Bulletin [Nos. 1-10 (Apr. 1899 - Jan. 1904)]

State Board of Ent
BULLETIN No. /- April, I
J
L Legislation Against Crop Pest II. Da erous Pests Prescribed y the B ard,
Remedial Suggestions.
Bv
W. M. SCOTT.

CAP/ IBUII-D NG

Atlanta,

ATLANTA OA : ALLEN & :.tlt<TON , BoOK AND J OR Pt< IN T V. IIII
ti!Qq .

fieer1ia State Board of Entomoloc.

0. B. STBVENS, Chairman, Commissi on er of . uriculture, Atlanta.
P. J. BERCKMANS, Pres. of State Hort~c ult tral Soci ety,
A u g us ta.
J. POPE BROWN . ..... Pres. of State Agricultl ral Society,
Hawkinsville.

W. M. SCOTT, M. S., Entomologist and Sec. of the Board,

Atlanta.





To the Honorable Boa'rd of Entonwlogy of the State of Georg ia:

Sirs-I have the honor to submit the accompanying manu ~

script for publication and dist'fibution in accordance with an

Act of the General Assembly, approved December 20, 1898. The first part is offered in answer to the many inquiries

received at this office, concerning the requirements of the recently enacted crop pest law; and to pl<..ce tl is law and the

regulations enacted by the Board in the hands of interested persons in convenient fc;>rm. Part second is mt.ant to briefly call to attention the insects and diseases designated by the

Board as dangerously injurious to plants, with suggestions for

remedial work.

Very respectfully,

W. M. SCOTT,

State Entomologist.

Approved:

0. B. Stevens, Chairman of the Board.

I. 'lLegtalatton Rgainat <trop .JPeata.
In December o f t<he year 1897 an Act was passed by the Ge neral Assembly of Georgia providing fo r a special Department of Horticulture and Pomology to be added to th e D epartm ent of Agriculture, with one officer who should be an E ntomologis t. T1he Entomologist was appointed March 1, 1898, and nearly the whole of his time during th e year was spent in tlhe fi eld with the fruit growers, nurserymen and tru ckers. Th e result of hi s work is given in the report to the Com missio ner of Agr.cvlture, which was publish ed in the Annual of the Department o f Agriculture for 1898.
This law proved defective in so me particulars, and <. t the recent session of th e L egislature it was amended.
The full text of th e amend ed law and 1he rul es and regulations enacted by th e Board of Entomoloay actin g th ereunder are given below:
An A ct to am end an Act entitled: "A n Act to requ ire th e Co mmissioner of Agriculture to establis h a speci al departm ent of H o r ticulture an d Pomology, to empl oy a n Entom ologist, fix hi s salary and define his du ties, to provide for in spectio n of fr uit tr ees, fr uit, vi neyard , mel on a.nd vegeta ble farm s, and preve nt, diminish and des tr oy contagious di seases and de st ruct ive insects in orchards. vineyards an d ot h er places; to prov ide boards of arb itration, fix their powe rs, defi ne their dutie s a.nd provide for their costs; to prov id e funds for the maintenance of sai d department, to prescribe penalties for violatio ns, and fo r othe r purposes." Appr-oved Dece mber 2 1, r8g7. Approved D ece mb er 20, r8g8.
Be it enacted by fhe General As-sembly of Georg ia: r. Tha t an Act entitled "A n Act to req uire the Commis ioner of Agriculture to est<~~hlish a specia<l departm ent of Horticulture and P omo'logy, to employ an Entomologist, etc. , etc. , ap proved D ecember 21, 1897, be amended so as to read as follow s : Sectio n I. Tha.t fr om and after the passage of thi s Act, the Commi ssio ner o f Agriculture of the State of Geo rgia, th o President of the Geo rgi a State Hor ticultural Society and the Pre'S ident of the Georgia State Agwicu.Jtural Society shall, ex-o.fficio , co n'S titute a B oard to be known as the St<~~te Board o>f Entomclogy, of wJ1tch the Co mMti ss ioMer o.f Agricultu~e shall be chairman, whi-cth B oa rd . 3hall

hav e full p owe r to enact such rules and regulati o ns go 1e rn ing th e in5')Jectio n, ce.rtificatio n, sale, tran sporta tio n a nd intr oductio n fJf trees, s'hrub s, cuttings, bud s, vin es, bulbs a nd root s, that they may deem nece ssary to prevent the further introd uc tion , increase and di sseminati on o f insect p ests and plant di seases.
Section 2 . That the S ta:te Entomol ogist appoint ed .by the Com mi-ss ioner of Agric u-ltur e u nder t he provi sions .o f the Act cited above, appro 1ed D ece mb er 21, 1897, shall act as an in specto r under th e pro1ision of this Act, and it shall be th e duty of th e sai d B oard to promulgate rul es a,nd reg ula-tions in accordance with this Act for the government of the said E nt omologis t in the du ties de1o!ving up o n him in the execu tion oi th e provi si()ns of thi s Act.
Sectio n J . Th at the salary of the said Entom ologist shall not exceed $I ,SOO.oo per annum, and th at sai d sala,ry shall be paid ou t of the fund s in the Agricultural D epart ment arising from the inspec ti o n oi oil s. In addition to ~he above appropriat ion the sum o i $ r,ooo.oo per .a nnum is hereby appropriated out of the fum:ls in the Agricu ltural D epa-rtm ent a ris ing fr om th e in spec tio n of o il s. fo r t he purp ose of defrayi ng th e expenses of the exec uti on o th is Act,- th e eq uipm ent of a la boratory, the traveling a nd other incidental expenses o f the Entomologi t and the iss uing of reports and ot h er publications.
Section 4. Th e Entomo logist shall have p o wer und er the regulat ion s of th e Board o.f Co ntrol, to vi sit any sectio n of t he S tate wh ere uch pests are supposed to ex ist, and shall determin e whet-her any infested trees or plants are wor.thy of remedi al treatmen t or shall be dest royed. An d he sha ll immedia t-ely report his findin gs in wri ti ng. giv ing reason th erefor, to the ow ner o f the infested planta_ti on, h is age nts or tenants, an d a copy of ea ch report shall also be ubm itted to the saitl B oard. I n case of o bj ect io n to th e findings of the Inspecto r, an appea l shall be mad e to th e aid B oard. who shall ha ve the po wer to summ o n witn esses and hea r testimony on oa: h. and wh ose decisio n shall be final. An appeal mu st be taken within thr ee days and shall ac t as a sta y of proceedings un til it is heard and decided.
Sec ti on s. Upon th e findin gs of the In spector in any case of
I in feste d tr ees or plants, the treat ment prescri bed by him shall be executed at once ( unl ess an appeal is taken), under hi s supervision; cost of mate rial and labor shall be borne by the owner; PROVIDED, HOWE VE R, that in case the trees or plants shall be conde mn ed, they shall be des tr oyed by th e In spector, and th e expen se of such action shall be bo rne by bhe ow ner. o compen sation shall b e all owed fo r any plants th at shall be destroyed. Sectio n 6. In ca se any person or perso ns refuse to exec ute the directions of t.he In specto r o r o f th e said B oard a{ ter an appeal, the Coun ty Jud ge, or Ordinary sh all, up o n complaint filed by the Insp e-cto r or any ,f.reehold er, cite t'he per so n or per so n s to appear befo re h im within three day s not ice after bein g se rved, a.nd that th e said
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Judge or Ordinary may hear and determine all these cases in vaca-

tion ; and, upon satisfa,ctory evidence, shall cause the prescribed

treatment to be executed, a nd the expense thereof and costs of court

sha ll be collected fr om the ow ner or owners of infested ~!ants.

S ec ti o n 7. It shall be unlamful to offer for sale, sell, g ive amay

or tr.a.nsport plants, scions, buds, trees, shrubs, vines or other plants,

tubers, roots, cuttings, bulbs, known to be infested with dan-gerously injurious in sects o~ ~!ant di seases. Any person or persons violating

this section s'hall upon conviction thereto be guilty of a mi sdemeanor.

S e<et ion 8. The said Boa rd of Control, its agent s or employees,

a re h ereby empow ered with authority to enter upon a.ny premise

in d ischarge of the du ties herein prescribed. Any person or persons

wh o shall obstruct or hinder them or their agents in the discharge

of these duties shall be deemed guilty of a mi sdemeanor , and, upo n

convict io n the r eof, shall be g uilty of a mi sde~ea.nor.

Section 9. The B oard shaH have ~he power to a.Jso adopt rules and

regulation s, not inconsistent with the laws a nd Constitution of t hi s

Sta te and th e United States, for preven ti ng the in ~r o dution of dan-

gerously injurious crop pests fr om without the S tate, and for the

governing of common carriers in transpo rtin g plants lia bl e to har-

bor such pests to and from the State, and such r egulati o n s sha.IJ

have the force of laws.



Section 10. It sh a.Jl be unlaw fu l for any grower, nurseryman or

corpo ra tion to sh ip withi n the State of Georgia any trees, shrubs,

cutti ngs, vines. bulbs, roots without having been previously in-

spected by ei ther a State or Expe rimen tal S tat ion Entomologist or

gove rnm ent officer. wit hin twe lve mo nth s of the date of said ship-

ment, and certificate of inspection to accompany each box or pack-

age. Vio latio n of this cla use will be co nside r ed as a mi sde m eanor.

and punis~able as such.

S ection 1 1. Be it furt her ena,cted that the members of the said

Boa rd, any two of whom sh all cons t it ute a quorum i n the absence ot'

the t hi rd, shall , within 30 days from the passa.ge of thi s act, draw

up aR d promulgate thro ug h the press of the State th e rules and reg-

ul ations necessary to car ry into fu ll and c o mpl ete effec t the pro-

visions of this Act, ca r efully defining what diseases o r maladies,

both insect and fungu s, shall constitute infestation in tll'ees or plants

wi thin the meaning and purview h ereof.

Section 12. Be it further e nacted, that any perso n or persons

residing in t he S ta.te of Georgia, dealing in o r handling trees, etc.,

shall be compeJled to have hi s or their stock inspected annually on

or before the r st of N ovembe.r each year. If, upon such inspection,

such stock is fo und to co nfo rm to the r equireme nts of the Board of

Control, the Inspector sha.JI furn is h a certificate to that effec t. And

any such pe rson o r persons making a shipment before the filing of

such ce rtifi cate with the chairman of the Board o1f Control shall be

guilty o.f a mi sdemean or.

Secti()n 13. Each and eve ry perso n residing 1n S tates o r Co un -

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tries outside of the Sta,~ e o{ Georgia, dealing in or handling trees,

plants, cuttings, vines, SJh.rubs, bulbs and roots in this State, shal'l

register his name or firm and file a copy -of his or its certificate of

inspection furnis,hed by the Entomologist, Fruit InspectCl'r or duly

authorized government officiad of his State or Count-ry, with the

Chairman of the Hoard of Control. Upon failure so to do, said

stock shall be lia.ble to confiscation under order of the Inspector.

Secti-on J4. When <bwo reputable citizen-s of any >COunty in

Georgia sha!:l notify the Board, from belief, that noxious insects or

plant diseases exist in their county, the said InS>Pector shall be di-

rected to ascertain as speedi.ly as p;ssi,ble by personal investigation,

and in !>uch other manner as he may deem expedient, the extent of

the infection, a.nd shall act with a'll due diligence to suppress anci

eradicate t>he said pests and give notice to the ow.ner, tenant or

agent of s uch premises to treat such infested plants accordiag to the

method.s he may presccibe, or destroy bhem within ten days from

date of such notice, :iind i~ after the expiration of such period of ten

days the infested plants have not been treated or the treatment has

not lbeen properly applied or is nm effectual in ridding plants of the

pests, the Inspect-or shall cause such plants to be properly treated or

destroyed as his judgment warrants. 'Dhe co.st of the work shall be



covered by execution from the owner o.f the premises.

Section 15. It sha.ll be t he duty of the lnspector to make a

monthly report o.f his work, both as Entomologist and Inspector, to

the Board of Control, a s well a,s the expenditure under this Act,

and said Board shall report annuaHy to the Governor of the State.

2. Th is act sha.Jl take effect from and a.fter it.s passage, and all

la.ws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed.


On January 18, 18<)9, the Board of Entomolo~y met in Macon, Ga., with all of ~ts members present and adopted the following rules and regul~tions:
Rules and Regulations for the Government of the State Entomologist in the Enforcement of the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, Providimg for the Cont1ol and Eradication of the Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases which Threaten the Fruit and other Agricultural Interests of the State, and for the Prevention of the Further Introduction of Dangerously Injurious Crop Pests from Without the State.
Adopted January 18, 1899.
In pursuance of an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, approved December 20, 1898, amendatory to an A<:t of Assembly approved December 21, 1897, creating a Board of Entomology, and authorizing and directing the
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same to take action for the suppression of certain hereinafter defined injurious insects and fungous diseases, and for the prevention of <the further introduction, increase and dissemination of the same; the following rules and regulations are hereby enacted and promulgated:
1. In accordance with Section II of said Act, the following insects, fungous diseases and parasitic plants are hereby dedared, individually and severally, to constitute infestation in trees and plants ; this !1st to be revised at the will of the Board of Entomology:

(1) The San Jose scale (Aspidiotus pemiciosns) (2) The New Peach scale (Diaspis amy,qdaU). (3) The Cabbage Web-Worm (Hellt~la tmdalis). (4) BJack Knot (Plow1ightia morbosa) .
(5) Peach Yellows. (6) Peach and Plum rosette. (7) Mistletoe {Phoradendton flavescens)--'fJarasite.

2. The State Entomologist is hereby charged with the



enforcement of the said act, and as inspector is directed to locate by personal investigation, correspondence and in such

orther manner as he may deem best, the above named -pests so

far as they exist in this State, and give proper directions and

rake such steps in accordance with the above cited act as he

may deem necessary to control or eradicate the same.

3 In accordance with Section 5 of the above cited act, the

State Entomologist is hereby endued with power to con-

demn and destroy any infested trees, shrubs or other plants

that in his judgment are not worthy of remedial treatment,

when such infestation is , or is likely to b~ome a menace to

t.he agricultural interests of any section of the Sta1te, or when

tihe owner or owners of infested premises s~1all refuse or neg-

lect to propeTly execute tbe treatment prescribed for him.

4 Any trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known as

nursery stock, sh ipped witllin the State of Georgia, without

each box, bundle or package in each car load, or less than

car load lot being plainly labeled with an official Entomolo-

gist's certificate to the effect that the contents of the same

have been inspected and found to meet with the requirements

of tihe Board of Entomology in accordance with Section ro of

the act cited above, shall be liable to confiscation upon the

O'!'der of the inspector.

5 Each and every box, bundle or package of trees, shrubs

and other plants -commonly know!) as nursery stock, shipped

in car load Jots, or less than car ioad lots into the State of

Georgia from any other State or country, shall be plainly

labeled with a certificate of inspection furnished by the Ento-

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morlogist, Fruit Inspector or other duly authorized official in

the State or country in which said stock was grown, and also

with the official tag o f the Georgia State Board of Entomology

'hereinafter provided for; said certificate and tar: to be valid

for only twelve months from the date they bear, in accordance

with Sections 9 and r 3 of t . e act cited above. Such ship-

ments not so labeled shall be liabl e to confiscation upo n the

order of the inspector.

