Bulletin [Nos. 1-10 (Apr. 1899 - Jan. 1904)]

State Board of Ent
BULLETIN No. /- April, I
J
L Legislation Against Crop Pest II. Da erous Pests Prescribed y the B ard,
Remedial Suggestions.
Bv
W. M. SCOTT.

CAP/ IBUII-D NG

Atlanta,

ATLANTA OA : ALLEN & :.tlt<TON , BoOK AND J OR Pt< IN T V. IIII
ti!Qq .

fieer1ia State Board of Entomoloc.

0. B. STBVENS, Chairman, Commissi on er of . uriculture, Atlanta.
P. J. BERCKMANS, Pres. of State Hort~c ult tral Soci ety,
A u g us ta.
J. POPE BROWN . ..... Pres. of State Agricultl ral Society,
Hawkinsville.

W. M. SCOTT, M. S., Entomologist and Sec. of the Board,

Atlanta.





To the Honorable Boa'rd of Entonwlogy of the State of Georg ia:

Sirs-I have the honor to submit the accompanying manu ~

script for publication and dist'fibution in accordance with an

Act of the General Assembly, approved December 20, 1898. The first part is offered in answer to the many inquiries

received at this office, concerning the requirements of the recently enacted crop pest law; and to pl<..ce tl is law and the

regulations enacted by the Board in the hands of interested persons in convenient fc;>rm. Part second is mt.ant to briefly call to attention the insects and diseases designated by the

Board as dangerously injurious to plants, with suggestions for

remedial work.

Very respectfully,

W. M. SCOTT,

State Entomologist.

Approved:

0. B. Stevens, Chairman of the Board.

I. 'lLegtalatton Rgainat <trop .JPeata.
In December o f t<he year 1897 an Act was passed by the Ge neral Assembly of Georgia providing fo r a special Department of Horticulture and Pomology to be added to th e D epartm ent of Agriculture, with one officer who should be an E ntomologis t. T1he Entomologist was appointed March 1, 1898, and nearly the whole of his time during th e year was spent in tlhe fi eld with the fruit growers, nurserymen and tru ckers. Th e result of hi s work is given in the report to the Com missio ner of Agr.cvlture, which was publish ed in the Annual of the Department o f Agriculture for 1898.
This law proved defective in so me particulars, and <. t the recent session of th e L egislature it was amended.
The full text of th e amend ed law and 1he rul es and regulations enacted by th e Board of Entomoloay actin g th ereunder are given below:
An A ct to am end an Act entitled: "A n Act to requ ire th e Co mmissioner of Agriculture to establis h a speci al departm ent of H o r ticulture an d Pomology, to empl oy a n Entom ologist, fix hi s salary and define his du ties, to provide for in spectio n of fr uit tr ees, fr uit, vi neyard , mel on a.nd vegeta ble farm s, and preve nt, diminish and des tr oy contagious di seases and de st ruct ive insects in orchards. vineyards an d ot h er places; to prov ide boards of arb itration, fix their powe rs, defi ne their dutie s a.nd provide for their costs; to prov id e funds for the maintenance of sai d department, to prescribe penalties for violatio ns, and fo r othe r purposes." Appr-oved Dece mber 2 1, r8g7. Approved D ece mb er 20, r8g8.
Be it enacted by fhe General As-sembly of Georg ia: r. Tha t an Act entitled "A n Act to req uire the Commis ioner of Agriculture to est<~~hlish a specia<l departm ent of Horticulture and P omo'logy, to employ an Entomologist, etc. , etc. , ap proved D ecember 21, 1897, be amended so as to read as follow s : Sectio n I. Tha.t fr om and after the passage of thi s Act, the Commi ssio ner o f Agriculture of the State of Geo rgia, th o President of the Geo rgi a State Hor ticultural Society and the Pre'S ident of the Georgia State Agwicu.Jtural Society shall, ex-o.fficio , co n'S titute a B oard to be known as the St<~~te Board o>f Entomclogy, of wJ1tch the Co mMti ss ioMer o.f Agricultu~e shall be chairman, whi-cth B oa rd . 3hall

hav e full p owe r to enact such rules and regulati o ns go 1e rn ing th e in5')Jectio n, ce.rtificatio n, sale, tran sporta tio n a nd intr oductio n fJf trees, s'hrub s, cuttings, bud s, vin es, bulbs a nd root s, that they may deem nece ssary to prevent the further introd uc tion , increase and di sseminati on o f insect p ests and plant di seases.
Section 2 . That the S ta:te Entomol ogist appoint ed .by the Com mi-ss ioner of Agric u-ltur e u nder t he provi sions .o f the Act cited above, appro 1ed D ece mb er 21, 1897, shall act as an in specto r under th e pro1ision of this Act, and it shall be th e duty of th e sai d B oard to promulgate rul es a,nd reg ula-tions in accordance with this Act for the government of the said E nt omologis t in the du ties de1o!ving up o n him in the execu tion oi th e provi si()ns of thi s Act.
Sectio n J . Th at the salary of the said Entom ologist shall not exceed $I ,SOO.oo per annum, and th at sai d sala,ry shall be paid ou t of the fund s in the Agricultural D epart ment arising from the inspec ti o n oi oil s. In addition to ~he above appropriat ion the sum o i $ r,ooo.oo per .a nnum is hereby appropriated out of the fum:ls in the Agricu ltural D epa-rtm ent a ris ing fr om th e in spec tio n of o il s. fo r t he purp ose of defrayi ng th e expenses of the exec uti on o th is Act,- th e eq uipm ent of a la boratory, the traveling a nd other incidental expenses o f the Entomologi t and the iss uing of reports and ot h er publications.
Section 4. Th e Entomo logist shall have p o wer und er the regulat ion s of th e Board o.f Co ntrol, to vi sit any sectio n of t he S tate wh ere uch pests are supposed to ex ist, and shall determin e whet-her any infested trees or plants are wor.thy of remedi al treatmen t or shall be dest royed. An d he sha ll immedia t-ely report his findin gs in wri ti ng. giv ing reason th erefor, to the ow ner o f the infested planta_ti on, h is age nts or tenants, an d a copy of ea ch report shall also be ubm itted to the saitl B oard. I n case of o bj ect io n to th e findings of the Inspecto r, an appea l shall be mad e to th e aid B oard. who shall ha ve the po wer to summ o n witn esses and hea r testimony on oa: h. and wh ose decisio n shall be final. An appeal mu st be taken within thr ee days and shall ac t as a sta y of proceedings un til it is heard and decided.
Sec ti on s. Upon th e findin gs of the In spector in any case of
I in feste d tr ees or plants, the treat ment prescri bed by him shall be executed at once ( unl ess an appeal is taken), under hi s supervision; cost of mate rial and labor shall be borne by the owner; PROVIDED, HOWE VE R, that in case the trees or plants shall be conde mn ed, they shall be des tr oyed by th e In spector, and th e expen se of such action shall be bo rne by bhe ow ner. o compen sation shall b e all owed fo r any plants th at shall be destroyed. Sectio n 6. In ca se any person or perso ns refuse to exec ute the directions of t.he In specto r o r o f th e said B oard a{ ter an appeal, the Coun ty Jud ge, or Ordinary sh all, up o n complaint filed by the Insp e-cto r or any ,f.reehold er, cite t'he per so n or per so n s to appear befo re h im within three day s not ice after bein g se rved, a.nd that th e said
( 5)

Judge or Ordinary may hear and determine all these cases in vaca-

tion ; and, upon satisfa,ctory evidence, shall cause the prescribed

treatment to be executed, a nd the expense thereof and costs of court

sha ll be collected fr om the ow ner or owners of infested ~!ants.

S ec ti o n 7. It shall be unlamful to offer for sale, sell, g ive amay

or tr.a.nsport plants, scions, buds, trees, shrubs, vines or other plants,

tubers, roots, cuttings, bulbs, known to be infested with dan-gerously injurious in sects o~ ~!ant di seases. Any person or persons violating

this section s'hall upon conviction thereto be guilty of a mi sdemeanor.

S e<et ion 8. The said Boa rd of Control, its agent s or employees,

a re h ereby empow ered with authority to enter upon a.ny premise

in d ischarge of the du ties herein prescribed. Any person or persons

wh o shall obstruct or hinder them or their agents in the discharge

of these duties shall be deemed guilty of a mi sdemeanor , and, upo n

convict io n the r eof, shall be g uilty of a mi sde~ea.nor.

Section 9. The B oard shaH have ~he power to a.Jso adopt rules and

regulation s, not inconsistent with the laws a nd Constitution of t hi s

Sta te and th e United States, for preven ti ng the in ~r o dution of dan-

gerously injurious crop pests fr om without the S tate, and for the

governing of common carriers in transpo rtin g plants lia bl e to har-

bor such pests to and from the State, and such r egulati o n s sha.IJ

have the force of laws.



Section 10. It sh a.Jl be unlaw fu l for any grower, nurseryman or

corpo ra tion to sh ip withi n the State of Georgia any trees, shrubs,

cutti ngs, vines. bulbs, roots without having been previously in-

spected by ei ther a State or Expe rimen tal S tat ion Entomologist or

gove rnm ent officer. wit hin twe lve mo nth s of the date of said ship-

ment, and certificate of inspection to accompany each box or pack-

age. Vio latio n of this cla use will be co nside r ed as a mi sde m eanor.

and punis~able as such.

S ection 1 1. Be it furt her ena,cted that the members of the said

Boa rd, any two of whom sh all cons t it ute a quorum i n the absence ot'

the t hi rd, shall , within 30 days from the passa.ge of thi s act, draw

up aR d promulgate thro ug h the press of the State th e rules and reg-

ul ations necessary to car ry into fu ll and c o mpl ete effec t the pro-

visions of this Act, ca r efully defining what diseases o r maladies,

both insect and fungu s, shall constitute infestation in tll'ees or plants

wi thin the meaning and purview h ereof.

Section 12. Be it further e nacted, that any perso n or persons

residing in t he S ta.te of Georgia, dealing in o r handling trees, etc.,

shall be compeJled to have hi s or their stock inspected annually on

or before the r st of N ovembe.r each year. If, upon such inspection,

such stock is fo und to co nfo rm to the r equireme nts of the Board of

Control, the Inspector sha.JI furn is h a certificate to that effec t. And

any such pe rson o r persons making a shipment before the filing of

such ce rtifi cate with the chairman of the Board o1f Control shall be

guilty o.f a mi sdemean or.

Secti()n 13. Each and eve ry perso n residing 1n S tates o r Co un -

(6)

tries outside of the Sta,~ e o{ Georgia, dealing in or handling trees,

plants, cuttings, vines, SJh.rubs, bulbs and roots in this State, shal'l

register his name or firm and file a copy -of his or its certificate of

inspection furnis,hed by the Entomologist, Fruit InspectCl'r or duly

authorized government officiad of his State or Count-ry, with the

Chairman of the Hoard of Control. Upon failure so to do, said

stock shall be lia.ble to confiscation under order of the Inspector.

Secti-on J4. When <bwo reputable citizen-s of any >COunty in

Georgia sha!:l notify the Board, from belief, that noxious insects or

plant diseases exist in their county, the said InS>Pector shall be di-

rected to ascertain as speedi.ly as p;ssi,ble by personal investigation,

and in !>uch other manner as he may deem expedient, the extent of

the infection, a.nd shall act with a'll due diligence to suppress anci

eradicate t>he said pests and give notice to the ow.ner, tenant or

agent of s uch premises to treat such infested plants accordiag to the

method.s he may presccibe, or destroy bhem within ten days from

date of such notice, :iind i~ after the expiration of such period of ten

days the infested plants have not been treated or the treatment has

not lbeen properly applied or is nm effectual in ridding plants of the

pests, the Inspect-or shall cause such plants to be properly treated or

destroyed as his judgment warrants. 'Dhe co.st of the work shall be



covered by execution from the owner o.f the premises.

Section 15. It sha.ll be t he duty of the lnspector to make a

monthly report o.f his work, both as Entomologist and Inspector, to

the Board of Control, a s well a,s the expenditure under this Act,

and said Board shall report annuaHy to the Governor of the State.

2. Th is act sha.Jl take effect from and a.fter it.s passage, and all

la.ws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed.


On January 18, 18<)9, the Board of Entomolo~y met in Macon, Ga., with all of ~ts members present and adopted the following rules and regul~tions:
Rules and Regulations for the Government of the State Entomologist in the Enforcement of the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, Providimg for the Cont1ol and Eradication of the Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases which Threaten the Fruit and other Agricultural Interests of the State, and for the Prevention of the Further Introduction of Dangerously Injurious Crop Pests from Without the State.
Adopted January 18, 1899.
In pursuance of an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, approved December 20, 1898, amendatory to an A<:t of Assembly approved December 21, 1897, creating a Board of Entomology, and authorizing and directing the
C7)

same to take action for the suppression of certain hereinafter defined injurious insects and fungous diseases, and for the prevention of <the further introduction, increase and dissemination of the same; the following rules and regulations are hereby enacted and promulgated:
1. In accordance with Section II of said Act, the following insects, fungous diseases and parasitic plants are hereby dedared, individually and severally, to constitute infestation in trees and plants ; this !1st to be revised at the will of the Board of Entomology:

(1) The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus pemiciosns) (2) The New Peach scale (Diaspis amy,qdaU). (3) The Cabbage Web-Worm (Hellt~la tmdalis). (4) BJack Knot (Plow1ightia morbosa) .
(5) Peach Yellows. (6) Peach and Plum rosette. (7) Mistletoe {Phoradendton flavescens)--'fJarasite.

2. The State Entomologist is hereby charged with the



enforcement of the said act, and as inspector is directed to locate by personal investigation, correspondence and in such

orther manner as he may deem best, the above named -pests so

far as they exist in this State, and give proper directions and

rake such steps in accordance with the above cited act as he

may deem necessary to control or eradicate the same.

3 In accordance with Section 5 of the above cited act, the

State Entomologist is hereby endued with power to con-

demn and destroy any infested trees, shrubs or other plants

that in his judgment are not worthy of remedial treatment,

when such infestation is , or is likely to b~ome a menace to

t.he agricultural interests of any section of the Sta1te, or when

tihe owner or owners of infested premises s~1all refuse or neg-

lect to propeTly execute tbe treatment prescribed for him.

4 Any trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known as

nursery stock, sh ipped witllin the State of Georgia, without

each box, bundle or package in each car load, or less than

car load lot being plainly labeled with an official Entomolo-

gist's certificate to the effect that the contents of the same

have been inspected and found to meet with the requirements

of tihe Board of Entomology in accordance with Section ro of

the act cited above, shall be liable to confiscation upon the

O'!'der of the inspector.

5 Each and every box, bundle or package of trees, shrubs

and other plants -commonly know!) as nursery stock, shipped

in car load Jots, or less than car ioad lots into the State of

Georgia from any other State or country, shall be plainly

labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the Ento-

(8)

morlogist, Fruit Inspector or other duly authorized official in

the State or country in which said stock was grown, and also

with the official tag o f the Georgia State Board of Entomology

'hereinafter provided for; said certificate and tar: to be valid

for only twelve months from the date they bear, in accordance

with Sections 9 and r 3 of t . e act cited above. Such ship-

ments not so labeled shall be liabl e to confiscation upo n the

order of the inspector.

6. Upon the filing of the proper certificate as above pre-

scribed [n accordance with Section 13 of said act, and upon

request of any person or persons residing in states or coun-

tries outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or handlin g

trees, slhrubs or other plants in this State, the certificate of the

satid Board of Entomology will be issued to the same with-

out charge, and official tags bearing a fac sim'ile copy of such

certificate and the seal of the State Board , will be furnished

such applicants at cost, viz: Sixty cents fo r the first Ioo or

part thereof, and twenty-fiv e cents for each additional hun-

dred.



7 No transportation compan y or common carrier shall de-

liver any box, bundle or package of trees. shrubs or other

plants commonly known as nursery stock, shipped from any

other state or country to any consignee at any station in the

State of Georgia, unless each box, bundle or packag-e is plainly

labeled with a certificate of inspection furni shed by th e offi cial

Entomologist of th e state or country in which said stock was

grown, and also with the official tag of the Georgia State

Board o f Entomology hereinabove provided for. Such ship-

ments of the nature designated above originating in the State

of Georgia, need only have the certificate of the State Ento-

mologist; and unless his certificate is attached to each and

every box, bundle or package of trees, etc., they shall not be

accepted fo r transportation.

8. Transportat ion companies shall immediately noti fy the

State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when by oversight, negli-

gence or otherwise, any shipment of uncertified stock is re-

ceived at any station or wharf in th e State, and it shall be his

duty to proceed as speedily as possible to investigate and dis-

pose of such stock, as provided for in the act cited above.

9 The State Entomologist shall have power to require any

nurseryman of the State to fumigate his stock with hydrocy-

anic acid gas, when in his judgment the presence of any pest

in the nursery or in the neighborhood of the nursery, war-

rants such treatment for the better protection of the a~;ricul

tuml interests of the State. Upon the failure of any indi-

V'idural, firm or corporation to comply with this requirement,

( 9)

the S.tate Entomologist is hereby authorized to withhold his certificate from the same.
10. Tlhe tate Entomologist is hereby authorized to publish in vhe form of bulletins, reports, or through the press of the State any matter pertaining to the distribution, life hi tor y, habits and treatment of insect pests and fungous diseases, or other matter that may be instructive or aiel in the suppression of suclh pests.
I r. The Board of Entomology may appoint temporary deputy inspectors when it appears to be necessary, to assist the Entomologist in the enforcement of the act cited above, and such deputy inspectors shall have full power to enter on premises and inspect and report to the State Entomologist.
12. App'eals from the decision of the Entomologist sho uld be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga., who shall notify the appellant of the time and place o f hearincr uch appeal.
13. 'Tihe State Ento mo logist shall be secretary of the Board, and aH inquiries relative to the provisions of the above cited act and the subject matter of the sa me shou ld be addressed to him at Capitol B uilding , Atlanta, Ga.
Tlhi amendatory act creates a State Board of E ntomology, making the Department of Entomo logy a distinct department of its own operated under the directions of the Board. It is much easier of execution than the original law and affords protection to the individual who wishes to keep his premise clear of pests against a careless or obstinate neighbor whose premises may be infested. It is only ne-cessary for two rep utable Citizen o1 any county in Georgia to notify the Board that nox~ous insects or plant diseases exist in their cou nty, as provided for in section 14 of the act, and it becomes the duty of the Entomolocrist to immediately cau e the affected plants to be properly treated or destroyed, as his judgment warrants.
T11e writer wishes to urge that infested communities take the matter in hand in an organized effort to stamp out the infestation. Cases of infested or diseased premises should be reported to the Entomologist, and the organized comm unity should see that his direct-ions are properly c.arried out. The Board maintains that it would be impossJDle fo r the Entomologist to personally superintend the treatment of individual cases in a state as large as Georgia, where the interests involved are so great, and only one man to look after it all. He can only make the inspections and report his findings with the proper recommendations. If it is afterwards determined, however, that the treatment recommended has not been properly ap-
( ro)

plied, t:lhen it becomes his duty to cause such diseased premises to be properly treated and to subject the offen der to punishment, as prescribed by law.
One of the most important features of the law is the regulation o f the transportation of plants which are undoubtedly the most effectua1 medium of wide dissemination of insects and fungous diseases. Nurserymen are required to have their premises inspected and secure the Entomologist's certificate before they are allowed to ship their stock. urserymen outside of tihe State doing business in the State are required to secure the certificate of tohe Entomologist of the State or country in which their stock is grown, and file the same with the Board of Entomology; and upon this certifi,ate, if it be satisfa ctory, the Board issues to them official tags bearing its certificate, which must be used in the shipment of stock into the State.
Transportation companies are prohibited from delivering transported plants unaccompanied by the proper certificate. Tlhe transportation companies of the State have kindly expressed to the Board their intention to co-operate with it in the enforcement of the law.
It is not t:lhe purpose of the law to interfere in the least with the traffic of plants nor to prevenrt: honest nurserymen from do~ng business in this State, but rather to insure such plants from dangerous pests and to protect the industry.
Under the existing law, it is proposed to pursue the following lines of work :
I. To cont1nue the nursery inspection work, destroying all stock found actually infested with dangerous pests, and requiring fumigation whenever deemed necessary, thereby preventing tlhe fwrther dissemination of such pests from sources in this State.
2. To 1"igidly enforce the regulations governing nurserymen outside of the &ate in the shipment of stock to this State, thereby preventing the further introduction of dangerous pests so far as possible.
3 To continue the inspection and treatment of infested and diseased premises, endeavoring to suppress the pests that have already gained a foothold.
4 To conduct experiments with insectic-ides and fungi.cicles, determining the most practical and effective methods of combatting insect pests and diseases of plants.
( TI)

II. '!Dangerous )Pests )Prescribe~ b~ tbe :fl3oar~t 'Ulllttb lReme~tai Suggestions.
(1) THE SAN JOSE SCALE (A spidiotus perniciosus Comstock.)

a

CJ as I

FIG. 1. t appea

Appearance rs under han

o d

f scale on bark: lens, showmg sc

a

a, les

inf~st e d tw i in various

gs.tan~aetsu

ral of

size b, bark devel opment ,

and young larvae . (Howard and .Marlatt, Bul. No. 3, N ~ w Se ries, DiY. of En to

mology, U. S. Dept. of Agr. )

How to detect it.-This scale is very small and it is rather difficult for an ~nexpenienced eye to detect it. Roughl y speaking, it is about the size of a pinhead. Seen under a hand lens the female is dark gray in color, circular and conical in out-
liHe, and terminates at the centeT by a nipple like prominence,

( 12)

surrounded by a distinct ring. T!Le male scales are elongated and smaller, with the nipple near the anterior end. The real insect beneath the scaly covering is plump, circular in outline and yellowish. If crushed with the point of a knife tihe result is a pale yellowish liquid. The newly born young are very minute mite-like creatures, long oval in shape, with pale orange color. TI1ey are quite active in seeking a suitable spot on which to settle, and in a few hours they have anchored themselves with their beak for life ; except in the case of the males, which issue at mcut:urity with wings, and become active again .
When a tree becomes crusted over with tthese scales the bark has tihe graY'ish appearance of having been coated over with dampened ashes.
Food Plants.-The San Jose scale may be looked for upon the foHowin g plants: Peach, plum, apple, pear, apricot, cherry, quince, almonds, rose, Hawthorn, raspberry, spiraea, cotoneaster, prunus pissardii, strawberry, flowering quince, mountain ash, gooseberry, currant, flowering currant, grape, Engl1sh walnut, pecan, black wa)nut, persimmon, elm, osage orange, linden, euonymus, weeping wil~ow, Kilmarnock willow, English willow, golden willow, cotton-wood, Lombardy poplar, Carolina poplar, catalpa, sumacih, silver maple and perhaps some others.
In Georgia it has been found on the peach, plum, apple, pear, prunus pissardii, rose, Kilmarnock Willow, cotton-wood, Oarolina Poplar and a few otl:hers.
P'resent status.-This scale is now known to exi.st in about thirty counties of the State, and some of t'he most important fruit sections are involved. Tlhe wor~ of combatting it, however, has been very vigorous and it has been greatly reduced in the last twelve months. Many trees have been dug up and remedies have been freely used. Nurseries have been thoroughly inspected and infested ones cleaned up. The fum1gation of nursery stock is now being generally adopted by the nurserymen and every precaution is being taken to prevent the further spread of this dreaded pest.
T1eatment.-For nursery stock, fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas in an air-tight room is the only safe remedy; and , in fact, this treatment cannot be considered an absolute surety against the scale, since some ur.known opening in the house may allow the gas to escape before it has done its deadly work. Where trees are actually known to be infested they s-hould never be used, but should be burned. There is too great a risk in the use of infested stock, no matter, to what treatment it may have been subjected. Fumigation is a good precaution and every nurseryman should fumigate his stock,
. ( I3)

not only on account of the probable existence of scale in his nursery, but also on account of other insects that are usually present on nursery trees to a greater or less extent. This work of fumigat~on is accomplished by packing the trees in an ai'rtight room and subjecting them to the fumes of hydrocyanic acid for thirty-five minutes. The gas is generated by treating chemically pure potassium cyanide with ,the best grade
of commercial sulphuric acid at the rate of rt oz. of cyanide,
r:i oz. of acid and 5 oz. of water to every 150 feet of cubic space in the room.
Among the several remedies now known to be effective in orchard work, the kerosene treatment is the most useful with us. Many orchards in South Georgia have been treated with the mechanical mixtures of kerosene and water during the past winter and most excellent results have been obtained. Twenty and twenty-five per cents of oi l are the strengths we have most commonly used for winter treatment. Our experiments have shown that it is not safe to use over twenty-five per cent., and even then considerable injury wil result if the weat11er conditions are not just right. It is absolutely necessary that bright dry days should be selected for this work, otbe'fWise serious injury to the trees may be expected. If the atmosphere is not sufficiently dry to allow the oil to evaporate quickly, it will penetrate the bark and cause injury. The writer wishes to press the importance of this caution, because a number of trees were killed the past winter from neglect of it. At least two applications of the twenty or twenty-five per cent. mixture should be made during the dormant period. The first as soon as the foliage is shed in the fall and the second in the spring before the buds begin to open. For summer treatment, fifteen . per cent kerosene is as strong as we clare to use with safety. This should be applied at any time during the summer when livi ng scales are detected.
Special Kero-water sprayers are necessary to effect this treatment. These machines are so constructed that the desired percentage of kerosene can be regulated quite accurately. 11he Demjng Company, Salem, Oh io, have had these ptimps on !'he market for some time, and the Gould Manufacturing Company, Seneca Fall s, N. Y., have just recently put out an excellent "Kero-water" sprayer.
Tlhe gas l'reatment of orchard trees by means of tents has produced satisfactory results wherever properly used. On account of its expensiveness, however, only a few growers are using it in this State. Whale-oil soap, two pounds to the gallon of water, thoroughly mopped or sprayed on the trees in the dormant season is also a good remedy. One application is not sufficient to effectively check the scale. T'he treatment should be repeated two or thre<; times during the season.
( 14)

FnJczing out.-It will be of interest to mention the effect that t'he February freeze had on the San Jose scale; and, in fact, it has its bearing on the treatment of this insect. On February 28, fifteen days after the freeze, I commenced to investigate the condition of the scale in Southwest Georgia. Infested orchards were examined in nearly every section of the State where the scale exists. Making a rough estimate, I would say t'hat at least ninety per cent. of the insects were killed in every orchard examined. Where the kero-water mixture had been used on the trees very few living scales could be found and in many cases none at all. It seems that the insects that haq escaped the treatment had been so weakened by it that they were less able to resist the cold.
This freezing out of the scales at a temperature of four to eight degrees below zero, which was not ex pected, si nce the same insect withstands the greater cold o.f the more north ern iatitucles, can be accounted for by the fact that they had been awakened from their winter hibernation by the warm clays t'hat preceded the freeze. Caught in this semi-active condition, they had to succumb to the cold. Moreover, insects as well as plants in Southern latitudes are not as H10roughly protected and do not become as dormant as in the North.
The forbes scale (.Aspidiotu.s forb csi), a closely allied species to the San Jose scale, however, seems not to have been effected by t'he cold.
T'he reproductive power of the San Jose scale is so enormous, illustrated by the fact tn1at the female produces four or five young a day for a period of about six weeks after reaching maturity, that the ten per cent. that escaped the fre eze is sufficient to soon thoroughly reinfest the orchards. Tlhis small per cent., however, should be easily controlled if the prope-r steps are taken during this summer. Infested trees should be SFayed with ten or fifteen per cent. of kerosene in the early part of the summer, followed in the fall with an application of the twenty or twenty-five per cent.

(z) THE EW PEACH SCALE.
(D'iaspis amygdali Tryo n.)
c
Fro . 2. Th e New P~ach Scale: a branch cove r ed with male and fpmal e scales, natural s ize; b t... fema le scalei. c, male scale ; d . g rou p of male sc~es-e nlarged . (Howard, U. ::l. lJept. o f ,!,gr., r earbook,l894 .)
How to detect i t.-'I11is scale is readily disti nguisihed from the San Jose in that the female is a little larger, of a lighter gray color, with the elongated exuv~al point ridged and located at one side of the center, and the male is smaller, elongated, with parallel sides and white. The exuvial point is similar to that of the female , but located at tihe anteTior end. A tree badly infested has a white-washed appearance fron1 the color of the male scales. Where on ly femal es occur, however, a grayish brown appearance is produced .
It is the habit of these insects to cluster about the trunk and the lower parts of the 1arger limbs of a tree.
Tlhe original home of this insect is probably either the West Indies or Japan. From its probable West Indian origin it gets one of its popular names, ''West India" scale. It is now known to exist [n the United States, at \,Yashington, D. C.; at Los Angeles, Cal. ; in one locality in Ohio ; at Molino, Fla.; at Bainbridge, T110masvill~, Irby and Ash' urn, Genrgia. The case at Irby, Ga., involves two peach orchards; one of about 7,000 trees and the other 25,000 trees . Albout 10,000 trees have been utterly destroyed at this place by this scale.
It attacks the peach, plum, apricot, cherry, pear, grape, persimmon, and a few other plants.
T1eatment.- TI1e winter treatment for this insect is about the same as that for the San J ose scale. The females pass the
( r6)

wlinter in the mature and partially mature state, "-nd can be killed by the twenty per cent. mixture of kerosene and water, or by tlhe whale-oil soap treatment at the rate of one pound dissolved in one gallon of water. In Georgia there are three or four broods from eggs, which appear at more or less regular intervals, the first appearing about the midde o-f March, if the season is favorable. 'flhese broods should be watched for and ten per cent. kerosene or whale-oil soap at the rate of one pound to four gallons of water should be applied at the time of their appearance.
It is becoming one of the most dangerous pests with which we have to contend, perhaps equal to the San Jose scale. The most vigorous measures should be adopted for its eradication while it is yet in its incipiency.
Fortunately this scale was also almost completely frozen out by the February freeze.
(3) THE CABBAGE WEB-WORM.
(Hellula undalis Fab.-Botis rogatalis Hulst.)*
Under date o{ August 15, 1898, Mr. Geo. Maul, of Augusta, Ga., informed the writer that in August of 1897 a new enemy to ~he cabbage and other plants of the mustard family appeared in his and neighboring truck gardens in the form of a small caterpillar. He stated tihat this same insect had appeared again at the date of his letter, declaring that it was quite impossible to grow cabbages and turnips around Augusta on account of it, and urged this department to come to their rescue. Upon request, Mr. Maul sent the wr1ter alcohol specimens of the caterpillars and as the species could not be identified they were forwarded to Dr. L. 0. Howard, Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. Howard replied that it was indeed a new enemy to the mustard family and could not be identified from the larvae. Living specimens of the caterpillars were secured from which were bred several moths and forwarded , toget.1er with living larvae, to Dr. Howard. These were identified by comparison with specimens in the National Museum, by Messrs. Dyar and Chittenden, as Hellula undalis Fab., an introduced species which has been recorded from Texas.
*As this Bulletin goes to press, the writer receives Bulletin No. 19, New Series, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division ol Entomology, which contains a.n account of Hellula undalis, by Mr. . F. H. Ohittend en, simiiM in some particulars to the matter in this paper.

