<Jtriehill albicolli,~) I 53 1 1 41...

Field sparrow (SIJizella 1Jusilla)

1 251 21 '21

5

Swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) Fox sparrow (Passerella illiaea)

11 I 271 11 2\

II

21 .. .. ..

1 1 \ ..

. .. 1 9 1

I

..

1 .. 1..

'11'"

....

/ 19

.

Towhee (Pil1ilo erythrophthalmus)

Cardinal (Cardi?~alis cardinal~~)

:

1 \ \ I::::: 7\ 1 101 I 1 1 42

3 '''139

16 ~I



Texan pyrrhuloxIa (Pyrrhuloxla s. texalla) . . , . I ... 1 \. "

,.

64 2 21 ,

P?int~d buntin~ (Passe:ina ei"is) ,

I.. ,/

1

1109 18 19 1

.

DlckClssel (Splza amerICana)

I

1 1 11

126 8 81 .. 1 .. 1,

Purple martin (Progne .mbi.~)
Cliff swallow (Pet?,ochelidon IUllifron.~)

lI ./ / / 151 1 11 5 1 1/"'l'"''

1...... 1,

'135 34638

.

Barn swallow (Hmmdo erythrogastra) LBoagngkershweaaldlowshi(rRkeip(aLrainai;trIiSpalrudiao~)icialllls) Yellow warbler (Dend"ol,ca aestlVa)

.. .1

I...

14 5 521 16 ." .

"'1'" '1 1 1

25 11 6 1.. \" .

1 .J.6' 1 4 4." .. 19 ... .. 1 121 \

11 .... , I... 1... I.. ..... , ... 25 1

'l'" Myrtle warbler (Dendrolca coronata)

I 171 11 21 3

faryland yellowthroat (Ge~lhy~pis Iricllls)1 21 1\ 1111...

YeJlow-brea ted chat (Ielena V1rells)

I . 1,

Amer.ican.pipit (AnlhuB pensilvanicus)

I 731 341120

:::t 1...

,. ''','

5 .,

11 ,.

5 ~'.

MockingbIrd (Munus lJo1yglottos)

1 431 21 21 13 1 51 51 5 ' '11

2\ ;1 CBarroow~innathwrarsehner(T(hTroy~xtohsotorlmlas

rufmn)
lu~ov~ciallu.~)

"

..

I 91 11
\ 37\ 6\ 9

7 31

1

, ,1, .1... 29

1...

/I

"I'" BeWick wren (Thryomanes bewlckl)

,.. 11 1 3. . . . . . 3. . .

'Vinter Tufted

wren (N"annus hyemalis)

".......

titmouse (Baeolophus bie%r) , ..... ,

I

11 14

11 51

2

.

7 23.,. , .. ".

.,.

Blac~:t:t~~..t~:~.o.~ .e...~~~~~~~~~~.. ~.t~~~~~\ ... \ ... \ ... 1\" .\ .. '1"" i

11 Carolina chickadee (Penthestes earo/illensis)" 1 61

1" _ .. , ." 1

18

Insect Enemies.
According to Bulletin 100 of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology there are 54 insects which attack the boll weevil. These are divided into predaceous and parasitic enemies.
The predaceous forms are those which simply cut into the quares and devour the young stages of the weevil or in some cases attack the adult. Ants are the most numerous of this class, everal species of them attacking and killing large numbers of the weevils. Ground beetles, in both adult and larval stages} are also effective enemies.
The parasitic forms are those which lay their eggs on or near the young stages of the boll weevil within the cotton squares. These eggs hatch into tiny larvae and gradually kill the larvae of the boll weevil by feeding upon them. These insects are usually very small, wasp-like forms, and are very valuable to the cotton grower. It has been found that the e parasites are more abundant and able to do better work on squares which cling to the plant, rather than those which fall to the ground. For this reason it is advisable to select varieties of cotton which show a tendency to hold the infested squares rather than those which hed them. provided, of course, the bearing qualities of the varieties are equal.
Plate VI figures some of these natural controlling agencies.
Proliferation.
This is a term applied to a natural agency which kills numbers of the eggs and young larvae. We recall the fact that the eggs are laid within the tissues of the plant by the adult weevil boring into them. In some cases the irritation thus caused seems to cause the plant to grow more rapidly at the point of injury. This rapid growth is known as proliferation, and crushes the egg or v.ery young larva. Varieties which show this tendency to prolIferate should be selected for planting, provided again that the bearing qualities are equal.
METHODS OF CONTROL.
The ordinary methods of insect control have failed with the boll weevil; that is, the application of poison or caustic sprays or du t. These are absolutely ineffective. becau e the weevil is so thoroughly protected by living throughout the most of its life within the cotton buds.
The methods which have been found effective are known as cultural methods, that is, methods of handling and making the crop. The following are some of the most important ones which are recommended:
.1. Early planting. Owing to the fact that there are few weevIls at the beginning of the season the aim of the cotton grower must be to get a rapid early growth and to have as many bolls
19

as possible set before the weevils become numerous. The wee. viI do not attack bolls until the squares are all used, so that by setting early bolls, the grower makes his cotton from the e, the weevils using the later forming squares. Thus the stronger, faster growth he can get from his cotton early in the spring, the more cotton he can hope to make. This is the object of early planting and of the following rcommendations:
By early planting we do not mean to plant before the ground is in condition for planting, but at the earliest po ible date after the ground is right, taking into consideration the necessity of avoiding the usual late frosts. Plate VII shows re ults of early and late planting. Fig 3 shows average dates of late killing frosts.
2. Fertilizing and working. These are, of course, very important factors. They are necessary for the quick, strong growth desired. Too much emphasis cannot be put upon these factors; they often cause the difference between success and failure. Practice shallow cultivation and plow at least once a week. Keep this up until cotton is ready to nick.
3. Clean cultivation. This should be thoroughly practiced. The middles should be kept clean so that the sun can reach the ground, the heat killing many of the weevils. The borders of the fields should also be kept clean, especially during the fall so as not to have any favorable place at hond for the weevil to hibernate. Where possible a mulch condition of the soil is preferable to cloddy, hilled cultivation.
4. Collection of infested square". Hand picking of fallen squares will prove an economical and effective method of control. When weevils emerge from winter quarters they find their way to the nearest cotton fields and feed on tender growth of cotton until squares develop. A black or brown leaf here and there is evidence of his pre ence. The use of a bag attached to a hoop over which the plants are shaken is often a successful method of getting infested squares and weevils.
The gathered squares should be burned, or preferably, placed in wire cages so that the parasites may escape while the weevils remain prisoners.
5. Fall destruction of stalks.. The cotton grower who succeeds under boll weevil conditions is the man who keeps up a continuous fight. The cotton should be harvested as rapidly as possible. If picking can be completr.d by October 1st, or not later than October 15th, it will open way for a very complete and practical control of weevil.
The boll weevil can be practically controlled by the complete destruction of all green cotton, at least four weeks before first killing frosts occur. The map Fig. 4, shown here by courtesy of . U. S. Weather Bureau, gives us the average early killing fro ts
20

for different sections of state for past twenty-five year. You should be guided by these records.

Two methods of stalk destruction may be considered:
1st. Wherever the teams and plows are capable of putting the. stalk under four inches of dirt they may be plowed under.
2d. When stalks cannot be plowed under deeply they can be uprooted, piled and burned as soon as dry enough to ~urn. Where land is free of rocks and stumps talks can be cut wIth V-shaped harrow described in Circular o. 16 of this Department. Copie~ are available on application. This harrow throws stalks in alternate rows and they can be burned when dry, without extra labor of throwing them into piles.
If it is not practicable to plow under, or cut and burn, they hould by all means be uprooted thereby cutting off food supply and forcing weevils to go in winter quarters in half tarved con dition.

6. Crop rotation. This should be practiced not only for the
bt:nefit occuring to the soil, but from the effect it will have on the weevil. They hibernate in or near the field which contained the past year's crop. By rotating crops the new cotton may be at considerable di tance from this field. This makes it necessary for the weevils to migrate in search of the cotton. Weakened by the winter many of them will dIe before reaching the cotton, and the cotton will have an opportunity of making a better growth before being attacked by the weevils.

Mter stalk problem has been solved, put in winter crops, such

as oats, wheat, rye, barley, clover rape. Where leguminou~

crops, such as clovers, vetches, etc., can be used, these are morE'

valuable than grain crops because they provide good winter

grazing for live stock and are unsurpassed for building up the

oil.

.

CO CLUSIO .
The boll weevil is the most serious pest now known to the ~ott?n i!1dustry. Some are inclined to consider it a blessing m .dIsguIse. If it is a blessing we are sure it is pretty well disgUl ed. The South in our opinion will continue to produce the gre3:ter .part of the world!s cotton crop in spite of boll weevil. b~t It WIll be at considerably greater cost, and it will be far more d~~cult for the average farmer to succeed under boll weevil condItIons. This insect will force a complete revolution of agricultural methods in the South. The man who will succeed best is the man who adapts himself most quickly to the new conditions. . at~re has been exceedingly kind to Georgia. She has made It PossI~le for us to grow almost every kind of crop that can be grown In any part of the United States. An important phase of Successful boll weevil fight is diversification. In selecting other
21

crops, let us select those that have been tried and found best adapted to our particular section, choo ing those that will produce good yield, those for which a market i assured.. Many a farmer has deserted cotton and put in all corn, hay, peanuts 01' ugar cane to find at end of year that there was no demand' for his products.
We do not advise anyone to quit cotton. This, is one crop for which a market is always assured. Reduce your acreage in cotton and plant the very best seed you can obtain. Put in varieties well adapted to your section, varieties that are pedigreed, seed that came from a single stalk and has been carefully selected for a period of years. It is ju t a important for you to have pedigreed cotton seed as it i to have pedigreed horses, cattle, hog . chickens, <>1' dogs. In addition to this grow all the meat and all the food crops you need for your farm. Move your smokehouse and your corn crib from the Middle West to Georgia.
Whatever you do, don't become panic stricken. Don't become discouraged and sell out. Don't move from one place to another trying to find a place where the boll weevil will never occur. Don't let your labor leave. If you will profit by the experience of the man who has suffered and recovered, there will be no excu e for demoralization, the decrease in land values, etc., that ometimes follow in the track of boll weevil.
Do not waste your time in experimenting. The Government and the different infested tates have conducted and are still conducting a vast number of experiments under the direction of well trained experts. It consumes much time and costs real money for the right kind of experimental work.
Do not waste time with agents selling boll weevil machine. traps or pecific remedies of any kind. Beware also of the agent who have a cotton resistant to boll weevil. There is not any such plant.
Make up your mind to fight and call on the State and Governmene forces for the aid they are in position to give you and you will win,
22

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 45

1916

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1915
GENER L THE UNIVE GIfT OF k;t.. ~ 1'1 3~

STATE CAPITOL

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Bntomologist

BULLETI -15

1916

A UAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1915

STATE CAPITOL

ATLA TA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF E TOMOLOGY
ORGA IZATIO
J. D. PRICE, Chairman, Commis ioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
R. C. BERCKMA S, Pre ident State Horticultural Society, Augu tao
J O. A. COBB, Pre ident tate Agricultural Society. Americu .
Ex-Officio Member.
E. LEE WOR HAM, tate Entomologi t and Secretary of the Board Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, As i tant State Entom.ologist Atlanta.
W. V. REED, A si tant Entomologi t, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, A si tant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. F. TURNER, A si tant Entomologist, Thomasville.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, . Assistant in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
C. A. McLE DO , Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
J. D. SMITH A istant Entomologist, At1anta.
C. G. CRITTENDE Assistant in Charge Transmission of Cotton Disea e
by In ects, Thomasville.

w z J
-Jill
>~ lUI, ~!?
>0
.....JJ o"'- "
o
10 4:

<C

....I


LIN

.....--..

.s o v
/
-s.
C'
~ "I)
o <
/
1."

,hArti'll.

~ 't
V'"
o

\J

.... ;:

.~.

....

F

~

BOLL "W"EEVIL MAP 1915.1916
Fig. 1. Map showing area covered by Boll Weevil in 1915 and quarantined area for 1916. For regulations on shipments of cotton seed and other articles from quarantined area write State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.

\

Report of State Entomologist
For 1915
Hon. J. D. Price,
Chairman State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.
Dear Sir:-
I have the honor a Secretary of the State Board of Entomology to pre ent a report of the work of the Board for 1915.
The staff consisted of your ecretary and following a si tants: A. C. Lewis, Assistant State Entomologist, W. V. Reed, Ira W. William W. W. Chase, C. S. Spooner, C. G. Crittenden, Assi tant Entomologist , and Miss Glover Henderson, stenographer; Mrs. Katie Maguire a si tant tenographer, and Mi Annie Sharp, artist.
The work of the Board consist of research or experimental work for control of eriously injuriou insects and di ea es, inspection of orchard and crops for the purpo e of directing control of insect pests and plant diseases, inpection of all stock in nurseries of the State; inspection of all tock entering State from foreign countries; inspection of growing crops; growing and distribution of cotton eed resistant to disease; issuing of bulletins and circular on various pe t attacking plant life; enforcement of all quarantine laws as regards shipment of plants or material that will introduce insects and diseases in places where they do not occur at the pre ent time. In addition to above. the different members of the staff attend agricultural and horticultural meetings in the state to give farmers the benefit of results of our investigations on insects and di ea e .
DAMAGE BY I SECT A D DISEASE.
. There was a normal amount of damage to all crop by In ects and di ea es. Georgia's crops now net her about two hundred and fifty million dollars ($250,000,000.00) annually. Were it not for the ravages of insects and diseases attacking every class of vegetation thi figure would be 275 to 300 million dollars. The greater part of this loss can be prevented if they take advantage of results of experiment conducted by the different states and the National Government for their control. It i gratifying to report that all

I
I
I

5
citizens who are interested in Georgia' crops are calling more and more on this department for help. Our present force is inadequate to meet the e demands.
EDUCATIONAL WORK.
The Department has re ponded to the many calls made to lecture on in ects and diseases at agricultural and horticultural meetings. We have visited practically every section of the State and lectured on in ects and disea es attacking cotton, corn, grain, peaches, apples, truck and other crops.
BOLL WEEVIL.
The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil made it appearance in Georgia for the first time during the latter part of August. The first specimen was collected at our station at Thomasville about August 25th. A careful investigation showed that it had spread over about 24 counties, occurring as far ea t a Pidcock in Brooks county, and as far north as West Point in Troup. Thi spread over such a wide area at this time was due undoubtedly to the tropical storm accompanied by high winds which blew for several days from the southwest.
Following the discovery of the weevil, this Department, in conjunction with the Commercial A ociation of Thomas County called a meeting of farmers and bu iness men at Thomasville for the purpose of discussing methods of control to be adopted before the period of hibernation. At this meeting, which was well attended, thirty-four countie were represented by prominent citizens. Plans were perfected for conducting a campaign in each of the infested counties.
By October first the weevil had become very abundant in a large number of counties, and it was thought advisable to conduct a campaign in these counties so as to come into close touch with farmers and business men, and advise them of the advance made by the boll weevil explain the damage liable to result therefrom, and urge them to begin to make a fight. A series of meetings was held in co-operation with Mr. J. Phil Campbell in charge of extension work in Georgia for the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Two tours were arranged and trips made in Ford cars, three to four lecturers in each car to discuss the different pha es of the boll weevil problem. Meetings were arranged o that each party could make about two counties each day. The campaign was extensively advertised through the local pres , by means of circulars and Southern Bell and other

6
telephone companies operating in the e countie. We had the operator call every ub criber to a rural phone and urge hi attendance upon the boll weevil meeting. Large crowds met the speakers at each place and the campaign, which was carried into about forty counties, was a succe in every respect. Bulletins outlining the fight to be made on the boll weevil were distributed at every top.
It is impo ible to forecast the damage to Georgia's crop in 1916 from boll weevil, but by the end of the past sea on. when the first fro t occurred, weevil were just as abundant in some of our counties as they were in Mississippi or Loui iana. With a mild winter it is liable to do considerable damage in orne of the countie bordering on the Alabama line. The map on page 3 shows the area actually covered in 1915, and map on page 4 shows the area covered in all the cotton tates. It is interesting to note that the average area covered annually is about 23,000 square miles, and that the territory covered in 1915 was about 86,000 square mile .
The unusual pread of the boll weevil in 1915 neces itated a great deal of in pection work during August. eptember and October. The di per ion was so erratic at no time could one feel sure without a close examination from field to field that he had reached the limit of their migration.
By consulting the map in the quarantine regulation of the tate Board of Entomology the infested area will be noted to be very large and approximately some idea of the work necessary in locating the quarantine line can be had.
Be ides establishing a quarantine line to prevent the mechanical pread of the weevil, the inspection has a direct value in other ways. It give the average farmer notice in time to arrange more satisfactorily his crops for another year. The inspection al 0 acquaint .a large number of people with the best methods and mean for fighting the boll weevil uccessfully.
BOLL WEEVIL QUARA TI E.
The appearance of the weevil in the following countie : Polk, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Douglas, Campbell, Heard, Coweta, Troup. Meriwether, Pike. Harris, Up on, Talbot, Muscogee. Marion, Chattahoochee, Taylor, Schley
tewart, Webster, Sumpter. Lee, Terrell. Randolph. Clay, Calhoun, Dougherty, Worth, Turner, Tift. Berrien, Colquitt, Mitchell, Baker, Early, Miller. Decatur, Grady, Thoma, Brook , Lownde . Echol , and Clinch makes it necessary to restrict the movement of cotton seed, cotton seed hulls, etc., to point not yet infested by weevil.

7
The map on page 3 show the quarantine area for 1916. o cotton seed, cotton seed hulls, pani h mo ,corn in the shuck. cotton pickers' sacks or other article liable to harbor boll weevil .can be hipped from infested or quarantined territory to territory not yet infested. Tfie railroads and expre companie have given their active cooperation in the enforcement of quarantine laws.
COTTO BREEDI G WORK.
The cotton breeding for re istance to wilt or black root, boll rot or anthracnose, and testing of different varietie for boll weevil condition, ha been conducted by Mr. A. C. Lewi and Mr. Ira Williams, and valuable result have been obtained from this work. The breeding work on cotton for the past eight year by the department will now how up to the best advantage. The wilt resistant type have been developed to a point where they are more rei tant to wilt; di play some resistance to anthracno e, and are a prolific a any other varieties and fruit ufficiently early to enable grower to produce a good crop of cotton under boll weevil condition .
It is a well known fact that the right variety of cotton i fifty per cent of the boll weevil fight. The problem of the best variety must be worked out for each section of the
tate. The following are report of Mr. Lewi and Mr. William on work which they are conducting:
WORK 0 COTTO 'WILT.
The breeding work on cotton wilt re istant varieties wa conducted by A. C. Lewis, A i tant tate Entomologist. The breeding plots were located on Col. M. B. C:>Llacil' plantation at DeSoto,. Ga.
One of the increase plot of Lewi 63, an early fruiting wilt re i tant type, made a very good showing in yield, and was quite early and very wilt re istant. A few of the progeney rows were earlier than other. These were aved and will be increased a rapidly as po sible and the seed di tributed in. the boll weevil infested part of the State, a oon as ufficlent eed can be ecured.
Variety tests were conducted on wilt infected land, at the following places: Americus, Lumpkin and Vienna. At each place .the wilt resistant trains yielded well and howed great re istance to the di ea e. At each place twelve to fifteen varieties were tested. In the following tables thp yield and re i tance of :l few varietie are hown at each place.

8

VARIETY TEST Americus, Ga. 1915.

Variety Lbs. S. Cot- Per cent ton per acre. of lint.

King ........................ 665

35.5

Half & Half """ 350

39

Weber .................. 840

30

Wilt Resistant:

Dixie (B-24) ...2030

36

"Lewis 63" ......2100

36.5

Council-Toole 1925

37

Lb . lint per acre.
236 136.5 252
730.8 766.5 712.2

Per cent healthy
20 10 24
96 96 95

VARIETY TEST Vienna, Ga., 1915. .

Variety Lbs. S. Cot- Per cent ton per acre. of lint.

King ........................ 980

35.5

Expre s ........__.....1750

30

Weber .................. 805

30

Wilt Re i tant:

Madella

(Howell) ......2292.5

36

Dixi.e (B-28) ...2292.5

36

"Lewis 63" ......2310

36.5

Lb . lint per acre.
347.9 525 241.5
826.3 826.3 843.1

VARIETY TEST
Lumpkin, Ga. 1915.
-- --
Variety Lbs. S. Cot- Per cent Lbs. lint ton per acre. of lint. per acre.

King ........................ 565 Weber .................. 612.5 Express ............... 672.5
Wilt Resistant:
Dix-Afifi ........__..... 840 "Lewi 63" ...... 840 De Soto ............... 822.5

35.5 30 30
31 36.5 35

236 183.7 201.7
260 306.6 287.5

Per cent healthy 50 88 30
95 96 96
--
Per cent healthy
75 85 85
96 96 95

9
These te t how that on wilt infected land it is folly to plant any of the ordinary varieties of cotton.
The demand for wilt resistant seed is increasing each veal'. The department distributed 4,000 bushels of wilt re i tant seed and 500 bushel of Iron and Brabham Cowpea in 1915, and then did not supply the demand.
There ~re now 30 farmers who are breeding cotton under our instructions. Many of these had seed to sell and could not supply the demand. The farmers are realizing more and more each year the value and importance of improved seed. They are realizing that under boll weevil condition elect cotton seed must be planted, so as to have all the stalks. of a uniform type, early fruiting and prolific.
COTTO T A THRAC 0 E.
At Brun wick on R. H. Parker's place a variety test was conducted to determine the resistance of different varietie to anthracno e. In this te t every other row wa planted in badly infected seed, with the other varieties between.
In the rows from the infected seed 65 per cent of the bolls had Anthracno e, in the other rows the percentage of Anthracno e was from 60 to 10 per cent. There wa a great difference in the amount of anthracnose on the different varieties as is shown by the following table:

CO'ITO A THRAC OSE EXPERIME T. Brunswick, Ga. 1915.

Variety

Per cent Boll Seed Cotton eed Cotton Anthracno e. per row. Lb . per acre. Lb .

Infected seed:

Cook

65

5

260

Cook

60

15

780

Weber-William ..46

16

832

Half & Half

51

416

ouncil-Toole

20

21

1092

"Lewis 63"

10

21

1092

From the e result it is apparent that more attention
hould be paid to the election of eed that is free from
anthracno e. Rotation of crop together with the planting o~ eed free from anthracnose, or nearly so. should be pracbced. 0 a to reduce the damage from thi disea e.

10

REPORT OF IRA W. WILLIAMS.

Year of 1915.

During this year we have conducted cotton breeding work with twenty-nine men in the following counties: Ben Hill. Clay, Irwin, McDuffie Carroll, Lyons, Emanuel, Mitchell, Quitman, Calhoun, Baldwin, Macon, Terrell Decatur Lowndes, Telfair, Early, Chattahoochee, Miller, Walton, Pulaski and Thomas. Most of the men were in their third year of breeding. They not only had individual rows and 'elections, but everal of them had increase blocks from the selections they have made since the work began. Mo >; of these men have done exceedingly well and have taken an interest in their work. Some of them were able this year to plant a large number of their crops from their individual selections made the year before, We have ginned their individual selections this year. and in some instances their individual rows and increase block. Other had their increase blocks ginned themselve ,
In addition to the cotton breeding work, we have conducted tests in five countie , ranging from Carroll County to the Florida line. This is probably one of 'the most valuable pieces of work done by the Department, because it teaches us the varieties of cotton best adapted to the different sections of the State. While the varieties themselve do not amount to a great deal, it furnishes a basis for developing the different kinds of cotton that are best suited to the various ections of the state, and can be most ea ily made to resist the diseases which are prevalent in those ections. Results of these tests are on file in the office.
Quite extensive breeding work was done at Villa Rica. Ga. Crosses were made on several varieties of cotton, and orne very promising hybrids secured.
At the Experiment Station at Thoma ville fifteen varieties of upland cotton were planted in test, two rows of each kind and repeated three times, making an eighth of an acre in each variety. The results calculated for acre yields are as follows:

Express

Stoney

S-66

..

Triumph

King

Cook

Lee

B-28

1532 lbs. 1288 lbs. 1604 lbs. 1160 lb . 1172 lbs. 1520 lb . 1548 lb 1724 lb .

Hietts Simpkins
Tooie Poulnott Modella
~owden
Dixi-fifi

1336 lbs. 1012 lbs. 1492 JIbs. 1400 lbs. 1672 lb . .1376 lbs. 1572 lbs.

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..

12

Blooming record were al 0 kept on the e varietie of cotton from the 10th of June to the 20th of July, 40 day. The results are given on chart attached. This is a very
valuable report for the reason that it is important to know in making cotton with the boll weevil, which variety of cot-
ton puts on fruit first and at the most rapid rate. ix varieties of Sea Island cotton were planted for study and the blooming record~ of these were kept, and kept in comparison with the King cotton. This is also hown on chart attached. The rates of production per acre are not given
for the reason that only a small area 9f ground was planted in Sea Island, but the total weight of eed cotton produced by each variety is given and is valuable as a comparative
test:

Bell Biles Centerville

20 lbs. 23 lbs. 25 lbs.

Seabrook _ Hagan Sosnowski

24 lbs. 24 lb 19 lb .

TOTAL NUMBER BLOOMS PRODUCED.

YARIETY

Total Plants

Sea Island-

Bell ........... Centerville ....

78 87

Hagan ..... o. 8-

Bile ........... 8

Seabrook ...... 95

Sosn ws1,i .... 8.

UplandKing's Imp. .. 112

.June 15-30
226 344 434 293 349 307
1178

.July 1-15
IOn
1450 1581 1524 1579 1274
3070

July 16_31

Aug.~ Aug. I-I. 16-31

1482 2291
1858 2278 2133 1453

2429 2744
2612 2539 2826 2464

1443 1310 1113 1171 1674 1901

3255 1149

112

Sep. 1-10

Total

349

6970

162

8311

287

7885

158

7963

399

8960

641

8040

119

8883

O. BLOOMS PER PLANT.

YARiETY

-TIln", 15-30

Sea Island R 11 ............. 2.89' Centervile ....... 3.95 Hagan .......... 5.10
Bile ............. 3.44 eabrook ........ 3.67
osnowsld ....... 3.61

UplandKing' Imp. ... .10.51

July 1-15
13.34 16.77 18.60 17.93 16.62 14.98
27.41.

-Tuly 16-31
18.99 26.33 21.85 26.80 22.45 17.09
29.06

Aug. 1-15
31.14 31.54 30.72 29.87 29.74 28.98
10.25

Aug. 16-31
18.50 15.05 13.09 13.77 17.62 22.48
1.00

Sep. 1-10

Total

4.47

89.35

1.86

95.52

3.37

92.76

1.85

93.68

4.20

94.31

7.54

94.58

1.06

79.31

I
A small area was also devoted to corn and velvet beans. The obiect in growing the corn was to develop a corn that would be free from the weevil. We have conducted this two years and have gotten some striking results, showing that it is possible to produce corn that will keep free from the weevils if kept in the shuck.

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The ix varietie of beans that were planted in the te t were: Yokohama, Chinese) White, Florida, Lyon and 100 Day Velvet Bean. The number of bu hel per acre produced are as follows:

Yokohama

0 bu. Lyon

150 bu.

Florida

15 bu. White

38 bu.

Chinese

40 bu. 100 Day

310 bu.

The Yokohama Velvet Bean died and did not produce

anything.

There ha been a complaint in thi section of the State

that cowpea will not make seed. We have conducted te t

both with the use of inoculation and the planting of pea

every week for two months, beginning on the 1st of May and

finishing on the 1st of July. We got no results whatever from the inoculation that we could tell, and none of the

peas made any seed. The only difference being" in the amount of vines ecured. The early peas produced more

vines than the late ones. The varieties of peas planted

were Iron and Brabham.

Our purpo e in growing beans and peas, and in making

experiments with the different varieties i to find out, not

only the be t way and method of growing the e crops, but

also to find the best varieties of beans and peas to be

u ed that would re ist the nematode and give result when

grown in rotation with cotton in order that the cotton

might not be attacked with the wilt that follows a legu-

minous crop.

I have traveled several thou and mile over the tate in

intere t of the work done by the Board. Have also made

several speeches on the boll weevil and other agricultural

subjects. For two weeks I conducted one party in the boll

weevil campaign, and made twenty-three speeches in twen-

ty-three different counties of the State.

DIQ EMI ATIO OF COTTO DISEASES BY I ECT.
Insects have often been suspected of being distributor of cotton diseases. In co-operation with Mr. G. D. Smith of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, work was begun in July with a view to determining whether or not these su picions were well founded. Laboratory and field experiments proved conclusively that the green soldier bug, (NezaTa Vi1'idula) is a carrier of anthracno e spores from one cotton boll to another. The work is not complete and plans have been made to continue the work thru another season.
One of the principal points to be determined is what per
cent of the spread of the disease can be attributed to insect.

15

BACTERIAL DISEA E OF COTTO .
In the fall, work wa begun on the bacterial disease of cotton. This disease has, hitherto, been given but little attention. However, it is one of the mo t important maladies of the cotton crop. It affect leaves, stems and boll. It doe considerable damage to upland cotton but is much worse on Sea Island. On this cotton, the disease is most conpicuou on the Hmbs and is called "black arm" becau e the affected limb turn black. Often the e limb are girdled and die, with the 'result that all the bolls are lost. Through the winter, the investigation was carried on in the laboratory and greenhouse at Atlanta. Variou preliminary obervations were made on the bacteria, its growth. etc. Preparations have been made for further tudy of thi disease and it control.

TR CK CROP PEST A D MI CELLA EOU I AFFECTI G HADE TREES AND OR AME TAL PLA T .

ECTS

The work on truck and miscellaneous insect pests ha been in charge of W. V. Reed. In addition the inspection of imported stock and largely the boll weevil inspection work have been part of hi activities.
For the year 1915 the usual number of outbreaks of common truck insects have been recorded. In dealing with the e outbreaks. remedial mea ure , when possible, were applied a a demonstration with good result. Among tho e that might be mentioned briefly are the Army Worm (La-
phygma /1'ugipe?'da) , Red Spider (Tetmnychus bimaculatu ) and the modern or cotton aphis (Aphis gossypii).

The Army Worm:

Alfalfa field seem to have uffered more than other crops during 1915 from the army worm. Corn was frequently attacked but the infestation was usually traced to near-by alfalfa patche. The mo t efficient and reliable remedial measure where a forage or hay crop is attacked i to harvest the crop. It is well known by farmer that
du ting- or praying with arsenicals are effective. In this connection Pari green is frequently used in excessive quantitie with injurious effects. Arsenate of lead when pro~urable, should always be used, as it i Ie s likely to injure If applied in too large quantities. In the use of either arsenate of lead or Pari!'! green for the army worm, the following formulre should be adhered to:

16

Arsenate of Lead a :l spray:
(Pa te) 3 lbs. or (Dry) 1 1-2 lbs. Fifty gallon of watel'.

Pari green as a spray: 1 lb. Pari green 3 lbs. lime 100 gallons of water.

Ar enate of lead as a dust: (Dry) 1 lb. Dry lacked lime or cheap flour, 5 lb

Paris green a a du t: Paris green 1 lb. Air slacked lime or cheap flour. 15 lb .

Cotton Red pider:
This troublesome pest wa abundant during 1915, a i' u ual during an extremely dry ea on. The tandard remedy, (spraying with one or two per cent. Commercial lime-
ulphur) gives satisfactory results. The red spider in green-houses has long been a factor to contend with, and in view of the fact that praying materials that dic;color cannot be used, remedial measures other than commercial lime-sulphur sprays are u ed. Drenchin~ with wqter under pre sure and praying with nicotocide, a tobacco product, are largely employed.

Aphi :
The melon or cotton aphis heads the list in this family of in ect in the tate in being ge'1erall:v iJiuriou each year. It i fully treated in Bulletin 41 of this Department.
Concerning the' new or less co. mon pests tnat were prominent during 1915 are the blister beetle (Macroba is unicolor), the bag worm (ThY1'idopte1'Yx ephemerial formis) the leaf miners, (Carr;,eraria hamad1"yedella and Came1'a1'ia cincinnatiella) , the maple and the lecanium scales (A pidiotu teneb1'icosu and Lecanium nig1'ofasciatum) , and the Argentine Ant (l1"idomy1'ex humilis).

The Bli tel' Beetle:
Formerly this beetle was known as the potato beetle and occasionally at present is injuring potatoes. During the spring of 1915 it was widely reported as injuring orchard and particularly plum trees when they begin to leaf out in pring. The buds foliage and even the tender twig were de troyed when a large number of the beetle were present.
praying with arsenate of lead u ing the u ual formula recommended was entirely effective.

The Bag Worm:
Ornamental plants, hrub. hade trees and particularly evergl'eens are attacked by this pest. The larvae have the

17
queer or unu ual habit of living within cocoon-like ca es and carry the bag with them while feeding. When fully grown the larvae seal themselves up within the bags and in thi manner the transformation or pupal stage is passed. If detected when feeding, and they usually are they may be readily controlled by dusting or spraying the plants attacked with ar enate of lead. Mter they have entered the pupal stage hand picking and burning should be employecl to de troy them.
The Leaf Miner:
For the past two years and particularly during 1915 exboerne injury to oak shade trees wa caused by the two leaf miner mentioned previou ly. In orne cases ninety per cent. of the foliage was injured and the trees had the appearance of having been corched. There is nothing practicable that can be recommended to control the pests after they are at work on the foliage. itrate fertilizers to stimulate the foliage growth are valuable and should be employed if a seriou amount of the foliage i involved. The miners overwinter in their mines in the leave and as a control mea ure, the leaves hould be raked and burned in the late fall or early spring.
The Maple and the Lecanium Scales:
Maples are used extensively a shade trees and are frequently found infested with the maple scale. Commercial lime- ulphur at a strength of one part commercial limeulphur to ten parts water i the most effective remedy. Thi spray hould be applied thoroughly while the tree are dormant.
The Lecanium scale is only partially co trolled by lime and ulphur spray. Oil preparations, a Kero ene emulion or Scalecide are more reliable. The oil sprays can be applied while the trees are dormant with succe s. The best re ult obtainable with" commercial lime and sulphur are to be h~d when the spray i applied just before the leave tart in the spring. Ten per cent kero ene emulsion should be used "and Scalecide at the rate of one part Scalecide to ten parts water.
Briefly the life his.tory of the cale i a follows: The hibernatiD~ fem9le attains full growth in April. Egg are deposited beneath the mother scale. At the end of ovipo iting nothing remain of the mother scale except scale coating covering the egg. The hatching period of the eggs extends over a period of probably two months. At first the young crawl from place to place and on finding a suitable

18
location attach themselve , and the scale coating forms over them and thickens as the in ects enlarge until the adult tage is reached.
The Argentine nt:
The Argentine Ant ha made it appearance at a number of points in Georgia. Probably colonies have been established for years in cities like Atlanta Augu ta, Savannah and Columbus. This is an exceedingly annoying household pe t and is quite numerous enough in :1 echon of Atlanta and Augusta at present to cause alarm. They usually travel in well defined trail or line and are very dark brown in color and are medium in ize. In addition their everlasting presence and persistance are some of their general characteristics. Mr. T. C. Barber recommends the following formula as a poison syrup:
15 lb . granulated ugar. 7 1-2 lb . water. 1-4 oz. Tartaric acid.
Boil lowly for 30 minute and allow to cool. Di olve 3-4 oz. Sodium Arsenate (NaAs02) Merk. in 1-2 pint of hot water and stir thoroughly into syrup. Add 8 per cent pure honey to syrup.
The claim for this poison is that it acts slowly and pre'vent the adults from suspicioning they are eating poison and also conveying it to their young. Ants are exceedingly wi e ~nd have the faculty of knowing when they eat deadly poi op. to leave it alone thereafter. Mr. Barber further recommends that ordinary baking powder cans be employed as receptacles for the poison. The mouth of the can hould be crumpled and the lid placed securely thereon. The indentations will enable the ants to pass in and out at will. and the lid will protect the poison from rain and other insects other than ants that might partake of it. The cans containing the poison should be placed where the ant are ob-
erved in number .
APPLE AND PEACH I ECTS A D DISEASES.
A continuation of the experiments in the control or prevention of a number of insects and di ease of both peaches and apples was again located at Cornelia, where the experiment were begun in 1914. The work wa conducted under the upervi ion of W. W. Cha e, and was largely a continuation and extension of work previously inaugurated but not completed.
The experiments were principally confined to securing

19
data on the comparative efficiency and cost of the liquid and dust methods respectively in the control or preWlltion of insects and di ea es of peache. In the experimer.ts the Department had the aid and co-operation of Mr. L. B. Veeder, and the demon trations were carried out in hi orchard, a large portion of which was allotted to the test
THE DUSTING, OR DRY, METHOD.
This method of spraying has been described and illu trated in the last Annual Report, as Bulletin 42 of the tate Board of Entomology, and need not further be di cus ed here with reference to the compo ition of the material or method of application. One new mixture wa u ed, in addition to those enumerated in the above named report. Thi mixture was made up of fifty parts hydrated lime to forty-five parts finely ground sulphur to five parts arsenate of lead. The formula wa mixed by the Union Sulphur Company, which is co-operating with the Department in the work. The idea was that the lime would act merely as a filler, greatly reducing the cost of the material and, at the same time, not altering its effectiveness.
While this formula gave a good control of peach scab, brown rot and curculio, it was not so satisfactory as the formula comprising ninety-five per cent sulphur and five per cent ar enate of lead, and the conclusion was reached that it i not dependable.
In the te t conducted in previous year with the different dust mixtures, no foliage injury followed. In 1..915, however, each application of the material was followed by rains and considerable defoliation ensued. This unexpected development raises the question as to the safety of the !Dixture under all conditions of weather, although there 1 no doubt as to its dependability in controlling the commercially important insects and diseases. Further test will be carried out in 1916 with still other formula, and the result published by the Department on their conclu. ion. The method seem to have great possibilities, but lt remains to be determined just what formula will effect the desired results and yet not defoliate the trees.
ADVA TAGES OF THE DUST METHOD OF SPRAYI G.
. .A suming that the dust mixtures are dependable as funglClde and insecticides a the several tandardized liquid prays, and that their cost i not greater, their superiority on all other points is very material. The lightness of the outfit as compared to the heavy power outfits, the great

20
rapidity with which the work can be conducted, the ab 0lute independence of water upply, unite to make ucce for the du ting method something to be striven for.
REPORT OF C. S. SPOONER.
The Pecan huckworm:
Life hi tory work wa continued on this in ect. A large number of parasites was bred from the larvae. The e are now being determined. Fall plowing wa found to be an efficient control for this pe t.
Pecan Case-Bearer:
Further studie were made on this insect. The life hi tory is now complete. Several para ites were bred from the larvae. Late summer spraying with ar enate of lead wa again found effective.
Pecan ut Case-Bearer:
This seriou pest wa found in Georgia for the fir t time thi year. Some ob ervations were made and plan for a life history tudy and control measures were made.
Pecan Scab: The work thi year was confined to ob ervation. 0
spraying wa done on account of the scarcity of nut in the experimental plot. cab injury was very light during the pa t sea on.
The varietie which are mo t subject to scab' with u are, Georgia, San Saba, and other Texas varietie , Capito], Delmas and many seedlings. Seedlings are usually very severely injured by scab.
Van Deeman, Schley, Alley, Halkert, Mobile cab to a light degree. but not enough to warrant uneasiness. Scab has also been recorded as occurring on Stuart and Jewett to a slight extent.
Present indications how that Money-maker, Ru ell, tuart. Schley, Alley are among the better known varieties which are safe to plant from the standpoint of scab.
Pecan Borers:
Severa] pecies were studied more or less extensively and further life history and control work was planned for the coming year. A bulletin dealing with pecan pest in detail is being prepared for publication in 1916.
R ERY I PECTIO.
The inspection of nurserie began August 1st and wa completed in October. In 1915 there were 103 nurserie~ allowed to ell stock in the State of Georgia and the stock consi ted of the following plants:

21

Pecan Peach Apple Pear Plum Car. Poplar Cherry Miscellaneou Grapes
trawberries Rose
Total

_ _

804,300 964,800

_ _ _

751,380 140,800 51,780

_ _

27,250 24,700

_ _

1.044,225 150050

_ _

512,000 4,500

_ 4,475785

Each plant was carefully inspected and ometimes a econd in pection wa neces ary before a certificate wa iued.
The following i a Ii t of the Georgia ur eries for 19151916.

GEORGIA DR ERIE 1915-1916.

Appalachian Apple Orchard Co.

L. B. Magid, Pres. Wm. Anderson

. C. Al ton

A hford Park urseries

T. J. Anderson

Baconton Nurseries Co.

Barnesville ursery Co.

BBaartneywe&ll

Pecan O Jackson

rchard

Co.

Bennett & Milton

G. M. Bacon Pecan Co.

Bellevue Fruit Farm

P. J. Berckmans

Britton's Greenhouse

Bullard Pecan ursery Co.

Carrollton Nursery Co.

Cannon, H. G. -

J. A. Caldwell

Capitol City Nursery Co.

Concord ur eries Co.

Co-operative Nul' ery Stock Co.

Cordele Nul' ery Co.

The Cureton ur eries

Dixie Wholesale ursery Co.

Tallulah Park
Temple Richland
Atlanta Bremen Baconton Barnesville Baconton Baconton Baconton DeWitt Macon Augu ta Atlanta Albany Carrollton Cairo
La Fayette P-tlanta Concord
tlanta Cordele Austell Marietta

22
Dahl Floral Co. Jno. S. Davidson J: M. Duncan L. B. Duke H. 1. Dover W. M. Dyer & Sons
Excelsior Nursery Co. Edward & Patterson Ellijay ursery Co. Empire Pecan Co. Enterprise Nursery Co. Jes e T. Ellis Fairview ur ery Co.
umbleweill ur erie Fayetteville ur ery O. H. Farr F. K. Freeman W. T. Gaulden Glau ier Pecan Co. .Gill Grove Pecan urseries J. W. Gilespie Georgia Nursery Co. Georgia Seed Co.
Georgia Experiment Station J. H. Gheesling J. W. Goddard Hardaway urseries Hartwell Nurserie H. G. Hastings Co. Hiawa see Nursery Co. B. W. Hunt P. J. Hjort
Hogan ville ursery Co. Ingleside ur ery Idle Hour ursery Jackson County ursery E. F. Jordan Jud on Orchard Farm Juanita Nurserie Otto Katzenstein Le Conte Nursery D. & O. Lott
Magnolia ur ery Magnolia Hill Nurseries V. P. Milner O. P. Meares T. J. Mills J. B. Miller

Atlanta
Rockmart Carnesville Moultrie Ellijay Sharpe
Rome MiIledgevi1le Ellijay Parrott
Carl Griffin
aylor
Dahlonega
Fayetteville Leesburg Athens Quitman
Baconton
Baconton Albany
_Concord Hogan ville
Experiment Greensboro Stone Mountain Putney Hartwell Atlanta
Hiawassee Eatonton Thomasville
Hogansville Cairo Macon
Winder Eatonton
Meigs Decatur Atlanta Smithville Waycros
Cairo Meigs Forest Park Baconton ~ higham Baconton

23

Murphy' ur erie W. K. elson
A. C. Oel chig & Sons, Florists A. C. Parker Parrott ur erie J. R. Pinson
Pike County urseries Riverside Nursery A. W. Richard on C. H. Redding
Ram ey Pecan Grove urse;ry C. A. Rouzer
Rood Pecan Groves ur ery Ro eland urserie
mithwick Orchard Co. J. S. ims A. Clarke Snedeker
outhern Nut Tree urserie need ur erie R. A. Strain B. W. Stone tubb Nursery Tigner ursery Tanner ursery
Troup County ursery Tuck Bros.
Cha . P. Turner G. H. Tomlinson
Wachendorff Bros. J. B. Wight W. P. William, Sr.

Fayetteville Augusta
Savannah Moultrie Parrott Baconton
Concord -Cairo Savannah Waycross
Leesburg Thomasville
Albany outh Atlanta
Americu Hapeville Blackshear
Thomasville Morrow Darien Thomasville Augusta White Sulphur Spring Milledgeville
Gabbettville Thomasville
Carrollton Putney
Atlanta Cairo Blackshear

o T OF STATE R ERIES.

The nurseries outside of the State are required to file a certificate of inspection of the official inspection in the
tate where the nursery is located and to sign an agreement to fumigate tock prior to hipment into this State.

The following is a list of nurseries outside of the State authorized to sell tock in Georgia in 1915-1916:

American Ro e & Plant Co. Ander on Floral Co. Andora urserie -
Mi Ella V. Barnes R. L. Baker -------Ba s & om; Pecan Co., 1. E.

Springfield. Ohio. Anderson, S. C. Chestnut Hill, Phila.
Pa. Springfield, Ohio. Baileyton, Ala. Lumberton, Mis

24

Betchel Pecan urserie

Ocean Springs, Mi

Biloxi ursery

Biloxi, Miss.

Biltmore Nurserie

Biltmore, N. C.

Birmingham Nurserie Co.

Birmingham, Ala.

Bobbink & Atkins

Rutherford, N. Y.

Brown Bros. Co.

Roche tel' N. Y.

Brown ursery Co., F. W.

Rose Hill N. Y.

Chase, L. E.

Ocean Springs, Mis.

Commercial ursery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

Citronelle Nursery & Orchard Co. __ Citronelle, Ala.

Continental Plant Co.

Kittrell, N. C.

Cusseta Nul' ery

La Fayette, Ala.

Childs John Lewi , Inc.

Floral Park, . Y.

Chase ursery Co.

Chase, Ala.

Cedar Hill ursery & Orchard Co. __ Winchester, Tenn.

Cumberland Nurseries

Winche tel', Tenn.

Dreer, Henry A., Inc.

Riverton, N. J.

Eagle Pecan Co., The

Pittsview, Ala.

Ea terly ursery Co., Inc.

Cleveland, Tenn.

Elm City Nursery Co.

ew Haven, Conn.

Elmwood Floral & Nul' ery Co. Eufaula Pecan Co.

Birmingham, Ala. Eufaula, Ala.

Florida ursery & T:r;ading Co.

Lockhart, Ala.

The Florida urseries

Monticello, Fla.

Fore t ursery & Seed Co.

McMinnville, Tenn.

Franklin Davis Nursery Co.

Baltimore, Md.

Fraser ursery Co.

Huntsville, Ala.

German Nul' erie & Seed House Beatrise, eb.

Greenbrier ursery Co.

Greenbrier, Tenn.

Gainesville Nurseries

Gainesville, Fla.

Griffing Bros.

Grand Bay, Ala.

Glen St. Mary Nurserie

Glen St. Mary. Fla.

Griffing Bro.

._Port Arthur. Texa .

Glenwood urseries

Morn ville, Pa.

The Globe Nurserie

Bristol, Tenn.

The Good & Reese Co.

Springfield, Ohio.

The Great Western Plant Co.

pringfield, Ohio.

Greenville ursery Co.

Greenville, S. C.

Hale, J. C. Nul' ery Co.

Winche tel', Tenn.

Harrison's Nurseries

Berlin, Md.

Henderson, Peter & Co.

New Jersey Heights.

.

. J.

The D. Hill ursery Co.

Dundee TIL

Hoffman. Paul

Waverly, Ala.

Hoopes, Bro. & Thoma Co.

West Chester. Pa.

Howell urserie

Knoxville, Tenn.

Hubbard Co.. T. S.

Fredonia. . Y.

Huntsville Whole ale ur eries Hunt ville, Ala.

25

Inter-State ur eries

Macclenny, Fla.

Jackson & Perkins Co.

ewark, . Y.

The Josselyn Nursery Co.

Fredonia, N. Y.

Kellogg Co., R. M.

Three Rivers, Mich.

Kelly Bros. Wholesale Nurseries Kidder, Samuel

Dansville, N. Y. Monticello, Fla.

Lewis, F. H.

Pascagoula Miss.

Lipp, Geo. W.

Roanoke, Ala.

Marble City ursery Co.

Knoxyille, Tenn.

Meehan. Tho. Son Monticello urserie

Germantown, Phil. Pa. Monticello, Fla.

Mount Arbor urseries

Shenendoah, Iowa.

Mount Hope urseries Mu er, Martin H.

Rochester, N. Y. Lancaster, Pa.

ewton ursery, The

ewton, N. C.

New Haven urseries, Inc.

New Haven, Mo.