6. Upon the filing of the proper certificate as above pre-

scribed [n accordance with Section 13 of said act, and upon

request of any person or persons residing in states or coun-

tries outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or handlin g

trees, slhrubs or other plants in this State, the certificate of the

satid Board of Entomology will be issued to the same with-

out charge, and official tags bearing a fac sim'ile copy of such

certificate and the seal of the State Board , will be furnished

such applicants at cost, viz: Sixty cents fo r the first Ioo or

part thereof, and twenty-fiv e cents for each additional hun-

dred.



7 No transportation compan y or common carrier shall de-

liver any box, bundle or package of trees. shrubs or other

plants commonly known as nursery stock, shipped from any

other state or country to any consignee at any station in the

State of Georgia, unless each box, bundle or packag-e is plainly

labeled with a certificate of inspection furni shed by th e offi cial

Entomologist of th e state or country in which said stock was

grown, and also with the official tag of the Georgia State

Board o f Entomology hereinabove provided for. Such ship-

ments of the nature designated above originating in the State

of Georgia, need only have the certificate of the State Ento-

mologist; and unless his certificate is attached to each and

every box, bundle or package of trees, etc., they shall not be

accepted fo r transportation.

8. Transportat ion companies shall immediately noti fy the

State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.) when by oversight, negli-

gence or otherwise, any shipment of uncertified stock is re-

ceived at any station or wharf in th e State, and it shall be his

duty to proceed as speedily as possible to investigate and dis-

pose of such stock, as provided for in the act cited above.

9 The State Entomologist shall have power to require any

nurseryman of the State to fumigate his stock with hydrocy-

anic acid gas, when in his judgment the presence of any pest

in the nursery or in the neighborhood of the nursery, war-

rants such treatment for the better protection of the a~;ricul

tuml interests of the State. Upon the failure of any indi-

V'idural, firm or corporation to comply with this requirement,

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the S.tate Entomologist is hereby authorized to withhold his certificate from the same.
10. Tlhe tate Entomologist is hereby authorized to publish in vhe form of bulletins, reports, or through the press of the State any matter pertaining to the distribution, life hi tor y, habits and treatment of insect pests and fungous diseases, or other matter that may be instructive or aiel in the suppression of suclh pests.
I r. The Board of Entomology may appoint temporary deputy inspectors when it appears to be necessary, to assist the Entomologist in the enforcement of the act cited above, and such deputy inspectors shall have full power to enter on premises and inspect and report to the State Entomologist.
12. App'eals from the decision of the Entomologist sho uld be addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga., who shall notify the appellant of the time and place o f hearincr uch appeal.
13. 'Tihe State Ento mo logist shall be secretary of the Board, and aH inquiries relative to the provisions of the above cited act and the subject matter of the sa me shou ld be addressed to him at Capitol B uilding , Atlanta, Ga.
Tlhi amendatory act creates a State Board of E ntomology, making the Department of Entomo logy a distinct department of its own operated under the directions of the Board. It is much easier of execution than the original law and affords protection to the individual who wishes to keep his premise clear of pests against a careless or obstinate neighbor whose premises may be infested. It is only ne-cessary for two rep utable Citizen o1 any county in Georgia to notify the Board that nox~ous insects or plant diseases exist in their cou nty, as provided for in section 14 of the act, and it becomes the duty of the Entomolocrist to immediately cau e the affected plants to be properly treated or destroyed, as his judgment warrants.
T11e writer wishes to urge that infested communities take the matter in hand in an organized effort to stamp out the infestation. Cases of infested or diseased premises should be reported to the Entomologist, and the organized comm unity should see that his direct-ions are properly c.arried out. The Board maintains that it would be impossJDle fo r the Entomologist to personally superintend the treatment of individual cases in a state as large as Georgia, where the interests involved are so great, and only one man to look after it all. He can only make the inspections and report his findings with the proper recommendations. If it is afterwards determined, however, that the treatment recommended has not been properly ap-
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plied, t:lhen it becomes his duty to cause such diseased premises to be properly treated and to subject the offen der to punishment, as prescribed by law.
One of the most important features of the law is the regulation o f the transportation of plants which are undoubtedly the most effectua1 medium of wide dissemination of insects and fungous diseases. Nurserymen are required to have their premises inspected and secure the Entomologist's certificate before they are allowed to ship their stock. urserymen outside of tihe State doing business in the State are required to secure the certificate of tohe Entomologist of the State or country in which their stock is grown, and file the same with the Board of Entomology; and upon this certifi,ate, if it be satisfa ctory, the Board issues to them official tags bearing its certificate, which must be used in the shipment of stock into the State.
Transportation companies are prohibited from delivering transported plants unaccompanied by the proper certificate. Tlhe transportation companies of the State have kindly expressed to the Board their intention to co-operate with it in the enforcement of the law.
It is not t:lhe purpose of the law to interfere in the least with the traffic of plants nor to prevenrt: honest nurserymen from do~ng business in this State, but rather to insure such plants from dangerous pests and to protect the industry.
Under the existing law, it is proposed to pursue the following lines of work :
I. To cont1nue the nursery inspection work, destroying all stock found actually infested with dangerous pests, and requiring fumigation whenever deemed necessary, thereby preventing tlhe fwrther dissemination of such pests from sources in this State.
2. To 1"igidly enforce the regulations governing nurserymen outside of the &ate in the shipment of stock to this State, thereby preventing the further introduction of dangerous pests so far as possible.
3 To continue the inspection and treatment of infested and diseased premises, endeavoring to suppress the pests that have already gained a foothold.
4 To conduct experiments with insectic-ides and fungi.cicles, determining the most practical and effective methods of combatting insect pests and diseases of plants.
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II. '!Dangerous )Pests )Prescribe~ b~ tbe :fl3oar~t 'Ulllttb lReme~tai Suggestions.
(1) THE SAN JOSE SCALE (A spidiotus perniciosus Comstock.)

a

CJ as I

FIG. 1. t appea

Appearance rs under han

o d

f scale on bark: lens, showmg sc

a

a, les

inf~st e d tw i in various

gs.tan~aetsu

ral of

size b, bark devel opment ,

and young larvae . (Howard and .Marlatt, Bul. No. 3, N ~ w Se ries, DiY. of En to

mology, U. S. Dept. of Agr. )

How to detect it.-This scale is very small and it is rather difficult for an ~nexpenienced eye to detect it. Roughl y speaking, it is about the size of a pinhead. Seen under a hand lens the female is dark gray in color, circular and conical in out-
liHe, and terminates at the centeT by a nipple like prominence,

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surrounded by a distinct ring. T!Le male scales are elongated and smaller, with the nipple near the anterior end. The real insect beneath the scaly covering is plump, circular in outline and yellowish. If crushed with the point of a knife tihe result is a pale yellowish liquid. The newly born young are very minute mite-like creatures, long oval in shape, with pale orange color. TI1ey are quite active in seeking a suitable spot on which to settle, and in a few hours they have anchored themselves with their beak for life ; except in the case of the males, which issue at mcut:urity with wings, and become active again .
When a tree becomes crusted over with tthese scales the bark has tihe graY'ish appearance of having been coated over with dampened ashes.
Food Plants.-The San Jose scale may be looked for upon the foHowin g plants: Peach, plum, apple, pear, apricot, cherry, quince, almonds, rose, Hawthorn, raspberry, spiraea, cotoneaster, prunus pissardii, strawberry, flowering quince, mountain ash, gooseberry, currant, flowering currant, grape, Engl1sh walnut, pecan, black wa)nut, persimmon, elm, osage orange, linden, euonymus, weeping wil~ow, Kilmarnock willow, English willow, golden willow, cotton-wood, Lombardy poplar, Carolina poplar, catalpa, sumacih, silver maple and perhaps some others.
In Georgia it has been found on the peach, plum, apple, pear, prunus pissardii, rose, Kilmarnock Willow, cotton-wood, Oarolina Poplar and a few otl:hers.
P'resent status.-This scale is now known to exi.st in about thirty counties of the State, and some of t'he most important fruit sections are involved. Tlhe wor~ of combatting it, however, has been very vigorous and it has been greatly reduced in the last twelve months. Many trees have been dug up and remedies have been freely used. Nurseries have been thoroughly inspected and infested ones cleaned up. The fum1gation of nursery stock is now being generally adopted by the nurserymen and every precaution is being taken to prevent the further spread of this dreaded pest.
T1eatment.-For nursery stock, fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas in an air-tight room is the only safe remedy; and , in fact, this treatment cannot be considered an absolute surety against the scale, since some ur.known opening in the house may allow the gas to escape before it has done its deadly work. Where trees are actually known to be infested they s-hould never be used, but should be burned. There is too great a risk in the use of infested stock, no matter, to what treatment it may have been subjected. Fumigation is a good precaution and every nurseryman should fumigate his stock,
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not only on account of the probable existence of scale in his nursery, but also on account of other insects that are usually present on nursery trees to a greater or less extent. This work of fumigat~on is accomplished by packing the trees in an ai'rtight room and subjecting them to the fumes of hydrocyanic acid for thirty-five minutes. The gas is generated by treating chemically pure potassium cyanide with ,the best grade
of commercial sulphuric acid at the rate of rt oz. of cyanide,
r:i oz. of acid and 5 oz. of water to every 150 feet of cubic space in the room.
Among the several remedies now known to be effective in orchard work, the kerosene treatment is the most useful with us. Many orchards in South Georgia have been treated with the mechanical mixtures of kerosene and water during the past winter and most excellent results have been obtained. Twenty and twenty-five per cents of oi l are the strengths we have most commonly used for winter treatment. Our experiments have shown that it is not safe to use over twenty-five per cent., and even then considerable injury wil result if the weat11er conditions are not just right. It is absolutely necessary that bright dry days should be selected for this work, otbe'fWise serious injury to the trees may be expected. If the atmosphere is not sufficiently dry to allow the oil to evaporate quickly, it will penetrate the bark and cause injury. The writer wishes to press the importance of this caution, because a number of trees were killed the past winter from neglect of it. At least two applications of the twenty or twenty-five per cent. mixture should be made during the dormant period. The first as soon as the foliage is shed in the fall and the second in the spring before the buds begin to open. For summer treatment, fifteen . per cent kerosene is as strong as we clare to use with safety. This should be applied at any time during the summer when livi ng scales are detected.
Special Kero-water sprayers are necessary to effect this treatment. These machines are so constructed that the desired percentage of kerosene can be regulated quite accurately. 11he Demjng Company, Salem, Oh io, have had these ptimps on !'he market for some time, and the Gould Manufacturing Company, Seneca Fall s, N. Y., have just recently put out an excellent "Kero-water" sprayer.
Tlhe gas l'reatment of orchard trees by means of tents has produced satisfactory results wherever properly used. On account of its expensiveness, however, only a few growers are using it in this State. Whale-oil soap, two pounds to the gallon of water, thoroughly mopped or sprayed on the trees in the dormant season is also a good remedy. One application is not sufficient to effectively check the scale. T'he treatment should be repeated two or thre<; times during the season.
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FnJczing out.-It will be of interest to mention the effect that t'he February freeze had on the San Jose scale; and, in fact, it has its bearing on the treatment of this insect. On February 28, fifteen days after the freeze, I commenced to investigate the condition of the scale in Southwest Georgia. Infested orchards were examined in nearly every section of the State where the scale exists. Making a rough estimate, I would say t'hat at least ninety per cent. of the insects were killed in every orchard examined. Where the kero-water mixture had been used on the trees very few living scales could be found and in many cases none at all. It seems that the insects that haq escaped the treatment had been so weakened by it that they were less able to resist the cold.
This freezing out of the scales at a temperature of four to eight degrees below zero, which was not ex pected, si nce the same insect withstands the greater cold o.f the more north ern iatitucles, can be accounted for by the fact that they had been awakened from their winter hibernation by the warm clays t'hat preceded the freeze. Caught in this semi-active condition, they had to succumb to the cold. Moreover, insects as well as plants in Southern latitudes are not as H10roughly protected and do not become as dormant as in the North.
The forbes scale (.Aspidiotu.s forb csi), a closely allied species to the San Jose scale, however, seems not to have been effected by t'he cold.
T'he reproductive power of the San Jose scale is so enormous, illustrated by the fact tn1at the female produces four or five young a day for a period of about six weeks after reaching maturity, that the ten per cent. that escaped the fre eze is sufficient to soon thoroughly reinfest the orchards. Tlhis small per cent., however, should be easily controlled if the prope-r steps are taken during this summer. Infested trees should be SFayed with ten or fifteen per cent. of kerosene in the early part of the summer, followed in the fall with an application of the twenty or twenty-five per cent.

(z) THE EW PEACH SCALE.
(D'iaspis amygdali Tryo n.)
c
Fro . 2. Th e New P~ach Scale: a branch cove r ed with male and fpmal e scales, natural s ize; b t... fema le scalei. c, male scale ; d . g rou p of male sc~es-e nlarged . (Howard, U. ::l. lJept. o f ,!,gr., r earbook,l894 .)
How to detect i t.-'I11is scale is readily disti nguisihed from the San Jose in that the female is a little larger, of a lighter gray color, with the elongated exuv~al point ridged and located at one side of the center, and the male is smaller, elongated, with parallel sides and white. The exuvial point is similar to that of the female , but located at tihe anteTior end. A tree badly infested has a white-washed appearance fron1 the color of the male scales. Where on ly femal es occur, however, a grayish brown appearance is produced .
It is the habit of these insects to cluster about the trunk and the lower parts of the 1arger limbs of a tree.
Tlhe original home of this insect is probably either the West Indies or Japan. From its probable West Indian origin it gets one of its popular names, ''West India" scale. It is now known to exist [n the United States, at \,Yashington, D. C.; at Los Angeles, Cal. ; in one locality in Ohio ; at Molino, Fla.; at Bainbridge, T110masvill~, Irby and Ash' urn, Genrgia. The case at Irby, Ga., involves two peach orchards; one of about 7,000 trees and the other 25,000 trees . Albout 10,000 trees have been utterly destroyed at this place by this scale.
It attacks the peach, plum, apricot, cherry, pear, grape, persimmon, and a few other plants.
T1eatment.- TI1e winter treatment for this insect is about the same as that for the San J ose scale. The females pass the
( r6)

wlinter in the mature and partially mature state, "-nd can be killed by the twenty per cent. mixture of kerosene and water, or by tlhe whale-oil soap treatment at the rate of one pound dissolved in one gallon of water. In Georgia there are three or four broods from eggs, which appear at more or less regular intervals, the first appearing about the midde o-f March, if the season is favorable. 'flhese broods should be watched for and ten per cent. kerosene or whale-oil soap at the rate of one pound to four gallons of water should be applied at the time of their appearance.
It is becoming one of the most dangerous pests with which we have to contend, perhaps equal to the San Jose scale. The most vigorous measures should be adopted for its eradication while it is yet in its incipiency.
Fortunately this scale was also almost completely frozen out by the February freeze.
(3) THE CABBAGE WEB-WORM.
(Hellula undalis Fab.-Botis rogatalis Hulst.)*
Under date o{ August 15, 1898, Mr. Geo. Maul, of Augusta, Ga., informed the writer that in August of 1897 a new enemy to ~he cabbage and other plants of the mustard family appeared in his and neighboring truck gardens in the form of a small caterpillar. He stated tihat this same insect had appeared again at the date of his letter, declaring that it was quite impossible to grow cabbages and turnips around Augusta on account of it, and urged this department to come to their rescue. Upon request, Mr. Maul sent the wr1ter alcohol specimens of the caterpillars and as the species could not be identified they were forwarded to Dr. L. 0. Howard, Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. Howard replied that it was indeed a new enemy to the mustard family and could not be identified from the larvae. Living specimens of the caterpillars were secured from which were bred several moths and forwarded , toget.1er with living larvae, to Dr. Howard. These were identified by comparison with specimens in the National Museum, by Messrs. Dyar and Chittenden, as Hellula undalis Fab., an introduced species which has been recorded from Texas.
*As this Bulletin goes to press, the writer receives Bulletin No. 19, New Series, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division ol Entomology, which contains a.n account of Hellula undalis, by Mr. . F. H. Ohittend en, simiiM in some particulars to the matter in this paper.