In a letter concerning this insect, dated November 16, Dr. Howard Wri1:es: ''Tlhere is some doubt about the Texas locality, and it is quite probable that the occurrence at Augusta,
Ga. , is the first of this species in this country. * ':' * It is
obviously a species of the greatest economic importance, as the chances are that it will spread northward and soon take rank among our most pernicious cruciferous pests, of which we already have a superfluity."
About the middle of October, r898, the writer made an inves1:igation of the ravages of tihis pest around Augusta, visiting six or eight tru ck farms. T'he turnips, cabbages, radishes and other cruciferous vegetables grow off nicely for about ten days after they come up, but within another week they are swept away by this little worm. Acres and acres are thus devastated. Some truckers planted the same piece of g-round over five times with th e same result-the loss of the whole c:rop each time. :\Jr. :VJaul planted eight pounds 0f cabbage seed in frames and carefully stretched mosquito-netting over them, 'hoping t11ereby to exclude the moths and secure a crop of cabbage plants. In spite of this precaution. the moths gained entrance and the crop was lost. Some truckers have es1:imated t11eir losses up in the thousands of dollars, but it is difficult to make a fair estimate of the damage done in Richmonel county.
Excepting the infestation in Richmond county , about Augusta, no other locality in the 1:ate is known to be infested. It is reported -that the cabbage and turnip crops about Waycross, Ga., were almost a complete failure last fall. due to some insect trouble, possibly the cabbage webworm. This is not certain, however, since no investigation has been made.
( r8)

(j~
'
I
''
FIG 3. Hellula zmdalis: a, moth; b, pupa ; c and e, larva , d orsal and lateral view; d, head of larva-at l much enlarged. (Origin~tl.)
DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES.
The eyy.- The egg is about .8 mm. in diameter, nearly pherical, slightly oblong with a sharp teat-like projection at one end and light yellow in color. The shell is thin and membranous, filled with a yellowish fluid . The embryo develops very rapidly, and a few hours before the larva issues the egg takes on a pinkish brown co lor, until finally , with t'he aid of a hand lens, the characteristic black head of the caterpillar can be seen.
The Larva. -In length the full grown worm measures about five-eighths of an inch (16 mm.) ; nearly cylindrical, with g1eatest diameter about 2.7 mm., near the midddle, tapering toward each extremity. In color it is a dul1 pinkish cream, with seven brownish purple stripes traversing the entire length of the body, excepting the head and first ~horacic segment, one on the clorsimeson and three on each side; the third or lower

latera'! one is usually somewhat indistinct. Also, a ventrimeson stripe and on each side a latero-ventral stripe of the same color can be treadily distinguished in the young larva; these fade away and almost disappear as the worm approaches maturity and the general color becomes lighter. The body bears a few hairs w'hic'h can scarcely be seen without t'he a,id of a lens. The three pairs of true legs and the five pairs of pro-legs are quite well developed.
The head is horny and polish-black, as illustnted in figure 3, d. Tlhe first thoracic segment is furnished with a black shield which is very conspicuous in tlhe young larva, but fades off into a light brown color, with broken ~ongitudinal, dark brown bars as maturity [s approached.
The Pttpa.-Tihe pupa, shown much enlarged at b, in the figure, is full five-sixteenths of an inch (8.2 mm.) long; the head and the portion showing the outlines of tlhe wings are dark fuscous, and the other portion of a lighter yellow color. Tlhe anal segment terminates with four hairs. The dark brown eyes and general outline of the moth can be quite p1ainly dist[nguished.
The Aclttlt.-The moth is figured at a, much enlarged, in the accompanying illustration. Tlhe female moth is described under the name, Botis 1ogataUs by Dt". Hulst, in the Transactions of tlhe American Entomological Society, Vol. XIII., page 149, as follows.:
Expands 19 mm. Pal pi, head, thorax and abdomen fuscous; fo~e wings 'broken fuscou.s and fuscous cinereous; bhe hasal ..spll(;e wjt,h a black spot medially, two white Jines cross the wi-ngs, tlhe fiTst extra basal ed,ged with da'l'k fuscous, outer after the typical Botis pattern; a dark bro wn spot a.nnu-lated with white at ren-i-fo.rm; a dark brown subtriangular apical patch, and a sulbterminal white line; marginal line b-la.ck, broken; hind wings, even fus,cous; benealth, lighter, lines obsolete, reniform indi,stinct.*
HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY.
The observations made on the 'habits and life 'history of this insect were conducted both in the field and in the laboratory. It should be stated, however, that on account of frequent interruptions, caused by the necessity of carrying on the fall nursery inspection work at the same time, its 1ife history could on'ly be worked out incompletely. One of the most importan t phases, the number of broods, was not determ[ned.
It is t>he purpose of the writer to make a more complete
*This technica~l descriptio-n was copied from Dr. Hulst's paper and furnished the writer through the courtesy of Dr. Howard.
( 20)

study of its life history the present season and conduct a series of experiments with insecticides for its destruction, and publ~sh the results.
As stated before, this insect was hrst observed at Augusta in Richmond county about the middle of August, 1897. It was probably introduced a year or two earlier but did not occur in sufficient numbers to attract attention. According to Dr. Howard (communicated by letter to the writer, under date of November 28), its original home is probably Southern Europe.
Its destructive work in the fall of 1897 attracted considerable attention among tihe truckers of Richmond county, but it was not expected that it would prove such a pernicious pest. In the first days of August of the follow~ng season it appeared in such vast numbers, sweeping every vestige of craciferous plants before it, that the gardeners became alarmed. Protective and remedial measures of different kinds were tried; mosquito netting was used over beds of cabbage p1ants, arsenical poisons were used on field crops, but all of no avail.
The caterpillars are first noticed in about ten nays or two weeks after the plants have come up. As many as twenty may be found on one plant. They eat out the bud or heart of t'he young plant and stop its grqwth at c t~ce. Then they gnaw t'he leaf stems and even the stalk and cut them so nearly off that tlhey break down. Roots are not attackd except in the case of turnips, where the worms occasionally gnaw into the top of tthe turnip roots.
Cabbages, turnips, radishes and collards are devoured with equal relish. O:Dher plants of the fami ly amciferae also undoubtedly furnish food for this insect. No otner plant are known to be attacked.
~ 21)

FrG. 4. A turnip plant with the bud en t en out by flellula tmdalis.
The moth deposits her eggs si ng ly o n the lower s ut~ -e of the leaves. 'fl11ese are scattered promiscuously, as indicated at e. in figure 4 Twenty to thirty eggs were observed to be depos ited by eac h of several females in the breeding cages. It is quite probable that even mo re are usuall y deposited. T1he eggs are hatched in two to three days after deposition. Eggs deposited on the under side of turnip leaves in the breeding cages, on the 5th of November, were hatched on the 8th of November. Others deposited on the 6th were hatched on the 9th. The little caterpillars are very active and immediately upon issuing they descend directly into the bud of the pl-ant, where th ey begin their destructive work. After feeding for a few hours they hegin to spin threads of sHk frrom leaf to leaf and from o ne margin of a leaf to the other. Th e smaU leaves are often partially rolled with the worms inside, by means df these threads. More often, however, they spin little web-bags against t11e leaves or leaf stems near where they
( 22)

are feeding, into which th ey hasti ly retreat when disturbed. In case they are feedi ng on turnip plants, where Vhey feed near the groun d the bag is free, touching the ground and is coated over with littl e g rain s of sand whi ch cling to the ilk threads.
Accordin g to observations mad e in the laboratory, the larvae take from twenty to twenty-five cl'ays to develop from the eggs to t'he pupa stage. 'vVo rm s that issued o n November 9th pupated from th e 1st to t'he 7th of December.
After teaching full g rowth t'h ey resort to some conve nient p1lace o n th e stem or leaf of the pl ant, or burrow beneath the sand , usually the latter, and spin a small cocoo n in which the transformation takes place. They may remain in th e cocoon for two or three days before th e pupa is completely formed. Albo ut ten or twelve clays are consumed in the pupa stage. In ihe br.eeding cages larvae that pupated from the 2 20 to the 25th of October em erged as moth s on December 1St to sth . Ot'hers that pupated December 7th em erged December 18th.
Copulation takes place in a few hours after t!he moths emerge from the pupa state. The eggs develop very rapidly and are deposited in a few hours after impregnation takes place. The mo t'hs begin to fl y in the evening after sunset, depositing their eggs on the lower surface of the leaves. They remain hidd en during th e clay, usually o n t'he under surface of leaves and und er rubbish on the gro und, wi th their wings folded in the position shown in fi g ure 4 VVhen disturbed they fl y o ff a few yard s and suddenly dart clown into a hiding place. Tlhey fl y low and in somewhat o f a darting mot ion. Tlh ey were never fo und to be feed in g, and the indica~ tions a re that they live and do their work in th e few clays of their existence without feeding, al.th ough th is point wa3 not de finitely determined. Th ose that were bred in the cages where there was no food for them copulated and laid their eggs normaHy, which would >indicate t'hat there was at least no necessity for food. As stated befo re, the number of broods was not determined ; but sin ce less than six weeks are required for the insect to complete its life cyc1e, and since the first brood appears in th e early days of August and the last or.e reaches to the 1st of D ecember, we can reasonably conclude tha:t there are at least three broods. It is higMy probable, too, that there is a July brood, which may not occur in sufficient numlbers to attract attention. Cold weather usually catches the last brood and cuts its work short. On November 29th, after a few frosts had appeared, the writer visited a truck farm near Augusta and found the caterpillars greatly reduced in numbers and very sluggish. Very little damage was done by them after November 15bh.

How they pass the winter was not determined, but as an oprinion it is suggested that they very likely hibernate as pupae.
Par-asites.-From the material brought into the laboratory was reared an Ichneumonid, which is presumably a parasite on this webworm. Dr. Howard write.> that two distinct species of parasites were bred from the material sent to his office.* Definite information concerning the natural enemies of this insect cannot yet be given. It is quite probable, however, t<hat th~s most dangerous cruciferous pest will be g reatly held in check by its parasites.
T1eat1?1-ent. -Sufficient experiments have not yet been made to authorize the recommendation of any definite course of treatment for this particular insect. T11e 'habit t'he worms have of darting back into their protecting web when disturbed precludes the use of cont;;.ct poisons. Internal poisoning can undoubtedly be effected with more or less success. The most efficacious remedy that sugge.sts itself then , perhaps, is Paris green, either suspended in water or used as a a ry powder. If used in water, four or five ounces of the poison to fifty gallons of water is the proper proportion. The mixture should be well agitated and applied with a fine spray nozz.Je. Several applications will be necessary to effect good results, the first to be made as soon as the first pair of true leaves of the plant has come out (if the insect has appeared on the premises), tlhe second in about a week after the first, and others at intervals of ten clays, as may seem necessary. It, perhaps, would not be well to use the poison within a week of the time the vegetables are to be marketed. If the poison is to be used as a powder it shou1cl be thoroughly mixed with gypsum or flour at t'he rate of one part of the poison to twenty parts of the diluent and dusted on the plant.
Some of the truckers of Richmond county used arsenical poisons last year with apparently no effect; yet we believe that if they are thoroughly app1ied and used often enough destruction of a large per cent. of the worms will result. The usual caution against the danger of carelessly handling arsenic should be observed.
The moths are readily attracted by lights. On October 17, after nightfall, the writer took a lantern out into an infested turnip fie'ld and in two minutes a dozen or more moths were flying arouna the light, which would suggest that they could
*On page 56, Bul. No. 19, tN. S.), U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Mr. F. H. Chitte.nden gives the names of cllese parasites as the Tachina fly, E:rorista piste, Walk, and the Ichneumonid, Limneria tibiator Cr.

be readily captured by trap-lantern s. Lanterns arranged over pans of K ero sene oil and placed at interva ls of say forty yards over the garden would rlo ubtless tr<tp a large number of moths before they lay their egg .
In the fall or during the winter all tra h, as weeds, old cabbage stalks and o th er debri in and around fi eld s that were infested the preYious seaso n sh o uld be raked up and burn ed and th e o verwinter ing brood will th ereb\ be reduced.
(4) BLACK K N OT. ( Plo1 cr i_qlttia, 11w1bo.~a Sch.) . ace.
FI G. 5. B lack Kn ot.- Old kno ts o n cherry t wi gs , nntura l 8i zP. (Original.)

Plums and cherries are subject to the attacks of a disease

very expressively termed "Black Knot." This disease is

American in its origin and occurs more or less abundantly

throughout the United States, but is especially prevalent in

the Eastern States, where it seems tu have first

appeared. In some sections of the East growers of plums and

cherries have been forced from time to time to abandon the

industry in consequence of the ruinous effects of .jts work.

Cases are on record showing that orchards that paid hand-

somely one year were completely destroyed the following

year or two . Cherries are little grown in Georgia, but plum

culture has become quite an extensive industry, and profita-

ble returns are realized from the marketed fruit.



Realizing the seriousness of this Black Knot fungus, the State Board of Entomology very wisely placed it in the cate-

gory of dangerously injurious pests and thereby brought it

withi1: the purview of the law. While this disease i.> not very

prevalent over the State and a general epidemic has never oc-

curred, yet it was deemed necessary to include it in the list

and take steps to hold it under control.

It has been found in quite a good many orchards in the

State, but not to any alarming extent. The more intelligent

growers are fully aware of the injuries they are liable to suffer

from its attacks, and whenever it appears on their premises

they lose no time in removing it by cutting off affected parts

or rooting up the diseased trees. Through such wise meas-

ures the disease has not been allowed to get beyond control.

How to detect it.-Some fully formed knots arc. illustrated in

figure S These are large, rough, black excresences, due to

the growth of a fungus (lllowrightia moTbosa) in the cam-

bium layer of the branches or twigs. 1'hese crusty enlarge-

ments may extend entirely around the branch or grow length-

wise on one side. The nrst swelling- usually begins in the

spring, when the sap begins to flow; it may, howe,cr, occa-

sionally be noticed in the fal'l. The first indication is a slight

enlargement, usually longitudinal, which rapidly increases in

size as the season advances. The bark is soon ruptured and

finally scaled off, exposing a yellowish brown crusty surface.

In May the fungus bears a crop of infecting ~pores on the

surface of the knot, which gives it a velvety appearance.

These spores are soon scattered by vhe wind or other natural

agencies furnishing infection for other trees and thus dissem-

inating the disease. The knot then becomes Lard and black

as fall is approached. It has not yet completed its work.

During mid-winter another crop of spores is produce~i and

scattered. These gain lodgment in the cracks and crevices of

the bark and in the forks of twigs and at the growing points,

ready to germinate and penetrate the tissues of the bark as spring opens up.
1'reatment.-The most effective method of controH~ng tbis disease is to cut out all the knots as soon as they appear and burn them. This work s.wuld be supplemented by spraying with Bordeaux (four pounds of copper sulphate and five pounds of fresh lime to fifty gallons of water). Four applications are necessary, two for the winter crop of spores and two for the summer crop. The first should he made about two weeks before the buds beg-in to open, and the second immediately before they open. The third application should be made about t'he middle of May at the time the summer crop of spores is produced, followed in about two weeks with the fourth.
All wild cherry and plum trees should be carefu'lQy watched, a~ they are frequently badly attacked , and affected parts must be cut away and burned.
(5) PBAOH YE::ULOWS.
FIG. 0. Yellows the foul'th year. (Smith, Bul. 17, Dlv. veg. Path. , U. S. Dept. A g r .)

This disease has not yet made its appearan ce in Georgia, but we have every reason to anticipate its introduction at any time, unless diseased stock is effectively excluded from the State. The probability of its introduction and the fact that it carries destruction with it have prompted the Board to place it on the black list that every precaution may be tak en to keep it beyond the bounds of the State.
It is Americai1 in its origin and has been kn ow n for about one hundred years. It is quite generally distributed over the Eastern States north of Tennessee and Ko rth Carolina. Some of the most important peach sections of the East have suffered immensely from its destructive work and in not a few cases entire orchards have been completely d~stroyed. It seems to prefer peaches, but apricots, almonds, nectarines and Japanese plum s are not free from its attacks.
How to detect it.-If the affected tree is in bearing, the fir st symptom is manifested in the premature rip ening of th e fruit, which may take place several weeks or only a few clays before th e normal season oi ripening. Premature ripening may be due to other causes, but tlhe yellows peaches bear characteristic bright-red, measly blotches over th e ski n and streaks of red through the fl esh, often reaching to the pit. Another reliable symptom is the pushing out of newly formed buds at the ends of apparently healthy twigs or water sprouts. intc short shoots with small yellowish leaves. Such buds should not normally put out until the following season. Also. the disease may cause do rmant buds on the trunk and larger limbs to pu sh in to feeble, often branched shoots, characterized by narrow stiff leaves . This stage is illustrated in fi g ure 6, showing the abnormal growth on a tree dying with t11e yellow s. Affected trees may live for tihree to five years, during which time they are gradually weakened and finally the foliage becomes yellowish or reddish in color.
The term "yellows" is somewhat misleading. Quite a ntlmber of supposed cases of yellows in this State have been reported to the writer, but upon investioa tion the yellowing of tlhe fo].iage in every case proved to be clue to t'he peach borers, drouth or som e other weakening effect on th e trees. Prem ature ripening of the fruit from similar causes has also lead many to believe their trees to be affected w1t!ll the yell ows. The absence of red spots on the skin and red streaks throu g h tJhe flesh of the fruit should serve to relieve uneasi ness in such cases.
The cause of yellows is yet undetermined , but it is definitely known that it is a disease and can be communicated from tree to tree and from orchard to orchard. Experiments have shown that it can be communicated to health y trees through buds taken from di seased trees. but the manner
( 28)

of its natural spread from tree to tree is yet unknown. It is

known, however, that from scattered cases in the orchard it

will gradually spread over the entire orchard and completely

destroy it if left unmoleste-d.

P1e~;ention.---6ince ye1lows is an incurable disease, we can

only look to preventive measures for protection .

(r) Peach trees should not be obta1nect from nurseries lo-

cated immediately in infested sections. Such stock is liable

to develop yellows .after planting out.

(2) Peach pits from affected trees should never be planted.

T1hey may reasonably be expected to convey the disease to

th young stocks.



(3) Whenever the disease appear$ in an orchard every af-

fected .tree should be rooted up and burned. Simply cutting

off affected parts is not sufficient. The virus exists in the ap-

parently 'healthy parts and would soon develop the symptoms

of yell ows. The whole tree, root and branch , must be de-

stroyed.

(6) PEACH AND PLUM ROSETTE.
FIG. 7. Rosette Induced in a seedling by inoculation. (Smith, Farmers' Bul. No. 17, Div. veg . Path ., U. 8. Dept. of Agr.)
Similar to the yeJotoows is a disease known as "Rosette" from the peculiar tufts into which the leaf buds grow on trees under the influence of the disease. It attacks peaches and plums and is quite generally distributed over the northern portion of Midl.Je Georgia, extend;ng from Augusta to the Alabama line, and from Macon to some distance north of Atlanta. The writer has quite thoroughly worked fhe State over and has never found it south of Macon nor in extreme North Georgia. It also occurs, although to a limited extent, in Eastern Kansas and in Western South Carolina. It seems to be most prevalent in Georgia, where it has been known for about twenty years. It causes the destruction of many trees annually in infested sections of this State, but the growers do not consider it with any great dread from the fact l:inat they effectively ho.Jd it under control by the destruction of all affected trees as soon as the disease appears. In some locali-
( 30)

ties, however, rosetted trees have been left .in hedges and waste places to propagate the dist~ase and cause considerable destruction to adjacent orchards.
How to detect it.-Figure 7 well i!iustrates the appearance of a tree affected witlh rosette. This clustering together o the lea.ves into rosettes usuaHy takes place in early spring and is one distinguishing charater of the disease. The foliage assumes a yellowish green or orange color, or, in case of plumtt. particularly a beautiful red color. The leaves have a straight, stiff appearance with inrol:led margins. One season is usually 1mfficient to completely kill the affected trees. In some cases, however, a tree may Eve two years, especial<ly if it is not attacked in aH parts at once; but when a tree is once attacked it never recovers.
Prevention.-The same preventive measures suggested for yellows apply also to rosette, and particularly should all diseased trees be promptly dug up and burned. Fence rows and hedges where peaches and plums are growing should be watched and affected trees destroyed. By a series of experiments, Dr. Erwin F. Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, determined that it can be communicated by bud inoculation, it being necessary, however, for the tissues of the bud and stock to un.ite before inoculation is effected. Further t'han this its manner of spread is unknown . Dr. Smith suggests tlhat possibly the disease may enter throug-h the roots* but this has not yet been proved. It is certain, 'however, that it does spread naturally and that a few affected trees left stand~ ing in an orchard will in time cause the destruction of the entire orchard. Hence the importance of rooting up diseased trees.
MISTLETOE.
( Phomdend1on flavescens.)
Nearly everyone is familiar with mistletoe. It is a shrubby plant parasitic on trees, especially oaks, elms, map! :s, willows, poplars, apples and pears. It possesses the remarkable property of firmly engrafting itself on the limbs of trees and subsisting on their juices. The stems are one and a half feet high, muc'h branched, rather thick and brittle. Tlhe leaves
*Farmers' Bulletin, No. 17, Div. Veg. Path., U. S. DepaTtment of Agriculture, page 17.
( 31)



f
are thick three-vein ed, obtuse, cun eate-obovate, smooth and

emire o rather short petioles. Th e berry is white semi-trans-

parent nd has a viscous pulp ad11ering to the limb or branch

wi~h hich it comes in contact until it strikes root.

T 1s parasite feed s on the juices of th e tree upon which it

is owing and draws heavily upon its vitality. On germ ina-

ti <{n it sends out numerous rootlets which penetrate the cortex

pf t'he host and even enter the wood with which they form

an intimate connection. This causes local death and a hurt-

/ ful jnfiuence throughout the plant. At the point of attack

I

a distorted , swollen appearance is presented, due to the drying of the tissues and ~he process of r epairing. Trees are so weakened by mi stletoe that they .are very much stunted in
growth and in the course of time die limb by limb. It is com-

mo n all over the State and is especially destructive to the

shade trees in many of our cities. The Board placed it on

t'he list of injurious pests that steps might be taken to check

its destructive work on the shade trees of the cities. The

shade trees of Augusta particularly have suffered from this

pest, and many of t11 em are gradually dying from its weaken-

ing influence, together with the attacks of some scale insects.

At the time of thi s writing bhe writer receives a communica-

tion from the Civic League, of Augusta, ask1ng for a treat-

ment for tthe shade trees of that city against mistletoe and

scale insects. Apple and pear trees are also hosts for this

paras ite, but because of the more thorough course of prun-

ing and better treatment otherwise given them than is usually

given shade trees they do not suffer so severely from its at-

tacks.

'l'teatment.-Mistletoe can be quite effectively controlled by

keeping it cut off. Where it appears on the smaller branches

they should be pruned off and the bunches occurring on large

limbs should be chipped out. This can be clone in the fall

or early winte r, and the plant should never be allowed to re-

main on the trees until the fruit ['ipens. The berries scatter

and the pulp being viscous they adhere to whatever they

touch. Birds, particularly the thrush, feed on the berries and

are effective agencies in disseminating the seed, especially in

wiping their bills on limbs and thus leaving berries that have

adhered to them .

In conclusion, I wish to acknowledge, with pleasure, the

valuable services of Miss Mamie Griggs in producing th e

drawings for figure~ 3, 4 and S

( 32)

GEORGIA

Jan. 15, 190

~ STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOG
.I
ATLANTA, GA.
/ ;!
----- - -
Sp'ring Treatment of Orchards Infested With the .Srin Jose. seal

By W. M. SCOTT, State Entomologist.

a
[ f? ig. r. Appeara nce of th e sc al e on bark: a, infe te d twig , natura l iz e ; b, bar. as it app ea r s und e r hand lens, s h o win~ scal e in var iou s tages o f d eve lopm e nt , a n young larvae. (Howard and Marlatt , Bul. No.3, New S e ri es Div. of Entom o logy, : S. D ept. of Agriculture.
Throagh correspondence and personal visits all of the fruit growers o eorgia that our records show to have trees infested with the San Jo scale have been given instructions upon the means of controlling it ; bu unfortunately some fruit growers are prone to procrastinate and mid-winte has found a number of infested orchards yet unsprayed. The line of treat 'ment that I ha ve insisted upon calls for two winter applications, one im

tediately a fter the foliage is shed and the other in late winter or spring be>re the trees bloom.

It should be remembered that sprayinR can be 'done without injury to he trees only in fair weather, and during the .winter the number of days .titable for spraying is quite limited. Hence the importance of beginning peration in the fall. If spraying is delayed until spring, weather condions usually make it impractible to get over a large orchard with two aplications, and in some orchards last year the trees were blooming before he first spraying had been completed. After the trees begin to bloom pray ing mt:ist cease until the crop is gathered. To spray trees in bloom 1eans destruction to the crop ; to spray trees in fruit means a kerosene lavor for the fruit ; to neglect the treatment of a peach or plum orchard :>r two years means the partial or entire destruction of the orchard ; to uccess full~ control the San Jose scale means the application of all the nergy and enterprise the fruit growers can muster.

\Ve have had an unusually mild winter and the San Jose scale bas been reed ing on warm days throughout the winter up to the present . In this espect the weather has been most favorable for the destruction of the scale. .Vhen breeding and in an active condition the scale is ~ore susceptible to reatment than when in a dormant condition. Do not delay treatment onger ; utilize every favorable day in the fight for the mastery of thi s pest mtil your infested orchards have been tborougly sprayed.

Many of the growers have already completed the first winter spraying md it will be necessary to repeat the application only in orchards that are >adly infested throughout. In orchards where the infestation is apparently imited to small areas all trees that show the presence of scale should recehe :he second application , while the general treatment of the orchard may be imited to one application. It is a mistake, however, to attempt to select tnd spray the infested trees and entirely omit the general treatment of the >rchard. It is an equal mistake to attempt the eradication of a case of scale :rom an orchard by destroying all trees that show the presence of the scale, >mitting those that are apparently free. No manner of inspection will reveal all the infested trees in a large orchard.

While it must be admitted that the San Jose scale in a permanency in

Georgia, there is no longer any doubt that it can be successfully centrolled

without menacing the profitable production of fruit to any large extent.

Our experience during the past three years ha3 shown conclusively that this

pest will yield to proper treatment and that infested orchards can be kept

in fair condition. The records of this Department show that orchards con-

taining ten to fifty thousand trees badly infested with scale three ye-ers ago

are now in good condition. It required thorough work to preserve these

orchaqls but' the results have fully justified the efforts. It is true that a

very sm,al( l?er cent. of the trees referred to have died from the combined

effect or' the' scale and the severe treatment, but this has only slightly dis-

, II

'

I

I

figured the orchards without causing any appreciable loss.

/I t

:1: I

,

Directions for treating scale infested orchards have been repeatedly placed in the hands of our fruit growers, but it will hardly be out of place to give them here with particular reference to spring work.
Digging up Infested Tree.s.-A newly established case of scale in a neighborhood formerly free may be exterminated by the destruction of all trees involved. By such heroic treatment a neighborhood may be freed from this pest, provided it is discovered and the trees destroyed within a few months after its introduction. Aside from cases of recent and limited in festation the di gging up method is resorted to only where there is strong hope of preveating or. delaying the spread of the scale to neighboring o rchards. By a prompt destruction of a few hundred trees under certain conditions the progress of the scale may be materially checked a nd its pread over ~n important fruit section delayed two or three years. U nder any circumstances all trees in a dying condition and beyond recovery should be dug up.
The K e1o8ene- Wc~ter Tl'e(ttlnent.-After repeated experiments with various s ubstances, t:onsidering cost, danger of injury to the trees and fruit buds, and effectiveness against the scale, we have found that the kerosene-water treatment gives the most satisfactory results. For the application of this remedy is required a spray pump specially fitted to mechanically mix kerosene.aod water in the.act of spraying. These machines are so constructed t hat the desired percentage of kerosene can be regulated quite accurately .
The Goulds " Kero-Water" pump, made by the Goulds Mfg. Co.,
* Seneca Falls, N. Y. , has given general satisfaction with us and has proved
more reliable than other pumps tested. During the winter of 1898-gg, upon my recommendation , a 25 per cent .
strength of kerosene was generally used in the State, and while the results were in the main satisfactory, careful experiments showed that a 20 per cent. strength accomplished about the same results against the scale and was attended with less danger of injury to the trees. For two years, therefore, we h ave been using the 20 per cent. kerosene-water mixture as a winter treatment. As stated above, an infested orchard should receive at least one annual application and in bad cases two applications during the course of the winter are required to bring the scale under control. The sprayil}g may be C.one at any time during the winter, but one should begin in time to finish the work before the trees begin to bloom. If two applications are to b~: made, it is a good practice to make the first early in the fall as soon as the foli age is shed. At that time in this climate the insects are still in an active condition and mnchtnore readily destroyed than later when they become dormant. It is true that the danger of injury to the trees is less in late winter or spring, but I have never observed any particular damage from fall
praying. The mixture should be applied in a fine mist and every portion of the
*These spray pumps are now kept in stock by th e Mallary Mill Supply Co ., Macon, Ga.

jnfested tree should be moistened from the ground to th'~ tips of the -twigs , but care should be taken not to allow the mixture to run down the trunk and collect about the base of the tree. It should always be borne in mind that an excess of the mixture applied to a tree will in many cases produce death, particularl y to peaches and plums. Th e usual caution to a\oid spraying on damp and cloudy clays should be observed ; neither should spray ing be continued in the evening after sunset. The conditions s,hould always be favorable to a rapirl evaporation of the kerosene, else injury t the tn'es may result .
For summer treatment a roper cent. strength of kerosene with water is recommended . This is very useful to check the progress of the scale i an orchard that has not formerly been properly treated , until a winter appli cation can be made. A particularly favorable time for its application tc peach and plum trees is immediatel y after the crop is gathered. The scalt is then about at its maximum breeding rate and the application will largely destroy the young larvae and the breeding females. Not over ro per cent. kerosene should be used, and the leaves should not be left dripping. In om experiments with this remedy it was noted that, notwith standing g reat care some of the peach leaves were scorched around the margins and ''shot h oled " ; but this sli g ht injury apparently ctid not result in permanent clam age to the trees.
The Orude- Pd1 olemn 'lieatmenl.---'Crn de petroleum ca n be substi tttted for the refi ned oil in the spring treatment of the San J ose scale. It shoul c be applied in mecha nical mixture \\< ith water in exactly the same way ai k erosene is used and with the same cautions. In our experiments with thi ~ su bstance it was quite definitely determined that a 25 per cent. strengtl was safe to use on peach a nd plum trees a nd that the crude petroleum wa: even more effecti ve against the scale than the same streng th of the refinec k erosene. The pure crude oil and mi x tures of a streng th g reater thad 5 per cent. either killed or severely injured all trees sprayed. It was no found necessary, h owever , to u ~e over 25 per cent. to destroy the scale . Th1 oil remains on the sprayed tree t wo or three momhs and evident!) prevents the young insects from attaching themselves to the bark. It, therefore , acts as a preventive as well as a curative.
Only peach and plum trees were used in the experim en t and the applica ti ons were made early in March, rgoo before the trees bloomed. The experiment was continued through the summer and fall, but the results do not warr ant the recommendation of even a small percentage of crude oil on peach foliage Trees sprayed in Jul y with a roper cent. st reng th were considerably damaged. The result of our fall and early winter applications are not favorab l ~. I ca n , therefore, commend the u se of crude petroleum on peach and plum trees only for late winter and spring. It should be explained, however , that there are many different forms of crude petroleum and while one article might damage a tree another used under the same conditions would not. The lighter paraffin oils are to be recommended in preference to the heayier
oils.

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomologyt
BULLETIN NO. 3, JULY, 1901.
I NSPECTION AND C ERTIFICATION OF NURSERY S TOCK.
BY
vV. M. SCOTT.

C APITOL B UILDING,

ATLANTA , GA.

Georgia State Board of Entomology.
1
0. B. STEVENS, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
P. J. BERCKMANS , Pres. of State Hortkultural Society,
Augusta. ]. POPE BROWN, .. . ... .. Pres. of State Agricultural Society,
H awkinsville. W. M. SCOTT, . ..... .... Entomologist and Sec. of tbe Board,
Atlanta. W. F. FISKE, .. . .. . ...... .... ... ... Assistant Entomologist,
Atlanta.

To the Honorable Board of Entomology of th e State of Georgia.

Sirs: I have the honor to submi t the accompanying manu-

script for publication and distribution in accordance with an Act of the Gen ~ ral Assembly of Georg ia. approved December 20, 1898.

This proposed publication seeks to clear up apparent confus-

ion among the nurserymen, particularly those in other States

doing busin ess in Georg ia, concerning th e requirements of the

law and rules and regulati ons of the board governing the inspec-

t ion and tran sportation of nursery stock and to show our position

with regard to the enforcement of the same. Last year some

trouble was encountered with outside nurserymen and it is hoped

that, our position being understood, such trouble will not recur.