North Jer ey Nurseries

Millburn, N. J.

Oak Lawn Nursery

Huntsville, Ala.

Old Dominion Nurseries

Richmond, Va.

Paine ville ursene

Painesville, Ohio.

Pierson Co., F. R.

Tarrytown. . Y.

Ramsey, W. P. Mr.

Ocean Spring, Mi

Rich Land ur eries

Rochester, . Y.

Riverview Nursery Co. Rock Hill ursery

McMinnville, Tenn. Wellborn, Fla.

arcoxie ur erie

Sarcoxie, Mo.

Scarff, W. N.

ew Carlisle, Ohio.

The Schefferli Nurseries

Fredonia, N. Y.

Shadow Nursery Co.

Winchester, Tenn.

tark Bros. Nurseries & Orchards

Co. ----

Louisiana Mo.

teckler Seed Co., The J. .______ ew Orleans, La.

ugg Nur ery Co.

eridianville, Ala.

Summit ur erie

Monticello. Fla.

Syler ursery Co.

Meridianville, Ala.

Taylor & Co.

Rochester, . Y.

Tenne ee ursery Co. Thomas, W. W.

Cleveland,Tenn. Anna, Ill.

Turkey Creek Nurseries

Macclenny. Fla.

Texas Nursery Co.

ShermB.n. Texas.

nited States Nursery Co., The Valde ian urserie

Rose Acres, Miss. Bostic, . C.

Van Lindley Nursery Co., J. -------Pomona, . C.

\Vat on. F. W. & Co.

Topeka. Kan.

We t Hill urseries

Fredonia. . Y.

We tern . C. Nursery Co. We tminster ursery, The

tecoah, . C. ~ estmin ter, Md.

Wheelock & Coggdon

orth Collin, . Y.

26

Willadean NUT eries, The Wills Valley ur ery Wimpey ur ery, The
Winchester Nul' ery Co. __ ..l

parta, Ky. Fort Payne Ala. Haye ville, N. C.
Winchester, Tenn.

FOREIG URSERY TOCK.

In view of the occurence in foreign countries of a large number of seriously injurious insects and dist:ases that do not occur in Georgia, thi Department makes a careful inpection of all plants deli ered in the State from foreign countries. In thi manner seriou pest are checked before they have a chance to become established.

The following is a list of foreign hipments in 1915-1916:

Ad D'Haene Co.

Ghent, Belgium.

Arthur DeMeyer

Ghent, Belgium.

Bier & Ankersmit

Melle, Belgium.

The Holland Nurseries

Boskoop, Holland.

Ottolander & Hooftman

Bo koop, Holland.

chaum & Van Tol

Boskoop, Holland.

Charle Detriche

Angers, France.

O. De Vuyst Sue. to C. Petrich G. J. Bier

Ghent, Belgium. ieuwerkerk, Holland.

M. Daboerdemaeker

Ghent, Belgium.

Liverpool Orchard & Nursery Co. __ Gateacre. England.

P. & L. Van Acker Bro.

Loochristy. Belgium.

Klui & Koning

Bo koop, Holland.

Felix & Dykhuis

Boskoop, Holland.

Van Belderen & Co.

Boskoop, Holland.

The Yokohama Nursery Co.

Yokohama, Japan.

R. H. Bath, Ltd.

Wi beck. England.

The total number of plant imported was 49,405, and the following firm received hipments from the countries indicated:

Owl Drug & Seed Co. C. A. Dahl
The Atlanta Floral Co. The Westview Flori t Wachendorff Bros.
Otto Katzen tein P. J. Berckman Co.

Holland -------Holland
Belgium Holland Belgium Holland Belgium Japan
Holland France

Alban. Atlanta.
Atlanta. Atlanta. Atlanta.
Atlanta. Augu tao

27

tubbs' ur ery

Belgium Augu tao

Balks ursery

Belgium Augusta.

Columbus R. R. Co.

Belgium Columbu

J. T. Keheley



Belgium Columbu

D. C. Horgan

:..

England Macon.

Idle Hour ursery

Belgium Maco:i1.

C. S. TaU

England Brunswick.

John Taylor

~

.,.-Belgium Rome.

Geo. Adair

Holland Savannah.

A. C. Oel chig & on

Belgium avannah.

A. W. Richardson

Belgium Savannah.

Holland

John Wolf

Belgium Savannah.

The imported stock as a whole received in Georgia during 1915 wa very clean from insect pest and plant disea es. Due to disorganized shipping facilities shipments in everal in tance were delayed and were slightly damaged on reaching their de tination. It is trikingly noticeable the improvement in quality of imported stocks since the inspection service ha been in operation.

GE ERAL I SPECTIO .
During the winter months we inspected orchards for cale and other pests in every section of the tate. During pring, summer and fall we made frequent trip to many ections for the purpo e of inspecting growing crops so as to aid farmer in combatting the different pests. In pections are also made of trees from which nul' erymen wish to take their budding wood. This ervice is of great value to the grower, because we not only diagno e the trouble but give direct instructions in spraying and other methods of control.
EXPERIME T TATIO -THOMASVILLE.
Unusually good results were obtained from work conducted at the Station at Thomasville. The principal work con isted in breeding types of cotton resistant to disease and sufficiently early fruiting to be grown under boll weevil conditions. Investigation were conducted principally on in ects and disease attacking the pecan; the growing of peas and beans resistant to nematode, of corn resistant to grain weevil as is hown in report.
During 1916 tlie work at the station will be enlarged.

28
Wilt resistant cotton will be produced on a larger scale, so as to economize in the cost of early fruiting wilt resistant seed for distribution. All cotton tests will be on a larger scale than heretofore. A farm containing 90 acres has been leased and we have already taken possession.
We are receiving the active co-operation of the City of Thomasville and the County of Thomas. The county in the past has paid a portion of the rent. At the new place, which is about one mile from the city, the county and the city have agreed to have the water main extended and electric current supplied without any cost to the State.
We have the active co-operation of the United States Bureau of Entomology. Dr. W. D. Hunter, who is in charge of Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations for the Government, has located Mr. Geo. D. Smith at the station, and his principal work is on cotton insects. In 1916 the U. S. Bureau of Entomology will pay one-half of the rent.
For the breeding work on Sea Island cotton for boll weevil conditions a station will be established at Valdosta, in the heart of the Sea Island belt. In view of the late maturing qualities of Sea Island cotton it is absolutely necessary to develop varieties that will mature a crop considerably earlier than the present varieties. Much progress has been made in this connection, as is shown in Mr. Williams' report, but there is much work yet to be conducted. Georgia produces more Sea Island than any other section, and it is the finest staple of cotton in existence, but unless earlier fruiting types can be successfully produced this industry will be a thing of the past.
PUBLICATIO S.
January-"Annual Report of State Entomologist for 1914."
March-Bul. 40, "Cotton Wilt in Georgia." Bu!. 41, "Sq.me of the More Important Truck Crop Pests in Georgia."
September-Circular 16, "The Best Methods Against the Boll Weevil and Transportation into Uninfested Territory."
Circular 17, "Begin Fight on Boll Weevil at Once."
December~Circular 17, "Boll Weevil Quarantine."

29

pedal Articles for Country Pres~.

Februa y 5-"Tests that Are Making Seed to Meet Boll WeevIl Condition ."
"Spray Fruit ow for Jo e Scale." "Scab and Other Pecan Diseases." "Damage Is Done by Peach Borer." "Diver ification Stops Root Knot."
March 10-"The Potato Crop in Grave Danger."
April 17-"Apple Disease and Apple Bug ."
April 17-"How to Kill Bugs that Hurt Truck."
Augu t 18-"Cotton Red Spider Doing Much Damage."
August 31-"Seed Selection for-Boll Weevil and Resistance to Disease."
eptember ll-"Boll Weevil in Georgia."
December 7-"The Boll Weevil Quarantine and the Necessity for It."

APPROPRIATIO .

I am delighted to report that the special session of the Legislature in ovember increased our appropriation from thirty-five thousand dollars ($~5,000) to fifty thousand dollars ($50.000) per annum for the next two years. A large per cent of this amount will be spent on the cotton work decribed above.
Receipts and Disbursements for 1915.
Receipt.

BALA CE BEGINNI G YEAR --
TATE TREASURY

$12,058.91 38,000.00

ALARIES:

Disbursements.

State Entomologist, E. L. Worsham

$ 3,000.00

As istant to Entomologist, A.

C. Lewis

1,500.00

A sistant to Entomologist, W.

V. Reed

1.800.00

Assistant to Entomologist, W.

W. Cha e

1800.00

30

Assistant Entomologist, C. S.

Spooner

_

Assistant Entomologi t, 1. W.

Williams

_

A istant Entomologist, J. M.

Worsham

_

Artist, Miss Sharp

_

Sec'y. and ~ookkeeper, Mis

Henderson

_

Stenographer and Other Help

1,800.00
1,999.97
186.50 1,050.00
1,100.00 2.076.53

$16,313.00

TRAVEL:
E. L. Worsham A. C. Lewis
W. V. Reed W. W. Cha e C. S. pooner 1. W. William J. M. Wor ham Inspectors

$ 748.46 _ 770.38 _ 1,025.28 _ 710.09 _ 815.48 _ 1,250.61 _ 186.96 _ 410.85

$ 5.918.11

FIELD EXPENSE:

Cotton eed Sacks Pea

$ 4412.39 335.61
1,320.95

Wage and Teaming

994.66

Miscel. Supplie and Expen e_ 58.37

Rent Experiment Stations

201.37

FREIGHT, EXPRE & DRAYAGE

_

PRI TI G

_

POSTAGE

_

TELEPHO E & TELEGRAPH

_

EQUIPME T

_

OFFICE SUPPLIES A D EXPE SES _

CHEMICAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPLIES_

BOARD MEETI GS

_

AUDITI G

_

ARTICLES TO COU TRY PRESS

_

MISCELLA EOUS EXPE SE

_

$ 7,323.35
151.15 1,996.16
553.00 251.28 514.77 466.82 324.06 346.21
62.50 1,163.41
79.86

TOTAL

. $35,463.68

BALA CE E D OF YEAR .___________ $14,595.23

$50058.91

The amount on hand January 1 will be spent in 1916 on unfinished work, which consist of the publication of result

31
of experiments which have been conducted for several year on peach insects and di eases, pecan insect and di ea e , cotton insects and diseases and cotton breeding for boll weevil condition. The entire amount will be expended in 1916 on unfini hed work and work in connection with the boll weevil fight.
Respectfully,
E. LEE WORSHAM,
Secretary, and State Entomologi t.

Georgia State Board of Ent(l}ffi4~~--:-'
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN 46

JANUARY, 1917

COTTON VARIETY TESTS FOR

BOLL-WEEVIL AND WILT CONDITIONS
IN GEORGIA

BY
A. C. LEWIS
AssistaDt State Entomologist
C. A. McLENDON
Expert in Colton Breeding

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

o D.
APR fO 19fT

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist, Atlanta. Ga.

BULLETIN 46

JANUARY, 1917

COTTON VARIETY TESTS FOR

BOLL-WEEVIL AND WILT CONDITIONS
IN GEORGIA

BY
A. C. LEWIS,
AssiStant State Entomologist
C. A. McLENDON
Expert in Colton Breeding

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION
J. D. PRICE, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
Ex-Officio Member.
R. C. BERCKMANS, President State Horticultural Society, Augusta.
Ex-Officio Member.
JNO. A. COBB, President State Agricultural Society Americu .
Ex-Officio Member.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State' Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. F. TURNER, Assistant Entomologist, Thomasville.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Assistant in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDON, Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
J. D. SMITH, Assistant Entomologist,. Atlanta.
C. G. CRITI'ENDEN, Assistant in Charge Transmission of Cotton Diseases
by Insects, Thomasville.
L1'bra.z:~y-ch~9...0..ige
oE.Con~

COTTON VARIETY TESTS FOR
8011-Weevil and Wilt Conditions
In Georgia

BY
. A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist C. A. McLE DON, Expert in Cotton Breeding

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Our tests in South Georgia, covering a period of from three to ten years, and conducted in different counties show that some of the best varieties for South Georgia,

where the wilt disease is present, are, Lewis 63, Desoto, and Council-Toole. These are all wilt-resistant varieties, they are prolific, begin fruiting early, and continue to fruit until frost. They are hardy, deep rooted, and fairly resistant to drought. All of these varieties were originated and bred by crossing and individual selection by the Georgia State Board of Entomology.
The Dillon, a cluster type of wilt-resistant cotton, does well in some of the sandy soils of South Georgia. The Covington-Toole, a wilt-resistant strain, originated by W. F. Covington, Headland, Alabama, is a good cotton and ha yielded fairly well in our variety tests.
Of the long-staple upland varieties we have tested in South Georgia, the Dix-Afifi has given the best results. This is a wilt-resistant variety, originated by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, being a cross between the Dixie and the Egyptian Mit-Afifi. It is prolific, begins fruiting early, and continues to fruit until frost. The lint averages about 1 3-16 inches in length, and last season, 1916, brought a premium of from 6 to 8 cents per pound above the ordinary cotton. The seed cotton turns out 32 per cent of lint.
The Express is another long-staple upland variety which
is adapted to a great many sections of the state. It is not a wilt-resistant variety, and, therefore, should not be used

where wilt occurs to any extent. The lint of this variety will bring a premium of three or four cents over that of short-staple varieties. It begins fruiting as early as any

of the King types and continues to put on fruit rapidly all

during the season. It has medium to small bolls, medium fol-

iage, and numerous fruiting branches. For general con-

ditions it worst drawback is its low per cent of lint, which

is 31.

5

... : ..,..

"

In growing cotton under boll-weevil conditions the Sea Island planters should secure native-grown seed from a variety which has proven to be early. The Seabrook and Sosnowski, which ar~ not very early, will give good results, when native-grown. The Conover, a variety we did not have in the tests, seems to be a very early cotton, with a small stalk. '
Sea Island and short staple cottons should not be planted in the same locality; for if they are the bees will cause serious contamination by crossing them through the blooms, and, under boll-weevil conditions, the weevils which have multiplied on the earlier-fruiting short cotton will be more numerous to attack the Sea Island. The above fact are about the best we are able to give the Sea Island growers at the present time..
The Cleveland, Toole, and Cook are well adapted to SouthGeorgia conditions where wilt does not occur, and to NorthGeorgia conditions, except in some sections where only such varieties as the King, Simpkins, and Bank Account will mature a crop. None of these varieties are resistant to the wilt disease, and for this reason are not suited to the large areas in South Georgia, where this disease is so prevalent. Varieties of the King type usually cease to bloom after the first to the middle of August, except on good oils in some sections of North Georgia, which is not satisfactory under boll-weevil conditions.
Where the boll-weevil was prevalent before the end of last season every farmer should proceed with Hie ide~ that he will be a serious problem next season, and arrange his farming operations accordingly. Reduce the acreage of cotton to eight, ten, or twelve acres to the plow.
Pick the cotton as early as possible in the fall, and plow under the stalks at least two (or better four) weeks before the first killing frost. To secure the best results the stalks should be covered four inches deep. If you are not able to plow under all of your cotton stalks before fro t plow them up with a middle burster, so as to stop growth. Clean out the fence corners and burn the trash around the fields.
Where the nematode, a worm which causes what i commonly known as root-knot, is present in the soil, cotton should not be planted until after a rotation of two or three years. In the rotation plant small grain crops, or corn and velvet beans, peanuts, or the Iron and Brabham cowpeas.
Break the land as early as possible after the stalks have been destroyed and harrow it occasionally during the winter so as to get it in as good condition as possible by planting
time.
Fertilize just as you would if the boll-weevil were not
6

present, except that no side applications should be made after early in the season. The use of acid phosphate is said to hastenmaturity.
Select seed that is adapted to the section where it is to be planted. Our experience show that it is unwise for farmer. to go to a section far removed from their own for planting seed, because conditions may be entirely different, thereby rendering the seed unsuitable. Avoid fancy varieties unless you know them to be adapted to your section. If you have a good variety, or your neighbor has one, improve it by careful selection from year to year. This department will assist you in this work.
In selecting seed for boll-weevil conditions remember that there is no such thing as a variety that is "Boll-Weevil Proof". The boll-weevil is no respector of cottons. You must have a variety that will begin to fruit early, set a crop of bolls by the first to the fifteenth of August, and continue to put on squares during the entire period. If your land is infected with wilt or black-root the variety should be resistant to this disease. The variety should be prolific, and yield a high percentage of good lint. It should have only a few vegetative or basal branches, numerous fruiting branches, which begin to come out near the base of the plant, and have medium to thin foliage.
As a rule the boll-weevil is not sufficiently abundant in the field until August, from the first to fifteenth, to completely destroy all the squares that appear. The favorite food of the young weevil is the young squares, and as long as the squares are available he will not destroy many of the bolls that are more or less mature; but in the absence of a sufficiency of squares he will attack more or less matured bolls, consequently, the necessity of having a variety that will continue to fruit until late in the season.
Plant early, but not 0 early that the young plants will be injured by late frost or cold nights.. Arrange rows and distance in drills just as you would under ordinary conditions. Practice shallow and frequent cultivation. Cultivate if possible at least once a week until the cotton is ready to pick.
The boll-weevil will begin to emerge early in the spring and will feed on the tender buds of the cotton until squares begin to form. You can detect their presence by the blackened buds. Watch for this and pick the weevils off at once. Later the weevils will attack the squares, which in turn will become yellow and fall to the ground. The yellow or flaring squares on the plant and those on the ground, whereever plenty of cheap labor can be obtained, should be collected and burned, continuing this once a week until about the middle of July.
7

Practice diversification. Grow more food crops, more live stock, but do not undertake any new proposition, especially on a large scale, unless you are sure of a market for your product. Make the farm self-sustaining. If you will take advantage of the other man's experience you will be able to grow cotton successfully under boll-wee"il conditions. This means that you will have to reduce your acreage and comply with all the other recommendations suggested as nearly as possible. For detailed information as to how to carry out these recommendations write to the State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.

..-

..-

.'
GEORGIA
E

.,' Cotton variety tests have been conducted for one or more years in the counties indicated by the Georgia State Board of Entomology_
9

INTRODUCTION
BY
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State EntolI).ologist
That dreaded enemy of cotton, the Mexican Cotton BollWeevil, is now in 117 counties of Georgia. The cotton wift disease is also present in many counties in South Georgia. Hence in many counties of Georgia the cotton growers now have the boll-weevil and the wilt disease to contend with in growing cotton. The best way to combat the boll-weevil i by certain cultural methods and the planting of earlyfruiting varieties of cotton that will continue to grow and fruit until frost. All our variety tests in South Georgia show that the early strains of cotton such as King, Bank Account, Simpkins, Trice and Triumph die very badly from the wilt disease. Knowing this, eight years ago work was begun by the Georgia State Board of Entomology on developing early, wilt-resistant strains of cotton.
We are pleased to report that we now have several strains of early-fruiting, wilt-resistant cottons that have been developed by crossing and individual selection, which can, we believe, be grown with profit under boll-weevil conditions, provided the grower does his part in fighting the weevil. For full information about these varieties send for Bulletin No. 40. Our experiments and observations have led us to conclude that strains of cotton such as King have too short a fruiting period to do well in the sandy soils of Soutl;1 Georgia.
A short fruiting period is objectionable, because if the weather is unfavorable for the setting of the fruit during the whole or a part of this time the yield will be greatly reduced; and even if later the weather becomes unfavorable for the setting of fruit the cotton will not produce much more fruit, for the period of maximum productiveness is past. Under boll-weevil conditions a cotton of this type, King, etc., will not, we believe, yield as much cotton per acre as a strain of cotton that begins to set fruit early and continues to make fruit until frost, because when the boll-weevil becomes numerous they will attack the bolls if there are not enough squares to lay eggs in.
Our early-fruiting, wilt-resistant strains of cotton, such as Lewis 63, DeSoto, Council-Toole, and Dix-Afifi, begin fruiting about as early as the King and continue to grow and set fruit until frost. Hence, we believe, these varieties, Lewis 63. DeSoto, Council-Toole and Dix-Afifi, and others, such as Toole, Cleveland, and Cook, are better adapted for
10

growing under boll-weevil conditions in South Georgia than are varieties of the King Type of cotton. Of course, where the wilt disease is present in the soil, it will not pay to plant the ordinary strains of cotton. In our variety tests for the last three years at Americus, Lumpkin, and Vienna, under wilt conditions, our wilt-resistant strains have each year yielded much more than the ordinary varietie of cotton. (See tables -on pages 15, 16 and 17.)
One of the most important factors in growing cotton under boll-weevil conditions is to have a variety of cotton
adapted to your soil and climate. Having selected the variety you are going to plant, secure the best improved seed you can of that variety. By improved seed we mean that the seed has been developed by selection (mass or individual selection) for a specific purpose, such as increased yield or resistance to. diseases, or both.

LONG STAPLE UPLAND COTTON

The future of the long-staple, upland varieties is very
promising at present. The demand is greater than ever before, and with the Sea Island cotton being threatened with a reduction, in yield at least, on account of the bollweevil it appears as if the demand will continue to increase. However, we are not recommending that everyone begin growing the long-staple upland cotton. In fact, only a
few will make a success of it, because of the special care and attention required in order to secure the best results. The factors that require special attention in order to make a success in growing the long-staple, upland varieties are
the following: Plant only pure pedigreed seed, and every two or three years secure new seed. If you do not want to improve the seed yourself by individual selection, buy your seed from some one who does. Give the cotton plenty of distance, fertilize well, and cultivate until the first bolls set are mature. When ginning reduce the speed of the gin and also the rate of feeding, so that the roll will be loose. If
this is not done"the staple will be damaged so that you will not secure the premium on the lint that it should bring. Even if you have to pay more to get this done, it will be economy to do so. Pick the cotton frequently so that the lint will be clean and bright. Pick as free from trash as possible and prot~ct from the weather ,-after 'being gathered. Sell the lint at a long-staple market. If you
are not near one, ship the cotton to someone who can and will get the best price for it; or, if you do not know of anyone who will do this, send a sample from each bale to a long-staple market or buyer and get prices on the cotton before you ship it.



11

COTTON VARIETY TESTS, 1914, 1915 AND 1916
In all the tests reported upon the actual yield per row was kept, where two or four rows of each variety wa . planted, and from this the actual yield per acre carefully calculated. In all cases where cotton wilt was present, the percentage of healthy stalks was determined by actual count, that is, by counting the stalks after the cotton was chopped to a stand, and counting the stalks again in the fall, and from these two counts determining the percentage of healthy stalks. The percentage of lint was in all cases determined by taking about 500 grams of the seed cotton, ginning it, weighing the seed, and from these figures determining the percentage of lint. The lint percentage given in the tables is the average derived from all the different plats.
VARIETY TESTS, AMERICUS, GA.
In the tables under variety tests at Americus, Lumpkin, and Vienna we give the results for 1914, 1915 and 1916. For 1914 at each place we give only the varieties' that were tested in 1915 and 1916. For a full report upon the test for 1914 see Bulletin No. 40, of the Georgia State Board of Entomology.
In 1915 the variety test was planted April 7; in 1916 April 4th. Each year the cotton was planted in rows 4.5 feet apart and thinned to one stalk about two feet apart. The plat was fertilized in 1914 with 500 lbs. per acre of a high grade fertilizer; in 1915, 500 lbs. of a 9-3-0 guano was applied per acre with a top dressing of 75 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda per acre; in 1916, 500 lbs. of 9-3-0 guano was applied. Soil, Greenville gravelly sandy loam, typical of much of the best soil in Sumter County.
The wilt disease was severe in 1914 and 1915; in 1916 the wilt disease and nematode worms were so severe that the yield was greatly reduced. This test shows the folly of planting cotton year after year on land badly infested with the nematode worms. The wilt-resistant cotton was stunted imd killed in places by the nematode worms. However, in spite of these adverse conditions, it will be observed that the wilt-resistant varieties made a fairly good yield.

12



Variety test, Americus, Georgia, 1915. Two rows on left DeSoto, two rows in center King, two rows on right Lewis 63. Plat uniformly infected with wilt. Original.
Variety test, Americus, Georgia, 1916. Two rows on left Half and Half, two rows in center Simpkins, two rows on right Dillon-hybrid. Plat uniformly infected with wilt. Original.
J8

VARIETY TESTS, LUMPKIN, GA.
In the tests at Lumpkin the cotton was all planted in rows 4 feet apart and thinned to one stalk 18 to 24 inches apart in the drill. The cotton was planted in 1915, April 14th; in 1916, April 13th. The test plat was fertilized in 1914 at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre, with a high-grade fertilizer; in 1915 and 1916, 500 lbs. of acid and meal, equal parts of each, was applied per acre. Soil, Orangeburg sandy loam, with red subsoil, typical of much of the soil South of Lumpkin in Stewart County.
The wilt disease was present each year, lmd also rootknot or nematode worms.
The yield in 1916 was reduced by the wet weather and the boll-weevil after August 1st. The weevil was present throughout the season but did not do much damage to the cotton until after August 1st, on account of the fight that was waged against it.

VARIETY TESTS, VIENNA, GA.

The variety test was planted April 7th, 1915, and April

5th, 1916. The rows each year were 4.5 feet apart, and the

cotton was thinned to one stalk two feet apart. The soil

was a good, sandy loam, typical of much of the soil of

Dooly County.

In 1914 the plat was fertilized at the rate of 500 lbs. per

acre of a high grade fertilizer, and when the cotton was

blooming well nitrate of soda was applied at the rate ot

100 lbs. per acre. In 1915 and 1916, 500 pounds of 9-3-0

guano was applied per acre.

.

In 1914 and 1915 the wilt disease was severe. In 1916 the

variety test was conducted on another piece of land, and

there was not much wilt present, as indicated in the table.

14

VARIETY TESTS, AMERICUS, GA.

1914

1915

1916

VAmE~'Y

c..5....,
00c"O
~~
...1p.

.....
~
~

.,.....
1:< ... ;::~ ;g~
~~

;:., .<:;
:o::SC'>l!: .,Ol
.s::: ..... III
~

c.5
.Sui

.~... ~;.::

0., ui~

.l<:", <l-
~oS>'."

.o1>S::'_.",
~>.

<Ii ...
.0., ~p.

..... ;C:: ~

..... .,

;:.,
.c

<l ... ;::~
~~~~

~XJ
.<":;O....l.
III
t!<

c.5
<l . '-00
.1>::'_" >cGO'"~'

.....
.S~ .c<>O:.l'"~-
~;:.,

0.....,
00c"O ui:,..
.0.,
~'"

.....
C :::l
to"

..c...

.,
...

:.::~

<Ii ...

;:.,
.c
~~
QlOl
.s::: .....

.=~
.<>:l'_"

.0.,
~'"

III
&-

~cO.~'"

",e
O::lsoS"
>~
p.

c .,
.>:::S ~1cO;:o>S-

Dixie Imp. ..................... 13261 37 4911 96

Lewis 63 ....................... 1326 37.5 497 96

,...
<:11

DeSoto ......................... 1309 36 Council-Toole .................. Modella ........................

458 96

King ........................... 374 36 J 35 10

Bank Account .................

Simpkins 'triumph

..............................................

Half and Half ................. 612 40

Cook ....
Cleveland
. D1x-AtItI
Express

.......................
....................................................................

680

38.5

245 18 262 16

Curtis L Webber

.

.S............................................

3' 4

32.5

122 10

Toole ..........................

Poulnot ........................

Cook Ala. 307 ..................

1

2 20301 36 I 7311 96 1 2 I

1 1 2100 36.5 767 96

1

2

3 1960 35

686 94

3

--

1925 1926

37 36

712 96 693 94

4 4

2 1080 36 1 891 36 6 891 35 3 945 37 4 837 36

378 _~O 321 80 312 81 360 76 301 74

3 96.66 .,

f-: 6 81.30 6

.'!.-
5

f-~8-7~.8~5

5

8 76.28 8

5

6 665 36.6 236 20

11 12 324 36

117 10 "15

29.61 16

216 34

73 8 11 18.8ti-!7

4

5 350 39

137 10

324 35 486 36 10 13 567 40

1-: 1~
175

-10 5()

-

r-~3~~~:44Q.!33L!.136

227 43- 11

5.~~~

3

4 1060 38

399 83

8 11 915 39 357 70

4 88.14 4

378 38 144 40 14 35:82'l.4

1925 31

597 95

4 9 1215 32 389 85

2 125.92 1

1750 30

525 85

5 7 840 30

252 24

6 10 756 31 702 30
9 14 162 32

t 234 70 h 9

71.82 9

211 52

705

~ 17 I-

69.59 16.72

10 18

1820 36.5 654 80 I 5

6 675 38

267 30

8 63.941 11

1150 3'

645 80 I 6

7 1215 36

137 85

1 110.55 2

1640 37.0 617 90 1 7 1 ~

Above. Dlllon-Hybl'ld

VARIETY TESTS, LUMPKIN, GA.

1914

1915

1916

~ (l)

.. ...c5 0n

VARIETY

~ 00o"l
ui ..

* .0",

..:lp.

CLDMCDoeioeovxwSudiinoineesctglolltaIlo6-m3'nr.p-o..T..o...o)...eo......l..e...........................................

1054 918 l088
884 816

37 37.5 35
37 36.0

.. .. c .".,
;=~

.lc
~!J

* oi ..
.0",

''''O...J.

..:lp.

III

389 96

344 95

381 96

327 94 298 90

c5
Q -00
.~Q ..:'~"-
2 3 1
4 6

-='!=l1:i
.~Q.:"~'i"l
.1 3 2
4 5

...c5 0n
00o"l oi .. .0", ..:lp.

..
Q
~
*

. ",
Q ..
=~ lli ..
.0", ..:lp.

. ...>c... QQ -- 'OJ,,,

*'"."c'-3'"

.c.::'_" ~'>",

825 36

293 96

2

840 36.5 307 96

1

823 35

288 95

4

805 36

2~u ~4

3

735 36

265 92

6

.. .. ... c

C

0 .0... c5

8> 0n U0 .0.0. oo~

"'" "",,'p".
",,,,
0000

"'..s
~O

oi .. .0", ..:lp.

4551 355 810

..
c ~
*

.. ",
Q ..
=~
lli .. .0", ..:lp.

..>.
'c"am
.t:3",-,<
*III

-=c-;:;
.c.::'_"
cH.

..'""::l'o''l
'OJ ..
>'"p.

.c- '"
~2 Qol
~>

35 I 2841 90 I 8 $ 72.58 9

510 513

462 432

972 945

-3~5 ~.

-350 331

90 92

1

88.66 1

3

84.62 2

378 336 714 -37

264 85

9

66.30 10

- - - f--- 1-

King ................. 476 36

171 II> I 9

~ II 660 35.5 236 71>

1U 3z4 16 48f 36

1751 40

13 I 44.33 13

BSiamnkpkiAncsco.u.n.t................
Triumph ............. 510 37.5 191 20

8 10

270 81 351 34

119 36

17

3u. 6 17

243 189 432 35

150 42

14

37.46 16

z~7 324 6z1 36

224 64

10

56.71 12

CCHDo1laeoxlv-ktAelafal.nfn.ldd....H....a.....l...t ........................... ...

272 850 olSU 850

4 38.5
'lIS 32

109 15
327 18 '01S 1. 272 96

10 11

5

4

IS

5

6

39 648 38
840 31

10 246 85
26 96

405 415 lS'U 4u

328 75

4

9 400 500 850 39

332 82

2

459 326 785 38

298 80

6

8 378 324 702 32

225 90

11

Express Webber
Curtiss

........................... L. S. ........

680

33

221 18

673 30

20 85

11 378 270 648 31

211 70

12

7

8 612 3u

11S4 1S5

12 135 243 378 32

121 35

16

189 223 412 30

124 70

15

Poul Tool

n e

o

t..........

..
'"

.

..... .....

. .

..1

-

'

-

1

-

-

'

I-I

731> 37

27 ~u

5 378 486 864 35

Z92 78

7

Ii 718 36.5 I 2621 85 I 7 II 4321 4051 837 37 I 3101 76 I 5 I

80.36 4 81.94 3 74.21 7 72.81 8 63.75 11 39.17 15 40.88 14 75.56 6 77.811 5

VARIETY TESTS, VIE-NNA, GA.

1914

1915

1916

VARIETY

...U4)
en~ ui .. .0",
..:lP.

....
I::
~
~

.... 4)
1:: .. :::~ ai .. .0", ..:lP.

:>.
...l.:.l
'Cd,:
1lo...;.
~.,

....
-1::::1:::
,!l:",
~1:~:-

...U4)
en<J 01 ai .. .0",
..:lP.

....
I::
~
~

.... 4) 1: .. ;::~
ai .. .0", ..:lP.

:>.
:5
.ic:~3
~.,

.... E;
,!l:",
~1:~:-

I::

I::

.. 8...3.. ."".

..0......
c0) "' ""

.U4)
en~

'al> """',.,,.P,.,;. ",0
0000 enZ

oi .. .0", ..:lP.

....
I::
~
~

Dixie Imp............ 1829 37
.... Lewis 63 ............. 18Z9 37.5
-'I DeSoto ............. 1829 35
CMooudnecllial-T.o.o.l.e.................. 1829 37

677 97 686 97 640 95
677 95

2 1 229z 1 2310 3 2310
2205 2 2292

36 1 826 96 36.5 84 96

35

808 95

37

816 95

36

826 95

3 10261 684 1710 35 :l II 10261 7"'- 1746 36 5 1260 630 1890 35
4 1260 684 194 37 3 900 792 169 36

King .............. 434 36

154 15

9 980 35

343 50

10 1116 504 1620 36

Bank Account .......

12061 342 1548 34

Simpkins Triumph

.........................

DCCHollaxeolv-fkAelfaat.nfn.td.d...H...a......lf..................................

Express Webber

............................

Curtis Dll10n Toole

L..... ..S.....................................

543 37.5 775 40 8991 38.5
341 32 1519 38

203 20 310 15 346 20
109 577 90

72 432 1152 35

8

~

540 396 936 36

7 175 40

7 10

12 1064 270 1334 40

5 1680 38

638 85

7

1044 360 1404 38

1785 31

553 95

8 990 540 1530 32

1750 30

525 88

9 1134 360 1404 31

10 805 31

250 30

11 9]8 522 1440 32

1

1

I

Ii 8fi41 432 1296 30

4 2310 37 1 851i1 96 I 1 II 13321 612 1944 37

2117 :n

7831 911 I 6 II 9181 450 1368 38

:>.

:5 .... 4)

1:: .. ;::~

l~

oi .. -'=:5

.0", ..:lP.

~.,

559 98 627 98 662 98

19 97 6 9 96. 583 90 526 84 403 80 337 80 534 85

.... E;
,1!l::"_,
~~
5 3 2 1 4 6 8 13 15 7

.'".
4)<J ::>01

-I:: 4) ,>:::>

"iii ..
>'"P.

~1:~:-

$153.13 6

158.97 3

169.24 2

177.55 1

154.29 5 147.71 8 135.86 9 103.07 15

75.37 16 130.80 12

534 86 490 97 43 88 461 86 389 87 719 98 520 86

.. 7 1 132.90 11
10 1 158.60 12 133.47 10
111 149.23 7 14 114.39 14 1 177.55 I
9 129.44 13

COTTON VARIETY TEST, ACRE PLATS,
VIE A, GA., 1916

...c
VARIETY E..c... 0 0 '.".... "'til ., ;:l en<

..co......,.c..

.g....
....,c

-".8,'."."-

0 ...
.,0""
" ,.....

e.n, e0n

en8

......oc... ...c...
0""
",
'.", >.
., 0
enZ

_-I De Soto

436 521 389 278

568 I 3

1
Lewis 63 __ 1 392

561

402

i I I 286 11641 36 591 2

1
Dillon ----I 468

446

368

I I 348 \ 1630 37 I 603

1

Modella __II 390

428

388

276

II

1482

I
I

36

I 534 5

Dixie

II

(Howell) _ 414

468

328

I 246 \ 1456 35

510

I

I Dixie Imp.1

(B-28)

406

429

505

1
II
254 1594 35

I 558

This cotton was planted March 16th in rows 4 1-2 feet apart, and the cotton thinned to about two feet apart in the row; fertilized with one ton of stable manure broadcast before land was plowed, and 400 pounds of 9-3-0 guano was applied per acre in the drill. Soil, sandy loam, typical of much of, the soil of Dooly County. The yield of the Modella and Dixie (Howell) was reduced somewhat on account of poor st~nd in places.

18

VARIETY 'TEST, BRUNSWICK, GA.

1915

1916

VARIETY

,

~

o~

Q~

Q

~~ ~~
W~

~
c
~.

~~ c~
~O

-~E~_

~~dS~

~o ~~ ~

2~-~~ &

~ ~~~~

~.0Q~ "

I

~~~~

...
@

Po.
tI1
.~<J sC

~0$.-.,,..:~.:.

I

;~ .4-J

. Ci~ ._;

,tV

~'d

.~e0n &~

1:_
~01'>",

~.
p.:E~ Q,) ... 'O
~.Ul
>_ol~.Ga..''lOc::

I '=4i ~:s ~C01>~

Dixie-Imp. ------------1 728

Lewis 63

1 1092

De Soto

1 936

Council-Toole

.. 1 1092

Modella

1 728

~ Covington-Toole Half & Half

1 884
-1 416

Cook

1 780

Toole

1 520

Poulnot

1 978

Simpkins

1 832

1 35 I 36
1 35
1 37 I 36
1 37
I 40
1 39
1 38 1 36 1 35

1 255 I 393
1 328
1 404 1 262
I 327
I 166
1 304
I 198 1 352 : 291

I 10 12

1

4

1

1

I

9

15

1 14

1

6

I 13

I

3

17

1170 1 35 1 410 1 1 I 104.80 1 2

1000 1 36 1 360 I 6 I 91.20 1 5

1066 I 35 _ I 373 I 3 1 95.39 1 4

962 1 37 I 356 ~ 7 I 89.38 1 7

---r====-=- 728 1 36 1 262 1 5 1 66.38 1 11

-- -- -- ---1- --- -

--1- -- ----I ----- -- ----1- ----

988 I 40 1 395 1 2 I 96.79 1 3

------ -- -1- --- -- --1--- -- -- --1- -- ----I --- -- -- -- --1-- ---

962 1 38 1 366 I 4 I 91.11 I 6

-- ------ -1- --- --- -1- ---- ----1--- -- --I - -- ------- -1-- --884 1 35 I 309 I 9 I 71.05. I 9

Bank Account _----- ---1---------1--------1---------1--------

Dix-Afifi

1 780 1 32 1 250 1 11

Express

1 676 I 31 1 209 1 12

676 1 34 1 230 1 11 I 59.38 1 13

r- 1040 I 32 1 333 I 8 I 107.79 I

806 I 31 I 250

10 1 76.68 1

1 8

Webber Curtis L. S.
Sea Island No. 50

1 832 I 32 1 266 1 8

1

1

1

1_ _"..:

_

1

1

1

1

_

624 1 32 1 200 1 12 I 594 1 30 1 178 1 14 1 468 1- 27 1 126 1 15 I

64.72 1 12 58.76 I 14 66.96 I 10

Cleveland -- _-- -- 1_ - - -- - - --1- -- -- -- -1- -- -- -- --1- -- -- --- 520 I 38 1 198 I 13 1 49.26 I 15

Sea Island lint valued at 45 cents per lb.; Dix-Afifi and Webber, 26 cents per lb.; Exprcss,.24 cents per lb; and the lint of the other varieties, 20 cents per lb. The seed valued at $60.00 per ton.

VARIETY TESTS, BRUNSWICK, GA. The tests in 1915 and 1916 were planted on Norfolk fine sand, type of soil at New Hope, about 12 miles north of Brunswick. The rows each year were 4 feet apart and the cotton was thinned to one stalk two feet apart in the drill. Each year the cotton was fertilized with 500 lbs. per acre, equal parts of acid and meal. We would call especial attention to the value per acre in this test of the Dix-Afifi cotton. It appears that this section is very well adapted to the growing of long-staple upland, wilt-resistant cotton. It will be noticed that the Express and Webber did not yield so well as the Dix-Afifi. This was on account of the wilt disease.
20

'COTTON VARIETY TEST,
THOMASVILLE, GA., 1915

VARIETY

1
Cook ----------------1 1048 58 1636 39 638 2

Dixie-Imp.

-' 1118 746 1864 35 652

1

I

De Soto -------------1 1152 580 1732 35 606 :3

Modella

I1 902

910

1812

36

652

1

Blng

_ 996 269 1265 36 455 13

Simpkins --- ------ II 858

234

1092

35

382

14

Triumph Hiett's Stoney

-' 756 520 1276 36 459 12

I

1 884 572 1456 36 524

9

I 1 944 432 1376 36 495 11

----------------1 Toole

1132 476 I 1608 36 579

4

Poulnot

I
1 944 562 1506 35 527

-------------1 Rowden

865 614 1479 36 532

7

Dl'X-Afifi EXlIress -Lee

I1 1048 650 1698 32 533

6

-1 1250 390 1640 31 508 10

. I1 1090

528 I 1618

35 ' 566

5

I

This test was planted on sandy loam soil, typical of much of the sOil ~round Thomasville. The cotton was fertilized with a mixture analyzlnll; 9-3-2, at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre. The wilt disease cut down the yield of a few varieties, such as King, Simpkins and Triumph.
'Conducted 'by Mr. Ira W. W1Iliams. As lstant in Cotton Breeding.

21

COTTON VARIEJ'Y TEST,
- COLEMAN, GA., 1916

VARIETY

I ' I~,,~ I ' ... bcD 0-

.0..l_lcil

"""" """ "-" """" 'gE~ "Q,J"P.,c~.

"' ....... '" .... 0000

~'CC"I eo

en . biJ ai til

2~~ .-42< .0=::3 .oC:J
~S<

-Qo(),-)pr-.:=;
'" oorc .~.,,;
.0o0 C ""," .-4~Ul

... Cc
0'-
"'i3. .
*fllJ".O.",."ZC;;
.-4~

. I .,0.,.:'.."..
... "'Oal
~:.. C
;ar3ni 2''c"" P""'so".....'..-5.;

....
C ai
..-Q4

.: "c"'_:l
cd=O>>-.

III

I

I

Simpkins ------------1 160 I 238 I 164 I 74 I 636 I 35 I 232 I 8

------------J I I DLx-Afifi

176 II 238 I, 288 I, 100 \ 802 \ 32 257 5

Council-Toole

I I i I ', 172 I 290 \ 306 \ 132 900 37 333 1

Lewis 63

--1 I I I I 204 I 318 \ 190 1194 906 36 326 2

De Soto

I I I I --1154 1192 218 1126 690 35 242 I 7

Half & Half

I I I I I I --1188 \ 216 206 76 686 40 274 3

------1 I I I I I I I Covington-Toole

134 262 264 80 740 37 274 :3

Peek's Utopia

I I I I I --1136 1196 272 1132 736 37 272

Triumph

--1146 1----.:1 162 I 86 I 394 I 36 1142 I 9

Dixie Imp. ------------12181-----124812421708135\248\ 6

In this test one acre was planted of each variety. Cotton was planted April 4th in 3 1-2 foot rows, thinned to one stalk every 18 inches in the drill. Four to five tons of stable manure per acre was applied before breaking the land, and 300 pounds of 8-2-2 guano was applied in the drill. Soil, gray gravel, typical of much of the best land around Coleman. The yield in this test was reduced more by the rains than by the boll weevil. The damage from the boll weevil would have been much greater, however, if a fight had not been made in the fall before and in the spring and summer until th3 heavy rains set in, in June, after which time, for about two months, it was almost impossible to fight them.
onducted by Mr, Ira Vi', ""i11iams, As islan! in Colton B'-eec1ing,

22

COTTON VARIETY TEST,
MORGA ,GA., 1916-

,

o'

0'-

VARIETY

'"~c:

~

00

v.

g...;

.:: 7

I ,~0~ t..= : ~ ~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-.., _-----.'..:.:...:~=__ __+_---'.~=..---------l-----::.~.~.J::.'a=---.L._-~-.=_>~.

Cleveland ------------J 799

39

I 312

1

Dixie-_ ImOp-. -

-'--

----;-

I ----'_ _ 2-0'6--'-_-+--_ s____=_

Council-Toole

_

I 37 I 269

2

Half & Half

_

I 40

262 t 3

HJng Express

~-~-7-_5~9_1_~-~3~6-_+\-~2~13~_;1~~7

1 !l50

I I 31

233

6

Cook De Soto

_

I I 621 39 5 242 ----.------;-------7--~

1 583

I 35

204 I

9

Lewis 63 Triumph

-1I 710 I1 348

I I 36

256

4

I I 36

125

11

Dix-Afifi

I
1 512

I 32

164 \ 10

In this test one acre was planted in each variety. This cotton was planted on sandy loam soil typical of much of the soil in Calhoun County. It was fertilized with 250 lbs. 9-3-1 guano per acre. Test planted April 12. A fi~ht was made on the boll weevil in the fall and in the spring until the wet weather made it impossible to get into the field. If it had not been for the wet weather this cotton would have made a good yield.
Conducted by Mr. Ira 'V. Williams, Assistant in Cotton Breeding.

23

SEA ISLAND COTTO_

A progress report on the experiments conducted with

ea Island cotton is here given by Mr. Ira W. Williams

Assistant in Cotton Breeding.

'

The general impression is that Sea Island cotton is very late. This is true with a great number of varieties. Our

experience is that Sea Island cotton can be developed into

certain types and also into earliness, and free from diseases

much more readily than short cotton. Numerous tests by

the Board for a number of years on Sea Island cotton have

developed the fact that some varieties are very much earlier

than others, as they are now bred. The Sea Island planters

who have been the greatest breeders of cotton for a number af years, until recently have not been breeding their cotton for earliness, preferring to breed it for quality of lint.

For that reason a number of varieties of Sea Island cotton which have heretofore been grown have been late. Tests

conducted this year by the State Board of Entomology at the Valdosta Experiment Station show that one variety,

especially the No. 24, which made more than 1400 pounds

of seed cotton per acre, put on all its fruit by the first of August.

The experiments also prove that three other varieties of cotton were fairly early and put on most of their fruit in
the first part of the season. These have been grown under the supervision of the Board for several years and are what

are known as native-grown cottons, that is, they were grown

in the locality in which they were tested. They are Biles,

No. 50, Centerville and Hagen. It was proven by the experi-

ments in other cases that the varieties sent out direct from

the Islands were later than the varieties grown in the com-

munity in which they were planted.

We are conducting numerous experiments at the Experiment Station at Valdosta-which are very valuable and will

continue to be very valuable for the Sea Island people. It is very much to be regretted that this Station has not been in operation for a greater number of years.

24

SEA ISLAND VARIETY TEST,
EXPERIME T STATIO , VALDOSTA, GA.
One Acre in Each Variety.
.

.~
i~
~

VARIETY NAME

cbD
iaa p<:;.>'"
boO
..... ::l
\':<
~

bD
l:
:>1", . ....
Poo
'00.
goo l: <1l
<1l 00

..=..boO
-'" <.> ....
Poo

'.0..

i-
<1l

t; 00

.b:D
~~
Poo""
oC";
~O
0 ~

"" g r0r-.
==..... 0
~C)

I I I I

II

19 I No. 90. ---------------- 86 289 410 408 1193

~ No. 90 B.

I I I I -1

169 254 363 309 1095

~ No. 95 B.

--1 I I I 1991 349 383 417 1348

--;-j --I I I I I No. 50., J. T. Ward __ 201 448 339 371 1359

---;;-1 --I I I I No. 50., J. P. Biles __ 223 313 270 216" 1022

I 24 No. 24.

--1 I ~I 399 462

1454

~ No. 90 A. __

\~ 472\ 291 I 3891 1310

I 26 No. 95 A.

--1 I I 214 443 \ 284 I 573 1514

721~ I -;:;-] Superfine, J. S. Whaley_I

232 I 531 1268

I

IIIII

25

VARIETY TESTS CONDUCTED IN 1916
By C. A. McLENDON, Expert in Cotton Breeding

During 1916 breeding operations with cotton were inau-

gurated in twenty-odd counties of the state, ranging from

East and Central to North Georgia. One farmer in each

of these counties was chosen as our co-operative breeder.

We propose to assist these farmers in improving seed for

their own use, and through them eventually supply all the

other farmers with pedigreed seed suited to their condi-

tions. The process of breeding is a slow one, but after the

first two or three years in this work thousands of bushels

of pedigreed seed will be available for distribution among

the farmers.

.