In a letter concerning this insect, dated November 16, Dr. Howard Wri1:es: ''Tlhere is some doubt about the Texas locality, and it is quite probable that the occurrence at Augusta,
Ga. , is the first of this species in this country. * ':' * It is
obviously a species of the greatest economic importance, as the chances are that it will spread northward and soon take rank among our most pernicious cruciferous pests, of which we already have a superfluity."
About the middle of October, r898, the writer made an inves1:igation of the ravages of tihis pest around Augusta, visiting six or eight tru ck farms. T'he turnips, cabbages, radishes and other cruciferous vegetables grow off nicely for about ten days after they come up, but within another week they are swept away by this little worm. Acres and acres are thus devastated. Some truckers planted the same piece of g-round over five times with th e same result-the loss of the whole c:rop each time. :\Jr. :VJaul planted eight pounds 0f cabbage seed in frames and carefully stretched mosquito-netting over them, 'hoping t11ereby to exclude the moths and secure a crop of cabbage plants. In spite of this precaution. the moths gained entrance and the crop was lost. Some truckers have es1:imated t11eir losses up in the thousands of dollars, but it is difficult to make a fair estimate of the damage done in Richmonel county.
Excepting the infestation in Richmond county , about Augusta, no other locality in the 1:ate is known to be infested. It is reported -that the cabbage and turnip crops about Waycross, Ga., were almost a complete failure last fall. due to some insect trouble, possibly the cabbage webworm. This is not certain, however, since no investigation has been made.
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(j~
'
I
''
FIG 3. Hellula zmdalis: a, moth; b, pupa ; c and e, larva , d orsal and lateral view; d, head of larva-at l much enlarged. (Origin~tl.)
DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT STAGES.
The eyy.- The egg is about .8 mm. in diameter, nearly pherical, slightly oblong with a sharp teat-like projection at one end and light yellow in color. The shell is thin and membranous, filled with a yellowish fluid . The embryo develops very rapidly, and a few hours before the larva issues the egg takes on a pinkish brown co lor, until finally , with t'he aid of a hand lens, the characteristic black head of the caterpillar can be seen.
The Larva. -In length the full grown worm measures about five-eighths of an inch (16 mm.) ; nearly cylindrical, with g1eatest diameter about 2.7 mm., near the midddle, tapering toward each extremity. In color it is a dul1 pinkish cream, with seven brownish purple stripes traversing the entire length of the body, excepting the head and first ~horacic segment, one on the clorsimeson and three on each side; the third or lower

latera'! one is usually somewhat indistinct. Also, a ventrimeson stripe and on each side a latero-ventral stripe of the same color can be treadily distinguished in the young larva; these fade away and almost disappear as the worm approaches maturity and the general color becomes lighter. The body bears a few hairs w'hic'h can scarcely be seen without t'he a,id of a lens. The three pairs of true legs and the five pairs of pro-legs are quite well developed.
The head is horny and polish-black, as illustnted in figure 3, d. Tlhe first thoracic segment is furnished with a black shield which is very conspicuous in tlhe young larva, but fades off into a light brown color, with broken ~ongitudinal, dark brown bars as maturity [s approached.
The Pttpa.-Tihe pupa, shown much enlarged at b, in the figure, is full five-sixteenths of an inch (8.2 mm.) long; the head and the portion showing the outlines of tlhe wings are dark fuscous, and the other portion of a lighter yellow color. Tlhe anal segment terminates with four hairs. The dark brown eyes and general outline of the moth can be quite p1ainly dist[nguished.
The Aclttlt.-The moth is figured at a, much enlarged, in the accompanying illustration. Tlhe female moth is described under the name, Botis 1ogataUs by Dt". Hulst, in the Transactions of tlhe American Entomological Society, Vol. XIII., page 149, as follows.:
Expands 19 mm. Pal pi, head, thorax and abdomen fuscous; fo~e wings 'broken fuscou.s and fuscous cinereous; bhe hasal ..spll(;e wjt,h a black spot medially, two white Jines cross the wi-ngs, tlhe fiTst extra basal ed,ged with da'l'k fuscous, outer after the typical Botis pattern; a dark bro wn spot a.nnu-lated with white at ren-i-fo.rm; a dark brown subtriangular apical patch, and a sulbterminal white line; marginal line b-la.ck, broken; hind wings, even fus,cous; benealth, lighter, lines obsolete, reniform indi,stinct.*
HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY.
The observations made on the 'habits and life 'history of this insect were conducted both in the field and in the laboratory. It should be stated, however, that on account of frequent interruptions, caused by the necessity of carrying on the fall nursery inspection work at the same time, its 1ife history could on'ly be worked out incompletely. One of the most importan t phases, the number of broods, was not determ[ned.
It is t>he purpose of the writer to make a more complete
*This technica~l descriptio-n was copied from Dr. Hulst's paper and furnished the writer through the courtesy of Dr. Howard.
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study of its life history the present season and conduct a series of experiments with insecticides for its destruction, and publ~sh the results.
As stated before, this insect was hrst observed at Augusta in Richmond county about the middle of August, 1897. It was probably introduced a year or two earlier but did not occur in sufficient numbers to attract attention. According to Dr. Howard (communicated by letter to the writer, under date of November 28), its original home is probably Southern Europe.
Its destructive work in the fall of 1897 attracted considerable attention among tihe truckers of Richmond county, but it was not expected that it would prove such a pernicious pest. In the first days of August of the follow~ng season it appeared in such vast numbers, sweeping every vestige of craciferous plants before it, that the gardeners became alarmed. Protective and remedial measures of different kinds were tried; mosquito netting was used over beds of cabbage p1ants, arsenical poisons were used on field crops, but all of no avail.
The caterpillars are first noticed in about ten nays or two weeks after the plants have come up. As many as twenty may be found on one plant. They eat out the bud or heart of t'he young plant and stop its grqwth at c t~ce. Then they gnaw t'he leaf stems and even the stalk and cut them so nearly off that tlhey break down. Roots are not attackd except in the case of turnips, where the worms occasionally gnaw into the top of tthe turnip roots.
Cabbages, turnips, radishes and collards are devoured with equal relish. O:Dher plants of the fami ly amciferae also undoubtedly furnish food for this insect. No otner plant are known to be attacked.
~ 21)

FrG. 4. A turnip plant with the bud en t en out by flellula tmdalis.
The moth deposits her eggs si ng ly o n the lower s ut~ -e of the leaves. 'fl11ese are scattered promiscuously, as indicated at e. in figure 4 Twenty to thirty eggs were observed to be depos ited by eac h of several females in the breeding cages. It is quite probable that even mo re are usuall y deposited. T1he eggs are hatched in two to three days after deposition. Eggs deposited on the under side of turnip leaves in the breeding cages, on the 5th of November, were hatched on the 8th of November. Others deposited on the 6th were hatched on the 9th. The little caterpillars are very active and immediately upon issuing they descend directly into the bud of the pl-ant, where th ey begin their destructive work. After feeding for a few hours they hegin to spin threads of sHk frrom leaf to leaf and from o ne margin of a leaf to the other. Th e smaU leaves are often partially rolled with the worms inside, by means df these threads. More often, however, they spin little web-bags against t11e leaves or leaf stems near where they
( 22)

are feeding, into which th ey hasti ly retreat when disturbed. In case they are feedi ng on turnip plants, where Vhey feed near the groun d the bag is free, touching the ground and is coated over with littl e g rain s of sand whi ch cling to the ilk threads.
Accordin g to observations mad e in the laboratory, the larvae take from twenty to twenty-five cl'ays to develop from the eggs to t'he pupa stage. 'vVo rm s that issued o n November 9th pupated from th e 1st to t'he 7th of December.
After teaching full g rowth t'h ey resort to some conve nient p1lace o n th e stem or leaf of the pl ant, or burrow beneath the sand , usually the latter, and spin a small cocoo n in which the transformation takes place. They may remain in th e cocoon for two or three days before th e pupa is completely formed. Albo ut ten or twelve clays are consumed in the pupa stage. In ihe br.eeding cages larvae that pupated from the 2 20 to the 25th of October em erged as moth s on December 1St to sth . Ot'hers that pupated December 7th em erged December 18th.
Copulation takes place in a few hours after t!he moths emerge from the pupa state. The eggs develop very rapidly and are deposited in a few hours after impregnation takes place. The mo t'hs begin to fl y in the evening after sunset, depositing their eggs on the lower surface of the leaves. They remain hidd en during th e clay, usually o n t'he under surface of leaves and und er rubbish on the gro und, wi th their wings folded in the position shown in fi g ure 4 VVhen disturbed they fl y o ff a few yard s and suddenly dart clown into a hiding place. Tlhey fl y low and in somewhat o f a darting mot ion. Tlh ey were never fo und to be feed in g, and the indica~ tions a re that they live and do their work in th e few clays of their existence without feeding, al.th ough th is point wa3 not de finitely determined. Th ose that were bred in the cages where there was no food for them copulated and laid their eggs normaHy, which would >indicate t'hat there was at least no necessity for food. As stated befo re, the number of broods was not determined ; but sin ce less than six weeks are required for the insect to complete its life cyc1e, and since the first brood appears in th e early days of August and the last or.e reaches to the 1st of D ecember, we can reasonably conclude tha:t there are at least three broods. It is higMy probable, too, that there is a July brood, which may not occur in sufficient numlbers to attract attention. Cold weather usually catches the last brood and cuts its work short. On November 29th, after a few frosts had appeared, the writer visited a truck farm near Augusta and found the caterpillars greatly reduced in numbers and very sluggish. Very little damage was done by them after November 15bh.

How they pass the winter was not determined, but as an oprinion it is suggested that they very likely hibernate as pupae.
Par-asites.-From the material brought into the laboratory was reared an Ichneumonid, which is presumably a parasite on this webworm. Dr. Howard write.> that two distinct species of parasites were bred from the material sent to his office.* Definite information concerning the natural enemies of this insect cannot yet be given. It is quite probable, however, t<hat th~s most dangerous cruciferous pest will be g reatly held in check by its parasites.
T1eat1?1-ent. -Sufficient experiments have not yet been made to authorize the recommendation of any definite course of treatment for this particular insect. T11e 'habit t'he worms have of darting back into their protecting web when disturbed precludes the use of cont;;.ct poisons. Internal poisoning can undoubtedly be effected with more or less success. The most efficacious remedy that sugge.sts itself then , perhaps, is Paris green, either suspended in water or used as a a ry powder. If used in water, four or five ounces of the poison to fifty gallons of water is the proper proportion. The mixture should be well agitated and applied with a fine spray nozz.Je. Several applications will be necessary to effect good results, the first to be made as soon as the first pair of true leaves of the plant has come out (if the insect has appeared on the premises), tlhe second in about a week after the first, and others at intervals of ten clays, as may seem necessary. It, perhaps, would not be well to use the poison within a week of the time the vegetables are to be marketed. If the poison is to be used as a powder it shou1cl be thoroughly mixed with gypsum or flour at t'he rate of one part of the poison to twenty parts of the diluent and dusted on the plant.
Some of the truckers of Richmond county used arsenical poisons last year with apparently no effect; yet we believe that if they are thoroughly app1ied and used often enough destruction of a large per cent. of the worms will result. The usual caution against the danger of carelessly handling arsenic should be observed.
The moths are readily attracted by lights. On October 17, after nightfall, the writer took a lantern out into an infested turnip fie'ld and in two minutes a dozen or more moths were flying arouna the light, which would suggest that they could
*On page 56, Bul. No. 19, tN. S.), U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Mr. F. H. Chitte.nden gives the names of cllese parasites as the Tachina fly, E:rorista piste, Walk, and the Ichneumonid, Limneria tibiator Cr.

be readily captured by trap-lantern s. Lanterns arranged over pans of K ero sene oil and placed at interva ls of say forty yards over the garden would rlo ubtless tr<tp a large number of moths before they lay their egg .
In the fall or during the winter all tra h, as weeds, old cabbage stalks and o th er debri in and around fi eld s that were infested the preYious seaso n sh o uld be raked up and burn ed and th e o verwinter ing brood will th ereb\ be reduced.
(4) BLACK K N OT. ( Plo1 cr i_qlttia, 11w1bo.~a Sch.) . ace.
FI G. 5. B lack Kn ot.- Old kno ts o n cherry t wi gs , nntura l 8i zP. (Original.)

Plums and cherries are subject to the attacks of a disease

very expressively termed "Black Knot." This disease is

American in its origin and occurs more or less abundantly

throughout the United States, but is especially prevalent in

the Eastern States, where it seems tu have first

appeared. In some sections of the East growers of plums and

cherries have been forced from time to time to abandon the

industry in consequence of the ruinous effects of .jts work.

Cases are on record showing that orchards that paid hand-

somely one year were completely destroyed the following

year or two . Cherries are little grown in Georgia, but plum

culture has become quite an extensive industry, and profita-

ble returns are realized from the marketed fruit.



Realizing the seriousness of this Black Knot fungus, the State Board of Entomology very wisely placed it in the cate-

gory of dangerously injurious pests and thereby brought it

withi1: the purview of the law. While this disease i.> not very

prevalent over the State and a general epidemic has never oc-

curred, yet it was deemed necessary to include it in the list

and take steps to hold it under control.

It has been found in quite a good many orchards in the

State, but not to any alarming extent. The more intelligent

growers are fully aware of the injuries they are liable to suffer

from its attacks, and whenever it appears on their premises

they lose no time in removing it by cutting off affected parts

or rooting up the diseased trees. Through such wise meas-

ures the disease has not been allowed to get beyond control.

How to detect it.-Some fully formed knots arc. illustrated in

figure S These are large, rough, black excresences, due to

the growth of a fungus (lllowrightia moTbosa) in the cam-

bium layer of the branches or twigs. 1'hese crusty enlarge-

ments may extend entirely around the branch or grow length-

wise on one side. The nrst swelling- usually begins in the

spring, when the sap begins to flow; it may, howe,cr, occa-

sionally be noticed in the fal'l. The first indication is a slight

enlargement, usually longitudinal, which rapidly increases in

size as the season advances. The bark is soon ruptured and

finally scaled off, exposing a yellowish brown crusty surface.

In May the fungus bears a crop of infecting ~pores on the

surface of the knot, which gives it a velvety appearance.

These spores are soon scattered by vhe wind or other natural

agencies furnishing infection for other trees and thus dissem-

inating the disease. The knot then becomes Lard and black

as fall is approached. It has not yet completed its work.

