Bible Course: Outline and Notes: Creation to the Kingdom

1Q

i it- 4

OUTLINE AND NOTES.

I. OLD TESTAMENT, CREATION TO KINQDOM.

"jiNES SCOTT
COLLEGE

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BIBLE COURSE

OUTLINE AND NOTES.

BY

Rev. F. H: GAINES, A.B.

I. Creation to the, Kingdom.

ATLANTA, GA. :

Franklin Printing and Publishing Co.

(Geo. W. Harrison, Manager.)

1895,

A-S.C.
V.I

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 18H5, by

F. H. GAINES,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.

PREFACE.

The Bible is used as a text-book in a number of the
leading institutions of the country. Its claims to a place
in the college curriculum are vindicated by the following
arguments :

1. Its adaptation to promote mental development. The
Bible presents to us the greatest subjects in all the range of
human thought; such subjects as God, Creation, Provi-
dence, the Moral Law, Redemption, Human Respon-
sibility and Destiny. Aud these great subjects are
presented and treated by the infinite God himself through
inspired men. Where can we find such great subjects pre-
sented by such a Teacher ?

2. The greed and fundamental value of the knowledge which
the Bible alone can impart. In the department of History
the Bible alone gives reliable information concerning the
origin of the universe, and of man, concerning the fall, the
flood, and the plan of salvation, and indeed is the only au-
thentic history of the world before the flood. In the de-
partment of Biography it contains the names of the men
who have done more for the human race than all other
men. In the departments of Ethnology, of Law, of Psy-
chology the Bible is fundamental. Now add this other
most important truth : The Bible alone can furnish the cri-
teria by which the student may judge between the true
and the false in philosophy.

3. The pre-eminent literary value of the Bible. The
Bible itself contains a rich, varied, and peerless literature.
For power of thought, for simplicity aud perspicuity of
style, for force of expression, for poetic beauty and ornate
imagery, it stands alone. Moreover, it has directly pro-

y6f~

IV PREFACE.

duced a vast amount of the finest literature in existence,
and is so interwoven with other fine literature that the
reader cannot understand, much less appreciate, it without
a knowledge of the Bihle. Should not a book possessing
in itself such unequaled literary value, and so related to
the finest literature of the ages, have a place in the college
curriculum '?

4. The preservation in college-bred men and women of a true
and adequate appreciation of the Bible. The period of college
life is one of marvelous development, not only physically but
intellectually, as well as in tastes and attainments. Now
suppose this development takes place along all other lines
except Biblical lines, in all other kinds of knowledge except
Biblical knowledge, what will be the result ? Obviously
this : The man will still have his boyish ideas of the Bible
and his boyish knowledge of the Bible, while he has a man's
ideas and knowledge of other books. The result will be a
lack of interest in, and appreciation of, the Bible, simply
because he has outgrown, not the Bible itself, but the shal-
low and superficial ideas he had of the Bible as a boy. Iu
order then that the college student may continue to have
a true and adequate appreciation of the Bible, let it be put
in the college course so that during that most critical pe-
riod of mental development which takes place in college
true views of the Bible may be given.

5.. The adaptation of the Bible to form and develop
the highest type of moral character. To mould and per-
fect moral character is one of the great objects for which
the Bible was designed by its Divine Author. To teach
the right, to instill the love of the right, and to guide iu
the right is the most important eud to be attained in the
education of the young, and for this the Bible is the only
infallible text-book. We conclude, therefore, that there
are strong and even unanswerable arguments for the intro-
duction of the Bible into the college course.

PREFACE. V

We are next confronted with a question of very great
practical importance, viz.: How should the Bible be
taught? This book is the author's answer. It may be
helpful, however, to mention and briefly explain the princi-
ples upon which the book is written. First, That the Bible
itself should be the chief text-book; other books being
used only as guides and helps in the study of the Word.
Second, That the Bible should be studied systematically,
according to a plan. The plan adopted in this book is to
divide the Bible into periods indicated by the epochs in the
history of the Kingdom of God considered as an organized,
visible body. Hence the great central point in the plan is
the organization of the visible church in the family of
Abraham. All which precedes this central point is in the
way of preparation for the organization of the visible
church, and all that follows is the unfolding and fulfillment
of the Abrahamic Covenant, the great charter of the
church. To mark and emphasize this great central point
in Biblical, history the first period is called Ante-Ecclesi-
astical i. e., before the organization of the visible church,
and the second period Post-Ecclesiastical i. e., after the oY-
ganization of the visible church. The names of the other
periods are descriptive. Third, That the Bible should be
taught historically, bringing out in order the great facts in
the progres and development of the true religion in the
world. Fourth, That the Bible should be taught exeget-
ically, applying true methods and sound laws of interpre-
tation to the Bible with a view to ascertaining its meaning.
It is not the purpose of this book to deal with the ques-
tions presented by the higher criticism ; but to enable the
students in our institutions of learning and in Bible classes
to obtain a clear knowledge of the contents of the Bible
and something of its blessed meaning.