It is thought proper to place th e instructions to the Georgia

nurserymen and to those outside of the State under the same

cover, so that there may be a mutual understanding as to what

is required of each.

Very respectfully.

w . M. S COTT,

S tate Entomologist.

I. 1'o GEO RGIA Nu RSERYMEN.

The law governing the in spection and certification of nursery

stock prescribes that the annual in spect ion of nurseri es shall be

completed on or before November rst of each year; but the execu-

tion of the Act, as concern s the detail of the work, is left largely

to the di scretion of the entomologist. The time of the inspection

last yea r was, from necessity, extended through the month of

November and, indeed, a few unimportant inspection s were made

as late as December. The recent addition of an assistant to the

working fo rce wi ll greatly facilitate the work in the future, and

the i"n spection this season will doubtless be completed within the

prescribed time.



The regular in spection work is not begun until A ugust 15th,

but th e business methods of a few nurserymen require an earlier

inspection, and in such cases the inspections may be made as early

as the first of July. An in spection made before the I 5th of Aug-

ust, however, must be supplemented by another later in the season.

The reason for delaying the work as late in the season as prac-

ticable is apparent when the life hi story and habits of the San

J ose scale are considered, this being the principal pest for which

the inspection is made. In this climate the scale is breeding and

is capable of being communicated to th e nursery, certainly as late

as ovember. A certificate issued upon an early inspection,

therefore, would give littl e or no assurance of the absence of

scale from th e nursery, particularly where it is located in an in

fested neighborhood. lVIoreover, June buclcled peach trees will

not have made suffi cient g rowth to admit of a satisfactory in-

spection before October. It is cl ear, too, that insect injuries and

disease effects are more conspicuous near the close of the grow-

ing se.ason.

A certificate at best does not give unqualifi ed ev idence of the

entire absence of serious ly injurious in sects and diseases. It is

prop_osd . therefore, to make the inspections under the most favor-

ab le conditions and to make supplemental inspections after the

stock is dug, vvherever the surroundings are such as to cause sus-

picion. As compl ete an assurance as possible of the cleanliness of

the stock is thus obtained, and it is hoped that there may be estab-

li shed, thereby, a confidence in the products of the Georgia nurs-

eries equally advantageous to the nurserymen and orchardists.

Some nurserymen have a careless habit of leaving old, unsalable

stock heeled in on their yards from yea r to year. This practice

affords a harboring place for in sects and diseases and we strongly.

condemn it. A case in point: Last year the writer found San

Jose scale in a bunch of old stock heeled in on the yard of one of

our nurserymen ; and , althoug h no scale could be found in the

nursery blocks, the regular certificate could not be issued to the

J

5

owner. Wherever such conditions are found our certificate will

be withheld until they are corrected.

Aside from the San Jose scale the following are on the Board's

list of dat_1gerously injurious pests: The New Peach Scale, Black

Knot, Peach Ye!lows, Peach and Plum Rosette. None of these

have yet been found in any of the nurseries, but with the exception

of the Yeltows they all occur in the State to a slight extent and

are cardully looked for when the inspections are made.

Last year sevet1ty nurseries were inspected, four of which were

found infested with San Jose scale and from the owners of which

the regular inspection certificate was withheld. ' It should be

clearly understood here that no nurseryman whose premises are

found infested can obtain the regular certificate. A nurseryman,

a portion of whose premises is infested, but in such a manner as

not to endanger th e remainder, may be given a special certificate;

provided, however, that all stock growing in the infested portiori

shall be destroyed and the remainder fumigated under our per-

sonal supervision. Likewise, where a nursery is located in a scale

infested neighborhood, even th ough no scale can be found on the

nursery grounds, fumigation will be required and a certificate will

be given to the owner of such a nursery only upon the conditions

expressed in writing that he will fumigate every plant before it is

sent out. This requirement is based upon the following rule of

the rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Entomology,

January 18, I8C)9:



RULE 9.-The State Entomologist shall have power to r eq uire any nur-

seryman of the State to fumigate his stock with hydrocyan ic acid gas,

when in hi s judgment the presence of any pest in the nursery or in the

neighborhood of the nursery warrants such treatment for the better pro-

tection of the agricultural interests of the State. Upon failure of any

individual, firm or corporation to comply with this requirement, the State

Entomologist is hereby authorized to withhold his certifimtte from the

same.

Some of our nurserymen, even though not compelled to meet

the above requirement, have voluntari)y adopted the plan of fumi-

gating all stock (including buds and grafts) grown or handled by

them. We most urgently advise all nurserymen to adopt this

plan, not only as a precaution against the San Jose scale, but to

destroy the Woolly Aphis and other injurious insects liable to be

conveyed on nursery stock.



Th e State of Virginia has placed the official ban upon the

Woolly Aphis and Crown Gall, and other States are bringing

gradual pressure to bear for the reduction of these pests. 'I'he

regulations of our State Board make no provisions for the disposi-

tion of stock infested with the Woolly Aphis or Crown Gall, leav-

ing it to the discretion of the inspector.

Our own observations in the orchards of the State show these

agencies to be seriously injurious. either producing death or

greatly retarding growth of affected trees. For some time it has

been a question as to what action should be taken with regard

to these troubles, and so far nurserymen have onl.y been requested

to withhold from the market all affected stock. In the future we

6
FtG . 1.-vVoo ll y a phi s (Sdtizonenra lmzigera ). a, Agamic female; b, lana ) lo use; c, pupa; d, win ge d fe mal e with antenna en larged above; a ll grea tly en lar ge d and with wax y exc re ti o n removed. (Marlatt, Circ . No. 20, sec. s., Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. of Agr.)
FIG. 2.-vVoo ll y aphis (Sclzizonema lanigera) . a, Roo t of young tree illus trat ing de formation; b, section of r oo t wi t h ap h ides c lu s tered ove r it; c, root l o u ~e, fe mal e-a a nd b, natural s iz e ; c, much e nlarged. (Marlatt, Circ, No, ~o , sec, s ., Di v. o f Ent . , U . S . Dept. of Agr .)

Fw. 3.-Crown -Gall (Dendroplwgns g lobosns T o um ey ). r , ga ll o n M a riana Plum c u tt ing ; 2 , g all a t c rown a nd o n r oo t o f El be rta P each ; 3 , ga ll on P each induced by p lant.in g di seased M a riana Plum in ju x la p os iu o n ; 4 ~!;a ll induced by inocul a tion . (A , L. Q;tainta nce , photo. , Proc . 24th Ann. Me e tin g
Ga. St. Hort. Soc).

8

will require the destruction of plants visibly infected with Crown Gall, and all apple trees sufficiently infested with the Woolly Aph is to show knots on the roots. In cases of slight infestation by the vVoolly Aphis only fumigation or whale oil soap treatment will be required.
At the time of the regular inspection it will not be possible to determine the extent of these pests in the nurseries, as the roots will not then be exposed and only a few trees in each block can be pulled up for examination. Then, after all , we must depend largely upon the honesty and integrity of the nurserymen for the enforcement of our instructions. In this connection it should be stated that we have had the hearty co-operation of the Georgia nurserymen in our work and it is largely clue to them that the law has been successfu lly executed.
In addition to fruit trees the following, if offered for sale, are cia. sed as nursery stock and are subject to the regulations governing the inspection and transportation of the same : Stra wherry plants, vines, ornamental trees and shrubs, and g reenhouse plants (not including cut-flowers).
The following is the form of the certificate isstied to nurserymen whose premises conform to the requirements of the Board:

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

ATLANTA, GA.

OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE.

No.

To WHoM IT MAY CoNCERN:
This is to certify that in accordance with an Act of Assembly approved December 20, I 898. I have on the ............ . days of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . made an in spection of the nurseries of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at .. ... .... . . .. . .and that I found the stock in the. e nurseries apparently free from the San Jose scale and all other insects and diseases of a seriously injurious nature . .. . . ... ......... . . . .. ... . ..... .. .. . .... . . . . .

This Certificate is to cover only stock grown in the abovenamed nurseries, and becomes invalid twelve months from date.

State Entomologist.

When it' is desi red to use this certificate on stock other than that grown by the nurseryman to whom it was issued, it may be so used provided such tock is already covered by our State Certificate or the official tag of the Board issued to nurserymen outside of the State.
The regular in spection certificate must not be used by dealers in nursery stock who are not themselves growers. Buyi ng and re-selling plants is certainly a legitimate b~tsiness and we have

made provision whereby dealers may readily comply with the law. The dealer must furnish this office with the names of all th e nurserymen from whom he proposes to purchase stock, and if our records show that all of them have met with the requirements of the Board, a certificate to that effect will be granted. Also wherever practicable the stock handled by dealers will be re-inspected.
All nursery stock offered for transportation must be plainly labeled with the official inspection certificate in accordarice with the following rule of the Board :
RULE 4.-Any trees, sh1u b or other plants commonly known a nursery stock, shipped within the State of Georgia, without each box, bundle or package (in each car load, or less t han car load lot) being plainly labeled with an official Entomologist's certifi cate to t he effect th at the contents of the same have been inspected a nd fo und to meet with th e requirements of the Board of Entomology, in accordance wi t h section 10 of the act cited above, sha ll be liable to con fiscation upon the order of the inspector.
Any nurseryman upon application to this office, with dimensions of his fumigating house, will be furnished the formula and full in structions for fumigating. when desi red, if necessary, we,.. will personall y superintend the beginning of the work.
The formula that we have adopted is 1 ounce of potassium cyanide {98-99 per cent) , I r-4 ounces of commercial sulphuric acid, 3 ounces of water to every roo cubic feet of space in the room ; time of exposure so minutes. Ou r experiments have shown that the time may be extended to one hour without danger of injury to dormant trees.
W e wish to give notice here that all fumigating houses should be placed in order for approval at the time of nursery inspection.
So far as possible the nurseries will be taken up systematically with respect to location, in order to avoid traveling over the same ground more than once. It is h~ped that demands for early inspections will not materially interfere with this plan; but when for any good reason, a certificate is desired in advance of our schedule we will arrange for an earli er inspection.
II. To NuRSERYMEN OF OTHER STATES AND CouNTRIES DorNG
BusrNESS IN GEORGIA.
Although the present regulations governing the transportation of nursery stock from other States and countries into Georgia / have been in force since January, 1899, there still remains some confusion as to thei r provisions. Every year considerable troubfe arises in the enforcement of our law, which usually results in delay in th e delivery of the stock involved, if not total loss of the same. We make no attempt to quarantine against healthy nursery stock grown in other States, but on the contrary we in vite legitimate trade from outside nurserymen and only ask that they comply with the simple provisions of our State law.
O ur position can best be explained by quoting Section 13 of the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved December 20, r8g8, and rules 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of the rules and regulations of

io
the Georgia State Board of E ntomology adopted under that Act:
SECTION 13.-Each a nd eve ry person residng in sta.tes or countries .out side of the State of Georg ia, deal ing in or hand ling tree~, plant.s, cu ttmgs, vines, shru bs, bulbs a nd roots in this tate, s hall reg1ster Iu s na me or
firm and fil e a copy of hi s or its certifi cate of inspection furnished by t?e
E ntomologist, Fruit Ins pector or other duly a uthorized government offic1a l of hi s State or County, with the Cha irm a n ef the Board of Control. Upon failure so to do, said stock s ha ll be liable to confi scation und er order of the J nspecto r.
RTJI"E 5. -Each and every box, bundle, or package of t rees, shrubs and other plants commonly known as 1m rsery stock, shipped in car load lots or less than ca r load lots, into the State of Georgia from any other State or Country, sha ll be plainly labe led with a cer tificate of inspection fur ni shed by the Entomo legist, Fr uit I nspector e r other duly a ut horized of fi cial in th e State or Cou nt ry in whi ch sa id stock was g rown, and al so with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomo logy henafter . provided fer; said cer tificate ami tag to be va lid for onl y twelve month s from the date they bear, in acco rda nce with Section D and 13 of the Act cited ahove. Such shipments not so labe led shall be liable to confiscation u pon the orde r of the Inspector.
RULE G.-Upon the filing of the proper cer t ifica.te as abo,e prescribed in arc01dance with Section 13 of said Act, and upon r equest of a ny person or pP-rsons re. idng in State or Countries out ide of the State of Geo rgia, dea ling in or hand ling t rees, shrubs e r other plant in thi s State, t he cer t ifi cate of the said Boanl of Entomology wi ll be issued to the same wi th out chargP, a nd officia l tags bearing a few simile copy of such ccrti ti cate a nd the seal of t he State Board, will br furni shed such app li ca nts at cost, viz.: Sixty rents for the fir st hundred or part thereof a nd twentyfive cents fe1 each additiona l hundred.
RULE 7.-No tran sportation co mpany or common carrier sha ll deli ver a ny box, bund le or package of trees, shrub OT other plants com mon ly kn ow11 as nnrsery stock, shipped from any other State er Coun try to a ny consignee at any station in the tate of Georgia, unless each box, bundle or packagC' is plainly labeled with a certifi cute of inspection furnished by the officia l E ntomologi t of the State or Country in wh ich said stock was g rown, a nd a lso with t he offi cia l tag of t he Geo rg ia State Board of Ento mology here in above provided fer.
RULE B.-Transportation companies sha ll immediately notify the State Entomologis t (A tlauta, Ga.) when by ove rsight, negligence or otherwise, any shi pment of uncertifi ed stock is r eceh ed at any s tation or wharf in the s.tate, and i~ slmll be hi s duty to proceed as speedily as possible to inves t1gate and d1 sposc of such stock, as provided for in the Act cited above.
Guided by rufes 7 and 8, the transportation companies of the State have greatly assisted us in the enforcement of the law. It is clear that shipm ents of uncertified stock could not be readily detected without the co-operation of these compan ies, and we take occasion here to acknowledge our obligation to them. In addition to this, however, during the shi pping season we make personal visits to th e principal distributing points for the purpose of inspecting nursery stock entering the State; also, voluntary assistance is rendered by members of the S tate Horticultural Society, who report any suspicious shipments that may come un der their observation. With onr forces thus organi zed, failure on the part of any nurseryman to observe the law wi ll u ually be detected. We hope, however, that upon a better understanding of our position, further trouble of this nature may be avoided.

1 r

The official tag provided for in the rules quoted above reads substantially as follows:

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. ATLANTA, GA., . . .... . ........ .

OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE.

No...

To WHOM IT MAY CoNCERN:

This is to certify that the certificate of . . ..... . .. . ... Inspector for th e State of .... .. .. . . . ... has been filed with the Georgia State Board of Entomology, stating that the nursery stock grown in the nurseries of ................ at .......... was inspected on .. . .... .. ...... .. . and found to con form with the requirements of this Board.
This certificate is invalid after .................... .

State Entomologist.
We make this tag valid for twelve months from the date of inspection, as shown in the certificate upon which it is based, unless the certificate is limited to less than twelve months, in which case our tag is given the same limit. It is intended, however, that these tags shall cover only the fall shipments of the current year and the following spring shipments.
It is our policy to accept, without discrimination, certificates of other States issued by authorities legally constitnted for that purpose, as a basis for the official tag of the Board; but we reserve the rig-ht to withhold the tag from any mirseryman who is known to be hand.iing diseased or infested stock, even though he holds a clean certificate. A case in point: In the spring of 1900 a nurseryman shipped into this State stock infested with San Jose scale under his State certificate and our tag. In due season again he filed his renewed certificate in this office with application for official tags to cover the follow ing fall and spring shipping season. We refused to issue the tags upon the ground that the applicant had sent out scale infested stock from his nursery in the early part of the same year. Not being satisfied with our ruling, he unfortunately undertook to fill his Georgia orders without tags; and not until we had destroyed some 30,000 trees for him was he convinced that our law was effective. V.fe hasten to explain, however, that these trees were examined and found to be infested with San Jose scale before they were destroyed, and that whenever by oversight the tag has been omitted from a shipment which proves, upon inspection, to be in good condition it '~ill ordinarily be released.
The owner of the trees destroyed, in the case cited above, proposed to bring suit to recover damages and we submittetl the case to the Attorney-General of Georgia, who rendered the follow ing decision:

..
12
STATE OF GEORGIA,
ATTORNEY-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
ATLANTA, GA., ov. 12, 1900.
Mr. W. M. Scott, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. DEAR SIR :-Replying to your request of this elate will say that
under the Act creating the State Boarcl ,of Entomology, approved December 20, 1898, and the rules and regulations of the Board adopted in accordance therewith, the State Entomologist has authority to confiscate any and all nursery stock that may be shipped into this State unaccompanied by an inspection certificate and the official tag of the Board, even should such stock be not infested with dangerously injuri ous insects or diseases ; and that he is authorized and it is his duty to destroy any and all nursery stock shipped into the State which is infested with the San Jose scale or other dangerously injurious insects, or infected with dangerously injurious plant diseases, without reference as to whether or not such stock is covered with an inspection certificate and the official tag of the Board. Yours very truly,
J. M. TERRELL, A ttorney-General.
Whenever it is found that our tags are being used upon stock. infested with dang e?'ous/y injurious pests, th ey will be recalled from the grower of such stock or canceled by publicity.
For reasons explained in Part I. of this bulletin (which see), certificates issued upon in spections made prior to July I st of each current year can not be accepted. Either the original certificate or a duplicate copy is desired. The nurseryman's printed copy will not be accepted.
For our position upon such troubles as the Woolly Aphis arid Crown Gall we refer you to Part I, which gives the requirements placed upon the Georgia nurserymen, and so far as practicable we , expect these requirem ents to apply to outside nurserymen doing busin ess in Georgia.
\Vith a few exceptions our relations with outside nurserymen have been of the most pleasant nature and we wish to assure them that, \ithin the bounds of the law, we always stand ready to facilitate th eir trade in Georgia.

' '!
GEORGIA
BULLETIN No. 4, SEPTEMBER, 1902
Winter Treatment of San jose Scale in the Light of Recent Experimet;Its
BY
w. M. SCOTT AND w . F. FISKE
COM PLIME NTS OF TliE AUTHORS.
ATLANTA, GA. GEO. W. HARRISON, State Printer (?-'he Franklin Printing and Publlsh!ng Co.)
1002

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology
BULLETIN No. 4, SEPTEMBER, 1902
Winter Treatment of San j ose Scale in the Light of Recent Experiments
BY
: w. M. SCOTT AND w . F. FISKE
ATLANTA, GA . GEo. W. HARRISON, State Printer (The Franklin Printing a.nd Publishing Co.)
1902

Georgia State Board of Entomology.
ORGANIZATION.
0 . B. STEVENS, Chairman .. . . . .Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta . P . J. BERCKMANS . . .P resident of Sta te Horticultural Socie ty, Augusta . DUDLEY M. HUGHES, President of.State Agricultural Socie ty, Danville . W. M. SCOTT . . . . .. .. Entomologist and Secretary of the Boa rd , Atlan ta . W. F. FISKE ... . . . . .... .... .. .. . . .. . .. . As is tan t En tomol ogist, Atlanta..

To the Honomble Board of Entomology of the State of Georgia:
SIRs :-I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscript for publication and distribution in accordance with an Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved December 20, 1898.
The subject-matter consists principally of the results of a series of experiments with remedies for the San Jose scale, carried out during the past winter at Marshallville and Fort Valley, Ga., to which are appended directions for the prepamtion of the insecticiadal substances mentioned and recommendations for the treatment of infested orchards.
The San Jose sca le continues to be the most serious insect enemy of the peacb in Georgia, and it is hoped that by means of the experiments begnn last winter, any doubts now existing as to the best and Eafest treatment for infested orchards will be definitely settled.
Very respectfully,
W. M. ScoTT,
State Entoruolugist. Atlanta, Ga ., September 1, 1902.

'.

WINTER TREATMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE I THE LIGHT OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS.
BY W. M . SCOTT AND W . F. FISKE .
INTRODUCTION.
Since the discovery of the San Jose scale in the East many experiments have been made in search of a satisfactory remedy for it and practically every substance that, from the nature of the insect, gave promise of relief has been te'3ted in one form or another. The question of treatment for nursery stock, or other plants that could be conveniPntly brought into an enclosure was early settled, hydrocyanic acid gas proving q uite efficient; but the struggle for a remedy that would give entire satisfactio n in the treatment of infested orchards has continued and it cannot yet be said that the desired end in all particulars has been reached. The great desideratum has been to make an application that would effectually destroy the scale insects without damaging the trees or endangering the fruit crop. The susceptibility of such plants as the peach to injury from applications of a sufficient strength to kill th e scale, and the difficulty with which protected portions of a tree are reached, have made this an almost insurmountable problem.
Unfortunately the results obtained by workers i~ different sections of the country conflict to such a degree as to usuall y restrict their application to limited areas. This has necessitated a multiplicity of experiments, in order to determine what remedy is best suited to particular sections. The variability in results has perhaps been greater from the use of petroleum oils than from any other substance. Applications of oils in different localities of the same State have produced conflicting results. Even individual trees in the same orchard are oftentimes affected differently.
The reason for this is not altogether clear, but it is highly prob-

BuLLETIN No. 4.
able that the physiological condition of the plants, as weH as tbat of tbe insects, would afford at least a partial explanation. More~ver, there is frequently a difference in the composition of what is supposed to be the same insecticide obtained from different sources. There are probably no two localities that furnish petroleum iden""' tical in chemical composition, and even the oil from one well may not always remain constant in this respect. It would appear therefore that the services of both a physiologist and a chemist are greatly needed to assist in the solution of the problem at hand.
For several years the petroleum oils have taken the lead as a Femedy for the San Jose scale in the East, and they have perhaps been more extensively used in Georgia than in any other State, more ~han half a million trees having been sprayed with oils here during last winter alone. The results from the use of both kerosene and crude oil, in this State, have been satisfactory upon the whole, but occasional damage to the treated trees, as well as lack ~f effect against the scale, has resulted from applications of the recommended 20 per cent. strength. In most cases, however, these adverse results are traceable to defects in the pumps, carelessness of the operators in making 1.he application, or other causes more or less within the power of the orchardist to control.
Perhaps whale-oil soap, though varying greatly in its effect upon both the scale insects and the fruit buds in different sections, has given more uniform results the country over than any other substance used. For a few years it was the accepted remedy in many sections, and is still given the preference by some workers. It has been very little used in Georgia and has never gained any prominence as a scale remedy here.
The California lime, salt and sulphur wash has been for many years extensively used on the Pacific coast as the favorite remedy for the San Jose scale. Early experiments with this wash in the East did not show good reeults, and until recently it has been supposed that climatic conditions rendered it valueless here. However, recent experiments have thrown more light upon the nature and effect of this treatment and it now promises to become an efficient remedy in the Atlantic, as it is in the Pacific States.
Such insecticides as the resin wash and caustic potash have also taken part in the struggle against the scale, with varying degrees of success. Aside from these better known scale remedies the

STATE BoARD oF E~TO:\fuLOGY.

7

tl'U it-groweril have been invaded with venderil of various "ilure ctue" w.1shes aud com?:mud., with the u'lU :.t.l gu mmtee attached.
It becam ~ necessary, therefore, to determine the value of these vario us substances in comparison with the oils offbially recommended by the department, and for this purpose the experiments discussed herein were planned and executed. In order to place the work on a commercial basis and to obtain results that would be .applicable to large orchards, each substance tested was applied to several hundred trees. Discrepancies likely to arise in practical work do not always become apparent in a test upon only a few ' trees, hence the greater value of practical ex peri men ts.

CONDITION OF THE TREES EMPLOYED.
For several reasons it was not deemed necessary to use other than peach trees in the experiments, although had it been convenient other kinds would have been included. With the exception of Le Conte and Kieffer pears, which do not appear to suffer from the attacks of scale, the peach and plum are the only fruits extensively grown in the State. Fvrmer experiments have shown that the plum is 8lightly less susceptible to injury from insecticide applications than the peach and that it is capable of taking the same treatment without risk. A few cases of infested apple orchards -exist in North Georgia, but safe remedies for infested peach trees can be used with equal effect and safety upon the apple. Hence recommendations for the treatment of infested plum and apple trees can be based on results obtained in the peach orchard.
The experiments were conducted in two orchards, both located
.at Marshallyille, Ga. One, owned by Mr. 8. H. Rumph, was two
years old and contained 17,000 trees, and the other, owned by Mr. F . J. Frederick, was four years old and contained about 2,000 trees.
The Rumph orchard was planted in February, 1900, and has s ince received such cultivation as the growth of cotton between the rows would allow. At planting time the trees were given the customary am :mnt of fertilizer and have since had only such amount as they could obtain from that distributed in the cotton rows. The pruning has been light, merely the cutting out of superfl uous branches and no heading back. The varieties composing

8

BuLLETIN No. 4.

it are Trit:mpb, Dnwy, Waddell, Pansy, Red River, Tillotson, Carmen, Mountain Rose, Hiley, Slappy and Lady Ingold.
This orchard evidently became infested with San Jose Ecale from local spread within a few months after it was planted. It appears that cotton pickers, while at work among the tree~, thoroughly disseminated th e scale over the entire orchard on their clothing. They frequently left their work and went foraging for fruit in a neighboring orchard that was badly infested, thus establishing a continuous communicati on between the two orchards for about ten days. The infestation was so thorough that upon inspection less than 10 per cent. of the trees were found entirely free and from ten to -forty trees in ea ch plot of four hundred were either completely encrusted, or nearly so.
when the orchard was given to our charge for experimental work it bad received no previous treatment for scale. The extent of infestation, the age of the trees and the large number of varieties combin ed to make this orchard an exceptionally desirable one fo1; the experiment.
The Frederick orchard was selected more particularly with a view of testing the etlect of the insecticides on the fmit buds, the Rumph orchard being too young to be expected to bear a full crop of fruit the following season. In varieties it consisted of Carmen, Belle of Georgia, Elberta and Emma. An inspection previous to treatment showed San Jose scale on nearly eYery tree, and about 25 per cent. were bad ly infested. Scale bad been found in the orchard the previous year but no treatment bad been applied, and as a consequence a few trees bad died. Aside from the effect of the scale both orchards were in a vigorous condition and well supplied with fruit buds.

CO :KDITION OF THE SCALE IK8ECT:3.
The natural life of the San Jose scale being only about ten weeks for the female and less for the male, very few that had reached maturity during the summer would be expected to pass the winter alive. Our observations in connection with the experiments showed that all but a very small per cent. of the mature insects that began the winter alive, died without treatment before sprin g. Moreover, examinations of check trees in early spring revealed the fact that at least 30 per cent. of the immature

STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

9

scales had also perished during the course of the winter. The .cause of this fatality among the half-grown insects that should normally pass the winter in good condition is not known. In accounting for a similar occurrence in Illinois* Dr. Forbes suggests that it might be attributable to a severe drouth of the preceding year. This would hardly explain the occurrence here, as the trees in the test orchards were not subjected to a drouth of sufficient severity to be materially affected.

PERIOD COVERED BY THE WORK.
It was intended to divide the work into fall, winter and spring, and thus triplicate the experiments with each substance, but delay in obtaining some of the materials and apparatus interfered somewhat with this plan. On November 30th, 1901, the work was begun and it was continued at interv::.ls, as the weather would permit, through December, January, February and up to March 7th, when the most advanued buds were beginning to part their petals.
The weather conditions in their relation to the results will be recorded witL1 the details of the experiments. For the purpose of testing summer washes the experiments were taken up again in .July of the present year, but results from the summer work cannot be reported at this time.
Beginning in March, notes upon the results were taken at several -different times until August, during which month the last obseryations were made. Had conclusions been drawn from the early ob.servations alone the recorded results would have been different. In August, after the insects had been breeding for some time, the observations were obviously more practical. By actually counti'ng the dead and living scales the percentage of fatality could be ~ore readily approximated in early spring, but after the insects had passed through a portion of the breeding period the actual con-ditions could be more acuurately determined.

SUBSTANCES EMPLOYED.
It was desired to cover the field of known and promising reme-dies as completely as possible, but owing to the extent of the un-dertaking and failure to secure some of the substances, a portion
* Bull 71, Univ. of Ill., Agr. Exp. Station .

10

BuLLF:TIN No. 4.

of the tests originally planned for bad to be omitted. It is particularly unfortunate that the Beaumont oil was not tested. Repeated attempts to secure this substance resulted in failure, until too late to make the applieation. However, this oil, together with othersubstances, will he tested next winter in the continuation of these experiments. The substances actually used in the tests may be classified as follows :
Oils:Penusylvania crude, 43 gravity, Refined kerosene, 150 flash test, Ohio crude (fuel oil), California Distillate.
Soaps:Leggett's Anchor Brand, L eggett's Whale-oil Soap Compound, Good's No. 3, Good's No. 6, Tobacco. Turpentine Soap.
Caustic Washes : Lime, Salt and Sulphur, Crude Caustic Potash, .Resin Wash, Carbolic Acid Emulsion.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE WORK WITH CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE RESULTS.

It is not the purpose of this paper to give the details of the experiments and the percentages of fatality among the scale insects produced by the insecticides, but rather to record such conclusions, reached from the results, as will be of th e most valu.e to the fruitgrowers in the treatment of their orchards.
'fhe Rumph orchard was divided into plots of 400 trees each, and these plots were so arranged that each contained at least five varieties of peaches, and from 10 to 40 badly infested trees. In repeating applications it became necessary to subdivide so me of the plots, using only 100 or 200 trees to the test. In the Frederick

STATE BoARD oF ENTOMOLOGY.

11

orchard the size of the plots ranged fr,om 25 to 150 trees, with an abundance of scale .throughout each plot.

PETROLEU:Ili OILS.
Kerosene, in mechanical mixture with water, was for several years the chief remedy recommended by this department for the San Jose scale, bnt experiments begun in the winter of 1899-1900, indicated that crude oil was slightly more effective and less dangerous. For two years, therefore, the latter substance has been given equal rank with kerosene as a scale remedy here; but the comparative value of the two oils, as well as a number of other points connected .with their use as a spray, remained indefinitely settled . While it was not possible to cover the entire ground in one season, the results obtained from last winter's work have thrown considerable light upon the problems in hand.
The Pennsylvania crude oil used in the experiments was obtained in two lots, one from the Standard Oil Company, and the other from the Emery Manufacturing Company, Bradford, Pa. No distinction could be made between the oils in the two lots, both regis-
tering 43-43!0 gravity. The kerosene was bought locally, and
was of the grade 150 flash test. The observations taken between March and June inclusive,
when actual counts were made of dead and living scales, were deceiving in some particulars. Two applications appeared to have but little advantage over one, and the results, upon the whole, were not consistent with wha.t should have been expected. The August observations, however, cleared up many discrepancies, especially showing superior results from two applications. In making the earlier examinations, the small spaces missed by the spray were naturally overlooked in most cases, the portions best exposed being the more convenient for making counts to determine the proportion of dead to living scales. Hence applications that showed almost perfect results before the scale commenced breeding, proved to be inefficient when the August observations were made.
The Compmative Value of GTude Oil and Ke1osene.-Ftom our results it is impossible to make any decision other than that both kerosene and crude oil are good, and perhaps equally the best remedies that may be employed against the San Jose scale, when they are applied in the proper manner and with due precaution.

12

B uLLETIN No. 4.