During mid-winter another crop of spores is produce~i and

scattered. These gain lodgment in the cracks and crevices of

the bark and in the forks of twigs and at the growing points,

ready to germinate and penetrate the tissues of the bark as spring opens up.
1'reatment.-The most effective method of controH~ng tbis disease is to cut out all the knots as soon as they appear and burn them. This work s.wuld be supplemented by spraying with Bordeaux (four pounds of copper sulphate and five pounds of fresh lime to fifty gallons of water). Four applications are necessary, two for the winter crop of spores and two for the summer crop. The first should he made about two weeks before the buds beg-in to open, and the second immediately before they open. The third application should be made about t'he middle of May at the time the summer crop of spores is produced, followed in about two weeks with the fourth.
All wild cherry and plum trees should be carefu'lQy watched, a~ they are frequently badly attacked , and affected parts must be cut away and burned.
(5) PBAOH YE::ULOWS.
FIG. 0. Yellows the foul'th year. (Smith, Bul. 17, Dlv. veg. Path. , U. S. Dept. A g r .)

This disease has not yet made its appearan ce in Georgia, but we have every reason to anticipate its introduction at any time, unless diseased stock is effectively excluded from the State. The probability of its introduction and the fact that it carries destruction with it have prompted the Board to place it on the black list that every precaution may be tak en to keep it beyond the bounds of the State.
It is Americai1 in its origin and has been kn ow n for about one hundred years. It is quite generally distributed over the Eastern States north of Tennessee and Ko rth Carolina. Some of the most important peach sections of the East have suffered immensely from its destructive work and in not a few cases entire orchards have been completely d~stroyed. It seems to prefer peaches, but apricots, almonds, nectarines and Japanese plum s are not free from its attacks.
How to detect it.-If the affected tree is in bearing, the fir st symptom is manifested in the premature rip ening of th e fruit, which may take place several weeks or only a few clays before th e normal season oi ripening. Premature ripening may be due to other causes, but tlhe yellows peaches bear characteristic bright-red, measly blotches over th e ski n and streaks of red through the fl esh, often reaching to the pit. Another reliable symptom is the pushing out of newly formed buds at the ends of apparently healthy twigs or water sprouts. intc short shoots with small yellowish leaves. Such buds should not normally put out until the following season. Also. the disease may cause do rmant buds on the trunk and larger limbs to pu sh in to feeble, often branched shoots, characterized by narrow stiff leaves . This stage is illustrated in fi g ure 6, showing the abnormal growth on a tree dying with t11e yellow s. Affected trees may live for tihree to five years, during which time they are gradually weakened and finally the foliage becomes yellowish or reddish in color.
The term "yellows" is somewhat misleading. Quite a ntlmber of supposed cases of yellows in this State have been reported to the writer, but upon investioa tion the yellowing of tlhe fo].iage in every case proved to be clue to t'he peach borers, drouth or som e other weakening effect on th e trees. Prem ature ripening of the fruit from similar causes has also lead many to believe their trees to be affected w1t!ll the yell ows. The absence of red spots on the skin and red streaks throu g h tJhe flesh of the fruit should serve to relieve uneasi ness in such cases.
The cause of yellows is yet undetermined , but it is definitely known that it is a disease and can be communicated from tree to tree and from orchard to orchard. Experiments have shown that it can be communicated to health y trees through buds taken from di seased trees. but the manner
( 28)

of its natural spread from tree to tree is yet unknown. It is

known, however, that from scattered cases in the orchard it

will gradually spread over the entire orchard and completely

destroy it if left unmoleste-d.

P1e~;ention.---6ince ye1lows is an incurable disease, we can

only look to preventive measures for protection .

(r) Peach trees should not be obta1nect from nurseries lo-

cated immediately in infested sections. Such stock is liable

to develop yellows .after planting out.

(2) Peach pits from affected trees should never be planted.

T1hey may reasonably be expected to convey the disease to

th young stocks.



(3) Whenever the disease appear$ in an orchard every af-

fected .tree should be rooted up and burned. Simply cutting

off affected parts is not sufficient. The virus exists in the ap-

parently 'healthy parts and would soon develop the symptoms

of yell ows. The whole tree, root and branch , must be de-

stroyed.

(6) PEACH AND PLUM ROSETTE.
FIG. 7. Rosette Induced in a seedling by inoculation. (Smith, Farmers' Bul. No. 17, Div. veg . Path ., U. 8. Dept. of Agr.)
Similar to the yeJotoows is a disease known as "Rosette" from the peculiar tufts into which the leaf buds grow on trees under the influence of the disease. It attacks peaches and plums and is quite generally distributed over the northern portion of Midl.Je Georgia, extend;ng from Augusta to the Alabama line, and from Macon to some distance north of Atlanta. The writer has quite thoroughly worked fhe State over and has never found it south of Macon nor in extreme North Georgia. It also occurs, although to a limited extent, in Eastern Kansas and in Western South Carolina. It seems to be most prevalent in Georgia, where it has been known for about twenty years. It causes the destruction of many trees annually in infested sections of this State, but the growers do not consider it with any great dread from the fact l:inat they effectively ho.Jd it under control by the destruction of all affected trees as soon as the disease appears. In some locali-
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ties, however, rosetted trees have been left .in hedges and waste places to propagate the dist~ase and cause considerable destruction to adjacent orchards.
How to detect it.-Figure 7 well i!iustrates the appearance of a tree affected witlh rosette. This clustering together o the lea.ves into rosettes usuaHy takes place in early spring and is one distinguishing charater of the disease. The foliage assumes a yellowish green or orange color, or, in case of plumtt. particularly a beautiful red color. The leaves have a straight, stiff appearance with inrol:led margins. One season is usually 1mfficient to completely kill the affected trees. In some cases, however, a tree may Eve two years, especial<ly if it is not attacked in aH parts at once; but when a tree is once attacked it never recovers.
Prevention.-The same preventive measures suggested for yellows apply also to rosette, and particularly should all diseased trees be promptly dug up and burned. Fence rows and hedges where peaches and plums are growing should be watched and affected trees destroyed. By a series of experiments, Dr. Erwin F. Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, determined that it can be communicated by bud inoculation, it being necessary, however, for the tissues of the bud and stock to un.ite before inoculation is effected. Further t'han this its manner of spread is unknown . Dr. Smith suggests tlhat possibly the disease may enter throug-h the roots* but this has not yet been proved. It is certain, 'however, that it does spread naturally and that a few affected trees left stand~ ing in an orchard will in time cause the destruction of the entire orchard. Hence the importance of rooting up diseased trees.
MISTLETOE.
( Phomdend1on flavescens.)
Nearly everyone is familiar with mistletoe. It is a shrubby plant parasitic on trees, especially oaks, elms, map! :s, willows, poplars, apples and pears. It possesses the remarkable property of firmly engrafting itself on the limbs of trees and subsisting on their juices. The stems are one and a half feet high, muc'h branched, rather thick and brittle. Tlhe leaves
*Farmers' Bulletin, No. 17, Div. Veg. Path., U. S. DepaTtment of Agriculture, page 17.
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f
are thick three-vein ed, obtuse, cun eate-obovate, smooth and

emire o rather short petioles. Th e berry is white semi-trans-

parent nd has a viscous pulp ad11ering to the limb or branch

wi~h hich it comes in contact until it strikes root.

T 1s parasite feed s on the juices of th e tree upon which it

is owing and draws heavily upon its vitality. On germ ina-

ti <{n it sends out numerous rootlets which penetrate the cortex

pf t'he host and even enter the wood with which they form

an intimate connection. This causes local death and a hurt-

/ ful jnfiuence throughout the plant. At the point of attack

I

a distorted , swollen appearance is presented, due to the drying of the tissues and ~he process of r epairing. Trees are so weakened by mi stletoe that they .are very much stunted in
growth and in the course of time die limb by limb. It is com-

mo n all over the State and is especially destructive to the

shade trees in many of our cities. The Board placed it on

t'he list of injurious pests that steps might be taken to check

its destructive work on the shade trees of the cities. The

shade trees of Augusta particularly have suffered from this

pest, and many of t11 em are gradually dying from its weaken-

ing influence, together with the attacks of some scale insects.

At the time of thi s writing bhe writer receives a communica-

tion from the Civic League, of Augusta, ask1ng for a treat-

ment for tthe shade trees of that city against mistletoe and

scale insects. Apple and pear trees are also hosts for this

paras ite, but because of the more thorough course of prun-

ing and better treatment otherwise given them than is usually

given shade trees they do not suffer so severely from its at-

tacks.

'l'teatment.-Mistletoe can be quite effectively controlled by

keeping it cut off. Where it appears on the smaller branches

they should be pruned off and the bunches occurring on large

limbs should be chipped out. This can be clone in the fall

or early winte r, and the plant should never be allowed to re-

main on the trees until the fruit ['ipens. The berries scatter

and the pulp being viscous they adhere to whatever they

touch. Birds, particularly the thrush, feed on the berries and

are effective agencies in disseminating the seed, especially in

wiping their bills on limbs and thus leaving berries that have

adhered to them .

In conclusion, I wish to acknowledge, with pleasure, the

valuable services of Miss Mamie Griggs in producing th e

drawings for figure~ 3, 4 and S

( 32)

GEORGIA

Jan. 15, 190

~ STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOG
.I
ATLANTA, GA.
/ ;!
----- - -
Sp'ring Treatment of Orchards Infested With the .Srin Jose. seal

By W. M. SCOTT, State Entomologist.

a
[ f? ig. r. Appeara nce of th e sc al e on bark: a, infe te d twig , natura l iz e ; b, bar. as it app ea r s und e r hand lens, s h o win~ scal e in var iou s tages o f d eve lopm e nt , a n young larvae. (Howard and Marlatt , Bul. No.3, New S e ri es Div. of Entom o logy, : S. D ept. of Agriculture.
Throagh correspondence and personal visits all of the fruit growers o eorgia that our records show to have trees infested with the San Jo scale have been given instructions upon the means of controlling it ; bu unfortunately some fruit growers are prone to procrastinate and mid-winte has found a number of infested orchards yet unsprayed. The line of treat 'ment that I ha ve insisted upon calls for two winter applications, one im

tediately a fter the foliage is shed and the other in late winter or spring be>re the trees bloom.

It should be remembered that sprayinR can be 'done without injury to he trees only in fair weather, and during the .winter the number of days .titable for spraying is quite limited. Hence the importance of beginning peration in the fall. If spraying is delayed until spring, weather condions usually make it impractible to get over a large orchard with two aplications, and in some orchards last year the trees were blooming before he first spraying had been completed. After the trees begin to bloom pray ing mt:ist cease until the crop is gathered. To spray trees in bloom 1eans destruction to the crop ; to spray trees in fruit means a kerosene lavor for the fruit ; to neglect the treatment of a peach or plum orchard :>r two years means the partial or entire destruction of the orchard ; to uccess full~ control the San Jose scale means the application of all the nergy and enterprise the fruit growers can muster.

\Ve have had an unusually mild winter and the San Jose scale bas been reed ing on warm days throughout the winter up to the present . In this espect the weather has been most favorable for the destruction of the scale. .Vhen breeding and in an active condition the scale is ~ore susceptible to reatment than when in a dormant condition. Do not delay treatment onger ; utilize every favorable day in the fight for the mastery of thi s pest mtil your infested orchards have been tborougly sprayed.

Many of the growers have already completed the first winter spraying md it will be necessary to repeat the application only in orchards that are >adly infested throughout. In orchards where the infestation is apparently imited to small areas all trees that show the presence of scale should recehe :he second application , while the general treatment of the orchard may be imited to one application. It is a mistake, however, to attempt to select tnd spray the infested trees and entirely omit the general treatment of the >rchard. It is an equal mistake to attempt the eradication of a case of scale :rom an orchard by destroying all trees that show the presence of the scale, >mitting those that are apparently free. No manner of inspection will reveal all the infested trees in a large orchard.

While it must be admitted that the San Jose scale in a permanency in

Georgia, there is no longer any doubt that it can be successfully centrolled

without menacing the profitable production of fruit to any large extent.

Our experience during the past three years ha3 shown conclusively that this

pest will yield to proper treatment and that infested orchards can be kept

in fair condition. The records of this Department show that orchards con-

taining ten to fifty thousand trees badly infested with scale three ye-ers ago

are now in good condition. It required thorough work to preserve these

orchaqls but' the results have fully justified the efforts. It is true that a

very sm,al( l?er cent. of the trees referred to have died from the combined

effect or' the' scale and the severe treatment, but this has only slightly dis-

, II

'

I

I

figured the orchards without causing any appreciable loss.

/I t

:1: I

,

Directions for treating scale infested orchards have been repeatedly placed in the hands of our fruit growers, but it will hardly be out of place to give them here with particular reference to spring work.
Digging up Infested Tree.s.-A newly established case of scale in a neighborhood formerly free may be exterminated by the destruction of all trees involved. By such heroic treatment a neighborhood may be freed from this pest, provided it is discovered and the trees destroyed within a few months after its introduction. Aside from cases of recent and limited in festation the di gging up method is resorted to only where there is strong hope of preveating or. delaying the spread of the scale to neighboring o rchards. By a prompt destruction of a few hundred trees under certain conditions the progress of the scale may be materially checked a nd its pread over ~n important fruit section delayed two or three years. U nder any circumstances all trees in a dying condition and beyond recovery should be dug up.
The K e1o8ene- Wc~ter Tl'e(ttlnent.-After repeated experiments with various s ubstances, t:onsidering cost, danger of injury to the trees and fruit buds, and effectiveness against the scale, we have found that the kerosene-water treatment gives the most satisfactory results. For the application of this remedy is required a spray pump specially fitted to mechanically mix kerosene.aod water in the.act of spraying. These machines are so constructed t hat the desired percentage of kerosene can be regulated quite accurately .
The Goulds " Kero-Water" pump, made by the Goulds Mfg. Co.,
* Seneca Falls, N. Y. , has given general satisfaction with us and has proved
more reliable than other pumps tested. During the winter of 1898-gg, upon my recommendation , a 25 per cent .
strength of kerosene was generally used in the State, and while the results were in the main satisfactory, careful experiments showed that a 20 per cent. strength accomplished about the same results against the scale and was attended with less danger of injury to the trees. For two years, therefore, we h ave been using the 20 per cent. kerosene-water mixture as a winter treatment. As stated above, an infested orchard should receive at least one annual application and in bad cases two applications during the course of the winter are required to bring the scale under control. The sprayil}g may be C.one at any time during the winter, but one should begin in time to finish the work before the trees begin to bloom. If two applications are to b~: made, it is a good practice to make the first early in the fall as soon as the foli age is shed. At that time in this climate the insects are still in an active condition and mnchtnore readily destroyed than later when they become dormant. It is true that the danger of injury to the trees is less in late winter or spring, but I have never observed any particular damage from fall
praying. The mixture should be applied in a fine mist and every portion of the
*These spray pumps are now kept in stock by th e Mallary Mill Supply Co ., Macon, Ga.

jnfested tree should be moistened from the ground to th'~ tips of the -twigs , but care should be taken not to allow the mixture to run down the trunk and collect about the base of the tree. It should always be borne in mind that an excess of the mixture applied to a tree will in many cases produce death, particularl y to peaches and plums. Th e usual caution to a\oid spraying on damp and cloudy clays should be observed ; neither should spray ing be continued in the evening after sunset. The conditions s,hould always be favorable to a rapirl evaporation of the kerosene, else injury t the tn'es may result .
For summer treatment a roper cent. strength of kerosene with water is recommended . This is very useful to check the progress of the scale i an orchard that has not formerly been properly treated , until a winter appli cation can be made. A particularly favorable time for its application tc peach and plum trees is immediatel y after the crop is gathered. The scalt is then about at its maximum breeding rate and the application will largely destroy the young larvae and the breeding females. Not over ro per cent. kerosene should be used, and the leaves should not be left dripping. In om experiments with this remedy it was noted that, notwith standing g reat care some of the peach leaves were scorched around the margins and ''shot h oled " ; but this sli g ht injury apparently ctid not result in permanent clam age to the trees.
The Orude- Pd1 olemn 'lieatmenl.---'Crn de petroleum ca n be substi tttted for the refi ned oil in the spring treatment of the San J ose scale. It shoul c be applied in mecha nical mixture \\< ith water in exactly the same way ai k erosene is used and with the same cautions. In our experiments with thi ~ su bstance it was quite definitely determined that a 25 per cent. strengtl was safe to use on peach a nd plum trees a nd that the crude petroleum wa: even more effecti ve against the scale than the same streng th of the refinec k erosene. The pure crude oil and mi x tures of a streng th g reater thad 5 per cent. either killed or severely injured all trees sprayed. It was no found necessary, h owever , to u ~e over 25 per cent. to destroy the scale . Th1 oil remains on the sprayed tree t wo or three momhs and evident!) prevents the young insects from attaching themselves to the bark. It, therefore , acts as a preventive as well as a curative.
Only peach and plum trees were used in the experim en t and the applica ti ons were made early in March, rgoo before the trees bloomed. The experiment was continued through the summer and fall, but the results do not warr ant the recommendation of even a small percentage of crude oil on peach foliage Trees sprayed in Jul y with a roper cent. st reng th were considerably damaged. The result of our fall and early winter applications are not favorab l ~. I ca n , therefore, commend the u se of crude petroleum on peach and plum trees only for late winter and spring. It should be explained, however , that there are many different forms of crude petroleum and while one article might damage a tree another used under the same conditions would not. The lighter paraffin oils are to be recommended in preference to the heayier
oils.