The author has sought in the body of the book to make
due acknowledgment of all the authorities quoted. The

VI PREFACE.

following works, however, he found specially helpful:
Sacred History from the Creation to the Giving of the Law;
MS. Notes of Lectures, both by E. P. Humphrey, D.D. ;
Syllabus of Old Testament History, by Ira M. Price, Ph.D.
To these authors he is specially indebted.

This book is printed with the hope and prayer that it
may be useful in the study of the Bible. That there is
yet great room for improvement the author is fully aware ;
and he invites criticisms and suggestions from Bible stu-
dents. F. H. GAINES.

Decatur, Ga., August 8, 1895.

AND!

SPECIAL INTRODUCTION.

SECTION 1. THE BIBLE.

GENERAL FEATURES.

OUTLINE.

I. The Names Given to Our Sacred Books.

Ency. Britannica, art. Bible; Companion to the
Bible (Barrow), chap. 13; Bible Diet. (Smith).

II. The Biblical Development.

Butler's Bible Work, vol. 1, sec. 2 ; Sacred Hist,
from Creation to the Giving of the Law (Hum-
phrey), chap. 1 ; Companion to the Bible, chap. 13.

III. The Canon.

Bible Diet., Companion to the Bible, pp. 194-196 ;
Outlines of Theology (Hodge), p. 93.

IV. The Men who Wrote the Bible.

Outlines of Theology, p. 57 ; Sacred History from
Creation to the Giving of the Law, p. 3.

V. Inspiration.

Hodge's Outlines of Theology, p. 70; Evidences of
Christianity (Alexander), chap. 14.

O BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

VI. The Books of the Bible.

Syllabus of Old Testament History (Price), sec. 9,
p. 21 ; cf. Companion to the Bible, chaps. 17-18.

VII. Period of Old Testament History.

NOTES.
I. The Names Given to Our Sacred Books.

1. Bible. The word Bible, "in medieval Latin and

in English, treated as a singular noun, is in its
original Greek form plural to. pifitea, the (sa-
cred) books correctly expressing the fact that
the Sacred Writings of Christendom are made
up of a number of independent records which
set before us the gradual development of the
religion of revelation." Ency. Britannica.
This name, as applied to the whole collec-
tion of sacred books of the Old and New Tes-
taments, can be traced as far back as the fifth
century. The name Bible in its application to
our sacred books expresses two ideas : (1) The
unity of revelation many books, yet one book.
(2) The importance of revelation this revela-
tion being the book (Bible) of all books.

2. Scripture (singular and plural). Acts 8:32;

2 Tim. 3:16. The word Scripture is from the
Latin scribo, scribere, to write. It means pri-
marily anything written, a writing. But by
way of eminence or distinction it is applied to
the books of the Old and New Testaments. It
"is at present nearly always used in the last
sense, as one of the names of our sacred books.
As thus used, it emphasizes the importance of
the Bible as being THE Writiugs i. e., the
Sacred Writings, and hence the most important
writings.

SPECIAL INTRODUCTION. 3

3. The Word of God. Eph. 6:17. This Dame

points to the divine origin of the Bible. It

implies that this book is a revelation (word)

from God.

Note. These names are descriptive. "What kind of a book do they
describe? With what frame of mind and heart should we enter upon
its study?

II. Biblical Development.

1. The Bible a Growth. It grew in process of time

in the number of books or documents com-
posing it. At first the five books of Moses were
given. Then in the course of centuries other
inspired books or writings were added, until
finally the whole number reached sixty-six.
Then it also grew " in the unfolding of divine
truth." " The sacred writers begin by reveal-
ing one God, and gradually ascend to the mys-
tery of Three in One ; they begin with a lamb
slain at the first altar, and rise to the God-man
slain for sin, and thence to the Lamb slain en-
throned in glory." Humphrey.