The results from two applications of either substance at strengths not lower than 15 per cent. were uniformly good, but single applications varied to a surprising degree in their effect upon the scale. In the courEe of the experiments in the Rumph orchard, single applications of kerosene were made to 11 plots, and of crude oil to 22 plots, strength s of 10, 15, 20 and 25 per cents. being used. In the majority of these plots the rP.sults were not satisfactory, when contrasted with those obtained from two applications. 'l'he extreme variation noti ced betwee n the results from single applications of the same strength made on different days, is difficult to account for. It occurred to an equal degree in both substances, but to a less extent when the mechanical mixture. was replaced by emulsio n. The working of the pumps, the weather conditions, and the seaso u of the year, may all have had some influence, and occasional carelessness of the man at the nozzle must be considered 'one of the most important factors. . In the Frederick orchard, which it will be remembered consisted of older trees, the results were more uniform throughout. Both the refined and crude oil proved effective as a single application, and plots treated once with only 15 per cent. showed very little live scale in August.
In the Rumph orchard neither substance had any appatent damaging effect upon the trees, no.r in the Frederick orchard, except when a few trees received an overdose of oil through fault in the action of the mechanical mixing pump. Therefore, so far as the actual observations upon the results indicate, the ~efined and crude oil may be considered equally effective, and as little or no damage was done to the trees by either, equally safe. But owing to the residuum with which the trees are left coated for several weeks by applications of crude oil, it would appear that in general ptactice this substance might prove more destructive to the scale than kerosene.
One vetsus Two .Applications.-Here the results of our experiments speak most decidedly, and in favor of two applications as against one. In the Rumph orchard 8 plots were treated twice, and all, with a single exception, satisfactorily. A plot sprayed with 10 per cent. kerosene in emulsion and followed later with 15 per cent., was the exception, and even here the result was better than in several cases where 25 per cent., as one application, was used. A 15 per cent. stren~th of kerosene in emulsion, applied November

STATE BoARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

13

30th, followed by a 20 per cent. strength of the same on February 24th, gave as nearly perfect results as anything employed, and the same fall treatment, followed by 15 per cent. in February, was almost equally perfect.
In the Frederick orchard notes taken in August showed a noticeable superiority of two applications over one, though on account of the better results here obtained with a single spraying the difference was not so marked as ou the younger trees composing the Rumph orchard.
The reasons for the additional effectiveness of two applications, even though the same amount of oil was .used in a single one, are several. The most important is that in two applications the trees have a double chance of being entirely coated with the spray. It is not always practical to choose perfectly calm days for the work, and if there is considerable wind it is next to impossible to cover. every part of the tree. Even under the best conditions, unless the bands that bold the nozzles are exceptionally good, a twig or a portion of a limb is likely to be missed occasionally, so that a second spraying is necessary to complete the work. Moreover it is certain that any strength less than 20 per cent. will not kill all the scales hit, and even 20 per cent. or 25 per cent. may fail to kill an occasional one, while two applications of eveu 15 per cent., or particularly 15 per cent. followed by 20 per cent., appear to be sure. There is also good reason to suppose that two weak applications have less inj nrious effect on the tree than one of greater strength, provided they are made at least thirty days apart to avoid the accumulative effect.
Fall versus Spring Spraying.-It was at first intended to carry out a series of experiments which should determine the relative values ot fall, winter and spring spraying, but as bas already been stated, it was found impossible to procure the apparatus and materials necessary for an extended experiment with oils before Christmas. A few plots sprayed in November and December, and a large number treated in January, were therefore compared with plots sprayed during late February and :early March. Though the results of these later applications were not uniformly superior to those of the earlier, they proved on the whole to be distinctly better. A greater proportion of the scale were killed, and the spring-treated plots averaged freer when examined in August than

14

BuLLETIN No. 4.

those plots sprayed with the same strengths and substances in the fall and winter.
Perhaps the most reasonable explanation of this is that the scale insects become more or less weakened by their long sleep through the winter months, and therefore withstand the action of the oil less effectually. On the other hand, it might be said that in the spring time they have begun to arouse themselves from their state of torpor, and even to grow a little, and that they are, for this reason, more susceptible to the effects of the spray. It is generally beli'eved that the contrary is the case with the tree, which is supposed to be more easi ly injured by the use of oil during the winter months than after the flow of sap has begun in the spring, but no information on this point can be gleaned from the results of our experiments.
There are, none the le!'ls, strong advantages in the treatment of trees in the fall, which should not be lost sight of in this discussion. Scattered all through the Rumph orchard were trees badly infested with scale, even to the point of encrustation. When the last thorough examination of the experimental plots was made in August, it was noticed that such trees, when included in plots that had been successfully treated in the fall, and to a less extent in those sprayed in January, had thrown out a much stronger growth than in those that were left untouched until spring. In some instances there was as much difference as between a comparatively healthy tree in the one case and a dead tree in the other, and though often less marked than this, the superiority of the fall treatment was generally manifest. This must not be construed as an argument in favor of fall as against spring spraying, but rather for two applicatious of medium strength, one in the fall or early winter, and the other in the spring. This course of treatment gave results equal to any, and excelled by none, in our experimental plots.
Mechanical Mixtu1e ve1sus Soap Emulsion.-Kerosene emulsified by the use of soap, and variously diluted, has for a long time been one of the most popular and effective remedies against "insects, especially scales and plant lice. . Its rapidly increasing importance, and the trouble of preparing the emulsion, led to the manufacture and sale of several classes of pumps designed to mix the oil forcibly with the water in the act of spraying. These have been con~tructed on different principles, that employed by the Gould Man-

STATE .BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

15

ufacturiog Company and the Spraymoter Company proving the most satisfactory. It was thought that the problem was solved when it was demonstrated that these pumps could be made to work -successfully, and the use of the emulsion on a large scale was therefore discontinued. It was soon found however, that though in the tests the mechanical mixing pumps could be made to give good results, in the field they were not always to be relied upon, and their -complexity, besides rendering them more costly and less durable than the single barrel pumps, often caused undue delay for repaira. . The results of the somewhat extensive experiments ponducted with the view of testing the comparative value of soap emulsion and mechanical mixture indicate quite conclusively the superiority of the former in the destruction of the scaJe. In the form of emulsion a mor.e even application can be made, thus reducing the danger to the trees and enhancing the effect.
Equally as good results were obtained from crude oil applied with the mechanical mixing pumps when a uniform discharge -could be obtained. The Gould "kero-water" pump, with two leads of 20-foot hose, was used, and though apparently the best pump of this nature on the market, it cannot always be depended upon for a uniform percentage of oil. For some obscure reason the discharge of either oil or water may become obstructed at varying intervals, and even if this irregularity lasts for but a moment, .a tree may be seriously injured, or the scale infesting it escape unharmed. Moreover, owing to the construction of the pump, a ,slightly greater percentage of oil is usually discharged through one lead of hose than the other; and with nozzles having small apertures (1-20 inch Vermorel were used), there is always some separation of the oil and water in the hose, and consequent variations in the composition of the spray from one instant to another. How-ever, it should be explained, that with constant care and frequent tests, excellent results can be obtained by the use of these pumps.
This point settled, the question of comparative cost next arises, .and this of course depends largely upon circumstances. On one side we have the added effectiveness, and when once prepared; the -greater simplicity in manipulation of the emulsion, which stand :as points in favor of its use against the added trouble and expense of its manufacture. On the other side is the lack of this trouble .and expense, offsetting the lessened effect of the spray, the added

16

BULLETIN N0. 4.

initial cost of the pumps and the trouble of keeping them in repair. All of these factors are more or less variable, and cannot be depended upon absolutely. Perhaps the only thing that can safely be said a1. this time is, that considering all things, there is no doubt but that in our experiments the oil was applied with equal cheapness in the form of emulsion, and certainly with less trouble.
The St1ength of Oil R equi1ed to be Etfective.-Tests were made with each of 10, 15, 20 and 25 per cents. strengths of both oils with varying results on different plots and in the two orchards. In the Frederick. orchard the conditions of the scale and of the trees were such that the oil sprays proved much more effective than in the Rumph orchard. Iu the former 15 per cent. as a single application did satisfactory work. In the latter, although occasional plots sprayed with 20 per cent., and even with 15 per cent., under the best conditions, gave satisfactory results, only those sprayed with 25 per cent. averaged satisfactory, and some that were treated with this strength (during the winter) were found in August to contain an alarming amount of scale.
In summing up it would seem that the amount of oil to use would depend almost entirely upon circumstances. In the case of a young healthy orchard, thoroughly infested with scale, 25 per cent. would be required, and even this might not prove sufficient. In an older orchard, where the trees bad practically reached their full growth and become in a degree resistant to the scale, 20 per cent., or perhaps even 15 per ceut., if applied with great c:are and thoroughness, would prove quite effective. Two applications would be much better in either case, and would be almost a necessity in the former, if the Rumph orchard may be taken as typical. In such an orchard 15 per cent. in the fall, followed by 20 per cent. i"n the spring, wonld be the ideal treatment, and the spring spraying might be reduced in strength to 15 per cent. without serious detriment. In an older orchard two applications of 15 per cent. would certainly be suffi cient. The Influence of the Weathe1.-Rather to our surprise only negative results were obtained in the experiments to determine the effect of the we.ather which prevailed during the spraying of th~ various plots, unless, as is probable, the extreme unevenness of our results with single applications of oil, is due to the minor weather

STATE BOARD OF ENTOllfOLOGY.
conditions~ Nota single tree in the Rumph orchard, so far as observed, was injured by either the crude oil or the kerosene. In the Frederick orchard some slight injury was done, which may have been due to cloudy weather followed by rain on the day ofthe treatment, but more likely to a temporary disorder of the oilwater pump used. In the Rumph orchard spraying was done under all sorts of conditions, except while rain wafl actually falling,. but no logical connection can be traced between the weather conditions existing at the time of application and the final results. In the case of high winds the results, as would be expected, were less satisfactory, it being almost impossible to cover trees thoroughly with the spray under such conditions.
'l'oo .much stress must not be laid on these statements, however. as orchards have been repeatedly noted in the past in which trees sprayed under adverse weathe~ conditions or late in the evening have suffered, while those receiving the. same treatment at a more opportune time have passed through unharmed.
Tests with Ohio C1ude Oil.-A barrel of oil from Ohio, designated by the Standard Oil Co. as fuel oil, was used on several plots with good success. The heavy residue of paraffine left after the evaporat~on was very noticeable, much thicker than that left aft~r the evaporation of Pennsylvani_a crude oil, and probably owing to this peculiarity the effects against the scale were somewhat more marked. Several of the plots sprayed with the higher percentages of this oil presented a somewhat sickly appearance shortly after the foliage put out, and for a time some fear was felt as to their condition. '!'hough they finally came through all right the circumstances would show that the use of this oil for spraying purposes is attended with too much risk to make its recommendation advisal_>le, at least until after further tests.
California Distillate.-This is the product which is obtained by distilling oils with an asphalt base, like those of California and Texas. A quantity was obtained from California in the form of emulsion, which on anival was found to have separated somewhat. It was re-emulsified as well as might be and sprayed on a plot of 200 trees at strengths of 10 per cent., 15 per cent. and 20 per cent., but with no better results than those obtained by the use of ordinary oils.

18

BuLLETIN Ko. 4.

SOAPS.
Whale-oil soap is largely used in the N~rth as a remedy against the San Jose scale, but its expense has to a large extent prohibited its nee in the treatment of large orchards in Georgia. Occasionally ' however, in small family orchards, or in the case of a few trees in a garden lot, the question of expense is not so vital, and an application of soap may prove to be easier and safer than any other treatment of equal effectiveness. A number of experiments were therefore carried out to 'determine the comparative worth of soap and oil as a remedy for the scale. Several brands of soap were used and a number of applications were made from time to time throughout the course of the work.
Sl1ength R equi1ed.-Only two strengths of the soap solution
were used, viz.: I t lbs. and ~ lbs. to the gallon of water. Even
nuder the best conditions the weaker solution was found to be unsatisfactory, although two applications at this strength, upon December 2d and February 28th, gave very good results; while single applications of 2 lbs. to the gallon ou either date, proved very inefficient. Only the strength of 2 lbs. to the gallon on March 6th proved satisfactory.
' Season of the Y em and Weathe1 Oonditions.-For some re.ason none of the applications of soap made during the fall and winter were succeosful. It is impossible to determine from our notes whether thi s is entirely due to the season, to ad verse weather conditions or to a combination of both. Every application, except those made in March, ch::mced to be followed almost immediately by more or less wet weather, which may have had the effect of washing the soap from the trees before its full effectiveness could be felt. The amount of rain in one or two instances was, however, so small that it seems stretching the point to account for all the ill results on this score, and there is not much doubt but that the season of the year had much to do with it.
Our results indicate that to be successful whale-oil soap must be applied as late as possible in the spring before the blossoms appear, and that to get the best results a day or two of fair weather should follow its application. This does not apply to the soda soaps, of which Leggett's Anchor Brand is an example.
Compa?'ison with the Oil T1ealment.-One application of a

STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

19

potash soap, at the rate of 2 lbs. to the gallon of water, made under the best conditionsas outlined above, gave as good results in all respects as single applications of 25 per cent. of either kerosene {)l' crude oil, in emulsion or mechanical mixture. 1! pounds to the gallon compared favorably with the average results attending the use of single applications of 20 per cent. oil, but cannot be recommended except possiby on old trees, such as had become partially resistant to the scale. Fall and winter applications gave results inferior to oils applied at the same time.
Results of Comparative Tests of Ditferent Bmnds.-The whale{)il soaps tested were all potash soaps except Leggett's Anchor Brand. For several reasons this could not be called satisfactory. It is more difficult to dissolve, makes a thicker solution, so that if not applied quite warm is difficult to spray at the required Htrength, .and also proves quite destructive to the fruit buds. However, this brand was superior to all the others in adhering qualities under the influence of rains, owing to which apparently its effec-
tiveness against the scale was more marked. In fact 1! pounds to
t he gallon applied December 2d, gave very fair results, and 2 pounds most excellent results, as far as the scale was concerned, but i njured the buds quite seriously. Unfortunately the supply of this brand was exhausted in the fall and not replenished for spring use, so that our experiments can hardly be called complete. It
is possible that 1! pounds to the gallon might prove effective in
the spring, and that no serious effect would follow its use at this seaso n.
Leggett's Whale-oil Soap Com pound, at the rate of 1l and 2
pounds to the gallon, during the winter and early spring gave s lightly better results than Good's Potash Soap at the same strengths.
Good's Potash and Tobacco Potash Whale-oil Soap were most xtensively tested, as these proved easier of manipulation, dissolving with less difficulty and forming a better solution for spraying. The Tobacco Potash Soap (No. 6) did not appear to possess any advantage over the other; in fact the first notes indicated a little better results from the plain potash soap (No. 3) .
The suggestion that a cheap grade of soap manufactured in Macon, known as "Magic Cleaner,'' might be effective -against the scale was acted upon and a quantity of the soap pmchased and

20

BuLLETIN No. 4.

tested. It was found that not more than 1 pound to the gallon could be readily got into solution, and that at this strength it wasfar 1rom effective.
Effect on Trees.-The general effect on the trees, with the single exception already cited, was rather beneficial than otherwise. The effect of the soap upon the bark was to clean off some of the outer dead portions and give it a smoother, more healthy appearance, and. the tree generally seemed to be invigorated by the potash soaps.. This is probably due in part to the slight fertilizing value of the soap, most of which eventually must find its way to the ground and1 the roots of the trees, as well as to its cleansing effect.

LIME, SAL'l' AND SULPHUR.
This wash which bas been for some years successfully used on the Pacific coast, was reported by experimenters in the East asunfitted for use here, on account of climatic conditions. Principally for this reason it has been neglected in most of the experiments made since in the endeavor to find the cheapest, surest and safest remedy for the scale.
Results Following its Use.-Four lots of the wash were prepared; during the early spring and applied, three of them to the Rumph and one to the Frederick orchard. The results upon the scalewere not, as is the case with oils and soaps, at once apparent. When first the coating began to crumble off the trees so as to allow the scale to become visible and permit of their examination, com- paratively few of the insects were found to have been killed. Fifty per cent. on some trees were estimated to be living. Early in Maya complete examination of all the plots was made, and at this date,. although many of the scale had reached full maturity and begun to breed, above 10 per cent. were estimated on an average, to be still alive. Though the insect itself was apparently he~lthy in most of these cases, tpe scaly covering was corroded and imperfect, afford- ing slight shelter, and the general condition was such as to make it appear that a second application would have completed the execu- tion. In spite of the large percentage of living scale some encouragement was felt therefore, which was increased from time to time during June and July, when the plots were hastily passed through and very little Ecale noted as occurring upon the trees. Consequently

STATE BOARD OF ENT0UOLOGY.

21

we were not totally unprepared for the surprise which the last .examination in August had in store.
On August 12th and 16th the plots in the Rumph orchard were carefully examined and found to contain very few living scales, and these were often in anything but a healthy condition. In fact the results in one plot were as good as any obtained with two applications of kerosene in emulsion. In the other plots the worlt was not quite so thorough but was, none the less, superior to .anything except two applications of kerosene or crude oil.
Comparison with Oi.l.-The advantages of lime, salt and sulphur Over oil are several. Its cost per gallon ready to spray, counting -only the material and using the California formula, would be from
I t to 1! cents, according to the strength used. Oil, to compete
with it in price, would have to be purchased at between 6 and 9 Cents if used at a strength of 20 per cent. Judging from theresults of our experiments referred to above, it is more effective than -single applications of either crude oil or kerosene at a strength of 20 per cent. It is apparently not prejudicial to the health of the dormant tree, as is oil if applied carelessly or under ad verse conditions.
On the other hand the cost and trouble of preparation far ex-ceeds that of the oil emulsion. The necessity of making the application while the mixture is yet warm, and its deterioration if allowed to stand longer than a few hours, are not in its favor. It also ex-erts a corroding influence upon copper and brass, and if much spraying is to be done with it specially made. nozzles with hard-rubber .apertures are necessary for its use. It should not be made up in brass kettles or used in brass pumps.
Sbenglh R equi1ed.-Three strengths were used, the standard formula (30 pounds lime, 20 pounds of s~tlphur and 15 pounds of salt) being diluted to 40, 50 and 60 gallons. Very little if any difference in the results could be attributed to the use of the different strengths, and it is likely that the weakest will prove sufficiently strong.
Weather Conditions.-Applications were made at four different .dates, viz.: February 28th, March 3d, 6th, and 7th. February 28th was a fair day, with a slight breeze from the southwest during the -forenoon, freshening into a btisk wind in the afternoon, rendering thorough work difficult. On March 1st 1.33 inches of rain fell,

22

BuLLETIN No. 4.

but the temperature (58 max. 33 min.) was cold for the season. On the 5th, .23 inch of rain fell, followed by two fair days and a slight rain (.02 inch) on the 8th. No more rain fell until the 14th, when it commenced and continued through the 16th, during which time the precipitation amounted to 4.75 inches.

RESIN WASH.
This wash has been long recommended as an eflective rel'nedy for some of the less resistant scales, and in a more dilute form as a summer treatment for Aphids and other soft-bodied sucking insects. One trial was made of it last winter, with poor results, and as it is more difficult to prepare than the lime, salt and su lphur it hardly seems worth further discussion here.

URUDE CAUSTIC POTASH.
Crude caustic potash was used on four plots and at three different strengths, viz.: 5, 10 and 15 pounds to 50 gallons of water. The weakest solution ptoved very insufficient, but the two stronger ones were quite effective. Not even the strongest injured the trees in the slightest degree, so far as could be observed, its effect being rather to improve the appearance of the bark. It is, however, on account of its strong corrosive action very unpleasant to apply and detrimental to the hose; neithet is it as effective as either the oil treatment, the soap washes or th e lime, salt and sulphur. The results showed that not less than 10 pounds to 50 gal-
lons should be used, and preferably 12 ?r 15.

CARBOLIC ACID Ei\IULSION.
Crude carbolic acid in various forms was tried extensively and all strengths from 4 per cent. to 20 perc~nt. of emulsion mixed with water. The results were most unsatisfactory. Less than 15 per cent. of the emulsion, or one part to 6, did no appreciable execution amongst the scale. Stronger than this some effect was noticed, which became quite marked at 20 per cent. Even at this strength the carbolic acid was a little less effective than kerosene and more expen sive.

STATE BoARD OF E~TO:I.lOLOGY.
PRACTICAL WORK WITH OILS IN A LARGE ORCI-IARD.
In addition to the regular experiments, an orchard of 55,000 three-year old peach-trees and 1,000 plums, belonging to Mr. W. C. Wright, of Fort Valley, Ga., was treated under our superVISIOn. Mr. Wright was very much alarmed over the condition of his orchard, and he made a special request of the entomologist to assume full control of its treatment.
Beginning August 8th, 1901, the orchard was given a row-byrow inspection, which revealed 1,000 badly infested trees, well distributed. From these centers of infestation the scale had spread generally in all directions, leaving only a small per cent. of the trees entirely free. Beginning August 20th, all the badly infested trees that bad been located were sprayed with a 10 per cent. strength of kerosene, using the Gould knapsack "kero-water" pump. This checked the breeding of the. scale, and was apparently the means of saving a large number of trees that would otherwise have perished before time for winter treatment.
From December 25th to January 2d, each badly infested tree,. with 15 or 20 adjacent, was sprayed with a 15 per cent. strength of kerosene, using the Gould barrel pump. In this manner the 1,000 trees representing the centers of infestation had received two applications of oil (10 per cent., followed by 15 per cent.} and about 15,000 trees one application, before the general treat- ment of the orchard commenced.
It was intended that the entire orchard should be treated with crude petroleum, but delay in obtaining this substance necessitated the continuation of the use of kerosene. Taking the trees in regular order, regardless of previous treatment, 17,000 were sprayed with a 20 pet cent. strength of kerosene between January 3d and 23d. The crude oil had then arrived, and from .Tanuary 25th to February 7th, 28,000 peaches and 1,000 plums were sprayed with a 20 per cent. strength of this substance, which registered 43!0 gravity on the Baume oil scale. The remaining 10,000 trees being detached from the main orchard, and containing only a slight infestation of scale, were not taken into account in

~
(!:)
;:.;
~
;...< ;...<
>..:
E-i
~
0
~ A~
.~.:
:::0
0
~
0 E-i
:::0
.C..!.:.l
~
t?;
~
:::0
E-i
z.....
C!:l :..z...t.
.:>.<:
~
rPn-<
1-i
~
.E.-:i
;...< P-<
\'

STATE BoARD oF ENTO~OLOGY.

25

making notes. However, they were sprayed with a 20 per cent. strength of kerosene, beginning February 11th. The effect of the treatment was carefully watched, and, at the end of three weeks, after 20 per cent. kerosene had been applied to the block of 17,000.trees in the general treatment, a small per cent. of live scale insects could here be found. It was then too early to make a definite determination of the results, but the owner was not satisfied with the indications, and late in February this block was given another application of kerosene at a strength of 15 per cent.
Reviewing the treatment, the orchard may h~:> divided into plots which were sprayed as follows :
1. Consisting of a part of the 1,000 badly infested trees; 1(} per cent. kerosene, followed by 15, 20 and 15 per cent. at various periods during the fall and winter.
2. Consisting of the remainder of the above mentioned trees;. with 10 per cent. kerosene, followed by 15 per cent. kerosene and 20 per cent. crude oil.
3. Several thousand trees first sprayed with 15 per cent. kerosene, then later with 20 per cent. kerosene, and finally with 15 per cent. ot the same substance.
4. The remainder of the trees first receiving the treatment of 15 per cent. kerosene, were sprayed later with 20 per ce nt. crude oi l.
5 . A large block sprayed with 20 per cent. keroEene in January and followed with H> per cent. later.
6. The bulk of the orchard, which was treated only once, with 20 per cent. crude oil.
7. Several thousand trees upon which the application of 20 per cent. crude oil was followed by another of 15 per cent. of the same substance.
The entire work, throughout the season, was done in the most careful manner possible. Six Gould's barrel "kero-water" pumps were used, and these were supplied with oil by extra teams, while the water was piped into the orchard. The work was done with negro labor, superintended by the owner of the orchard and two intelligent white men, who at short intervals tested the percentage of oil discharges, and saw that every portico of the tree was moistened with the sp ray. When any part of the tree was fo.und dry it was resprayed, even at the cost of turning

PLATE II. VIEW OF WRIGH' ORCHARD, FORT VALLEY. FROM THE SAME POSITION AS PLATE I. SHOWING TREES IN JUNE.

STATE BoARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

27

the team. By constant .attention, the pumps were kept so adjusted as to do satisfactory work.
The results were most satisfactory When the winter work was begun the new double hose arrangement, by which the oil and water are kept separate until the nozzle is reached, was employed. Instead of producing a mechanical mixture, pure oil and pure water were alternately discharged. On one morning in trying to start five pumps with these attachments, a number of trees were sprayed with pure kerosene, resulting in the death of 40. The new style attachment was discarded, and no more injury was done, save, possibly, the death of about 50 other trees, which may be :attributed to the combined effect of the scale and the treatment. The trees bloomed and leaved out normally, and bore a magnificent crop of fruit.
The scale was as nearly eradicated as we believe possible with any treatment. During the course of spring and summer, until .June 17th, when the last observations were made, we visited the orchard three times, and carefully examined several hundred trees, both in the kerosene and crude oil blocks, and found only two trees bearing live scales. These were louated in one of the kerosene blocks where two applications had been made. A general inspection of the orchard on June 17th, revealed no further in festation of living scales. It is understood, of course, that should -every tree in the orchard be carefully examined a large number would, no doubt, show some infestation, but the observations have -been sufficiently extensive to warrant the statement that better results can rarely be obtained with any practical treatment.

PREPARATIO~ OF THE INSECTICIDES.
For the sake of convenience the formulre and methods of preparing such substances as require special peparation were not given in connection with the di sc ussion of the tests. Since the l'Jsin wash and carbolic acid emulsions did not give encouraging results, instruction for their preparation does not appear to be necessary here, and only the emulsion of petroleum oils and the lime, salt and sulphur wash, need be treated of at any length.

28

BuLLETIN No. 4.

OIL ElllULSION.
Prepamt,ion.-An emulsion of either crude petroleum or kerosene may be made from the following formula:
2 pounds potash whale oil-soap 4 gallons water
8 " oil
Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel over the fite, using a slight excess of water to make up for evaporation. Fit a pump with a short piece of hose, to which i&
attached a nozzle for throwing a straight. stream 1\- or t inch in
diameter. Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump is set, and when the whale-oil soa p is dissolved and the solution begins to boil, add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten minutes. The stream from the nozzle shou ld be directed straight downward into the mixture so as to stir it to the very bottom. After a few minutes the oil and soap solution will be see n to combine, forming a thickt creamy emulsion, which when perfectly made will r emain without change for weeks.
Mate1ials and Pump B equi1ecL.-Either crude oil or kerosene will give good resu lts in making em ulsion . .The soap sho ul d preferably be some soft whale-oil soap, such as Good's No. 3. If a hard soap is used th e emulsion will be curdy, and only with difficulty mix with water. Country lye wap answers admirably, but must be used in somewhat larger quantity than called for in the formula given above.
The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mixing the emulsion, but almost any pump will do that can be fitted with the requisite secti on of hose and nozzle. A <:Bordeaux" or "Seneca" nozzle g ives a very satisfactory sized stream for this work, though rather small.
The water used mu st be soft, for if hard no stable em ulsion can be prepared , and it sometimes happen s that foreign substan ce& chancing to be present, will prevent the emu lsification . lf a lot of soap so lution and oil, for any reason, fails to emulsify properly, the best thing to do is to throw the whole away, carefully clean up the pump, wash out all the vessels used and begin over.
Ptope?ties of the Emulsion.-The emulsion, if well made of the proper soap, will retain its creamy consistency when cold, and is easily mixed with water in all proportions. No alarm should be felt if a sma ll portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify, and se parates at the bottom, nor, if after being exposed to the air for some time, a thin scum forms over the surface. If on long standing globules of free oil rises to the surface1 or if a thin ring of oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel, the emulsion should either be thrown away, or warmed up and agitated

STATE BoARD OF ENTOMOEOGY.

29

afresh. It will keep in the concentrated condition, if well made,

for weeks, or even months, but will quick ly deteriorate if diluted.

Use of the Emulsion.-The emulsion will mix with water in

any proportion, but unless kept constantly stirred will rise like

cream to the surface. On this account, it i.s necessary that pumps

in which. it is used be furnished with an agitator, or else that the

mixture be constantly stirred. In diluting the emulsion for use,

if it has been made in quantity and allowed to stand, it should

first be thoroughly stirred so as to become uniform thr.oughout.

The following table shows the proper proportions of emulsion

and water required to secure a given per cent. of oil:

3! gallons emu lsion 46-f ga llons water for 5 per cent. oil

7t " 11-f ,, 15 "

" 42t " " 38! " " 3fi "

" " 10 " " " " " 15 " " " " " 20 " " ,,

18! " 22! "

" 31-f " " 27t "

" " 25 " " " " " 30 " " "

If desired the emulsion may be prepared in small lots, each of

which may be diluted to 50 gallon.;;, and a given per cent. obtained.

For instance, for a 50-gallon barrel full of the diluted emulsion

the following am.ount of oil, soap and water would be necessary

for the desired percentage :

For 25 per cenL - 12! gallons oil, 6! gallons water, 3-f lbs. soap

" 20 " " - .10 " " 5 "

" 2! ,, "

" 15 " " -- 7t " " 4 "
" 10 " " -- 5 " " 2! ,,

"
"

2 " ,",
1-f "

Cost of P1epamtion.-The cost of preparation will, of course,

depend upon the circumstances. With proper facilities, and the

help of a boy 12, or even 16 gallons of oil may be emulsified at

a time with a little extra trouble, and the work thus be carried on

much faster. For each .50-gallon barrel of oil, 12! pounds of soap

will be required, which will vary somewhat in price, according to

the market and freight charges. Fifty to sixty cents shou ld cover

it. With ordinary price for labor and soap, the cost per barrel for

emulsifying oil should be between seventy and ninety cents.

LIME, SALT AND SULPHUR.
Preparation: Quick lime _______ __ _ ____________ . ____ .. 30 pounds Salt ____ .. __ ____________ .. ___ . ___ ___ __ __ 15 "
Flowers of sulphur _____ .------ ---- __ ___ _20 " Water to make 60 gallons.

Slake half the lime carefully and place it in a large kettle with 25 gallons of \Vater; grind the sulphur up with a little water, breaking the lum i>S up as fine as possible and add to the lime; boil.

30

BuLLETIN N o. 4.

As it boils the liquid will gradually become thinner and thinner, the lime and sulphur dissolving simultaneously to form a deep orange red so lution. When the sulphur has apparently all en tered into so lution, which may take two hours, or more, slake the remainder of the lime, add to it the salt, and pour the two into the lime and sulphur t;ulutiou. Boil the whole for from half an hour to an hour longer, strain, anrl dilute with warm water to 60 ga llons. Do not let it become thoroughly cold, but spray whil e yet warm .
The principal care in making up this wash, is to make sure that the sulphur is thoroughly dissolved. Flowers of sulphur are apt to be more or less lumpy, and these lumps are Yery difficult uf so lution . The more thoroughly th e suiphur is ground up with water before being boiled with the lim e, the less time it wi ll take in boiling. Ord inarily two or three hours' constant boiling will be found necessary.
An iron kettle must be use d if the bo iling is done directly over a fire. A better and cheaper way, whenever a bead of steam is available, is to place the sulphur, lime and salt together in a barrel ha lf fu ll of water, conduct the steam through a pipe to the bottom of the barrel, and boil for two or three hours, with occasional stirring, to make sure tbat nothing is Eettli ng. If a bo iler is convenient, a pipe might be so arranged as to conduct steam to a number of barrels at once.
WHALE-OIL SOAP.
'rhe only preparat-ion required for the use of this substan ce is to thoroughly dissolve it in wate r by boil ing. The boil in g ruay be done in a large syrup kettle over a fire, or in a barrel into whi ch steam is cond ucted. Measure the water, add to it the desired amount ot soap, and stir until ibe so lution is complete.
CRUDE CAUSTIC POTA SH .
This substance needs on ly to be dissolved in water. No beat is required, but frequent st.irring will hasten the so lut ion.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Th e results of our experiments do net materially change the former reco mmendations of this office for the trea tment of the San J ose sca le, but they broaden the field of effecti Ye remedies, g iving the orchardi st th e option of choosing one of several. Th e petroleum oiIs (kerosene and cru de petroleum), wh ich have furni shed th e alm ost ex clusive remedy for th e ca le in thi s State, came through the e1:peri-

STATE BuARD OF E~TOliiOLOGY.