In breeding experiments with cotton it is necessary to

conduct variety tests with several of the most-promising

varieties for at least two or three years in order to deter-

mine the variety or varieties best suited to the particular

sections where the breeding work is to be conducted. After

learning in this way the varieties adapted to the different'

localities it is our purpose to improve and multiply the seed

of these varieties from year to year, as we have been doing

in South Georgia for several years, so that all the farmer

will have acces,s to pedigreed seed suited to their sections

under boll-weevil conditions.

Knowing the great demand there will be for pedigreed

seed 'suitable to grow under boll-weevil conditions actual

breeding work with several of the purest and most-promis-

ing varieties has already been begun, and at the end of the

season of 1917 several of our co-operative breeders will have

a surplus of pedigreed seed for distribution. A great many

farmers who have been breeding their cotton for one or

more years are now pursuing this work under our direc-

tion with good results.

Realizing the immediate necessity of knowing as much

as possible about the behaviour of varieties in the different

section of the state the results of a few of the te ts con-

ducted in 1916 are given in tables on pages 28 to 32.

Owin~ to the unfavorableness of the season and the fact

that the results for a period of less than two or three years

are not conclusive nothing definite can be ascertained from

these data; but certain things as to the behaviour of the

different varieties is indicated, and, as just suggested, the

farmers need to know all possible and as soon as possible

relative to the merits of the varieties of cotton that are

now grown.

26

It will be noted that in most cases the e tests were conducted with a measured aCl'e in each variety, and not with two to four acre rows, as is done by most experimenters with this crop. A great de&l of care was exercised in choosing the land for these tests, and every precaution was taken to make them as accurate as possible. Beginning with 1917 at least two tests will be conducted for extensive studies on the different varieties. About fifty of the most prominent varieties now being grown will be included in these tests, and a careful study of all the characters of the plant which have any bearing on the boll-weevil problem will be made during the entire growing season.
2,

...
00g "00 ol:.,b.I,l.".,. =c.d.~(,J~_; .3EoP-.

VARIETY

-8;cgi.c~

Express ....... Cleveland ......

erx.."'.", ~

o .c Bank Account.

-go's
~O~.,~ ai~ .tJb
~t[;il"~ :; ......... as
COo~.>....

Dixie J mpl'oved Dix-Atitl ...... Lewis 63 ...... Modella ....... DeSoto ........ Council-Toole .

-8 .. Eo< ... ;.. Cleveland .....

~

[;ila~l;:~:

Bank Dixie

Account. Improved

~ ~ ... ci ~ Dix-Ailtl .......
a~ o~.c Lewis 63 ......
:i E 8 8 al Modella .......

m ; 0 '" DeSoto ........

!i<O,: CouncU-Toole .

VARIETY TESTS, 1916

c cbIl
...0.:-.:
".0.._
Op.,
",'"
",11l
m"'.r!::.:.
(9-7) 1250 1120 1120 1125 1110 1060 765 96 1080
(9-6) 6161 54 61 587 625 4 569 600

bIl
= c:;;:
~0~"
0", c
"'0
m""''m'''''
(10-10) 53!'> 620 495 85& 670 735 765. 64& 796
(l0-3) 454.
~5
670 420 63&
60"" 640' 592

~c

r:::2

~0~"

ON

"",,'"f
m"r':-..

~
I:
~

I1l

r::rb::Il r::

... ".0.. .:-.: :0::.,

O0p'.-,

0'"
0<"

"~"C''Sl":,

'"""',,.,.,.
mp.

~.=,
Cl:

1785 174

4 5

100 80

118820~*-6+

161 7 130 l745 9

198U 1 210 2190 1

1680 6 1461 1825 6

1795 3 1751 197 3

1bJU 1/ ~55 l'I8b 8

1605 8 195 180 7

1875 2 2001 2076 2

10701 6 I 1461 12161 6

193 8 66 859 8

18:

~ L8b 135'

J

1007 1160

6_!_ 139 ":-3-1-212

114~!. 7 -13721-2

976 7 199 1761 6

L09l 4 188 1287 4

1192 1 1 1831 1375 1

...,, .

... ...

... "'''' 'P". ., 'P".

Jc~'"

"",,',", m<

"i::3
~ ...
",p'". ~-::> ~"

..,r::
.,0
".,,Eo.<.. m"'p'''.
"::>'00
iilO
>~

...
..c._:l'"", ",m'" .>"=1:.'",:

.
~
c
~

5841 13011 1$140.16 $ 39.03 $179.191 5

692 1128 138.40 33.84 172.~4 5

593 1152 118.60 34.56 153.16 9

767 1423 163.40 4~.69 196.09 1

684 1241 '161.84 37.23 189.07 3

709 1261 141.80 37.83 179.6 4

643 1142 128.60 34.~6 16~.86

6301 1170 126.001 35.10 161.10 8

768 1307 163.60 39.21 192.81 2

Remarks

Slight Wilt 1nfecthm

Slight Wilt Infectio'.!

Slight Wilt Infection

Stand Good

Stand Good

Stand Good

Stand Good Stand Good

--

Stand GOod

462 764 92.40 22.621 115.02' 6 10% Wilt Infection

292 478

~~67 889

~~945.260

_ _p . 0 1 26.67

76.4~!_ ..!
f---r22-:2"71--3

200/0 Wilt Infection
Stand Good

367 779 95.4

23.37 118:19-'--4 Stand Good

4~4i-~78 423 752

99.80 -84-:-60

_26}4i-~26}41_~_
22.561 107.161 7

Stand Good Stand Good

460 837 90.00 26.11 116.11 5 Stand Good

609 866 101.80 25.981 127.78 1 Stand Good

Continued

,lll"';,!'j
~8E
:> <)
ll.~as~
.:a ~=1~3:j~
>'f;t, a > 2! ~.t: a_ . 0 < ) or...~
f;t,o~ ..

'Jliltpre88 .......

Cook ..... Cleveland

..........

Bank Accounl Dixie Improve~

Dlx-AIlIl .......

Lewis 63 .... ,.

ModeUa .. " ...

DeSoto ........

Council-Toole

.:.a:; '''It' I
> o O l c d
0<)=...' ",~

Express ....... Cook ..........

~a<=l.e.o..~.:."t~:

~Jeveland .... ,. Jeter's ..... , ..
Triumph .... ' ..

; . et' 18 ~-&'':'O~J .<=~~

(;u rUs' L. S. Dlx-AtJll .....

. ,.

0.00Cl)
oooQal'i:

Lewis 63 ...... C;olJncll-Toolle ,

(~1b.
1
6 1 299 2117 287

(u~u au,

Ib3

ti

497 776 1

439 72S ~

389 0

a

4

634 10

017 ' 6016 9

. 44 ti3U ~

34 641 7

37 660 5

376 663 4

(9-18) 676 (10-27) 376 1052 4

72,

584 1308 1

496

448 944 6

528

4 1u2

5

268

4

688 9

280

46 7f8 8

368

53 900 7

b3~1

b9 11~4

~

5361

544 1080 3

ti a ti

7

~

7

a

6 4 10

6361 9

ti3U ~

641 7

660 6

663 4

~U' 461

303 473

2

4b

241 4

222 41

204 4 2

230 409

23: 41

~31 4'

245 4181

411.4~
60.60 66.40
411.~0
44.40 63.04 46.00 46.20
46.20 49.00

1". a 1. 1.6 1.1
.6 1. 12.27
L~.30
12.87 12.64

6~.01 b t1l1gnt w t n eclion

74.7 1 Slight Wilt Infection

68. 6 2 Slight Wilt Infection

6~.

4 SUght Wilt Infection

66. 6 10 Stand Good

66.

3 Stand GQod

68.27 9 Stand Good

bll.bU II Stand Good

59.07 7 Stand Good

61.b4 6 Stand Good

24 1076 60 136 28 9' 72 1092 64 752 176 924 128 02 tiU 11114 100 1180

6 334 742 80.16 534 834 106.80

22.261 102.42
25. un.

6 Stand Good 1 Stand 90%

36 ti03 13.IIU 1 . ' 9:.

Stand Poor

38 710 76.40 2 .

97.7

Stand 90%

~a 411J

b4.~UI

,4

611,6 I

Rtanrl Poor

8 277 647 '72. 2 1 .4

91.

::;tand Good

6 0129 699 IIb,b41<---~'.:.9' !!I6.

Stand Good

~ 426 768 86-:-20 22.7 '107.94 3 Stand Good

3 437 743 117.401 22.~9 109.69 ~ Stand Good

----
----

Dates on which tests were planted: Bur!<e county, April 12; Screven counlY, April 11; Pulaski county, April 6; and HancocJ< county, April 16.
I Price per pound, 24 cents; and price pel' pound, 26 cents. I No allowance was made tor cost or picking, handling, bagKlng and ~Ies, and ginning.

Continued

...
C"C Q.I'O
$o:~Cc=bjl:l1-lJ
.a-=-~+J8~S,g:
oEoil< H

V,\ Ltl ],;'1')'

oci~..=,

~ .t

Io:<>

~?O<...lb~
CQ~~.~

."o_~

Q) ,..:;'"
.':O: E~.:;:::;:_~
= .., :::~~2
._~s...
:;;: .~-
cE-! ~. ~ e-:.~ ~O~::

.

E~'" .:>

.~ ~ :J.c

g~e~

:> .0"
j8~.=

Express ....... Cool< . . . . . . . . . . Cleveland ..... Jeter's ........
l'rlumph .......
Kln~ ..........
Curtis' r,. H.
Dix-AfIfI ......
Lewis 63 ......
Council-Toole
8xpl'ess ...... , Cook ........... Cleveland .....
Bank Account
Triumph ...... King ...........
Council-Toole
UeSoto ........ ,
Lewis 63 ...... I,angoford ......

VARIETY TESTS, 1916

0I:._~
:::~
8~
aQr,).~=

=bIl
o:it
00
~~

b"JIl
-0
....I:i
00
oil<

.,.,= 0'"
"'0 "0

Uco

"..,',f...-!..

.>:
=<l

enti.

en en

ent<, 0:

(9-12) 307 (10-17) 431. 738 7

272

669 931 1

220

64 , 768 6

313

b

861 2

189

4

626 8

30lS

4 a 791 b

148

4

569 '9

2' 1

4 7 768 6

289

56. 858 3

201

607 808 4

(9-18) 5361 (10-24) 594 1130 4

300

646 946 7

520

762 L27 1

736

49 1234 3

2461

596 842 9

670

676 1246 2

3201

704 1024 6

284

642 826 10

270

640 110 (j

230

674 90 8

..'"bIl I:
== ., ..0.. '.>-: 0 8~ u"0il0'<-

"~"'oE.:,

'g~ ~o.

66 803

100 1031

6 lS37 96 966 97 722

47 11311

16 729

136 90 91 949
169 977

122 1252

186 1132
-M 90 62
88 1322

220 1062 108 1364 232 1256

244 107

220 1330 74 1078

.". .0

.>:
=oj
c:::

.,:.. o.e
..;.:<0
...J

~ 0..,
",5
~<
en,

.;:..:1 ..:1:..
.,~
,,~
~g
...... <:'>1

.. .. =
<l0
'..0,,:E..o,.< .;:",

en 0. ..:1..,,

.,0 ,,0
...-0
:o:-s""

.,en
~-"'~"

=.>:
c2

I1Clllarl<s

8 249 664 $ 69.76 $ 16.621 $'/6.38 8 Stand Good

1 402 629 80.40 18.87 99.27 1 ::ltand Good

7 318 619 63.60 15,67/ 79.171 6 Stand 90%

3 335 621 67.00 18.63 85.631 5 Stand-Good--

0 2601 462~ 6 3021 536 6.4 . 16.08

66.861 10 Stand 90%
76.481 7 Stand Good

9 2191 5101 56.941 15.301 72.241 9 Stand Good

b 289 616 75.1

8.4

93.69 2 Stand Good

4 342 607 68.40 18.21 86.61 4 Stand Good

2 361 616 72.20 18.48 9 .68 3 Slane] Good

6 388 864 93.12 25.92 119.04 4 Stand Goo,]

7 441 691 88.20 20.73 108.93 7 Stand 90%

1 518 844 103.60 25.32 128.92 1 Stand 90%

4 4491 8731 89.80 26.19 115.99 6 Stand Good

10 382 680 76.4

20.40 9(80 9 Stand Good

2 487 867 97.40 26.01 123.41 2 Stand Good

6 465 791 93.00 23.73 116.73 6 Stand Good

9 374 696 74.80 ~~88 96.68 10 Stand Good 3 479 8b1 95.80 25.53 r-nH3 3 Stand Good

8 388 690 77.60 20.70 98.30 8 Stand 9 an

Continued

QJU.QJ
~~Oo..l."~. ''>" ~:
Os.cQ,) 0..-1'~'"~

Cook ..........

Cleveland .....

Half and 'rriumph

H..a..l.f.

King ..........

(10-10) 121 (11-1) 131 131 6 287

271 317 31 2 41

392 299 448 267 738

<:' ~ ~.c Curtis' L. S. ..

38

7 113

.<o.:f;t.,bbI-lIOl(")l

Dlx-AtItI ....... Lewis 63 ......

8

1 27

167

3 495

p~88.:: Council-Toole

9U

223 313

, 385 777
6 312 611
3 660 1008
8 366 633 1 418 140 9 290 403 7 426 696 2 408 903 6 374'16871

4 303 473 8 ~32 379 2 403 6067 228 406 1 413 733 9 121 282 6 _ 223 473 3 326 678 6 254 433

60.60 46.40 80.60 45.6 82.60 31.46 67.98 65.00 60.80

';~~l td Cook .......... (10-25) 150 (12-7) 516 6661 3

~.Ill'8>....

Cleveland ..... Jeter's ........

196

47u 666 3

220

694 14 2

'~0'O..d-~ Triumph ......

8

412 600 6

.c....o..

~St:Ol
Ol..l0c::
~~"~~~.~- b
~8oo~.~

King .......... Curtis' L. S. .. Dlx-AtItI ...... Lewis 63 ...... Council-Toole .

380

688 68 1

461

262 308 8

701

202 138 7

164

498 62 4

1181

626 644 6

666 3 260 4061 62.00 666 3 2 .

814 2 2 5

600 6 1

968

4

308 8 9

1

1.

338

10

0 21.6

652 4 235 417 47.

644 6 238 406 47.0

14.19 1 .37 18.16 12.16 21.99
8.46 14.19 17.34 12.99
12.18 1.

74.79 57.77 98.76 67.76 104.59 39.92 72.17 82.34 6:\.79
64.18 6.

6.4 6.9 12.61 12.18

.8 .6 69.61 1>9.78

4 Stand 90% 7 Stand Poor 2 Stand Good 8 Stand 90% 1 Stand Good 9 Stand Good 6 Stand Good 3 Stand Good 6 Stailil"Good
3 Stand Good 4 Stand Good
Stand Good Stand Poor Stand Good Stand Good Stand Good 6 Stand Good I> Stand Good

Dates on which teRls wCI'e planted: Barl'ow county. April 19; FI'tLllI<lln county, April 22; Cherol<ee county. April 18; and IJall county. April 21.

VARIETIES TESTED, 1916

I

VARIETIES

lIJ

IlD

IlD

IlII Cc
... ".0.. --"1
O0p-.,
I~c.,''15"1~I

... -C

C

c:;l c:;l

0"
op.,

~0~"

..,,,.,, .,- 0",
'Coc

0""
".,,'~"

moo mr..

.>:
C
~

lIJ

IlII

... ., CC C

'" ".0.. .>-:
8...il: c~"'5.8P,::

0
... 0 ...
"0,<"
.,..,..
me.

.>c: p01:

...lIJ
.III, c 8-
...,.,',",
.0'" S.:!
z.s::><J

";xpress ........................

Cook ............... ..........

tI)
t.:l

Cleveland

.....................

rrlumph ........................

6051 4671 10721 3 I 621 11341 5 I 5 308/ 5291 8371 12 I 1221 9591 12 1 6
4421 4941 9361 8 I 911 10271 9 I 8 1681 4161 5841 141 149\ 7331 15 I 5

Half and Half ................ 1311 3171 4481 15 I 6601 10081 10

1

King ........................... 3691 4901 8491 111 1411 9901 11 4

Bank A Jeter's

c.c.o..u.n.t....................................

6791 4081 10871 2 I 711 11681 4
3641 6441 8981 10 1 661 9641 13

4 3

Langford ......................

Curtis' L. D1x-Aftft

..S........................................

2301 6741 9041 9 I 1741 10781 b 1281 3061 4341 16 I 1671 5911 16
3931 4061 7991 13 I 1391 9381 14

1 4 7

DIxie Improved ................ 6411 6241 1265/ 1 I 1321 13971 1

3

Lewis 63 ...................... 4361 6431 9791 6 I 1461 11251 6

8

Modella ....................... 5121 5371 10491 4 I 1611 12001 3

3

.................. DeSoto .........................
Council-Toole

5221 5251 10471 6 I 1671 12041 2 4041 6461 9491 7 I 1601 11091 7

4 8

oj

-
...
I:
~~ ~~
p.,

...
I:~
.-.l<IJ.,
.e.g
-I: 1lD-
~I:
...J;::'

d en
...~.c
0~ .... 0 0'"
0""0Z0-

"~'I:~
00 .-
., ....... 0
00
....
.!!o
g00.

.,
IlD 01
r".0.

31 I 1 1-8 I 841 9 Medium

39 I 5-8 I 671 11 Medium

38 I 3-4 I 631 11 MedIum

36 I 7-8 I 641 12. MedIum

40 I 6-8 I 761 11 MedIum

36 I 3-4 I 861 10 Medium

34 1 7-8 I 901 9 Medium 36 I 3-4 I 751 11 Medium

36 I 7-8 I 641 13 Heavy

30 I 1 1-4 I. 861 10 MedIum

32 I 1 3-161 901 9 Thin

35 I 7-8 I 791 9 Medium

36 1 7-8 I 771 9 Medium

36 I 7-8 1 831 9 MedIum

36 1 7-8 I 841 9 Medium

37 I 3-4 I 831 9 Medium

...
o e.
., ::> e.~ t..~
Long Staple Big Boll BIg Boll Big Boll Semi Ouster King King Big Boll BIg Boll Cluster Long Staple L. S. Wilt Resist. Peterkin Wilt Resist. Peterkin Wilt Resist. Peterkin Wilt Resist. Peterkin Wilt ResIst. Peterkin Wilt Resist.

GENERAL CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH VARIETY
TESTS WERE CONDUCTED
BURKE COUNTY.-Good, sandy loam soil, with slight wilt infection. Planted in cotton for last several years. Preparation very good. Liberal application of stable manure made in drill, and 600 pounds per acre of an 8-2-2 fertilizer applied at planting time. Also, 100 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda applied during the growing season. Planted in 4-foot rows and thinned to one plant every 18 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season rather favorable as a whole, but there was too much rain in July.
SCREVEN COUNTY.-Rich, sandy soil, with medium wilt infection. Planted in corn and peas the previous year. Preparation very good. 1,000 pounds per acre of meal and acid mixture applied at planting time, and 250 pounds per acre of meal applied during the growing season. Planted in 5-foot rows and thinned to one plant every 24 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season very unfavorable on account of the wet July and the damage done by a severe hail storm early in June.
PULASKI COUNTY.-Sandy soil, with slight wilt infection. Planted in cotton the previous year. Preparation good. Liberal application of stable manure made in the drill. Planted in 3 1-2 foot rows and thinned to one plant every 18 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather. permitted. Season unfavorable on account of wet July.
HANCOCK COUNTY.-Good, sandy soil, which was planted in cotton the previous year. Preparation very good. 400 pounds per acre of fertilizer applied at planting time. Planted in 4-foot rows and thinned to one plant every 15 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season very unfavorable on account of dry May and wet July.
BARROW COUNTY.-Red, sandy loam soil, which was plant- , ed in oats and peas the previous year. Preparation very good. 400 pounds per acre of a 10-2-3 fertilizer applied at planting time. Planted in 4-foot rows and thinned to one plant every 18 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season very unfavorable on account of dry May and wet July.
FRANKLIN COUNTY.-Sandy, clay-loam soil, which was planted in corn and peas the previous year. Preparation very good. 600 pounds per acre of meal and acid mixture applied at planting time. Planted in 3 1-2 foot rows and thinned to one plant every 18 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season unfavorable on account of dry May and wet July.
CHEROKEE COUNTY.-Red, clay soil, which had been plant-
1111

ed in corn, oats, and peas the last few years. Preparation very good. Very liberal application of stable manure made broadcast before the land was broken, and 300 pounds per acre of meal and acid mixture applied at planting time. Planted in 5-foot rows and thinned to one plant every 24 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season very unfavorable on account of dry May and wet July.
HALL COUNTY.-Red, clay soil, which had been planted in corn, oats, and peas the last few years. Preparation very good. Liberal application of stable manure made in the drill, and 200 pounds per acre of a complete fertilizer applied at planting time. Planted in 4-foot rows and thinned to one plant every 24 inches. Cultivation as good as the weather permitted. Season very unfavorable on account of dry May, severe hail storm in early June, and wet July.

VARIETIES AND SOURCES OF SEED USED IN THE TESTS

Express-Felix Williams, Villa Rica, Ga.

Cook-Lee J. Williams, Carrollton, Ga.

Cleveland-Lee J. Williams, Carrollton, Ga.

Triumph-Lee J. Williams, Carrollton, Ga.

Half & Half-J. J. L. Pnillips, Tifton, Ga.

King-H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Bank Account-H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Simpkins-H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Jeter's-J. S. Jeter, Waco, Ga.

Langford-T. F. Thomas, Lavonia, Ga.

Dix-Afifi-J. B. Wight, Cairo, Ga.

Dixie Improved-M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

Lewis 63-M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

De Soto--M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

Council-Toole-M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

Modella-J. D. He~dley, Vienna, Ga.

Webber-J. D. Hendley, Vienna, Ga.

Cleveland-For tests at Vienna and Lumpkin, H. A. Wood, Pine-

hurst, Ga.

Covington-Toole-W. F. Covington, Headland, Ala.

Toole, 1915-J. W. Mathis, Dawson, Ga.

Toole, 1916-J. F. HumbeJ;, Lumpkin, Ga.

Poulnot-S. P. Kissick, Cusseta, Ga.

Dix-Afifi, Dixie Improved, Lewis 63, De Soto, Council-Toole, and

Modella are pedigreed varieties bred by the Georgia State Board of

Entomology.

.

THANKS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We desire to thank especially the following gentlemen for land furnished on which to conduct the variety tests, and for their hearty cooperation:
Hon. M. B. Council, Americus, Ga. Mr. John M. Council, Americus, Ga.
Mr. J. D. Hendley, Supt. of the Modella Farm (Howell's Plantation), Vienna, Ga.
Mr. J. F. Humber, Lumpkin, Ga. Dr. H. R. Ingram, Coleman, Ga. Mr. C. J. McClelland, Morgan, Ga.
Mr. R. H. Parker, Brunswick, Ga.
Mr. E. E. Chance, Waynesboro, Ga.
The E T. Comer Co., Millhaven, Screven Co., Ga. Mr. T. I. Brown, Finleyson, Ga. Hon. Jno. D. Walker, Sparta, Ga. Mr. G. W. Smith, Winder, Ga. MMr T. F. Thomas, Lavonia, Ga.
r. Gus Coggins, Canton, Ga. Mr. B. M. Stallworth, Manager Pacelot Mfg. Co., New Holland, Ga.

35

" .:."
....t~ .~'
-" -1

........ ~

. . .' 'eO

"

'0' \

LISTnii' AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS,

~E~RGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

BuIi:~Q.l,q:.: Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple. Bull. 'No. 26. Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little
Peach. Bull. No. 34. Wilt Disease of Cotton in Georgia and its
Control.
Bull. No. 37. Crop Pest Law of Georgia, Other States and Canada.
Bull. No. 40. Cotton Wilt in Georgia. Bull. No. 41. Some of the More Important Truck Crop Pests
in Georgia.
Bull. No. 42. Annual Report of the State Entomologist for 1914.
Bull. No. 43. The Prinicpal Parasites of the Peach. Bull No. 44. The Mexican Cotton Boll-Weevil. Bull. No. 45. Annual Report of the State Entomologist for
.1~15.
Circular No.6. The Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose -Scale.
Circular No.7. The Hessian Fly in Georgia. Circular No.8. Experiments for Control of San Jose
Scale, 1907-1908. Circular o. 9. The Brown-Tail Moth. Circular No.11. Wilt Disease of Cotton and its Control
with Suggestions on Seed Selection. Circular No. 19. Boll-Weevil Quarantine Regulations.

86

Georgia State Board of Entomo ogy
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN 47

FEBRUARY, 1917

HOW TO GROW COTTON IN SPITE OF THE BOLL WEEVIL
BY
IRA W. WILLIAMS
corrON SPECIALIST
IN CHARGE EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
Short Cotton, Thomasville, Ga. Sea Island Cotton, Valdosta, Ga.

ATLANTA

GEORGIA

t)~ of D.
APR 2 1917

Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN 47

FEBRUARY, 1917

HOW TO GROW COTTON IN SPITE OF THE BOLL WEEVIL
BY
IRA W. WILLIAMS
COTTON SPECIALIST
IN CHARGE EXPERIMENT STAlIONS OF STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
Short Cotton, Thomasville, Ga. Sea Island Cotton, Valdosta, Ga.

ATLANTA

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION
HON. J. J. BROWN, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
HON. R. C. BERCKMANS, Augusta.
HON. JNO. A. COBB, Americus.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. F. TURNER, Assistant Entomologist, Thomasville.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Cotton Specialist, Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDON, Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
J. D. SMITH, Assistant Entomologist, Valdosta.
C. G. CRI'ITENDEN, Assistant in Charge Transmission of Cotton Diseases
by Insects, Thomasville.

PREFACE.
The legislature, for many years, has made it the duty of the State Board of Entomology to not only investigate the insects infesting plant life, but to investigate the di eases and work out methods for growing different plants in pite of both insect and diseases. In many instances the one i just as important as the other. The cotton farmer in South Georgia who attempts to grow cotton without a thorough knowledge of the varieties of cotton, and it different diseases, will find cotton growing a very unprofitable business. This Bulletin is the result of experiments conducted by the State Board of Entomology on the growing of cotton in spite of the various pests to which the cotton plant is heir.
Georgia is fully ten to fifteen years ahead of any state that ha become infested by the boll weevil, because of the re ults obtained from the investigations made on cotton by the State Board of Entomology. Ten years ago investigations were begun for the purpose of being able to give the farmer the information he wanted about the different phases of cotton growing under boll weevil conditions. Particular attention has been devoted to the development of early fruiting, disease resisting varieties that would be be t adapted to the different sections of Georgia.
The question of the rIght variety of cotton for the ection where it is to be grown is more than half of the fight, and splendid results have been obtained from our experiments in this connection. This problem has never been worked out for any state as it has for Georgia. Every farmer should have a copy of the results of variety tests conducted in the different sections of the state for a period of years and published in Bulletin No. 46 by the State Board of Entomology.
We have succeeded in developing at least six varieties that are very resistant to disease and that are early fruiting. One of these is a long-staple upland variety that has old on the market for 24 to 30 cents a pound during the
..-.

4
pa t ea on. Several varieties of early fruiting Sea Island cotton have been developed at the experiment station at Valdosta.
In the future it is going to be nece sary for the farmer to run a race with the boll weevil; he must simply "beat him to it." In order to win, the farmer must know how to uccessfully handle the problems of disease; know the variety of cotton that will net him most money per acre in hi particular section; he must know how to prepare his land, how to fertilize, when and how to plant; distance of plant , and how to cultivate. If he would familiarize himself with these problems he will be able to make cotton profitably in pite of the boll weevil.
Thi Department maintains two stations, one at Thomasville for short cotton, and one at Valdosta for Sea Island cotton, for the purpose of growing cotton successfully under all of the different conditions with which the farmer has to contend.
This Bulletin is the result of actual experiments in Georgia, and a careful study of cotton growing, and the facts contained herein are of immense value to the farmer.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist.

FOREWORD.
This Bulletin is written from facts secured by the State Board of Entomology in its experimental work with farmers for a number of years. and from the experiments made at its experiment stations at Thomasville and Valdosta, Ga. Also from facts gathered by the writer from ten years' experience with practical farmers, part of the time working with the ational Government, but recently with the
tate Board of Entomology. It is strictly a farmer's Bulletin for growing cotton under boll weevil conditions, but the methods given are also good for growing cotton with, or without, the boll weevil.
We will not take up 'space in this Bulletin to give illustrations and cite the facts and authorities that have been consulted backing up the facts which we have found to be true and which we here present. If anyone takes isue with us in regard to facts stated, or wishes any additional information, we will be glad to have him write us.
Cotton growing, as outlined, would be an ideal method, and we feel sure would produce maximum results, but every farmer knows that it is not always possible to conform to written outlines; conditions change, dry weather, exce sive rains, or late cold snaps come, then he is compelled to use his own judgment in order to get the best results under the conditions. However, these facts can be kept in mind, and the nearer one comes to the ideal, the greater will be the results.
PRACTICAL FACTS ABOUT BOLL WEEVIL.
It is not intended to discuss the boll weevil technically, but there are a few practical facts about the weevil that every man who attempts to grow cotton under boll weevil conditions ought to know. Climatic conditions have a great deal to do with weevil infestation. During a cold winter very few of the weevils survive. Dry weather in June, July and August is very detrimental, but wet weather during these months is very favorable to their reproduction.

PLATE
E
PLAn: SHOWIXG DEVELOPMENT OF BOLL WEEVIJ. FIlOM TIME EGO IS LAllI UNTIL WEEVIL IS F LLY DEVELOI'ED: A, BAND C, PUNCTURED SQUAIlES IN WHICH EGGS ARE LAID; D, LARVA DEVELOPED WITHIN THE SQU.AJl.E; E, PUPA DEVELOPED WITHIN TIlE SQUARE; F AND G, BACK AND IDE VJEWS OF FULL OROWN BOl.L "'EE\TL. (STATE BOARD OF EXTO~[OLOOY.)

7
If the hibernating quarters of the weevils are good and the winter warm, weevils are likely to be more numerous in the spring of the year. Spanish moss, old stumps, negro houses and the bark of trees, or any place where the weevil can keep dry and warm, furnishes ideal winter quarters.
Under normal conditions only a small per cent of the weevils go through winter. These begin to appear on the cotton early in the spring, if the season is favorable, about the time the cotton begins to come up, and they contiue to come out from winter quarters until some time in July. They live on the bud of the cotton until the squares begin to form. They begin to deposit their eggs in the squares preparatory to raising the firflt generation of weevils about the time the first bloom appears. According to facts given by Entomologists, it requires from 2 to 4 days for the eggs to develop into larvae, from 5 to 12 days for the larvae to turn into pupae, and from 3 to 6 days for the pupae to develop into weevils. The new weevils will emerge and begin depositing their eggs in from 8 to 11 days. Plate I shows different stages of weevil development. From these facts it is seen that it requires from 18 to 33 days from the time the egg is deposited until the new weevil begins laying eggs. In the spring time when the weather is cool the period is about 33 days, while later in the season, with moist, warm weather, the period is about 18 days. The winter weevils, or even the first generation hatched out, unless the winter weevils are very numerous, do very little damage to the cotton. The fight against the weevil, or what the farmer can do, will be outlined in the following pages of this Bulletin and consists of reducing the winter weevils, retarding as much as possible the development of first and second generations, improving the cotton crop generally, eliminating diseases, and hastening the growth of the cotton as fast as possible so that a crop of bolls will be set before the weevils get sufficiently numerous to prevent the plant from putting on more fruit. Under boll weevil conditions the crop should be made by Aug. 1st to Aug. 15th.

8
PERFECT STAND OF COTI'ON.
It is readily seen from these facts that it is important under boll weevil conditions to have a perfect stand of cotton, and have this stand as early as possible. If only a definite number of bolls can be put on a' stalk of cotton before the boll weevils become sufficiently numerous to infest the squares as fast as they are put on, the more stalks of cotton the more fruit there will be. If there are any skips in the cotton the loss will be in proportion to the number of stalk which are lacking in having a perfect stand.
CARE OF THE SEED.
In order that the stand of cotton may be perfect it is necessary to have absolutely sound seed. The following figure show the unsound condition of much of the seed used throughout the State for planting. By taking samples of the planting seed of twenty different farmers we found the per cent of germination to be as follows: 7, 5, 15, 21, 23, 30, 47, 52, 55, 23, 53, 74, 85, 65, 67, 54, 82, 88, 90, 93 per cent.
Sound eed is a necessity. It can be secured: by picking cotton, the seed of which is to be used for planting, as rapidly as it opens. If open cotton is allowed to remain in the field during wet weather it will cause a very great percentage of seed to be damaged. The cotton should be picked when it is dry. If necessary, it should be sunned in the field before it is put in the house. It should be kept dry and ginned dry; then the seed put in bushel sacks and stored away in some dry place where the air can circulate freely among the sacks. Seed should be treated for diseases before planting, as outlined in Appendix A. If the sulphuric acid treatment is used, which delints the seed, they will come up from three to five days earlier than if planted with the lint on them. If they are not delinted by the sulphuric acid treatment all planting seed should be reginned, as seed are reginned at an oil mill taking off all the lint.

9
By this mean the cotton will come up with a better stand, more regular and a few days earlier than otherwise.
SEED ELECTIO .
A good variety of cotton, well bred and well adapted to ection where it is to be grown, is the mo t important single item in growing cotton with the boll weevil. Without good pedigreed seed, locally adapted, it is not possible to produce cotton profitably if weevil infestation i very great. Cotton, when it tart to fruit, should put on fruit rapidly and uniformly throughout the field. This cannot be secured unless we have pedigreed eed. If a single stalk selecti<:>n has been made through a period extending back over a number of years, the cotton will become much more uniform and truer to type. The proper method is to select a number of talks, 25 to 50 of the variety considered best, early, productive, true to type, and free from di ea e. Plant these talk in separate rows; examine carefully, and study the row. Select the most de irable, early and productive row, al 0 be careful that it i free from any disease, and treat the seed before planting. Increase this row into a block and from the block into as large an area as possible. If this large area doe not plant the entire field, increa e again the next year. Select the individual stalks each year from rows or blocks of previous selection and repeat the method every year. This is briefly a method followed in securing pedigreed eed. If one is not willing to go to the trouble of developing his eed by thi method, he hould purchase one or more bushels of seed of a variety adapted to his locality, each Year, from some man who has pedigreed seed, and from these seed plant the entire crop the second year. Any variety, although it is locally adapted, will do better when it is planted in a locality the second year. Require thi man, if possible, to furnish a certificate from some reputable pathologist that his seed are free from black arm and anthracnose. It would also be well to require the seller to

10
furnish delinted seed, preferably by sulphuric acid treatment for black arm and anthracnose, as it is possible for the seed to become infected with these germs at the gin. This seed, of course, should be wilt resistant if the field where it is to be planted is infected with wilt.
Kind of Stalk.
The type of stalk to be selected for growing with the boll weevil is a small stalk with as little foliage as possible, provided it is equally as productive as larger stalks. While we would not recommend that the stalk be entirely free from vegetative branches, it should contain very few of them. It should have a large number of fruiting branches, starting close to the ground and coming out well towards the top of the plant.
Bolls.
Everything being equal, cotton to be grown in infested areas should have a medium sized boll. Small boll cotton might be best, if it were not for the fact that other disadvantages offset the weevil advantage obtained on account of the small boll. Theoretically, if 50 bolls of cotton made one pound of large boll cotton and the weevil punctured 25 squares of this variety, and 100 bolls made one pound of small boll cotton and the boll weevil punctured 25 squares, we would have one-half pound of one variety left and threefourths pound of the other. In my opinion, from experience with growing cotton with the weevil, a medium or small boll cotton is the best.
How to Handle Selections.
A good method of making individual selections and saving the seed from each stalk separate, is when the stalk is selected to take a small bag, which will be furnished by the office of the State Board of Entomology upon appIi-

11
cation. and tie it on the stalk in such a way that the cotton can be picked and put into the sack as fast as it opens and is dry. It will not damage in the bag in ordinary weather. The sack should be removed to some dry place as soon as most of the desirable bolls are open. This furnishes a handy method of- picking bolls as soon as they open, and at the same time keeping each stalk separate. When the cotton is all picked these sacks can be sent to the Georgia State Board of Entomology, State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga., or to the Experiment Station, Thomasville, Ga., or if Sea Island Cotton to the Experiment Station, Valdosta, Ga., where the cotton will be ginned and the per cent of lint carefully calculated, and the seed returned, together with a table, showing the per cent of lint of the different stalks.
Mass Selection.
What is known as "Mass Selection", under certain conditions, can be practiced with good results. Mass selection consists of going through the field and picking the cotton from a large number of healthy and productive stalks, in this way getting enough seed from the field to plant the crop for next year. This is especially advisable if the farmer is going to save his seed from a wilt resistant variety on badly infected land. He is sure in this way to get no stalks in his planting seed which are partially infected by wilt. The spores of the wilt are not carried in the seed, but seed from a stalk which is not wholly resistant, are liable to produce cotton which will die very badly from the wilt when planted.
There are cottons we term semi-resistant, which do not die a badly as some other varieties and can be planted to great advantage on soils which are not badly infected. The planting seed for each successive year should be taken from healthy stalks by this method of ,mass selection. If this method is followed the semi-resistant cotton will be rendered more resistant and more productive.

12
VARIETIES OF COTTON.
Varieties of cotton mean very little as is generally understood. There is no variety worthy to be called a variety unle it i pedigreed and kept up annually by a good breeder who breeds pedigreed seed. There is no variety of cotton that will not quickly degenerate by producing barren stalks and stalks off type, even if the seed is kept pure at the gin, which most farmers think is all that i nece ary in order to keep a variety pure. Varietie also become mixed by insects and in the course of time degenerate. Pedigreed breeding eliminates all this. Most of the varieties of cotton that we have at the present time are seed which were purchased from some one who adverti ed them and which were not pedigreed eed to start with. Other varietie have never been selected or kept pure after the foundation wa made. The Board has found, by making experiment throughout the State, that a variety which is excellent in one section of the State is extremely poor in another. They have quite recently conducted experiments to try to determine the best variety of cotton for any given locality. A Bulletin, No. 46, giving results of the test has been issued by the Department. In thi Bulletin, by McLendon and Lewis, it will be een that varietie tested by Lewis in the southern part of the State give entirely different results from many varieties tested by McLendon, whose tests were largely in the northern part of the State.
A variety locally adapted, which put on fruit early, uniformly, and rapidly, and ha no barren talks, is the most productive. Charts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and tables how blooming record, total blooms and percent of fruit set, of different varieties of cotton, both upland and Sea Island, for the past year at ihe Board's experiment stations at Thomasville and Valdo ta, Ga. These tables and charts show the great value of the different varieties in producing a crop of cotton before the boll weevil get so numerous that it will be impossible to put on any more fruit.

13

BLOOMI G RECORDS OF VARIETY TESTS.

THOMASVILLE EXPERIMENT STATION.
Short Staple Cotton.

June 15-Aug. 1, 1916.

Per cent

of

No. blooms Fruit et fruit set

1. Express

1149 379

32

2. Dixie Improved .. 819 281

34

3. Cleveland........ 7411/2 248% 33

4. Dix-Afifi

903 l/:! 254

28

5. Toole

10001/2 2171/2 21

6. DeSoto.......... 879 236% 26

7. Cook

669 1/ 2 186

28

8. Simpkins........ 898 200

22

9. Lewis 63

841 236l,/z 28

10. Triumph

721

212l/ i

29

11. Council Toole

9 6 331% 33

SEA ISLAND EXPERIMENT STATION, VALDO TA, GA.

ea I land Cotton.

June 15-Aug. 23 1916.

Variety 1 o. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

No. Bloom 1273 1163 1426 1702 1649 1099 1636 1575 1292

Fruit set 1010 587 1183 1140 1234 921 ]346 ]236 1105

Per cent of fruit et
79 50 54 66 74 83 82 78 85

Yield per acre 1193 1095 1348 1359 1022 14Q4 1310 1478 1278

The e count were made on 25 talk of each of the different varieties under equal and average conditions. Duplicate counts were made. Tables give average.

14
LENGTH AND PER CENT OF LINT.
Experiments made by the Board in ginning numerous samples of cotton, equally well bred, prove the fact that as the cotton gains in length of lint, it loses in per cent. Then the question arises whether or not it would pay to grow a variety of cotton for length of lint. In pounds of seed cotton per acre it is possible to grow as much long staple upland cotton as it is the shorter staple. If this could be sold for enough premium to pay for the los in per cent of lint, it would pay to grow long staple cotton. A cotton 1 1-8 to 1 5-16 inch staple is very much in demand at this time. If a market were established for it in Georgia it would pay in a great many section of the
tate to grow a cotton giving a longer staple.
Express cotton, which has proved to be one of the most productive and earliest cottons in our tests, gives a length of taple of 1 1-8 to 1 3-16 inches. The Dix-Afifi, an upland cotton, originated by the State Board of Entomology, gives a longer staple, is very productive and early, and is wilt resistant. Tests conducted by the Board show it to be one of the earliest cottons' now grown. You will see from the table on the blooming records that Express and Dix-Afifi are among the best, if not the best, of the early fruiting cottons. Express, with the proper market, would bring from 3 to 5 cents premium while Dix-Afifi would bring a premium of 6 to 8 cents. The prices in relation to length of lint varies as does short cotton, but does not follow the short cotton in its variations. It is sometimes high when short cotton is low, and low when short cotton is high.
OIL CONTENT OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF COTON SEED.
In investigations made by the State Board of Entomology ~n regard to the oil content of the different varieties of cotton se~d we were not able to establish any constant fact showing a difference in the oil content of the different. ya-

15
rieties. We therefore wrote the U. S. Department of Agriculture for facts on this question. Appendix B gives letter received from Mr. W. A. Taylor, Chief of the Burean of Plant Industry, in regard to same.
DISEASES OF COTTON.
In this connection the question of diseases of cotton should be discussed. There are four very detrimental diseases of cotton which should be eliminated before a farmer is prepared to grow cotton with the boll weevil. They are wilt, root-knot, black arm, and anthracnose.
Wilt.
In no ection of the State where wilt i prevalent hould a farmer attempt to grow cotton that is not wilt resistant. This point is made clear in connection with a perfect stand of cotton. If cotton is planted which is not wilt resistant a perfect stand cannot be expected. A great many gaps would be filled in by the spread and growth of cotton, but with the boll weevil this is not true, so it is important to have a cotton which resists the wilt or black root. We are not discussing in this Bulletin the disease of wilt. The State Board has already published Bulletins on this subject. It is a fungus disease that exists in the soil, and the method of fighting it is to have a resIstant cotton. The Board ha developed about six varieties which are wilt resistant and which are early enough to produce equally a well a other varieties in the southern 'part of the State.
Root-Knot.
The disease of root-knot, or nematode, is a serious ~e?ace in the southern part of the State. It is very inJurIOUs and dwarfs the plant. No variety of cotton will ucceed when nematodes are present. This disea e is caused by a small worm known as a nematode, or ellworm. It

PLATE II
st-:.\ lSI..\Xn CO'l'TO:S I.t: .-\'-' .\F"'t;CTED WITH {'BLACK AID(." (STATY. ROAnn Of' E 'TOMOT.OOV.)

PLATE III
PLANO CO'l"l'ON LEAf' AFFEC'l'EU Wl'l'H ~'DLACK Ani'\[." (STATE BOARD OF' f;STO)rOI.OOY.)

PLATE IV

"YOUNG COTTON Pl.A TS AF'FECTED BY "BLACK ARM."

LL PLANTS

.\ltE FRO:\[ TIU~ SAl\lE HILL. TJlF. STALKS OF THESE. )lJ..AX1" II VI; A WATEK-

OAKED APl't:ARAXCE. J. TOTE THAT ALI.. PI...AXTS AilE nEXT IN TUE OX TBICTEU
1'0llTIOX OF"l.'J[F: STALK, (11.1. TlIATlO', COURTt:SY OF" f.F:M OS CoU.EGE.)

PLATE V
c.
YOl~G COTTO' PLANTS Mt'EC'l'ED BY 'BLACK AR~[." A, NOIU[Ar. I'f.AXT 1.EFT
IITA DING BY THE LABORER IN THE PROCE OF THINNING. B, C, .0, Dr EASED PLASTS HOPPY-D OUT BY TIlE LABORER IX TIlE PRGCE OF THISNING. (It.LI:"STRATION, COTIRTE Y OF J.E)[ ON COLLEGE.)

20
can be eradicated by planting on the land, previous to COtton, crops which are not attacked by these worms. They can be largely eliminated with one year's rotation. In Appendix C is given a list of crops not attacked by nematodes. Cotton should follow some of these crops unless it follows cotton where the previous year's cotton crop proved that the disease was not present.
Angular Leaf Spot, or Black Arm.
Angular leaf spot, or black arm, is a bacterial disease. It is doing a great deal of damage to the cotton crop. Plates II to V give illustrations of this disease. The Sea Island cotton planters recognize the disease very readily as it attacks the stems of the plants, as well as the bolls. This causes the stems to die and the bolls to rot or open prematurely. In short cotton the appearance of the disease is known by brown angular spots on the leaves. Later, a great many squares and small bolls dry up. See Plate VI. We have been accustomed to think this was caused by dry weather, but a great many times it was angular leaf spot. Next will come watery looking spots on the bolls which cause the bolls to rot. Anthracnose, a fungus disease, diseussed below, is greatly aided in its pread by this disease as it readily attacks most of the bolls infected with black arm. The best method of eradicatmt the disease is to select stalks and bolls for planting that are not infected. It is hard to detect the disease when the plants have become fully matured and the cotton begins to open. Seed breeders should go through the field at least twice during the summer and mark stalks that are free from the disease, then make their fall selections from these stalks. This will tend to eliminate the germ that is within the seed coat. -Then by treating the seed according to one of the methods given in Appendix A, it will have a great effect in eliminating the disease.

PLATE VI
SEA ISw\.-D COTrON SQU.ARS AFFECTED WITH ((BT..ACK AR.:\[,/J
EA 11._\~D COTTO~ BOI.LS AFFECTED "lnTH "BLACK ARM."
(STATE 1l0.\RD OF E~TO~IOLOGY.)

23
Anthracnose.
Anthracnose, which is very destructive to the production of cotton throughout the whole State, i ometimes called boll-rot. A great many farmer do not realize that it is a distinct fungus disea e which attack the plant. Thi disease begins on the bolls with a little brown pot, as if acid were dropped on the boll , differing from black arm by reason of the fact that the spot is brown. It finds ready access to the bolls through the watery spot caused by black arm. Plate VII give cut of anthracnose. Every farmer should become familiar with thi di ea e.
We have een large field where 75<,7< of the boll weI' de troyed by anthracnose. The same method of seed selection should be practiced a recommended fOJ black arm, except that the maximum infection of anthracnose is in the fall of the year and selection should be made at thi time. No stalks should be taken for breeding that have any signs of the disease on the bolls. Seed for rows and block should alway be treated for thi disease before planted, and a the seed is liable to become infected with the spore of the disease at the gin, planting eed should be treated a recommended in Appendix A.
BOLL WEEVIL.
De truction of talk
All of the previou di cu ion ha been in regard to improving the cotton plant and eliminating the common and de tructive di ease. If the instruction given are carried out, we feel sure that it would improve the plant to such an extent that it would almost outweigh the damage of the boll weevil. Thi is especially true if the following instruction are carried out in making a direct fight on the boll weevil.
Cotton stalks hould be destroyed in the' fall of the year a quickly as possible after cotton is harvested. One of the greatest helps in growing cotton with the boll weevil

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26
is to reduce the number of weevils in the fall of the year, or rather reduce the weevils that go through the winter. If the food supply of the weevil is destroyed several weeks before frost, numerous weevils perish and those that go into winter quarters 'are 0 weakened that very few are able to stand the winter.
Below are given some facts worked out by the United States Bureau of Entomology, which show the per cent of weevils surviving the winter at different periods of detruction of stalks:

Weevil Survival with Stalks Destroyed at Varying Dates.

AMONG 1000 WEEVILS.

When stalks destroyed:
Sept. 16-30 Oct. 1-15 Oct. 16-31 Nov. 1-16

umber surviving
2
21 68 121

This is one of the most important things to do in the fight against the weevil. The destruction of stalks would be much more effective in the fight against the boll weevil than an early frost. In the spring of the year the fight against the weevil is an individual fight; every man profits by his own efforts. It is very important that the whole community destroy the stalks. The best method of destroying the stalks is to turn them under four inches deep. Any method which will turn the stalks under deep in the ground will be successful. There are numerous ways given, but in most cases each farmer can make such arrangements as are best suited to his conditions and soil. If this is not practicable they can be cut and burned, or simply plowed up several weeks before the first killing frost, so that the
talks will die, thereby destroying the food of the weevil. This would be a great help.