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomologyt
BULLETIN NO. 3, JULY, 1901.
I NSPECTION AND C ERTIFICATION OF NURSERY S TOCK.
BY
vV. M. SCOTT.

C APITOL B UILDING,

ATLANTA , GA.

Georgia State Board of Entomology.
1
0. B. STEVENS, Chairman, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta.
P. J. BERCKMANS , Pres. of State Hortkultural Society,
Augusta. ]. POPE BROWN, .. . ... .. Pres. of State Agricultural Society,
H awkinsville. W. M. SCOTT, . ..... .... Entomologist and Sec. of tbe Board,
Atlanta. W. F. FISKE, .. . .. . ...... .... ... ... Assistant Entomologist,
Atlanta.

To the Honorable Board of Entomology of th e State of Georgia.

Sirs: I have the honor to submi t the accompanying manu-

script for publication and distribution in accordance with an Act of the Gen ~ ral Assembly of Georg ia. approved December 20, 1898.

This proposed publication seeks to clear up apparent confus-

ion among the nurserymen, particularly those in other States

doing busin ess in Georg ia, concerning th e requirements of the

law and rules and regulati ons of the board governing the inspec-

t ion and tran sportation of nursery stock and to show our position

with regard to the enforcement of the same. Last year some

trouble was encountered with outside nurserymen and it is hoped

that, our position being understood, such trouble will not recur.

It is thought proper to place th e instructions to the Georgia

nurserymen and to those outside of the State under the same

cover, so that there may be a mutual understanding as to what

is required of each.

Very respectfully.

w . M. S COTT,

S tate Entomologist.

I. 1'o GEO RGIA Nu RSERYMEN.

The law governing the in spection and certification of nursery

stock prescribes that the annual in spect ion of nurseri es shall be

completed on or before November rst of each year; but the execu-

tion of the Act, as concern s the detail of the work, is left largely

to the di scretion of the entomologist. The time of the inspection

last yea r was, from necessity, extended through the month of

November and, indeed, a few unimportant inspection s were made

as late as December. The recent addition of an assistant to the

working fo rce wi ll greatly facilitate the work in the future, and

the i"n spection this season will doubtless be completed within the

prescribed time.



The regular in spection work is not begun until A ugust 15th,

but th e business methods of a few nurserymen require an earlier

inspection, and in such cases the inspections may be made as early

as the first of July. An in spection made before the I 5th of Aug-

ust, however, must be supplemented by another later in the season.

The reason for delaying the work as late in the season as prac-

ticable is apparent when the life hi story and habits of the San

J ose scale are considered, this being the principal pest for which

the inspection is made. In this climate the scale is breeding and

is capable of being communicated to th e nursery, certainly as late

as ovember. A certificate issued upon an early inspection,

therefore, would give littl e or no assurance of the absence of

scale from th e nursery, particularly where it is located in an in

fested neighborhood. lVIoreover, June buclcled peach trees will

not have made suffi cient g rowth to admit of a satisfactory in-

spection before October. It is cl ear, too, that insect injuries and

disease effects are more conspicuous near the close of the grow-

ing se.ason.

A certificate at best does not give unqualifi ed ev idence of the

entire absence of serious ly injurious in sects and diseases. It is

prop_osd . therefore, to make the inspections under the most favor-

ab le conditions and to make supplemental inspections after the

stock is dug, vvherever the surroundings are such as to cause sus-

picion. As compl ete an assurance as possible of the cleanliness of

the stock is thus obtained, and it is hoped that there may be estab-

li shed, thereby, a confidence in the products of the Georgia nurs-

eries equally advantageous to the nurserymen and orchardists.

Some nurserymen have a careless habit of leaving old, unsalable

stock heeled in on their yards from yea r to year. This practice

affords a harboring place for in sects and diseases and we strongly.

condemn it. A case in point: Last year the writer found San

Jose scale in a bunch of old stock heeled in on the yard of one of

our nurserymen ; and , althoug h no scale could be found in the

nursery blocks, the regular certificate could not be issued to the

J

5

owner. Wherever such conditions are found our certificate will

be withheld until they are corrected.

Aside from the San Jose scale the following are on the Board's

list of dat_1gerously injurious pests: The New Peach Scale, Black

Knot, Peach Ye!lows, Peach and Plum Rosette. None of these

have yet been found in any of the nurseries, but with the exception

of the Yeltows they all occur in the State to a slight extent and

are cardully looked for when the inspections are made.

Last year sevet1ty nurseries were inspected, four of which were

found infested with San Jose scale and from the owners of which

the regular inspection certificate was withheld. ' It should be

clearly understood here that no nurseryman whose premises are

found infested can obtain the regular certificate. A nurseryman,

a portion of whose premises is infested, but in such a manner as

not to endanger th e remainder, may be given a special certificate;

provided, however, that all stock growing in the infested portiori

shall be destroyed and the remainder fumigated under our per-

sonal supervision. Likewise, where a nursery is located in a scale

infested neighborhood, even th ough no scale can be found on the

nursery grounds, fumigation will be required and a certificate will

be given to the owner of such a nursery only upon the conditions

expressed in writing that he will fumigate every plant before it is

sent out. This requirement is based upon the following rule of

the rules and regulations adopted by the Board of Entomology,

January 18, I8C)9:



RULE 9.-The State Entomologist shall have power to r eq uire any nur-

seryman of the State to fumigate his stock with hydrocyan ic acid gas,

when in hi s judgment the presence of any pest in the nursery or in the

neighborhood of the nursery warrants such treatment for the better pro-

tection of the agricultural interests of the State. Upon failure of any

individual, firm or corporation to comply with this requirement, the State

Entomologist is hereby authorized to withhold his certifimtte from the

same.

Some of our nurserymen, even though not compelled to meet

the above requirement, have voluntari)y adopted the plan of fumi-

gating all stock (including buds and grafts) grown or handled by

them. We most urgently advise all nurserymen to adopt this

plan, not only as a precaution against the San Jose scale, but to

destroy the Woolly Aphis and other injurious insects liable to be

conveyed on nursery stock.



Th e State of Virginia has placed the official ban upon the

Woolly Aphis and Crown Gall, and other States are bringing

gradual pressure to bear for the reduction of these pests. 'I'he

regulations of our State Board make no provisions for the disposi-

tion of stock infested with the Woolly Aphis or Crown Gall, leav-

ing it to the discretion of the inspector.

Our own observations in the orchards of the State show these

agencies to be seriously injurious. either producing death or

greatly retarding growth of affected trees. For some time it has

been a question as to what action should be taken with regard

to these troubles, and so far nurserymen have onl.y been requested

to withhold from the market all affected stock. In the future we

6
FtG . 1.-vVoo ll y a phi s (Sdtizonenra lmzigera ). a, Agamic female; b, lana ) lo use; c, pupa; d, win ge d fe mal e with antenna en larged above; a ll grea tly en lar ge d and with wax y exc re ti o n removed. (Marlatt, Circ . No. 20, sec. s., Div. of Ent., U.S. Dept. of Agr.)
FIG. 2.-vVoo ll y aphis (Sclzizonema lanigera) . a, Roo t of young tree illus trat ing de formation; b, section of r oo t wi t h ap h ides c lu s tered ove r it; c, root l o u ~e, fe mal e-a a nd b, natural s iz e ; c, much e nlarged. (Marlatt, Circ, No, ~o , sec, s ., Di v. o f Ent . , U . S . Dept. of Agr .)

Fw. 3.-Crown -Gall (Dendroplwgns g lobosns T o um ey ). r , ga ll o n M a riana Plum c u tt ing ; 2 , g all a t c rown a nd o n r oo t o f El be rta P each ; 3 , ga ll on P each induced by p lant.in g di seased M a riana Plum in ju x la p os iu o n ; 4 ~!;a ll induced by inocul a tion . (A , L. Q;tainta nce , photo. , Proc . 24th Ann. Me e tin g
Ga. St. Hort. Soc).

8

will require the destruction of plants visibly infected with Crown Gall, and all apple trees sufficiently infested with the Woolly Aph is to show knots on the roots. In cases of slight infestation by the vVoolly Aphis only fumigation or whale oil soap treatment will be required.
At the time of the regular inspection it will not be possible to determine the extent of these pests in the nurseries, as the roots will not then be exposed and only a few trees in each block can be pulled up for examination. Then, after all , we must depend largely upon the honesty and integrity of the nurserymen for the enforcement of our instructions. In this connection it should be stated that we have had the hearty co-operation of the Georgia nurserymen in our work and it is largely clue to them that the law has been successfu lly executed.
In addition to fruit trees the following, if offered for sale, are cia. sed as nursery stock and are subject to the regulations governing the inspection and transportation of the same : Stra wherry plants, vines, ornamental trees and shrubs, and g reenhouse plants (not including cut-flowers).
The following is the form of the certificate isstied to nurserymen whose premises conform to the requirements of the Board:

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

ATLANTA, GA.

OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE.

No.

To WHoM IT MAY CoNCERN:
This is to certify that in accordance with an Act of Assembly approved December 20, I 898. I have on the ............ . days of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . made an in spection of the nurseries of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at .. ... .... . . .. . .and that I found the stock in the. e nurseries apparently free from the San Jose scale and all other insects and diseases of a seriously injurious nature . .. . . ... ......... . . . .. ... . ..... .. .. . .... . . . . .

This Certificate is to cover only stock grown in the abovenamed nurseries, and becomes invalid twelve months from date.

State Entomologist.

When it' is desi red to use this certificate on stock other than that grown by the nurseryman to whom it was issued, it may be so used provided such tock is already covered by our State Certificate or the official tag of the Board issued to nurserymen outside of the State.
The regular in spection certificate must not be used by dealers in nursery stock who are not themselves growers. Buyi ng and re-selling plants is certainly a legitimate b~tsiness and we have

made provision whereby dealers may readily comply with the law. The dealer must furnish this office with the names of all th e nurserymen from whom he proposes to purchase stock, and if our records show that all of them have met with the requirements of the Board, a certificate to that effect will be granted. Also wherever practicable the stock handled by dealers will be re-inspected.
All nursery stock offered for transportation must be plainly labeled with the official inspection certificate in accordarice with the following rule of the Board :
RULE 4.-Any trees, sh1u b or other plants commonly known a nursery stock, shipped within the State of Georgia, without each box, bundle or package (in each car load, or less t han car load lot) being plainly labeled with an official Entomologist's certifi cate to t he effect th at the contents of the same have been inspected a nd fo und to meet with th e requirements of the Board of Entomology, in accordance wi t h section 10 of the act cited above, sha ll be liable to con fiscation upon the order of the inspector.
Any nurseryman upon application to this office, with dimensions of his fumigating house, will be furnished the formula and full in structions for fumigating. when desi red, if necessary, we,.. will personall y superintend the beginning of the work.
The formula that we have adopted is 1 ounce of potassium cyanide {98-99 per cent) , I r-4 ounces of commercial sulphuric acid, 3 ounces of water to every roo cubic feet of space in the room ; time of exposure so minutes. Ou r experiments have shown that the time may be extended to one hour without danger of injury to dormant trees.
W e wish to give notice here that all fumigating houses should be placed in order for approval at the time of nursery inspection.
So far as possible the nurseries will be taken up systematically with respect to location, in order to avoid traveling over the same ground more than once. It is h~ped that demands for early inspections will not materially interfere with this plan; but when for any good reason, a certificate is desired in advance of our schedule we will arrange for an earli er inspection.
II. To NuRSERYMEN OF OTHER STATES AND CouNTRIES DorNG
BusrNESS IN GEORGIA.
Although the present regulations governing the transportation of nursery stock from other States and countries into Georgia / have been in force since January, 1899, there still remains some confusion as to thei r provisions. Every year considerable troubfe arises in the enforcement of our law, which usually results in delay in th e delivery of the stock involved, if not total loss of the same. We make no attempt to quarantine against healthy nursery stock grown in other States, but on the contrary we in vite legitimate trade from outside nurserymen and only ask that they comply with the simple provisions of our State law.
O ur position can best be explained by quoting Section 13 of the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved December 20, r8g8, and rules 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of the rules and regulations of

io
the Georgia State Board of E ntomology adopted under that Act:
SECTION 13.-Each a nd eve ry person residng in sta.tes or countries .out side of the State of Georg ia, deal ing in or hand ling tree~, plant.s, cu ttmgs, vines, shru bs, bulbs a nd roots in this tate, s hall reg1ster Iu s na me or
firm and fil e a copy of hi s or its certifi cate of inspection furnished by t?e
E ntomologist, Fruit Ins pector or other duly a uthorized government offic1a l of hi s State or County, with the Cha irm a n ef the Board of Control. Upon failure so to do, said stock s ha ll be liable to confi scation und er order of the J nspecto r.
RTJI"E 5. -Each and every box, bundle, or package of t rees, shrubs and other plants commonly known as 1m rsery stock, shipped in car load lots or less than ca r load lots, into the State of Georgia from any other State or Country, sha ll be plainly labe led with a cer tificate of inspection fur ni shed by the Entomo legist, Fr uit I nspector e r other duly a ut horized of fi cial in th e State or Cou nt ry in whi ch sa id stock was g rown, and al so with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomo logy henafter . provided fer; said cer tificate ami tag to be va lid for onl y twelve month s from the date they bear, in acco rda nce with Section D and 13 of the Act cited ahove. Such shipments not so labe led shall be liable to confiscation u pon the orde r of the Inspector.
RULE G.-Upon the filing of the proper cer t ifica.te as abo,e prescribed in arc01dance with Section 13 of said Act, and upon r equest of a ny person or pP-rsons re. idng in State or Countries out ide of the State of Geo rgia, dea ling in or hand ling t rees, shrubs e r other plant in thi s State, t he cer t ifi cate of the said Boanl of Entomology wi ll be issued to the same wi th out chargP, a nd officia l tags bearing a few simile copy of such ccrti ti cate a nd the seal of t he State Board, will br furni shed such app li ca nts at cost, viz.: Sixty rents for the fir st hundred or part thereof a nd twentyfive cents fe1 each additiona l hundred.
RULE 7.-No tran sportation co mpany or common carrier sha ll deli ver a ny box, bund le or package of trees, shrub OT other plants com mon ly kn ow11 as nnrsery stock, shipped from any other State er Coun try to a ny consignee at any station in the tate of Georgia, unless each box, bundle or packagC' is plainly labeled with a certifi cute of inspection furnished by the officia l E ntomologi t of the State or Country in wh ich said stock was g rown, a nd a lso with t he offi cia l tag of t he Geo rg ia State Board of Ento mology here in above provided fer.
RULE B.-Transportation companies sha ll immediately notify the State Entomologis t (A tlauta, Ga.) when by ove rsight, negligence or otherwise, any shi pment of uncertifi ed stock is r eceh ed at any s tation or wharf in the s.tate, and i~ slmll be hi s duty to proceed as speedily as possible to inves t1gate and d1 sposc of such stock, as provided for in the Act cited above.
Guided by rufes 7 and 8, the transportation companies of the State have greatly assisted us in the enforcement of the law. It is clear that shipm ents of uncertified stock could not be readily detected without the co-operation of these compan ies, and we take occasion here to acknowledge our obligation to them. In addition to this, however, during the shi pping season we make personal visits to th e principal distributing points for the purpose of inspecting nursery stock entering the State; also, voluntary assistance is rendered by members of the S tate Horticultural Society, who report any suspicious shipments that may come un der their observation. With onr forces thus organi zed, failure on the part of any nurseryman to observe the law wi ll u ually be detected. We hope, however, that upon a better understanding of our position, further trouble of this nature may be avoided.