31

ments with more points in their favor than any other substance

tested, although the lime, salt and sulphur wash gave almost equally as

good results. In dealing with insecticides it is not usually safe to

base recommendations upon one year's experience, and Jor t.his rea-

son alone we are not willing to give the lime, salt and sulphur

wash the endorsement that the results obtained from its use in th e

tests would warrant. However, it deserves to be recorded as verv

promising and given a place in the recommendations, allowing th.e

orchard owners to choose between it and the oi ls. Results ot fur-

ther tests, wh ich are planned for next winter, may place this wash

upon an equal with oils, or even show its superiority to them.

It will be remembered that in all former recommendations issued

from this office (Bulletin 1, and Circulars 4 and 5) two appli ca-

tions during the course of the winter have been insisted upon.

One application appears to be sufficient for trees that have teached

full growth, but the results of our experiments show most concltt-

sively the necessity for two in the treatment of young orchard..

The scale insects on yonng trees are more virulent, multiply much

more rapidly and are afforded a better food supply than those on

older trees, hence the number of surviving scales that would do no

particular damage to old trees might seriously damage those not

yet full grown . Moreover, it is quite impossibl e to reach every

portion of a tree with one application, patticularly if much wind

is stirring, and it is usually advisab le to make two even in case ot

old trees.

Concluding not only from the recent experiments but in part

from practical re~;ults obtained by the growers, the recommenda-

tions tor next winter's work stand as follows :



1. Oil Emtdsion.-In November or ear ly December apply a 15

per cent. strength of either crude oi l or kerose ne in emulsion with

soap, and in February or early March (before the bloom buds

open) repeat the application at a strength of 20 per cent. When

obtained in car lots (as was done last wiuter) the crude oil is some

cheaper and in genera l practice it has given slightly more satisfac-

tory resnlts in its effect upon both the scale and the tree~, hence it

shou ld be given the preference. Not having yet comp leted th e

experiments with low grade crude oils we can recommend on ly th e

Pennsylvania product, regi~ tering not le s than 43 gravity on th e

Beaume oil scale.

In spraying a tree the work should be done thoroughly but

quickly, moistening every portion of the tree above the ground

without allowing the substa nce to run down the trunk. Begin on

the side of the tree oppo. ite the pump and walk completely around,

spraying from the top downward, and taking care to reach th e

twigs and the inside of the limbs. If even ~mall spo ts or twi g

are left the best results cannot be expectetl. On the other hand,

.32

BuLLETIN" :No. 4.

the use of an excess of oil will endanger the tree and should be carefully avoided.
2. Oil in Mechanical Mixtu1e.-The mechanical mixture of either crude oil or kerosene, applied by the use of the oil-water pumps, may be substituted for the emulsion recommended above. So long as the pumps discharge a uniform percentage of oil, results eqnally as good as those obtained from emulsion may be expected. In addition to the precautions to be obsetved in the use <>f emulsion the mechanical mixing pumps require constant watching to keep them properly adjusted and the percentage of oil di scharged should be frequently tested. To make these tests catch the mixture, as it is di scharged from the nozzle, in a bottle with a straight side, allow it to stand until the oil rises to the top and then with a rule measure the volume of oil as compared with the volume of water beneath it. This will show the proportion of oil to water di scharged. If. the desired percentage is not obtained the pump should be looked into and readjusted.
3. L ime-Salt-Stdphur Wash.-The lime, salt and sulphur wash applied in February or March, before the trees bloom. This remdy gave such promi~;ing results in the tests that we venture to include it in the recommendations, feeling confident of its success when properly prepared and thoroughly applied. The instructions for its preparation should be carefully observed, with particular reference to the boiling, and its application should be thorough.
Since no fall or mid-winter applications of this wash were made in the experiments we can at ptesent advise its use only for spring spraying.
4. Whale- Oil Soap.-In the treatment ot family orchards it may be found more convenient to use whale-oil soap than the other more complicated remedies. U se a potash soap and di ssolve it (by boiling) in water at the rate of 2 lbs. to each gallon. Make the application in the early spring just before vegetation begins, using a spray or cloth mop, pteferably the former. Should only a very small number of trees be involved, they might be successfully treated by rubbing on the eolution with a cloth, provided g reat care be taken to coat the small twigs as well as the trunk and limbs.
More thorough execution to the scale would be expected from
two applications, one at a strength of It lbs. to the gallon of
water and the other as recommended above. A single application will not ordinarily givP. entire satisfaction.
Crude caustic potash being cheaper, although not so effective, may in some cases be advantageously substituted for whale-oil soap; and indeed, in commercial orchards where the scale is in a weakened condition from the age of the trees this substance may be used with success. Fur effective work a strength of at least 10 lbs. to 50 gallons of water will orqiuarily be requirerl.

'-1-
b

Bulletin No. 5

November 15, 1902

Instructions for the Treatment
OF THE
SAN JOSE SCALE
BY
W. M. SCOTT, S 'J'ATE ENTOMOLOGIST .

Portion of limb showing San Jose scale in various stages of development,
greatly enlarged. a, Adult scales, female; b, adu lt scales, male; c, half-grown scales, at about the stage of development at which they pass the wi nter; d,
newly issued young . (Original.)
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ATLANTA, GA.
Ceo. W. Harriso :1, State Printer, The Frankli n Printing a nd Publis hin g Co . , Atla nta

INSTRUCTIONS
FOR THE
Treatment of the San Jose Scale.*
BY W. M. SCOTT, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Bulletin No. 4, recently issued from this office, contains an account of our last season's spraying experiments against the San Jose scale, together with recommendations for the treatment of this pest. This paper is substantially a reproduction of these recommendations, with some additional suggestions.
The results of these tests not only verify previous results obtaineJ, but they develop additional information concerning the treatment of the scale. To summarize the more important features of the tests, it may be steted that the re3nlts show:
1. That, with the probable exception of the lime, sa lt and sulphur wash, the petroleum oils constitute the most effective remedy for the San Jose scale.
2. That the advantage of crude oil over kerosene is only slight, if any, and consists in its adhesive quality.
3. That, owing to the unreliability of the mechanical mixing pumps, emulsions are usually more satisfactory than mechanical mixtures.
4. That, as a rule, two applications, one in the fall or early winter and the other in the spring, are required to do effective work.
5. That it is unnecessary and somewhat hazardous to Ube a greater strength of oil than 20 per cent., and that this strength, when properly applied, may be used at any time after the foliage is shed in the fall until the buds begin to part their petals in the spring without injurious effect upon peach trees or tQeir fruit buds.
*The edition of Bulletin No. 4 being completely exhausted a portion of it Is reprinted in this paper.

4
6. That the lime, salt and sulphur wash, applied in the spring before the trees bloom, is, judging ftom a single season's tests, equally as effective as the oil treatment.
7. That whale-oil soap and crude caustic pota ~h, though not satisfactory for general work, are useful in the treatment of family orchards and old commercial orch:nds.
8. That the habit of growth and physiological condition of the tree influence the effect of spraying upon the scale.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
These results do not materially chan ge the former recommendation s of this office for the treatment of th e San Jose scale, but they broaden the fi eld of effective remed ies, giving the orchardist the option of choosin g one of se veral. Th e petroleum oils (kerosene and crude petroleum), which have furni shed the almost exclusive remedy for scale in thi s State, are still given the preference, although the lime, sa lt and sulphur wash gave almost equally as good results in the tests. In dealing with insecticides it is not usually safe to base reco mmendations upon one season's ex perience, and for this reaso n alone we are not willing to give the lime, salt and sulphur wash the indorsement that the results obtained from its use last spring would warrant. However, it deserves to be recorded as very promising and given a place in the recommendations, allowing the orchatd owners to choose between it and the oils. R es ults of furth er tests, which are planned for next winter, may place this wash upon an equal with oils, or even show its superiority to th em .
It will be remembered that in all former reco mmendations issued from this office (Bulletins 1 and 4 and Citculars 4 and 5) two applications of oil Juring the course of the winter have been insisted upon. Oue application appears to be s ufficient for trees that have reached full growth, but the results of our experiments show most conclusively the necessity for two in the treatment of young orchards. The scale insects on young trees are more virulent, multiply much more rapidly and are afforded a better food supply than those ou older trees, hence the number of surviving

5
scales that would do no particular damage to old trees might seri-
ously damage those not yet full grown. Moreover, it is quite impossible to reach every portion of a tree with one application, particularly if much wind is stirring.
Before the spring application is made the orchard should be given the usual annual pruning and in addition thereto all badly infested trees should be severely headed back. Remove the dead wood and cut the limbs back to arms of about two feet in length or even to the trunk in bad cases. In this manner infested trees that might oth~::rwise perish may. be saved.
Considering the results of our recent experimentl:l in connection with those obtained by the fruit-growers themselves, the recommendations for the coming season may be stated as follows:
1. Oil Emulsion.-In November or early December apply a 15 per cent. strength of either crude oil or kerosene in emulsion with soap, and in February or early March (before the bloom buds open) repeat the application at a stren9th of 20 per cent. When obtain~d in car lots (as was done last winter) the crude oil is some cheaper, and in general practice it has given slightly more satisfactory results in its effect upon both the scale and the trees, hence it should be given the preference. Not having yet completed the experiments with low grade crude oils, we can recommend only the Pennsylvania product, registering notless than43gravityon the Beaume oil scale.
In spraying a tree the work should be done thoroughly but' quickly, moistening every portion above ground without allowing the substance to run down the trunk. Begin on the side of the tree opposite the pump and walk completely around, spraying from the top downward, and taking care to reach the twigs and the inside of the limbs. If small spots or twigs are left the best results cannot be expected. On the other hand, the use of an excess of oil will endanger the tree and should be carefully avoided.
2. Oil in Mechanical Mixture. -The m'echanical mixture of either crucle oil or kerosene, applied by the use of the oil-water pumps, may be substituted for the e1nulsion recommended above. So long as the pumps discharge a uniform percentage of oil, results equally as good as those obtained from emulsion may be expected. The

6
mechanical mixing pumps require constant watching to keep them properly adjusted and the percentage of oil discharged should be frequently tested. To make these tests catch the mixture, as it is discharged from the nozzle, in a bottle with a straight side, allow it to stand until the oil ri ses to the top and then with a rule meas.ure the volume of oil as compared with the volume of water beneath it. This will show the proportion of oil to water discharged. If the desited percentage is not obtained the pump sho uld be looked into and readjusted.
3. Lirne-8alt-Snlphur Wash.-The lime, salt and sulphur wash :applied in February or early March before the trees bloom. This :remedy gave such promising resu lts in the tests that we venture to include it in the recommendations, feeling confident of its success when properly prepared and thoroughly applied . It is especially recomm~mded to those who have injured their trees by th~ use of oil. It appears to have no detrimental effect upon peach trees and kills the fruit buds only when applied aftet they begin to open.
p _The :instructions for the preparation of this wash should be
carefully observed, with particular reference to the boiling, and its application should be thorough. Since no fall or midwinter applications of this wash were made in the experiments, we can at .Present advise its use only for spring spraying.
4 . Whale- Oil Soap.-In the treatment of family orchards, or .
-even old commercial orchards, it may be found more convenient to uae whale-oil soap than the other more complicated remedies. Use .a potash soap and dissolve it (by boiling) in water at the rate of 2 pounds to each gallon. Make the application in the early sprin~ just before vegetation begins, using a spray pump or cloth mop, preferably the former. Should only a very small number of trees be involved, they might be successfully treated by applying the solution with a cloth, provided great care be taken to coat the small twigs as well as the trunk and limbs.
More thorough execution to the scale would be expected from two applications, one in early winter at a strength of 1! pounds to the gallo n of water and tbe other as recommended above. A ingle app lication will not ordinarily give entire satisfaction.
Crude cau tic potash being cheaper, although not so effective,

7
may in some cases be advantageously substituted for whale-oil soap; and indeed, in commercial orchards where the scale is in a weakened condition from the age of the trees this substance may be used with mueh success. For effective work a strength of at least 10 pounds to 50 gallons of water will .ordinarily be required.
PRELIMINARY TH.EATMENT.
Unfortunately there seems to be no satisfactory summer treatment for the San Jose scale and winter applications must Le chiefly {]epended upon for the control of this pest. However, it is not infrequent that summer spraying can be done to advantage. This insect multiplies at a rapidly increasing ratio during the breeding season until checked by cold weather about the middle of November or later. In this climate, therefore, the period of greatest re -production among the scale insects, and consequently of greatest {]amage to the infested trees, is from about the middle of September to the middle of November. Trees that are only slightly infested in July may become encrusted with scales by November. Fre-quently this rapid fall multiplication of the scale, if left unchecked, results in the death of a great many trees before a winter wash can be applied .
The value of late summer or fall spraying in checking the progress of the scale has been determined not only by our experiments but also by practical work in large orchards. A 10 per cent. strength (or even 15 per cent. when carefully used) of kerosene or crude oil applied in mechanical mixture with water, or in soap emulsion, does not materially damage peach trees in foliage and do~s destroy large numbers of scale insects, e~pecially the re-cently issued young and a considerable per cent. of the breeding females. During the breeding season the progress of the scale should be watched, and if it threatens to kill. or impair the infested trees before winter sets in, two or three applications of oil should be made. These may be made at intervals of two or three weeks as occasion seems to demand, but even two applications on successive days or with one day intervening, are considerably more effect ive than a single one. The trunks and larger limbs should be

8
thoroughly sprayed, but drenching of the foliage sbo';Ild be avoided as much as possible. The oil has a tendency to scorch the foliage, but not to a serious extent if the \vork is properly done.
HOW TO PREPARE THE SPRAYING MATEIUALS.
OIL EMULSION.
Fm-mula and Direclions.-An emulsion of eithet cl'Ude petroleum or kerosene may be made from the following formula:
2 pounds potash whale-oil soap. 4 gallons water. 8 gallons oil.
Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in :a :vessel over the fire, using a slight excess of water to make up for evap-
oration. Fit a pump with a short piece of hose, to which is at-
tached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream -h or t iucb in dia-
meter. Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump is set, and when the whale-oil soap is dissolved and the solution begins to boil, add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously back into itself fur a period of at least ten minlltes. The stream from the nozzle should be directed straight downward into the mixture so as to stir it to the very bottom. After a few minutes the oil and soap solution will be seen to combine, forming a thick, creamy emulsion, which when perfectly made will remain without change for weeks.
For a 20 per cent. strength add water to make 40 gallons. For a 15 per cent. strength add water to make 53t gallons. For a 10 per cent. streugtb add water to make 80 gallons. Materials and .Pump Required.-Eitber crude oil or kerosene will give good :results in making emulsion. The soap should preferably be some soft whale-oil soap, such as Good's No. 3. If a bard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy, and only with difficulty mix with water. The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mixing the emulsion, but almost any pump will do that can be fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle. A "Bordeaux'' or

9
"Seneca'' nozzle gives a very satisfactory sized stream for this work, though rather sruall.
The water used must be soft, for if hard no stable emulsion can be prepated, and it sometimes happens that foreign substances chanci ng to be present, will prevent the emulsification. In case lime~;tone or hatd water is to be employed, it should be broken by the addition of a small quantity of lye. If a lot of soap solution and oil, for any reason, fails to emulsify properly, the best thing to do is to throw the whole away, carefully clean up the pump, wash out all the vessels used and begin over.
Prope1ties of the Emulsion.-The emulsion, if well made of the proper soap, will retain its creamy consistency when cold, and is easily mixed with water in all proportions. No alarm should be felt if a small portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify, and separates at the bottom, nor, if after being exposed to the air for some time, a thin scum forms over the surface. If on long standing globules of free oil rise to the surface, or if a thin ring of oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel, the emulsion should either be thrown away, or warmed up and agitated afresh.
When diluted the emulsion may slowly rise, like cream, to the surface, and in ordet to prevent this the spray pump in which it is to be used should be provided with an agit.ator.
LIME, SALT AND SULPHUR.
Fo1'mula and Directions :This wash may be prepared by combinin g lime, salt and sulphur
in several different proportions, but the following appears to be the generally accepted formula:
Quick lime_ . . _____ ____ - - _________ -- 30 pounds Salt ___ _________ _ __ __ .. ___ _ _.. _.. __ . _ _15 "
Flowers .of sui ph ur_ ____ ____ __ ____ . ____ 20 ,,
Water to make 60 gallo11s.
Slake half the lime catefully and place it in a large kettle with 25 gallons of water; gtind the sulpbut up with a little water, breaking the lumps as fine as possible by passing thrvugh a sieve and add to the lime; boil. As it boils the

10
liquid will gradually become thinner and thinner, the lime and sulphur dissolving simultaneously to form a deep orange-red solution. When the sulphur has apparently all entered into solution, wl1ich may take two hours ot more, slake the remainder of the lime, add to it the salt, and pour the two into the lime and sulphur solution. Boil the whole for from half an bout to an hour longer, strain, and dilute with warm water to 60 gallons. Do not let it become thoroughly cold, but spray while yet warm.
The principal care in making ur this wash is to make sure that the sulphul' is thol'oughly dissolved. Flowers of splphul' is apt to be more or less lumpy, and these lumps are very difficult of solution. The more thoroughly the sulphur is ground up with water before being boiled with the lime, the less time it will take in boiling.
An iron kettle must be used if the boiling is done ditectly over a fire. A better and cheaper way, whenever a head of steam is a\'ailable, is to place the slllphur, lime and salt together in a barrel half full of watet, conduct the steam through a pipe to the bottom of the barrel and boil for two or three hoUIs, with occasional stirring, to make sure that nothing is settling. !fa boilet is convenient, a pipe might be so arranged as to conduct steam to a number of barrels at once.
WHALE-OIL SOAP.
The only preparation required for the use of this substance is to thoroughly dissolve it in water by boiling. The boiling may be done in a large syrup kettle over a fire, or in a barrel into which steam is conducted. Measure the water, add to it the desired amount of soap and stir until the solution 1s complete.
CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH.
This substance needs ouly to be dissolved in water. No heat is required, but frequent stirring will hasten the solution.

11
SPRAY PUMPS AND MATERIALS.
Spraying bas become such a necessity to the successful fruitgrower that every owner of any considerable number of trees should be equipped with spray machinery. Aside from the San J oe scale there are many destructive insects and diseases fot the control of which it is necessary to spray.
For general orchard work in the application of such mixtures as oil emulsion, the lime, salt and sulphur wash and Bordeaux mixture a strong, well-made barrel sprayer is usually the most useful. Among those that deserve mention here are the "PQmona,'' manufactured by the Goulds Manufacturing Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y.; the "Advance,'' manufactured by the Demiug Co., Salem, Ohio, and the ''Eclipse," manufactured bY, Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbot:, Mich. The Field Force Pump Co., Elmira, N.Y.; the Bean Pump Co., Hudson, Mich., and the Spray Motor Co., Bufl'alo, N. Y., are also manufacturers of good spray pumps. Of the pumps devised to mechanically mix oil and water in the act of spraying, the "Kero-water," manufactured by the Goulds Mfg. Co., is more reliable than the others we have tested.
Each pump should be fitted with two leads of twenty or twenty-five foot discharge bose, V erm orel nozzles and cut-of! cocks. An order for a pump should specify that these attachments are wanted.
For use in yards, gardens and family orchards a knapsack pump will usually be sufficient. Even a small bucket pump may be found useful for light work. These may be obtained from almost any manufacturer of spray pumps.
Materials.-In sptaying for the San Jose scale it bas been found that kel'Osene of 150 fire test is more reliable than tbe lower grades. Tpere is considerable danger of injury to fruit trees from an application .of low-grade oil. The oil genetally used for illuminating purposes (150 fire test) is, therefore: recommended. It can be obtained from the Standard Oil Co. at almost any town in the State.

12
Crude petroleum is not so, easily obtained. Heretofore we have used only the Pennsylvania product registeting 43 gravity, and unless obtained in ca r lots the freight charges make it expensive. Fot last season's use the fruit-growers of some localities clubbed together and purchased it by the car at a cost of 8i .c. f. o. b. Savannah. The price has advanced, however, and it is now quoted at 11c. Savannah. The bulk of the Crude oil used in Georgia has been purchased frorri the E11_1ery Manufacturing Co., Hmdfmd, Pa., wbo has quoted more satisfactory ptices than other firm s. Crude petroleum can also be purchased from the Standard Oil Co.
Whale-oil soap ma.y be obtained from James Good, Phila' delphia, Pa.,.or Leggett Bros., Druggists, New York, N ; Y. Of
the several brands of soap used in our tests Good's No. 3 gave the best results in the preparations of emulsion. It costs from three to five cents pet pound according to the quantit.y purchased.

Bulletin No. 6

Janus

. THE LEAF CURL DISEASE .
OF THE
PEACH
AND ITS
TREATMENT
BY
W. M. SCOTT, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST
GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY
ATLANTA, GA.
Geo. \V. Harrison, State Printer, ;rhe Franklin Printing and Pub~ is h ing Co. , Atlanta

The Leaf Curl Disease
OF THE
Peach and its Treatment
BY W. M. SCOTT, STATE ENTOMOI,OGIST.
Peach J,eaf Curl is a disease which appears in our orchards in mtrly spring, causing the young and tender foliage to thicken, curl aud finally drop. (See Fig. 1.) Although it may occasionally be seen on the twigs, its attacks are confined principally to the leaves.
In the early part of the smnmer all the affected leaves are shed t
and nothing more is seen of the disease until the following spring. When an orchard is but slightly affected, a new crop of lea~es is quickly produced and the damage is slight; but when, as frequently happens, the greater part of the foliage is involved the vigor of the tree is impaired, the present crop of fruit destro:Yed and future crops affected.
DISTRIBUTION.
The Lea Curl disease is widely spead over the entire world wherever the culture of the peach is attempted, although its introduction into some of the newer countries, as Australia and New Zealand, appears to have been accomplished within quite recent years. In the United States it is more serioug in the northern and western portions, and less so in the extreme south and alo11g the Atlantic seaboard. In Georgia it is confined 8.lmost entirely to the northerl?- half of the State, very rarely occurring to an injurious extent in the southern and middle portions. The principal exceptions are cases of young orchards planted with

FIG. r-Two peach twigs showing leaves badly diseased with Leaf Curl. (Photo by tltc autho1.)

.5 nursery stock brought from infested sections, which during the first season develop the disease to a considerable extent, but not thereafter. In some sections of North Georgia the disease exists in its worst form, not infrequently causing the loss of the entire erop of some varieties in individual orchards.
NATURE OF THE DISEASE.
The curling and subsequent loss of the leaves is due tothe growth of a fungu s, a minute microscopic plant, which. consists of a network of fine thread-like stems (Figure 3)
FIG. 2-Spores or fruit of the Leaf Curl fungus, greatly enlarged (after Pierce).
permeating and subsisting upon the substance of the youngleaves, much as the roots of the peach-tree itself traverse the s()il and draw from it nourishment for the tree. This parasiticplant lives on the juices of the leaf, causing by its presence the well-
FIG. 3-The mycelium or vegetative parts of the Leaf Curl fungus, greatly enlarged (after Pierce).
known di torted appearance; and later tiny branches P.ush through. the surface of the leaf, bearing upon their extremities the spores or fruit of the fungus (Figure 2.) These spores are often produced

G
in such numbers as to give the lea a <lusty appearance, as though covered with a fine bloom. This dust-like substance, which will rub off when touched with tbe finger, contains the spores in c01mt.less millions. Scattered by the wind they become lodged in the microscopic crevices of the bark and scales of the young buds; and the following spring germinate like seeds, the young fungous plant sending its branches into the tender foliage and causing a reappearan ce of the trouble of the previous season.
Although Lea Curl ca n not be prouucecl without these spores any more than a crop of cotton without eed, the common belief that the disease is due to cold weather and r ain in the spring is not without good f oundation. .Tust as any kind of seed will sprout quicker when the soil and conditions are right, and perhaps under adverse circumstances refuse to grow at alll-just so will the spores of the Leaf Curl fungus germinate more readily when the conditions are favorable; that is, during a long continued spell of cloudy or rainy weather, or just after the young peach leaves have been subjected to an unusual degree of sudden cold. The first mentioned condition favors to the highest degree the development of the spores and the second renders the tender foliage weaker, less able to :resist the entrance of the sprouting spores, while offering at the same time better conditions of growth. It is a fact frequently noted that the Leaf Curl is worse on the exposed portions of an orchard, as upon a nor thern slope where the trees are less pro tected from the colder winds, and this is exactly as would b~ expected from the nature of the disease. In these situation the expanding leaves ar e bruised and weakened by the wind and cold, and thus rendered e pecially liable to the attacks of the pa ra;site.
TREATMENT.
SmomR TREATlliENT.-After the first external signs of the Lea Curl disease appear in the spring, nothing can be done to check i ts r avages for that season, and the extent of the damage will depend en tirely upon the weather conditions, as they may prove favorable

7
or otherwise to the growth of the fnngns. It is always recommended, however, that the orchard be gi>en an extra amount of cultivation as lloon as it is seen that a .serious amount of foliage is abont to become involved. A.n application of nitrate of soda worked into the soil will also greatly assist the trees in produoing a new crop of leaves. By such treatment the present crop of :frnit may perhaps be saved, the trees strengthened and put in a condition fayorable for the development of bnds for the following crop, and in very bad case~, the life of the tree even, might otherwise be in danger. This treatment is merely to meet the Amflrgency, however, and should always be followed by spraying the following winter.
PREVENTION BY SPRAYINa.-:B'ew fungous diseases n:ffecting cultivated plants have proven more easily or surely prevent.ed than the Leaf Curl of the peach. It has been demonstrated beyond question that even the worst infected orcbnrcls may, by proper Rprnying at the right season, be practically freed of t.he pest, and with a single application of the treatment. Numerous fungicides ha,e been nsed and reconunended, but of them all the safest nnd most effective has proven to be the Bordeaux mixture. This shonld he applied in late winter or ear]y spring. After the budA have become swollen the germs of the fnngml begin to penetrate the tissues and the treatment is therefore less effective, so that it is nccel:'sary to begin spraying in time to finish at lenst two weeks hefore the trees are likely to bloom. A little later when the yonng leaves have begun to push out and the evidences of the disease be{lome apparent, jt is altogether too lat.P. and a sprnying, so fru ns the Leaf Curl is concerned, would be a waste of labor and material.
It is very important in spraying for this disease that every part {)f the tree be reached by the Bordeaux or other mixtnrc nsed, for if a limb or a portion of a limb be missed the fungus will develop npon it, and thns tend to reinfect to some degree the re t of the tree. Advanta!!e should always be taken of the wind, if it clumcC3 to be blowing. If the man holding the nozzle stand first on one side of the tree nnd then on the other, directing the' spray upon tbe hrnnches lmt diagonally against the wind, the finer particles

8
will be blown back, wetting th e other side of the branches and pas:; ing to one side of the operator. On a perfectly calm day the operator should stand still on one side of the tree and cover each limb in ordcw, then pass around to the exactly opposite side and repeat the operation with cc1ual care. In all cases the nozzle should be held below rather than above the part of the tree being treated and the spray, thus directed upwarfl, will, in falling, wet the upper side of the horizontal branches.
SuB:>TITUTES FOJe BoRDEAUx.--The bluestone solution witl1out the additiou of lime has been recommended and is used quite extensively in some parts of the North. Although it has been tried and proven to be effective in Georgia, the addition of th e lime i ~ :,;till r ecommended for our conditjons, as it certainly adds to the e fiectiven~s;:; and safty of the operatio11. If it is desired to use the blues toue alone, ouly two pounds to fifty gallons of water can be employed, as a greater strength endangers the fruit buds..
Washes containing lime and sulphur as the active ingre-Jients have been used for some time in fighting t he San J ose scale on the Pacific coast, and from present appearances are about to prove equally effective against this insect in the East. :Nearly twenty years ago it was noted on the trees thu s treated in California that the Leaf Curl was prevented to a certain extent, and subsequent experiments under the auspices of the United States Department of .Agriculture showed conclusively the value of this preparation as a partial preventive, but that it was not so effective as the Bordeaux mixture::;. The substitution of four or five pounds of bluestone for the _'teen pounds of salt called for by the regular formula has been found to add to the effectiveness of the mixture against the Leaf Curl without detracting from its value as an insecticide, and though this spray has not been tested in Georgia, it will 110 donbt prove of great \alue when scale insects as well as fungous diseases are to be fought.
PREPARATION OF BoRDEAUX ~IrxTURE.-Bordeaux mixture is perhaps more wid ely known and used as a fugi cide than all other
''Full directions for preparing the lime and sulphur wash are given in Bulletin No. :; of this office.

9
substances together, and on that account it is thought advisable to go into some detail in the directions for its preparation. It is composed of a mixttue of the dilute solutions of lime and bluestone, and for the treatment of I~eaf Curl the proportions are as follows~
5 pounds fresh, unslaked lime, 5 pounds blue tone (sulphate of copper), 50 gallons water.
As much as six pounds of hluestone and an equal quantity of lime may be employed with safety, and. in some cases advantageousl,v. However, when it is de ired. to use Bordeaux for brown rot or other di eases after tho foliage is out,. the quantity of bluestone should be reduced t0 three pounds and that of the l.ime in- creased to nine pounds, beeanse o:f the injurious effect that strong Borcle:wx has upon peach :foliage.
Slake the lime carefully with ju t enough water to r educe it to the consistency o:f thick cream and. dilute to 25 gallons; dis olve the bluestone in 25 gallons of water also. Then in a separate barrel mix the two solutions, first pouring in a bucket of one and then a bucket of the other, or better still, pouring them in simultaneously. After thoronghly stini ng the mixture and allowing it to stand for a :few mom ents it will be ready to spray.
When thus prepared BordealL"X is at its best, consisting o:f a fine, fioculent, pale blue precip itate suspended in the water. I:f either or l:,Jot.h of the ingredien ts should be in concentrated solution when th e mixing is done, the r esulting Borcleam:: is coarser grained, settles much more quickly and is less effective as a .spray. -Even 1.he best will begin to settle quickly on standing, and it is esential that the spray pump be supplied with the an agitator that will keep it stirred in the act o:f pumping.
The bluestone may be gotten into solution most quickly and readily by suspending it in the corner of a fertilizer sack just below the surface o:f the water, or by the u se of a small quantity of hot water.
\\\t. UNIVERsvlp
LIBRARIES
OF GEORG\~

10
When a considerable amount of spraying i to be done it will be found convenient to prepare stoclc solutions, by dissolving 25 or 50 pounds of bluestone in an equal number of gallons of water, while a like amolmt of lime is slaked and diluted to a similar volume. Then by dipping out five gallons of either solution it will be seen that an eqnal number of pounds of bluestone or lime will be secnred, and the separate weighing and dissolving of the small loti: avoided. The two in o>redients hould never be mixed unless diluted as before described.
Another point that must be kept in mind is that the blues tone solution, and the finished Bordeaux to a le s extent a well, exert a co rrosive action on iron and should not be used in all iron pumps, nor contained in iron or tin vessel .
It is a g~neral precaution that ought to be observed in all spraying operations, that everything going into the spray pump barrel should pass through a strainer, and this is particularly necessary in the case of mixtures containing lime. ~ very god home-made strainer may be made from a str ong wooden bucket by boring an auger-hole in the bottom and insert ing a six inch piece of iron piping. A piece of wire gauze, preferably of bra ss or of copper, is then tacked over the top of the bu cket ; a m?st commodious and effectiYe ;,tmincr :mel funn el combined i thus obtained .
In exten?ive operat-ions, and especially wher e water-works are available, it is often found convenient to carry on the preparation. of the BordealL-x: upon a platform, equal or exceeding in height that of a wagon. The t ransference of the finished mixture to the pmnp barrel as it stand in the wagon is thus made easier, or the arr angement may be such a to effect the transfer by means of gravity.
RESULTS FOLLOWING THE USE OF BORDEAUX IN GEORGIA.
In the spring of 1900 an experim ent t o determ ine the effect of spraying for the Leaf Curl was conducted in the orchard of Jud ge Geo. F. Gober at fari etta, Georgia, and the re ults were such as to lead to the unhesi t.<tting recommendation of Bordeaux as a pre-

11
ventive of the disease. The results of the treatment of numerous orchards in north Georgia the following season were somewhat conflicting, howeYcr, and many growers became kcptical as to the Yalue of the treatment. Another experiment wao: accordingly thought adYisable and arrangements were made with Mr. S. R. Cockrill of Rome for conducting tl1e work in his orchard last spring.
The results of this experiment sboweJ : - . 1. That Bordeau.--;: as recommended, applied two to three weeks before the blooming period would preYent the Lea Curl almost absolutely. 2. That one application is usually sufficient, b1lt that if it were followed within a few days by rain, a second application might be necessary to secure the best results. 3. That it is too late to spray with good results after the buds begin to open, although a partial prev:ention of the disease can be secured by an application at this time. A more detailed acco1mt of tllese experiments need not be giYei! here, but it will perhaps not be out of place to quote the results of a few orchardists who haYe nsed the treatment and found it all that was expected. Among tl1e most interesting that haYe as yet been called to our notice were those obtained by :Mr. T . J. :11:adden, who owns a considerable orchard ncar Rome. In recounting his experience before the meeting of the Korth Georgia Fruit Growers' Association at Adairsville on May 30, 1902, Mr. Uadden said: "In the spring before the trees bloomed I commenced praying with the usual BordealL" mi.,ture. B efore completing the task I decided to try an experiment on my own hook by using double strength mixture. Before I could finish spraying all the trees the buds had opened so much that it was too late to finish, so we left a few rows unsprayed. Now for the result :- The unsprayed rows had Leaf Curl Yery badly, and absolutely no peaches; the trees sprayed with the usual strength of BordcalL'{ mi.,tme haYc a fair crop of peaches, and practically no curl. The trees sprayed with the double strength mixture ha,e a fin e crop, at least double tl1e amount of fruit oYer the ordinary spraying, and no I4ea Curl."

i2

Tltc c rcs nl t:c;, the statement of which was sub tantiated by s~.:;v

mal witn<3s3cs, are very remarkable, and the increase in the

amount of fruit. on the trees sprayed with the double strength

mixt ure just before tho opcnit1g of the buds, was probably due to

the fact that a large portion of the fruit throughout the State was

killed in the bloom last eason by the brown rot fungus. Our ex-

periments showed that this trouble was only slightly affected by

the ordinary strength of Bordeatuc, but it may have yielded t()

that used by l\'[r. :Madden.