PLATE VIII

cow A-COTrON "~OLLOWING COM::llOX

IlEA.

(STATE DOARO OF E~TO)Ior.ooY.)

R-s.\:\lE '-AHIETY 0.' COTTO"" f'OLLOWIXO conx AXD VELVET BEAN. I.OCATIOX, CUT.TlVATION A~"'D FERTILIZATION SAME IX DOTH CASES. ( TATE BOARD OF EXTOMOLOG..... )

28
FALL PREPARATION OF THE LAND.
It is best for cotton to follow corn and velvet beans, or if this cannot be done, it should follow corn and iron, or Brabham peas, or iron and Brabham pea stubble, as they fertilize the ground and come more nearly to freeing the soil from the diseases which attack cotton. Cotton can be grown after cotton successfully, provided cotton did well on the ground the previous year and was free from disease. Plate VIII shows cotton growing after corn and beans and cotton growing after common peas. If cotton is planted after cotton and the ground has been turned and stalks plowed under, that much fall preparation will have been completed. After any crop it is necessary that land should be turned well in the fall of the year when cotton is to be planted the following year. On the area devoted to cotton no cover crop should be planted. This i important for two reasons, as all of the leguminous crops which are generally recommended, such as vetch, burr and crimson clover are subject to root-knot, or ratner are attacked by nematodes which cause root-knot, therefore they keep the nematodes alive which attack the cotton plant. Appendix C gives list of plants attacked by nematodes, also letter in regard to cover crops.
In the second place it is absolutely necessary that the farmer prepare a seed bed early in the spring and a winter cover crop would hardly have time to make sufficient growth to pay for planting. In the case of a crop like rye, serious damage sometimes follows from cutworms. During the winter when the ground is dry, it should be stirred once every two or three weeks, using a disc or tooth harrow, and if time permits, it should be plowed. This pulverizes the soil and mixes in the humus, and by airing the soil in winter months more plant food "becomes available.
PROPER SEED BED.
Early in the spring, perhaps in February, in the southern part of the State, if the ground is dry, the seed bed should be prepared. If the fall preparation has beeR made

29
the ground should be harrowed thoroughly and the rows laid off shallow. Then the fertilizer should be sowed in a broad band in the furrow, or a plow run through it, thoroughly mixing it with the soil. Some distributors scatter the fertilizer sufficiently to eliminate mixing it with the plow. Make a low bed on this, unless it should be necessary to plant on a high bed on account of the soil not being well drained. Be sure that the fertilizer is applied and the list made long enough before planting time for the bed to become well settled. When it is time to plant run a harrow over the beds, leveling them down. A section harrow run across the rows is best. A small amount of fertilizer could be applied to adva~tage with the seed at planting time, provided it does not come in contact with the germinating seed in such a way as to injure it.
Nitrate of soda applied at the rate of 25 to 50 lbs. per acre on the seed bed, just before the cotton comes up. will give excellent re ults.
FERTILIZER
The question of fertilizers for growing cotton with the boll weevil is a very important one. We give a chart, Fig. 3, showing results of one year's test with commercial fertilizer (10-2-2), stable manure, acid phosphate, and no fertilizer. It will be readily seen that cotton cannot lJe uccessfully grown with the weevil without the use of fertilizers. Then, the question arises what kind should be used. With the facts we have at the present time we are unable to make any new recommendation in regard to fertilizers. Our experiments prove that ammonia is the mo t valuable ingredient of commercial fertilizer to hasten early fruiting. It quickens the growth of the plant. Phosphoric acid is needed because it hastens the maturity of the plant and the development of the boll. We would recommend a fertilizer on most soils of 10 per cent phosphoric acid, 4 per cent ammonia and, where it can be secured, 2 per cent of potash. If the price does not vary too much, use the most quickly available forms such as nitrate

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31
of soda, sulphate of ammonia. If applied some time before planting, cotton seed meal as a source of ammonia will always give good results. Raw rock phosphate c@mposted with stable manure and applied on land where there i plenty of humu seems to give good results. Stable manure alone, as will be seen from the chart, is the most valuable fertilizer for early fruiting, and early fruiting we must have with the boll weevil. Acid mixed with the manure in the furrow will give good result. The ideal method to pursue under boll weevil conditions would be to have corn and velvet beans followed by cotton and fertilized with stable manure and acid phosphate. The chart gives blooming record and is important, as it shows how much more rapidly blooms are put on with the use of stable manure and fertilizers than when no fertilizer is used. If commercial fertilizer is to be used, use some form of acid phosphate in making it, as the rock pho phate in thi ca e doe not seem to be sufficiently available.
DISTA CE OF ROWS A D PLA T .
There ha been a great deal written in regard to pacing cotton under boll weevil conditions. Everyone knows that the more stalks on the ground, the better, but at the same time plants should not be so thick as to be detrimental .in other way. There is possibly a large number of planters who do not know wh~t is the best di tance on their soil. Some have been making the mistake in too wide spacing, while others have left their cotton too thick. Do not leave it too thin. Do not crowd. Avoid extremes. A 4 foot row on heavy soil and a 3% foot row in lighter soil, with 12 to 24 inches in the drill, would be the proper distance. If the soil is rich, or exceedingly highly fertilized, there might be conditions where wider spacing would be beneficial. For Sea Island cotton we give a chart of results in distance test. See also Bulletin 173, Mississippi Agricultural College (Starksville).

32
TIME TO PLANT.
The judgment of the planter in the different localities will have to determine how early it is safe to plant. Plant as soon as it is safe, and at a time when the plant will come up quickly and grow off rapidly. Good seed prepared for planting should be on hand. The seed bed should be ready and well prepared, and the fertilizer in some time before planting, as previously stated in this Bulletin. Everything is then ready and when the farmer is sure the season is right all the crop should be planted as near the same time as possible. The farmer should have on hand an extra number of cotton planters. All of them should be the same kind, and have the same plows. This is necessary, in order to plant the cotton at once, and all of it exactly alike. It would be best to use not less than one bushel of seed per acre.
CULTIVATION.
The cotton should be thinned to stand as quickly as possible after it comes up. The area in cotton should be reduced to where the farmer, under normal conditions, could cultivate it every five to eight days. This cultivation should be very shallow so that the roots of the plants will not be disturbed.
The kind of tool to be used should be one which best suits the conditions of the farmer; cultivators and large weeps are generally best.
PICKING BOLL WEEVIL AND INFESTED FORMS.
In ordinary seasons, if all the hands are trained to observe, it will be easy to discover very early the boll weevl1 in the bud of the young cotton. There will appear a wilted bud which turns black very early. Here the first boll weevils that come out of winter quarters will be found, or within 3 or 4 feet of this place. They will ap-

33
pear first in spots in the field near their winter quarter, which will be around old tumps, negro houses, barns, etc. The area where they appear will be very small and there will not be very many of them. The most important fight the farmer can make is to locate these pots, mark them by sticking up a stick with a flag on it. Then from time to time search diligently for the weevil around these spots, catching them on the bud of the cotton if possible. It is a good practice to offer the hands a reward for finding these spots, and so much per weevil for catching them. We know some farmers who located these spots last year and by diligent work almost blotted out the colonies of weevil in their fields and made good crops of cotton. Their neighbors who did not do this lost almost completely their crops of cotton. If all the old weevil are not caught at these spots, the first infested forms will appear there. Try to keep any weevil from hatching out by picking up and destroying these forms. If some of the weevils are allowed to hatch out and the young begin puncturing the squares, the fight against the weevil is much harder than it would have been if the fight had been against the winter weevil and the squares they punctured. If labor is cheap and a sufficient number of women and children are on the farm it will pay to continue picking up squares for at least one month. The importance of this is shown from the statement in the beginning of thi Bulletin, which give the length of time for the development of a generation of weevils. If a farmer retards the de elopment of the weevil 20 or 25 days he will have enough fruit on, provided he has eliminated other trouble. to make a good crop of cotton.

34
SEA ISLANj) COTTON.
All of the facts given in regard to growing short cotton with the boll weevil apply to Sea Island cotton. In the method of treating the seed, it would be advisable to use the hot water of bichloride of mercury treatment given in Appendix A rather than the sulphuric acid treatment, as there is scarcely any lint on the seed to be taken off. It is very important that some treatment be given for destroying the germs on the seed as well as taking out all of the motes in the seed and the loose lint cotton, as these carry the germs of the diseases, anthracnose and black arm, that attack the young plant when it first germinates and later proves very detrimental. Sea Island seed should be perfectly clean when planted. There has been a great deal of discussion as to whether 01 not Sea Island cotton could be grown when the boll weevil infests the Sea Island area. We take the position that it would be impossible in experim~ntal work to determine anything about the effects of boll weevil on Sea Island cotton, unless these experiments were made in the Sea Island area where nothing but Sea Island cotton was grown, and as the boll weevil has infested this area for the first time we are not able to say positively just what the effects will be on Sea Island cotton.
From the experiments made at Valdosta for several years breeding and growing Sea Island cotton and experiments made last year at the Sea Island Experiment Station, it is our opinion that Sea Island cotton can be grown by using the same precautions that are used in growing short cotton to the same extent that short cotton can be grown in infested areas. The fact has been thoroughly established that different varieties of short cotton will succeed in certain localities while others fail. This is true of Sea Island cotton, and in our opinion, this other fact is also true, that short cotton is not adapted to the territory in which Sea Island cotton is grown, any more than Sea Island cotton is adapted to the territory in which short cotton is grown. From the charts given you will

35
be able to see that some varieties of Sea Island cotton compare favorably with short cotton in the matter of rapid fruiting, and certainly the farmer who expects to grow Sea Island cotton should secure and breed these varieties of seed. There are a number of additional facts in favor of Sea Island cotton. One of these is that in comparison with short cotton, as the tables show, it sets a very much greater per cent of its fruit; another fact is that it is a small boll cotton; it can be planted very early, and the Sea Island cotton seed have been pedigreed for a much longer period of time than any of our short cotton. It therefore comes very much more true to type and fruits much more uniformly than short cotton whenever the seed is kept pure and free from crossing with other varieties or with short cotton. We would not advise the growers of Sea Island cotton to attempt to grow short and long cotton together, or very close together, as this would be detrimental to the Sea Island cotton.
The great breeders of Sea Island cotton, for a long time have been the Island planters, and they have bred their cotton for quality of lint rather than for earline s, but they recognize the fact that it is possible to breed Sea Island cotton to fruit very early. Their attention should be given to this in the future. We feel that Sea Island cotton deerves to be given a chance, and we are also very anxious that the Sea Island cotton growers do not rush to short cotton thinking that they will get away from their troubles, and would urge them, uniformly throughout the district, to follow the recommendations given in regard to growing short cotton; curtail their acreage and continue to plant their entire crop in Sea Island cotton until a thorough te t has been made.
WHAT WE SHOULD RAISE INSTEAD OF COTTO
It is our opinion that Sea Island cotton will continue to be grown and that cotton will be the great cash crop of the South, although the area will necessarily be reduced.

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CII"UT SllOWJNO '1'1110; Vj\nT;\TTO~T IN FltUl'lTNO Of' 'I'WO VAnlF.TT}~S OF'
SEA ISLAND COT1'ON, NOS. 24, AND 27.
(S1'ATE nOAlIlJ OF" ENTOMOLOOV.)

38
First, because the farmer will not be able to give cIo e enough attention to a large area to succeed with the boll weevil; second, he cannot afford to have all his eggs in one basket; he must have other crops that will help him in case he should fail with his cotton. Let the cotton land be the highest and dryest land of the farm.
What, then, can be raised instead of cotton? The farmer hould rely on staple and standard crops and let the special crops alone unless he has a market with a guarantee for the sale of arne. The most promising crops at the pre ent time are corn and velvet beans and peanuts. Corn on cob and velvet beans in hull when ground into a mixed feed, make almost a balanced ration, and they are sufficiently productive to be profitable. The coming of velvet beans and the ability to grow them in the corn to such an advantage has given us a new and permanent cash crop which we have not had heretofore. The early beans are adapted to nearly every section of Georgia. It would be well to make a manufactured product out of corn on cob and velvet bean in hull and feed it to cattle right here in the South and use the manure as a fertilizer. This adds an additional value to corn in the South, as by grinding it into feed it will not be destroyed by the weevil. Below are given a few notes as to how to manage these crops.
There are many different ways of planting corn and velvet beans, a number of which are good methods, and can be used to suit the individual taste of the farmer. The variety of velvet beans for most of the State should be an early speckled or 100 day, Osceola Wauculla, or early speckled and Chinese crossed. Oats followed by iron or Brabham cow peas, or velvet beans and corn also make a fairly profitable crop. Peanuts are a valuable crop, furnishing oil, meal and hay.
The following is a short outline of the best method of handling peanuts:

PLATE IX

Yokohama

Lyon

X

F.arly Speckled

Y I<ohama

100 Day

Chinese

hineo e Early

Florida

100 Day

"hite

Oceola

'-AIUEorY TE or OF VEJNET DEANS AT THE THO~[A VILLE STATION. (STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGYo)

40
PEANUTS.
Vnle s planted after oats, the ground should be prepared just as for cotton. The rows should be laid off 30 inches apart and fertilizer at the rate of from 200 to 400 lbs. per acre applied same as for cotton. All land for peanuts should be limed. The land should be bedded. The bed should be harrowed down before planting. The peanut hould be planted on a level. Time for planting is a few days after cotton planting time. The rows should be opened; the nuts planted 6 to 8 inches apart and covered about 1% inche deep. As with cotton, it is absolutely necessary to have a perfect tand of peanuts. Break the peanuts in two and plant in the hull, or plant when freshly shelled by hand, u ing at lea t two kernels to the hill. Inoculation in some cases would be valuable. The best variety of peanut to plant for oil is White Spanish.
Peanuts should be cultivated shallow and often with cultivator or sweep. Keep the grass out and do not throw dirt to the vines. When the vines are grown and the gras quits coming, cultivation could stop.
The best time to harvest is from 90 to 100 day after planting, that is, when the majority of the nuts are ripe and the greatest number will stick to the vines when pulled up. For digging, a turn plow with wings removed, running clo e beside the peanuts, or a potato digger with wide point, running under the vines, will lift them out. The vines are then taken by hand and the dirt shaken off. If they have dried some, it is that much the better. They should be tacked on poles 7 to 8 feet high with cross pieces nailed about 16 inches from the bottom to give ventilation. The tack should be about 3 feet in diameter. The nuts should be stacked near the pole and the top capped with gras . After about three weeks they will be dry and can be picked from the vines by hand or by using a machine. There are excellent machine pickers that can be used in a community just as a thrashing machine. If properly cured the vine make excellent hay.
At the present price of cotton seed oil, peanuts can be

41
profitably grown because the oil mills will be able to pay well for the nuts. If cotton seed oil falls back to its normal price, then the mills will have to make a fine grade of oil and ell it at a higher price than cotton seed oil in order to pay the farmers a sufficient price, per bushel, to make it profitable to raise them.
LIVI G AT HOME.
A mall area should be devoted to pasture for cows and hogs in order to furnish milk and meat, not only for the land owner, but each tenant should also have a cow for milk and hogs for meat. He will then have use for some of the corn and other feed that he raises.
GARDENS.
Every farmer should have a garden, which should include Irish and sweet potatoes. The other vegetables should consist of those which are best adapted to his section, such as tomatoes, English peas, beans, turnips, etc. For a garden to be successful it is absolutely necessary for it to be rotated. It should be large enough to be planted as outlined: one-half in garden vegetables and the other half in velvet beans and corn. Nearly all garden crops are subject to nematodes, and the insects are liable to be bad. Numerous gardens in Southern Georgia fail to produce good crops because of the fact that crops subject to nematodes and other diseases have been constantly grown year after year on the same soil. A good garden for every tenant, with instructions for cultivation from the land owner, would be extremely beneficial in the fight against the boll weevil. For additional information see Bulletin No. 41 by State Board of Entomology on truck crops.

42
SUMMARY.
Summing up the facts in this Bulletin the following are the most important ones discussed:
It is necessary to have a perfect stand of cotton. In or del' to secure this the seed must be properly taken care of in the fall of the year.
The destruction of stalks is very important, as it reduces the number of weevils that go through the winter. The weevils do not live long without cotton for food unless they are in hibernation. Destroying the stalks before frost causes them to leave the premises and large numbers of them to die. Those that do not die go into winter quarters very much weakened.
Ground should be thoroughly prepared in the fall of the year, if possible harrowed two or three times during the winter. No cover crop should be planted before cotton.
The cotton acreage should be reduced. The high, dry land as far removed from good hibernating quarters for the weevil as possible should be planted in cotton.
Seed should be pedigreed and free from diseases. How to secure this is fully discussed. The varieties should be locally adapted, and if the seed are not bred by the farmer himself enough seed should be bought from some man who produces pedigreed seed to plant the entire crop the second year. If the soil and location are very much changed, seed will do better the second year.
Fertilizer should be applied very early in order that the seed bed may become firm before time for planting. All the fertilizer should be applied before planting with the possible exception of some nitrate of soda just before the cotton comes up, or a small amount of fertilizer with the seed not in close contact with them. It has been claimed that the application of nitrate of soda just as the cotton starts to bloom is beneficial. This might be tried as an experiment.
Everything should be ready for planting time. Good seed

43
should be on hand; good seed bed properly prepared; plenty of planters of the same kind should also be ready, then when the farmer is sure that the ground is sufficiently warm for the cotton to come up and grow off rapidly all the cotton should be planted at once. Use stable manure if possible under the cotton, even if it is a small amount, otherwise fertilizer of about 10 per cent of acid and 4 per cent of nitrogen, and if possible a small amount of potash (2 per cent) if it can be secured. This is a general recommendation. Thin the cotton early, cultivate rapidly and shallow and continue until late in the season. Locate the spots where the boll weevil first appears. Try to stamp out the colonies by killing the weevils and picking up the first infested forms.
Velvet beans and corn have become a cash crop. Grind them into a mixed feed and feed to stock. Use the manure for fertilizing cotton. Plant a few peanuts also as a cash crop. Have a good garden and teach tenants to do likewise.
We will learn to grow cotton in spite of the boll weevil by following the suggestions outlined in this Bulletin and cotton win still be the great cash crop of Georgia.

44
APPENDIX A.
METHODS OF TREATI G COTTO SEED FOR A .
THRACNOSE AND A GULAR LEAF SPOT.'
SULPHURIC ACID TREATMENT.
Place the seed in a wooden or earthen vessel and then cover with commercial sulphuric acid for about ten or twelve minutes. The seed should be stirred constantly with a wooden ladle until the lint is removed, after which it is poured into a large earthen funnel and the acid drawn into a second wooden or earthen vessel. The acid can be used in treating several lots of seed. The seed is then washed in running water for about twenty minutes and then spread out on the floor to dry.
The sulphuric acid treatment kills only the fungus spore and bacteria that are lodged in the lint and on the outside of the hull. (Sulphuric acid is a poison and it will burn the clothing, as well as the hands).
HOT WATER TREATMENT.
The fungus which causes cotton anthracnose lives over the winter on the seed in two ways: 1. As spores on the outside of the seed. 2. As mycelium growing inside of the seed. The sulphuric acid treatment will kill the spores on the outside, but is not effective against the mycelium on the inside. The hot water method has been devised to kill the mycelium. It also kills the spores.
The seed must be treated in small lots so that all of them may quickly and uniformly reach the desired temperature. Two tubs or vats of water should be provided. In one tub (No.2) the exact temperature required should be maintained. The other tub (No.1) is used for bringing the
'By C. G. Crittenden, Assistant in Charge of Transmission of Cotton Diseases by Insects, Thomasville, Ga.

45
seed to the temperature of the treatment, so as not to lower the temperature in No.2. Galvanized iron tubs of about twenty-five or thirty gallons capacity and a kerosene or gasolene double burner stove are convenient. A sack or basket containing about one peck of seed should be plunged into tub No.1 for one minute, and then transferred to tub o. 2 for fifteen minutes. The temperature of both tub hould be held as nearly as possible at 149F. (65C.). The seed should be kept agitated while in the tub, so all seed will have a uniform temperature. If the temperature fall below 149F. or rises above 158F. the time for immersion must be increased or diminished accordingly. A reliable thermometer is necessary, since an inaccurate instrument may result in injury to the germinating power of the seed. As soon as the seed have been treated for a sufficient length of time, they should be spread out on the floor not more than one or two inches deep until thoroughly dry.
Varieties of cotton differ as to the number of degrees of heat they will stand without losing their germinating capacity. In order to avoid any danger of loss by treating seed at a temperature that will inj ure them, it is desirable that each man test a small quantity of seed first. Treat a mall quantity at 158F. Place fifty of these treated eed between wet blotting papers and put them in a warm place (an incubator at about 90F. is best). Do the same with fifty untreated seed and then in five or six days compare the germination of the two lots. If the treated seed give a lower percentage of germination than the untreated, try treating at a lower temperature. The higher the temperature used the better will be the results in control of the disease.
We recommend the Sulphuric Acid treatment, as it delints the seed and causes 2c3.rlier germination.
BICHLORTrs OF MERCURY TREATMENT.
Treat t~je :p.eu for one hour with a solution of bichloride of merC'l!' made of one part bichloride to 1000 parts of water. This solution is easily made by using the bichloride

46
tablets, which may be purchased at any drug store. One tablet dissolved in one pint of water makes a solution of the strength desired. As sold at the stores one bottle contains twenty-five tablets and will therefore make twelve and onehalf quarts of the solution. The tablets cost a cent apiece. The solution may be made up in any quantity desired. The eed should be put into a bag and weighted down in the bichloride solution. Be careful to see that all the seed are wet. After the seed have been in the solution for an hour, drain them a few minutes and then spread out on a floor to dry. The seed may be planted as soon as dry. Do not put treated seed into bags that have had cotton seed in them before: it would reinoculate them with the disease. If old bags must be used, sterilize them by thoroughly wetting them in the bichloride, wring the water out and dry them. CAUTION: BICHLORIDE IS A DEADLY POISON.
This treatment may be used for the angular leaf spot on Sea Island or Upland. It is efficient for the control of anthracnose only when the seed to be treated has been selected from disease-free bolls.
APPENDIX B.
U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry.
Dear Sir:
Replying to your inquiry of the 14th ultimo as to the relation of oil content of different varieties of cotton seed, I would say that in so far as this Bureau has information no very marked differences in oil content have been observed. You are no doubt familiar with the work done some years ago by Prof. S. M. Bain of the Tennessee Experiment Station bearing on this subject, and also that of Dr. W. W. Garner of this Bureau, published in the Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 3, Dec. 15, 1914.
In Dr. Garner's work it was found, in brief, that different environments produce considerable variations in oil content of cotton seed, where under the same environment all varieties tested contain very nearly the same percentage

47
of oil. In this respect the uniformity of behavior of the varieties of cotton tested were in sharp contrast with the varietal differences observed in soy beans. Dr. Garner calls attention also to the work by Mr. C. B. Williams, published in 1906, Vol. 27, No.9 of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture, containing data on the oil content of 21 varieties of cotton.
Yours very truly, W. A. TAYLOR, Chief of Bureau.
APPENDIX C.
The Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture on the control of root-knot by Dr. Ernest A. Bessey and L. P. Byars gives the following list of cultivated plants not attacked by nematodes:
PLANTS NOT ATTACKED BY NEMATODE:
BarJ.~y, beggarweed, Brabham cowpea, broom-corn millet, corn, crab-grass, iron cowpea, peanut, pearl millet, redtop, rye, sorghum, timothy, velvet bean, wheat, winter oats.
PLANTS ATTACKED BY NEMATODE:
Field Crops :-Alfalfa, dover, cotton, cowpea (except iron, Brabham, and hybrids of whippoorwill crossed on iron), soy bean, sugar cane, sweet potato, tobacco, vetch, field pea, flax, pumpkin, sugar beet.
Truck Crops :-Asparagus, bean, cantaloupe, carrot, celery, cucumber, eggplant, garden beet, garden pea, Irish potato, lettuce, muskmelon, okra, onion, pepper, salsify, spinach, strawberry, tomato.
Ornamental and Drug Plants :-Begonia, cineraria, clematis, coleus, dahlia, ginseng, goldenseal, hollyhock, peony, ro e, sweet pea, violet.

48
Woody Plants :-Almond, catalpa, cherry, European elm, fig, Old World grapevine, mulberry, peach, pecan, Persian walnut, weeping willow.
U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry.
Dear Sir:
Your letter concerning the susceptibility of vetch to the nematode which causes root-knot has been referred to this office for attention.
Although we have no data on the relation of the Augusta variety to the ellworm, most other varieties of vetch, including the common, hairy, bitter, scarlet, etc., are readily attacked and it seems highly probable that all varieties are to a greater or less degree susceptible. Until some variety is known to be immune or resistant it seems inadvisable to plant any of the vetches in the light, sandy soils of Georgia where the nematode has become generally distributed. While the vetches themselves, and the same is true of clovers, may not be noticeably injured they harbor the parasite and permit it to increase so that the next crop may become seriously damaged. Some of the more resistant or immune crops as well as a few of those most susceptible are listed on Pages 8, 9 and 10 of Farmer's Bulletin 648. On page 16 of this Bulletin several crop rotations suitable for Georgia conditions are suggested for controlling root-knot.
Very truly yours,
L. P. BYARS, Pathologist.

.Georgia State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 48

1917

O.oF I. OUP~
'91J8
NINETEENTH
, ANNVAL REPORT
OF THE

STATE CAPITOL ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN 48

1917

NINETEENTH \
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
FOR 1916

.
STATE CAPITOL ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY

ORGANIZATION
HO . J. D. PRICE
Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, tlanta.
HO . R. C. BERCKM Augusta.
HO . J O. A. COBB,
Americus.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, As istant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, ssistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. F. TUR ER, ssistant Entomologist, Thomasville.
IRA W. WILLI MS, Cotton Specialist, Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDO , Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
J. D. SMITH,
. Assistant Entomologist, Valdosta.
. C. G. CRITTENDEN, Assistant 111 Charge Transmission of Cotton Thseases
by Insects, Thomasville.

D. of D.

AliG 10 1917

b Lib1:arY

change f con
0

g

tes5

NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST FOR 1916
To the Honorable Ue'mbers of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.:
The work of the Department of Entomology for 1916 has consi ted of research or experimental work, and control of eriously injurious in ects and diseases affecting orchard field and garden crops; in pection of orchards and growing crops for the purpo e of directing control of insect and di ea e ; in pection of all stock in nurseries of the tate; in pection of all stock shipped into this tate from foreign countrie ; growing and distribution of cotton resistant to di eases and early fruiting for boll weevil conditions; publication of bulletin and circulars on injuriou in ects and diseases; enforcement of all quarantine laws regarding the hipment of plant and materials that would introduce in ect and di ea e in place where they do not occur at the pre ent time. Different member of taff from time to time have attended farmer' meeting in different ections of the tate and lectured upon control mea ure for injuriou in ects and di ease and explained in detail the re ults of our experiments.
DAMAGE IN STATE BY INSECTS AND PLANT DISEASES.
The damage by insects and diseases was rather more than normal. This was due in part to pread of the boll weevil and the unu ual amount of damage done by uch in ect as the green oldier bug on cotton, peanut, pea, and other field and garden crops, and also to weather condition which were favorable during ummer months to the development and pread of plant di ea e. It become more and more important each year for the grower of plants to know omething about injuriou in ects and di eases. With our improved methods of farming, we are constantly making conditions better for the variou pests that prey upon crops. They ucceed in getting more than 10 per cent. of every crop we grow, which means that in the State of Georgia they are exacting an annual tax of 35,000,000 to $50,000,000.
RESEARCH WORK.
Research or experimental work ha consi ted mainly of inve tigations of cotton di ease, transmi sion of these di eases

4-

1y insect, tomato \\'ilt, di ea e of the pecan, peach and apple. in ect attackil1O" peach, pecan, apple and truck crop.
The w rk on c tton ha been conduc1:'ed by , C. Lewi . C. A. IcLendon, Ira \\, \\'illiam and C. -;. Crittendon: the \\'ork on di ea e of the tomato and pecan ha been c ndu ted by C, G. Crittendon; the \\'ork 01 peach and apple pe L 1 y \\. W, Cha e: pecan in ect by \"'1. F. Turner: truck crop
pe t by \i\-. . Reed: boll weevil investigation, J. D. mith.
In ucce fully conducting our work it ha been nece ary to employ a few a i tant at the tation and in field w rk who are not technically trained in entomology and plant pathology, uch men can handle certain pha es of the work without difficulty, and the expen e to the department is considerably Ie than if we should employ technically trained men for the \\' rk which they are doing.

BOLL WEEVIL.

11 of the cientific work on boll weevil has been conducted

by entomologi t , and all of the authentic information ,ye

have at the pre ent time i the re ult of experiment by ento-

mologists,

The problem of O'rowinO' cotton under boll weevil condition.

involve a knowledge of the life Jli tory and habit of thi in-

sect under different climatic condition and a knowledge f

the di ea e that attack cotton at the ame time a the boll

weevil, and a knowledge of cotton varietie and the be t

cultural methods to employ.

-We cannot place t 0 much empha i on the importance of

a thorol)O'h kno\\'ledge of cotton di ease.. In some sec-

ti n of GeorO'ia cotton wilt, boll rot and angular leaf-spot
are more de tructive than boll weevil. v e mu t know how

to fight these di ease or we will not make cotton, "'hether

the boll weevil is present or not.

The succe ful control f b 11 weevil in ,eorO'ia i an en-

tireh' different problem from what it i in Texa . Loui iana.

Mis'i ippi and other tate, becau e both oil and limatic

condition are different. The varietie that thrive be t in

the e tate ,,,ill not give the ame result when planted in

Georgia. There are certain destructive disease present in

GeorO'ia that are not erious problems in the other states.

It i absolutely nece sary for the farmer in GeorO'ia to know

Georgia condition if he expects to continue the growing of

cotton at a profit.

.

The b II ,,'ceyil made a mo t rapid advance in the State

in 1916 a~lc1 appeared in 116 countie by the end f the sea. n.

y tematic fight has been made in all counties "'here

it occurred.

5

During early pring ami ummer, our men were in the field,

\'i ited farm in e\'en' ection of territory and ho\\'ed farmer

how t look for \\'~evils and ho\\' to 'fight them,

good

fight wa made in every infe ted county, but the heavy rain

began July 1 t and it wa utterly impo ible to <Yet into cot-

ton field for four to ix week, There was con iderable

damage in about t\\'elve to fi teen countie especially where

late plantin<Y wa practiced, In orne ca e where cotton \ya

planted late and no fight made on weevil the damage \\'a

75 to 90 per cent, of the crop,

In 1915, 24- countie were infe ted and these countie can.

under normal condition, expect a maximum amount of dam-

age in 1917, The map accompanying thi report show the

area for 1915 and also for 1916. There was a corresponding

advance of the weevil all the way from Georgia to West Texa .

The State Entomologi t report that every county in labama

is now infested. \i\Tithin a few more years the entire cotton

belt will be covered by the weevil.

The advent of the boll weevil into Georgia has already re-

ulted in a greater diver ification of crop, but much eriou

damage will result until farmer can become adju ted to it

a pre ence and learn how to make a y tematic fight. It will
re ult in con iderable reduction in amount of cotton pr -

duced, but there is no real rea on why there should be a very

great reduction in the amount produced per acre. If grower

\\'ill take advantage of re ult of experiment conducted by

the nited tate Bureau of Entomology and the Georgia

tate Board of Entomology it will be po ible to grow ju t

about a much cotton per acre a they did before the boll

weevil arrived. It will mean, however, that the farmer \\'ill

hay to inject more brain into hi farming operation, He

will elect good land, <Yive it good preparation, elect <Yood

pe<ii<Yreed eed that i well adapted to hi particular ection.

a nriety that i resistant to di ea e. early fruiting and pro-

lific; fertilize well, cultivate rapidly, and make a crop early

in the ea on, before the weevil are ufficiently abundant to

de. troy his crop. \ hen he has ufficient labor he must pick

fir t weevils off that emerge from winter quarter and get

on hi young cotton. He hould pick out his crop as rapidly

a po.. ible and turn under talks.

Thi department is developing varietie of cotton that will

be best adapted to different sections of the State for boll

weevil condition. Varietie that thrive best in South Georgia

will not do well in Jorth Geor<Yia, and vice versa. The right

variety of cotton for the section where it is to be grown i

more than half the fi<Yht. ine year ago we began e::cperi-

1l1enL for the deyelopment of disea e-re i tant varieties that

6
would mature a crop early In season. In 1916, in the 24 counties where the boll weevil wa known to occur, a good repre entative farmer wa elected in each county who would be willing to et a ide at lea t 10 acres of land, plant it under our direction in our early fruiting wilt-re i tant eed fertilize and cultivate it under our direction. One of our men, a trained entomologist, visited these tests from time to time to show the farmer how to look for the weevil and how to fight him. In spite of heavy rain, which made ideal conditions for the weevil, the e te ts gave splendid result.
The following test at Coleman how what wa done under very bad weevil condition :
corrON VARIETY TEST. Coleman, Ga.

VARIETY

g,:cgtii
'00E.::
~~t;
CIJ .... ::

'"..:,c
8:;< (J
al 'C,g;
O"')'e-C . ~~

..:,c
'" ..a8l .-0i.o.8
G~"?O~.~-

'"c
~:i
8o!:? al"0,.....
g;;~

.~8"8
"'C'"
~&

.uoi t:-=~,
-3.8<

2i c..:. ...JB<

2i':l5.
..J.s~

.-.~J0...(...:.O.8)

~B

..c..
..a.;
(J
'"p.,

~c "..
.;::~
.;
.0",

_.c...
.=:: ~~
,5.~

..Jo. _>0

Simpkin ---- --- 160 23 164 74 636 35 232

Db:Afifi -------- 176 23 2

100 02 32 257 5

Council-Toole ---- 172 290 306 132 900 37 333 1

Lewi 63 -------- 204 31 190 194 906 36 326 2

DeSoto ---- ----- 154 192 21 126 690 35 242 7

Half & HalL _____ 1

216 206 76 6 6 40 274 R

I Co,ington-Toole -- 1~4 262 264

0 740 37 274 ~

Peek's topia ____ 136 196 272 132 736 37 27_ 4

-------J Triumph

146 --- 162

6 394 36 142 9

------J I Dixie Imp.

21 --- 24
II

242 70

~5 2-!

6

In this te t one acre wa planted of each variety. Cotton was planted April 4th in 3% -foot rows, thinned to one stalk every 18 inches in the drill. Four to five tons of table manure per acre ,was applied before breaking the land, and 300 pounds
of 8-2-2 guano was applied in the drill. oil, aray g ra:ve1 .
typical of much of the be t land around Coleman. The yIeld in this test wa reduced more by the rains than by the boll

7

weevil. The damage from the boll weevil would have been much greater, however, if a fight had not been made in the fall before and in the prin<T and ummer until the heavy rains et in, in June, after which time, for about two month , it \\'a almo t impos ible to fight them.
Immediately acro the road from this test wa a large acreage planted after oats and with an ordinary variety of cotton from which the owner did not pick a single lock of r tton. Practically the ame condition wa repeated in other ections of the infested area. It show what can be done if the right method are pur ued.
Feeling that it wa nece ary for farmers to receive authentic information about the weevil, its unprecedented pread, method of control, etc., we be<Tan on ll<TU t 16th a erie of boll \\'eevil meeting, one in each infe ted county and continued these through the fall. t these meetings every pha e of the weevil problem wa discussed by a trained expert. We di cu ed the boll weevil cotton breeding nece ary for the indi\'idual farmer: meeting were held in the cotton field p inting out all these important fact. In the e meeting we had the co-operation of the United tates Bureau of Entomolo<Ty and a repre entative of the Extension Department of the United tate Department of Agriculture. teach meetin<T there \\'a a very large attendance of farmer and busine men. ~Iore than forty thou and people were in attendance.
The weevil began to spread about August 15th and an accurate record of it movement \va made as it advanced acro the State, until after the fir t killing fro t in ovember. This work neces itated very careful inspection of thou and of field during- the sea on. Through these in pections we were not onlv able to keep a clo e watch on the movement of the weevil, 'but to aCQuaint people in different section \\ ith the weevil advance and to talk to them of their habit and methods of control.

BOLL WEEVIL QUARANTINE.
t the fir t killing fro t in November the boll weevil wa found in the following counties:

.\ppling
Bacon Baker Baldwin Rt'n Hill
Berrien Bibb
Bleckley Brooks Bryan

Bulloch
Blll'ke Butt Calhoun C'amc1t'n
Cumpb n
Candler
CalTolL
Charlton Chatham

Chattahoochee Clay Clayton
linch
Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Coweta
Cr'a "ford

Cri p D catur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dought'rty Douglas Early Echol Effingham

Elbert Emanuel Farette Floyd Fulton (~Ia cock
Glynn (;rady
reene HHncock Haral on Harri Heard 1I nry ITou. ton Irwi11 ,Ta per .Tpff Da,i.
.T fferson

.TE'uliin .J 1111_on .Toll . LaurE'us Lt'E' LibE'rt,
Lownd " :\IcDuffie :\I<:1ur ,.;11 :\Ia{'OIl :\larioll :'II l'iwether :'IIilIt'r :'Ilitellell :'IIolIl'oe :'IIo11t;::omery :'IIol',!r3n :'IIu. C'ogee
~ewtoll

T'aulllillO' Pierce Pike Polk Pula;;ki
Putnam QuitmHn Rfilldolph Richmond Roekdale ,'chle, :";('re,.'ell
:-palllin;:: , t wart . umt r Talbot Taliaferro Tattllall Taylor

Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toomb,.; Troup Tnrner
T,Yi~g~
T"PSOII
"'alton War Wan'en 'Tasl1ingtOIl
Wn~'lle
"'~b. tel' Wh eler Wilcox Wi1l;illson
Worth

Under the eorgia law we are required to enforce quarantine on the hipment from thi ection of all article liable to harbor "'eevil . The accompanying map how the infe ted area, and al 0 the area to be quarantined for 1917. TO cotton eed, cotton eed hulls, Spani h mas, corn in the huck. cotton picker's ack, or other article liable to carry boll weevil are permitted to be hipped from the quarantined area to uninfe ted territory. \Ve haye received the actiye co-operation of the railroad and expres companies.

ATTENDANCE UPON FARMERS' MEETINGS.
In addition to boll weevil meeting many other meeting' were attended and lecture given by different member of the taff on the variou in ect and di eases attacking Geor<Yia' crop, including in ect and di ea e of the peach, apple, pecan melon field and truck crop'.
COTTON BREEDING.
The most important method of ucce sfully combating di.ea e of the cotton plant i through the development of varieties or type that will resi t di ease. Thi can only be done by very careful study of the cotton plant and very careful breeding for development of the types that display the <Yreate t re i tance and that will at the ame time meet other condition, uch a yield, and thi means a high per cent. of <Yood lint. For boll weevil condition it hould have a certain type of branchin<Y and produce a <Yood. crop early in sea on. The di ea e-re i tant Yarietie produced by thi department are not only re i tant to di ea e, but they are the very be t yarietie of cotton from eYery conceivable tandpoint, a i

9
,hown by repeated variety te t. In many in-tance thi year individual farmer mad at lea t two-third to three-fourth of a bale per acre under rather evere boll 'veevil condition .
.\t Cairo J. D. Wight ma Ie 19 bale' n 21 acre with
the Dix-Afifi variety and old the taple for 25 t 30 cent' per pound.
It i ju t a imp rtant for farm r to have pedirrreed c tt n a it i to have pedirrreed live tock.. The farmer hould know th variety be t uited t hi ection and he hould ah"ay plant pedigreed eed of that variety. Our breeding ". rk is now conducted in every .ection f the ~ tate under the different oil and climatic conditions. It will be far better for boll weevil condition if every community would grow the same variety of cotton and all plant about the ame time. Eventuall we hope to have thi problem .olved for every ecti n of the tate.
The cotton breedin rr "'ork has be n conducted by A. C. L wis. Ira \\. 'Williams and C. _ . ~IcLend n, men who are scientifically trained expert of I ng experience in thi work.

SEA ISLAND COTTON.

In the ca e of ea Island c tton we had a di tinct problem

for the development of varietie to meet boll weevil condi-

tion. In order to grow cotton successfully under boll weevil

conditions it i ab olutely nece ary to have early fruiting va-

rietie and, a everyone kn w, ea I land cotton require a

much longer period for maturity. The boll weevil infe ted

thi area for the first tinle in 1915 and everyone i \vol-ryil1<Y

about the fate of thi important crop. -

The growing of Sea I land cotton i confined to Georgia,

FI rida and outh Carolina, and Georrria produces about two-

third of the crop. The taple i now worth about 50 cent

per pound and is gradually g ing higher. There i a tre-

mendou demand for thi taple for fabric in autom bile

tire, or ,vherever rrreat trength i required.

ix year arro thi department began experiment to de-

velop an early variety of ea I land cotton and during 1916,

through the peration f the field tation at aldo ta, ,,:e ,,-ere

able to keep very accurate record of the fruiting habit of

our . ele tion as compared with the be t varietie of early

fruiting. hort cotton. A compari on of the t,,,o i shown in

the follo"'ing tahle:

;\0. of Lh:-:. "pell Pt'l' c- nt. of

hloom

cotton

fruit .-et

- -n. :2-+ ....." 1:-:1<11111_____________ 12:--.1

1-1;)-+

72

!-:X\lr< "" ("J'nl' "111 til II ,

._.. 121:i

12:)0

~:!

10

o. 24 is the best ea I land and the Expre s i the earlie t

variety of short cotton. With the ea I land we produced

1,45'4 pounds of eed cotton and the entire crop was made by

Augu t 4th. The Express during that time made only 1,250

pound of eed cotton.

The ea Island is a much hardier plant and ha been bred

for a long period of time, and there is far Ie hedding of

fruit than there i with hort cotton.

It now eems that with the varieties that have been de-

veloped through the work of this department thi important

indu try will be aved. The seed of the early varieties will

be multiplied a rapidly as po sible and breeding work will be

continued to improve them still further.

.

COTTON DISEASES AND THEIR TRANSMISSION BY
INSEcrS.
Anthracnose and Angular Leaf Spot.
Experiments were conducted in treating cotton seed to control the angular leaf spot and cotton anthracno e. \i\ ith ea Island cotton good results in the control of angular leaf pot were obtained by treating the seed for one hour in 1-1000 bichloride of mercury. In the ca e of pland cotton the best re ults in control of both the angular leaf pot and anthracnose were obtained by selecting eed from disea e-free bolls (not neces arily from disea e-free plant) and then treating the eed with bichloride of mercury. The hot "'ater treatment (75e for 10 minutes and 70 0 e for 15 minutes) <Tave poor re ult .

Insect Transmission of Cotton Diseases.
The \york on this subject wa conti'nued in co-operation with the United States Bureau of Entomology. everal pec~e of in ect were found to be di seminating agents for angular leaf spot and anthracno e. Experiments were conducted to determine "hat per cent. of the pread of the e di ease can be attributed to insects, but con iderable difficulty \Va experienced in obtaining reliable data on thi point. However, it i probable that insects play but a mall part in the dissemination of cotton anthracno e in a field; the two main agent being wind and rain. They may playa large part in carrying the disea e from one field to another. Rain and dew are the chief mean of spreading angular leaf pot from one part of a plant to another, but in ect probably play an important part in carrying the leaf pot bacteria from one field to another and from one plant to another when the plants are not in contact.

11
Cotton Wilt.
The cotton breeding work was conducted on the same plan a la t year, but on a larger scale. The breeding plots were located at De oto, on Hon. M. B. Council's plantation. In the plot were planted the eed from over 100 individual selection of the following varieties of wilt-resi tant cotton: Lewis 63, De oto, Dixie and Council-Toole. orne of the progeny row were much more prolific, wilt-resistant and earlier than the other. These were picked to themselves and the seed a ved for planting next year.
There were six increa e plots of from one-half to one acre each. One increa e plot of the De oto cotton was very prolific and early. The eed from this was aved for planting a field with next year. Iso the eed was saved from a plot of Lewis 63 and a plot of the Dixie that wa prolific and early. From the progeny rows and increase plots 150 individual selections were made of extra good stalks.
The breeding work on the Dix-Afifi long-staple, upland wilt-
re istant cotton is now being conducted by J. B. ight,
Cairo, Ga., and thi i the only variety of cotton he arow . In the breeding plot thi year a few of the progeny rows were very early, prolific, wilt-re i tant and the staple was fully 1JA, inche long. A number of individual selection were made from the progeny row. For more details about this cotton ee Bulletins 46 and 47 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology.
DISTRIBUTION OF SEED.
In accordance with our appropriation for cotton work, we di tributed early fruiting wilt-resistant cotton seed to farmers who e land were affected with wilt. About five thousand bu hels of cotton eed propagated under the direction of thi department were di tributed in mall quanti tie in 1916, and the di tribution wa made principally in outhwest Georgia, where the boH weevil first appeared.
Thi work i of direct practical value to the farmer and there are many counties in which the amount aved this year through the pedigreed seed distributed by this department has amounted to more actual money than the annual appropriation for the entire department.
No charge has ever been made for seed, but in 1917 aH partie receiving eed from the department will be required to ian an agreement to take good care of seed and return to the
tate at the end of the eason an amount equal to that received from the department. In this way we hope to rapidly

12
increase the seed of the best varieties that are absolutely necessary to the men who want to grow cotton in the di ea einfected section of the State.
COTTON BREEDING IN NORTHERN AND EASTERN GEORGIA.
Heretofore the cotton-breeding work of the Board has not been carried on in this portion of Georgia, except in a few scattering instances, but during this year C. A. McLendon ha inaugurated and succe fully conducted cotton work in a great many localities in this part of the State.
The work in each community i located with a good, progre ive farmer who co-operates with us in the breeding work on his farm. Since the work extends over such a large area, the breeding operations of only one farmer in each locality selected for the work can be given direct attention, but if the experiment are carefully and continuously conducted in thi way all of the farmers will eventually be benefited, which, of course, i the ultimate aim in this work.
In beginning breeding operations with cotton it is alway nece sary to determine by a series of tests the type or varieties that are best uited to the local conditions. The work of this year has consi ted principally in conducting such te t in co-operation with our breeders and in making preliminary selections from several of the most promising varieties under con ideration for the different localities. It was deemed advisable to begin improvement of these varieties at once, so that if they happened to how up best in the series of tests considerable progress in the breeding work will have been accomplished in the meantime.
After the varieties for the different localitie have been definitely decided upon as a re ult of the te ts we shall continue to assist our co-operator in improving their seed by the latest approved methods of breeding. In this work we shall as i t the e farmer in every way pos ible to get their farms stocked with pedigreed eed uited to the local conditions, and throuah them we propose eventually to upply the demand for this eed by all the other farmer.
In addition to the local adaptation of varieties of cotton as to soil, climate, etc., they must also pos es earline for boll 'weevil condition , re istance to diseases, uch as wilt and anthracnose, and other de irable qualities. These qualities can be developed and maintained only through careful and continued pedig-ree breeding and all efforts and expense devot,ed to this work will invariably result in liberal rewards. Vaneties uited t mo t conditions in this ection of the' tate are

13
already being perfected, and if this work i continued and extended as at present outlined and pursued the demand for pedigreed seed, locally adapted, and suited to boll weevil, wilt and anthracno e conditions, will be upplied in the near future.
The re ults of the variety tests conducted during this year are given in detail in our Bulletin o. 46, Cotton Variety Te ts for Boll Weevil and Wilt Conditions in Georgia.
CO-OPERATIVE COTION BREEDING WORK.
For everal years the State Board of Entomology has been working with a number of cotton grower who are willing to co-operate with us for the purpose of improving their cotton by individual selection. The e farmers are vi ited a number of times during the growing season, and at cotton picking time we assist them in making individual elections. In a few years, by this method, these farmers will have a surplus amount of pedigreed cotton seed. In the wilt-infected sections a wilt-resistant strain is used; in other ection a variety i selected that is well adapted to that section. The value and importance of this work to the farmers i beginning to be realized more and more ea'ch year. With the advent of the boll weevil the value of pedigreed seed of a good variety to plant in the infested area i more important than ever. Following i a list of the co-operative cotton breeders, with the number of selection ginned for each of them:
Co-operative Cotton Breeding, 1916. (A. C. Lewis.)

o-operator

I Po toffic e

I II~neldeic,tidiounal

Ilsackmass elections

Progeny row

J. W. lopton__ Le lie

1 50

2

.J. M. Buchanan_ A~eric~

1

3~

H. . Wood

PlI1ehtwsL_____ 3 (

.J. :,. D~r~ey

r:~nehu~;:L-----1 10

Fl'hx Wtlham __. 'i lIla Rlca W. F. Whittle Pelham

. 15
.1 50

Eo W. hild

Omaha

1 45

Vi-.1. Cunningham Midlancl-------l 29

W. A. Potts____ ewnan_______ 30

f. R. ike.

adwelL

.