1 r

The official tag provided for in the rules quoted above reads substantially as follows:

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY. ATLANTA, GA., . . .... . ........ .

OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE.

No...

To WHOM IT MAY CoNCERN:

This is to certify that the certificate of . . ..... . .. . ... Inspector for th e State of .... .. .. . . . ... has been filed with the Georgia State Board of Entomology, stating that the nursery stock grown in the nurseries of ................ at .......... was inspected on .. . .... .. ...... .. . and found to con form with the requirements of this Board.
This certificate is invalid after .................... .

State Entomologist.
We make this tag valid for twelve months from the date of inspection, as shown in the certificate upon which it is based, unless the certificate is limited to less than twelve months, in which case our tag is given the same limit. It is intended, however, that these tags shall cover only the fall shipments of the current year and the following spring shipments.
It is our policy to accept, without discrimination, certificates of other States issued by authorities legally constitnted for that purpose, as a basis for the official tag of the Board; but we reserve the rig-ht to withhold the tag from any mirseryman who is known to be hand.iing diseased or infested stock, even though he holds a clean certificate. A case in point: In the spring of 1900 a nurseryman shipped into this State stock infested with San Jose scale under his State certificate and our tag. In due season again he filed his renewed certificate in this office with application for official tags to cover the follow ing fall and spring shipping season. We refused to issue the tags upon the ground that the applicant had sent out scale infested stock from his nursery in the early part of the same year. Not being satisfied with our ruling, he unfortunately undertook to fill his Georgia orders without tags; and not until we had destroyed some 30,000 trees for him was he convinced that our law was effective. V.fe hasten to explain, however, that these trees were examined and found to be infested with San Jose scale before they were destroyed, and that whenever by oversight the tag has been omitted from a shipment which proves, upon inspection, to be in good condition it '~ill ordinarily be released.
The owner of the trees destroyed, in the case cited above, proposed to bring suit to recover damages and we submittetl the case to the Attorney-General of Georgia, who rendered the follow ing decision:

..
12
STATE OF GEORGIA,
ATTORNEY-GENERAL'S OFFICE,
ATLANTA, GA., ov. 12, 1900.
Mr. W. M. Scott, State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga. DEAR SIR :-Replying to your request of this elate will say that
under the Act creating the State Boarcl ,of Entomology, approved December 20, 1898, and the rules and regulations of the Board adopted in accordance therewith, the State Entomologist has authority to confiscate any and all nursery stock that may be shipped into this State unaccompanied by an inspection certificate and the official tag of the Board, even should such stock be not infested with dangerously injuri ous insects or diseases ; and that he is authorized and it is his duty to destroy any and all nursery stock shipped into the State which is infested with the San Jose scale or other dangerously injurious insects, or infected with dangerously injurious plant diseases, without reference as to whether or not such stock is covered with an inspection certificate and the official tag of the Board. Yours very truly,
J. M. TERRELL, A ttorney-General.
Whenever it is found that our tags are being used upon stock. infested with dang e?'ous/y injurious pests, th ey will be recalled from the grower of such stock or canceled by publicity.
For reasons explained in Part I. of this bulletin (which see), certificates issued upon in spections made prior to July I st of each current year can not be accepted. Either the original certificate or a duplicate copy is desired. The nurseryman's printed copy will not be accepted.
For our position upon such troubles as the Woolly Aphis arid Crown Gall we refer you to Part I, which gives the requirements placed upon the Georgia nurserymen, and so far as practicable we , expect these requirem ents to apply to outside nurserymen doing busin ess in Georgia.
\Vith a few exceptions our relations with outside nurserymen have been of the most pleasant nature and we wish to assure them that, \ithin the bounds of the law, we always stand ready to facilitate th eir trade in Georgia.

' '!
GEORGIA
BULLETIN No. 4, SEPTEMBER, 1902
Winter Treatment of San jose Scale in the Light of Recent Experimet;Its
BY
w. M. SCOTT AND w . F. FISKE
COM PLIME NTS OF TliE AUTHORS.
ATLANTA, GA. GEO. W. HARRISON, State Printer (?-'he Franklin Printing and Publlsh!ng Co.)
1002

GEORGIA
State Board of Entomology
BULLETIN No. 4, SEPTEMBER, 1902
Winter Treatment of San j ose Scale in the Light of Recent Experiments
BY
: w. M. SCOTT AND w . F. FISKE
ATLANTA, GA . GEo. W. HARRISON, State Printer (The Franklin Printing a.nd Publishing Co.)
1902

Georgia State Board of Entomology.
ORGANIZATION.
0 . B. STEVENS, Chairman .. . . . .Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta . P . J. BERCKMANS . . .P resident of Sta te Horticultural Socie ty, Augusta . DUDLEY M. HUGHES, President of.State Agricultural Socie ty, Danville . W. M. SCOTT . . . . .. .. Entomologist and Secretary of the Boa rd , Atlan ta . W. F. FISKE ... . . . . .... .... .. .. . . .. . .. . As is tan t En tomol ogist, Atlanta..

To the Honomble Board of Entomology of the State of Georgia:
SIRs :-I have the honor to submit the accompanying manuscript for publication and distribution in accordance with an Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved December 20, 1898.
The subject-matter consists principally of the results of a series of experiments with remedies for the San Jose scale, carried out during the past winter at Marshallville and Fort Valley, Ga., to which are appended directions for the prepamtion of the insecticiadal substances mentioned and recommendations for the treatment of infested orchards.
The San Jose sca le continues to be the most serious insect enemy of the peacb in Georgia, and it is hoped that by means of the experiments begnn last winter, any doubts now existing as to the best and Eafest treatment for infested orchards will be definitely settled.
Very respectfully,
W. M. ScoTT,
State Entoruolugist. Atlanta, Ga ., September 1, 1902.

'.

WINTER TREATMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE I THE LIGHT OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS.
BY W. M . SCOTT AND W . F. FISKE .
INTRODUCTION.
Since the discovery of the San Jose scale in the East many experiments have been made in search of a satisfactory remedy for it and practically every substance that, from the nature of the insect, gave promise of relief has been te'3ted in one form or another. The question of treatment for nursery stock, or other plants that could be conveniPntly brought into an enclosure was early settled, hydrocyanic acid gas proving q uite efficient; but the struggle for a remedy that would give entire satisfactio n in the treatment of infested orchards has continued and it cannot yet be said that the desired end in all particulars has been reached. The great desideratum has been to make an application that would effectually destroy the scale insects without damaging the trees or endangering the fruit crop. The susceptibility of such plants as the peach to injury from applications of a sufficient strength to kill th e scale, and the difficulty with which protected portions of a tree are reached, have made this an almost insurmountable problem.
Unfortunately the results obtained by workers i~ different sections of the country conflict to such a degree as to usuall y restrict their application to limited areas. This has necessitated a multiplicity of experiments, in order to determine what remedy is best suited to particular sections. The variability in results has perhaps been greater from the use of petroleum oils than from any other substance. Applications of oils in different localities of the same State have produced conflicting results. Even individual trees in the same orchard are oftentimes affected differently.
The reason for this is not altogether clear, but it is highly prob-

BuLLETIN No. 4.
able that the physiological condition of the plants, as weH as tbat of tbe insects, would afford at least a partial explanation. More~ver, there is frequently a difference in the composition of what is supposed to be the same insecticide obtained from different sources. There are probably no two localities that furnish petroleum iden""' tical in chemical composition, and even the oil from one well may not always remain constant in this respect. It would appear therefore that the services of both a physiologist and a chemist are greatly needed to assist in the solution of the problem at hand.
For several years the petroleum oils have taken the lead as a Femedy for the San Jose scale in the East, and they have perhaps been more extensively used in Georgia than in any other State, more ~han half a million trees having been sprayed with oils here during last winter alone. The results from the use of both kerosene and crude oil, in this State, have been satisfactory upon the whole, but occasional damage to the treated trees, as well as lack ~f effect against the scale, has resulted from applications of the recommended 20 per cent. strength. In most cases, however, these adverse results are traceable to defects in the pumps, carelessness of the operators in making 1.he application, or other causes more or less within the power of the orchardist to control.
Perhaps whale-oil soap, though varying greatly in its effect upon both the scale insects and the fruit buds in different sections, has given more uniform results the country over than any other substance used. For a few years it was the accepted remedy in many sections, and is still given the preference by some workers. It has been very little used in Georgia and has never gained any prominence as a scale remedy here.
The California lime, salt and sulphur wash has been for many years extensively used on the Pacific coast as the favorite remedy for the San Jose scale. Early experiments with this wash in the East did not show good reeults, and until recently it has been supposed that climatic conditions rendered it valueless here. However, recent experiments have thrown more light upon the nature and effect of this treatment and it now promises to become an efficient remedy in the Atlantic, as it is in the Pacific States.
Such insecticides as the resin wash and caustic potash have also taken part in the struggle against the scale, with varying degrees of success. Aside from these better known scale remedies the

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7

tl'U it-groweril have been invaded with venderil of various "ilure ctue" w.1shes aud com?:mud., with the u'lU :.t.l gu mmtee attached.
It becam ~ necessary, therefore, to determine the value of these vario us substances in comparison with the oils offbially recommended by the department, and for this purpose the experiments discussed herein were planned and executed. In order to place the work on a commercial basis and to obtain results that would be .applicable to large orchards, each substance tested was applied to several hundred trees. Discrepancies likely to arise in practical work do not always become apparent in a test upon only a few ' trees, hence the greater value of practical ex peri men ts.

CONDITION OF THE TREES EMPLOYED.
For several reasons it was not deemed necessary to use other than peach trees in the experiments, although had it been convenient other kinds would have been included. With the exception of Le Conte and Kieffer pears, which do not appear to suffer from the attacks of scale, the peach and plum are the only fruits extensively grown in the State. Fvrmer experiments have shown that the plum is 8lightly less susceptible to injury from insecticide applications than the peach and that it is capable of taking the same treatment without risk. A few cases of infested apple orchards -exist in North Georgia, but safe remedies for infested peach trees can be used with equal effect and safety upon the apple. Hence recommendations for the treatment of infested plum and apple trees can be based on results obtained in the peach orchard.
The experiments were conducted in two orchards, both located
.at Marshallyille, Ga. One, owned by Mr. 8. H. Rumph, was two
years old and contained 17,000 trees, and the other, owned by Mr. F . J. Frederick, was four years old and contained about 2,000 trees.
The Rumph orchard was planted in February, 1900, and has s ince received such cultivation as the growth of cotton between the rows would allow. At planting time the trees were given the customary am :mnt of fertilizer and have since had only such amount as they could obtain from that distributed in the cotton rows. The pruning has been light, merely the cutting out of superfl uous branches and no heading back. The varieties composing

8

BuLLETIN No. 4.

it are Trit:mpb, Dnwy, Waddell, Pansy, Red River, Tillotson, Carmen, Mountain Rose, Hiley, Slappy and Lady Ingold.
This orchard evidently became infested with San Jose Ecale from local spread within a few months after it was planted. It appears that cotton pickers, while at work among the tree~, thoroughly disseminated th e scale over the entire orchard on their clothing. They frequently left their work and went foraging for fruit in a neighboring orchard that was badly infested, thus establishing a continuous communicati on between the two orchards for about ten days. The infestation was so thorough that upon inspection less than 10 per cent. of the trees were found entirely free and from ten to -forty trees in ea ch plot of four hundred were either completely encrusted, or nearly so.
when the orchard was given to our charge for experimental work it bad received no previous treatment for scale. The extent of infestation, the age of the trees and the large number of varieties combin ed to make this orchard an exceptionally desirable one fo1; the experiment.
The Frederick orchard was selected more particularly with a view of testing the etlect of the insecticides on the fmit buds, the Rumph orchard being too young to be expected to bear a full crop of fruit the following season. In varieties it consisted of Carmen, Belle of Georgia, Elberta and Emma. An inspection previous to treatment showed San Jose scale on nearly eYery tree, and about 25 per cent. were bad ly infested. Scale bad been found in the orchard the previous year but no treatment bad been applied, and as a consequence a few trees bad died. Aside from the effect of the scale both orchards were in a vigorous condition and well supplied with fruit buds.

CO :KDITION OF THE SCALE IK8ECT:3.
The natural life of the San Jose scale being only about ten weeks for the female and less for the male, very few that had reached maturity during the summer would be expected to pass the winter alive. Our observations in connection with the experiments showed that all but a very small per cent. of the mature insects that began the winter alive, died without treatment before sprin g. Moreover, examinations of check trees in early spring revealed the fact that at least 30 per cent. of the immature

STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

9

scales had also perished during the course of the winter. The .cause of this fatality among the half-grown insects that should normally pass the winter in good condition is not known. In accounting for a similar occurrence in Illinois* Dr. Forbes suggests that it might be attributable to a severe drouth of the preceding year. This would hardly explain the occurrence here, as the trees in the test orchards were not subjected to a drouth of sufficient severity to be materially affected.