At the s~me meeting, :.M:r. J: H. Brownlee, one of the most prom-

inent growers of Plainville, Ga., said in the course of his remarks:

" Last year I had a young orchard that had the Leaf Curl very

bad, and I though that I would save it this year. We went ove1

the whole orchard (with the Bordeau.'.: treatment) and ':finished all

but one ro\v, and I told the boys that we would leave t,hat row. The

result was that while the res.t of the orchard did not have it at all,

that one row had it very badly, and not only lost all its leaves; but

its fruit."

.

TREATMENT OF NURSERY STOCK. .
Leaf Curl quite often occurs on young trees during the iirst seasons' growth, and as a prevent.ive against loss from .this source it is recommended that nursery stock coming from a section where the disease preYails, be clipped, before plantin.g, in a large baiTel or vat containing BorbeatL'i: mixture. If .care be taken not to wet the roots th ere is no danger whatever in this process, and it will be e"peeially successful when clone in the spring. By carefully disinfecting the stock in this manner, an isolated orchard might remain unaffected for some years, even in a section
where the natura] conditions are favorable w the development of
this di sease.

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 7-August, 1903.
Inspection, Transportation and e
Fumigation of ursery Stock.

BY

WILM.ON NEWELL.







CAPITOL BUILDING ..



.. .


Atlanta, Oa.


ATI.ANTA, GA.



'tFIE FRANKLIN PRINTn~: o AND P UB LT S IIIN G COMPANY

w . HEo.

H A RRrso:-< (STA T& P RJNT CR) , GEN. M GR.

0

1903

















RULES AND REGULATIONS
0}' THK
Georgia State Board of Entomology.*
At its last annual meeting , January 16. tgo3, the ~eorgia tate Board of Entomology revised and amended its rules :a nd regu lations to read as follows :
Ru,les r.tntl Regulations for the Governnumt of the Sta.te EtttomoltJgist in th ~ Enforcement of t)~-e Act of the General .A.ssembl!r of Geo1yia, Prov iding fo1 the Control cnl:d E1r.ulication of the Insect PPsts rLnct Fungous Diseases -i.Vhich Tlweaten the Fruit and other .AgricultlLral Intere.t.~ of the State, and fo1 the Prevention of the Fu,rther IntrodtH;tion of Dange1'01Lsly Ir~jU1'iO'lM Crop Pests from JVitlwut the /::Jtate.
Adopted, as revised'january I6, 1903. In pursuance of an Act of the General Assembly o.f the S tate of Georgia; approved December . 20, I 898. amendatory to an Act of Assembly approved December 21, 1897, creating a Board of Entomology, and authorizing and directing the same to take action for the suppression of cer1:ain hereinafter defined injurious insects and fungous diseases, and for the prevention of the further introduction, increase and dissemination of the same, the following rules .and regulations are hereby enacted and promulgated: I . In accordance with section 1 1 of said Act, the following insects and fungous diseases are hereby declared, individually and severally, to constitute infestation in trees and plants; this list to be revised at the will of the Board of Entomology:
The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pemiciosus.)
- - -Th-e New Peach Scale (Diaspis pentagona.) *The Act providing for theOontrol of Crop Pests, for Inspection of Nurseries and Orchards, and empowering the Georgia State Board of Entomology to adopt the Rules and Regulations herein set forth, has not been amended since printed in Bulletin No.1 of this Department. This bulletm has been widely distributed to nurserymen and frnitgrowers. However, any nurseryman or other person desiring a copy can obtain same by addressing the ''State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga."
( 3)

The Woolly Aphis of Apple (Scltizoneura lanigera .)'

The Pecan Bud Worm.

The Crown Gall (Dendropltag us g lobosus.)

Yellows of Peach.

'

Rosette of Peach and Plum.

Black Knot of Plum and Cherry (Plow rig htz"a morbosa.f

2. The State Entomologist is hereby charged with the

enforcement of the said Act, and as inspector is directed to.

locate by personal investigation, correspondence and in such

other manner as he may deem best, the above-named pests-

sci far as they exi.st in this State, and g ive proper direction s.

a nd take such steps in accordance with the above cited A ct

as he may deem necessary to control or eradicate the same.

3 In accordance with section 5 of the above cited A ct, the-

State Entomologist is hereby endued with power to con-

demn and destroy any infested trees, shrubs or other plants.

that in his judgment are not worthy of remedial treatment,.

when such infestation is, or is likely to become, a menace to-

the agricultural interests of any section of the State, or when.

the owner or owners of infested premises shall refuse or neg-

lect to properly e~ecute the treatment prescribeq for him ..

4 A ny trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known,

as nursery s'tock, shipped within the State of Georg ia, with-

out each box, bundle or package (in each car-load, or les

than car-load lot) being plainly labeled with an official

Entomolog is.t's certific.ate to the effect that the contents of

the same have been inspected and found to meet with the-

requirements of the Board of Entomology in accordance

with section 10 of" the Act cited above, shall be li a ble to-

confiscation upon the. order of the inspector.
s. In case some part of a nursery is found slig htly in-

.fested . with San. Jose Scale no certificate shall th e n- be

g ranted; but the o wner; a fter having destroy ed or e nd ea vo red . to d estroy all the . infested plants, may d'em a n~ a
second ins pection upon which, if no scale th e n bt: f ound , a

cl ean certifi cate..s hall .be g ra nted a:fter thorough fumi gati o n.

of the stock.

'



.; -

.Ci. .Ea~ h - .a nd. e v~ r.y box, bundle or pac}<age cfC trees ,.

shrubs a,nd_o f_h~ r plants _comm-only k r:10wn as nurse ry. st oc k ,

sh~ppeq ~!.1-_: Cqr-foad l:ots :o r less than car-lo!ld lots _int o t.h e S t a;te~ o f.<Geo:rg ia 'from a'ny o ther 'State"or- . CO lJ.ritry, ;- ~ h al l be

P\~~QI,y"~l a~f~!~.d)y'i~n.: ~ .s~ r,t ~fi sat..e -~-.f : in.s pf.~t ion fu ~ nis h ed by th e e nt o molog ist, fnut 'J'nSpet tor o t' oth ~ r duly au th o n zed

official in the State or country in which said stock was grown, and also with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinafter provided for; said tag to be valid only until July 1st following the date of certificate upon which it is based. (See sections 9 and I 3 of the Act cited above.) ' Such shipments not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation upon the order of the inspector.
i . Upon the filing of the proper certificate as above pre-
scribed in accordance with section I 3 of said Act, and upon request of any person or persons residing in States or countries outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or handling trees, shrubs or other plants in this State, the certificate of the said Board of Entomology will be issued to the same without charge, and official tags bearing a facsimile copy of such certificate and the seal of the State Board, will be furnished such applicant at cost of printing, viz.: Sixty cents for the first I oo or part thereof, and twenty-five cents for each additional hundred.
8. No transportation company or common carrier shall deliver any box, bundle or package of trees, shrubs or other . plants commonly known as nursery stock, shipped from any other State or country to any consignee at any station ir:t the State of Georgia, unless each box, bundle or package is plainly labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the official Entomologist of the State or country in which said stock was grown, and also with the official tag .of the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinabove provided for. Such shipments of the nature designated .above originating in the State of Geotgia, need only have the certificate of the State Entomologist ; and unless his -certificate is attached to each and every box, bundle or package of trees, etc., they shall not be accepted for transp o r t a t i o n ..
9 Transportation companies shall immediately notify the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when by oversight, negligence or otherwise, any shipment of uncertified stock is 1eceived at any station or wharf in the State, and it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible to investigate and dispose of such stock, as provided for in the act cited above.
10. All trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known as nursery stock offered for sale, sold, or given away in this .State shall be fumigated with hydrocyanic gas by the _gr ower, under the direction of the State EntomologisL
(5)

upon fa ilure of any g rower or g rowers to com ply with this' requirement, certificate shall be withheld or cancelled . This requirement shall also apply to nurserymen of other States and countries who ship stock into Georgia. . I I. The S tate Entomologi st is hereby authori ze d to publi sh in th e form of bulletins, r eports, or throu g h the p ress of the Sta te any matter pertaining to the di stribution , li fe hi story, habits a nd treatm ent of in sect pests a nd fungou s diseases, or other matter that may be in structive or aid 'in the suppression of s uch pests.
12 . The B~ard of E nt omo logy may appoint temporary deputy in spectors when it appears to be necessary , to assi st the E ntomolog ist in th e enforcement of the act cited al;lOve, and s uch deputy inspecto rs sha ll have full powe r to enter o n premises and inspect a nd report to the S tate E ntomolog is t.
I 3 Appea ls from the decision of the Entomolog is t should be addresse d to th e Commi5s ioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga., who shall notify th e appe llant of th e time and, place of hearing such appea l.
I 4 The S tate E ntomologist shall be secretary of theBoard, and a ll inq uiries relative to the provision s o f theabove cited act and the subject-matter of the same should. be addressed to him at Capitol Buildin~. Atlanta, Ga.
In addition to the above rules and as.further defining theduties of the E ntomolog ist, the State Board of E ntomol ogyprescribes the following:
The San Jose scale shall be considered the paramount pest and inspections .shall be made with special referen ce to this insect.
Nursery stock infested by the New Peach Scale shall be-
treated in all respects as is stock infested with San Jo'se sca le.
Nursery plants found bearing Crown Gall shall be de- stroyed under the directions of the State E ntomologist and a certificate iss ued to the owner only after he has g iven reasonable assurance that .such infected plants have or will be destroyed. The same requirement shall apply to nursery trees so badly infested with Woolly Aphis as to have gall: formations on the roots. Plants or trees infested to a le sser degree with thi s pest shall be treated and allowed to pass.. inspection.
Should cases of Rosette or Yellows be found in the vicinity of a nursery all diseased trees must be destroyed before a certificate is give n th e owner of the nursery .
(6)

In cases of Black Knot, occurring in or adjacent to a

nursery, certificate will be withheld until all visibly diseased

wood shall have bee n destroyed.

.

It will be noted that the Rules and Regulations require

the fumigation by hyd rocyan ic acid gas of all nursery stock

so ld in Georgia, regardless of whether San Jose scale has

been found in the nursery. The prevalence of an Jose

scale makes this fumigation. advisable as an additional

measure of precaution. Most of the large r nurseries are

already provided with suitable houses for fumig ation, and

are familiar with the process of fumigation . As a g uide

for the use of nurse ry men not so provided, suggestions for

the construction of fumig ating boxes and houses, as well as

directions for fumigating, are g iven on subsequent pages of

this bulletin. Fumigat ing houses should be ready for ex-

amination at the time the nursery is in s pected, for, under

Rule 10, certificates cannot be granted until adequate prep-

arations for fumigating have been made.

FUMIGATION OF NURSERY STOCK.



Rule 1o of the Board stipulates that all nursery stock placed on the market jn Georgia shall be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas as a precautionary measure against the San Jose Scale, as well as for the destruction of the woolly aphis and other insects likely to be transmitted from nursery to orchard. It should not be understood, however, that fumigation will in all cases eradicate San Jos e Scale, but when the work is properly done it appears to afford the best protection against this pest th a t has yet .been devised. Impure chemicals, a defective house, or too close packing may defeat the object of fumigation, and since one is rarely sure that hi s fumigating arrangements are working perfectly, it cannot be said that this method affords absolute protection. However, res ults of experiments con~ ducted by this office show that infested trees can be entirely freed from living s'eale by this proce:;s. It is our policy to destroy all nursery plants found actually bearing scale, and the object of fumigation is to eradicate ( if possible) such infestation as may be overlooked by the in spector.
The necessary equipment for fumi gating m!rsery stock consists of an air-tight chamber (house or box), a glazed earthenware vessel, a glass measure graduated to ounces and a set of accurate scales. The necessary chemicals are, cyanide of potash (98 per cent.) and sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.83). Care should be taken to secure the 98 per cent. or 99 per cent. cyanide, otherwise an insufficient amount of the gas will be ge nerated and the fumigation prove ineffective. As this substance deteriorates rapidly when exposed to the air, it should be kept in a ti g htly closed vessel. Its extremely poisonous properties should also be kept in mind and the mat.erial not left where it will fall into the hands of children or careless persons. The best commercial grade of sulphuric acid should be procured; it will not do to employ th e low g rade chamber acid used in the manufacture of fertiliz er. The acid should be kept in g lass or earthenware vessel s, tig htly stoppered.
Fumigoti11g House.- The chief requi si te for a fumigating hou e is that it should be practically_ air-tight or gas-proof.
(8)

Fumigating house of three rooms belonging to Mr. S. H. Rumph, Marshallville, Ga. (Original photo by W. M. Scott. )

It should also be of such shape that its cubic contents can be easily determined. The size of the house and the number of rooms contained must of course depend upon the amount of stock to be fumigated. In the case of small nurseries, either of the fumigating boxes dl:!scribed below will be found sufficient. In the case of very large nurseries a house with three, or even four compartments-separated from each other by air-tight partitions-will be found economical, as the work of filling and emptying the rooms can be carried on simultaneously with the fumigation. The house should be on the packing grounds and the stock fumigated as it is dug and brought from the field. A house well adapted to the needs of the average nursery may be built as follows :
Construct two rooq1s, each 1oxiO feet ( inside measurement), 10 ~ feet high in front, and 7~ feet under the eaves, the roof sloping one way only. It is built directly upon the ground, with the sills sunk a few inches in the earth, and either with or without a floor. If on stiff clay, this when well packed, buth inside and outside the sills, will answer for a floor. The walls, as well as the partition and roof (and floor if clay is not used), should consist of a double course of sheathing or matched lumber with heavy building paper between. Care should be taken to have a smooth surface against which the paper is to fit , and the latter should be lapped three or four inches at all edges and at the corners. Unless matched lumber is used, three- inch strips should be nailed over all cracks, both.inside and outside. The roof, in addition to being made double, should be covered with tarred roofing paper. A door 3 ~ x6 ~ feet, made double, refrigerator fashion, should be placed in the end or side of each room. The door should fit accurately, should be swung with three heavy hinges and when closed the edges should come snugly against a felt or rubber seat, thus making it air-tight. In order that the room may be quickly ventilated after fumigation, a window 2 ~ x2 ~ or 3 feet should be placed at the top opposite the. door. Like the latter, this should be made double and should close from the outside upon felt or rubber margins. The entire room, when the door is closed, should ' show no adm.ission of light.
To permit of a more rapid and general diffusion of the gas a secondary floor should be constructed eight or ten inches above the g round or floor. This is merely a cheap
(10)

_.-::::::

__.,....-:

.--rr- "b~

C"i)"'

c~ ':>( ~ Sj"
~

'~ x.~
~

o2 "

.._

-

--r- 1:,....
..
'-I.J
~,X~,....
- ~-

~ ~ ~ ~ ~-
I

'l/000
~ '-
)<
" ~ '

"-...
~
x' '~
"~"' ~ '"I -r

~~ 'sl '><::: '-\"\
"" '-\~
lf4)

?nd ~

fg; I. Plan of fum i9atin~ house,

frame-work of slats for supporting the stock, permitting the

gas to circulate beneath it. The construction and p la n of

the house will be made clear by consulting Fig. 1.

Computaton.-The standard formula for fumigatin g each

1 oo cubic feet is as follows :

I . ounce potassium . cyanide (98 per cent.) I~ ounces sulphuric acid (s. p. I .83).

3 ounces water.

The cubic contents of the house should be accurately de-

termined and the amounts of cyanide, acid and watei. com-

puted from the above formula. For example, the house

described above, containing goo cubi feet, will_require for each charge 9 ounces cyanide, I I~ ounces of acid, and 2 7

ounces of water. The glazed earthenware vessel should

be somewhat larger than is necessary to h6ld the above

amounts. A one- or two-gallon jar is perhaps the best con-

tainer.



/

The above strength is used for one-year-old peach and

for plum, apple, pear and hardy forest trees, all of which

must be perfectly dormant. For June-budded peach as

well as for scions, buds, roses and tender plants, two-thirds
of above strength should be used, . e., % ounce of cyanide

(with proportionate amounts of acid and water) per IOO

cubic feet. For example, the house shown in Fig. I, when

fumigating June-budded peach, roses, etc., will require a charge of 6 ounces of cyanide, 7~ ounces sulphuric acid,

and 18 ounces of water.

Conifers (evergreens) should in no case be fumigated, as

they are not known to be infested with San Jose Scale and

are perhaps more susceptible to injury than are deciduous

trees and plants.

Fumgatng.-The trees, as dug and brought from the field

should be placed in the fumigating house, care being taken

to see that they are free from any con~iderable quantities

of mud or dirt. Trees should not be fumigated when they

are wet, as it has l;leen shown that in this condition they are

likely to be injured by the gas.* No moss or other pack-

ing should be about the trees nor should the bundles be

too closely tied or packed. When the compartment is filled

with stock close the window securely and place the gener-

ating jar on the floor near the middle of the room. Pour

into it the required amount of water and then slowly pour

* n1ith J. B., 23d An. Rep . N.J. Ex. Sta., 1902, V 494.

( !2)

~801ur-- n~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l:::,.

.

Et~::::::