1

Austin Browin"'_. Helena

1

1

R. L. Ha ty

hipley

.1 33

.J. B. WighL____ airo

.1 20

W. G. Cleveland_. LaGrange

J1

R. P. Steinheimer Brooks

1 20

.T. D. Hen'dley nenna

1 44

6

.T. F. Humber LnmnkiIL

1 40

2

14
Co-operative Cotton Breeding, 1916. (C. A. McLendon.)

o-op rator

County

T. I. Brown

_ Pula kL

.1 Finl y:sO!l _

J. -n-. L. Brown _ Bartow_______ arters,iJle _

Loring Brown . Fulton

l Atlanta

.1

2

W. R. Bruce

_ Franklin

.1 Layonia

_ 50

R D. aHa way _ wilkes

\' Washington _ 24

1

E. C. hance _ Burke

Wa~nesboro--.

33

2

A. J. hapman . EmanueL . Adnan

_ 17

2-

Gu:s Coggin

. Cheroke

Canton

_

E. T. omeL _ Scre,en

Millhayen . 35

W. S. onner . Pula kL

. Finler on .

Tom Ea on

. Telfair

McRne

_ 22

W. M. FulcheL _ Burke

Wnyne boro__.

H. L. Gra,e

_ rewton

. Social Circle__ 94

1

B. W. Hawkins _ Putnam

Nona

.8

J. H. Jack on . Wheeler W. T. John on _ Wilke

Scotland

. 23

1-

WashingtoD- __

M. B. Jone

. Bald win

Milledge,ille__ 40

2-

D. .W. MaffetL _ BnlTow

Winder

.

1

P. D. :\1c Ie. key __ Cobb

. :\1arietta _

M. L. :\1cRae _ TelfaiL

:\IcRae

_

1

G. :\1. NapieL _ Henry

. Hampton _ 27

J. F. Nee)~'

_ Burke

Wayne boro__.

1

J. D. Page

_ Dod ....e

. Eastman

_ 34

1

G. W. mith

_ Barrow

. Winder

.

1

B. 1\1. tallwortlL. HnIL

New Holland_. 4

T. F. 'l'homas J. D. Walker

_ Franklill _ Enneo .)

. La,onia . partn

_ _

40 35

1 3

R. :\1. Wor ham _ :\1oll1'o

. Forsyth

1 57

3

Wm. Jr ',~-nne, _ 'IVilke .

wnshington---'l 63

:.!

.1. ('. Young

_ Walk L

. LaFay tte _

- Progeny rows.

15

Co-operative Cotton Breeding, 1916. (Ira \ . \iVilliams.)

Po.toffic~ \

IIndi'i~uallprogeny\
SelectIOu rows Bloc],,,

Thoma ,We Exp. ta._ Thomasyille____ 220

42

10

Yaldo ta Exp. Sta. _ Yaldo ta_______ 527

. A. RoweIL

_ Albauy

_

1

.T. W. We L

_ Ft. Gaine

_

15

Webb heffield

_ ColquitL

_

20

A. U. Wilder 1'. M. Paulk

_ Pelham _ Ocill3-

. _

9 44

J. W. Cocbran

_ Pelham

_ 17

G. W. ook & Bro. _ ColquitL

_

25

H. A. P tty

_ Dawsou

_

34

T O. A. Bw"on

_ Camilla

.

15

B. H. Thoma

_ Blal, ly

.

3

G. M. Laird

_ Newtou

.

5

.T. H. Pace

_ Shellmau

_

22

Dr. H. R. Ingram W. W. Bullard

_ Coleman _ Edi on

_ _

15 16

2

R. . Hagau

_ Valdo ta

_

W. J. Mathi
C. L. Je ter E. K. Farmer A. M. HUL

_ Daw on

_

20

_ Ft. Gaine

_

20

_ FitzO"erald _

HI

_ Greenvill

.

70

'1'otaL

.1 112~

50

10

COTION VARIETY TESTS CONDUCTED IN 1916.
In 1916 we conducted four variety te ts in outh Georgia one at each of the following places: Americus, Lumpkin,
ienna and Brun wick. t Americus out of 18 varieties te ted the Dillon-Hybrid and Dix-Afifi made the highe t yield, 1,215 pound of seed cotton per acre; and the VVebber made the lowe t yield, 162 p und per acre. t Lumpkin out of 17 varietie te ted, the Lewis 63 made the hiahe t yield, 972 pound of eed cotton per acre, and the Bank ccount the lowest, 351 pound of eed cotton. t Vienna, out of 17 varietie te ted the hiahe t yield were made by the Council-Toole and Dillon, 1,94-+ pound of eed cotton per acre and the Triumph. the lo\\"e t 936 pound of eed cotton per acre. t Brun wick, out of 14 varietie te ted the Dixie Improved made the highe t yield, 1,170 pound of eed cotton per acre, and the Curtis L. the lowest, 574 pound of eed cotton per acre. One variety of ea I land \Va te ted, which made a low yield. only 468 pound of eed cotton per acre.
t ienna a variet . test wa conducted in which one acre \Va planted of each variety tested. The yield per acre in thi was a follow : Highest, Lewis 63, 1,641 pound of eed cotton. Lowe.t. Dixie (Howell). 1.456 pound of seed cotton.

16
In the variety tests where the wilt di ea e was present the wilt-re i tant varieties tood up well, while the ordinary varietie died very badly. For a full and complete report on the variety te ts see Bulletin o. 46, issued January, 1917.
A number of cotton fields were visited in different sections of the State and carefully examined for wilt and nematode galls. In wilt-infected fields, where the wilt-resi tant varieties of cotton, such as Lewis 63, De oto or Council-Toole, were planted, the cotton did not die from the wilt disease to any great extent, only from 5 to 10 per cent. In fields where the nematode worm was present and also the wilt disease, the wiltre i tant varietie died from 15 to 25 per cent., while the ordinary varieties died about 75 per cent. Most of these fields followed the Unknown cowpea or had been in cotton for a number of years. In field planted after the Iron cowpea or velvet beans the wilt-resistant cotton did not die to any appreciable extent and the ordinary varietie died from 25 to 50 per cent.
CO-OPERATION WITH FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS
In our experimental work we have had the active co-operatoion of the United tate Bureau of Entomology and the United States Bureau of Plant Industry.
At Thomasville, the field station is operated jointly by this department and the Bureau of Entomology. We are conducting co-operative re earch work on the transmission of plant disease by insects. At Valdosta we will have the co-operation of the Bureau of Entomology on the inve tigation of boll weevil on Sea Island cotton. At Thoma ville we will have the co-operation of the Bureau of Plant Industry on Pecan Insects. Co-operative work with thi department on citrus canker was begun in April and will be carried to completion.
FIELD STATION, THOMASVILLE.
At this station we concentrated the experimental work on pecan insects and diseases, transmission of cotton disease by insects and the growing of cotton in pite of disease and boll weevil, experiments on control of root knot or nematode, and fusarium wilt of tomato.
In order to be of value, an experiment mu t be cOliducted in sections where conditions are favorable, and conditions at Thomasville are ideal for investigation of above problems.
The report on pecan pests and transmi ion of cotton disea es by insects are given elsewhere.
A large number of varieties of cotton were planted and careful tests made of disease re i tance and fruiting habit of

17

each. Test were made with different fertilizers to determine what effect they have on early fruiting qualities of cotton for boll weevil conditions.
An accurate count of blooms each day on 25 stalks of each variety under average conditions was made from June 15th to August 1 t and the comparison in the number of blooms during that period is very interesting.
Table showing blooming record June 15th to August 1st, Thomasville on eleven different varieties of cotton:

'0. blooms
1149 19
741lh 903lh 1000lh
79 669lh
9 H 721 96

Fruit set
379 21 24 lh 254 217lh 236% 16 200 236lh 212lh 331%

Per cent of \ fruit et
32 34 33 2 21 26 2 22
2 29 33

A blooming record was also made on 25 stalks under average condition with different fertilizer, at Thomasville, Ga., with the following results:

Total bloom 011 25

stalk . June 15th

t Augu t 1 L

_ 79

435

569

296

In the ucce ful control of nematode or root knot on cotton it i necessary to rotate with such crops as are not affected by this pest, such a corn, small grain Iron and Brabham pea , and velvet bean. All of these crops are used in the y tern of rotation. All food crop produced are consurped by the tock used in cultivating the different crops and receipts from other crop in which experiments are made go toward equipment and operation of the two stations.
FIELD STATION, VALDOSTA.
The experiment at thi station were devoted to Sea Island cotton, an account of which is given above. Twenty-seven varieties were planted and blooming records made on each one from June 15th to August 23rd. The records on each variety are aiven as follow :

18

"ariety
1 2
~
4 5 6 7
9 10 11 12 1!'l
14
15 16 17 1
HI
20 21 22 2!'l 24 25 26
?_ I-

Xo. Bloom'
1247 114,
1133 10'7
1022 4
1161
12:!T
954 962 124fl
u60
1-n:~
llH 1124
fl42
1006 1')7-.n
- I
1163 1426 1702 164fl 10flfl 1636 1575 12fl2

r\o. Boll"
7:-
736 782 7'0 637 , 6;~
736 13
53" ,51
70G 657 759
_1
6.7 701 693 636
10-1, 07
11 !'l 1BO 1234
921 1346 1236 1105

Lb". eed otton Pel" Cent. p r aCl"e

5fl

573

6".,

552

64

5

71

55_

62

540

7~

495

62

501

6H

-25

57

613

7~

62'

EttT

630

76

5. !)

54

567

71

54;~

61

55!)

,4

570

6.

5's

72

46:.

,fl

119:~

50

10!):)

54

H41'l

66

H5!l

H

102_

3

1454

2

1310

7.

147,

5

127

Before the fir t killing fro t appeared thou and of boll weevil "ere captured and placed in wire ca<Ye , where quarter with different kind f material for hibernation ,,'ere
I rovided. The object of this experiment i to enable u to e timate the per cent. of weevil that pas through the "'inter and time of emer<Yence in prin<Y, how long they live after emer<Yin<Y. etc. cage wa prepared in tlanta for a imilar te t and five thou and weevil were placed therein.
The weevil work at aldosta wa conducted by J. D. mith
in co-operation with Dr. W. D. Hunter. of the nited State Bureau of Entomolo<Yy.

CITRUS CANKER.
This i the mo t destructive di ea e kn wn to citru tree. It wa introduced into Florida everal year ago and ha pread into all of the outhern tate. The average per on in Middle and Korth Georgia might think that Georgia w uld not be yery much intere ted in di ea e affecting citru tree. but conditi ns in the outhern part of the tate, e peciaJly alon<Y the coa t. are very favorable for <Yrowing hardy orange. grapefruit and lemons.
This di ea. e i cau ed by bacteria and i one of the mo. t

19

contagi<;>u di ea e known to plant life. There i a trict quarant1l1e on all plant coming fr m one outhem tate to another, unle s it can be sho\>\ n that there i no citru canker in the locality where hipment is located. There i a ytematic movement on foot in all states for its eradication. Congre has made a very large appropriation for this work and the eradication in Georgia was undertaken under the direction of thi department. Work began pril 1 t and wa taken up by counties in South Georgia. II propertie in to\yn and the country were inspected for citrus tree, and information wa obtained a to the origin of hipment. \\Then imported plant were located they were constantly inspected for canker, and if canker wa found the tree were immediately de troyed.
The w rk for 1916 an I early part of 1917 may 1 e conden ed as follows:

.'umber of Report.
"'umber of Inspectionl': Total Citru" Tl' el': Total, eedling Tre " 'rotal Imloded Tr . Plae . no itrus
Plae . eedling. Alone Place Import d Stock Pel' Cent. Place. no itrul': Per Cent. Places eedlin. A:lone PCearnkCeerntF. oPulnadce Imported. tock
('ankel' De troyed
Black pot Found

_ 10,7_0

_ 59.240

_ 41 .262

_ 291.5 -t

_ _

126.67c 50.620

_ 6.41)5

_ 2,12:j

_

77

_ __
_ _

175;; 7 7 100

Thi work will be continued until all citrus trees have been
in pected and there is no further danger of its appearance.
The work ha been conducted by J. . Dew, with ten
inspectors,

INSECTS AND DISEASES OF APPLES AND PEACHES.
The work of the department with the most generally prevalent and de tructive in ects and di ea e of apples and peache ha been di cus ed in previou nnual Reports. Thi work has been continued and elaborated.
The experiment of 1916 were largely confined to further te t of the du ting method of treating peache for the control of peach cab, brown rot and curculio. Previou experiment eemed to indicate that thi new method p s essed po ibilitie of succe sful adaptation to ummer prayinO', but, O\yinO' to it newne ,nothing wa known a to the proportions of the t\yO active ingredients of the mixture. ulphur and arsenate of lead. to u e. The nece sity for \yorking out

20
the correct formula, so as to attain the desired control efficiency without any accompanying injury to the foliage or fruit, has been the chief consideration. Progre s has been made in this direction. It begins to appear that, with further study and experiment, dusting will be put on a basis of efficiency and dependability. If it can compete with summer liquid spraying from the standpoint of economy, dusting will be widely adopted, for it i very easy and fast work.
Present Status of the Experiments.
Inasmuch as the main features of dusting have been outlined in successive Annual Reports, beginning with that of 1914, they will not be repeated here. The manuscript of a circular, which will be issued by' the department under the title, "Dusting and Spraying of Peaches," has been prepared for the printer and will soon be ready for distribution. Any who are interested in dusting can obtain this circular on application.
Proposed Experiments For 1917.
While the results of dusting are encouraging they are by no means conclusive. For this reason the experiments will be continued until success or failure is certain. New formulas will be tested in 1917, formulas hitherto untried, and the test plats will be on a large scale, so as to demonstrate their comparative efficiency against that of standard liquid spray. An entirely new model of dusting outfit will be used in the proposed work, and accurate figures taken on the cost.
In addition to the proposed peach dusting experiments, dusting will be tested out on a large scale for the control of bitter rot, scab, curculio and codling moth of apples. When the results of the projected work may be regarded as conclusive they will be published and distributed.
TRUCK CROP AND MISCELLANEOUS INSECT PESTS.
During the season of 1916 weather conditions were extremely favorable for the development of a number of truck crop insects. Th'ose that were particularly abundant were plant lice and green soldier bugs. The absence or scarcity of parasites we believe accountable, in a large measure, for the great abundance of these two classes of insects.
Plant Lice.
The cotton or melon aphis and the cabbage aphis are usually the species most injurious. If taken in hand in time they are not difficult to control. Spraying with "Black Leaf

21
-10', a concentrated solution of nicotine sulphate, at the rate of one part "Black Leaf 40" to three or four hundred parts of water is a reliable remedy. This material can be obtained fr0111 the Kentucky Tobacco Products Co., Louisville, Ky.
Green Soldier Bugs.
One species (N'ezara viridula) of this group of insects was reported from practically every sections of the State as being abundant and extremely injurious. It feeds on a great variety of plants; among the number might be mentioned peas, peanuts and cotton. This insect has been present in small numbers every year, but parasites no doubt have kept it in control. The lack of parasites, due to the unfavorable season, enabled the insect to multiply, and consequently to become a serious pest. The crusty covering of the bug and its method of feeding by means of sucking mouth parts make of it a difficult pest to control. Only strong contact poisons, as a 10 per cent. kerosene emulsion, can be used with a fair degree of success.
Clean cultivation, particularly the destroying of rubbish in which they hibernate, in and about the fields during the winter is advisable.
Fusarium Wilt of Tomatoes.
Work on this wilt of tomatoes was started in the fall. The purpose of the work is to develop a wilt-resistant tomato. So far the selection work has been done only in the greenhouse following the method developed by Edgerton in Louisiana. The beds are first sterilized and then inoculated with pure cultures of the organism and the seed planted. Affected plants wilt in three to six weeks from the time of planting the seed. Plants which apparently resist the disease are saved for further testing. The work will be continued in the field next spring.
The Barnacle Scale.
This insect, while not considered as a serious pest, has been found quite numerous on greenhouse and ornamental plants in Augusta, Savannah and Columbus. The insect resembles a barnacle and is striking in appearance and usually draws attention to its presence.
There are two or three generations a year. Some seventyfive to a hundred eggs are deposited by each female. After hatching, the young crawl from beneath the mother scale and on attaching themselves, the hard characteristic scaly covering is gradually formed.

22
Spraying with a weak olution of kero ene emulsion, particularly ju t after the young have attached themselves, will control them' hqwever, para ites, whenever pre ent, keep thi cale under antral. It wa ob erved at ugu ta that para ite had alma t done away with the cale in that section ;]. year after it appearance in numbers was noted.
During the year a number of premise were inspected to examine hade tree that were dying. In mo t of these cases the injury to the Maple and Oak trees was due to the gloomy scale, Aspidiotus obscura. Thi scale i doing a <Yreat deal of damage t many of the shade tree in tlanta. The be t remedy for thi cale i to pray early in the fall or late in the pring with calecide, one part of calecide to even or eight part of water.
INSECTS ATTACKING STORED PRODUCTS.
There are everal very eriou in ect infe tin<Y tared grain, eed, etc., in Georgia and all southern states. They are capable of de troyin<Y the entire crop unle we kno\~' how to control them.
There are four di tinct pecie of weevil : The Granary weevil, the Rice weevil, aw-toother Grain beetle and red or quare-necked Grain beetle, and one moth known as ngumoi grain moth, that do seriou dama<Ye to corn, wheat, peas and other eed
The \\"eevil are ea ily recognized and no de criptions are nece an'.
The 'n<Yumoi grain moth i a mall witi h-colored moth that omewhat re emble the clothes moth. The egg are laid by the moths on the grain. the young caterpillar hatch and bore to the interior of the grain.
REMEDIES.
The tandard remedy for the e pe t i carbon bi ulphide. a liquid that can be obtained at any drug tore. When exposed to air it volatilize or change into a <Ya which i heavier than air. Be t re ult are obtained with corn, grain, pea, etc.. when they are placed in a more or less air-ti<Yht bin, crib or warehou e. This gas penetrate very readily and <Yrain or other crops can be fumigated in bulk or in ack.
In fumi<Yating the fir t thinlY to do i to e timate the cubical content of the pace occupied by the grain, by multiplying the three dimensions together. If the bin or crib i practically air-ti<Yht. u e 5 to 8 pound of carbon bi ulph~de for each 1,000 cubic feet of pace occupied by the <Yrall1; otherwi e u e 20 to 25 pounds to each 1,000 cubic feet of space.

23
In u ing carbon bi ulphide on corn in torage hou e the corn hould be leveled, and holes prepared about a foot deep by pulling out the ear at intervals of four feet each way. Divide the carbon bi ulphide to be applied among the e hole. Begin farthe t from, and work toward, the door. Pour the liquid directly into the hole, and fill them immediately with corn to confine the fume. The liquid will not hurt the grain either for food or for seed.
Precaution.
Carbon bi ulphide when mixed with air form a ga that may be exploded by any kind of flame or at a temperature of over 295 degrees without any flame. In general it i not more danO'erou than gasoline, but all precaution hould be taken in regard to fi.re. Vnle inhaled for a con iderable length
f time, no harmful effect hould follow it u e.
PECAN INSECTS.
Pecan Case Bearer.
( Acroba is nebulella.)
At the pre ent time thi in ect cau es more 1l1Jury to the pecan than does any other pecie, and as a result it life history ha been quite thoroughly tudied and numerou experiments nave been made looking toward it control. Breeding work, thi year, wa confined to the bringing in of pupae in their ca es and the rearing f the adult and para ite. This work was upplemented by extended ob ervation in the field. In this manner the date of pupation and the emergence of adult were obtained. It wa found that the pupal period began about the middle of May, though a few in ects probably pupated a little earlier than thi. The last larvae, under ob-
ervation, pupated on July 1 t. The fir t adult wa observed to emerge on May 31 t, and the la t on July 14th. The average duration of the pupal period wa 16.6 days. Of 190 adults which were reared 80, or 42.1 per cent., were males, while 110, or 57.9 per cent., were female. The total para itism for 247 in ects wa 2.3 per cent. The e parasites included th ree specie of Hymenoptera and one specie of Diptera. Two of the Hymenoptera have been determined as Exochus apicalis Cres, and 111acrocentrus sp. The other parasites have not yet been determined and it seem quite pos ible that one or two of them are new pecies. Jo fall breeding experiment were conducted with this in ect.
Experiments on the control of thi pecie were conducted in two grove, while the control work carried on by the owner wa directed or kept under ob ervation in several other groves around Thoma ville and in one O'rove near aldo tao In all

24

cases the trees were prayed with arsenate of lead combined with lime, and in a few cases fish oil soap was added. While it is too early, as yet, to give absolute results for these experiments, on the whole they were very successful. For future work I would recommend the following formula:

Arsenate of lead (dry) Lime Fish oil soap Water

1 Lb. 2 Lb'. . 2 Lb . 50 Gals.

In most cases during the present season's work, two pounds of lead to fifty gallons of water has been used, but the results with this mixture have not been any more satisfactory than those in which the smaller amount was employed. The principal factor in successful control of the pest is the thoroughness with which the material is applied. As the insect is very small, being only about one-twentieth of an inch long at the end of the season, only a very minute amount of poison is needed to kill it. On the other hand, since the larva feed solely on the little portion of the leef about its case, and only on the under surface of the leaf, it is absolutely necessary that the poison should be placed where the larva will reach it. The only method for accomplishing this is to thoroughly spray the foliage on the under surface, paying absolutely no attention to the upper surface of the leaves. It ha been found that when arsenate of lead is used without lime, burning of the foliage results and in some cases this burning is quite erious. It is for this reason that the lime is added. The fish oil oap was used only in a few experiments. Spray mixtures containing this material spread much more evenly over the surface of the leaves and adhere to the foliage for a somewhat longer time than those used without it. I believe that the results obtained fully justify the extra expense i'1curred by the use of this material.
Spray mixtures for the control of the ca e-bearers are best applied from about the middle of August to perhaps about the middle of September. 'During the pre ent season several growers continued spraying until the 1st of October and one grower in Valdosta, sprayed his grove between October 17th and 21st. Even in this latter case, results were obtained which seem to justify the expense of the operation, although the percentage of control was considerably less than that which was obtained from earlier sprayings. Spraying after the first of October is only justifiable in the case of a severe infestation, and when, for some reason or other, it has been impossible to apply the material earlier. It hould be further remembered that all dates given apply only to the latitude of
Thomasville.

25
Nut-Case Bearer.
( AC1'obasis hebecella.)
This species has only been known to occur in the State for about four or five years, and in so far as I have been able to learn it is still confined to the vicinity 6f Thomasville and Cairo. While, in general, it is not of great economic importance in the State at the present time, it seems possible that it may become by far the most injurious pest of the pecan. In one grove, near Thomasville, the first generation of thi species destroyed 50 per cent. of the crop during 1916. Very little rearing work was done with this species and this consi ted mainly in rearing adult of the first generation. Fifty per cent. of the individuals of this generation were parasitized. As a result only a few insects of the second generation were observed. In the experiments, emergence of the first generation began June 15th and ended July 9th. In all probability these dates do not represent the extremes. Pupae of the second generation were found in the field as early as August 3rd and adults merged in the breeding cages on ugust 19th. It seems probable that there is a third generation of thi species. It is planned to devote considerable time next ~'ear to thi insect.
Pecan Rosette.
Pecan rosette is a phys'iological disease induced by some unfavorable condition of the soil. Experiments and observation indicate that this unfavorable soil condition is a lack of fertility. Fertilizing experiments were begun in March, 1916. These experiments have been planned to run for three years and it i too early yet to expect any favorable re ult .
Shuck Worm.
(Enarmonia caryana.)
This i probably the mo t widespread of the specie attacking pecans, occurring throughout the tate. It only occa-
ionally occurs in injurious number, however. Breeding work with this species has been confined to rearing adult in the spring and to attempts to observe oviposition, which were unsuccessful. Emergence commenced this year on March 24th and ended on April 28th, bein a at its maximum about the 11 th of April. About 35 per cent. of the insects were paraitized. Three pecies of Hymenopterous parasites have been determined as Calliephialtes gTa pholitae Cre ., Phane1'otoma tibialis Hald. and Mic1'ob1'acon p.

26
Aphids.
(Monellia costali-s.) (Monellia sp.)
The e two very intere ting species of aphid have been reared from about the fir t of May until the end of the year. The only forms lacking at pre ent are the tern mother , and an attempt will be made to obtain the e during the coming eason. The species costnlis was described by Fitch and no record of it occurrence was made from the time of decription until the pre ent year. othing wa known of it life history or of any of the forms except the alate vivipara. The other pecie appear to be new to cience.
Fall Webb Worms.
(Hyphantt'ia cunea.)
A very evere outbreak of fall web worms occurred in the vicinity of Thomasville this year. In many young grove practically all the tree were completely defoliated. In a few ca e bearing tree were al 0 completely defoliated. On such tree the caterpillar did con iderable feeding on the husk of the nuts. The e nut were rendered almost totally valuele , a it wa practically impo ible to remove the remainder of the husk from the nut itself. Careful work during the earlier part of the ea on would have given almost absolute control
f thi pest, by de troying in ects by torch while they are a embled in the web, or praying with ar enate of lead.

CENSUS OF FRUIT AND NUT TREES OF STATE.

The fruit and nut indu tries of the tate are 0 important at this time that the department con idered it necessary to make a urvey of trees in commercial orchards, the varieties, their age, yield, the extent to which they are attacked by in ect and di ea e. 11 of thi data ha been tabulated, but i too voluminou to print in this bulletin. The number of tree for each county is given below:

Census of Apple, Peach and Pecan Orchards in State of Georgia.

ounty Applin'" Baldwin Bank Barrow Bartow Ben Hill

~o. of Tr e ,
App]
645 Z,569
400

~o. of Tree', Peach
--------
--------
110400 6.613
1 4.550 --------

'0. of Tree, Pecan 95 2, 10 6 619
-------4,4 5

27

Census of Apple, Peach and Pecan Orchards in State of Georgia.-(Continued)

County

No. of Trees, A[)pl

Berrien ..

Bibb

.

Bleckley

.

Brook

.

Bryan

.

Bulloch

.

Burke

.

Butt

.

Calhoun

.

Camden

.

Campbell . . . .

Candler

.

Catoo;;:a

.

Charlton

.

hatham

.

4,97 2,925

Chattooga

.

herokee .

22: 0

Clarl,e

Clay.

.

linch

.

Cobb

.

oft'ee

.

lquitt . . . . .

olumbia

.

Coweta

.

't'awford

.

Ct'i p

.

Dade

.

Dawson

.

D catu!'

.

DeKalb

.

DoOly

.

Dougherty .

Dou"'la

.

Echo!.

.

Effingham

.

Elbert

.

Emanuel

.

Fannin

.

Fayett

.

Floyd

.

Forsyth

.

Fulton

.

GUm r

.

Gla cock .

Gl~'nn

.

Gordon

.

Grady

.

1,402
GA6!) 7,961 1:700
10.245 :..700
uno
7.349 70
H-l ..tt 'H
6,7 5

Gr ne

.

Gwinn tt

. 12.6 0

Haber ham

. 311.7 7

Hall . . . . . . 10.223

Hancock ... Haml on

100 17,150

'0. of Trees. Peach
266,000
500 100 465
4,50p
700
4,500
20 4 ,000 20,500
4.267
36.600 9,430
400 1-.500 26 ,450
15.275 3.366 4.525 2.950 5,250
1.500
1.350 23.350
500 6 ,530
7,600 3,450
L~OO
H.OOO
40,090
9.000 5.715 20 .630 6.400 103. 40 2.000

No. of Tree;;:, Pecan 500
2,480 1, 1.22 5.7 5 12,015 1.075 4.200
910
1,125
700 3.1 5
2.:' ") 1.375 1,790
3.700
900 7.32
3,571
2,042 323.:-20
4.360 2,4-4
5.265
2.575
2. 24 790
12.505 3.90 520 67
H.90~

Census of Apple, Peach and Pecan Orchards in State of

Georgia.-(Continued)

('oulll r

Bal'l'is ..

Hal't

.

HC'IIl'Y

HOU:>IOIl

Irwin

.TIIII,sOIl

.JI1S]\{'l'

J 11' Dayis

.J If I'SOU

XII, of '-rl"{;\.):-i,
.\]I]11l'

. .
. . .
. .

:-;00 O.!)(jl

~u. of Tl'e s. l'each 9,300
:!. '05,710
,'1. '1 . 40.95

or ).:0. 'f1'l'l''',
1 e{"lIl 1,4;:;0
. 1.371
., -.)
10.040 510
:!.;~:!:.!
:!3:! l).:!OU

.JenJdllf;

.

John '011 .

Jone.

.

Laul' n.

.

Le

.

LibC'l'ty .

Lownll s .

Lumpkin ..

~lcDllffi

~lclnto h

.

~Hcon

.

~ario]]

.

~lel'i'" ther

.

~lill r . .

~ilton . . . . .

~Iitchell . . . .

~onro

.

~fontgomel'Y

.

~l l'<Yau

.

~lll'l'a~?

.

~ll>:'Og e

.

:\'ewton

.

Oconee

.

Oglethorpe.

l'icl,ens

Pi rce .

Pike

.

r lk

.

rula. Iii

.

rutnam

.

Rabun

.

Randolph .

Ri hmonll

.

Rockdale

.

,'ehley

.

i':creyen

.

~paiding

.

.. teWlll't

.

. llmt l' . . . . .

Talbot

.

Taliaferro . . . .

Tattnall

.

THyIor

.

Telfait

T IT 11 . . . . .

10.446
1..l50 :3.79
60 2.925
;)6.025

404.1 0
lAO 37,300
2-,600 3,.lOO
201.-175
365 32.900 26.950
.l.-199 3."54
257 12.000
9.l.300 :::. 00 2.000
107.7 0
] 1.000 13.735 2A75
6.200
7.000 9.000 127.600 4.000 4.7:>0
_33.550
67.750

1.75 177
2.26:> 92.075
360
:un
::i00 7:!:} 17.577 17;:; 1.:3J!)
60
:!!)!).932 .lOO 76::1
:!.02:> 340 7:1-l .l:!O
:{.1!l .... ,'.!lGR
7:!() 11
:~oo :-jj":l
1:>0 H.l 70,
6.1::iO .l6.(i):I
:100 2.:!!11
1:00 H7 2.-12;; 10.::;;1

29

Census of Apple, Peach and Pecan Orchards in State of G e o r g i a . - ( Continued)

ount~"
Thoma Tift Toomb Towns Troup TurD l' Twigg l"nion
[')1S011
\Yalk l'
\Y"lton "'ar ',"a IT Il "';lshillgton
"'a~'ne
'VIII'e]el' White Whitfielcl Wilcox Wilkinson Worth

:\o. uf 'J'rets. Apple
.4.6r 1.600 9,154 J. 97
11.427 17.6 7

:\"0. of Tret's, P ach
-------10AOO
--------
--------
4,-tOO
--------
1.300 1.2:.5 19.600 10.-!00 1.702
--------
14.500
--------
----------------------
01.166
--------
--------
--------

:\"0. of Trees. Pecan 21.351 1,945 540
--------
400 473 600
--------
--------
--------
--------
15.201 2.56 3.215 0
39,500 --------
--------
2.050 1.275 1. :-0

Total

-8:5.01:3

6.71 ,::130

1,061.247

CITRUS TREES.
The cen u of citru trees in home and commercial orchards ha not been completed, but t'he data collected by thi department and the nited tate Bureau of Plant Indu try shows .US,262 tree. Thi censu will be completed in connection with the work we are doinO" on citrus canker.

NURSERY .INSPECTION.

All nul' ery stock ha been carefully inspected and regula-

tions strictly enforced. The stock in Georgia nurseries for the

eason of 1916-1917 was as follows:

Peache

Apple lecans

Pea1's

Plums

helTie

.

arolina pop1al"l'; G1'apes

Himalaya Citru.

tra\ybel'rie.

Blackb l'l"irl';

Ro. s

.....

:\liscellan om'

.. ..

_
_ _ _ _

1,606.550 605.400 540. 43 235.5. -
35.910

_ 40.600

_ _ _ _

10 .500 G5.TOO 15.000 2.000

_ 263.500

_ _

10.000 , .000

_ 5,,2.!l00

TotaL

4,120.-!;{,

30

GEORGIA NURSERIES.
(1916-1917)

A careful in pection of each plant wa made and when nec-

essary they were inspected a second time before a certificate

would be issued.

.

Following is a list of the Georgia nurseries inspected -for the 1916-1917 sea on:

Cert. No.

90-Ah;ton. Dr. X C.

Richlunu, Ga.

4-AJ1(]erson . 'S-Au(] rf;on.

.T. J.

0L._. ____________________

Corc1ele, oruele,

Ga. Ga.

19-A.nder:ion. 'Vm.

Bremen, Ga.

SO-Alleluetz Nur"ely

De 'atur, Ga.

l-A"hford Park ::\'Ulsery

oo.Atlallta, Ga.

l13-Atlanta Tree & Plant Co.

Atlanta, Ta.

76-Baeon Pecan Co.. G. :\f. 67-Ba onton :\tll'. ri ,,

DeWitt, Ga. Baeouton. Ga.

10-Bam . dlle Co. NlII'''el'~'

S7-Barnett..J. M.

00

Barnes\ille. Ga. La"Telleey;lle. Gn.

lll-BnrlllY 11 Peenn Ol'ebarc1" CO. 5-Belcllel'. W. L.

AlbauL Ga. Whigham. Ga.

50-Bellel'lue Fruit Farm oo

Macon. Ga.

___-Bennett. Mr". Lallra

Baeonton. Ga.

10 -Blue SprrDO' 1\'ur"ery

Albany. Ga.

-Born s Pecan Farm and Nur"ery 20-Br m n Nul'. ery

:\!cRae. Gn. Bremen. Ga.

SS-Britton'" Gre nhou"

-Atlanta. a.

___-Bro\Yn. B. :\l. 9.-Brown. C. W.

.Baconton. Ga. .Baconton. (;a.

32-Bu hanan. K M.

Atlanta. Ga.

66-Bullan1 Pecan Nurserie.. Wm. l6-Ca1c1well. A. J. 73- ampbell. A.

.Albany. Ga. LaFayette, Ta. Nay1ol'. Ga.

64-Canlloll. H. G.

Oairo, Ga.

106a- apita1 City Nul'. ery

At1nllta. Ga.

23-Carroll County ursery

CalTollton. Ga.

22-Carrollton Nur"ery------------------OalTollton. Ga.

6l-C1ark. J. T. & G. W.

Thomas\il1e. Ga.

110-C'0-opemti\'e Nursery. t ck CO.-------At1anta. Ga.

___-Cooper. C. W.

Lawrence,i1le. Ga.

103- owall. W. H. l14-Cruc .... i\l.

Baeonton. ;a. Athen.. Gn.

106b- ureton. Ja..

00 __ ll"t 11. na.

89-Curry Nurf;e1'3'. T. J. 34-Dah1 0.. C. A.

--:\leRae. Ga. Atlallta. Ga.

2 -Dadd.oll. J. S.

Roekmart. Ga.

53-DL"tie Nursen' 7-Dixie Nursery

oo __ Valdosta. Ga. i\leRae. Ga.

35-Dixie Whole ale Nursery CO.----------:M:arietta. Ga.

H-DoYer, H. I.

Ellijay. Ga.

___-Dul,e, L. A.

Moultrie. Ga.

45-Dulleau, John i\l. l8-Dyer & SOIl

Cnrlle.l'ille. Ga. Rharpe. (;n

l2-Ec1warc1s & Puttersoll 4 -Ellis. .les. e T.

i\lilledgeyillfo. Gn. Griffin. Gn.

31

Georgia Nurseries.-(Continued)

C<'rt. Xo. :19-Empir Xur-ery co.

.Atlauta, Ga.

, -Eml ire Pecan o.

Parrott, Ga.

-iO-Enterpri e Xur 'er~T

Carl, Ga.

94-Equitr Xursery ___-Excel ior 'ur ery ..

Hogan Yille, Ga. Lyerly, Ga.

___-Farr, O. H.

.Lee"burg, Ga.

49-Fayette,ille Nurserie.

.Ri,erclal, Ga.

46-Freeman, F. K.

Athell.. Ga.

I-Frnitland Nul' erie

.Augu tao Ga.

___-Gauldin, W. T.

Quitman. Ga.

:~-Georgia Nur elT

.Au u ta Ga.

6-Geor"ia Nursery 0.

Concord, Ga.

25-G orgia S ed Co.

..

Hogan ville, 'a.

4,-Georgia Experiment Station 2-Gheesling, J. H.
___-Gill pie, J. w.

.E:\.""Periment, Ga. .Green boro, Ga. .Albany, Ga.

77-Gillgrove Pe an Nur.eries ___-Glausier, E. D.

Baconton, Ga. Baconton, Ga.

100-(:1au ier P can Co.

.Baconton, Ga.

15-Goddard, J. W.

.Stone Mountain. C:a.

75-Hardaway Nurerie

Putney. Ga.

115-Harper, Cha.. ._.

Waycro ,Ga.

112-Harri., W. H.

Fort Yalley, Ga.

:'i2-Ha tin" Company. H. G.

.Atlanta, Ga.

13-Hendrick on F. W.

:llilledge,ille. Ga.

17-Hiawa !<ee Nul'. er~' Co.

Hiawa ee, Ga.

24-Ho"an ville XUI'. ery

Hogan ,iIle. Ga.

:'7-Hol er. H. R.

Conyer~, Ga.

9-Hunt. B. W.

.. Eatonton, Ga.

___-Idle Hour Xur erie

.:\Iacon, Ga.

72-In"le id Nur ery

Cai.ro. Ga.

-iI-Jackson County Xur err

Winder, Ga.

1.J--Jordan. FJ. V.

.Eatonton. Ga.

29-Juanita Ro e Gardens

.Decatur. Ga.

- __-Katzen tein. Otto c' o. 10.J--Keheley. J. T.

Atlanta, Ga. Columbu , Ga.

16-LaFayette Xur 'ery

LaFayette. Ga.

IO:'-LakeYiew Nur ery

.Ro ,i11e, Ga.

71-L Conte Nursery

.. mithYille. Ga.

!l. -Le . R. E.

.Atlanta. Ga.

___-L wi.. J. H. P.

.Cairo Ga.

56-Lott. D. & O.

.Wnycro.., Ga.

62-:lla"nolia Nur ery

Cairo, Ga.

6-Magnolia Hill Nnrs ries

.:\Ieigs, Ga.

,o-:llarshall, 111. H.

.Daw on, Ga.

!l,-:Mi1Ier & 0., J. B. .. G5-;Uills, T. J.

Baconton, Ga. .WhiO'ham, Ga.

~6-:\Iiller & Sons. G. H.

Rome, Ga.

:)l-:\Inrphy's Nur eries

Fay tteyille. Ga.

!ll-Ximbleweill Nur er~1-----------------Dahlonega.Ga.

!l:--Oeh:chlg & Sons. A. .

~aYannah. Ga .

. -oxfor L eha . E.

William on, Ga.

7!1-Parrott Xurseries

.Parrott. a.

-t~-Peek. S. W.

.Hartwell. Ga.

, O-Park r. T. H.

.:\Ioultrle. Ga.

7-Pike oullty XUI' rl.

.Concord. Ga.

.32

Georgia Nurseries.-(Continued)

(. rt. C\o.

!l!I-Pin.OIJ. J. H.

..

G9-Ram. e~- Pecau Groye

C. Fl~-Red(ling. II.

___-Ri han]son. A. w.

..

___-Riyerdale Pecan Co.

..

6~-Rood Pecan Groye

93-Ro eland Xllrsery

100-Rumple. L. A.....

..

1.07- immonf:. P. B.

G7- 'immf:. J. L.

..

IOl-Sldnne!'. H. ~.

5- mith Brother. 'urselT 0.

!W-Smitbwick Orchard Co.

54-. nedeker. A. C.

21-.' n ed Xursery

Bacolltou. Ga. .L esburg, Ga. WUJcross. Ga.
a"auuah, Ga. Ander omiIle. ,a. Ga. .Alban~. Atlanta, Ga. Marshalldlle. Ga. .Gaines\ille, Ga. Hapeyi!1e. Ga.
.Augu ta, Ga.
. oncord. Ga. .Amel'icu" Ga. .Black hear, ,a. .MolTOw, Ga.

5 - 'outhem Xut Tree NlIrsery
60-. tone. B. -n'.

___-Strain. R..\.

..

42-. tribling-..T. :\I.

4-Stulb's XUI'. ery

ll-Taunel"s Xur ery

105-T11oma. Yille Nul' erief:

74-Tomlin.on. G. H.

26-Troup Count)' 1\ur. en'

59-Tuck Brothers

___-yan Duzee, J. P.

Thoma. dlle, Ga. Thoma ,'ilIe. Ga. Darien. Ga.
Tignall. Ga. Augu tao Ga.
Milledgeville, Ga.
Thomasville, Ga. Putney, Ga.
.Gabb ttvi1le. Gn. Tboma ville, Gn. Cairo. Ga.

:n-"achendorfl' Broth rf: 6:l-"ig-11t..T. B.

.Atlanta, Ga. .Cairo, Ga.

():}-Williamf:. Dr. ". P. 3 -Withrow. J. A.
___-yarbrough. J. )l.

Black 11 ~11'. On. Ellijay, Ga.
.Baconton, Ga.

OUT-OF-STATE NURSERIES.

N ur eries out ide of Georgia wi hing to sell nur ery stock in thi tate are required to file a copy of the original certificate of the in pector of the tate where the nursery i located and siO'n an aO'reement to fumigate stock prior to shipment.
The follo\\'ing i a Ii t of nurseries out ide of the State authorized to sell tock in GeorO'ia in 1916-1917:

Cert. Xo.

.

!)-American Ro;oe .I.. Plant Co.

_1-AlIrler;oon Floral Co.

14-Andora 1\ur erief:

lOn-Arcadia Rose Co.

-Baines. )Ii. ElIa y.

.i!l-Baker, R. L.

,6-Bas;;; & f';onf: Pecan Co.. 1. E.

!ll-Becht I Pecan Nurf:erie. , O-Bilo:d Nul', en

lOn-Biltmore Knrsery

!l:'-Bloomfif'lrl XI\I";oel'Y

.'pring-field, III. .Anrlerf:on. S. C. .Philaclelphia. Pa. Newark. N. J . Springfield. O. .Baileyton. Aln.
.Lumberton. )Ii. .. Ocenn f';prin,g",. )Ii. f:. Biloxi. :\Ii;;;..
.Biltrnore. X C. F i n . )I~nti('el1o.

33

Out-of-State Nurseries.-(Continued)

('l'lt. X .

:;:!-Bobbink ~. Atkin
40-Brow Xms ry 0 .. F. ,,'. 110-Burbank. Luthel

:! dar Hill l\ur erv . Orchard ('0.

101-('ha>;e, L. E.

~

] 9-Chase Xun'er'y Co.

:'iI-Child.'. Inc., John Lewi. :!:'i-('omDlercia I Kul'>; I'ie :'ii)-Continental Plaut o. 10fl-Coopel'. aruueL

. :~-Cllmbel'land Nul' erie. H1- 'us>;eta 'ursen'

4:!-Bill Dad Kul' er~' Co. T:::-Da,is & on, W'. II. :1fl-Dleer. Iuc., Henry A. !);)-Eagle Pecan Co.. rrbe :~6-Ea terly Nursery Co.

::tl-Ellwan"'er ~. Barry

9-Elmwood Floral ~. Xursel'~' Co. I5--Fair\'iew ?"Iur ery
6:!-Flol'ida Nul' erie :!4-Fore t Nursery Co.

=:>' -Fra. er Xllr.. ery 0 .. Inc. ]0, -Gain. ville _'ur. erie.

114-GalTi. On & Son>;, J. 'l'.

IO:~-(.erru[ln :"'lIr.el'le!' & Se d o.

4T-men, aint ;\Iary Nul' erie!' Tl-Glenwood Xur!'ery

Il-Glob Xm'!' rie.. The

:!-Goocl & R e!'e 0 .. The
4-Glent Westel'll Plant Co.. The TT-(~r en'!' Nur;:;ery o.
1 & T2-Gl'eel1yille Nur!'ery Co.

20-GI'iffing Xursel'ie

TH--C.I'iffing'. "Ul'. el'y :'i11- ,riffith. R. B.

] :I-TInle Nul'. ery Co.

:!T-Haria n Farm. NUl'sen4, '-Hnrrif:on & ,'on.. .T. G.

44-Henclel'. on ", Co .. Petel'
TO-T-Till Xnrsel'y Co.. The n.
T4-lToope!' BrO!'. (" 'l'homn. Co. T. -Holl.ton ;\'m'!, I'~- o.
:1:l-Ho\yell ;\'ul'>;el'i .

:l4-Rnhhard Co .. T. .

:~2-Hnnt!'\'ille Whole!'ale Xnr,.:erie!'

4!l-Tntel'Rtate Nur!' l'iE'., 'l'he 2~-,Tncl,son & Perkin!' Co.
::T-.To.. elyn XUl';:el'y Co.. ThE' ~4-K lie" Bro>;. Whole!'ale "ul'!'el'ie. flfl-Kellog.,g Co.. The R. i\1.

fl~-Knox\'ille ~ul'!'E'n'

,,~-)rl')finn\'illeXIll';:eIT & Orchad Co. 6-Marble City Kur ery Co.
6.j-~feehan & F;on!', Tho.. B.

Rutherford, X. J. RO'e Hill. X. Y. . auta Ro. a, ('al.
'Tin he tel'. Tenn. Oeeau prin"',.:. ~lis,;. .Cha e. Ala.
Floral Park. K Y. Win 'he t 1'. Tenn. .Kittr 11, K Y . Delevan,~.
.Winche tel', Tenn. LaFayette, Ala.
.Smithvme, Tenn. . rilith,ille, Tenn. Philadelphia. Pa. .:_Pittsyiew, .Ala. Cleveland, Tenn.
.Roche tel'. N. Y.
Birmingham, Ala. Winchester. Tenn. .Monticello, Fla. McMinnvilIe. Tenn.
Hunt ville. Ala. .Gaine ville. Fla. .BridO'eton. X. J. Beatrice, reb.
Glen Saint Mal~. Fin. .Roche tel'. N. Y. Bristol. Tenn.Yn. . pringfielcl.
.Springfiel L O. Roche tel'. N. Y.
Greenville, S. C.
Port Arthur, Tex. .Grand . Ba~ .Ala. Fredonia, N. Y.
.Wil1chester. Tenn. Lockhart. Ala. Bel'lin, Md. Jer ey Cit~. X. J.
Dundee, Ill. .We.t Chef:ter. Pn. Dothan. Aln. Knox\'i\l('. Tenn.
.Fredonia, ,Y.
.Hunt. \'ille. Ala.
.1\Iacl'lelllly. Fla. Newark. X Y.
.Fredonin. X. Y.
Dan "ille. K Y. Three Ri,erf:. Mich. Knox\'ille. Tenn.
-'Mc)Iilll1\'ille. Tenn. .Knoxyille. Tenn. Phila<1elphin, Pn.

34

Out-of-State Nurseries.-(Continued)

Cert. Xo.

l6-)leehan Co., Tho.. B.

:{ '-)loon 0., Wm. H.

12-Xew Hm'en XUI' eri

7--Xorth Jer. ey NtH' erie;:

4G-Oak Lawn "ur ery

-Pain . \'ille Nur erie

.:

43-P rry Xur ery Co.

:{S-Penll,'rlyania Nul'. ery 0.

06-Ramser Pecan Nur eri ., W. P.