PERIOD COVERED BY THE WORK.
It was intended to divide the work into fall, winter and spring, and thus triplicate the experiments with each substance, but delay in obtaining some of the materials and apparatus interfered somewhat with this plan. On November 30th, 1901, the work was begun and it was continued at interv::.ls, as the weather would permit, through December, January, February and up to March 7th, when the most advanued buds were beginning to part their petals.
The weather conditions in their relation to the results will be recorded witL1 the details of the experiments. For the purpose of testing summer washes the experiments were taken up again in .July of the present year, but results from the summer work cannot be reported at this time.
Beginning in March, notes upon the results were taken at several -different times until August, during which month the last obseryations were made. Had conclusions been drawn from the early ob.servations alone the recorded results would have been different. In August, after the insects had been breeding for some time, the observations were obviously more practical. By actually counti'ng the dead and living scales the percentage of fatality could be ~ore readily approximated in early spring, but after the insects had passed through a portion of the breeding period the actual con-ditions could be more acuurately determined.

SUBSTANCES EMPLOYED.
It was desired to cover the field of known and promising reme-dies as completely as possible, but owing to the extent of the un-dertaking and failure to secure some of the substances, a portion
* Bull 71, Univ. of Ill., Agr. Exp. Station .

10

BuLLF:TIN No. 4.

of the tests originally planned for bad to be omitted. It is particularly unfortunate that the Beaumont oil was not tested. Repeated attempts to secure this substance resulted in failure, until too late to make the applieation. However, this oil, together with othersubstances, will he tested next winter in the continuation of these experiments. The substances actually used in the tests may be classified as follows :
Oils:Penusylvania crude, 43 gravity, Refined kerosene, 150 flash test, Ohio crude (fuel oil), California Distillate.
Soaps:Leggett's Anchor Brand, L eggett's Whale-oil Soap Compound, Good's No. 3, Good's No. 6, Tobacco. Turpentine Soap.
Caustic Washes : Lime, Salt and Sulphur, Crude Caustic Potash, .Resin Wash, Carbolic Acid Emulsion.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE WORK WITH CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE RESULTS.

It is not the purpose of this paper to give the details of the experiments and the percentages of fatality among the scale insects produced by the insecticides, but rather to record such conclusions, reached from the results, as will be of th e most valu.e to the fruitgrowers in the treatment of their orchards.
'fhe Rumph orchard was divided into plots of 400 trees each, and these plots were so arranged that each contained at least five varieties of peaches, and from 10 to 40 badly infested trees. In repeating applications it became necessary to subdivide so me of the plots, using only 100 or 200 trees to the test. In the Frederick

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11

orchard the size of the plots ranged fr,om 25 to 150 trees, with an abundance of scale .throughout each plot.

PETROLEU:Ili OILS.
Kerosene, in mechanical mixture with water, was for several years the chief remedy recommended by this department for the San Jose scale, bnt experiments begun in the winter of 1899-1900, indicated that crude oil was slightly more effective and less dangerous. For two years, therefore, the latter substance has been given equal rank with kerosene as a scale remedy here; but the comparative value of the two oils, as well as a number of other points connected .with their use as a spray, remained indefinitely settled . While it was not possible to cover the entire ground in one season, the results obtained from last winter's work have thrown considerable light upon the problems in hand.
The Pennsylvania crude oil used in the experiments was obtained in two lots, one from the Standard Oil Company, and the other from the Emery Manufacturing Company, Bradford, Pa. No distinction could be made between the oils in the two lots, both regis-
tering 43-43!0 gravity. The kerosene was bought locally, and
was of the grade 150 flash test. The observations taken between March and June inclusive,
when actual counts were made of dead and living scales, were deceiving in some particulars. Two applications appeared to have but little advantage over one, and the results, upon the whole, were not consistent with wha.t should have been expected. The August observations, however, cleared up many discrepancies, especially showing superior results from two applications. In making the earlier examinations, the small spaces missed by the spray were naturally overlooked in most cases, the portions best exposed being the more convenient for making counts to determine the proportion of dead to living scales. Hence applications that showed almost perfect results before the scale commenced breeding, proved to be inefficient when the August observations were made.
The Compmative Value of GTude Oil and Ke1osene.-Ftom our results it is impossible to make any decision other than that both kerosene and crude oil are good, and perhaps equally the best remedies that may be employed against the San Jose scale, when they are applied in the proper manner and with due precaution.

12

B uLLETIN No. 4.

The results from two applications of either substance at strengths not lower than 15 per cent. were uniformly good, but single applications varied to a surprising degree in their effect upon the scale. In the courEe of the experiments in the Rumph orchard, single applications of kerosene were made to 11 plots, and of crude oil to 22 plots, strength s of 10, 15, 20 and 25 per cents. being used. In the majority of these plots the rP.sults were not satisfactory, when contrasted with those obtained from two applications. 'l'he extreme variation noti ced betwee n the results from single applications of the same strength made on different days, is difficult to account for. It occurred to an equal degree in both substances, but to a less extent when the mechanical mixture. was replaced by emulsio n. The working of the pumps, the weather conditions, and the seaso u of the year, may all have had some influence, and occasional carelessness of the man at the nozzle must be considered 'one of the most important factors. . In the Frederick orchard, which it will be remembered consisted of older trees, the results were more uniform throughout. Both the refined and crude oil proved effective as a single application, and plots treated once with only 15 per cent. showed very little live scale in August.
In the Rumph orchard neither substance had any appatent damaging effect upon the trees, no.r in the Frederick orchard, except when a few trees received an overdose of oil through fault in the action of the mechanical mixing pump. Therefore, so far as the actual observations upon the results indicate, the ~efined and crude oil may be considered equally effective, and as little or no damage was done to the trees by either, equally safe. But owing to the residuum with which the trees are left coated for several weeks by applications of crude oil, it would appear that in general ptactice this substance might prove more destructive to the scale than kerosene.
One vetsus Two .Applications.-Here the results of our experiments speak most decidedly, and in favor of two applications as against one. In the Rumph orchard 8 plots were treated twice, and all, with a single exception, satisfactorily. A plot sprayed with 10 per cent. kerosene in emulsion and followed later with 15 per cent., was the exception, and even here the result was better than in several cases where 25 per cent., as one application, was used. A 15 per cent. stren~th of kerosene in emulsion, applied November

STATE BoARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

13

30th, followed by a 20 per cent. strength of the same on February 24th, gave as nearly perfect results as anything employed, and the same fall treatment, followed by 15 per cent. in February, was almost equally perfect.
In the Frederick orchard notes taken in August showed a noticeable superiority of two applications over one, though on account of the better results here obtained with a single spraying the difference was not so marked as ou the younger trees composing the Rumph orchard.
The reasons for the additional effectiveness of two applications, even though the same amount of oil was .used in a single one, are several. The most important is that in two applications the trees have a double chance of being entirely coated with the spray. It is not always practical to choose perfectly calm days for the work, and if there is considerable wind it is next to impossible to cover. every part of the tree. Even under the best conditions, unless the bands that bold the nozzles are exceptionally good, a twig or a portion of a limb is likely to be missed occasionally, so that a second spraying is necessary to complete the work. Moreover it is certain that any strength less than 20 per cent. will not kill all the scales hit, and even 20 per cent. or 25 per cent. may fail to kill an occasional one, while two applications of eveu 15 per cent., or particularly 15 per cent. followed by 20 per cent., appear to be sure. There is also good reason to suppose that two weak applications have less inj nrious effect on the tree than one of greater strength, provided they are made at least thirty days apart to avoid the accumulative effect.
Fall versus Spring Spraying.-It was at first intended to carry out a series of experiments which should determine the relative values ot fall, winter and spring spraying, but as bas already been stated, it was found impossible to procure the apparatus and materials necessary for an extended experiment with oils before Christmas. A few plots sprayed in November and December, and a large number treated in January, were therefore compared with plots sprayed during late February and :early March. Though the results of these later applications were not uniformly superior to those of the earlier, they proved on the whole to be distinctly better. A greater proportion of the scale were killed, and the spring-treated plots averaged freer when examined in August than

14

BuLLETIN No. 4.

those plots sprayed with the same strengths and substances in the fall and winter.
Perhaps the most reasonable explanation of this is that the scale insects become more or less weakened by their long sleep through the winter months, and therefore withstand the action of the oil less effectually. On the other hand, it might be said that in the spring time they have begun to arouse themselves from their state of torpor, and even to grow a little, and that they are, for this reason, more susceptible to the effects of the spray. It is generally beli'eved that the contrary is the case with the tree, which is supposed to be more easi ly injured by the use of oil during the winter months than after the flow of sap has begun in the spring, but no information on this point can be gleaned from the results of our experiments.
There are, none the le!'ls, strong advantages in the treatment of trees in the fall, which should not be lost sight of in this discussion. Scattered all through the Rumph orchard were trees badly infested with scale, even to the point of encrustation. When the last thorough examination of the experimental plots was made in August, it was noticed that such trees, when included in plots that had been successfully treated in the fall, and to a less extent in those sprayed in January, had thrown out a much stronger growth than in those that were left untouched until spring. In some instances there was as much difference as between a comparatively healthy tree in the one case and a dead tree in the other, and though often less marked than this, the superiority of the fall treatment was generally manifest. This must not be construed as an argument in favor of fall as against spring spraying, but rather for two applicatious of medium strength, one in the fall or early winter, and the other in the spring. This course of treatment gave results equal to any, and excelled by none, in our experimental plots.
Mechanical Mixtu1e ve1sus Soap Emulsion.-Kerosene emulsified by the use of soap, and variously diluted, has for a long time been one of the most popular and effective remedies against "insects, especially scales and plant lice. . Its rapidly increasing importance, and the trouble of preparing the emulsion, led to the manufacture and sale of several classes of pumps designed to mix the oil forcibly with the water in the act of spraying. These have been con~tructed on different principles, that employed by the Gould Man-

STATE .BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

15

ufacturiog Company and the Spraymoter Company proving the most satisfactory. It was thought that the problem was solved when it was demonstrated that these pumps could be made to work -successfully, and the use of the emulsion on a large scale was therefore discontinued. It was soon found however, that though in the tests the mechanical mixing pumps could be made to give good results, in the field they were not always to be relied upon, and their -complexity, besides rendering them more costly and less durable than the single barrel pumps, often caused undue delay for repaira. . The results of the somewhat extensive experiments ponducted with the view of testing the comparative value of soap emulsion and mechanical mixture indicate quite conclusively the superiority of the former in the destruction of the scaJe. In the form of emulsion a mor.e even application can be made, thus reducing the danger to the trees and enhancing the effect.
Equally as good results were obtained from crude oil applied with the mechanical mixing pumps when a uniform discharge -could be obtained. The Gould "kero-water" pump, with two leads of 20-foot hose, was used, and though apparently the best pump of this nature on the market, it cannot always be depended upon for a uniform percentage of oil. For some obscure reason the discharge of either oil or water may become obstructed at varying intervals, and even if this irregularity lasts for but a moment, .a tree may be seriously injured, or the scale infesting it escape unharmed. Moreover, owing to the construction of the pump, a ,slightly greater percentage of oil is usually discharged through one lead of hose than the other; and with nozzles having small apertures (1-20 inch Vermorel were used), there is always some separation of the oil and water in the hose, and consequent variations in the composition of the spray from one instant to another. How-ever, it should be explained, that with constant care and frequent tests, excellent results can be obtained by the use of these pumps.
This point settled, the question of comparative cost next arises, .and this of course depends largely upon circumstances. On one side we have the added effectiveness, and when once prepared; the -greater simplicity in manipulation of the emulsion, which stand :as points in favor of its use against the added trouble and expense of its manufacture. On the other side is the lack of this trouble .and expense, offsetting the lessened effect of the spray, the added

16

BULLETIN N0. 4.

initial cost of the pumps and the trouble of keeping them in repair. All of these factors are more or less variable, and cannot be depended upon absolutely. Perhaps the only thing that can safely be said a1. this time is, that considering all things, there is no doubt but that in our experiments the oil was applied with equal cheapness in the form of emulsion, and certainly with less trouble.
The St1ength of Oil R equi1ed to be Etfective.-Tests were made with each of 10, 15, 20 and 25 per cents. strengths of both oils with varying results on different plots and in the two orchards. In the Frederick. orchard the conditions of the scale and of the trees were such that the oil sprays proved much more effective than in the Rumph orchard. Iu the former 15 per cent. as a single application did satisfactory work. In the latter, although occasional plots sprayed with 20 per cent., and even with 15 per cent., under the best conditions, gave satisfactory results, only those sprayed with 25 per cent. averaged satisfactory, and some that were treated with this strength (during the winter) were found in August to contain an alarming amount of scale.
In summing up it would seem that the amount of oil to use would depend almost entirely upon circumstances. In the case of a young healthy orchard, thoroughly infested with scale, 25 per cent. would be required, and even this might not prove sufficient. In an older orchard, where the trees bad practically reached their full growth and become in a degree resistant to the scale, 20 per cent., or perhaps even 15 per ceut., if applied with great c:are and thoroughness, would prove quite effective. Two applications would be much better in either case, and would be almost a necessity in the former, if the Rumph orchard may be taken as typical. In such an orchard 15 per cent. in the fall, followed by 20 per cent. i"n the spring, wonld be the ideal treatment, and the spring spraying might be reduced in strength to 15 per cent. without serious detriment. In an older orchard two applications of 15 per cent. would certainly be suffi cient. The Influence of the Weathe1.-Rather to our surprise only negative results were obtained in the experiments to determine the effect of the we.ather which prevailed during the spraying of th~ various plots, unless, as is probable, the extreme unevenness of our results with single applications of oil, is due to the minor weather

STATE BOARD OF ENTOllfOLOGY.
conditions~ Nota single tree in the Rumph orchard, so far as observed, was injured by either the crude oil or the kerosene. In the Frederick orchard some slight injury was done, which may have been due to cloudy weather followed by rain on the day ofthe treatment, but more likely to a temporary disorder of the oilwater pump used. In the Rumph orchard spraying was done under all sorts of conditions, except while rain wafl actually falling,. but no logical connection can be traced between the weather conditions existing at the time of application and the final results. In the case of high winds the results, as would be expected, were less satisfactory, it being almost impossible to cover trees thoroughly with the spray under such conditions.
'l'oo .much stress must not be laid on these statements, however. as orchards have been repeatedly noted in the past in which trees sprayed under adverse weathe~ conditions or late in the evening have suffered, while those receiving the. same treatment at a more opportune time have passed through unharmed.
Tests with Ohio C1ude Oil.-A barrel of oil from Ohio, designated by the Standard Oil Co. as fuel oil, was used on several plots with good success. The heavy residue of paraffine left after the evaporat~on was very noticeable, much thicker than that left aft~r the evaporation of Pennsylvani_a crude oil, and probably owing to this peculiarity the effects against the scale were somewhat more marked. Several of the plots sprayed with the higher percentages of this oil presented a somewhat sickly appearance shortly after the foliage put out, and for a time some fear was felt as to their condition. '!'hough they finally came through all right the circumstances would show that the use of this oil for spraying purposes is attended with too much risk to make its recommendation advisal_>le, at least until after further tests.
California Distillate.-This is the product which is obtained by distilling oils with an asphalt base, like those of California and Texas. A quantity was obtained from California in the form of emulsion, which on anival was found to have separated somewhat. It was re-emulsified as well as might be and sprayed on a plot of 200 trees at strengths of 10 per cent., 15 per cent. and 20 per cent., but with no better results than those obtained by the use of ordinary oils.

18

BuLLETIN Ko. 4.