8
8f3



/

~~~~~v========~==0=========~~

FIG. 2. Fumigatmg box with cover.

Fie . 3 Fumigating box without cover, showing generating jar ready to

receive chemicals.



in the ac id . The cyanide, previously weighed and enclosed ' in a ti g ht paper bag, is now dropped into the jar and the door quickly and tightly closed. The steps in this operation should never be varied. If water is poured into the acid a violent action takes place and may be the cause of injury to the operator. Enclosing the cyanide in the paper bag makes it convenient and safe to handle and also retards the generation of the gas for a moment after being dropped in, thus allowing time to leave the room and close the door securely.
The extremely poisonous nature of both the solid cyanide and the gas must always be borne in mind. The solid is best handled with forceps or wooden paddles as much as possible, and should never be handled by a person having open sores, cuts or bruises upon the hands, as the entrance of the poison into such may result seriously. The gas is colorless and if inhal ed in quantity is fatal. Smaller amounts induce headache or dizziness.
After the generator has been started the room should be kept closed for fifty minutes, ~t the end of which time the door and window should be thrown open, care being taken to avoid the outward rush of gas. After fifteen minutes of airing the room may be ,safely entered and the stock removed, being now ready for packing or heeling in. After fumigation the contents of the jar should be buried.
Fumigating Boxes.- For fumigating nursery stock in small lots it is so metimes convenient to use a ti g ht box of known capacity instead of a house. A box ten feet long , three feet four inches deep and three feet wide (inside measurement) is a convenient size for the s ma ll nursery. A box similar to th one described in Johnson's "Fumigation Methods" (p. 94) is now in use among the small er nursery men of Georgia, and may be made as follow s: (See Fig. z.)
Use plain matched three-quarter in ch ceiling, mak ing walls, top and bottom double, with heavy building or tarred paper between. Make the uprights of zx6-inch stuff and re-
inforce the corners with I X" x3-inch stuff and 2x3-inch bat-
tens. The upper edges of the box should be covered with felt, securely glued on so as to make an air-tight cushionjoint when the top is on. All parts of the box, including the cover, should be given a heavy coat of white lead. On each end of the box should be nailed two zx6-inch beams with
(14)

mortised ends projecting a f~w inches above the top for key-
ing down the cover. A slat framework (removable) should be placed eight or nine inches above the floor to support the trees and to allow better circulation of the gas.
On one side about seven inches from the bottom and directly over the point where the vessel is to be placed, an inch and a half auger-hole should be bored, slanting downward. Two funnels should be provided, one for the acid and water, and the other for the cyanide; also a tig htly fitting plug to close the hole after the chemicals are in. A small door about 878 inches, double, swung on hinges and closing upon felt or rubber margi ns is even preferable to the hole. With the door the cyanide can be placed in a paper bag and dropped into the acid and water mixture as indicated above for fumigating houses.
In operation the empty vessel is placed on the bottom of the box, just underneath the hole or door, the false bottom inserted and the box filled with nursery stock. The cover is then placed upon the box and two 2x8-inch timbers, eleven feet long, are placec;l len gthwise the top with the ends inserted in the mortises of the uprights and are keye d down ti g htly with wooden wedges. The requ ired amounts of water, acid and cyanide are now poured throug h funnels into the dish in the order named, us ing one funnel for cyanide only. The hole is then ti g htly plugged.
If a door is used funnels of course are unnecessary . For fumi gating apple and pear stock, plums and peaches one year old, the charge is as follows :
1 ounce cyanide, 1 }i ounces sulphuric acid, 3 ounces water. For fumigating June-budded stock and for roses, buds and scions, the following charge should be used :
% ounces of cyanide,
1 ounce sulphuric ac.id,
2 Yz ounces water.
In both cases the stock should be exposed to the gas for fifty minutes.
A cheaper, but less convenient box can be constructed the same as the box above mentioned, but lacki11g the cover, projecting uprights, felt edges and hole or door. In operation this box is filled with trees to within about ten or twelve inches of the top, the false bottom placed on top of the
(15)

trees, securely fastened and the entire box inverted on level ground. One end of the box is now raised and supported by a block of wood about a foot long. The vessel containing the acid and water is placed beneath the box, the paper bag containing the cyanide is dropped in and the block knocked from under the edge (see Fig. 3). The dirt is quickly piled around the edges of the box stopping all openings and compacted with hoe or spade. At the expiration of the required fifty minutes it is only necessary to turn over the box, and after allowing to air a few minutes, remove the stock.
(16 )

REQUIREMENTS TO BE COMPLIED WITH IN SHIPPING NURSERY STOCK INTO OTHER STATES.

For convenient reference a brief su mmary of the requirements of other States regarding shipment of nursery stock is here appended. We have attempted to make this list correct and up-to-date, but trust that if any inaccuracies are noticed therein they will be called . to our attention. The names of officials having the inspection work in charge are also given.

Alabama-Certificate of inspection must be filed with

S tate HorticJJlturist and tags secured (at cost of printing).

.Shipments into the State must have one of these tags

attached to each box, bundle or package. R. S. Mackin-

tosh, State Horticulturist, Auburn, Ala.

Arizoua-N o law. R. H . Forbes, Director of Experi-

ment Station, Tucso n, Arizona.

Arkausas-No law. Ernest \Valker, Entomologist of

Experiment Station, Fayetteville, Ark.

.

California- Nursery stock shipped into the State is sub~

ject to inspection and regulations prescribed by the State

Commissioner of Horticulture. Alexander Craw, Ento-

mologist, Clay Street Dock, San Francisco, Cal.

Colorado- Shipments spbject to inspection by County

Inspectors, under direction of State Board of Horticulture,

Denver, Col.

Counedicut-Shipments must be accompanied by certifi-

cate of inspection, _and m~tst be fumigated. W. E. Britton_,

:State Entomologist, ew Haven, Conn.

Delmoarf- Stock shipped into the State must be accom-

panied by certificate of inspection and also by statement

that such stock has been 'fumi gated, the latter to be sig ned

by sh ipper or grower.. Wesley vVebb, Chief In specto r,

Dover, Del.

Florida-No law . H. ~- Gossard, E ntomolog ist, Lake

C it y, Fla. Ida/to- Persons engaged in selling stock in this Stat\'!
must file a bond wi.th the Sta~.e Board of Horticulture. Ship:..

( !7)
J.

ments into Idaho must be accompanied by certificate of fumigation, must be plainly labelled with names of consignor and consig nee, and locality wherein s uch stock was grown. A. McPherson, State Inspector, Boise City, Idaho.
11/ino~s-Certiticate of in spect ion must accompany ship-
ments into the .State. S. A. Forbes, State E ntomologist,.
Urbana, Ill. lndiaua-Certificate of inspection must accompany stock.
]. Troop, State Entomologist, LaFayette, In c!,. Iowa--Certificate of in spec tion must accompany ship-
ments into the State. H. E . Summers, State Entomologist,. Ames, Iowa.
Km1sas- o law. E. A . Popenoe, E ntomologist, Manhattan, Kan.
Kmtucky-Shipments must be accompanied by certificate of inspection. H. Garman, State Entomologist, Lexington, Ky.
Louisiana-Unlawful to ship into this State any trees or plants affected with se riousl y injurious insect or diseas e. Shipments of nursery stock, buds, scio ns, cuttings or fruit pits must be labeled with name of shipper and locality where g rown , and are subject to inspection by the Ento- mologist of the Experiment Station. H. A. Morga n, E ntomolog ist, Au dubon Park, La.
Maim-Nursery stock shipped into this State must be accompc.tnied by a certificate of in spection, or in heu thereof, an affidavit to the effect that such stock has been fumigated in accordance with instructions of a duly authorized State Inspector at s hipping point. Hon. A. W. Gilman, Commissioner of Agriculture.
lvfarylaud-Copy of certificate must be filed with the State Entomologist of Maryland, and copy of certificatemust accompany each shipment into this State. T. B~ Symons, State Entomologist, College Park, Md.
Massacltttsetts-Certificate of inspection must accompany stock shipped into the State. Proper certificate of fumigation will be accepted the same as certificate of inspection.
H . T. Fernald, Chid Inspector, Amherst, Mass.
Micltigau-Nurserymen doing business in this State must file a bond of $1 ,ooo with the State Board of Agriculture,. together with copies of inspection certificates. All .shipments into Michigan must be plainly labelled with names. <>f consignor and consignee, and nature of contents. E ach.
(rS)

package must be accompankd by certificate of inspection_

and fumi g ation. L. R. Taft, State Inspector, Agricultural

College, Mich.

Minnesota-Shi pments of stock into this State must be-

accompanied by certificate of inspection, but s uch stock is

subject to in spection by Minnesota inspectors. F. L.

Washburn, State Entomulog ist, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

Atfissi.s.sippi-No law. Glenn W. Herrick, Entomologist,

Agricultural College. Miss.

Missouri- Shipments must be accompanied by certificate

of inspection. Geo. B. El li s, Columbia, Mo.

Moutaua-A II nursery stock shipped into the State wil l

be inspected and fumigated by Montana in s pectors at reg-

ularly designated quarantine stations . C. H. Edwards,

Butte, Mont.



Nebraska-No law. Lawrence Bruner, State Entomolo-

gist, Lincoln, Neb.
Nevada-No law . J. E . Stubbs, Director Experiment

Station, Reno, Nev.

New Hampshire- Stock must be accompanied by certifi-

cate of inspec tion. Stock carrying approved certificate of

fumigation will be accepted as thoug h bearing certificate-

of inspection . Clarence M. Weed, State Inspector, Dur-

ham, . H.

New J ersey- Shipments to be accompanied by certifi -

cate of inspection, and statement that stock contained is a

part of stock upon which said certificate wa!> iss ued, and
whether or not said stock has been fumigated . :Or. J. B.

Smith, New Bruns wick, N. ].

New Yotk- Stock shipped into the State should be

accompanied by certificate of fumigation, but if not so

accompanied, receiver of sa me in New York must fumigate

before sale, distribution or delivery. All shipments subject

to examination by New York ins pectors. C. A. Wieting,

Comm issioner of Agriculture, Albany, N. Y .

North Carolina-Certificate of inspection must be filed

and copy of same must accompany shipment. Tags are no

longer required. Franklin Sherman, State Entomologist,

Raleigh, N . C.

North Dakota-No law. C. B. Waldron, Horticulturist,..

Agricultural Colle"ge, N. Dak.

0/zio-Shipments must be accompanied by certificate of

inspection. A . F. Burgess , Chief inspector, Columbus, Ohio _

(19)

Oklaltoma-No law. 0. M. Morris, Horticulturist of Experiment Station, Stillwater, Okla.
Oregon-All stock subject to inspection at quarantine stations. Geo. H. Lamberson, Portland, Oregon.
Pennsylvania-Certificate of inspection must accompany each shipment into this State. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Penn.
Rhode lsla11d-No law. Fred W. Card, Horticulturist, Kingston, R. .I.
South Carolina-Certificate of inspection must be filed with the State Entomologist and tags secured. Copies of -original certificate as well as tags must be attached to all stock shipped into this State. Chas. E. Chambliss, State Entomologist, Clemson College, S. C.
Sout!t. Dakota-No law. N . E . Hansen, Horticulturist, Brookings, S. Dak .
.Temussee-Copy of inspection certificate must be attached 'to all shipments. Geo. W. Martin, State Entomologist, Nashville, Tenn.
Ttxas-N,-o. law. E. Dwight Sanderson, State Entomoloiist, College Statio n, Texas.
Utn!t-All nursery stock shipped into this State must be .accompanied by certificate of fumigation. Secretary State Board of Horticulture, Salt Lake City, Utah .
Vnjnout- o law. \Villiam Stewart, Horticulturist, Buriington, Vermont.
Virginia-Copy of inspection cert ifi cate must.be filed with State Entomplogist, who will furnish tags (at cost of printing) which must be attached to all stock shipped into this State. Copy of original certificate must accompany shipment, . in addition tp the tags. Nurseries employi11g .ogmts in Virginia must procure certificate of registration,
for which a fee of $zo.oo is charged. J. L. Phillips, State
Entomologist, Blacksburg, Va. l;Vns!tiugton-All persons or corporations selling trees
within this State, or in1porting same, must file bond with the Commissioner of Horticulture and obtain a license. All :Shipments are inspected by county inspectors. A. Van Holderbeke, Commissioner of Horticulture, Tacoma, wash.
vVest Virgiuia- Shipments m~tst be accompanied by certificate of inspection and be plainly labelled with names of
-cons ignor and consignee. J. H. Stewart, Director of Ex -
_periment Station, Morganstown, W. Va . Wisco71siu-Certificate of inspection must accompany
(2 o)

shipments into the State. W. A. Henry, Director of Ex-periment Station, Madison, Wis.
Wy oming-No law. E. E. Smiley, Director Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyoming.

Canada-All shipments into Canada are fumi gated at ports of entr y. Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Ent.omologist, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
South Afiica-As several Georgia nurserymen have here- tofore been shipping stock to South Africa, we append an extract from a proclamation by W. F. Hely-Hutchinson, Governor of the Colony of the Cap of Good Hope, made March 20, 1903 :
"IMPORT REGULATI ONS.

1. The introduction into this Colony of trees, plants and portions thereof-such as cuttings, roots, tubers and bulbsand of fruits of all kinds, grown elsewhere than in South Africa is prohibited, save and except by sea throug h the Ports of the Colony or by Post.
2. The importation of the following articles is hereby absolutely prohibited :-
(a) Grape vines or any portion or fruit of any t; rape vine, with the exception of vines or portions thereof im- ported by the Government under such precautionary measures as it may deem necessary.
(b) Coffee plants or any portion thereof, with the exception of seed.
(c) Eucalypt plants or any portion thereof, with the ex-
ception of seed. (d) Stone-fruit trees or any portion thereof, including
seeds, that were g rown or produced in any State, province or territory of the United States of America, or the Dominion of Canada, in which either of the di seases known as Peach Yellows or Peach Ro:;ette exists.
(e) From and after the rst day of January, 190 4, peach
stocks and peach sto nes trom any country whatsoever.

* * * * *

*

1 r. Th ese Regulation s shall not apply to any consig n-

ment im po rted iu bond for places beyond the borders of the

Colony ; nor to canned, dried or otherwise preserved arti-

cles in wh ich there is no lon g e r a ny plant life.' '

( 2l)

GEORGIA

f

~

State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 8. October, 1903

Treatment of Orchards Infested with San Jose Scale

WILMON NEWELL

CAPITOL BUILDING . ..



Atlanta, Oa.

ATLANTA, GA.
GEO . W. HARRISON, STATE PRINTER 1903

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology
BULLETIN No. 8. October, 1903
Treatment of Orchards Infested with
. San JoseScale
WILMON NEWELL

CAPITOL BUILDING:. .



Atlanta, Oa.

ATLANTA, G.A.
GEO. W. HARJ.U SO~, STATE PRIN T ER
1903

Georgia State Board of Entomology.
ORGANIZATION.
0. B. STEVENS, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
P. J. BERCKMANS, Pres. of State Horticultural Society, _Augusta.
DUDLEY M. HUGHES, Pres. of State Agricultural Society, Danville.
WILMON NEWELL, State Entomologist and Sec. of the Boa_rd, Atlanta.
R. I. SMITH, . . . . . Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.

LETTER OF TRANSMISSION.

To the Honorable Board of Entomology of the State of Georgia :

SIRS:-I beg to submit the accompanying manuscript for publi-

cation and distribution in accordance with an Act of the General

Assembly of Georgia approved December 20, 1898.

The principal matter consists of the results of experiments in-

stituted against the San Jose scale by my illustrious predecessor,

W. M. Scott. The results obtained have been such as to demon-

strate the value of the lime-sulphur-salt wash as a remedy for this

dreaded pest, and no doubts now remaip as to the superiority of

this treatment as compared to the treatment with oils, which latter

has heretofore been in general use. That the San Jose scale can

be successfully controlled is fully established, and the fruit growers

of Georgia are to be congratulated that they now have available a

cheap, safe and highly satisfactory method whereby serious damage

from thi&insect may be prevented.

.

Very respectfully,

ATLANTA, GA., Oct. 15, 190:3.

WILMON NEWELL,
State Entomologist.

Approved:
0. B. STEVENS, Chairman of the Georgia State Board of Entomology.
ATLANTA, GA., Oct. 15, 1903.

TREAl":MENT OF ORCHARDS INFESTED
WITH SAN JOSE SCALE.
; .
WILMON NEWELL, STATB ENTOMOLOGIST.
Bulletin ~o. 4 of the Georgia' State Board of Entomology, issued in September, 1902, and Bulletin No.5, issued in November, 1902, by Prof. W. M. Scott, former State Entomologist, give full and practicul instructions for treating scaleinfested orchards. A number of experiments have been -conducted by this office since the publication of the above :and the results have been such that it seems advisable to place them before the fruit-growers in the present 'bulletin.
The development of successful methods of controlling the San Jose Scale has been rapid, but not until recently has full and satisfaCtory control been possible. When the Georgia State Board of Entomology was established in 1898, the occurrence of San Jose Scale in a commercial orchard was commonly" considered as meaning total destruction, and several owners of infested orchards had even given up all hope and had allowed their trees to succumb to this dreaded pest. The undertaking before Prof. Scott was a most formidable one, but through the ready support and co-operation of the State Board of Entomology, as well as the hearty assi~tance given by the hprticulturists of the State, he was enablea to bring to the aid of the orchardists :all known methods of fighting the San Jose Scale, as well as the results obtained by experiments in various parts of the United States. In addition to this, Prof. Scott carried on extensive experiments each year, looking to the improvement of methods and the possible introduction of new and :better measures. His efforts in this line have been at-tended by marked success and the p~ogress made by Georgia in successfully controlling the San Jose Scale, has not been exceede~ by any other State. Indeed, we feel safe in -~aying that to-day the commercial orchardists of Georgia a're better equipped for, and more thoroughly understand, controlling this dreaded pest than those of any State in the union.

8
The various materials, washes, and "patent,. compoundS. that have promised to prove at all successful liave been tested in Georgia. Of all the substances;. however,. none have proved at all satisfactory under Georgia condi tions except the oil treatments, and the lime-sulphur-salt wash.
WINTER TREATMENT.
OILS.
The use of oils, both kerosene and crude petroleum, has been extensive in Georgia orchards. The results upon the whole have been highly satisfactory, and the efficiency of the oil in killing San Jose Scale can not be doubted. While a. few isolated cases of injury to the trees have occurred,. they are in most cases traceable to defective spraying machinery or to carelessness on the part of the negro laborers employed. The oHs have been applied with "mechanical' mixture" pumps or in tbe form of emulsions with soap.. The latter has proved the most satisfactory, and we have heard of but one case of injury to trees where the emulsion was used. Even in this case, the evidence indicatesthat the mixture was not properly emulsified by powerful agitation and hence a perfect emulsion was not obtained.
The mechanical mixture pumps referred t.o consistJ. essentially of two separate tanks for containing the oil and water, a separate pump for each, and mechanical deviceswhereby the flow of each can be regulated to secure the percentage of oil desired. During the past few years, the writer has made careful tests of several such pumps, manufactured by different :firms. In no case have we found a. pump which can be depended upon to maintain even approximately a given percentage. In one experiment a new pump direct from the factory and pronounced by the mak ers as being in perfect condition, was kept constantly running for one hour. The levers and pumps were set to throw a mixture of 15 per cent. oil and 85 per cent. water. Tests made during the hour showed that the percentage of oil varied from 10 to 82 1-2 per cent. Such pumps can not be- depended upon, especially as any slight derangement or clogging is most certain to ~esult in the percentage varying to a dangerous degree or in stopping the flow of either the oil or water. Undiluted oil sprayed upon a peach tree is almost certain to kill the tree, while pure water isuseless so far as the scale insects are concerned.

,' J

9

Where intelligent white labor is available, and the pumps

.al'e kept in order and frequently tested to See that the percen-

tage is fairly constant, the mechanical mixture pumps can

be effectively Ui!ed. Indeed, large commercial orchards

have been sprayed with these pumps without a single tree

being injured. Where negro help is used, however, the risk

is greater. The laborers are prone to stop the pump long

enough for the oil and water in the hose to separate. They

also exercise less intelligence and judgment in keeping

pumps in order and properly adjusted. It is likewise al-

most impossible for a foreman to keep several pumps under

constant supervision and keep all properly adjusted. To

the orchardist who has successfully controlled the scale by

using the mechanical mixtures of oil and water, with-

out injury to his trees, we do not recommend the adoption.

of other measures. However, we can not unqualifiedly sanc-

tion the use of "mechanical mixture" pumps.

. At the time of publishing Bulletins Nos. 4 and 5 of this

office, no more efficient agency than that of the oils was

known. The lime-sulphur-salt wash had not at that

time peen sufficiently tested to warrant its full recommen.-

dation for Georgia conditions. While some slight injury to

trees has occurred through the use of oils- in most cases

through defective machinery or work; in other cases perhaps

t.hrough circumstances not wholly under the control of the

orchardist-the owner of infesttld orchards may well com-

pare the slight damage done with the inevitably heavy dam-

age that would have resulted from the. scale had not the

treatmen r. been adopted.

'

Prof. Scott's experiments have shown that a strength of

less than 20 per cent. of oil, with water, is not effective

against the San Jose Scale. Experiments carried out by

the writer in the peach belt of northern Ohio in 1900-01

gave similar results, and also showed that a percentage of

35 per cent. or over of oil resulted in injury to the trees,

even when perfectly dormant. For all conditions the safe-

percentage is probably as low as 25, and hence we are

confined to very narrow limits, i. e., the use of oil (either

crude oil or kerosene) at a strength varying between

20 and 25 per cent. Experiments have been conducted by

this office, in which oils and the lime-sulphur-salt wash

were used side by side on infested trees. The comparative-

results are given below in the paragraph treating upon thP

latter. preparation.

10

uiL K i\lULSION S.

Where it is deemed advisable to use any of the oils,

they are most safely applied in the form of emulsions.

For the preparation of the emulsion, we can do no better

than to give the directions published by Prof. W. M. Scott

in Bulletin No. 5, which are as follows:

"Formttla and Directions.--1An emulsion of either crude

petroleum or kerosene may be made according to the follow-

ing formula:

.

"2 poun~s potash whale-oil soap.

"4 gallons water.

"8 gallons oil.

"Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a

vessel over the fire, using a slight excess of water to make

up for evaporation. Fit a pump with a short piece of hose,

to which is attached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream

3-16 to 1-4 inch in diameter. Pour the oil into the barrel or

tub in which the pump is set-away from the fire-and

when the whale-oil soap is dissolved and the solution begins

to boil, add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously back

into itself for a period of at least ten minutes. The stream from

the nozzle should be directed straight downward into the

mixture so a.s to stir it to the very bottom. After a few

minutes the oil and soap solution will be seen to combine,

forming a thick, creamy emulsion, which when perfectly

made will remain without change for weeks.

"For a 20 per cent. strength add water to make 40 gallons.

"For a 15 per cent. strength add water to make 53 1-3 gal-

lons.

. "For a 10 per cent. strength add water to make 80 gallons.

~'Materials and Pump R equired.-Either crude oil or kero-

~ene will give good results in making emulsion. The soap

should preferably be some soft whale-oil soap, such as

Good's No. 3. If a hard soap is used the emulsion will be

curdy, and only with difficulty mix with water.

"The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well

ifor mixing the emulsion, but almost any pump will do that

can be fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle.

A 'Bordeaux' or 'Seneca' nozzle gives a very satisfactory

sized stream for this work, though rather small.

"The water used must be soft, for if hard no stable ernul-

. sion can be prepared, and it sometimes happens that for-

eign sub'stances chancing to be present will prevent the

-emulsification. In case limestone or hard water is to be em-

11

ployed, it should be broken by the addition of a small quan-

tity of lye. If a lot of soap solution and oil, for any reason,

fails to emulsify properly, the best thing to do is to throw

the whole away, carefully clean up the pump, wash out all

the vessels used and begin over.

.

"P1ope1ties of the Emulsion.-The emulsion, if well made

of the proper soap, will retain its creamy consistency when

cold, and is easily mixed with water in all proportions. No

alarm should be felt if a small portion of the soap and wa-

ter fails to emulsify, and separates at the bottom, or, if

after being exposed to the air for some time, a thin scum

forms over the surface. If on long standing globules of free

oil rise to the surface, or if a thin ring of oil collects around

the sides of the containing vessel, the emulsion should

either be thrown away, or warmed up and agitated afresh.

"When diluted the emulsion may slowly rise, like cream,

to the surface, and in order to prevent this the spray pump

in which it is to be used should be provided with an agita-

tor."

As sta ted above, we do not consider the oil treatment

nearly so effectual as the lime-sulphur-salt, but where oils

are used, we consider the 20 per cent. emulsion the best

form for winter treatment.

THE LBIE-SULPHURSALT WASH.
As the San Jose Scale first appeared in the United States upon the Pacific coast, various remedies we!e tried by Oregon and California fruit-growers. Their experience developed the fact that for California conditions the lime-sulphur-salt wash gave excellent results. Upon the appearance of the scale in the East, this same wash, as well as others, was tested under eastern conditions. An experiment with the lime-sulphur-salt wash was conducted by Prof. C. L. Marlatt, of the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1894; but the results were reported as extremely unfavorable.*
Prof. Marlatt's negative report evidently had the effect of oiscouraging further experiments along this line by entomologists, it being taken for granted that the wash could not be successful under climatic conditions prevailing in the South and East. Acco.rdingly attention was directed mainly to the various oils and soaps in the hope of securing a satisfactory treatment.
In 1900 Prof. Marlatt again conducted experiments with the lime-sulphur-salt wash,t and in this case exceptionally good results were obtained. In 1901 Prof. S. A. Forbes un-

*Bul. No.3, n . series, TJ . 8 . Div. of Ent., pp. 61 and 71. tBul. No. 30, n . series , U.S. Div. of Ent. , pp. 34-37.

12
dertook detailed experiments with this wash in lllinois and secured ex0ellent results.*
In the winter of 1901-02 the writer carried out experiments with this same wash in Ohio under the direction of Prof. F. M. Webster, and the results obtained compared favorably with those obtained by using whale-oil soap -and the kerosene treatments then in extensive use in Ohio peach orchards.
So far as we are able to determine the first extensive use of the lime-sulphur-salt wash in the East was by Mr. E. C. Green, who, during the winter of 1901-02 employed this preparation almost exclusively in treating scale-infested .peach orchards in illinois, under the direction of Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist. . At about this time Prof. W. M. Scott commenced experimenting with this wash in Georgia. The unfavorable report made by Prof. Marlatt in 1894 caused entomologists to "go slow" in using and recommending this insecticide,. and Prof. Scott, with his usual precaution, first tested it in a small way. His experiments of 1901-1902 gave promise of the wash being successful under Georgia conditions.t In the winter of 19b2-03 the lime-sulphur-salt wash was tested much more extensively by Prof. Scott, and was also used by . the -owners of several large commercial orchards. The results of these treatments were given byProf. Scott in his address before the Georgia State Horticultural Society at Athens, Ga., August 3 and 4, 1903, and will appear in the Pro.ceedings of that Society. A brief mention of the results obtained will not, however, be out of place in the present connection.
In February, 1903, the Ohio Fruit Land Co.'s orchard at Myrtle, Ga., was sprayed with the regular strength of limesulphur-salt wash under direction of the Manager, Mr. C. W. Withoft. All trees were thoroughly coated, and afterthe spraying was finished Prof. W. M. Scott selected anumber of badly infested trees for continued careful observation. No extra pains were taken in treating these trees, hence they furnish a reliable indication of the efficiency of this treatment as generally carried out. The trees selected for study were all heavily incrusted with San Jose Scale, and the most of them were in such bad condition that their recovery was not expected. The tree~S have been examined from time to time during the present season, and the results of the examination are given in the followingTable:
*Bul. No. 71, Ill. Agr. Exp. Station. tBul. No. 4. Ga. S tate Board of Entomology , pp. 2021.

TABLE I.
Effect of the Lime-Sulphur-Salt Wa sh upon Trees Heavily Incru stl'd with San Jose S cale.

z 0

Condition when Date Per ct>nt of Larvre

..<D
<D

Treatment.

Sprayed.

Examined. Live Ecalt> . found .

Condition of Tree at Date of Examination.

I I (l l E-

1

Lime-sulphur sal t' wash in Feb., '03.

Incrusted.

\ pril 20, '03

20 I

0

- - --

"I "
"I "

,,
I
.
I

I ( June 17, '023)1 4

I

(:.! )1

(3)1

/Aug. 7, ' 03 Trace

0

IScales sluffing from bark, new healthy bark formiug beneath scales.

(4)1 Luxuriant growth . Bark clean and

0

bright. Very few old scales still ad-

~ C>:)

hering to bark.

2 I. "

,,
I

"

"I "

3 I

"

lti)l "

I "

!April 20, '031

I "

/June 17, '031

"

\Aug. 7, '031

II I I nInecarrulystdeedadanadt J une 17, '03

time of treatment -

I I I Ipnucrtuosutetd".waHteard June 171 '03. sprouts''

I 22

0

I

8 j

0

ISame condition as tree No. 1.'

- - (5)1 Scattering. I

"

"

"

4

I

0

ITre~ fully recovered and making a vigorous growth.

2 (7) 1

0

=

TABLE !-Continued.
E./Teet of the Lime-Sulphur-Salt Wash vpon T1ees Heavily Incrusted with San Jose Scale.

z 0
Q)
Q...).
I H
(~)

Treatment.
"

Condition when

Date Per cent. of Larvoo

: Sprayed.

Examined. Live Scale. found.

Condition of Tree at Date of Examination.

I Iucrusted. !June 17, '031

(8)1

5

I

0 . Growing well.

(~I ) I

"

I

"

,.June 17, '031

3

I

0

I "

"

" I

,,

I "

I JA ug. 7, '031 _ _(10)1 Trace Vigorous growth.

7 I

"

I Incrusted and 1

I

considered pastalliJune 17, '03

chance of recov'ry_

4

15vcreernatwriorlueinntdgreJeaorn-~ Putting out well.

,_.
>!=>-

"I "

I "

!Aug. i, '031 - - t btopuuerrteJtswiciamglme.a-~ Healthy, vigorous growth.

(1) From notes-by Prof. W. M. Scott. (2) Examination by Scott and Newell.
(3) By "trace" meaning that a careful examination of from five to fifteen minutes was required to find a living scale . (4) Found a few half-grown female scales most of which had recently died. On entire tree found but 3Jive scales ..
(5) At this date, found 2 adult and 4 partially grown females on trunk of this tree, and an average of 1 immature
scale on each yoqng shoot. (61 Trees 1, 2, 3 and 4 are all of the variety Belle (S.vn=Belle of Georgia.)
(7) Examination showed large numbers of adult females- brown and discolored, but not yet dried out-that had
but rPcently died. (8) At this date many adult femal es had but recently died. Under a number of adult female scales were found
living la-rvre, but non e could be found crawling about or established upon the bark or twigs. (9) Variety, Early River.
(10) On Aug. 7, found one adult female with larvre undern ea th scale, and 6 immature females . Many scales of this
year's breeding had established themselves on treated portions of the bark, but had recently died. (11) Variety, Early River.

15
From the above r.esults it will be noted that several very interesting points are brought to light.
First, .the lime-sulphur-salt is not immediately destructive to the adult insects, but for a . considerable time does prevent the larvae from establishing themselves on the treated portions.
Second, that the wash slowly corrodes the scaly covering, ultimately exposing the mature insect to the action of the weather and offering ready access to predaceous enemies.
Thir.d, that after much of the material has been washed from the trees, the larvre can establish themselves and grow for some little time, but that sufficient material evidently remains to eventually kill the great majority of them. The death of larvre in considerable numbers was noticed on several of the above trees as much as five months after treatment. An insecticide which exerts a continuous action for several months is obviously more desirable than one which, even though more powerful, is effective for a few days only.
Experiments with the lime-sulphur-salt were conducted in a number of other orchards by Prof. Scott, and orchards treated independently by the owner.s were also kept under supervision during the summer. In all of them the same gratifying results were secured.
In no case was there any indication of injury to the trees, except where the wash was applied after the buds began to open. In such cases the fruit buds-and in some instances thr. twigs-were killed back, thereby decreasing the fruit crop. In the orchard of Mr. S. H. Rumph at Marshallvi~le, Ga., three plots, each containing Belles and Elbertas, were nsed in a comparative experiment. Plot 1 was sprayed in F ebruary with an oil emulsion containing 20 per cent. of oil. Plot 2 was sprayed in December with the lime-sulphursalt. Plot 3 was given the same treatment as No.2, and in addition, was sprayed again with the lime-sulphur-salt wash in early March, just before the buds opened. Space can not be taken h ere to give the r esults of the various exa minations, but, briefly stated, the trees sprayed with limesnlphl\J'Salt wash in Decembev have had as litt1e scale upon them this summer as have tl:Je trees sprayed with oil emulsion in February. The double treatment, i. e., spraying with lime-sulphur-salt in December and again in early March, was far more effective than either the December treatment alone, or the oil emulsion treatment in February.
The .orchard of Mr. J. D. Hendrickson at Lee Pope, Ga.,

16

was sprayed by the manager, Mr. C. G. McCarty, under thedirection of this Department, with 15 per cent. of oil~ using a mechanical mixture pump. This treatment was followed. aboat,. two weeks later by a thorough spraying with limesulphur-salt. About 50,000 trees were given this treatment and
not more than five or six trees were in any way injured. These injured trees, we were informed by Mr. McCarty,.
were given seveml applications of the oil mixture. Our ear-
lier examinations of this orchard the present season failed to reveal a single living scale, even on trees previously in-
crusted, thus showing that the treatment had been thor- ough and effective. When the writer last examined this or-
chard on September 8, 1903, only a very few living scales.
could be found. From the experience of the past year we must conclude-
that the lime-sulphur-salt wa.sh is more effective than the
various emulsions and mixtures of oils, and that it is safer. The advantages and disadvantages of the two may be- com-
pared as follows :

OI L S
Complicated mechanical mixture pumps must be used, or the oil made into an emulsion.
" Mechanical mixture" pumps readily get "out of order''
The oil and water mixture requires constant testing to see that the percentage of oil does not exeeed the limit f)f safety .
When the pumps are stopped for any length (lf time, the oil and water in the hose will separate and either pure oil or pure water will be thrown when the pump is again started.
'fhe necessity of frequently being compelled to send to distant points for oil, and often consequent delay of treatment at proper time.

LIME-SULPH UR- SALT
Simply constructed and powerful' pumps can be used.
" Single " or simpler pumps are less likely to get out of order and breaks are more quickly noticed.
No testing of percen t age is neces- sary.
The lime-sulphur-salt mixt ure is homogeneous, hence does not sepa rate materially upon standing.
Uomposed of common materials obtainable in almost every town and vilillge in the State.

!lAKING THE LIME-SULPHUR-SALT~
'l'he standard formula, which was used in the experiments cited above, is as follows:
Lime (unslacked) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 lbs. Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 lbs. Salt . ....... .. . . .... .... . .. . ... ..... . .. . 15 lbs. Wnter ......... .. . . ......... . ... ... . .. liO gals.

17

I

I

We have been most successful in making this mixture ac-

-cording to the following plan: Place abou~ one-fourth .of

the water in an iron kettle and bring to a boil. When the.

boiling point is reached add the unslaked lime, and during

the consequent violent boiling add the sulphur (which

should previously have been mixed with water), and keep

well stirred. A few minutes later add the salt and continue

the boiling for two hours. Water may have to be added

irom time to time to make up for evaporation-sufficient

water should be kept in the kettle to prevent ''burning,"

but more than this is not desirable. At the end of the two

b.ours add water to make 60 gallons and strain through a

nne mesh iron strainer into the tank of spray pump. Apply

while still hot.

This wash has a marked corrosive action upon bra.ss and

-copper, and so far as possible iron should be used in hand-

ling it and in the pumps. Brass and copper pumps can,

b.owever, be used with a minimum amount of corroding if

they be thoroughly washed out with clear water after each

-day's spraying.

" In applying this wash the trees should be thoroughly

-coated, using "Vermorel" nozzles. As soon as dry, the coat-

ing appears white and if portions of the trees have .escaped

.-application these are readily noticed. The trees should be

carefully examined and if it is found that any part, no. mat-

ter how small, has escaped, it should be sprayed, even if nec-

essary to drive through with the pumps a second time.

In large orchards the lime-sulphur-salt mixture can be

made most economically and rapidly by using live steam

:and boiling the materials in tanks or barrels. Such an

:Outfit is shown on following page (Fig. 2).

SUMMER TREATMENT.
For several years past the use of a ten per cent. oil emulsion or a dilute whale-oil soap solution has been considered about the only available summer treatment for San Jose scale. During the past year, however, Prof. W. M. Scott conceived the i.dea of using the lime-sulphur-salt as a summer wash on the trunks and limbs of scale-infested trees. It has been tested at several points in the State and has proven highly satisfactory a.s a means of checking the scale. 'The regular strength, as given in the formula above, is used, the wash being applied to the trunks and larger limbs with a mop or paint brush. None of the mixture is placed upon the foliage or young growth and of course does not affect

'
(From original p hoto by W. M. Scott.)
Fig. z. PREPARING LIME-SULPHUR-SALT WITH THE AID OF STEAM. Orchard of Ohio F ruit L and Co., Myrtle, Ga,

19
the scale upon these parts. The killing of practically all scale upon the trunk and large limbs not only. materially reduces the scale already upon the tree, but checks the rapid rate of increase. Infested trees thus treated during the summer months have a much better chance of withstanding the attac~s of the scale until thorough winter treatment can be undertaken.

CONCLUSIONS.

(1) That for successful control of the San Jos~ Scale, thor-

<Ough winter treatment must be adopted. Summer treat-

ment, while extremely valuable for checking scale in re-

-cently discovered cases, can not alone prevent serious dam-

age to the trees.

(2) That a thorough spraying with the lime-sulphur-salt

wash in December and again in late February or early

March, is the most effective treatment for San Jose scale

that has yet been devised.



(3) That a single spraying with lime-sulphur-salt in Feb-

ruary or early March is more effective than the same appli-

cation made in December or January, and is slightly more

effective than winter treatment with 20 per cent. crude oil

or kerosene.

(4) That the lime-sulphur-salt mixture is entirely harm-

less to deciduous fruit trees if applied when these are in a

dormatnt condition, but that its application after the buds begin

to open will result in injury to the latter and to the twigs.

SPRAY PUMPS.
For general orchard work in the application of such mixtures as oil emulsion, the lime-sulphur-salt wash and Bordeaux mixture, a strong, well-made barrel sprayer is usually the most useful. Among those that deserve mention here are the "Pomona," manufactured by the Goulds Manu facturing Co., Seneca Falls, .N. Y.; the "Advance," manu factured by the Deming Co., Salem, Ohio, and the ''Eclipse," manufacturPd by Morri1l & Morley, Benton Harbor, Mich. The Field. .l!'orce Pump Co., Elmira, N. Y., the Bean Pump Co., Hudson, Mich ., the Myers Pump Co., Ashland, Ohio, Geo. H. Stahl, Quincy, Ill., and the Spray-Motor Co., Buffalo, N.Y., are also manufacturers of good spray pumps.
The Beck & Gregg Hardware Co., and the Cotton States

/

20
Belting and Supply Co., both of Atlanta, Ga., also handle
.spraying machinery. Each pump should be :fitted with two leads of twenty or
twenty-five foot discharge hose, Vermorel nozzles and cut-off -cocks. An order for a pump should specify that the.se attachments are wanted.
For use in yards, gardens and family orchards a knapsack pump will usually be sufficient. Even a small bucket pump may be found useful for light work. These may be obtained trom almost any manufacturer of spray pump!!.

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology .

BULLETIN No 9

'
January, 1904

The Cotton Caterpillar

BY
WILMON NEWELL

Capitol Building



Atlanta, Ga

Georgia State Board of Entomology.

ORGANIZATION.

0. B. STEVENS, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture,
Atlanta.
rP. BERCKMANS, Pres. of State Horticultural Society,
Augusta.

DUDLEY M. HUGHES, Pres. of State Agricultural

'Society1 Danville. WILMON NEWELL, State Entomologist and Secretary

of the Board, Atlanta.

R. I. SMITH, .

Assistant State Entomologist,

Atlanta.

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No 9

January, 1904

. Jhe Cotton Caterpillar

BY
WILMON NEWELL



Capitol Building



Atlanta, Ga

Eig. r. Dusting cotton with Paris g reen a nd lim e for cot to n caterpillar. (See p . 7)

BULLETIN

,

OF THE

Georgia State Board of Entomology

JA NUARY, I9o4

No.9

Publis hed quarterly hy the State B"oard of E ntomology, Atlanta , Ga., a nd se nt free of c harge to aJl, esidents of the S tat e who mak e 1equest for sam e.

App ic tion mrtde fo r .. utty a t th e po;tofllce a.t Atlanta, Ga., as second-class mail

matter.



THE COTTON CATERPILLAR.
( Aletia arg'tllacta Hubn. )
During the summer of 1903 the cotton caterpillar w as t he cause of considerable damage in several counties of south ern Geo rgia, notably in Bak er, Crawford , Chath am, Dooly, Houston, Laurens, Lowndes, Macon, Mlitchell, Pulaski, Randolph, Stewart, Sumter and Taylor counti es. While the damage in any one locality was not excessive, yet the loss in the aggregate amounted to considerable and in many of the infested fields the ''top crop'' was entirely destroyed . The experience of previous years has shown that the caterpillars appear in destructive numbers at irreg ular int e~val s. The seasons of greatest destruction are usually separated by intervals of several years immunity from the pest. It has also been noted that the most destructive seasons of caterpillar injury have been preceded by one or two years in which the worms were present in g reater or less numbers. This was the case in 1866,* when damage was widespread throughout the South and in some localities reached as high as 40 per cent. of the crop. 1867 brought considerable damage, about equal to th at of 1866. 1868, h owever, was perhaps the most serious "caterpillar year" ever experienced. Weather condiJ tions had evidently been such as to favor the constant increase of the insects through '66 and '67, resulting in vast armies of caterpillars in 1868. Damage by the caterpillars again commenced in 1871, increased in 1872, and 1873 wit-
Fourth Re pt. U. S. E nt. Comm . p. ~~ .

nessed one oi. the most destructive seasons on record. Conditions at the present .time ;eem favorable for the
recurranc e of the caterpillars in 1904, and while their ap-
pearance cannot even be predicted with any degree of ' certainty, the comparative freedom from parasites in 1903* make it advisable for the planter to be properly prepared fo r combating the pest should it appear. It has therefore been deemed expedient to place in the hands of the Georgia planters a brief description of the pest and the most successful measures which have been used against it.
Life History. The egg is- of a g reenish blue color and is about onethirtieth of an inch in diameter. It is deposited usually upon the under side of the lower leaves of the cotton plant but during t he later part of the summer is also frequent:.. ly found upon the leaves near the top of the plant and occasionally upon their upper surfaces. The eggs are deposited sin gly and several sometimes appear upon a si ngle leaf, but they are never found in clusters. The eggs of lace-wing flies ( Chrysopa ) are often mistaken by the planter for those of the caterpillar moths. Th e eggs of Ohrysopa are pure white in color, occur in clusters, and each egg is
supported upon a tiny thread or pedestal. . As the larvre of the lace-wing flies feed for the most part upon plant lice and are therefore beneficial, these egg clusters need cause no alarm. In warm humid weather the egg of Aletia hatches in from three to four days time into a minute caterpillar or "worm." This larva is of a yellowish color and but little larger than the egg. It at once commences feeding up on the underside of the cot ton leaf and as it g rows, molts or heds its skin. In a short time the worm is large enoug h for its chara~teristic markings to be plainly seen. The larva has three pairs of well-developed legs at the anterior end of the body, and five pairs of "abdominal" or pro-legs.t The caterpi lla r moves from point to point by the familiar looping motion of the "me-asuringw o r m s ."
As the larva g rows a plain white line is. noticed .running down th e middle of the back. This .is follow ed op. each
From several hundred larv re which were reared tO' maturity in clos.d cages,
w. only one ln dlvirlual parasite was secured. Thi s specimen,has been .determ ined by
Mr. D. Coqulll ett of the U.S. Div. of En.tbmology as Euph.orocera claripennis
,..t MtaTegh.e anterior pair of pro-1egs 1s so red uced 1n s1ze as toappear on the mo-re m.a-
ture caterpillars as mere tubercles.
4

side by a row of fine black spots

succeeded by another white line.

The under side of the caterpiliar is

uniformly light with a yellowish

or greenish tinge. The general

T

color of the "worms'' varies from

a light greenish yellow to very

dark or almost black. This varia-

tion is so great that one is almost

persuaded that two distinct species

are present. At certain seasons

the lighter worms may predomi-

nate and at others the darker ones,

but it is not unusual to 'find cater-

(\&,

pillars of both color extremes feed-

ing upon the s::o.me plant and oc-

curing in about equal numbers.

. a

The caterpillar stage lasts from

Fig. 2. c o tton Cate rpilla r; a, fnraotmursaildsei,zeb, from above- t wice
(AfterR!ley , Fourth 11-ept . u.s .
En rom . Comm .)
. _

one to three weeks, being shortest d unng warm and molst weath er during midsummer and longer du-
ring the cooler spring and autumn

m onths . After the second molt the c~terpillar eats en-

t irely throu gh the leaf and th~ characteristic "ragged" ap-

pearance bf the foliage is produced. The greater part of

the feeding is done during the night and upon cloudy days,

. although upon bright days many may be found feeding

upon . the more shaded parts of the plant. Early in the

season, while the worms are not numerous, the feeding

is confined almost entirely to the leaves and tothe "shuck"

or involucre of the boll. Later in the season the larvre

may at times eat even the squares and green bolls.

When the larva reaches maturity it folds over the edge

of a cotton leaf-usually on the under side-and in the

sack thus formed proceeds to enter the pupal or chrysa-

lis stag e. The larva spins' a few silken threads, sufficient

to hold the edges of the leaf together, and after becoming

somewhat shorter ap.d thicker, changes to a dark brown

chrysalis. At times these pupae will be found suspend-

ed from the under sides of the leaves without any protec-

5

tion m the way of cocoons or foldeo leaves. This is especially true when the worms have become abundant and the cotton plant severely defoliated. . The chrysalis stage la st s from on.e to three weeks and during this period ~he insect takes no food. For this reason, .and owing to the fact that it is usually well protected within the folded leaf no successful measures can be taken against it at this time. At the end of the pupal stage the skin 9f the chrysalis splits open al ong the back and the adult moth emerges.
u
Fig. U. Cotton ca.terpilla.r moth : u, with wi11gs <'xpa.nded, b, wings closed, a.t rest--natural size- (After Riley , Fourth Rept. U. 8. Entom. Comm.)
The adult is an olive-gray moth, not unlike the so-called ' "candle-flies" with which all planters are familiar. It
measures from one and one fourth to one and one-half inches across the. wings when the latter are expanded. \Vhen seen in bright light the wings have an irridescent purplish appearance and each fore-wing has near its center a well marked spot of darker color. The moth flies largely at night and at this time deposits its eggs upon the cotton plant. During the day the moths may be found hiding in the dense foliage of the cotton plants or n nearby weeds and grass. When disturbed they dart away in a rapid zig-zag flight and are very difficult to capture. The adult does not injure the cotton, although it feeds upon the nectar secreted by the glands upon the squares and holls, and also visits the flowers of various other plants. They have been known to puncture ripening fruits, especially pears and thereby do considerable injury. The period of egg deposition extends through several days or weeks and a single female may deposit from three hundred to six hundred eggs.* This; together with the fact that an entire generation, from th"e time of egg deposition until the arlnlt moth is hatched from the chrysalis, may develop in from three to four weeks, a-c.counts for the extremely rapid increase of the. caterpillars in an infested field.
*Farmen Bull. No. 1-7 U. $ . Dept. of Agr., p . 5
6

PARASITES AND THE EFFECT OF WEATHER
CONDITIONS.
The various severe attacks of the cotton caterpillar dur ing the history of cotton cultivation in the United S1.tes, have been almost invariably followed by years of prac~ical immunity from the pest. This has in some cases been due to attacks upon the egg and larval stages of the pest by a number of parasitic in~ects, and in other cases the prevai ling weather conditions have so reduced the number of caterpillars as to leave practically no adults to hibernate until the following year. At least twelve parasitic species of insects are known to attack the eggs and caterpillars. Upon the first aj:)pearance of the caterpillars after a !'uccession of years in which they have been scarce, the parasites are very few in numbers. As the caterpillars increase, an increa.se in parasites also occurs, but until several months or seasons have .elapsed this increase does not keep pace with that of the caterpillars. Only when the host insects are exceedingly abundant are conditions most favorable for the parasites and then sooner or later their rate of increase may excee.d that of the caterpillars and the ravages of the latter be checked or stopped entirely. Moist and cloudy weather is especially favorable to the rapid development of the caterpillars, while hot dry days at the time of hatching from the egg, or shortly afterwards, may destroy large numbers. Many of the larvae fall from the plants to the g round and if there exposed to the direct hot sunshine may be unable to again reach the foliage. It is evident that in fields where the rows are far enough apart to allow plenty of sunshine to. reach the ground, this destruction will be much greater than where the rows are close together and the ground thoroughly shaded. This should be borne in mind at the time of planting !lnd the rows placed sufficiently far apart to admit plenty of sunshine. Aside from this method of planting being a not invaluable precaution against the caterpillar, it also decreases materially the damage from boll worm injury. In Texas where extensive experiments have been conducted against the Mexican cotton boll weevil, it has been found
7

that wide rows are of value in decreasing the damage done by this pest, and it has also been shown that cotton planted reasonably far apart, produces more per acre than that which is planted close, even where insect damage is not taken into ~ccount.
REMEDIES.
The first step in devis_ing remedies for any insect pest is a careful consideration of all points in its life' history. From what has been said above .upon the habits of the caterpillar, it is at once evident that it cannot be suc.cessiully fought in the egg or pupal stage. While there is a possibility of capturing the moths by meanio of trap-lights set in the field s at night, this plan is pot particularly effectual. Th.e larva is a voracious .feeder and can be killed by poisoning the foliage upon which it feeds . . Much has been written in r-egard to treatment for this insect, but wishing to test some of th e more promising methods and test their relia~ bility in actual practice under conditions prevailing in the Georgia -cotton fields , this department carried on a number of experiments during the summer of 1903. These are given in detail below.
EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE COTTON CATERPILLAR IN 1903.
1n August word reached us' that the caterpillars were ~everely i_njurin~ the cotto.n near Montezuma, it). Macon county. . We at once visited that locality and upon the plantation of Mr. Yancey Hill found the worms severely defoliating the cotton in a field o about 8 acres', and spreading rapidly to adjoining fields. At this time the majority of the larvae were nearly full grown, and a considerable percentage had already "webbed u_p," i. e., had entered the pupal stage. The conditions were therefore unfavorable for spraying tests but these were at once undertaken. On August 22nd, several plats were treated as follows:
Plat. 1. .. A dusting apparat.us was made from a oneinch board, 4 1-2 feet long and 3 inches wide, by boring an inch and a half auger hole five inches from each end and
8

attaching under eaah hole a sack five inches wide by about fifteen inches long. These sacks were made from unstarched sheeting running about 4 pounds to the yard . T his du ster is shown in Fig. 4 A mixture was then made of r part Paris green and 4 parts air-slaked lime. The sacks were filled with this mixture and .the latter dusted upon the plants by walking rapidly along the rows,' and holding the duster in such a manner as to distribute the poison upon both sides of the row at once. (:See Fig. 1.) The method, frequently recommended, of distributing Paris g reen from sacks attached to a pole and carried upon a mule or horse, was also tried, but with very unsatisfactory results. The irregularity of the wind made an equ al distribution impossible and the large amount of poison getting upon .the operator and the niule made this method disagr:eeable and even dangerous.
Plat 2 was sprayed, using a knapsack pump, with I pound of Paris g reen and r r-2 pounds of li~e per roo gallons of water.
Plat 3 was sprayed with 2 pounds of Paris green and 3 pounds of lime per roo gallons.
Plat 4 was sprayed with 3 pounds of Paris green and 4 pounds of lime per r'oo gallons.
Plat 5 was sprayed with r pound of arsenate of lead
so ( Rowker.'s Disparene) to each gallons of water.
Plat 6 was sprayetl with 2 pounds arsenate of lead per
so gallons.
Plat .7 was sprayed with 3 P?U!lds a.rse?ate of lead per
50 gallons. Examinations of all plats were made on August 25,
three days after the treatment. The average number of pupae and larvae per hill in each plat on August 25th is given i'n the table below.
9

Plai
No.

'l'r('atm~nt August 22

Number of pupae and larvae pe r hill Au :ust 25

I' Apvepe r.uNphaoi.le.l o f , A vpJeae.rrvNhaoiel. lo !l

lnJury to the foilage by the application

I 1 Du steJ with Paris green
I part, lime 4 parts.
--
2 Sprayed P. green I lbs.,
lime z1lbs., water 100 gal.

2 .11 1

I 0
I
.3

None Npne

3 Sprayed P . green 2 lbs.,

lime 3 lbs., water 100 gal.

1 .7

0

Slight

4 Sprayed P. grt>en 3 lbs ,

lime 4 lbs.,

27

water 100 gal.

--

5 Arsenate of lead I lb.,

water so gal.

3

--

6 Arsenate of lead 2 lbs.,

water so gal.

3 .1

--

7 Arsenate ot lead 3 lbs.,

water so gal.

3

--

8 UNTREATED

7

Slightly more

.1

than in No . ?,

0

None

0

None

0

None

J -

From the above it will be noted that in spite of the unfavorable conditions and the fact that the larvae were many of them matured at the time of treatment, an average per hill of only 2.7 pupae were found on all the treated plats, as against an average of 7 pupre per hill in the_ plat receiving no treatment. Also at the time of examination there still remained an average of one caterpillar per hill in the unsprayed plat and,an average of but one caterpillar per ten hills in the treated areas. The spraying with Paris green appeared somewhat more effective against the caterpillars than did that with the arsenate of lead and slightly more effective than the application of Paris green
10

and lime in dry form. The latter method, however, presents more advantages in the rapidity with which the mater'ial can be prepared and applied. With the duster described above and shown in Figs. I and 4, we found that each hand employed could apply the poison at the rate of 10 to 15 acres per day, whereas not more than 3 to 4 acres per day rollld be covered by using the knapsacl<: sprayer. For general practice the application of Paris green in powder form is preferable to spraying. In rainy weather the rains soon wash the Paris green from the plants and make it almost impossible to keep the plants properly covered with the poison. It is at just such times as this that the caterpillars develop most rapidly and remedies are most needed. The arsenate of lead is very adhesive and is not readily washed off the plants by rains and dews. In rainy weather therefore, when it is impracticable to apply the dust, spraying with arsenate of lead should be resorted to. For this purpose a knapsack or similar pump must be used as larger pumps cannot during midsummer be driven through the fields without b~eaking down and destroying considerable cotton. The arsen3,te of lead may be safely applied at the rate of 3 pounds to each so gallons of water. Where spraying is necessary we advise the use of arsenate rather than Paris green, hot only on account of its adhering to the foliage better, but because it' is not nearly so likely to burn the leaves. In the experiments mentioned above it was found that the Paris green mixture of 2 pounds per .too gallons burned the foliage slightly and the mixture of 3 pounds per 100 gallons burned the foliage rather sever.ely. No injury was manifest where arsenate of lead was used. The burning effect of the Paris}green was most pronounced upon those plants which had been severely "ragge?" by the caterpillars.
In all cases the younger larvae succumb most readily to the poison, and the great advantage of applying poison as soon as the first caterpil~ars appear is evident. Not only are they more easily killed at this time but every one destroyed early in the season is of as much advantage to the planter as the destruction of several hundred later on.



TI

Eig. 4 Dusting apparatu~ for applying Paris green and lim e for c;o tton caterpillars ..

- - ~ ~--------------------
DANGER OF POISONING LABURERS OR STOCK.
After applying the poison1 stock of all kinds should be kept from the plants, or if necessary to drive through the fields, the horses or mules should be muzzled. We would not advise the pasturing of stock in the treated fields at any time during the season, despite the fact that a few good rains will remove practically all Paris green from the p lan ts. \i'lfhen arsenate of lead is used g'reater precaution should be taken, as on account of its adherent character this poison will remain upon the plants for a considerable time. While both Paris green and. arsenate of lead are deadly poisons when taken internally, they can be safely handled. No precautions, aside from reasonable care in handling need be taken, unless it is to prevent the entrance of the poison into open sores or cuts upon the face and hands. There is no danger of cotton pickers being poisoned as a result of spraying or dusting, unless a very large number of bolls are open at the time of treatment. Even in thi. case no unpleasant results will follow if the pickers t! Se reaso nable care in handling the cotton.
CONCLUSIONS.
r. That arsenical poisons should be thoroughly applied to the cotton plants upon the very, first appearance of the ca ~erpillars .
2. That in moderately dry weather this application can best be made in the form of dust, a dry mixture of I part Paris green to 4 parts fine air-slaked lime a~ directed above. The distribution of this mixture should be so gauged as to use from I to I I-2 pounds of Paris green per acre. If the laborers exceed this amount the proportion of lime should be increased or sacks of finer texture used upon the duster.
3 That in wet weather a mixture of arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 pounds to each so gallons of water applied with a knapsack spray pump, will adhere better and be more effectual against the caterpillars than the applications of Paris green.

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology
BULLETIN No. 10. April, 1904.
THE CROP PEST LAW OF GEORGIA.
Regulations of the Georgia State Board of Entomology

eAPITOL BUILDING

.

.


.


Atlanta, Ga.

ATLAl'OTA, G A. E W AI, LEK & COMPA N Y, PRIN UR
19U4

Georgia State Board Qf Entomolo gy

ORGANIZATION.

0. B. STEVENS, Chairm a n, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.

P . ] . BERCKMANS , Pres . of State Horticultural Society,
Augu ~ ta.

DUDLEY M. HUG HES , Pres. of State Agricultural Society , Damille.

WILMON NEWELL, State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, Atlanta.

R.I. SMITH,

Assistant State Entomologist, Atlanta.

The Crop Pest Law of Georgia*

Be it enacted, by the General .Assembly of Georgia:

Section 1. That from and after the passage of this .Act,

the Commissioner of .Agriculture of the State of Georgia,

the President of the Georgia State Horticultural Society

and the President of the Georgia State .Agricultural So-

ciety shall, ex-officio, constitute a Board to be known as

Org&nlz&tion the State Board of Entomology, of which the Commissioner

or sta.te Boa.rd of .Agriculture shall be chairman, which Board shall have

full power to enact such rules and regulations governing

of .Entomol- the inspection, certification, sale, transportation and in-

ogy

troduction of trees, shrubs, cuttings, buds, vines, bulbs

and roots, that they may deem necessary to prevent the

further introduction, increase and dissemination or insect

pests and plant diseases.

Sec. 2. That the State Entomologist appointed by the

Commissioner of .Agriculture, under the provisons of the

.Act cited above, approved December 21, 1897, shall act as

an inspector under the provisions of this .Act; and it shall

be the duty of the said Board to promulgate rules and

Offices of the regulations in accordance with this .Act for the govern-

Bo&rd

ment of the said Entomologist in the duties devolving upon him in the execution of the provisions of this .Act.

Sec. 3. That the salary of the said Entomologist shall

not exceed one thousand and five hundred dollars per

annum, and that said salary shall be paid out of the

funds in the .Agricultural Department arising from the

inspection of oils. In addition to the above appropriation

the sum of three thousand and five hundred dollars per

annum is hereby appropriated out of the funds in the .Ag-

ricultural Department arising from the inspection of oils,

Approprl&-
tion

for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the execution of this .Act, the equipment of a laboratory, the traveling and other incidental expenses of the Entomologist, and

the issuing -of reports and other publications. The Board

may also employ such assistants to the Entomologist as

may be deemed necessary.

Sec. 4. The Entomologist shall have power under the

regulations of the Board of Control, to visit any section of

the State where such pests are supposed to exist, and

shall determine whether any infested trees or plants are

worthy of r emedial treatment or shall be destroyed. .And

be shall immediately report his findings in writing, giv-

ing reasons therefor, to the owner of the infested planta-

tion, his agents or tenants ,and a copy of each report shall

Appe&l from also be subm itted to the said Board. In case Qf objection

decision 0 t to the findings of the Inspector, an appeal shall be made to the said Board, who shall have the power to summon

Entomologist witnesses and hear testimony on oath, and whose decis-

-ata.y of pro- ion shall be final. .An appeal must be taken within three

ceedings

days and shall act as a stay of proceedings until it is beard and decided.

Acts of the Genera l Asse mbly of Georgi&, &pproved Dec. 21 , 1897,

DPr . 20. 11<!18 ~tn<l DP<'. 21. 111()(\,

Section 5. Upon the findings of the Inspector in any

Treatment

case of infested trees or plants, the tteatment prescribed by him shall be executed at once (unless a n appeal is

and destruct- taken) , under his supervision; cost of material and labor

ion of Infest shall be borne by the owner ; Provided, however, that in

case the trees or plan ts shall be condemned, they shall be ed trees or destroyed by the Inspector, and the expense of such action

plants

shall be borne by the owner. No compensation shall be allowed for a ny plants that shall be destroyed.

Sec. 6. In case any person or persons refuse to execute

the directions of the Inspector or of the said Board after

an appeal, th e County Judge, or Or dinary shall, upon

H earing

complaint filed by the In spector or any freeholder, cite the person or persons to appear before him within three

before Judge days notice after being served, and that the said Judge or

or Ordinary Ordinary may bear and determine all these cases in vaca-

tion; and, upon satisfactory evidence, shall cause the pre-

scribed treatment to be executed, an d the expense thereof

and costs of court shall be collected from the owner or

owners of infested plants.

Sec. 7. It shall be unlawful to offer for sale, sell, give

away or transport plants, scions, buds, trees, shrubs,

Unlawful to vines or other plants, tubers, roots, cuttings, bulbs, known

!~~~~re

to be ill'fested with dangerously injurious insects or plant

transport diseases. Any person or persons violating this section

infested stock shall upon conviction t hereto be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Sec. 8. The said Board of Control, its agents or em-

ployees, are hereby empowered with authority to enter

Authority of upon any premise in discharge of the duties herein pre-

Entomololst scribed. Any person or persons who shall obstruct or

hinder -them or their agents in the discharge of these du-

to enter upon ties shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon

prem i ses

conviction thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Sec. 9. The Board shall have the power to also adopt

Power of

rules and regulations, not in consistent with the laws and Constitution of this State and the Un!Jted States, for pre-

Board to venting the introduction of dangerously injurious crop

adopt Rules pests from without the State, ancl for the governing of

common carriers in transporting plants liable to harbor

and Reg ula.- such pests to and from the State, and such regulations

tiona

shall have the force of laws. Sec. 10. It shall be unl aw ful for any ~rower, nursery-

Unl awful to man or corporati on to ship within the State of Georgia

a ny trees, shrubs, cuttings, vines, bulbs, roots without

ship trees having been previously inspected by either a State or Ex-

witho ut cer- perimental Station Entomologist or government officer,

within twelve months of the date of said shipment, and

tificate-pun- certifi cate of In spection to accompany each box or pack-

lshment

age. Violation of this clause will be considered as a mis-

demeanor and punishable as such.

Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, that the members of

the said Board , any two of whom shall constitute a quo-

Board to des- rum in the absen ce of the third, shall, within 30 days

ignate insects and diseases that consti-

from the passage through the press

of of

thi s act, the State

draw up the rules

and and

promulgate regulations

tute lnfP.sta- necessary to carry into full and complete effect the pro-

tlon

visions of this Act, carefully defining what diseases or

maladies. both in se.ct and fungus, shall constitute lnfes-

4

tation in trees or plants within the meaning and purvieW

hereof.

Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, that any person or per-

sons residing in the State of Georgia, dealing in or hand-

Nurseries to ling trees, etc., shall be compelled to have his or their

stock inspected annually on or before the 1st of Novem-

be inspected ber of each year. If, upon such inspection, such stock ls

prior to Nov. found to conform to the requirements of the Board or

lst.of each

Control, the Inspector shall furnish a certificate to that effect. And any such person or persons making a ship-

year.

ment before the filing of such certificate with the chair-

man of the Board of Control, shall be guilty of a misde-

meanor.

Sec. 13. Each and every person residing in States or

Countries outside of the State of Georgia dealing in or hand-

Shipment of ling trees, plants, cuttings, vines, shrubs, bulbs and roots

t k in this State, shall register his name or firm and tile a copl nursery s oc of his or its certificate of inspection furnished by the

from without Entomologist, Fruit Inspector or duly authorized gov-

th e State. ernment official of his State or Count ry, with the Chairman

of the Board of Control. Upon failure so to do, sai-d stock

shall be liable to confiscation under order of the Inspec-

tor.

Sec. 14. When two reputable citizens of any county Serr ices of in Georgia shall notify the Board, from belief, that noxi-

Inspector- ous insects or plant diseases exist in their county, the

said Inspector shall be directed to ascertain as speedily

how secured as possible by personal investigation, and in such other

manner as he may deem expedient, the extent of the in-

fection, and shall act with all due diligence to suppress

and eradicate the said pests and give notice to the owner,

tenant or agent of such premises to treat such infested

Cost of treat- plants acording to the methods he may prescribe, or de-

ment-how stroy them within ten days from date of such notice, and

collected .

if after the expiration of such period of ten days the infested plants have not been treated or the treatment

has not been properly applied or is not effectual tn rid-

ding plants of the pests, the Inspector shall cause such

plants to be properly treated or destroyed as his judgment

warrants. The cost of the work shall be covered by exe-

cution from the owner of the premises.

Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of the Inspector to make

a monthly report of his work, both as Entomologist and

Monthly and Inspector, to the Board of Control, as well as the expen-

Annual

diture under this Act, and said Board shall report an-

Reports.

nually to the Governor of the State. This act shall take effect from and after its passa&e,

and all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act

are hereby repealed.

5

RULES AND REGULATIONS
OF THE
Georgia State Board of Entomology.
At the annual Meeting of the Board held at Macon, Ga., j an. 6th, 1904, the Rules and Regulations of t he Board were amended to read as follows :
Rules and Regulations for the Government of the State Entomologist In the Enforcement of the Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Providing for the eontrol and Eradication of the Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases which Threaten the Fruit ond other Agricultural Industries of the State, 11nd for the Prevention of th e Further lntroduc tlon of Dangerously Injurious erop Pests frem Without the State.

In pursuance of an Act of the General Assembly of the

State of Georgia, approved December 21, 1897, and amend-

ed December 20, 1898 and December 21, 1900, creating a

Board of Entomology and authorizing and directing the

same to take action for the suppression of certain here-

inafter defined injurious insects and fungous d-iseases,

and for the prevention of the further introduction, increase

and dissemination of the same, the following rules and

regulations are hereby enacted and promulgated: 1. In accordance with section 11 of said Act, the follow-
ing insects and fungous diseases are hereby declared,

indi vidually and severally, to constitute infestati<>n tn

Pests and trees and plants; -this list to be revised at the will of the

diseases con Board of Entomology : The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus pernicious.)
sti tu ting In The New Peach Scale (D iaspis pentagona.)

testation

The Woolly Aphis of Apple (Schizoneura lanigeta.) Black Knot of Plum and Cherry (Plowrightia morbosa.) The Crown Gall (Dendrophagus g lobosus.)

The Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus gran-

dis.)

Rosette of Peach and Plum.

Yellows of Peach. 2. The State Entomologist is hereby charged with the

Location of enforcement of said Act, and as inspector is directed to locate by personal 1nvestigation, correspondence and
pests-dlrec in such other manner as he may deem best, the above-

tiona for treat- named pests so far as they may exist in this State, and

lng sam e

give proper directions and take such steps in accordance with the above-cited Act as he may deem necessary to

control or eradicate the same.

6

3. In accordance with Section 5 of the above-cited Act,

Power of

the State Entomologist is hereby endued with power to condemn and destroy any infested trees, shrubs or other

Entomologist plants that in his judgment are not worthy of remedial

to destroy in- treatment, when such infestation is, or is likely to be

come, a menace to the agricultural interests of any section

rested plants, of the State, or wh en the owner or owners of infested

etc.

premises shall refuse or neglect to properly execute the

treatment prescribed for him or them.

4. Any trees, shrubs Or other plants commonly known

as nursery stock, shipped within the State of Georgia, Trees . ~fant~, without each box, bundle or package (in each car-load, ~vtt\h~utpc':rtt- or less than car-load lot ) being plainly labeled with the

tiNtte attached official Entomologist's certificate to the effect that the

~li~~:;_ ~~

c n

11

contents of same have been inspected and found to meet with the requirements of the Board of Entomology in

accordance with Section 10 of the Act cited above, shall

be liable to confiscation upon the order or the inspector.

No trees,plants 5. No trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known

etc., to be so ld as nursery stock shall be sold, delil,ered or given away ~_:;,~~~~~te~~ti- within the State of Georgia without being plainly labeled

llcateattached with the certificate of the State Entomologist.

6. Persons or firms within the State of Georgia growing

Nurse rym en for sale trees, cuttings, shrubs, vines or other plants com-

to apply for monly known as nursery stock shall make application ibnesfopreectJiuolny lPt to the State E n t omoIogtst (At!anta, Ga. ) for 1 nspect10n
and certificate on or before July 1st of each year.

Any per son, corporation or firm failing to make applica-

tion to have his or their stock inspected as aforesaid,

~'allure to after receipt of notice of this rule, shall not be permit~~:-=-~~~~ca- ted to offer fo r sale in this State any of said stock not

cannot be sold inspected; provided that such person, corporation or firm

may make written application to the State Board of

Inspectionhow secured in case of default

Entomology to be relieve d of his or their default and consequences, and offering to pay any additional expense incurred by the State and its officers by reason of such failure. The Board may upon a proper showing order an

inspection of said nursery.
7. In case some part of a nursery snail be found

Nurseries

infested with San Jose scale no certificate shall then be granted; provided, however, that i ~u l ated blocks or

partially in nursery stock not infested, may be considered as separate

rested-proce- nurseries and a certificate may be granted covering such

dure

stock after all stock in the infested blocks has been destroyed.

8. Each and every box, bundle or package of trees,

0 fficial tag of Bonrd and certificate

shrubs and other plants stock, shipped in car-load

commonly known as nursery lots or less than car-load lots

must be attached to all shipments from without

into the State of Georgia from any other state or country, shall be plainly labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the entomologist, fruit inspector or other

the State

duly authorized official in the state or country in which

said stock was grown, and also with the official tag or

Un tagged the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinafter pro-

shipmentsliable to conflsca.tion

vided for; said tag to be valid only lowing the date of certificate upon

until July 1st folwhich it is based

(See Sections 9 and 13 of the Act cited above.) Such

7

shipments not so labeled shall be liable to confiscation

upon the order of the inspector.

!). Any person or persons residing in states orcountries

outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or handling

trees, shrubs or other plants in this State, or shipping

trees shrubs or other plants therein, shall file with the

State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) a certified copy (or

Official tags- signed duplicate of original ) of the certificate issued

how secured by the entomologist, fruit inspector, or other duly au

thorized official of the State or Country in which said

stock was grown. Such certificate for nurseries south or

the northern boundary line of North Carolina, Tennessee,

and Arkansas must be based upon an inspection made

not earlier than July 1st, and for nurseries north of said

li ne, upon an inspection made not earlier than June 1st.

Said person or persons shall also file with the State

Entomologist a signed statement in which said person

or persons agree to fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas

all stock shipped into the State of Georgia. Such fum-

igation shall be in a manner approved by the State En-

tomologist. Upon receipt and approval of the certificate

and statement above-mentioned, the certificate of the

Georgia State Board of Entomology will be issued to the

applicant without charge, and official tags bearing a

tac sirnile copy of such certificate and the seal of the

State Board, will be furnished the applicant at cost or

printing, viz., Sixty cents for the first one hundred or

part thereof and twenty-five cents for each additional

hundred.

10. No transportation company or common carrier

shall deli ver any box, bundle or package of trees, shrubs

or other plants commonly known as nursery stock, ship-

ped from any other State or country to any consignee

at any station in the State of Georgia, unless each box,

common ear- bundle or package is plainly labeled with a certificate or

inspection furni shed by the official Entomologist of the

riers forbid- State or co untry in which said stock was grown, and also

den to dellver with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Ento-

uncertified

mology hereinabove provided for. Such shipments of the nature designated above orip:in a tin g In the State or

stock

Georgia, need only have the certificate of the State En-

tomologist; and unless his certificate is attached to each

and every box, bundle or package of trees, etc., they shall

not be accepted for transportation.

11. Transportation companies shall immediately notify

Transporta- the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when by oversight,

tion Cos. shall negligence or otherwise, a ny shipment of uncertified stock :~,o~~~~istEuuptg; is received at any station or wharf in the State, and

receipt of uu- it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible to

certrJled stock investigate and dispose of such stock, as provided for

in the Act cited above.

12. All trees, shrubs or other plants commonly kn-own ~~c~<u:;;~~~ be as nursery stock (w ith th e exception of conifers and strawfumigated berry plant~) offered for sale, sold, or given away in this

State shall be fumi j!"atecl with hydr ocyani c acid gas by the grower, under the direction of the State Entomologist.

Failure to fumi gatepe nalty

Upon failure of any grower or growers to comply with this requirement, certificate shall be withheld or cancell-
ed.

8

13. It shall be unlawful for any firm, person or cor-

Gulll.wful to poration to bring into the State of Georgia, or to have

ha.ve in po;- in possession for any purpose, any living Mexican Boll ~~~~~:3~\t Mexi- W~e:Vil, or any cotton bolls, squares, plants or seed con-

Wee vil

tammg the adult, pupal, larval or egg stage of the Mex-

ican Boll Weevil.

14. No cotton seed grown in the states of Texas or

Louisiana, or consigned from points in those states, shall