,'-Ram,e~-.

lay

57-Richland Nul' eries

.Dr ;;;her, ra.
Morri ville. Pa.
New Haven, Mo. .llillburn. N. J. Huntsville, .Ala. .Paines\"ille. O. Roche tel', N. Y.
'iran]. Pa.
cean prings.)!i s. ..:Harri on, Tenn.
Ro 'he tel'. N. Y.

50-Rh'er,ie\V Nul' ery & eed o. 4l-Roe h. Lewi~ 90-Rock Hill Nul' erie~ ___-Ro emont Nul' erie J 7-Sarcoxie Nur rie 66-' arff' Nul' rie
GO-Seven pring' Nul' er3' o. 2 - hadow "ur ery. Jo 104- !lahan. E. M. 69- henandoah Nul'S ry 65-- impson Nul' rr Co. 112- mith. L. H.

.l\!cMinn,ille, Tenn. Fredonia. X Y. Wellborn. Fla. .l'ain .vill . O. ,. arcoxi . :Mo. -New arli I O.
Smithyille. Tenn. Winchester, Tenn. .Winch "tel', 'l'enn. .'henilildoab. 10\va .:MonticelJo. Fla. ('oullcil Bluff;:, I ",a

10-. outheru Nursery o. 2-. tar Nul' ery 0.

Winche;;;t I'. Tenn. . mith,ilJe. Tenn.

0- tark Bros.' "urserie, & Orcbard, 102-. t ckler S ed Co., Ltd., J.
7-Summit Nur erie
6l-Srler Nursery Co. 100-'-Tarlor 0.. H. .
q4--T nne' e Nul' ery o. 29-Texa Nursery Co. -le5--Thoma., W. W.
l13-Throneburg Nursery
107-Turker Creek Nur erie. 7-United tates NtH' ery Co.
79-\ald ;:ian Nul' eries
30-Van Lindley Nursery 0.. ,J. Ill-Watson. F. W.
5S-We. tmin. ter NtH'. erie !) -Willadean Nursel'ie The 6 -Wimpey Nursery

Loui;:iana, Mo. ...: "ew Orlean, La.
Mollti ello. Fla.
Meridianville. .Ala. Roche tel', '. Y. Cleveland, Tenn. . herman. Tex. .Anna, TIl.
Newton, S. C.
~laccl nny, Fla. Ro. acres. Mi Bostic, . C.
Pomona. X C. Topel'll, Kan .
"e tmin ter, Md. Rparta. Ky. .Haye. yille. N. C.

(\3-Western North Carolina NurserS Co. 1 -W!leelock & Cogdon
67-Wharton Spring Nur;;;elT Co. 22-Winche tel' Nul'. ery (' . 07-Woodlawn XUI'. eries

.St c ah. X. C. ~'orth Collins N. Y.
, mitln-i11 . Telln. 'Win h ,'tel'. Telln. .Rochester. N. Y.

35

FOREIGN NURSERY STOCK.

During the season of 1916 the following foreign hippers did

business in the tate of Georgia:

Vincent Lebretons Jurs. F. Delaunay
has. Detriche

.LaPyramide-Trelaze, France

.Angers,

France

Angers,

France

Hemeray-AuberL .. Loui Leroy's Nurs. Bier & Anker miL Arther DeMeyeL Aug. ToelIaerL A. Van Schoote K. J. Kuyk, Ltd. M. DebaerdemaekeL
Chas. PynaerL
Ad. DeClercq Van Ghyseghem Ottolander & Hooftman Felix & Dykhuis Schaum & Van ToL Van Gelderen & Co. Guldemond & Son

.Orleans, Angers, .Mille Lez Gand, Ghent, Destelbergen. Ghent, Ghent, Ghent,
Ghent, -
Ghent, .Boskoop. Bo koop, Bo l;:oop, .Boskoop, Lis e,

France France Belgium Belgium Belgium Belgium Belgium Belgium
Belgium
Belgium Bolland Bolland Bolland Bolland Holland

Vau Zonneveld Bros. ~. Philippo F. J. GrootendOl'st & on E. Wart'all Outerbrid"'e o. R. B. Bath, Ltd.

Bo koop, Bo koop. Mt. Plea ant. Wi bech,

Bolland Bolland Bermuda England

The Yokohama JUl'. 0., Ltd.

Yokohama.

Japan

A total of 196,359 plants were imported and the following

firms received shipments from the countries indicated:

Owl Drug Co.

Bolland

Albany

C. A. Dahl Co.

Bolland

Atlanta

The A hford Park Nurs. Westview FlorisL

Belgium France Bermuda France
Bolland
Belgium

Atlanta Atlanta

WachendOl'ff Bl'os.

.:.

.Bolland

Belgium

Atlanta

Otto Katzen tein & o. P. J. B rckman Co.
tulb'. Nul' ery

.Japan Bolland France .Bolland
Belgium

Atlanta Auau ta
Augusta

Columbus R. R. Co. J. T. Keheley Idle Bour Nur..
C. N. WoodrulI JOhn Taylor G. B. Miller & Son George Adair A. C. Oelscbig & Son .

.Belgium .Belgium
England
Belgium Belgium Belgium France Belgium
.Bolland BE'lglum

Columbus Columbus Macon
lIIacon Rome Rome Sa'rannah
a'rannall

36

A. W. Richard on John WolL

Holland Belgium Holland
Belgium

avannah Savannah

All the hipments were inspected and found free from dangerous insect pests and plant diseases. -Owing to the disorganized shipping facilities several of the shipments arrived in a damaged condition.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

The accounts of the department have been audited and the report of expenditures is as follows:

1916 Jan. 1-Balance on hand

$14,595.23

Receipts. From State Treasul'eL

$50,000.00

Total to account fOL

$64,595.23

alarie Tra,elin Expen e

Disbursements.

_ _

21,403.69 11,473.2

tationery and Office Supplie

_ 901.55

Po tage, Telephone and TeleO'ram PrintinO' and EnO'ra,ing
Freight and Expre Field upplie

_ 1,510.96 _ 7,5 1.47 _ 383.85 _ 332.42

Field Expen es, Seed. etc.

_ 11,262.21

Equipment, Furniture and Fixture

_ 311. 4

)Iap, hart and Signs Library

_ 34 .70 _ 229.75

Laborator~' Suppli and Expense Art and Photo upplie

_ 473.44 _ 146.21

Educational Expen e Expen e of Boarc1

_ 157.60 _ 116.40

~li. cellaneou;; ffice and Field Expen es- _ 1,139. 6

Expedroimteant Stations, Thoma. ville and Val_- 6565.6

64,338.91

Balanc ruexp nc1ecL

_

256.32

AMENDMENT TO ACT CREATING STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

The General s embly at it last e ion amended the la:-v

creating the tate Board of Entomology.

a result of th1s

amendment 1\\ 0 member of the Board are appointed by the

Governor. A now con tituted the Board consists of Commi -

ioner of Agriculture, ex-officio chairman, and two other

member appointed by the Governor; and a Secretary, to be elected by the Board and required to give bond for fund

which he handle for the department.
Re pectfully, E. LEE WaR HAM, State Entomologi t.

...J
a...J
(l)
o

,
o

JNQZJ'!AJN.LOJZJV~

~~

.,,,, .,JI .,10
JNI7 l/AJJM 11011

o



LIST OF AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS,
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Bulletin No. 12-The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, 1904. Bulletin No. 13-Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple, 1904. Bulletin o. 2{)-'-Peach Leaf Curl, Yellows, Rosette and Little
Peach, 1908. Bulletin No. 34-Wilt Disease of Cotton in Georgia and Its Con-
trol, 1911. Bulletin No. 37-Crop Pest Law of Georgia, Other States and
Canada, 1912. Bulletin o. 39--The Mexican Cotton Boll-Weevil, 1914. Bulletin No. 40-Cotton Wilt in Georgia, 1915. Bulletin o. 41-Some of the More Important Truck Crop Pests in
Georgia, 1915. Bulletin No. 42-Annual. Report of the State Entomologist tor 1914-. Bulletin '0. 43-The Principal Parasites of the Peach. 1916. Bulletin No. 44-The Mexican Cotton Boll-Weevil, 1!>16. Bulletin No. 45-Annual Report of the State Entomologist for 1915. Bulletin No. 4-6-Cotton Variety Tests lor Boll-Weevil and Wilt
Conditions, 1916. Bulletin No. 47-How to Grow Cotton in Spite of Boll-Weevil. Clrcular No. 6-The Use of Soluble Oils Against San Jose Scale,
1907. ~
Circular No. 7-The Hessian Fly in Georgia. 1908. Circular No. 8-Experiments for Control of San Jose Scale,
1907-1908. Circular o. 9--The Brown-Tail Moth, 1909. Circular No. 11-Wilt Di ease of Cotton and Its Control, With Sug-
gestions on Seed Selection. Circular No. 19-Boll-Weevil Quarantine Regulations, 1906. Circular o. 20-=-GeD,eral In tructions for Making First-Year Cotton
Selections. Circular No. 21-Experimental Dusting and Spraying of Peaches. Circular No. 22-Control of Insects Attacking Stored. Products.

'I

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN No. 49

JANUARY, 1918

PECAN INSECTS
WILLIAM J'. TURNER.
PECAN SCAB
C. S. SPOONER.
PECAN DISEASES OTHER THAN SCAB
C. G. CRITTENDEN.

Atlanta,

GENE l LIBRARY
OV 10 11'
SITY OF GEO IA

-:-

Georgia

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist

BULLETIN No. 49

JANUARY, 1918

PECAN INSECTS
WILLIAM F. TURNER.
PECAN SCAB
C. S. SPOONER.
PECAN DISEASES OTHER THAN SCAB.
C. O. CRITTE "DE;:';.

Atlanta,

-:-

Georgia

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF- ENTOMOLOGY.
ORGANIZATION.
HON. J. J. BR01N, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
HO . R. C. BERCKMANS, Augusta.
HON. JNO. A. COBB, Americus.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant tate Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V, REED, As i tant Entomologi t, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. F. TURNER, Assistant Entomologist, Thomasville.
IRA W. WILLIAMS, Cotton Specialist, Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDON, Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.

CONTENTS.

FOREWORD

4

PECAN lNSECTS (William F. Turner)-

Pecan Leaf Case-bearer

6

Pecan ut Case-bearer

14

Cigar Case-bearer

19

Budworrn

~_~

21

Shuckworm

:.

22

Fall Webworrn

24

Walnut or Pecan Caterpillar Catocalas Twig Girdler

..:

~

25

26

~

26

Flat Headed Borers

27

Cossid Borer

2

Shot Hole and Pin Hole BoI'eio -----

30

Lesser Pecan Tree Borer

31

Curculio

32

Hickory and Pecan Weevil

33

Leaf-Feeding Beetle

34

Leaf Hopper

:.-

35

,

0

Pecan Phylloxera

35

Pecan ~phi Spittle Insects

~---------------------------------36 37

PEC SCil ( . S. pooneI')

38

PEC~ DI E~ E OTHER THAl Pecan Ro ette

i l ( . G. Crittenden)44

Brown Leaf Spot }Cernel Spot
ursery Blight e ~thracno Crown Gall

~ __ .:.

45 46 47 4 4 ~----

~ildew

--------------------

48

FOREWORD.
Pecan growing ~ rapidly becoming one of the most important indu tries of outh G 'ol'gia and in recent years more and more plant, ings have been madc in the central amI eyen northern portions of the state, At pre ent thousands of acre. have been et out to pecan through south Georgia and the e plantings are being increa etl yearly, (Fronti piece.) A a result the growers are already deepl~' intere ted in thc in. ects and di ' a es \yhich attack the pecan, and the e pest are of ontinually inel'ea ing importance a the capital which i inve tcd in the busine incl'ea 'e .
The pre ent bulletin i not iiltendecl to give exhau tive reports on the life histories of the various in ects aud di ease which attack th pecan. In fact, workers have been engaged in the tudy of tll insects for such a hort time that there are very few of them whose life histories are thoroughly known 'et. 'rhi is al 0 true. thou h perhap in Ie s degree, of the disea e .
In view of the numerous request which are con tantly being received for information concerning these matter, it \Va felt that the situation could be t be met by a publication giving a general survey of the field. Iu the present bulletin, therefore an attempt ha been made to furni h the pecan grower with a guide by which they may become familiar with the in ct ~nd diseases which are now injtuiou , or which may become 0 and may further becom familiar with the principal methods of control.
It should be borne in mind that, altho many in ect are dealt ,,'ith in tills bulletin, probably only a few of them will ultimately be looked upon as serious pests of the pecan. In this connection it is well to call to mind that many fruit for in tance apples, have a many or even more pecies of in ects attacking them. Yet lmder ordinary condition the grower has to contend with not more than three or four. Without doubt this will ultimately be found to be the ca e "'jth the pecan, also. Those in ects which are most injurious at the present timc have been indicated, as haye tho e which eem to posses. habits and characteristics which may cause them to become of etlou importance later.
With regard to om in ects, at lea t, it ha. already beeu pro\'en that ucce ful. commercial p can culture must inc Iud th pra~'iJlg

of the trees. At first this seems a big item-something special which must be done. If the grower, however, will simply include spraying in his list of the year's operations, expecting to spray his trees at a certain time, just a he expects to plow at given periods, he will soon find that the matter adjusts itself naturally, and quickly becomes as little of a bug-bear as is planting or cultivating.
All dates given -in thi bulletin are for Thomasville, Ga.
.

6
PECAN INSECTS.*
PECAN LEAF CASE-BEARER.
(Acrobasis nebulella Riley.)
This insect is,. at the present time, one of the most serious enemies of the pecan, probably causing more damage, in Georgia, than all other insects together. Fortunately, the species is, thus far, confined to south Georgia. It is present in injurious numbers about Thomasville, Cairo, Valdosta, Fitzgerald, Blackshear and Nashville. It has not been found in any numbers in the Albany district, however, and we have no reports of it from central Georgia. Since it has already been present in Florida and south Georgia for several years we have abundant grounds for hope that it will not become of serious importance in regions north of those in which it occurs at the present time, yet so many other insects have demonstrated their ability to adjust themselves to unfavorable conditions, particularly of climate, that it is possible the Pecan Case-bearer may do so eventually, and become a pest in portions of the pecan belt where it does not occur at present.
The principal damage is caused in the spring. The insects become active at the time when the buds begin to burst. The caterpillars or "worms" feed voraciously on the opening buds and tender shoots, frequently boring into and 'killing them. Young trees 'are often stripped entirely and, in bad outbreaks, trees as old as 12 and 13 years may be defoliated. This defoliation checks the growth of the trees and destroys the crop for the year. Since the larvae also attack the stems which bear nuts the crop is frequently destroyed even when the damage to the trees is not particularly severe.t Later, when the trees are well leafed out and the larvae can no longer feed on buds and young shoots, they attack the bases of the main leaf stalks and the leaflets themselves. This feeding is not as serious as that done earlier in the season.
As Indicated In footnotes. the portions on three or four of the Insects were written by Mr. C. S. Spooner. formerly with the State Board of Entomology.
tStlll a third type of Injury was noted on one variety of trees. the Young. In the spring of 1916. Two trees about 30 ft. In height were under observation. par tlcular notes were made on April 22nd. On these two trees practically all the cat klns. or male blooms. were destroyed by the worms. which fed at the base of these catkins. Very little injury of any other sort was.notlced on these two trees. On trees of gther varieties. near the two trees In question. little or no Injury to the catkins was observed but the larvae were feeding. as Is their usual habit. at the bases of the main leaf stalk and on the leaves themselves. The crop of these two trees was a failure.

7
LIFE mSTORY AND HABITS.
The adult insect is a mottled grey moth which, when its wings are spread, measures about five-eighths of an inch across. (Plate 1, fig. 1.) When at rest it has a habit of sitting on a small twig with it head raised, the body forming an angle of about 30 with the twig and th.i.s position, together with the coloring, makes it very difficult to see. (See cover.) It seldom flies during the day time, but is very active at night.
Egg laying commences about the first of June and a few moths may lay as late as the first of August. The majority of the eggs are laid from abo.ut the middle of June to about the end of the first week in July. These eggs are small, soft, semi-transparent objects and are laid, almost invariably, along the .main rib, on the under side of the leaf. In rare cases they are laid in angles between the side veins and one of the largest of the veins which branch off from these. We have never found eggs anywhere except on the under urface of the leaves.
The eggs hatch in a few days. This hatching commences, at Thomasville, about the middle of June and continues into early August. Most of the eggs hatch, however, during the first three weeks in July.
The young larvae, or "worms," are very small and usually reddish brown in color. They imm~diately commence feeding, eating only the lower surface of the leaf. From-the frass and excrement they form a little tube, spinning silk with which to bind the particles together and line the case. This case is attached quite firmly to the leaf and runs along on the under-surface of it. Commencing at the spot where the egg was laid the larva reeds outward, working back and forth so that the spot is fan shaped. The upper surface of the leaf turns brown. As the larva feeds it builds its case outward. The case itself is very firmly and tightly made, but at the outer end the larva builds a loose fan-shaped tent, under which it feeds. As Soon as it eats all the green which it can reach fro~ this tent it draws the baCK portion of it together, prolonging the case, or tube, and extends the outer portion in such a manner as to cover more green leaf. Since it also moves back and forth across the edge of the spot on which it has fed the case is curved, S-fashion, and

-finally, by fall, becomes very erpentine in form. (Plate II, fig. 2_) From one to twenty or more egg may be laid on a single leaf.
-Each la,rva consumes only a small portion of the surface, usually .{'emaining between the side rib near which the egg wa laid, and the next one toward the tip. A larva may cross one of these side ribs, however, and while it usually feeds outward toward the tip, an occasional worm will turn back toward the base of the leaf. The feeding spots are very noticeable from both the upper and lower surfaces and in cases of severe outbreaks infested trees can be picked out from a considerable distance. Some of the larvae die during the summer, especially when there are several eggs laid on one leaf. Such larvae can always be located during the late summer and early fall, from the fact that the feeding spot is small and the end of the case does not reach to the edge of the brown spot. The tent usually .is mis ing or the case may have been broken off entirely.
This summer feeding of the larvae is not particularly serious, in itself, except in the case of very severe outbreaks on young trees, when the growth of the trees is checked so~ewhat._ As has been said, each worm does not eat very much and ince the leaves are hard and do not furnish much nourishment, especially toward the end of the summer, the larva grows very slowly indeed, being only about one-twentieth of an' inch long when it is obliged to cease feeding in the fall. The impQrtance of this period lies in the fact that, up to the present .we have found it the best time to control the insect, as will be shown later.
In the fall, shortly before the leaves drop, the little worms leave their cases and crawl down to the buds. Here they form tiny, round, flattened cases, called hibernacula, and in these they spei:ld the winter. (Plate II, fig. 1.) The hibernacula are most frequently located in the little groove where the bud touches the twig. When abundant, however, they may be anywhere about the bud, or even on it. As has been intimated, there is a close connection between the time of this migration and the time when the leaves drop. At Thomasville, in 1916, the migration began late in September and continued till frost, on November 16th. On October 24t~, observations showed that about 50% of the insects had left the leaves. The migration commenced earlier on Mobiles than on any

FRONTISPIECE.
Map showing the distribution of pecans, by counties. Each dot represents 100 trees. The actual distribution of the trees In each county is not shown. (Figures from the 19th Ann. Rept. of the State Entomologist.)

PLATE 1.

Fig. 1. Leaf Case-Bearer.

Fig. 2. Nut Case-Bearer.

Fig. S. Cossld moth.

Fig. 4. Bud worm.

FIg. 6. Fall web-worm.

Adults of some Pecan Insects. (Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Pecan CaseBearer. Win ter cases on bud. (Enlarged.)

Fig. 2. Pecan CaseBearer. Summer cases. (July 15.) (Enlarged.)

Fig. 3. Pecan CaseBearer. Spring cases on main leaf stalk. (Natura! size.)

PLATE 111.
Fig. 1. Pecan Leaf Case-Bearer. Late spring feeding. Fig. 2. Pecan Leaf Case-Bearer. Early spring feeding on opening buds.

9
other variety, Mobiles shedding their leaves before the other common varieties do. Thus, on October 1, 1916, many hibernacula were found about the buds of the Mobiles, while none were found on other varieties.
The little larvae spend the winter in the cases on the buds, only leaving them in the spring at about the time the buds begin to burst. They then commence feeding on the opening buds and tender shoots, often boring into them. (Plate ill, fig. 2.) A new type of case is now formed, this being the case most commonly noticed by the growers. It is cylindrical, open at both ends, and is carried about by the worm, as it moves from place to place, always standing out from the surface on which the worm is feeding. The young larva sometimes leaves one case entirely, building a new one in another location. When the larva bores into a shoot it usually fastens the ca e at the entrance of its burrow with silk, sometimes feeding with part of its body in the case and part in the burrow, at other times with .its body entirely insIde the burrow. At first the color of the case is a dirty grey, most of the outside being composed of frass. Later, when the larva is nearly full grown, more silk is used on the outside till finally the case is a light, silvery grey in color. It is always lined with silk. These mature cases are nearly always found out on the leaf stalk or on the under side of one of the leaflets themselves. (Plate II, fig. 3.)
The worms grow very rapidly at this time, becoming, when full grown, about three-fourths of an inch in length, while the case is about one inch long. The larva varies from a reddish green to olive green, the color depending somewhat on the portion of the tree on which the worm has been feeding.
When the larva is full grown and ready to pupate, it almost invariably fastens its case on the main stalk of a leaf, between two leaflets. These it draws together, fastening them loosely to the case and to each other with silk. It then builds two silken flaps, or lips, at the outer end of the case. These press together in such a manner that they crannot easily be opened from the outside, since any pressure simply closes them more tightly. On the other hand a very slight pressure from within will open them easily.
The larva now rests in its case for a few days and then pupates, with its head toward the outer end of the ~ase. This pupal stage,

10
the period during which it transforms from a worni to a moth, lasts on the average for about 16 or 17 days. In 1914, the period lasted, in two cases, only 14 days, while one insect required as much a 20. This pupal period commences about the middle of May, a few insects probably pupating even earlier. It continues as late as the first of July. At the end of this period the moths emerge and are soon ready to lay the eggs for another generation.

CONTROL.

Up to the present time the only successful method which has been discovered for controlling this pest is to spray the trees with arsenate of lead between the middle of August and the last of September. All attempts to control with arsenate of lead in the spring have failed. This is also true of efforts to kill the worms in the winter cases by spraying during the winter with lime-sulphur.
The formula which we would now recommend is as follows:

Arsenate of lead (powdered)

1 lb.

Lime

_. . . . . . .. 2 Ibs.

Fish oil soap .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 Ibs.

Water

50 gals.

The lime is added to this mixture in order to prevent the arsenate from burning the foliage. When it is not used the trees may be quite seriously injured. The soap is not absolutely necessary but its presence makes the spray mixture spread much more readily and evenly and, during the season of 1916, it was found that mixtures which contained the soap adhered to the foliage somewhat better than did those without it.
In groves of young trees, up to five or six years of age, an ordinary barrel pump may be used. In the older groves, however, the most satisfactory results can oniy be obtained by the use of a power sprayer. (Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2.)

The most important point to rememqer is that the trees must be thoroughly sprayed. While it requires only a very minute quantity of the poison to kill the tiny worm it is absolutely essential that that poison shall be placed where the worm will reach it. Therefore, for good results, care must be taken that, in so far as is possible, the

"If arsenate of lead paste Ie used, the amount must be doubled; that Is, 2 Ibs. to 50 gale. of water.

11
under side of every leaf is covered with the material. If this is done the grower will have no trouble in controlling this pest.
WINTER SPRAY.
Growers irequently ask why winter spraying cannot be employed against this pest. Several experiments have been conducted in which the trees were sprayed with lime-sulphur, and . during the winter of 1916-17 we made extensive tests, using limesulphur, miscible oils and home-made oil emulsions. These sprays were absolute failures. The same was true of sprays containing nicotine sulphate and soap, applied in the spring just at the time the larvae were leaving their winter cases to commence feeding on the buds. Apparently the hibernacula are so tightly woven that the spray materials do not penetrate them thoroughly. The failure of the spring treatment to produce any appreciable effect seems to be due to the fact that no one time can be selected when a large enough percentage of the" worms" are exposed to the poison.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
'fhere are several natural enemies which aid in controlling the Leaf Case-bearer. These consist of parasites, including several species of minute wasps, and at least one fly;t predaceous enemies, including two or three species of bugs which attack the larvae and suck out the juices; and birds, as blue jays, which tear open the cases and pick out the "worms."
Rather limited examinations in one grove, during the season of 1916, gave the following results: 8.7ro of the larvae in the cases collected were destroyed by parasites; 12% had been killed by birds, while 14.2% were "sick." Some of these "sick" larvae may have contained parasites but this point was not definitely settled.
In 1917, several lots of ca es were collected from five groves at various intervals between May 18th and July 27th. These were examined carefully and the results are recorded in the following table:
t~Habrobracon varlabilis .Cush., Macrocentrus sp., Exochus aplcalla Cr. Several o ter species were reared In 1917, but these have not yet been determined.
Exorlata pyste Wlk.

12

Table 1-Percentage of Worms Killed by Natural Causes.

Grove

I Total I I Cases

Parasites

No.

%

I I Killed by Birds Dead & Dried

Total Dead

I I No. %

I No.

%

I No.

%

I 304 27 . 8.8 5 1.6 9 2.9 41 13.4

II 365 24 6.5 8 2.2 15 4.1 47 ' 12.9

III 614 18 2.9 12 1.9 27 4.4 57 .' 9.2

IV . 90 15 . 16.6 4 4.4 4 4.4 23 25.5

V Ttl. Avg.

50 7 14.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 10 . ' 20.0

1423

--
91

---

--
31

--

--
56 .

-

-

--
178

- - 6 T - - 2":1 - - 3T - - 12.5

In view of the fact that extensive examinations, including several thousand individuals, have shown that there may be a total annual mortality of nearly 95% of this species, due mainly to the fact that large numbers never form cases on the buds, while many also die during the winter, and that in spite of this the species caused severe injury to the very groves in which the data was obtained, it is evident that little can be hoped for in the way of control by either parasites or birds.
Some very interesting data were obtained during the past season on the value of a predaceous bug, AriLus c1'istatus, in the control of the Leaf Case-bearer. Three bugs ate a total of 76 "worms" between May 11th and June 5th. At this latter date other food had to be provided since no more Case-bearer larvae were available. The larvae were removed from their cases before being fed to the bugs, so these figures must be considerably in excess of those actually obtaining in the field, where the bugs are obliged to search for the "worms" and to attack them in their cases. They indicate, however, that this species may be of considerable benefit wherever it occurs in any numbers. As with the parasites and birds, however, predaceous bugs cannot be relied on to control the pest and wherever Case-bearers are abundant artificial means of control must be employed.

13

VARIETIES OF PECANS ATTACKED. C. S. SPOONER.

There is another most intere ting point in connection with this

insect and that is the freedom from attack enjoyed by many varie-

ties of pecans. This is very evident and easily observed. In the

same grove with trees of different varieties planted next each other,

the one will be heavily infested and the other almost free from

attack.

It was first noticed that the large leaved varieties were most

subject to attack, while the small leaved varieties were, to a large

extent, free from the insects. Further examinations showed the

probable reason for this. It will be remembered that the eggs of

this insect are laid in the angles made by the secondary veins with

the midrib. Now in the large leaved varieties the veins are also

large and form a deep pocket at this angle. In many cases the

entrance to this pocket is hidden by hairs. This forms an ideal

place for the eggs of the Case-bearer. They are hidden and pro-

tected from weather. The small leaved varieties lack these pockets

and the egg must be laid directly on the surface of the leaf. There

is little doubt but that the presence of this pocket favors the at-

tack of these insects. The moths would search for them in prefer-

ence to depositing their eggs on the small leaved varieties.

Notes were taken on the numbers of Case-bearers found on the

different varieties. Trees in the same groves were compared and the

insects were there in sufficient numbers to seriously infest all the

trees, had they not selected the varieties most suitable to them.

The following varieties were severely infested:

Capitol,

Frotscher,

Van Deman,

Taylor,

Schley,

Alley,

Nelson,

Appomattox,

Stuart,

Delmas.

The following list had very few of the Case-bearers on them:

Money-maker,

Mantura,

Hassen,

Rican (none),

Georgia,

Teche,

Curtis,

Young.

Russell,

14

The following varieties seemed to be intermediate between the

above two groups:

Mobile,

Senator,

Creole,

Teddy,

Success,

Bacon,

President,

Hadley.

Pabst,

These lists do not by any means include all the varieties, but

are simply those which have been under observation.

The question may arise as to whether freedom from the at-

tack of this insect should be considered in selecting varieties for

planting. In cases where the varieties are about equal in other

desirable points it would be well to .let this point influence your

choice. This insect is, however, so readily controlled that the free-

10m from attack would not outweigh any serious faults in a va-

riety.

PECAN NUT CASE-BEARER.

(Acrobasis hebesceZla Hulst.)

The Pecan Nut Case-bearer is a comparatively recent comer to 'Georgia, having been here for probably only four years, or five at the most. It has been in Florida for a somewhat longer period and is of quite common occurrence west of the Mississippi, where it appears to be native. As far as we know, in Georgia the species is now confined to groves about Thomasville and Cairo, though it may occur elsewhere along the southern edge of the state. This insect, as its name indicates, is particularly an enemy of the nuts, themselves, altho in certain stages it attacks the shoots and swollen bases of the leaf petioles.
While the Nut Case-bearer is not of great economic importance in Georgia at present, because of its very limited occurrence, it seems very possible that it may eventually become our most serious pecan enemy. In one grove near Thomasville, during 1916, the worms destroyed 50% of the crop on the Frotscher trees and over 35% of the Teche before June 20th. The species always causes most of its damage early in the season, as will be explained later, but the total damage to the grove for the year was undoubtedly as much as 50%, including both varieties.

15
LIFE mSTORY AND HABITS.
Unlike the Leaf Case-bearer, this species has three generations during a single year. It pends the winter as larvae in hibcrnacula attached to the buds, just as does the Leaf Case-bearer. The larvae, or "worms," leave these winter case as soon as the tree commences growth in the spring, and complete their growth by boring into the new shoots and feeding within them. The larvae
look very much like those of the Leaf Case-bearer, varying ill color
from a yellowish brown through various shades of greenish brown and greenish grey to a pinkish olive green. The head and thorasic shield are dark brown. These larvae become full grown and pupate about the first of May and the moths begin to emerge and lay eggs about the middle of the month, at Thomasville.
The moths are about the size of the Leaf Case-bearer moths. Their fore wings are darker in color with a ridge of black scales at the base of each wing. When the wings are folded these ridges give the moth a hump-backed appearance. The hind wings are lighter grey. The abdomen is grey while the head and thorax have a more brownish cast. (Plate I, fig. 2.)
The eggs, which are very small and greenish or pinkish white in color, are laid at the blossom end of the newly formed nutlets, which at this time are about one-fourth to one-half of an inch in length, depending on the variety. These eggs hatch in a very few days and the tiny "worms" crawl down to the bases of the nutlets and bore into them, usually close to the line where the nut is attached to the stem, although occasionally entrance holes are found elsewhere on the nuts.
The young worm usually h0110ws out the nutlet in which it is feeding, eating out the portion which would later become the nut and leaving the portion. which would eventually become the husk. Having finished one nutlet it leaves it and attacks another in the same clust~r. Occasionally the larva migrates to a second nut before it has eaten very much in the first. One larva may feed on as many as four or five nuts before reaching its full size and it is for this reason that the damage is so severe at this time of the year. The hollowed nutlets soon turn brown and dry and may be seen hanging from the stems by threads of silk used by the worms in

16
making their cases. These empty nuts frequently hang on the trees throughout the season.
After becoming half grown, or even sooner, the larva usually builds a short tube or case, perhaps one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch in length, about its entrance hole. (Plate V, fig.!.) This is formed of silk and frass. Frequently a worm will also build a tube from the base of the nut on which it has been feeding to the base of the next one which it attacks and these tubes may be one-half an inch or more in length. This habit, together with its feeding habits, suggested the name of Pecan Nut Casebearer.
In the laboratory the first larva reached full size, in 1916, about June 6th, and one had pupated by June 9th. The great majority of the insects had pupated by June 24th. The larva when preparing for this stage faces with its head towards the ent~'ance burrow and transforms within the little nut which is just about large enough to hold the pupa. The moth emerges through the entrance burrow, which is of. good size. This is due to the fact that the insect pupates, of course, in the last nut attacked and that the "worm" was nearly grown when it entered this nut.
The first adult emerged, in the breeding cage, on June 18th in 1916. In 1917 moths appeared as early as June 10th. Emergence continued till July 9th, 1916, and to July 12th, 1917.
These moths, in turn, lay eggs at the blossom ends of the nuts, which are much larger now, being fully half or more than half grown. Each "worm" feeds only in one nut, and does not clean that one out. As a result each larva of this generation destroys only about one-fourth as many nuts as does a larva of the first generation. (Plate V, fig. 2.)
The entrance burrow is still made near the base of the nut. Since it is made by the worm just after it has hatched it is usually very small and in many instances there is no case about it. Also the adult frequently cannot emerge through it and consequently in such cases another method for emergence is provided. Before it pupates, the larva eats a hole almost through the husk of the nut, leaving just a thin layer of the surface, to cover it. This hole is usually in the side of the nut near the base. The larva then forms
*Thls name was suggested by Mr. A. C. GlJI. of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology.

PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Spraying for Case-Bearer. Using a Bordeaux Nozzle on one line.
so that the tower is not needled. .,.. t. P'Ullng tank from a well. by means of a barrel.

PLA1'E V. Fig. 1. Work of flrst generation on small nuts. (Much enlarged.) Fig. 2. Work of second generation on nearly grown nuts. (Slightly enlarged.)

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. :summer case (much enlarged).

Fig. 2. Winter case near bud.

Fig. 3. Summer case on leaf; note dark area, where Insect has fed. Cigar CaseBearer.

PLATE PlI.

Fig. 1. Web-worm moth covering eggs.

Fig. 2. Same egg batch with moth removed.

Fig. 3. Egg batch of walnut, or pecan, caterpillar.

17
a cocoon of silk and frass, with the head end open and attached about the exit hole. It pupates in this cocoon and later transforms into a moth. This moth simply pushes out the flap and escapes.
The nuts attacked by the second generation seldom hang on the trees as do the nuts attacked by the first, since they are much heavier and are not held by silk. They frequently drop before the moths have emerged, and the worm complete their feeding and transform to adults in these nuts on the ground.
The second generation pupated between August 3rd and 20th, 1916, mostly about August 16th. Moths began emerging about August 15th and apparently all had emerged by about September 1st. In 1917 one moth emerged as early as August 10th.
The larvae of the third generation feed little, if at all, on the nuts. Instead they attack the swollen bases of the leaf stems, feeding in these until it is time for them to form their winter cases on the buds. It will be noticed that the "worms" of this generation feed on leaf and stem tissue throughout their entire life (both in the fall and spring), while those of the other two generations feed on nuts.
CONTROL.
We have not conducted any experiments, as yet, for the particular control of this species, for this reason. During 1916 one grove, rather severely infested with Leaf Case-bearers, was sprayed as recommended, with arsenate of lead, between August 22nd and 25th. In 1916 fully 50% of the nuts in this grove were destroyed by the Nut Case-bearer. In 1917 this species destroyed only 5.8% of the nuts on the worst infested tree in the grove. These results seem to indicate that the spray used for the Leaf Case-bearer, if applied at the proper season, will also control the Nut Case-bearer. However, this cannot be definitely stated, since another factor, to be mentioned below, complicates the situation and may be sufficient of itself to account for these results. This decrease in infestation further precluded the possibility of control experiments in 1917, as no groves were found in which the insects were present in sufficient numbers to furnish reliable data.
As previously noted, winter spraying with various materials

18
has not yet proven efficient against the Leaf Case-bearer, and cannot be expected to be any more so against this insect.
NATURAL ENEMIE .
The natural enemies of this species appear to control it more efficiently than i the ca e with any other important insect attacking pecans. To return once more to the grove already mentioned as losing half of its crop through the work of the Nut Casebearer, during 1916, it was found that 50% of the first generation was destroyed by parasites. Of these there were reared two species of Hymenoptera, which together killed 23.5%, and one Dipteron,t or fly, which accounted for 26.5%. As will be seen, this is the most important of the enemies of the Nut Case-bearer as yet recorded. This fly al 0 attacks the Leaf Case-bearer to some extent.
As a result of this parasitism the second generation was much less abundant than the first. The percentage of "worms" destroyed in this way wa also less, in the second generation, but still about 10% to 12% were killed. This difference is probably due, for the most part, to the fact that the larvae of this generation live entirely in a sheltered position, while tho e of the first generation are frequently exposed, when migrating from one nut to another and before they are able to burrow within each new nut, thus giving the fly, which is the most important enemy, an opportunity to lay its eggs on them.
In 1917, as stated in the discussion on control, the infestation in this same grove was only nominal, one tree, the most severely infested, losing only 5.8% of its nuts, and the damage to the entire grove being about 1%, or less. Since this grove was sprayed, in 1916 at about the time the young larvae began to attack the bases of the leaf stems, many of them may have been killed by the spray. Neverthele s, the results for the early part of 1916 indicate that parasites exert an important influence on the abundance of Nut Case-bearers.
In 1917, of the insects handled in breeding cages, 17.3% of the first generation were destroyed, 13% by the fly and 4.3% by the
*Habrobracon varlabliis Cush., Mlcrobracon sp. Other species reared in 1017 have not been determined.
t Exorlsta pyste Wlk.

19
wasp parasites. .AB a result the second generation was not at all abundant, only an occasional infested nut being found.
Growers should bear in mind the fact that parasites are almost never entirely satisfactory as a means of control of injurious insects. They never absolutely destroy their host insect, as to do so would be to starve themselves to death. However, during years when the host insect is scarce, great numbers of the parasites cannot find food and consequently die. Thus they become scarce, in their turn, and the host insects being almost free from enemies begin to increase in numbers, rapidly, the parasites also becoming more numerous as their food insects become abundant, but never quite catching them. Finally there is a climax year when the pest is extremely abundant and injurious, at first, while the parasites are also abundant, and finally destroy a large percentage of the injurious form. As a result the pest will be scarce the next year and the parasite, abundant at first, will themselves become more and more scarce as their food becomes harder and harder to find, till they too are rare, and the whole cycle begins over again.
It is for this reason that insects having important insect enemies, such as is the case with army worms, are abundant only periodically. This will undoubtedly prove true WIth the Nut Casebearer and consequently it will probably be necessary to supplement the work of parasites by artificial control during some seasons.
VARIETIES OF PECANS ATTACKED.
Very little has been noted on this phase of the problem. In the spring of 1917, however, in a grove containing Frotscher, Teche and Alley, it was observed that a few infested nuts were to be found on almost every Frotscher before any could be located on Alley or Teche. Later, however, the two latter varieties were attacked slightly.
THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER.
(iColeophora ooryaefoliella Clem.)
This insect is a leaf feeder like the Leaf Case-bearer. It is a much smalle~ insect than the latter, the adult being a small, shiny

20
brown moth, which, with its wings spread, measures something under half an inch across. The wing are very narrow with a thick fringe of long hairs on the hind margins. The case is entirely different from that constructed by the two case-bearers which have already been discussed, in that the latter construct a case, bit by bit, from particles of frass bound together with silk, while the Cigar Case-bearer makes its case of pieces of leaf, fastened and lined with silk. (Plate VI, fig. 1.)
While this insect is widely spread throughout the pecan belt of Georgia it has not been found, as yet, in sufficient numbers to cause serious damage. Infestations have been observed in Florida, however, where tEe damage was very severe.
The life hi tory of the insect is very similar to that of the Pecan Case-bearer. The young larvae spend the winter in small cases around the buds, usually in the angle between the bud and the twig. (Plate VI, fig. 2.) In the spring, when the buds swell, they leave their nesting place and feed upon the buds, destroying them. Later they feed on the leaves. When feeding on the leaves the larva mines into the leaf, eating out the interior, but leaving the upper and under surface intact. In doing this it fastens its case at a right angle to the leaf and make a small hole through tbe surface, directly under the mouth of the case. It then eats out tbe interior of the leaf in every direction, as far as it can reacb. Having exhausted one spot it moves its case to a new place and repeats tbe operation. (Plate VI, fig. 3.)
rbe insects pupate during tbe :first part of May and tbe adults emerge the last of May and the :first of June. Tbe eggs are laid on the leaves, during tbe middle and latter part of June. Upo:p. hatching the larvae mine into the leaves and spend some time there, entirely between the two surfaces. Tbey tben cut out tbe dry brown portions of tbe leaf, tie them together into a case and move about, feeding as previously described. In tbe fall tbey migrate from the leaves to the buds where tbey attach themselves for the winter.
This insect seldom does sufficient damage to warrant control measures. In case of local severe outbreaks we would recommend spraying tbe trees with arsenate of lead, in the spring, using tbe formula given for the control of tbe Leaf Case-bearer.

21
THE PECAN BUDWORM.
(Proteopteryx bolliana Sling.)
Altho it attacks trees of all ages to some extent, the budworm is particularly a pest of nursery trees and of trees newly set in groves. Like many other pests, while it occurs throughout the pecan growing region of Georgia, it very seldom is present in sufficient numbers to cause serious injury.
This species spends the winter in the adult, or moth stage, hiding under loose bark or elsewhere about the fields. The moth is about the size of the Leaf Case-bearer moth, measuring about five-eighths of an inch with the wings spread. The general color of the front wings is grey mottled in a very pretty pattern with black, while the hind wings are dark grey without markings. (Plate I, fig. 4.) These moths are very abundant in the fall, especially during November, when they may be found resting on the trunks and larger branches of the trees. If disturbed they fly only a short distance, perhaps four or five feet, returning immediately to the same tree.
The larvae are greenish white in color, with black head and thorasic shield when young-these becoming dark brown in the
older larvae. The fuli grown worm is about five-eighths of an inch
long. These grown larvae of the first generation usually leave the bud and migrate to the trunks, where they pupate under loose bark. This habit seems to be very strongly ingrained, since in at least one instance under observation the larvae were forced to travel more than thirty feet from foliage to trunk, which they did in large numbers.
There are at least five generations of this species in South Georgia. The later generations, not having the 'new and tender shoots to feed on, pick out the youngest foliage present on the trees. This is particularly noticeable during the late summer when the trees put on their second growth. At this time the work of these worms, which has been scarcely noticeable for two or three months, becomes very evident again. In feeding on the foliage the larva folds over the edge of the leaf, fastens this loosely with silk and feeds within, or at the ends of this fold. These larvae do not migrate to the trunk for pupation, as do those of the first generation, but transform within the folded leaflet.

22
CONTROL.
Under ordinary conditions no control measures are required against this pest. In severe local outbreaks, however, it woulJ be well to spray the trees with arsenate of lead in the spring.
I
PEOAN SHUOKWORM.
(Laspeyresia (Enannonia) caryana Fitch.)
This insect occurs throughout the pecan belt of Georgia., While it is not found in injurious numbers in all localities, practically no grove in the state is entirely free from it, and it may become serious, during some seasons, wherever it occurs.
The young, or larvae, burrow in the outer shucks, or husks, of the pecan nuts. The damage is of two sorts. If the insects attack the young nuts these fail to develop. If they attack the larger nuts they may fail to fill out, so that when gathered they contain merely a shriveled kernel. The principal injury to the large nuts, however, conSIsts in staining the shell with dark blotches. This materially reduces the market value of nuts. Considerable trouble is caused also by the fact that the infested husks often stick to the nuts and must be removed by force.
The life history of this species is not completely known, at present, but enough is known to suggest a sure method for suppressing the pest, as will be shown later. The larvae spend the winter in the shucks, on the ground. Toward spring, that is in the latter part of February and through March, they pupate, or go into the resting stage during which they change from the worm to the adult moth. This stage, also, occurs in the husk of the nut. The insects become adult and emerge from the husks early in the spring. A few have been reared as early as March 22d (1914) and emergence may continue at least as late as April 28th (1916). The time of greatest emergence was from April 7th to 14th in 1914, and from April 3d to 10th in 1916. The adult is a small moth about onehalf to five-eighths of an inch across, when the wings are spread. The color is mottled brown and bronze.
In the early spring, when the moths of the overwintered generation appear, the nutlets have not yet been formed and the activ-

23

ities of this species during the weeks intervening between the emergence of the moths and the appearance of larvae in the young nuts have not been definitely determined. It had been thought that the larvae might attack the young shoots, but whether or not such is the case we have not been able to determine as yet.-
Beginning in late June the larvae of this species are found attacking the nuts. These larvae are creamy white in color, with light brown heads. They feed on the husk, or shuck, of the nuts and during the early part of the season, before the nut shell is hardened, they frequently eat into the nut itself. Moths again appear in August. These lay eggs on the nuts or leaves and from these hatch out the worms found in the shucks at gathering time. These worms are not full grown when winter arrives but continue their feeding in the shucks on the ground till about midwinter or even later, when they pupate, as noted previously.

CONTROL.
The best method of control is to gather and burn the shucks when the nuts are harvested in the fall. This is an economical and very effective method of reducing the l1umbers of the pest.' If the nuts are beaten from the trees on to large sheets, laid on the ground, the nuts can then be picked out and the shucks gathered and put into racks and carried off to be burned. In this way a very large per cent of the insects will be destroyed.
Late fall plowing will also prove effective. Experiments have shown that 75 to 80% of the insects buried to a depth of three inches will be killed and over 95% of them killed when covered to a depth of six inches. Pasturing hogs in the groves during fall and winter will undoubtedly be beneficial, also.

NATURAL ENEMIES.

Parasites have been reared in considerable numbers from this insect. t The percentage of parasitism is often very high, altho there is no present indication that natural enemies will control the pest sufficiently to warrant stopping the artificial measures mentioned above.

~GI1l states, In a recent bul1etin, that these first generation larvae probably at.

~teskstpmigonthust

s t

and hlcl<ory nuts, o emerge, waiting

for the most part. only for pecan nuts. (0111, J.

a small percentage of B., Farmer's Bulletin

the 848,

. D. A., 1917.)

tCa'"ephlaltell graphollthall (Cres.), Phanerotoma tlblai's Hald., Mlcrobracon S[l.

24
THE FALL WEBWORM.
(Hyphantria cunea Drury.)
This insect is well .known to all pecan growers. It forms the familiar webs enclosing the tips of the branches. The adult moth is about an inch across when the wings are spread. These moths are usually pure white in color, although sometimes. they are marked with black spots on the wings. (Plate I, fig. 5.) The eggs are laid in clusters of several hundred on the under side of the leaves. The moth usually covers the egg batch with her body and wings, remaining in this position until she dies. (Plate VII, figs. 1 and 2.)
Upon hatching the young caterpillars commence feeding upon the surface of the leaves and as they feed they enclose the foliage in a web. When they exhaust the food within the web they enlarge it, including more and more leaves until the entire tip of the branch is covered, forming the unsightly nest with its enclosed brown and dead leaves which is such a familiar sight on many kinds of trees. The caterpillars are usually yellow and are clot~ed with long black and yellow hairs. Occasionally they are very dark, almost black in color.
When fully grown the larvae leave the nests and crawl to some secluded spot, under loose bark, under boards and sometimes just below the surface of the soil. Here they pupate and later the moths emerge to lay eggs for the next generation.
In southern Georgia there are two broods a year and a partial third brood. That is, some of the late caterpillars of the second brood do not mature the first season. The insect spends the winter in the pupal stage, the moths emerging in the spring. The :first nests appear about the middle of May, the second brood nests appearing in August and September, and the partial third brood also appearing late in September and into October.
Aside from the unsightly appearance which the nests give the trees, this insect is not of serious importance during most years and in most localities, though its feeding is bound to check the growth of the trees to some extent. This is especially true in the case of the young groves .and nursery stock. Occasionally, however, the damage is very serious, as in 1916, around Thomasville. During that year the species was abundant throughout the summer and by

25
the middle of September several groves were almost defoliated. (Plate VIII, fig.!.) Most of these groves were young ones, but one, compo~ed of nine year old trees, was so everely attacked that by the end of September somewhat over 400/0 of the foliage of the entire grove had been eaten by the caterpillars. Of course this work was not evenly distributed, so that while a very few trees were not attacked, many were entirely defoliated. In addition to eating the foliage the caterpillars fed on the shucks of the nut . AP. a result the shells were badly stained and it was practically impossible to remove the uneaten portion of the shucks from the nuts, so that the crop on the e trees was almost worthless. (Plate VIII, fig. 2.)
CONTROL.
Such outbreaks are entirely unnecessary if care is taken to destroy the caterpillars early in the season. This may be done by systematically destroying the webs with the worms in them. They can be burned with a torch, or cut off and burned later. Many people simply twist the nests out of the branch by means of a stick with a nail driven partly through one end, and then crush the larvae on the ground. With a little care in this matter the grower will have no trouble in controlling the pest.
WALNUT OR PECAN CATERPILLAR.
(Datana integerrima G. & Eo)
This is another leaf-eating insect which feeds upon the pecan. The larvae are dark with two white stripes on each side of the body, and are clothed with a few short hairs. The adult moths are yellow brown with four white stripes across each front wing.
The eggs are laid in masses of several hundred on the under side of the leaves. (Plate VII, fig. 3.) The caterpillars feed on the foliage. Unlike the Fall Webworm these insects do not spin webs but move freely about the trees. When nearly grown the larvae all gather together on the trunk of the tree on which they are feeding and shed their skins for the last time. They then go back to the branches and feed for a short period after which they leave the tree and enter the ground to pupate.