SOAPS.
Whale-oil soap is largely used in the N~rth as a remedy against the San Jose scale, but its expense has to a large extent prohibited its nee in the treatment of large orchards in Georgia. Occasionally ' however, in small family orchards, or in the case of a few trees in a garden lot, the question of expense is not so vital, and an application of soap may prove to be easier and safer than any other treatment of equal effectiveness. A number of experiments were therefore carried out to 'determine the comparative worth of soap and oil as a remedy for the scale. Several brands of soap were used and a number of applications were made from time to time throughout the course of the work.
Sl1ength R equi1ed.-Only two strengths of the soap solution
were used, viz.: I t lbs. and ~ lbs. to the gallon of water. Even
nuder the best conditions the weaker solution was found to be unsatisfactory, although two applications at this strength, upon December 2d and February 28th, gave very good results; while single applications of 2 lbs. to the gallon ou either date, proved very inefficient. Only the strength of 2 lbs. to the gallon on March 6th proved satisfactory.
' Season of the Y em and Weathe1 Oonditions.-For some re.ason none of the applications of soap made during the fall and winter were succeosful. It is impossible to determine from our notes whether thi s is entirely due to the season, to ad verse weather conditions or to a combination of both. Every application, except those made in March, ch::mced to be followed almost immediately by more or less wet weather, which may have had the effect of washing the soap from the trees before its full effectiveness could be felt. The amount of rain in one or two instances was, however, so small that it seems stretching the point to account for all the ill results on this score, and there is not much doubt but that the season of the year had much to do with it.
Our results indicate that to be successful whale-oil soap must be applied as late as possible in the spring before the blossoms appear, and that to get the best results a day or two of fair weather should follow its application. This does not apply to the soda soaps, of which Leggett's Anchor Brand is an example.
Compa?'ison with the Oil T1ealment.-One application of a

STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

19

potash soap, at the rate of 2 lbs. to the gallon of water, made under the best conditionsas outlined above, gave as good results in all respects as single applications of 25 per cent. of either kerosene {)l' crude oil, in emulsion or mechanical mixture. 1! pounds to the gallon compared favorably with the average results attending the use of single applications of 20 per cent. oil, but cannot be recommended except possiby on old trees, such as had become partially resistant to the scale. Fall and winter applications gave results inferior to oils applied at the same time.
Results of Comparative Tests of Ditferent Bmnds.-The whale{)il soaps tested were all potash soaps except Leggett's Anchor Brand. For several reasons this could not be called satisfactory. It is more difficult to dissolve, makes a thicker solution, so that if not applied quite warm is difficult to spray at the required Htrength, .and also proves quite destructive to the fruit buds. However, this brand was superior to all the others in adhering qualities under the influence of rains, owing to which apparently its effec-
tiveness against the scale was more marked. In fact 1! pounds to
t he gallon applied December 2d, gave very fair results, and 2 pounds most excellent results, as far as the scale was concerned, but i njured the buds quite seriously. Unfortunately the supply of this brand was exhausted in the fall and not replenished for spring use, so that our experiments can hardly be called complete. It
is possible that 1! pounds to the gallon might prove effective in
the spring, and that no serious effect would follow its use at this seaso n.
Leggett's Whale-oil Soap Com pound, at the rate of 1l and 2
pounds to the gallon, during the winter and early spring gave s lightly better results than Good's Potash Soap at the same strengths.
Good's Potash and Tobacco Potash Whale-oil Soap were most xtensively tested, as these proved easier of manipulation, dissolving with less difficulty and forming a better solution for spraying. The Tobacco Potash Soap (No. 6) did not appear to possess any advantage over the other; in fact the first notes indicated a little better results from the plain potash soap (No. 3) .
The suggestion that a cheap grade of soap manufactured in Macon, known as "Magic Cleaner,'' might be effective -against the scale was acted upon and a quantity of the soap pmchased and

20

BuLLETIN No. 4.

tested. It was found that not more than 1 pound to the gallon could be readily got into solution, and that at this strength it wasfar 1rom effective.
Effect on Trees.-The general effect on the trees, with the single exception already cited, was rather beneficial than otherwise. The effect of the soap upon the bark was to clean off some of the outer dead portions and give it a smoother, more healthy appearance, and. the tree generally seemed to be invigorated by the potash soaps.. This is probably due in part to the slight fertilizing value of the soap, most of which eventually must find its way to the ground and1 the roots of the trees, as well as to its cleansing effect.

LIME, SAL'l' AND SULPHUR.
This wash which bas been for some years successfully used on the Pacific coast, was reported by experimenters in the East asunfitted for use here, on account of climatic conditions. Principally for this reason it has been neglected in most of the experiments made since in the endeavor to find the cheapest, surest and safest remedy for the scale.
Results Following its Use.-Four lots of the wash were prepared; during the early spring and applied, three of them to the Rumph and one to the Frederick orchard. The results upon the scalewere not, as is the case with oils and soaps, at once apparent. When first the coating began to crumble off the trees so as to allow the scale to become visible and permit of their examination, com- paratively few of the insects were found to have been killed. Fifty per cent. on some trees were estimated to be living. Early in Maya complete examination of all the plots was made, and at this date,. although many of the scale had reached full maturity and begun to breed, above 10 per cent. were estimated on an average, to be still alive. Though the insect itself was apparently he~lthy in most of these cases, tpe scaly covering was corroded and imperfect, afford- ing slight shelter, and the general condition was such as to make it appear that a second application would have completed the execu- tion. In spite of the large percentage of living scale some encouragement was felt therefore, which was increased from time to time during June and July, when the plots were hastily passed through and very little Ecale noted as occurring upon the trees. Consequently

STATE BOARD OF ENT0UOLOGY.

21

we were not totally unprepared for the surprise which the last .examination in August had in store.
On August 12th and 16th the plots in the Rumph orchard were carefully examined and found to contain very few living scales, and these were often in anything but a healthy condition. In fact the results in one plot were as good as any obtained with two applications of kerosene in emulsion. In the other plots the worlt was not quite so thorough but was, none the less, superior to .anything except two applications of kerosene or crude oil.
Comparison with Oi.l.-The advantages of lime, salt and sulphur Over oil are several. Its cost per gallon ready to spray, counting -only the material and using the California formula, would be from
I t to 1! cents, according to the strength used. Oil, to compete
with it in price, would have to be purchased at between 6 and 9 Cents if used at a strength of 20 per cent. Judging from theresults of our experiments referred to above, it is more effective than -single applications of either crude oil or kerosene at a strength of 20 per cent. It is apparently not prejudicial to the health of the dormant tree, as is oil if applied carelessly or under ad verse conditions.
On the other hand the cost and trouble of preparation far ex-ceeds that of the oil emulsion. The necessity of making the application while the mixture is yet warm, and its deterioration if allowed to stand longer than a few hours, are not in its favor. It also ex-erts a corroding influence upon copper and brass, and if much spraying is to be done with it specially made. nozzles with hard-rubber .apertures are necessary for its use. It should not be made up in brass kettles or used in brass pumps.
Sbenglh R equi1ed.-Three strengths were used, the standard formula (30 pounds lime, 20 pounds of s~tlphur and 15 pounds of salt) being diluted to 40, 50 and 60 gallons. Very little if any difference in the results could be attributed to the use of the different strengths, and it is likely that the weakest will prove sufficiently strong.
Weather Conditions.-Applications were made at four different .dates, viz.: February 28th, March 3d, 6th, and 7th. February 28th was a fair day, with a slight breeze from the southwest during the -forenoon, freshening into a btisk wind in the afternoon, rendering thorough work difficult. On March 1st 1.33 inches of rain fell,

22

BuLLETIN No. 4.

but the temperature (58 max. 33 min.) was cold for the season. On the 5th, .23 inch of rain fell, followed by two fair days and a slight rain (.02 inch) on the 8th. No more rain fell until the 14th, when it commenced and continued through the 16th, during which time the precipitation amounted to 4.75 inches.

RESIN WASH.
This wash has been long recommended as an eflective rel'nedy for some of the less resistant scales, and in a more dilute form as a summer treatment for Aphids and other soft-bodied sucking insects. One trial was made of it last winter, with poor results, and as it is more difficult to prepare than the lime, salt and su lphur it hardly seems worth further discussion here.

URUDE CAUSTIC POTASH.
Crude caustic potash was used on four plots and at three different strengths, viz.: 5, 10 and 15 pounds to 50 gallons of water. The weakest solution ptoved very insufficient, but the two stronger ones were quite effective. Not even the strongest injured the trees in the slightest degree, so far as could be observed, its effect being rather to improve the appearance of the bark. It is, however, on account of its strong corrosive action very unpleasant to apply and detrimental to the hose; neithet is it as effective as either the oil treatment, the soap washes or th e lime, salt and sulphur. The results showed that not less than 10 pounds to 50 gal-
lons should be used, and preferably 12 ?r 15.

CARBOLIC ACID Ei\IULSION.
Crude carbolic acid in various forms was tried extensively and all strengths from 4 per cent. to 20 perc~nt. of emulsion mixed with water. The results were most unsatisfactory. Less than 15 per cent. of the emulsion, or one part to 6, did no appreciable execution amongst the scale. Stronger than this some effect was noticed, which became quite marked at 20 per cent. Even at this strength the carbolic acid was a little less effective than kerosene and more expen sive.

STATE BoARD OF E~TO:I.lOLOGY.
PRACTICAL WORK WITH OILS IN A LARGE ORCI-IARD.
In addition to the regular experiments, an orchard of 55,000 three-year old peach-trees and 1,000 plums, belonging to Mr. W. C. Wright, of Fort Valley, Ga., was treated under our superVISIOn. Mr. Wright was very much alarmed over the condition of his orchard, and he made a special request of the entomologist to assume full control of its treatment.
Beginning August 8th, 1901, the orchard was given a row-byrow inspection, which revealed 1,000 badly infested trees, well distributed. From these centers of infestation the scale had spread generally in all directions, leaving only a small per cent. of the trees entirely free. Beginning August 20th, all the badly infested trees that bad been located were sprayed with a 10 per cent. strength of kerosene, using the Gould knapsack "kero-water" pump. This checked the breeding of the. scale, and was apparently the means of saving a large number of trees that would otherwise have perished before time for winter treatment.
From December 25th to January 2d, each badly infested tree,. with 15 or 20 adjacent, was sprayed with a 15 per cent. strength of kerosene, using the Gould barrel pump. In this manner the 1,000 trees representing the centers of infestation had received two applications of oil (10 per cent., followed by 15 per cent.} and about 15,000 trees one application, before the general treat- ment of the orchard commenced.
It was intended that the entire orchard should be treated with crude petroleum, but delay in obtaining this substance necessitated the continuation of the use of kerosene. Taking the trees in regular order, regardless of previous treatment, 17,000 were sprayed with a 20 pet cent. strength of kerosene between January 3d and 23d. The crude oil had then arrived, and from .Tanuary 25th to February 7th, 28,000 peaches and 1,000 plums were sprayed with a 20 per cent. strength of this substance, which registered 43!0 gravity on the Baume oil scale. The remaining 10,000 trees being detached from the main orchard, and containing only a slight infestation of scale, were not taken into account in

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STATE BoARD oF ENTO~OLOGY.

25

making notes. However, they were sprayed with a 20 per cent. strength of kerosene, beginning February 11th. The effect of the treatment was carefully watched, and, at the end of three weeks, after 20 per cent. kerosene had been applied to the block of 17,000.trees in the general treatment, a small per cent. of live scale insects could here be found. It was then too early to make a definite determination of the results, but the owner was not satisfied with the indications, and late in February this block was given another application of kerosene at a strength of 15 per cent.
Reviewing the treatment, the orchard may h~:> divided into plots which were sprayed as follows :
1. Consisting of a part of the 1,000 badly infested trees; 1(} per cent. kerosene, followed by 15, 20 and 15 per cent. at various periods during the fall and winter.
2. Consisting of the remainder of the above mentioned trees;. with 10 per cent. kerosene, followed by 15 per cent. kerosene and 20 per cent. crude oil.
3. Several thousand trees first sprayed with 15 per cent. kerosene, then later with 20 per cent. kerosene, and finally with 15 per cent. ot the same substance.
4. The remainder of the trees first receiving the treatment of 15 per cent. kerosene, were sprayed later with 20 per ce nt. crude oi l.
5 . A large block sprayed with 20 per cent. keroEene in January and followed with H> per cent. later.
6. The bulk of the orchard, which was treated only once, with 20 per cent. crude oil.
7. Several thousand trees upon which the application of 20 per cent. crude oil was followed by another of 15 per cent. of the same substance.
The entire work, throughout the season, was done in the most careful manner possible. Six Gould's barrel "kero-water" pumps were used, and these were supplied with oil by extra teams, while the water was piped into the orchard. The work was done with negro labor, superintended by the owner of the orchard and two intelligent white men, who at short intervals tested the percentage of oil discharges, and saw that every portico of the tree was moistened with the sp ray. When any part of the tree was fo.und dry it was resprayed, even at the cost of turning

PLATE II. VIEW OF WRIGH' ORCHARD, FORT VALLEY. FROM THE SAME POSITION AS PLATE I. SHOWING TREES IN JUNE.

STATE BoARD OF ENTOMOLOGY.

27

the team. By constant .attention, the pumps were kept so adjusted as to do satisfactory work.
The results were most satisfactory When the winter work was begun the new double hose arrangement, by which the oil and water are kept separate until the nozzle is reached, was employed. Instead of producing a mechanical mixture, pure oil and pure water were alternately discharged. On one morning in trying to start five pumps with these attachments, a number of trees were sprayed with pure kerosene, resulting in the death of 40. The new style attachment was discarded, and no more injury was done, save, possibly, the death of about 50 other trees, which may be :attributed to the combined effect of the scale and the treatment. The trees bloomed and leaved out normally, and bore a magnificent crop of fruit.
The scale was as nearly eradicated as we believe possible with any treatment. During the course of spring and summer, until .June 17th, when the last observations were made, we visited the orchard three times, and carefully examined several hundred trees, both in the kerosene and crude oil blocks, and found only two trees bearing live scales. These were louated in one of the kerosene blocks where two applications had been made. A general inspection of the orchard on June 17th, revealed no further in festation of living scales. It is understood, of course, that should -every tree in the orchard be carefully examined a large number would, no doubt, show some infestation, but the observations have -been sufficiently extensive to warrant the statement that better results can rarely be obtained with any practical treatment.

PREPARATIO~ OF THE INSECTICIDES.
For the sake of convenience the formulre and methods of preparing such substances as require special peparation were not given in connection with the di sc ussion of the tests. Since the l'Jsin wash and carbolic acid emulsions did not give encouraging results, instruction for their preparation does not appear to be necessary here, and only the emulsion of petroleum oils and the lime, salt and sulphur wash, need be treated of at any length.

28

BuLLETIN No. 4.

OIL ElllULSION.
Prepamt,ion.-An emulsion of either crude petroleum or kerosene may be made from the following formula:
2 pounds potash whale oil-soap 4 gallons water
8 " oil
Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel over the fite, using a slight excess of water to make up for evaporation. Fit a pump with a short piece of hose, to which i&
attached a nozzle for throwing a straight. stream 1\- or t inch in
diameter. Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump is set, and when the whale-oil soa p is dissolved and the solution begins to boil, add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten minutes. The stream from the nozzle shou ld be directed strai