~~~~o~eS::~ be shipped into the _state of Georgia without being ac-

aJ)d La.-

compamed by a certificate signed by a duly authorized

mnst bear cer- State or Government Entomologist, stating that said cot-

~iftcate ~f

ton seed has been fumigated in such manner as to kill

umga 1011 any boll weevils, larvre or pupre which may be contained

therein.

15. 'l'he State Entomologist is hereby authorized to

Authority of publish in the form of bulletins, r eports, or through the
0~ 111~~W~~'11~f_ p_resf; ? f th~ State any_ matter pertaining to the distribu-
tetfn s, etc. t10n, hfe history, habits and treatment of insects pests

and fungous diseases, or other matter that may be instruc-

tive or aid in the suppression of such pests.

16. 'l'he Board of Entomology may appoint temporary

deputy inspectors when it appears to be necessary, to

Depiny inspec- assist the Entomologist in the enforcement of the act

tors- -appoint- cited above, and such deputy inspectors shall have full

~}ed~-tftower power to enter o_n premises and i nspect and report to the

P Y State Entomologist.

17. Appeals from the decision of the Entomologist

Appeals-how should be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture,

addressed- (Atlanta, Georgia ), who will notify the a ppellant of the

hearing of time and place of hearing such appeal.

18. The State Entomologist shall be Secretary of the

Board, and all inquiries relative to the provisions of the ~~~e~ri~~~~ of above-cited Act and the subject matter of the same should

be addressed to him at Capitol Building (Atlanta, Ga.)


In addition to the above rules, and as further defining

the duties of the Entomologist, the State Board of Ento-

All CNtlfl -
cate ta~s

mology prescribes the following: All duplicate copies of inspection certificates and ship-

mu st bP. securPd from Entomologi st

ping tags bearing E n t o mologi st.

sam e,

shall

be

secured

from

the

State

The San Jose Scale shall be considered the paramount

Sun Jose Scal e- p a r a.-

pest and inspections shall be made with special reference to this in sect.

monnt pest

Nursery stock in fested with the New Peacn Scale 11hall

New Peach be tr eated in all res pects as is stock infested with San

Scale

Jose scale.

Crown Gal l

Nursery plants found bearing Crown Gall shall be destroyed under t he directions of the State Entomologist

Woolly Aphis and a certificate issued to the owner only after he has

Rosette and Yell ows

g-iven rea ~onab l e assurance that such infec t ed plants h ave been or will be destroyed. The same requirement shall apply

to nursery trees so badly infested with Woolly Aphis

as to have gall formations upon the roots. Plants or

trees infested to a lesser degree with tnls pest shall be

treated and allowed to pass inspection.

Should cases of Rosette or Yellows be found in the

9

Black Knot

.vicinity of a nursery all diseased trees must be destroyed before a certificate is given the owner of the nursery.
In cases of Black Knot occurring in or adjacent to a nursery, certificate will be withheld until all visibly diseased wood shall have been destroyed.

10