26
These insects may be easily killed while they are in the bunch on the trunk of the tree. They can be scraped off and crushed. This will greatly. reduce the numbers of future generations. In cases where the insect is very numerous the trees should be sprayed with arsenate of lead, '1l/2 pounds of powder or 3 pounds of paste to 50 gallons of water.
THE PECAN CATOCALAS.
(Catocala spp.)
At least two species of Catocalas feed on pecan. The adults are large moths, with greyish or dark brown front wings. The hind wings of one species are yellow with two transverse black lines, while those of the other are dark brown with a narrow band of white.
The caterpillars, when full grown, are large, one measuring over two inches in length and the other three inches. Both are dark grey with various markings. The hide is tough and leathery in appearance, and the caterpillars are sometimes known as " alligator worms."
These insects, because of their coloring and their habit of hiding in crevices in the bark during the day time, are seldom noticed. Ordinarily they are not particularly injurious but they may become so, occasionally. The larvae are usually present only in April and May. They may be controlled by hand picking or by an arsenical spray. They will also gather, at night, under bands of burlap, if these be tied loosely about the trunks, and can be col lected and destroyed the following morning.
TWIG GmDLERS.
(Oncideres cing'Ulata Say.)
'1.'he twig girdlers are probably the most widely known of all the pecan pests and they occur throughout the pecan belt. There are two species, but the only one observed thus far, injuring the trees in thi state, is cingulata. Both apparently work in the same manner.

27
The female beetles girdle the small branches of the trees and lay their eggs in these. The cut branches eventually break and fall to the ground. It is this pruning work which is known to the growers, the beetles themselves seldom being seen. As has been said this girdling is done by the female, which lays its eggs in these cut twigs. The work starts about the middle of September and continues until December. 'l'he female, after girdling a twig, proceeds to lay eggs in the cut-off portion, from one to several eggs being deposited in a single twig. The beetle cuts a slit just below a bud, then thrusts her ovipositor through this slit between the wood and the bark and deposits a single long slender white egg. (Plate IX, fig. 2.) She usually scars the bark \vith transverse shallow grooves, below the point where the egg is deposited. (Plate IX, fig. 1.) The purpose of this scarring is not certainly known. It probably aids in protectirig the egg in some manner. There can be no doubt, on the other hand, that the girdling of the. twig is for the purpose of killing it, since its continued growth would cru h the eggs. Also, the young are probably unable to feed on live wood.
The eggs hatch in a little less than a month and the white borers immediately commence feeding. This feeding continues through the winter and on till the next fall, the borers becoming full size and pupating in late August or early September. In somt: cases it appears that the adults do not emerge the first year, but the pupae, or perhaps the larvae live over till the next year.
Under ordinary circumstances the injury caused by these insects is not of serious importance. When very abundant, however, especially in young groves, the girdlers may cause very material damage.
In order to control this specie all the fallen twigs should be gathered during the fall and winter and burned. It is not possible to destroy the insects entirely a they also attack hickories and perimmons, in the woods, where it is practically impo sible to empl.oy this method. If followed faithfully, however, the grower WIll have no difficulty in keeping the girdlers well in hand.
FLAT HEADED BORERS.
The flat headed borers are the most abundant and most destructive of the borers attacking the pecan. The adults of these

28
borers are flat, hard beetles usually shiny and with metallic lustre. The larvae are whitish grubs with broad flat heads, the body cylindrical and much narrower than the head. Thr~e species have been taken from pecan, thus far. Of these the most important seems to be the Apple Tree Flat Headed Borer.
The larvae bore into the bark and feed between the bark and the wood. As is well known this is the part of the tree which is alive and growing. So wherever these insects bore, that portion of the tree is killed. On small trees or where the number of borers is large these tunnels may extend entirely around the tree, thus girdling and killing it outright.
The adult beetles emerge principally during May and deposit eggs in crevices in the bark. As soon as these eggs hatch the larvae. tunnel into the bark. When fully grown these larvae enclose themselves in cells composed of borings and rass and there pupate. The following spring the adults emerge and lay eggs for the next generation.
Judging by evidence recently obtained there may either be two broods a year or it may sometimes require two years for the insects to mature. The fact that larvae of two sizes have been found in the fall leads to one of these conclusions. t
The most satisfactory method of combating these insects so far known, is to dig them out. Their presence is usually indicated by cracks in the bark along a depressed or sunken area. The tunnels should be opened and then painted with a good quality of white lead paint to prevent further decay.
THE COSSID BORER.
(Cossu1.a magnifica Strecker.)
This is the insect whose larval stage and work are referred to by growers as "round heads" and "round head work." These are not round headed borers, however, the adult of the round head being a hard-shelled beetle, with long antennae or "horns," much like the adult of the twig-girdler, while the adult of the cossid borer is a moth. (Plate I, fig. 3.)
*Chrysobothrls femorata Fab. (The Apple Tree Flat Headed Borer), C. scltula and Agrillus anxious.
tGW states that this dlfterence is due to the fact that the adults emerge at any time from March to November, that is, that there is no definite period of a few weeks when they appear and lay eggs. U. S. D. A. Farmer's Bulletin, 843, p. 39
(1917).

29.
This insect works within the wood of the tree, attacking the trunk and the larger branches. It attacks trees which are apparently sound in every way. In ordinary infestations the damage done is not particularly serious, but the borers may eat out so much of the wood, in a young tree, as to cause it to break in a high wind.
This species always leaves a hole through the bark at the beginning of its burrow. (Plate IX, fig. 3.) Through this hole it pushes out castings, rather large pellets of a yellowish, or frequently reddish color. 'rhese are very noticeable, at the foot of an infested tree, and tlu:ough them attacks by this insect can always be located.
The moths appear in the spring. The work of the larvae hatching from their eggs is not apparent until the next fall, when the castings can be found under infested trees. The larvae feed till spring, then, after enlarging the entrance hole to their burrow, they pupate within it. When the moth emerges it leaves its empty pupal skin protruding from the burrow. It seems certain, at least in south Georgia, that there is one generation a year.
CONTROL.
This borer is easily controlled by injecting a little carbon bisulphide into the burrow and then plugging it with wax or even chewing gum. Some growers use a little medicine dropper for injecting the liquid, but one man who has had good succe s in controlling this insect uses a different method. He has his men carry with them a little vial of bi-sulphide, a small wad of cotton lint and a little ball of wax. This wax is made by melting together equal parts of beeswax and tallow. When thoroughly melted this is dropped into cold water and, as quickly as possible, is worked up into balls as big through as a quarter. Whenever a man sees evidences of borer work, he takes a bit of cotton, dips it into the bisulphide and pushes it into the burrow, after which he plugs the burrow with wax.
This method has been mentioned at some length because of the fact that it shows the constant care and watchfulness exercised by this grower. With both cossids and flat-heads the most important point in control is watchfulness. Every time that evidences of their

30
presence are seen step should be taken, immediately, to eradicate them. If thi is done the grower will have little difficulty in con trolling these pests.
SHOT HOLE AND PIN HOLE BORERS.
'l'his group, following the general classification as made by growers, really includes several groups of insects which are quite widely separated in their characters, habits, etc. For all practical purposes, however, the grouping is perfectly sound. The presence of all these insects is evidenced by the smooth round holes which they leave in the bark of infested trees, these holes varying in size as indicated by the name of the group. Moreover, all these insects attack only such trees or portions of trees as are dead, dying or considerably weakened by other causes. They seldom do any actual damage to a grove, being dangerous only through the fact that they may attack and kill a tree, which though in weakened condition might otherwise recover.
The principal shot hole borer is known as the Red Shouldered Shot Hole Borer. This insect caused considerable anxiety throughout south Georgia during the spring of 1917. The adult bores into a branch or even the trunk of a young tree, usually through, or just above a leaf scar. It then forms a circular tunnel running partly, or entirely around the limb just within the woody portion. In this tunnel it lays its eggs, the young burrowing up the limb. (Plate IX, fig. 4.) These limbs are very easily snapped off at the location of the circular tunnel.
As stated above, the work of this species was very abundant in 1917, and at the time of its di covery the trees appeared to be in perfectly normal condition. Examination soon showed, however, that the infested trees suffered, invariably, from winter injury of so serious a nature that they must have died eventually from that cause alone, though at the time they had every outward appearance of perfect health.
Another species of general occurrence during the same spring was the Pecan Ambrosia Beetle,t a little beetle which makes a hole less than one-thirty-second of an inch in diameter. 'This insect at-
'Xyleblops (Slnoxylon) basllare Say. tXyleborlnus (Xyleborua) pecanls Hopk.

31
tacks the trunk or branches, boring straight into them for a short distance and then turning up or down and following the general direction of the grain. It lays its eggs in a small chamber and the young borers, upon hatching, feed together in the egg chamber. This insect causes a greenish discoloration of the wood, especially about the ~gg chamber where the young larvae feed. As was the case with the shot hole borer, mentioned previously, the trees appeared to be perfectly sound, except for the work of these borers. Further examination, however, showed that they, too, were suffering from winter injury.
While an -attack by any of the various species forming this group is a certain sign that the host is in an unhealthy condition, such trees or portions of trees should always be removed and burned, for the general good of the grove. In addition to this all cut surfaces, of any size, should be treated with a mixture of coal tar and creosote to prevent decay which will attract these beetles. This should be borne in mind particularly when top working trees.
THE LESSER PECAN TREE BORER.
(Synanthedon (Sesia) gelifoT1nis Walker.)
Two different species of clear winged moths, both related to each other and to the peach tree borers, occur on pecan. One species has been recorded by IIerrick a attacking the pecan in Mississippi and this species appears to be the one attacking it in North Carolina. The moth is deep steel blue in color with yellow bands on abdomen and legs. Gossard t found a species attacking pecan in Florida and, not finding the adult, judged it to be the same insect. We have never taken this insect in Georgia, our form producing a moth which is dark brown in color, with a bright red hind body, or abdomen. It also seems probable that this is the species occurring in Florida. Since this form is related more closely to the Les er Peach-tree Borer, and since moreover, the name Pecan Tree-borer has already been applied to the other species, it has seemed best to call our in ect the Lesser Pecan-tree Borer,
*(Sesla scltula Harris), Herrick, Glenn W., Miss. Agr. Exp. St&., Bull. 86 (l90(), P.11.
tGossard, H. A., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 79 (1905), p. 299.

32
The life history of this species has not yet been thoroughly worked out. Moths appear over a period .of at least three months in the spring, from the :first of March to the last of May. They lay their eggs on the bark, and the young larvae, upon hatching, burrow inward and commence feeding in the inner layer of bark. (Plate X, fig. 1.) The insect attack trees of all sizes and may be found anywhere from a foot above ground to 15 or 20 ft. above, in the branches. They spend the winter in the larval, or borer stage, pupating during the late winter or .early spring. On emerging the moth leave its empty pupal case protruding somewhat, usually from beneath a scale of the bark. We have not been able to determine whether there are two generations a year or not.
Since the lesser pecan-tree borers eat out only a small area espe<:lially when compared to the size of the trees, they usually do not cause any material injury. Owing to the fact, however, that they appear to congregate mainly in a few trees they may sometimes become so numerous as not only to seriously injure a tree but to girdle it, thus killing it outright. (Plate X, fig. 2.)
. CONTROL.
No particular method of control can be recommended. The borers are worse on trees with rough scaly bark than on those whose bark is smooth. An occasional examination, through the winter, by removing rough pieces of bark, will usually reveal the work of these insects, if they are present, and the. larva can be located and killed.
Repellant white washes have been tried to some extent but nothing of this nature has proven satisfactory thus far.
A PECAN NUT CURCULIO.*
Proba.bly the Walnut Cureulio.
(ConotracheZus jug land-is Lee.)
For several years reports reached this office of a weevil working in pecan nuts and occasionally specimens of nuts with the characteristic weevil holes in them were sent in. These came from Putney, Ga., Thomasville and one or two places in north Gear ~a.
-By C. S. Spooner.

PLATE VllI.
Fig. 1. Young tree, four years old, defoliated by web-worms. Fig. 2. Nearly mature nuts attacked by web-worms.

PLA.TE IX.

Fig. 1. Twig girdler; egg puncture and scarring.

Fig.-2-.-Twlg girdler; egg. (Bark has been removed.)

Fig. 8. Cossld Borer. Entrance to burrow. (Much reduced.)

Fig. 4. Red shouldered Shot-Hole Borer. Entrance hole of adult,
above bud, and channel made by young.

ERRATA:
Plate IX, Fig. 3, should I'ead: "Less er Pecan Tree Borer and lVork on tree (almot natural size)."
Plate X, Fig. 1, hOllld read: "Cos id Borer. Entrance to burrow (much re-
duted). "

PLATE X. Fig. 1. Lesser Pecan Tree Borer and work on tree
(almost natural size).
Fig. 2. Nine year old tree. practically dead from work of Lesser Pecan Tree Borer.

PLATE XI.
Pecan Phylloxera Galls on leaves.

33
Not until 1915, however, were these insects observed in any numbers.
In the spring of 1915 attention was called to a Rican tree at DeWitt, Ga., well loaded with nuts which were attacked by a curculio. They showed the characteristic egg puncture with the crescent shaped slit below. Fully 900/0 of the nuts of this tree were attacked and fell. At the same time in other localities the same insect was observed working in the tender new shoots of pecan trees. In these cases the larvae were tunneling out the center of the shoot and caused its death. The probable reason for this difference in habit is that the Rican nuts are much earlier and larger than the pecans. They were large enough to support the young weevil larvae while the pecan nuts were not. Therefore on the pecans the insects had to deposit their eggs in the new sprouts.
The full life history of this insect has not been worked out. According to Mr. W. D. Pierce, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, an authority on this group, the insect probably has three broods a year in Georgia. Thus this insect can become a serious menace to the pecan industry.
The larva of this insect when attacking the nuts eats out the inner part of the nut which soon falls to the ground. The grub then bore its way out and enters the ground where it forms a cell in the earth and pupates.
Control measures have not been worked out yet, but shallow plowing at the time the weevils are in the ground in the pupal state is indicated.
THE HICKORY AND PECAN WEEVIL.
(Balanintts caryae Horn.)
This insect has been reported as destructive to pecans, in Georgia, only during single widely separated seasons and from very limited areas. As it might become of serious importance, however, it is well for the grower to know about it and to watch for it.
The adult is a dark brown weevil, having a very long, slender snout. The young is a white grub, like that found in chestnuts. In fact this insect is very closely related to the chestnut weevil. The adult lays her egg in the nut, the grub hatching out and feed-

34
ing in the nut until fall, when it bore a round hole out through the shell, goes into the ground and pupates. The adults emerge during the spring or early summer. Ai; will be seen, it is practically impossible to tell whether an unopened nut has been attacked or not, unless the grub has left it. The egg puncture is so small that one can hardly find it.
CONTROL.
Probably the best method for controlling this pest is to fumigate the nuts with carbon bi-sulphide, using about 10 pounds to 1,000 cubic feet. It is also reported that the grub may be killed by heating the nuts to 125 0 -150 0 Fahrenheit. With either method it is necessary to gather and treat all the nuts from trees which are found to' be infested. They must also be gathered early, before the grubs have entered the ground.
One severe outbreak near Thom~sville, Ga., was apparently controlled by turning hogs into the grove as early as pos ible in the fall At least, no other control methods were tried and the insects did not cause any injury in the grove the following year.
A LEAF FEEDING BEETLE.*
(Diplotaxis excavata Leconte.)
On April 16th, 1912, at DeWitt, Ga., a large number of leaves and young growing tips of pecans were found on the ground. These had been cut off by insects. For some time the cause of this trouble could not 'be located, but finally numbers of small holes were noticed in the ground. On examination these were found to contain a species of beetle known as Diplotaxis excavata. They are cylindrical black beetles a little less than half an inch long. They resemble somewhat the well known May bettles. The larvae live under ground on the roots of various plants and only the adult attacks the pecan. The injury was quite severe and had a decided pruning effect on the trees. The attack lasted about two week , when the beetles disappeared.
If the beetles occur in sufficient numbers to seriously affect the
"By C. S. Spooner.

35
trees they can be controlled by spraying at their first appearance
with arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 pounds of paste, or 1112 pounds
vf powder, to 50 gallons of water.
LEAI' HOPPER.t
(Empoasca sp.)
Occasionally one notices that the leaves of pecans, especially the new tender ones, are very much curled and distorted. This is caused by small green sucking insects known as leaf-hoppers. They are very much like the apple leaf-hopper, bright green in color and about one-fourth of an inch in length.
These insects feed on the under side of the leaf. They have mouth parts fitted for sucking and pierce the surface of the leaf with their beaks, sucking the juices of the plants. This causes the leaves to curl and when the insects are numerous seriously affects the nutrition of the tree, especially young trees with few leaves.
These insects can be readily controlled by a spray of whale oil soap, one pound to two gallons of water. As this insecticide kills by contact and not by being eaten care must be taken to hit the under side of the leaves where the insects stay.
PECAN PHYLLOXERA.
(PhyZlozera sp.)
The pecan phylloxera is a small plant louse which cause's the formation of galls on the leaves and leaf stems. (Plate XI, fig. 1.) It is seldom found on old trees, but occurs quite frequently on young ones and is very common on nursery stock. It apparently does no damage in particular and up to the present no measures of control have been needed against it.

~meAwt hlaetas

t one simUa

s r

pecies of nature.

the Such

true May an attack

beetle may cause was observed near

serious Injury of a Augusta. In 1917. the

~eBysbeing almost entirely defollated. (W. F. T.)

C. S. Spooner.

36
THE PECAN APHIS.
(Monellia costalis F.)
This is the small yellow species with the front margins of the fore wings bordered with dark brown or black, which occurs on pecans throughout south Georgia. It is accompanied by a second, somewhat smaller species of much less common occurrence which lacks the broad, dark wing margin. This second species carries its wings over itself like a roof while th.e commoner species holds them flat over its back.
The aphids may first be found, in the spring, about the last of March, at Thomasville. When full grown these insects are winged and only females occur. From then on, throughout the summer and early fall, generation follows generation, all adults being females and bearing living young (parthenogenetic and viviparou ). Also they are all winged. There may be as many as twenty-one such generations during a season, each female producing about thirty to forty young on the average. We have a record of one which bore 239 young.
About the middle of October young aphids are found which differ somewhat in color and markings and in general appearance from the others. These eventually grow into egg laying (oviparous) females and males. These females are without wings (apterous) even when fully grown. The males are "vinged but are somewhat smaller than the summer form and bear black markings on the thorax, by which they may easily be determined.
These males and females mate and the latter lay small eggs, depositing them on the trunk and main branches, under loose bark. This egg stage carries the insects over winter, the eggs hatching the following March to start another year's cycle.
Both species feed on the under surface of the leaves, apparently preferring rather old foliage to the newer and more tender growth. The insects with flat wings, and their young, are found well scattered about over the leaves, while adults of the other species are usually to be found surrounded by several young, all rather close together. This seems to be due to the fact that the flat winged species is more "nervous" than the other, not remaining in one
-Moneilla sp.

37
place as long and being much more prone to jump when disturbed in any way.
These species do not appear to' cause any serious damage, at present. For one thing, although they reproduce so rapidly, quantities of them are destroyed by lady beetles and their young, which swarm over the infested trees. In case of a severe outbreak the trees should be sprayed with a nicotine solution and soap.
SPITTLE INSECT.
During 1917 this insect, whose young live within small accumulations of a froth-like material, was very abundant on pecans in some localities, especially about Thomasville and Valdo ta, and was the cause of many inquiries from growers in these districts.
In the spring the young feed mainly on the swollen bases of the leaf stems. Later they attack the young nuts and it is on these that they are usually to be found during the summer and early fall. It is this habit which caused anxiety among the nut growers.
Numerous observations and experiments have failed, thus far, to show any particular evidence of injury by this species. In our experiments, nuts fed on by the insects were no more liable to fall than were those which were free from attack. Consequently, the presence of this species need not cause any uneasiness and no control measures are needed.

38
PECAN SCAB.
(Fusicladium etfusum.)
BY C. S. SPOONER.
Pecan scab is the most serious disease affecting the pecan. It is caused by a fungus which enters the tissues of the leaves and nuts and seriously affects their development. Its presence may be recognized by small black pustules on the surface of both leaves and nuts. The pustules are about 1-18 of an inch in diameter and may be so numerous as to practically cover the entire surface. The pustules contain the spores of the fungus and it is by means of these spores that the disease is spread. They escape from the pustule and lodge upon fresh surfaces where, in the presence of moisture they germinate, enter the tis ue and develop into the fungus which in turn develops new pustules and spores.
When the disease is confined to the leaves it does not seriously affect the health of the tree, but when it attacks the nuts it does affect the development of the nut. It causes the nut to drop off or reduces its size according to the abundance of the :DIngus.
Susceptible and Immune Varieties.
There is a great difference in the susceptibility of the different varieties of pecans to scab. Some are apparently entirely immune, others are attacked very slightly, showing scab spots on a few nuts which are growing close to the trunk or heavily shaded by the branches, while others are very severely attacked so that few if any nuts escape injury. 'fhis is strikingly shown by trees of different varieties growing next one another. On one the whole crop will be diseased, while on the other no trace of the disease will be found. There is also apparently a sectional difference in the degree of susceptibility to scab. For example, in the Thomasville district the Delmas scabs badly; while in the Albany district it is quite free from disease. In Florida the VanDeman is reported as scabbing badly, while with us it is only slightly affected.
The varieties which are most subject to scab with us are, Georgia, San Saba and other Texas varieties, Capitol, Delmas and many seedlings. Seedlings are usually very severely injured by scab.

39
Van Deman, Schley, Alley, Halkert, Mobile scab to a slight degree, but not enough to warrant uneasiness. Scab has also been recorded as occurring on Stuart and Jewett to a slight extent.
Present indications show that Money-maker, Russell, Stuart, Schley and Alley are among the better known varieties which are safe to plant from the standpoint of scab.
Seasonal Difference.
There is a great seasonal difference in the severity of scab. Very wet seasons promote the growth of the fungus to a great degree. One season has been observed by the writer in which practically every Georgia nut in one grove was destroyed by scab before the season was half over.
On the other hand in v.ery dry seasons the loss is hardly noticeable, when the nuts are so lightly attacked that the gr'eatest injury is shown by the presence of ~.any under-sized nuts. Between these two extremes the amount of damage will vary according to the season.
Remedial Measures.
The aim in spraying fOT Fungus Diseases.
In discussing control measures, the underlying principle of spraying for fungus diseases of plants should be remembered. The fungus is spread through the air by means of very minute spores. These lodge on leaves and nuts and there remain dormant until they co.me in contact with moisture. Thus after a rain, when the leaves are still wet the spores germinate and send a small thread into the .tissue of the plant. The fungus then develops rapidly.
The object of the spraying is to have t~e poison on the leaves when the moisture comes so that the presence of the poison in the water will kill the spore before it has time to germinate. Therefore a spray applied before a rain is infinitely more effective than one applied afterwards.
The Ohoice of a. Fungicide.
A fungicide is a chemical combination applied to a plant for the purpose of controlling or destroying fungi which attack the

plant. There are several fungicides which give excellent results in combating other fungus diseases and several of these were tried on pecans to determine which was the most effective against the scab.
Atomic sulphur was applied on one block of trees at the rate of seven pounds to fifty gallons of water and to another block at the rate of five pounds to fifty gallons of water. No beneficial results whatever were observed.
Lime sulphur (Commercial) was used at the strength of one gallon to thirty gallons of water and one gallon to fifty gallons of water. Both of these strengths burned the foliage quite severely and did not control the disease. Some slight benefit was noticed, but because of the severe burning this fungicide was abandoned.
A winter spray of lime sulphur at the strength of one gallon to ten of water, was applied January 22nd. No benefit was seen from this treatment. The trees which had received this treatment together with some which had not received it were later sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture. No difference in the results was obtained on the two blocks.
Bordeaux Mixture was used at strengths of 3-3-50 and 5-5-50. The results with the two strengths did not differ so that the 3-3-50 formula was used. This fungicide was used in many experiments. A differing number of sprays was applied and in many cases good results were obtained. Following is a summary of the experiments:
In 1912 Bordeaux was used on only one tree. Most of the work of this year was confined to atomic sulphur and lime sulphur. As shown above, these two fungicides were unsatisfactory and were abandoned. The one tree sprayed with Bordeaux gave some evidence in favor of this fungicide and it was tried extensively in 1913-1914.
The experiments in 1913 were carried out with Bordeaux Mixture at the strength of 3-3-50. The trees were divided into five blocks and treated as follows: Block C was left unsprayed as a check on the other blocks. Block A was sprayed April 18th and June 3rd. Plot D sprayed March 17th, April 18th and July 16th. Plot E sprayed March 17th, April 18th, June 3rd and July 16th. Plot F sprayed April 18th, June 3rd, July 16th.
In getting the following percentage the drops which showed

Fig. 1. Eight year old tree suffering trom a severe attack ot Rosette.

~

llo.

~

Fig. 2. Healthy eight year old tree In same grove. Tree shown In Fig. 1 Is Indicated by arrow.

..~........

PLATE XUI.
Fig. 1. Diseased kernels, showing appearance of Kernel Spot. Fig. 2. Brown Leaf Spot. Moderately severe Infestation.

PLATE XIV,
Pecan scab (Fuslcladl um effusum),

PLATE XV.
Spraying pecan trees with gasoline sprayer (using tower).

41
oab upposedly would have matured if it had not been for' the scab, so that these together with the matured nuts were taken as the normal crop. A careful count was kept of all drop and those showing scab were counted separately. The number of the drops howing cab divided by the total crop would give the percentage <of the crop affected by scab.
In Plot C, unsprayed, 72% of the crop dropped because of the scab. Plot A, two sprayings April 18th and June 3rd, loat 15% of the crop. Plot D, sprayed March 17th, April 18th, July 16th, lost 29% of the crop. Plot E, sprayed March 17th, April 18th, June 3rd, July 16th, lost 20ro of the crop. Plot F, sprayed April 18th, June 3rd, July 16th, lost 24% of the crop. .
It will be seen that all of the sprayed plots showed a distinct improvement over the unsprayed. The plots varied somewhat in unexpected ways; as is shown by Plot A having a better percentage than Plot E, although the latter had two more sprayings. This wa cau ed partly by the variations in the size of the crop on different trees and other factors which could not be controlled. It also shows that the two sprays, applied April 18th and June 3rd, were the most essential ones in the control of the scab. There can be no question but what it paid to spray these trees.
The year 1914 was very dry and while extensive spraying experiments were carried on the results are very hard, if not impossible, to tabulate. The scab showed up very late in the season, July 11th being the date when it was first observed and then very little of it was found. For this reason the damage to nuts, sprayed or unsprayed, was very slight. No difference could be found in the number of drops caused by scab because there were so few of them either on the sprayed or unsprayed trees.
A very decided difference could be observed while the nuts were on ~he trees, however. On the sprayed trees the nuts showed much lees scab than those on the unsprayed trees and they ran larger and better. While these experiments did not materially improve the crop they showed again that Bordeaux would control the scab to a great extent. They showed no material benefit beuause

42
the season wa so dry that spraying for this disea e was not necessary.
It will be seen from the above experiments that while no complete control was effected, a very considerable amount of good was accomplished by the spraying, especially in 1913, 'Yhich wa a fairly wet season. An increased number of sprayings in wet seasons would unquestionably give greater control.
o set rule can be given as to the dates of spraying. Each season will be different. The grower must be governed by the amount of rainfall each year. It is well to apply a coat of the spray soo~ after the nuts are formed. Subsequent sprayings can then be determined later. The trees need not be sprayed during a long dry spell, but "in wet weather spray every ten days or two weeks.
Too much emphasis cannot be laid on the necessity for thorough praying. .A careles , hit or miss application costs as much to apply and u.ses as much material as a good, thorough job and the results are widely different. In many cases where statements are made to the effect that spraying did not control the disease it can be shown that the spraying was not carefully done.
Be sure to hit every leaf. If necessary it will be worth the time of a reliable man to go with the spraying outfit to see that the pray is properly applied'.
Prepa.ration of Bordeaux Mixture.
Bordeaux Mixture must be properly made to be effective. It will therefore be well to give instructions for those who are unfamiliar with this Mixture. Bordeaux Mixture is made from copper sulphate, lime and water. The formula 3-3-50 means that three pound of copper sulphate and three pounds of lime are used to' fifty gallons of water. Each ingredient should be mixed separately with a little water and then each is poured in a separate barrel and enough more water added to make twenty-five gallons of each solution. These are then poured together into the pray tank, Barrels placed on a platfol'm and connected up as shown in the figure make a most convenient outfit for mixing Bordeaux.
The lime should be unslacked. If old air slacked lime is used the resulting mixture is liable to seriously burn the foliage. fly-

43
drated lime, if readily obtainable, is the most conveni~nt to use as it is more easily suspended in the water.
If much of the solution is to be used it will be found best to tie the required amount of copper sulphate in a sack and suspend the sack near the top of a barrel of water. This should be done the evening before spraying. It will have all dissolved by morning. The required amount can then be dipped out as needed.
Top Working to Immune Varieties.
The question is often asked if it would not be best to top work scabbing varieties with immune varieties. In young groves this is undoubtedly the best thing to do. Of course, it is not policy to plant scabbing varieties in groves. However, in large, bearing groves each grower must decide for himself, whether he would prefer to spray or to top work his trees with the resulting curtailment of his crop for several years. Ap, to the expense concerned, it i a question which is better. Over a long term of years, the top-working, if successfully done, would be the cheaper.

44

PEOAN DISEASES OTHER THAN SOAB.
BY C. G. CRITTENDEN.#
PECAN ROSETTE.
DIPORT.\NCE AND SY)lPTOMS.
Pecan rosette is considered by growers of pecans, to be one of the most serious diseases with which they'have to contend. It makes its first appearance in a tree through the putting 'out of mottled yellow leaves which are usually more or less wrinkled and under ized. It may appear over the whole tree at once, but often affect one branch long before it shows up in the rest of the tree. The affected branches are stunted and fail to grow the usual length. This shortens the distance between the leaves and thus forms a "1'0' sette. " A tree lightly affected one season may not show the disease the next season. However, trees badly affected seldom recover. If a tree is badly affected the branches usually die back from the tips, either the first season or later. In some cases, this dying back may go 0 far as to kill the tree. More often, however, it does not go that far. In the spring new branches come out at the base of the dead branch, and these in turn die back, so that the final result in th-e case of a tree badly rosetted for years, i 3 gnarled unsightly dwarf. (Plate XII, figs. 1 and 2.)

ATURE OF THE DISEASE.

Rosette is neither a fungus nor a bacterial disease, but is what

i !ermed a physiological disease and is, probably the result of

some defect in nutrition. Orton and Randt have' shown that it i

due to some unfavorable condition of the soil. When they trans-

planted trees into holes from which rosetted trees had been re-

moved, a large proportion of these healthy trees became rosetted

and if the transplant was reversed and rosetted trees were planted

in places from which healthy ones had been removed, a large propor-

tion of these diseased trees recovered. These investigators also

found th\lt budding or grafting healthy buds or scions on rosetted

tocks gave rosette in the scion and conversely that working buds

or scions from rosetted trees onto healthy stocks produced healthy

trees.

.

"Formerly pathologist with the Georgia Slate Board of Entomology. tOrton, W. A.. and Rand, F. V. Pecan Rosette. Jour. Agr. Res. vol. 3, No. 2: pp. 1491H. 1914.

of;)
The disease is non-parasitic and non infectious and i the result of some unfavorable condition in the soil.
CONTROL.
No method for curing rosetted trees can be recommended. l'rees which are badly diseased should be removed and replaced by healthy trees. Many of these healthy trees are likely to become rosetted, but some can be depended upop to remain healthy, others will not be. as badly affected as those removed, while orne, probil.bly, will be as bad as the old trees.
All rosetted nur ery stock should be di carded and only thoroughly sound stocks used for budding or grafting.
In selecting a location for a grove, choose a good fertile soil with a clay subsoil. Avoid a sand;)' subsoil and do not plant a pecan tree where no othe1 ,rr.p ,i-ill ucceed.
BROWN LEAF SPOT. (Cereospora (mea' Rand.)
The brown leaf spot is the most prevalent and most conspicuous leaf disease of the pecan. It probably occurs wherever the pecan is grown. The loss occasioned by the disease is difficult to estimate as only the leaves are affected. In severe cases there may be considerable defoliation of th!l trees.
Different varieties of pecan show little or no difference in su ceptibility to the disease.
.YMPTOl\1S.
The disease first make its appearance on a leaf as a mall dark brown irregular spot with an indefinite outline, which extend through the leaf and is visible on both surfaces. There may be many of the e on one leaf. The spot increases in size and often reaches a half inch in diameter, and the larger one sometime becoll1 light bro,,-n in the center. (Plate XIII, fig. 2.)
CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.
Brown leaf spot is caused by a fungus, the thread of which penetrate the leaf. When the spots are from five to six eek

46
old, club.shaped spores of the fungus are produced, usually on their upper surface. These spores may be carried by wind to other leaves where they produce new spots. First infections appear iu early summer and the disease continues to spread throughout the summer and till fall.
CONTROL.
The disease is usually not severe enough to make it profitable to attempt to control it. It may be prevented by. thorougWy spraying the trees' three times with Bordeaux mixture. The first spray should be applied soon after the trees are fully leaved out. The second and third should follo~ at intervals of three to four weeks.
KERNEL SPOT.
(Coniothyriu~ caryogenum Rand.)
Up to the present time this disease has been given little consideration, either by pecan growers or by workers on pecan diseases. The loss occa ioned by the disease has hitherto been small, only occasionally on a single tree or in small groves here and there has it been reported serious. However, the disease appears to be spreading and the damage increasing. During the season of 1916, erious loss was inflicted on some growers in the vicinity of Thoma ville and Cairo. One Thomasville grower sold his crop of Schley , which were damaged by kernel spot, for 25 cents per pound when prices for good Schleys ranged from 50 to 60 cents.
SYMPTOMS.
As the name implies, the disease affects only the kernel. It can be detected only after the shell is removed. The spot on the kernel is irregular in outline, dark brown or black and usually ome-
what sunken. It is about :l4 to liz inch in diameter. (Plate XIII.
fig. 1.) When the kernel is cut the brown diseased area is found to ex-
tend into the meat to a depth of perhap lfs of an inch. The di -
eased spot is bitter and imparts a bitter flavor to the rest of the meat.

CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.

Kernel spot is caused by a fungus. This has been proven by

Rand, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The life history of

the fungus is not very well known. As far as is at present known'

it affects only the kernel. When an affected kernel is placed. un-

der moist conditions pycnidia or spore bea!ing bodies are formed

by the fungus. Inside the pycnidia are produced the spores which

are the means of reproducing the disease. At what time or just

how

infection

of

th.e

kernel

takes

place

is

not

known. ~

CONTROL OF THE DISEASE.
o efforts have thu far been made to control the disease and no specific method can be given at this time. However, there are certain measures which can be recommended as giving promise. As previously stated, so far as is known, the disease affects only the kernel of the nut. If this is true then removal from the orchard or destruction of all nuts in the fall should reduce the amount of disease the following year.
Some varieties seem to be more su ceptible to the- disease than others. The Schley appears to be most seriously affected and Success and Curtis are probably more susceptible than other.

OTHER DISEASES OF PECAN.
NURSERY BLIGHT.
(Phyllosticta caryae Peck.)
This is a fungus disease which is confined almost entirely to the nursery, where it often does considerable damage. Only the leave are affected. "Generally the first indications of infection appear in the form of minute roundish spots which are dark reddish brown on the upper surface and blackish on the lower. These slowly in-
crea e in size until a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. PA-% in.) is often
reached in the indi~idual spots. With increase in size the center of the spot on the upper surface assumes an ashen gray color,
"Investigations conducted during the season of 1917 seem to Indicate that the Green Soldier Bug (Nezara hll;trla) Is a very Important factor in the production of this disease. We have not been able to determine, absolutely, whether the spot Is caused by a fungus which Is carried by the bug, or whether the spot Is directly due to the feeding of the bug. This bug Is the Insect frequently called a "pump kln bug" which occurs very commonly on cow peas. (William F. Turner.)

4

which i usually bordered with reddish brown, while the lower surface remains black throughout or with an occasional tiny a hellgray spot in the center of this dark colored area.' '.

CONTROL.

pray with Bordeaux mixture four times. Begin spraying a oon as the tree are fully leaved out and repea\ at interval of three to four weeks.
ANTHRACNOSE.

(Glomef'ella cingulata (stonem) S. V. & .)

This disea e affects both the leaves and the nuts. The af-

fected spots on the leaves are irregular in outline and grayish brown.

They vary in size and sometimes cover a whole leaf. Leaves badly

affected usually fall to the ground. On the nuts the disease pro-

duces black unken pot which are irregular in outline and

ometime cau. e. a heavy drop of half grown nuts. The eli-

ease is caus~d b: a fungn

0 method of control can be given at

the present time.

CROWN GALL.

I Bacterium tumefaciells ( . M. & Town.)

This disea. i rare on the pecan. When present it produce.' . welling or gall on the tree trunk below the surface of the around. It i produced by the same bacteria which causes cro\~n (faU of the peach. apple, etc.

CO~TROL.
All nursery t1'e feuud to be affected with crown gall should be discarded 3n destroyed.
MILDEW.
(Mi(,TospJlaeTa alni (Wallr) Wint.)
Mildew i m.Te or les common on the leaves and nuts of the pecan, _ccurring JJl06t often on the lower shaded bran~he8 of the tree. It produce a white powdery covering often involving the whole surface of a nut. The mildew produces little or no damage and can be ignored.
Ranll, F. v. orne IllseaFes of pecans. Jour. Agr. Res. 11, No. J: pp. 308-337,
1914.

LIST OF AVAILABLE PUBLICATIONS,
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.
Bulletin No. l:.-The Alexican Cotton Boll ,Vee\"il, ]904. Bulletin No. 13- orne ommon In ects Injuriou to the Apple, 1904. Bulletin No. 26-Peach Leaf urI, Yellows, Rosette and Little Peach, 190 Bulletin Xo. 34--\\"ilt Di ea e of otton in Geor ia and It 'ontrol, 1911. Bulletin No. 37-Crop Pe t Law of Georgia, Other tates and Canada, 1912. Bulletin No. 39-The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, 1914. Bulletin Xo. 40- otton Wilt in Georgia 1915. Bulletin No. 41- ol11e of the More Important Truck Crop Pe ts in Georgia,
]915. Bull tin X o. 42-..\llnual Report of the tate Entomologi t for ]914. Bulletin No. 43-The Prinripal Parasites of the P ach, ]916. Bull tin X o. 44--The ~Iexican Cotton Boll \\" ee\'iJ, 1916. Bulletin X o. 45-Annual Report of the tate Entomologi t for 1915. Bulletin ~TO. 46- otton Yariety Te t for Boll-\\'ee\'il and Wilt Condition,
1916. Bull tin TO. 47-How to Grow otton in pite of Boll-Weevil. Bulletin ~o. 4 -Annual Report of the tate Entomologi t for 1916. Bulletin No. 49-Pecan In ect and Di ea e . Bulletin ~o. 50 'otton" ariety Test, 1917. Bnlletin No. 51-Annual Report of the tate Entomologi t for 1917. (In
preparation.) Circular X o. 6-The U e of oluble Oil Again t an Jo e cale, 1907. Ci rcular _TO. i-The He ian Fly in Georgia, 190 Circular K o. -Experiments for Control of an Jose cale 1907-190 Circular No. 9-The Bro,m-Tail Moth, ]909. Circular X o. ll-\\'ilt Di ea es of otton and It ontrol, \\'ith ugge tion
on eed election. Cir ular No. 19-Boll- \\" eedl Qnarantine Regu]ation , 1906.
ircular Ko. 20-Generalln truction for Making Fir t-Year otton election. Cir ular No. 21-Experimeutal Du ting and praJing of Peache .
ir ular Xo. 22 'ontrol of In ects Attacking tored Product. 'ircular No. 23-Boll Wee\'il Quarantine Regulation, 1917. Circular No. 24-lIelpful 1lint on Dusting Peache . Circular No. 25--Boll \\'eedl Quarantine Regulation, 191 .

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN 50

JANUARY 1918

COTTON VARIETY TESTS

ATLANTA

GEORGIA

Georgia

State Board of Entomology
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomol~gist,Atlanta, Ga.

CIRCULAR 50

JANUARY 1918

COTTON VARIETYTESTS
By
A. C. LEWIS,
A8SU.tant State Entomologist
C. A. McLENDON,
Expert in Cotton Breedinll:

ATLANTA,

GEORGIA

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ORGANIZATION HO . J. J. BROW , Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
HO . R. C. BERCKMANS, Augw:.ta.
HO . JNO. A. COBB, Americus.
E. LEE WORSHAM, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. V. REED, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
W. W. CHASE, Assistant Entomologist, Atlanta.
I. W. WILLIAMS, Cotton Specialist, Atlanta.
C. A. McLENDON, Expert in Cotton Breeding, Atlanta.
W. F. TUR ER, Assistant Entomologist, Thomasville.

COTTON VARIETY TESTS.
A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist C. A. McLendon, Expert in Cotton Breeding

CONTENTS.

Page

Introduction

5

Recommendation as to varieties to grow........................................ 6

Upland long-staple cotton

7

Variety tests conducted in

South Georgia

9

Variety test at Vienna

10

Summary of variety tests at

Vienna

11

Variety test at Lumpkin

13

Summary of variety tests at

Lumpkin

15

Page

Variety test at Brunswick 18

Summary of variety tests at

Brunswick

18

Variety test at Pinehurst

19

Yields of fields of wilt-resistant

cotton

21

Variety tests conducted in East

and North Georgia

22

Variety test in Burke County..25

Variety test in Hancock Coun-

ty

30

Sources of seed used in the

tests

30

INTRODUCT10N.
The two main objects of this publication are to give the farmers of Georgia the detailed results of the cotton variety tests hat the State Board of Entomology has been conducting in co-operation with farmers in different sections of the state, and in the light of the results obtained in this work and observations in general by the writers offer suggestions as to the varieties of cotton that can be most successfully grown under the present boll-weevil and disease conditions in Georgia.
Preliminary to beginning actual breeding operations with cotton in a given locality it is usually necessary to conduct a variety test for a period of at least two or three years in order to determine the varieties that are locally adapted. All of the tests reported on in this publication were conducted primarily for this purpose, and for most of the localities where they have been conducted and in others with similar conditions the local adaptability of the most promising varieties has already been determined in this way.
In some sections of the state this work among the farmers has been under way for several years and the breeding operations are now resulting in large quantities of pedigreed seed annually. All of this work has been done under
5

our direction and the seed offered for sale for planting purposes by these farmers is as good as can be obtained and is always sold at a reasonale price. In all other sections of the state where this kind of work is being conducted by this department the variety testing has progressed to a stage where actual breeding operations are now under way, and in the near future our co-operative breeders in these localities will be offering pedigreed seed for sale.
In this work our purpose, as already indicated, is to assist the farmers in securing seed of the varieties of cotton fi\uited to their conditions and to instruct them as to the best methods of retaining the purity of this seed or the improvement of it by selection from year to year. Our cooperative breeders are the first ones to receive the benefits of this work, but in carrying it out as at present pursued, all the farmers will eventually share the results in the distribution of pedigreed seed by these co-operators. Great progresS' has already been made in this work and thousands of bushels of pedigreed seed are now available through our co-operative breeders for planting purposes next season.
RECOMMENDATIONS AS TO VARIETIES TO GROW.
In making recommendations as to the varieties that can be most profitably grown in Georgia under the present conditions, among other things, earlinesS' for boll-weevil conditions, resistance to wilt and other diseases, fruiting habits, length, strength, and percentage of lint, size and shape of bolls, density of foliage, etc., have been taken into consideration. Earliness for boll-weevil conditions consists not only in early blooms and open bolls but also in rapid and continuous blooming until fall, with the greatest amount of cotton at the first pickings. The varieties which are usually considered the earliest do not possess this kind of earliness except on very rich lands in portions of North Georgia. Resistance to wilt is possessed in a high degree by only a few varieties, and only the best of these will be recommended for use where this disease is present.
In South Georgia where wilt is present none but the very best wilt-resistant varieties, such as the CouncilToole, Lewis 63, DeSoto, Dixie Improved, and Dix-Afifi (long staple) should be grown. In fact, our experiments and the experience of hundreds of farmers in trying to grow non-resistant varieties on wilt-infected land has demonstrated time and again the futility of attempting to grow any but these wilt-resistant varieties on land affected with this dreaded disease.
In all sections of the state except on wilt-infected land in South Georgia and the rich bottom lands in North Georgia, Cleveland and Cook can be successfully grown, if pure
6

seed of the earliest and best strains of these varieties is

used. The Cleveland is the best all-around big-boll va-

riety that has been developed for Georgia conditions, and

the Wannamaker strain is the earliest of which we have

any knowledge.

I

In all sections of the state except on wilt-infected land

in South Georgia the Express and Webber No. 49 are the

best staple varieties to grow. The Dix-Afifi mentioned

above is the only wilt-resistant staple variety that has been

developed; therefore, it is the only staple variety that can

be grown successfully on wilt-infected land. The Express

is the earliest staple variety that has been developed and

the best strains of it have come to us from Mississippi, where it has been bred for several years. The Webber is

a good variety of staple cotton, having big bolls and ex-

cellent staple, and the earliest strain of it is known as

Webber o. 49.

For late planting, a practice which can not be success-

fully followed where the boll-weevil is present, and on rich

lands in portions of orth Georgia it is usually best to

grow the early-maturing varieties, such as the King,

Broadwell, Bank Account, etc. None of these early-maturning varieties have been bred under our direction, and

sufficient seed of pure strains of them are not available.

A brief description of the varieties recommended is given

in Tabe 8 on page 24. Most of them are being bred under

our direction by co-operators in different sections of the

state, and pedigreed seed of a few of the varieties is avail-

able through these breeders. All inquiries relative to seed

of these varieties will be promptly referred to parties hav-

ing for sale the purest seed obtainable of the varieties de-

sired.

UPLAND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.
The demand for upland long-staple cotton is steadily increasing and on account of the premium that its staple is commanding on the market more of it is likely to be planted in Georgia in the future. In growing, handling, and marketing this cotton special requirements of the the industry are absolutely essential. For the information of the (farmers Who are not familiar with the staple cottons the following suggestions as to the necessary requirements in growing this cotton successfully are offered.
In growing this cotton only the best available land should be used and only pedigreed seed suited to the local conditions planted. It should not be planted on rich bottom land where the growth will be very rank. For recommendations as to the best varieties of staple cotton to plant see pages 6 and 7. Prepare the land well, use a liberal application
7

of good fertilizer; 'plant as early as the :.eason will permit, and practice frequent, shallow cultivation until the cotton begins to open. It should be picked as clean and rapidly as possible and properly stored and ginned to prevent deterioration in the quality and length of the staple. This cotton can be ginned on the regular saw gins, if the speed of the saws is not more than 400 revolution:. per minute for lO-inch saws or 333 revolutions per minute for l2-inch saws and the feed is so adjusted that the roll will always remain loose. At present the general market conditions for staple cotton are very unsatisfactory, but with the increa:.ed production of this cotton and the growing demand for it, adequate market facilities will soon be available in all sections of the state. In the meantime, this department expects to be in position to advise the farmers as to the relative value of their staple cotton and how and where it can be marketed to the best advantage.
Farmers who are not familiar with the staple cottons should take every phase of the propo:.ition of growing, handling, and marketing it into consideration before attempting to grow it extensively. At first, only a small area should be planted in this cotton, and unless all the precautions mentioned above are taken, it will not pay to grow it in preference to the best short-staple varieties, even on a small scale. Personal attention in the growing, handling, and marketing of thi:. cotton is absolutely essential to success in the undertaking. There seems to be great possibilities in Georgia in growing staple cottons, but they should not be grown extensively until the industry is better under:.tood and good markets for it are established. Further information on the subject is always available through correspondence with this department.
8

Variety Tests Coriducted in South Georgia
By A. C. LEWIS, Assistant State Entomologist.
The variety tests herein reported upon were for the most part made on land more or less affected with the wilt disease. Last season in some sections, the wilt disease and nematode worms were much more severe than usual, and where the ordinary varieties of cotton were planted, in such land the loss was heavy, from 25 to 50 per cent.
This year, where the variety tests .were planted after a rotation of even one year, as at Lumpkin and Vienna, the yield was more per acre than in 1916, even with the bollweevil to contend with. These results confirm others made in previous years and show conclusively the value of a proper rotation on land affected with the wilt disease and nematode worms or root knot.
We would also call special attention to the results secured from picking up the infested squares at Lumpkin, DeSoto, and Vienna, and the cost of the same. From these results we believe it will pay to pick up the infested squares four or five times, at intervals of a week, if the cost of labor is not too high. It is very important that the first infested squares be collected before the weevils mature and emerge. Hence it is a good plan to be on the lookout for the first appearance of the weevil. Go over the field every few days, and look carefully for the dead buds or the infested squares. If labor is scare and high it will not pay to neglect the cultivation of the cotton in order to pick up the infested squares.
In the variety tests at Lumpkin, Vienna and Brunswick, 1-16 of an acre was planted of each variety and the yield per acre estimated from this.
We desire to thank the following gentlemen for land furnished on which to conduct the tests and for their hearty co-operation in carrying out these experiments: J. F. Humber, Lumpkin, Ga.; J. D. Hendley, Vienna, Ga.; R. H. Parker, Brunswick, Ga.; and H. A. Wood, Pinehurst, Ga.
9

TABLE 1.

VARIETY TEST VIENNA, GEORGIA, 1917

VAR1ETY

s::
6~O:I;cJ,2D,'..".. al~~
JJ~<

c.S;:s::I;~J2D.., o~ ....
Q 'tS ....;
r""Jl''c'c'o'r'JP"lo

..0s...:..:.,'.s.":.:
-"6,0gI.EIJD
r""J''l.'...',.'P~o

...s::
..0.. O0'i"l
",os
r""J'l'P'.'.o'.

.i.i.i. dl
Os::
s::rn:;
-~.2

'"4~iso..:.:.
-s:8:'"

~S::Po
~s:~:::~:o

~~c':~l"'"

...;
s::
".'".....
~:3

'".s.:.: ...
:::l~
01 ... .0", ..:lPo

'4"i
~
-s::
.;.:
~~

~~
;.:::::~
";l,l'"'l c;~
:>'"

""""'''s,.0.:...:..
";l,P'"o
~lt)
:>~

i':"

i:'g
:::l",
",lIJ

;'"l
.E~

2l
...;Po
s::>.

8:1

~;l~",

-a3
~E

... ~ P"-<','s':':

Dixie ............................1 352 I 368 1 1120 I 1840 I 8
Cook ..........._................. 160 288 352 800 17 DeSoto ........................ 384 736 1024 2144 3 Toole ............................. 384 736 992 2112 3 Bank Account ...... 320 192 128 640 13 ..... Lewis 63 ..................... 608 896 960 2464 1 o Poulnot ........................ 224 480 592 1296 9 Dillon .............................. 320 576 1088 1984 7 King ....._.......................... 256 224 96 576 15 Dillon-Hybrid ......... 352 672 960 1984 5 Half and Half......... 192 352 400 944 12 Dix-Mifi ..................... 288 768 1136 2192 4 Webber ....................... 96 368 224 688 16 Express ....................... 256 368 400 1024 11 Covington-Toole 192 752 1408 2352 6 Cleveland .................. 224 416 928 1568 10 Council-Toole -_.... 384 1056 1184 2624 2 Simpkins ................... 128 368 4% 992 14 Modella ........................ 288 736 900 1924 5

9 15
5 6'
17 2
11 7
18 7 14 4 16 12 3 10 1 13 8

35 38 35 38 34
36 36 37 34
36 38 32 32 31 38 37 38 34 37

644 304 750 803 218
887 467 734 196 714 359 701 220 317 894 580 997 337 712

10 $182.32\$44.85 $227.17\ 9 I 97
IS 85.12 18.60 103.72 17 50
5' 210.00 52.27 262.27 6 98 4 224.84 49.08 273.92 5 95 18 61.04 15.82 76.86 18 50 3 248.56 58.76 307.32 3 98 12 130.76 31.08 161.84 12 45 6 177.52 46.87 224.39 10 97 19 54.88 14.25 69.13 19 45 7 199.92 47.62 247.541 7 94 13 100.52 20.93 121.45 14 65 9 266.38 55.91 322.29 2 98 17 88.00 17.55 105.55 16 55 15 100.95 26.51 127.46 13 65 2 250.32 55.17 305.49 4 94 11 162.40 40.80 203.20 11 75 1 279.16 61.01 340.17 1 98 14 94.36 24.56 118.92 15 55 8 199.36 45.45 244.81 8 95

Dlx-Afltl lint valued at 38c. Webber 40c. and Express 35c. per pound.

VARIETY TEST, VIE NA, GA., 1917.
This cotton was planted March 30th in rows 4% feet apart, and the cotton thinned to about two feet apart in the row; fertilized with 400 pounds of 9-3-0 guano per acre. Type of soil, sandy loam, typical of much of the soil of Dooly county. This cotton followed corn and velvet beans. Prior to this it had been in cotton for several years. This land was badly infested with the nematode worms before it was planted in corn and velvet beans, the cotton being much stunted and a large per cent. dying with the wilt disease.
SUMMARY OF VARIETY TESTS, VIE NA, GA., FOR 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917.
Table o. 2 on page 12 gives a brief summary of the variety tests at Vienna for the last four years, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917. From this test we find the following facts:
Lewis 63 ranked 1st in yield of lint one year, 2nd two years, and 3rd one year.
The Dillon ranked 1st in yield of lint for two years, 4th one year, and 5th one year.
Council-Toole ranked 1st in yield of lint for two years and one year, 4th.
In comparison with the above wilt resistant varieties, notice the rank of the varieties that are not wilt resistant. Thus, King ranked 6th in yield of lint for two years, 9th one year, and 10th one year.
From these results, covering a period of four years, we may conclude that for wilt infected land in that section of Georgia, the Council-Toole, Lewis 63, or Dillon' are well adapted. The Dillon is a semi-cluster cotton, and for that reason is not planted very extensively.



11

TABLE 2.

SUMMARY OF VARIETY TESTS, VIENNA, GA.

VARJETY

Dixie Imp...............

Lewis 63.................

.... '"

DeSoto....................... Council-Toole..... Modella.....................

King..............................

Bank Account....

Simpkins..................

Half and Half.....

Cook............................

Cleveland.................

Dix-Afifi.................~.

Express...........~.........

Webber......................

Dillon..........................

Toole...........................

1914

Q.."..,
Ul~

..<.=. '."..
:::~

:S O~J ~

....
0<=
-;::: ,!<'tl

iii ...
HA ,0",

I ;3 ~ Ul...

~~-

1:-
~.~

1829 677 97 2 1829 686 97 1 1829 640 97 1 1829 677 95 2 434 154 15 9

775 310 15 7 899 346 20 5

341 109 20 10 1519 577 90 4

1915

Q.."..,
UlO ol
iii ...
;3~

.... .,

:S

<= ...
:::10

OJ

....
-<;:=:0:

ol
iii ...
HA ,0",

.0:= '" Ul ,!<'tl ~~ ~1.:~-

2292 826
2310 843 2310 808 2205 816 2292 826
980 343

96 3 96 2 95 5 95 4 95 3
50 10

175 70 1680 638
1785 553 1750 525
805 250 2310 855 2117 783
I

10 12 85 7
95 8 88 9 30 11 96 1 90 6

1916

Q.."..,
Ul~ <Ii ...
HA ,0",

'".<..=. ...
;::~
.. ...
HA ,0",

:S
i.0:=Ul
~~

.... ..<..=;:0::
,1!<:'_tl
po:;l';':":'

1710 559 1746 627 1890 662 1944 719 1692 609 1620 583 1548 526 1152 403 1334 534
1404 534 1530 490 1404 435 1440 461 194~ 719 1368 520

98 5 98 3 98 2 97 1 96 4 90 6 84 8 80 13 85 7
86 7 97 10 88 12 86 11 98 1 86 9

1917

Q."..,.
Ul~
~H~~

..0.. '."..
;::~
H2A~.

:i
i Ul
.o,!<
~~

....
<=0
-;::: ,!<'tl
~1.:~-

1840 644 97 8 2464 . 887 98 2 2144 750 98 4 2624 997 98 1 1924 712 95 6 576 196 45 16 640 218 50 15 992 337 55 11 944 359 65 10 800 304 50 13 1568 580 75 9 2192 701 98 7 1024 317 65 12 688 220 55 14 19'84 734 97 5 2112 803 95 3

VARIETY TEST, LUMPKIN, GA., 1917. The test at Lumpkin was planted April 5th in rows 41/2 feet apart, and thinned to about two feet apart in the row. The ground was flat broke and about 1000 pounds of bamyard manure per acre applied broadcast, fertilized at planting time with 400 pounds of 9-3-0 guano per acre, and about July 5th 75 pounds of nitrate of 50da was applied per acre. Type of soil Orangeburg sandy loam, with red subsoil, typical of much of the 50il in Stewart County. The wilt disease did not appear all over the test field, hence it will be seen that some of the ordinary varieties of cotton that are not wilt resistant made a good yield and a large per cent. of the plants were healthy. The boll-weevil appeared in the variety test the latter part of June. The infested squares were picked up once a week for five weeks, or until the infestation was very heavy. Fig. 1, Plate II, show5 how the weevil destroyed the top crop. A hot, dry spell in July also helped to cut down the yield. Notice, however, how well fruited the cotton is, close to the ground and up the stalk to within about a foot and a half of the top. In comparison with this notice Fig. 1, Plate 3, which shows a cotton field where a poor fight was made against the boll-weevil.
13

TABLE 3.

VARIETY TEST LUMPKIN, GEORGIA, 1917

VARIETY

Ol

Ol

..,.

bJ) ..... p ()~C\1
0" .... 'tl p,... r~n .~... r~n

1:bJ)
21:l
~:2
0"p,C'"'l 'tIll)'tl'". r"nC'I'l:O"

O,nil.) 'tlm"
~'" W Po
!lip
;32

<I>

I'l
~bJ)

;g
~I:

<l>1'l

>-,8

- "1::2
.>:p, 1,j ...
p:;~

-8I'l .....
~~'a~l

...
I'l
...:::l
".~
<I>
Po<

... Il)
I:la

..... -I:'l=P

:::lol

'>:'tl

ai ..
.oil)
HPo

~1:~-

.....
I:l
~:9
:>
';d
P~

'tll'l
"' .<<1>1>...0..
. :<>1>P'"o
...'..;. '0".-
,....

...
I:'tl
;:::~
1l)0l
~m'tll: Pm

.O..J

Il)

mI'l

:> ,.;'a

E~
.~>~:-

I~':l;l.,
So...;
P"o<','<':'l

Dixie ................................................ 1040 320 1360 1 1 35 476 4 $133.28 $33.15 $166.43 3 97 Cook ...........~................................... 480 128 608 11 16 38 231 17 64.68 14.13 78.81 19 50

DeSoto .......................................... 960 320 1280 3 3 35 458 6 128.24 30.82 159.06 5 97 Toole ................................................ 1040 224 1264 1 4 38 480 3 .134.40 29.40 163.80 4 90 I-" Bank Account ........................ 640 128 768 8 14 34 261 16 73.08 19.01 92.09 17 55 ~ Lewis 63 ....................................... 1040 320 1360 1 1 36 490 2 137.20 32.62 169.82 1 97

Poulnot .......................................... 880 352 1232 4 5 36 444 7 124.32 29.55 153.87 7 90

Dillon ............................................ 640 160 800 8 13 37 296 14 82.88 18.90 101.78 15 96

King ................................................ 768 160 928 6 11 34 316 13 88.48 22.95 111.43 14 60

Dillon-Hybrid ........................ 880 220 1100 4 7 36 396 9 110.88 26.40 137.28 10 96

Half and Half........................... 800 224 1024 5 8 38 389 10 108.92 23.81 132.73 11 85

College No.1 ........................... 768 224 992 6 Covington-Toole .................. 960 256 1216 3

9 37 367 11 102.76 23.43 126.19 12 85 6 38 462 5 129.36 28.27 157.63 6 97

Cleveland .................................... 800 160 960 5 10 37 355 12 99.40 22.68 122.08 13 80 Council-Toole ........................ 980 320 1300 2 2 38 494 1 138.32 30.22 168.54 2 97

Modella

A

Dix-Mifi ..................~....................

800 700

300 200

1100 900

5 7 37 407 8 113.96 25.98 139.94 8 95 7 12 32 288 15 109.24 22.95 132.19 9 95

Webber ......................................... 500 90 590 10 17 32 189 19 75.60 15.28 90.88 16 55

Express ...............~.................._.. 550 100 650 9 15 31 202 18 70.70 16.80 87.50 18 65

SUMMARY OF VARIETY TESTS, LUMPKIN, GA., FOR 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917.
Table No. 4 on page 16 gives a bIief summary of the vaIiety tests at Lumpkin, Ga., for the last four years, 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917. This test shows that Lewis 63 ranked 1st in yield of lint for two years, 2nd one year, and 3rd one year.
DeSoto ranked 2nd in yield of lint for one year, 3rd one year, 4th one year, and 6th one year.
Dixie Improved ranked 1st in yield of lint one year, 2nd one year, 4th one year, and 8th one year.
In comparison with the above wilt resistant vaIieties, notice the rank of the ordinary varieties that are not wilt resistant. Thus, King ranked 9th in yield of lint one year, 10th one year, 11th one year, and 12th one year.
Cleveland ranked 6th in yield of lint one year, 7th one year, and 10th one year.
From the results of this test covering a period of four years, we may conclude that for wilt infected land in this &ection of Georgia, the Lewis 63, Council-Toole and DeSoto are very well adapted and should give satisfactory yields.
In 1917 the top dresser of nitrate of soda was applied July 5th. This caused the cotton to grow very rapidly about the time the boll-weevil was becoming numerous and not many of the squares formed at this time matured. If a top dresser is to be u&ed under boll-weevil conditions it should be applied about June 15th to secure the best results.
15

TABLE 4.

SUMMARY OF VARIETY TESTS LUMPKIN, GA.

1914

VARIETY

...d
'"en~
l1i .. ,00-1P",

... ",
1': .. :::~ l1i ..
0,-01 A"

.>s. i "'.<:.!<:
~~

-;;r:l'"
.1>'::'_"
~~

Dixie Imp................... 1054 389 96 1

Lewis 63..................... 918 344 95 3

..... DeSoto.......................... 1088 381 96 2

'"

Council-Toole......... Modella.........................

884 327

94

4

Covington-TOOle. 816 298 90 5

King................................. 476 171 15 9

Bank Account.......

Half and HalL..... 272 109 15 10

Cook................................ 850 327 18 4

Cleveland................... 680 258 12 7

Dix-Afifi....................... 850 272 96 6

BJxpress.........................

Webber......................... 680 221 18 8

Poulnot.........................

Toole..............................

I

1915

>.

.d..,
en~ l1i ..
,00-1P",

.- " .1..':"
"-ol
l1i ..
,0",
0-1P,

=01
'" "' .<:.!<: 01
~;;;

.sg
.1!<'::'"-
pt:i:l';";'

825 293 96 2 840 307 96 1 823 288 95 4
805 290 94 3 735 265 92 6 665 236 75 10

648 246 85 9

840 260 673 202 612 184 735 272 718 262

96 8
85 11 85 12
90 5 85 7

1916

d..,.
ui~
l1i .. ,0-01."p,

... .,
1': .. :::~ l1i ..
;38,

>.
:i
i "'.<:.!<:
~t0;1

...
.1_;'::1::'::
.1>'::'_"
pt:i:l "~

1917

'" .- d

... $

" e'n,o"-l

1':'-til

2:U ;l1i3.~. 0-1P,

>.
5

...
r:ll':

i "'.<:.!<:
~~01

'~;::l
.~1!<.'::'~"-

810 284 90 8 1360 476 97 4 972 350 90 1 '1360 490 97 2 945 331 92 3 1280 458 97 6 714 264 85 9 1300 494 97 1
1100 407 95 8 1216 462 97 5
486 175 40 12 928 316 60 11 351 119 36 14 768 261 55 13 820 328 75 4 1024 389 85 9 850 332 82 2 608 231 50 14 785 298 80 6 960 355 80 10 702 225 90 10 900 288 95 12 648 211 70 11 650 202 65 15 378 121 35 13 590 189 55 16 864 292 78 7 1232 444 90 7 837 310 76 5 1264 480 90 3

PlJATE I.
Fig. 1. Variety test, Vienna, Ga., 1917. Two rows on left Lewis 63; two rows in center King, two rows on right DeSoto. Original.

PLATE II.
Fig. 1. Variety test, Lumpkin, Ga., 1917. Part of a row of Lewis 63. Yield 1360 Ibs. seed cotton per acre. In comparison with this see Plate 2, Fig. 1. Original.

PLATE 111.
Fig. 1. Field of cotton near Americus, Ga., 1917, wbere a poor fight was made against the boll weevl. Yield 350 Ibs. seed cotton per acre. Original.

PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Weighing scene in variety test, farm of Mr. E. Eo Chance, Waynesboro, Ga., showing Mr. Chance, the owner of the farm, weighing the cotton, and his foreman, MI'. E. D. Thompson, and the writer recording the weights.

TABLE 5.

VARIETY TEST BRUNSWICK, GA., 1917

VARIETY

...,.

="
a.,lA~
u"'j.~s
.0 ....
..:l8

:5! ~:><:.g: -<::8....
~'<;'::$:'0.,

.,.;
<::
"....
p..,.>;::::

Dixie ............................................................... 975 2 35

Cook ................................................................ 972 3 38

DeSoto ......................................................... 820 10 35

Toole .........................;.................................. 850 8 38

.......

Bank Account ....................................... Lewis 63 ...................................................

825 1000

9 1

34 36

Poulnot .................................................... 1000 1 36

Dillon ......................................................... 865 6 37 King ...................................................'.......... 810 11 34 Dillon-Hybrid ....................................... 970 4 36

Half and Half ....................................... 810 11 38 Covington-Toole ............................ 960 5 38

Council-Toole ...................................... 970 4 38

Cleveland ................................................ '860

7

37

Modella ..........."......................................... 800 12 37

Dix-Mifi ....................................~.............. 820 10 32

Webber ...................................................... 800 12 32

Express ...................................................... 810 11 31

Sea Island No. 24........................... , 270 13 28

Sea Island lint valued at 70c per lb.

..

..<.:.: .0.. ;=:~ ai ..
;S~

-<;:::t::l
~~<.':~:O-.

.. .0
.,.<::-
;:::
.,p,
~=t' .i
>~

..'..0,, 0<::
.,lll ..
.,p, .8
~~

.. .,

;.<:,:::,:3,'0,l

='
-<:::>'d

.>o8<j>1'01:

-a'd ~<II 2. . . .

341 6 $ 95.48 $23.77 $119.25

7

369 1 103.32 22.61 125.93

1

287 12

80.36 19.98 100.34 15

323 7

90.44 19.76 110.20

9

281 13

78.68 20.43

99.11 16

360 4 100.80 24.00 124.80

3

360 4 100.80 24.00 124.80

3

320 8

89.60 19.93 109.53 10

275 14

77.00 20.06

97.06 17

342 5

95.76 23.28 119.04

8

308 10 . 86.24 18.86 105.10 13

365 3 102.20 22.35 124.55

4

368 2 103.04 22.57 125.61

2

318 9

89.04 20.32 109.36 11

296 11

82.88 18.90 101.78 14

262 15

99.56 20.92 120.48

6

256 16 102.40 20.40 123.80

5

251 17

87.85 20.96 108.81 12

76 18

53.20

7.02

60.22 18

VARIETY TEST, BRUNSWICK, GA., 1917. This cotton was planted April 10th in rows 4 feet apart and thinned to about 2 feet apart in the' row; fertilized at the rate of 400 pounds per acre with 10-4-0 guano, and on July 10th 100 pounds per acre of top dresser applied. Type of soil Norfolk fine sand, typical of much of the soil around New Hope and Brunswick. On account of dry weather soon after planting the cotton came up slowly and made a poor growth for a month or more. This cotton was planted on new land that had never been in cotton before, so the wilt disease did not do any damage, and hence some of the varieties that are not wilt resistant made a good yield. The top dresser was applied too late to secure much benefit. If a top dresser is to be uf>ed under boll-weevil conditions it should be applied about the middle of June for the best results.
SUMMARY OF VARIETY TESTS, BRUNSWICK, GA., 1915, 1916, 1917.
From the tests conducted at New Hope for three years, 1915, 1916, and 1917, it is apparent that on wilt affected land in Glynn County, the wilt resistant varieties should be planted. The following wilt resistant varieties gave the best results and are recommended for planting on land affected with the wilt disease: Council-Toole, Lewis 63, Dixie Improved, and the Dix-AfifL
This section is very well adapted to the growing of long staple, upland cotton, such as the Dix-Afifi, Webber and Express. Judging from the results f>ecured in the variety test and also from different fields in the county, the DixAfifi is the best variety to plant. On new land or land free from the wilt disease, the Webber may give good results.
18

TABLE 6.

SUMMARY OF VARIETY TESTS BRUNSWICK, GA.

.

1915

1916

1917

VARIETY

..,..

'".."00,,0,...."1..,,..
.Co
;"3'I::

.... .,

....

.- "1::'"
-01
oi ...
.H0<C1>o

.1_:;::1::::
~-1".=::'~0-

..,...,

..,..

.,'0"0 ~......
~~ H.o0i.l.0.:.

.... .,

....

:Ea

1::1::

cd
H.o0iC..o.,.

-~1"'=:;4";"j'

'0..""0,,0'..P."1.,..o,..
oil::
;3

.... .,

....

;1:::::c'"d"

1:1:
'-;::::j

oi ...
H.0C.o,

-1"=:"_" ~01~"

Dixie Imp..................................... 728 255

Lewis 63 .......................................... 1092 393

DeSoto ............................................. 936 328

Council-Toole ........................... 1092 404

Modella .......................................... 728

262

Covington-Toole ..................... 884 327

Half and HalL........................... 416 166

Cook ................................................... 780 304

Toole ................................................ 520

198

Poulnot ........................................... 978

352

Simpkins ....................................... 832 291

10 1170 410

1

975 341

5

2 1000 360

6 1000 360

4

4 1066 373

3

820 287 10

1

962 356

7

970 368

2

9

728 262

5

800 296

9

C> ,...;

5 ................_..... ....._.............. .................. 960

365

3

14

988 395

2

810 308

8

6

......................

....._... ......... ~

..................

972

369

1

13

962 366

4

850 323

6

3

. .................. .................... .t.

1000

360

4

7

884 309

9 .................._..... .....-.............. ..................

Bank Account ........................... ........................ ..................... .....................

676

230

11

Cleveland ............._........................ ........................ ..........._.....-.- ..................... 520 198 13

Dix-Afifi ......................................... 780 250

11 1040 333

8

Express ....._................_................. 676

209

12

806 250 10

825 281 11

860 318

7

820 262 12

810 251 14

Webber ............................................. 832 266

8

624 200 12

800 256 13

Sea Island No. 50, in

1917 No. 24 ........................... ........u _....._...........-.. .....................

468

126

14

270

76 15

TABLE 7-VARIETY TEST PINEHURST, GA. ONE ACRE PLANTED EACH VARIETY

VARJEJTY

'"'"Ol
w~

...

uiBi

"""'Ol
..:I8Ul

'"Ol
Ol
w~ ....
."u."i:1.3..8."0.;

'"'Q") .O..l
w.0~o"S
$~~
..:I<>lO.

'Q"j ...... ~: ~d
~-o0 I.~~,)
~~~'" P"-<':~:::

...~ "..,.
.--oS<> oi ... .t:J", ..:IlO.

~i:
'-;::l
;~~..:-'"~

-._-.....
<::""
"::>,l'.O"... <>gag"

o~
",'"
""W''OlIO.l. -~O:.:>,l~.o0;

'""::>'w~

~_'o"~S
.5 ....
o~
8::::

.5
~po<'<:S::":~>-

Dixie .................................11033 I 442 114751 1 I 35 1 5161 1 1$144.481$35.961$180.441 1

Lewis 63

1 911 319 12301 4 36 4431 3 124.04 29.51 153.55/5

~
<:>

Council-Toole

952 307 12591 3 38 4781 2 133.84 33.03 166.87 4

DeSoto

725 301 10261 7 35 3591 7 100.52 25.01 125.531 7

Cleveland (Wan-

namaker)

770 372 1142 6 38 4341 4 121.521 26.55 148.07 6

Dix-Mifi Express

873 309 1182 5 32 378 6 143.64 30.15 173.79 3
I 1 965 357 1322 2 31 4101 5 143.501 34.201177.70 2

On a 5-acre field of Dix-Afltl planted near tills test a yield of one bale per acre was made.

RE1I1AHKS
All varlties were a. good stand except the Desoto and Cleveland. The wilt disease did not 'show up to amount to anything.
All varieties shed theil' leaves about Oct. 1. The cotton was planted Aprll lOth in 4 1-2 foot rows. thinned to about 2 feet apart in the row; ferl!llIzed wi th 300 lbs. 9-3-0 guano pel' acre.

YIELDS OF FIELDS OF WILT' RESISTA T COTTON.
Many times we are asked "How much per acre is made on a large field under boll-weevil conditions?" Mr. J. F. Humber, of Lumpkin, Ga., had a field of 90 acres of Lewis 63 on which he made 58 bales, averaging 500 pounds. This field was planted the last of March and the first week in April. Two hundred pounds of 9-3-0 guano per acre was applied at planting time. The weevil appeared early in June and the infested squares were picked up once a week for five weeks. The picking of the weevils and squares cost about $2.50 per acre. It should be E.tated that the bollweevil infestation in Stewart County was very heavy. In many fields only a mile or two from Mr. Humber's place, where no fight, or else a poor fight was made, against the weevil, the yield was about one bale to ten acres.
On his plantation at DeSoto, Hon. M. B. Council, of Americus, Ga., made 15 bales of cotton on 9 acres planted in Lewis 63. This field was planted with seed from a few rows of cotton which two years before came from one good stalk. This cotton was fertilized with 500 pounds of 9-3-0 guano per acre, and in June 100 pounds per acre of a top dresser was applied. On 200 acres of wilt resistant cotton, 100 acres of Lewis 63 and 100 acres of DeSoto and CouncilToole, 175 bales, averaging 500 pounds each, were made. The boll-weevil struck this farm in June and the infested squares were collected once a week for four or five weeks.
On the Howell plantation, J. D. Hendley, Manager, Vienna, Ga., about 175 bales were made on 225 acres of wilt resistant cotton. The following varieties of wilt resistant cotton were planted on the plantation: CouncilToole, Lewis 63, DeSoto, Dixie and Modella. The bollweevil appeared on this plantation in a few spots in June. The infested E.quares were collected once a week for four or five weeks. In a few places, where the infestation was heavy before they were discovered, the squares were collected every five days. An exact record of the cost of picking up the infested squares was not kept, but it was estimated to be from $2.50 to $3.00 per acre.
Dr. William Rawlings, Sandersville, Ga., planted about 500 acres in Lewis 63 and Council-Toole, on which he averaged one bale per acre. This cotton was planted on land where the year before 25 to 50 per cent. of the cotton died from the wilt disease, and only a few stalks of this cotton showed any signs of the disease.
Judge John S. Candler, of Atlanta, Ga., grew on his plantation near HawkinE.ville 90 acres of the Lewis 63, 40 acres of Council-Toole, and 90 acres of DeSoto, with very gratifying reE.ults, yielding 1000 to 3000 lbs. seed cotton per
acre. Daniel Sons & Palmer Co., Millen, Ga., grew 200 acres
of DeSoto and 50 acres of Dix-Afifi and are more than
pleased with the results.
21

Variety Tests Conducted in East and
North Georgia.
During the year 1917 variety tests have been conducted in Burke, Hancock, Fulton, Hall, and Whitfield Counties. On account of seriom. damage by hail and early frosts the results of the tests in the three last counties named will not be published, but all data collected on these tests have been recorded and are available through correspondence with this department. With the exception of the extreme drought during August and September in Hancock County the weather conditions here and in Burke County were fairly good for the production of cotton, and the results of the tests in these localities seem worthy of publication at this time.
In conducting variety tests earliness, disease resistance, and yield are the most important considerations. Unlike most variety tests conducted with this crop, which have only a very small fraction of an acre in each kind and the acre yields calculated therefrom, these tests include from one-third to one-half of an acre in each variety tested and are conducted under as nearly actual farm conditions as it is possible to run them. Because of the slight inequalities in soil conditions of the test patches the varieties are grown in either one or two-row plats, which are repeated until the desired acreage is planted. In planting and picking these tests the work was done under the personal supervision of the writer, and all the remaining work involved in conducting them was directed and inspected from time to time during the entire growing season by him. Tests conducted in this manner should result in reliable information as to the local adaptability of the different varieties, which, after all, is the ultimate purpose of making these tests in so many communities of the state.
In order to take into consideration the seasonal and other annual effects upon experiments of this kind it is absolutely necessary to continue the tests in the same localities through a period of at least three years. The average results at the end of such a period should indicate the best varieties to grow under the local conditions and similar conditions elsewhere. After the best varieties have been determined in this way they are to be improved from
Under direction of C. A. 'McLendon, Expert in Cotton Breeding.
22

year to year by selection and the seed multiplied as rapidly as possible for distribution for planting purposes. This is only the second year that these tests have been conducted, and, therefore, the results are not conclusive; but in view of the approaching boll-weevil menace and fOl;" other good reasons it is deemed advisable to publish the results of these tests at the end of each season, E.O that all possible information as to the adaptability of the different varieties under present conditions can be ascertained as soon as possible.
VARIETY TEST IN BURKE COUNTY.
During the last two years this test haE. been located on the farm of Mr. E. E. Chance, Waynesboro, Georgia, and the same patch was used for this purpose both years. This land has been in cotton continuously for several years, and it is more or less affected with wilt. The soil is a good sandy loam and is fairly uniform in character. The preparation and cultivation was the same as that practiced for the general crop of cotton on this farm, and no extra attention was given the test patch except in planting and picking the cotton. The rows were four feet apart and the plants thinned to an average of one to every eighteen inches. It was planted on the 10th of April and a good stand of all varieties was obtained shortly thereafter. A, E.mall application of stable manure was made in the drill, 800 pounds per acre of a 9-2-3 fertilizer was applied at planting time, 50 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda on the 12th of June, and 100 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda on the 7th of July.
The total yield on this nine-acre patch was 12V2 bales in 1916, and in 1917 it was 13Vz bales, all 500 pounds each. The difference in yield of seed cotton between the higheE.t and lowest-yielding varieties in 1916 was 345 pounds per acre, or a money value of about $43.00; and in 1917 it was 800 pounds per acre, or a money value of about $117.00. Nearly all of the varieties that have been tried out in this test are being grown more or less in this locality. Therefore, it can easily be seen how the farmers of this community will be benefitted by taking advantage of the results obtained in the work that is being done on this farm in their midst. Detailed results of this test are given in Tables 9 and 10, and it will pay every farmer in Georgia having conditions similar to those obtaining in this county to study them very carefully before deciding on the variety or varieties of cotton that he will plant next season.
The wilt is rapidly becoming a f>erious factor in cottonproduction in this section, and on land affected with this
(Continued on page 25)

~

TABLE S._Notes on several characters of the eighteen varieties tested at- Waynesboro and Culverton.

... VARIETIES STUDIED

~'$
...."Q) l.ll

...
0.Q'0Qll ~1Il

zS8 ~e:9.l. :s: ~...3... Qll:: Il<:=::

Cook ................................................ 67 38

Z'

....
01::
~--;QI)II
I:: PoJ:l

'"'Q0l
Ql
.V.,ev,.I ..-...,

'Q"l
1::'"
';0~>8'
~I::~
"...S... o.,

...
0
co
be.
'8 ~
8'"
~'t:S

~s Ql5"
HIIl.=

Q)Qlol ~blJC

I::Ql
::>5;

....
0
.Q"'.".l'.,
oIll/)
~":'=o:S: u,8

III III
oS ()
...
0
Po
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~

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... 0 ..0.. 'l"l/)
.~
P1:: o....

% 3783 82 Poor........ Medium. Big Boll.......... Medium.

.!."C..'
oS
SQl r:t:

Cook 30'7-6 ...............:................. 67 38 % 4136 93 Good........ Medium. Big BolL....... Medium.

Tri-Cook .....,................................. 65 37 :~t 4136 84 Poor........ Medium. Big BolL....... Poor........ Hybrid

Cleveland (Williams) ...... 65 37 % 4136 76 Medium. Medium. Big Boll.......... Medium. Originally from

... Cleveland (Wood) ............... 67 36 % 3783 97 Poor........ Medium. Big Boll.......... Medium Wannamaker
.... Cleveland (Wannamak'r) 63 37 % 3492 94 Good........ Medium. Big Boll.......... Good........

Christopher ............................. 62 34 % 3492 86 Medium. Medium. Big Boll.......... Poor........

Half and HalL......................... 70 38 % 4540 97 Poor........ Medium. Semicluster.. Medium.

Sawyer ........................................... 67 37 % 4136 90 Poor........ Medium. Big BolL........ Medium.

King ................................................. 82 33 % 4136 74 Poor......... Medium. Early................... Medium

Simpkins' Ideal ..................... 80 34 % 4136 78 Medium. Medium. Early................... Medium

Petway ...........,.............................. 89 34 % 4540 93 Medium. Light........ Early................... Poor........

E~press ........................................ \ 871 30\11-16 4540 98 Medium. Light........ Long Staple. Medium.

18135 Dlx-Afifl ....................................... 86 32 1 3-16 4540 86 Medium. Medium Long Staple. Medium Wilt resistant

Dixie Improved ....................

% 4540 97 Medium. Medium. Peterkin........... Medium. Wilt resistant

Lewis 63 ....................................... 85 36 % 4540 88 Medium. Medium Pet.erkin........... Medium. Wilt resistant

DeSoto .......................................... 80 35 % 45401 92 Medium Medium. Peterkin........... Medium. Wilt resistant

Council-Toole ......................../ 851 38 % 4,540 94 Medium. Medium Peterkin........... Medium. Wilt resistant

For sources of seed used in these tests see page 30.

dreaded disease none but the best wilt-resistant varieties, such as Council-Toole, Dixie Improved, Lewis 63, DeSoto and Dix-Afifi, should ever be grown. In fact, no other varieties will produce a profitable crop of cotton under wilt conditions. The Dix-Afifi is an upland staple variety and it is the only wilt-resistant staple variety that has been developed. For definite suggestions as to the varieties best adapted to this locality the reader is referred to the recommendations offered on pages 6 and 7.
VARIETY TEST IN HANCOCK COUNTY.
During the last two years this test has been located on the Energy Farm, Mr. B. F. Morris, Manager, Culverton, Georgia. It was not possible to locate the test on the same land each year, but in both locations used the conditions were about the same. This land is supposed to have been in cotton continuously for the last few years, and it is slightly infected with wilt in spots. The soil is a sandy loam and fairly uniform in character. The preparation and cultivation was the same as that practiced for the general crop of cotton on this farm, and no extra attention was given the test patch except in planting and picking the cotton. The rows were four feet apart and the plants thinned to an average of one every eighteen inches. This cotton was planted on the 12th of April and a fairly good stand of all varieties was obtained. An application of 300 pounds per acre of a complete fertilizer was made at planting time, and 400 pounds per acre of "this same material was applied about the middle of June.
The yields in this test have been rather lower than expected both years, owing to unfavorable weather conditions, but the results should be comparable, even when obtained under such adverse circumstances. Ordinarily, the varieties best suited to a locality can be determined by running a test during a period of three years, but in this case it will likely require a longer period in which to obtain the desired results, since the test has been conducted under unfavorable conditions two years in succession. The seasonable variations are very marked, especially in the case of some varieties, as will be seen by exa.l]lining Tables 11 and 12, giving the detailed results of thiS test.
The difference in yield of seed cotton between the highest and lowest-yielding varieties in 1916 was 616 pounds per acre, or a money value of about $63.00; and in 1917 it was 465 pounds per acre, or a money value of about $70.00.
early all of the varieties included in this test are being grown more or less in this locality, therefore the importance of taking advantage of the work that is being done on this farm. As to the best varieties to be used in 1918
(Continued on page 30)
25

TABLE g.-Variety test, farm of Mr. E. E. Chance, Waynesboro, Burke County, Georgia, showing rank in earliness, yield per acre, and money value per acre of the eighteen varieties tested, 1917.

VARIETIES TESTED (lh acre In each variety)

OIl

~

Earliness, as

Indicated by pounds

of seed cotton at

first two pickings

..0 ...

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~
~

Cook ............................................................... 1294 560 1854 12 90 1944 14 73911205 $206.92 $45.19 $252.11 12 Cook 307-6 .............................................. 1244 720 1964 8 150 2114 10 8031311 224.84 49.16 27 4.00 9

Tri-Cook ........................................._........... 1434 700 2134 4 180 2314 3 8561458 239.68 54.62 274.30 4

~ Cleveland (Williams) ..................... 1414 690 2104 5 110 2214 7819 1395 229.32 52.31 281.63 6 ." Cleveland (Wood) .............................. 1324 590 1914 9 90 2004 11 721 1283 201.88 48.11 249.99 13

Cleveland (Wannamaker) ......... 1474 710 2184 3 90 2274 4841 1433 235.48 53.74 289.22 5

Christopher ..........._................................... 1284 610 1894 10 90 1984 13 675 1309 189.00 49.09 238.09 15

Half and Half.......................................... 1464 770 2234 1 110 2344 2891 1453 249.48 54.49 303.97 3

Sawyer .........._............................................. 1014 410 1424 15 130 1554 17 575 979 161.00 36.71 197.71 17

King ......................._._.................................._.. 1184 470 16'54 13 130 1784 15 589 1195 164.92 44.81 209.73 16

Simpkins' Ideal .................................... 1064 460 1524 14 120 1644 16 559 1085 156.52 40.69 197.21 18

Petway ......................................................... 1308 560 1868 11 130 1998 12 680 1318 190.40 49.42 239.82 14

Express ................................:........................ 1404 510 1914 9 90 2004 11 601 1403 204.34 52.61 256.95 11

Dix-Afifi ...................................................... 1394 644 2038 7 100 2138 9684 1454 259.92 54.52 314.44 1

Dixie Improved .................................... 1284 850 2134 4 130 2264 5792 1472 221.76 55.20 276.96 8

Lewis 63 .................................................._.. 1274 830 2104 5 120 2224 6801 1423 224.28 53.36[ 277.64 7

DeSoto ............................._.......................... 1364 680 2044 6 104 2148 8752 1396 210.56 52.35 262.91 10

Council-Toole ................._....................... 1344 850 2194 2 140 2354 1895 1457 250.60 54.71 305.31 2

TABLE 10.-Average results, variety test, farm of Mr. E. E. Chance,. Waynesboro, Burke County, Ga., showing rank in earliness, yield per acre, and money value per acre of the seven varieties tested in both 1916 and 1917.

VARIETIES TESTED
""-'I Cleveland (Williams)

1916

1917 1916 & 1917 1916

1917

1916 & 1917

1916

U17

1916&1917

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1740 5 2104\ 3 1922 41820 62214 42017 4 $172.24 6 $281.631 31$226.931 5

Express ................................. 1785 4 1914 6 1899 51885 42004 71944 7 179.17 5 256.95 6 218.06 6

Dix-Afifi ................;~.............. 1680 6 2038 5 1859 61825 52138 61981 5 189.07 3 314.44 1 251.75 1

Dixie Improved ............... 1980 1 2134 2 2057 12190 12264 22227 1 196.09 1 276.96 5\ 236.52 3

Lewis 63 ............................. 1795 3 2104 3 1949 31970 32224 312097 3 179.63 4 277.64 41228.63 4

DeSoto .................................... 1605 7 2044 4 1824 71800 72148 511974 6 161.10 7 262.91 71212.00 7

Council-Toole .................. 1875 2 2194: 1 2034 22075 2/2354\ 1\22141 2 192.81 2 305.311 2 249.06 2
It will be noted that the Dixie Improved and CouncilToole bave led in this test for these two years.

TABLE 11.-Variety test, Energy Farm, Mr, B. F. Morris, Manager, Culverton, Hancock County, Ga., showing rank in earliness, yield per acre, and money value per acre of the eighteen varieties tested,
1917.

VAl1JF.TJES TESTED
. (1-3 acre In each variety)

Earliness. as Indicated by pounds
of seed cotton at first two plcldngs
i I~ j I I :3 0 E-t

'0'
., ~C":l b.O
... ",l:l:
rn+0o'l-~
., ... ..~ .0:l "0"''-''

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"'C11

....

~
').

z~.

",Po '01:
..."'l:lo
p0,,'8"

'0
~:...
l:
.... CJ
~
~"lC:'1'"g1

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;=l
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1:: 01

r"g,'~"

'" ... P0".o,.

P0" ...,.

..i.i.i, ...., .", 01-.0<Ql<.C-
x- ~tu:<
~.Qe)tP,2o)U~~JO'C!C1J
~OO~I::OO
C'l-g:jC<?

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olE
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>~

.

.,

.,.'0,

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-'"",.,
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:>
.5

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~
l:

01::.,

01

E-t:::Po

~

Cook .....................~............................................... 756 471 1227 4 24 1251 4 475 776 $133.00 $29.10 $162.10 5

Cook 307-6......................................................... 840 411 1251 3 21 1272 3 483 789 135.24 29.59 164.83 3

... Tri-Cook ............................................................. 804 381 1185 5 27 1212 5 448 764 125.44 28.65 154.09 6
00 Cleveland (Williams) ........................... 783 471 1254 2 21 1275 2 472 803 132.16 30.11 162.27 4

Cleveland (Wood) .................................... 795 339 1134 Cleveland (Wannamaker) ............... 834 462 1296

9 1

1158111135121

8 1

415 737 485 826

116.20 135.80

2Ui4 30.97

143.84 10 166.77 2

Christopher ...................................................... 720 330 1050 13 27 1077 12 365 712 102.20 26.70 128.90 14

Half and Half ................................................ 799 318 1077 11 18 1095 11 416 679 116.48 25.46 141.94 11

Sawyer ...............................................................1 921 252 1173 6 9 1182 6 437 745 122.36 27.94 150.30 8

King ........................................................................ 735 234 969 17 6 975 16 322 653 90.16 24.49 114.65 17

Simpkins' Ideal .......................................... 657 183 840 18 6 846 17 288 558 80.64 20.92 101.56 18

Petway

.............................................................. ~

774

210

984 16 15

999 15 340 659

95.20

24.71

119.91 16

Express ............................................................... 840 327 1167 7 15 1182 6 355 827 120.70 30.51 151.21 7

Dix-Afifi

#0

879

258

1137

8 30 1167 7 373 794 141.74

29.78

171.52

1

Dixie Improved .......................................... 666 345 1011 15 33 1044 14 365 679 102.20 25.46 127.66 15

Lewis 63 ...........~............................................... 771 297 1068 12 33 1101 10 396 705 110.88 26.44 137.32 12

DeSoto .................................................................. 690 336 1026 14 36 1062 13 372 690 104.16 25.87 130.03 13

Council-Toole ............................................. 753 339 1092 10 3~ 1128 9 429 690 120.12 26.21 146.33 9

TABLE 12.-Average results, variety test, Energy Farm, Mr. B. F. Morris, Manager, Culverton, Hancock County, Ga., showing rank in earliness, yield per acre, and money value per acre of the six varieties tested in both 1916 and 1917.

1nl6

1917 1916 & 1nl7 1916

1917

1916 & 1917

1916

1917

1nl6 & 1917

., ....

---

VAlUETJES ':I.'ESTED

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~ ....r~nrn

rn >.i:
oS-"

e~

e
::l

.e geu j~ aJ~.~_

;@_~..g.. Ao r.1E8~

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oS
ll:

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UJUJ
.'3 ~ -:>" ~e ..~aJ ~.-
eu~ oS.-_a ;~gA
r~il;Ea~()..~..

., f:E rn
ern

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.,

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cn~~cn
o~~S-aJ 0~8C.x5~-0

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~
ll:

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:; ll:

e

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()

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r$n(e) .5

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~

e
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al
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8.O0.J.A...o.,S.

...,.
"" ., 0; ".",o(S)
., ';;' rn'"

.5
-e'<
oS
ll:

4>"'-
.,bile
e.o...
;> ....
<8

't:l 0;
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EA .5

3~

., "2

8o:O>j

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ll:

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>.() .,ell
0Ee A...,.
<....;l:':">
~~

.,
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~

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ll:

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""

Cook ..........................A .............. 1308 1 1227 2 1267 11368 11251 21309 1 $131.82 1 $162.10 3 $146.96 1

Cleveland (Williams) 944 5 1254 1 1099 3 972 61275 11123 5 91.81 6 162.27 2 127.08 4

Express .................................... 1052 4 1167 3 1109 21076 41182 31129 4 102.42 5 151.21 4 126.81 5

Dix-Mifi .....A .......................... 900 6 1137 4 1018 61028 51167 41097 6 106.51 4 171.52/1 139.01 2

Lewis 63 .............................. 1124 2 1068 6 1096 41184 21101 61142 3 107.94 3 137.32 6 122.63 6

Council-Toole .................. 1080 3 1092 5 1051 5118013 1128 51154 2 109.69 2 146.33 5 128.01 3

It will be noted that the Cook has led both years in this test.

in this locality the farmers should take the suggestions offered under the head of recommendations on pages 6 and 7.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
The co-operation of Mr. E. E. Chance, Waynesboro, Georgia, and Mr. B. F. Morris, Culverton, Georgia, on whose farms these tests were conducted, is acknowledged, with due appreciation of the important part their untiring efforts have played in the success of the work.

SOURCES OF SEED USED IN THE TESTS, 1917.

Cook-Lee J. Williams, Carrollton, Ga.

Cook 307-6-W. J. Bridges, otasulga, Ala.

Tri-Cook-M. R. Hall, James, Ala.

.

Cleveland (Williams)-Lee J. Williams, Carrollton, Ga.

Cleveland (Wood)-H. A. Wood, Pinehurst, Ga.

Cleveland (Wannamaker)-Model Seed Farm, St. Matthews, S. C.

Cleveland-H. A. Wood, Pinehurst, Ga.

Christopher-W. G. Cleaveland, LaGrange, Ga.

Poulnot-J. E. Bradbury, Athens, Ga.

College o. I-College of Agriculture, Athens, Ga.

Sawyer-E. E. Chance, Waynesboro, Ga.

Half & Half-J. J. L. Phillips, Tifton, Ga.

Petway-A. P. Petway, Eastman, Ga.

Toole-J. W. Mathis, D'awson, Ga.

Bank Account-H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga:.

Simpkins-H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga.

King-H. G. Hastings Co., Atlanta, Ga.

Simpkins' Ideal-W. A. Simpkins, Rale~gh, N. C.

Express-Felix Williams, Villa Rica, Ga.

Webber-J. D. Hendley, Vienna, Ga.

Dix-Afifi-J. B. Wight, Cairo, Ga.

Sea Island No. 24-ValdOsta Experiment Station, Valdosta, Ga.

Covington-Toole-H. A. Petty, Dawson, Ga.

Council-Toole-M. B. Council, Americus, Ga:.

Dixie Improved-M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

Lewis 63-M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

DeSoto--M. B. Council, Americus, Ga.

Modella-J. D. Hendley, Viemna, Ga.

Dillon-J. D. Hendley, Venna, Ga.

Dillon-Hybrid-J. M. Council, Americus, Ga.

30

.".. -
VARIE Y TEST
.CONDUCTED '"UND.ER DIRECTION
GEORGIA STATE BOARD
OF - ENTOMOLOGY