2. Divisions in this Development.

(1) It is divided into two great periods by the
coming of Christ. The books of the Bible be-
longing to the period before the coming of
Christ are called collectively the Old Testa-
ment, and that period is designated by the
letters b. c. The books of the Bible belong-
ing to the period after the coming of Christ
are called collectively the New Testament,
and this period is designated by the letters

A. D.

(2) The minor divisions in the Old Testament
are sometimes twofold (Matt. 11:13), and
sometimes threefold. (Luke 24:44). The

4 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

latter division, the more common by the Jews,
the Law (Pentateuch), Prophets, (Joshua,
Judges. Samuel, Kings, all together sometimes
called Former Prophets. To these were added
all the strictly prophetic books except Dan-
iel). The Psalms and writiugs included all the
remaining books of the Old Testament.

III. The Canon.

Definition: "The collection of books which form
the original and authoritative written rule of
the faith and practice of the Christian Church."
Bible Diet.

1. Canon of Old Testament. "To Ezra and his

coadjutors, the men of the Great Synagogue,
the Jews ascribe the completion of the canon
of the Old Testament. Respecting the ques-
tion when the canon of the Old Testament
received its finishing stroke, a question
which the wisdom of God has left in obscurity,
we must speak with diffidence. We know
with certainty that our present Hebrew cauon
is identical with that collection of sacred writ-
ings to which our Saviour and his Apostles
constantly appealed as invested throughout
with divine authority." Barrow, Comp. Bible,
194 and 196.

2. Canon of New Testament. As commonly received,

the canon of the New Testament was ratified
by the Council of Carthage, a. d. 397. Bible
Diet.

3. The Difference between Canon of Protestants and

Canon of Church of Rome. Iu addition to the
books of the Protestant canon, Rome adds
Tobit, Wisdom, Judith, Ecclesiasticus, Barnch,

SPECIAL INTRODUCTION. 5

and the two books of Maccabees. They also
prefix to the book of Daniel the History of
Susannah, and insert in the third chapter the
Song of the Three Children, and add to the end
of the book the History of Bel and the Dragon.
Even in the Roman Church their authority was
not accepted by the most learned and candid
men until it was made an article of faith by the
Council of Trent in the sixteenth century.

IV. The Men who Wrote the Bible.

The Bible is a collection of sixty-six books, written
by about forty different men. " These writers
were for the most part strangers each to all the
others, separated by habits of life, by degrees
of knowledge, by social position, by forms of
civilization, and by dividing tongues and more
dividing ages. Yet, withal, these books could
not have been more thoroughly one in their
general plan and method of thought if they had
been composed by a single person in a single
year of his life. This oneness of plan is not
limited to historical statements, but extends to
revelations from the spiritual world which are
beyond the reach of human discovery or intui-
tion, and upon which the imagination and reason
of all other authors have run into confusion."
Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., p. 3.

V. The Books of the Bible.

1. Number of Books in All Sixty-six.

In Old Testament, thirty-nine.

In New Testament, twenty-seven.

Name the books of the whole Bible in order.

2. Kinds of Literature in Old Testament. Histori-

cal, Poetical, Prophetical.

6 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(1) Historical, seventeen, as follows: Pentateuch,
Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and
2 Kings, 1 and 2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah,
and Esther.

(2) Poetical, five, as follows: Job, Psalms, Prov-
erbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles.

(3) Prophetical, seventeen, as follows: Major

Prophets five and Minor Prophets twelve.

VI. Inspiration.

""Thspi ration is such a divine influence upon the
minds of the sacred writers as rendered them ex-
empt from error, both in regard to their ideas and
words." A . Alexander.
This definition applies, of course, to the Scriptures
in the original tongue in which they were written.
2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Pet. 1:21.
Note. Importance which this fact gives to the Bihle.

VII. Periods of Old Testament History.

First Period Ante- Ecclesiastical.

From Creation to the call of Abram 2,083
years.* .

Second Perio d Patriarchal jUhtc^Ax^O^^-C^JL
From the call of Abram to the Exodus 430
years.

Third Period Wandering.

From the Exodus to settlement in Canaan 91
years.

Fourth Period Judges.

From settlement in Canaan to the Kingdom
305 years.

-Chronology of Usher.

SPECIAL INTRODUCTION.

Fifth Period Kingdom.

From the ascension of Saul to the division of
the Kingdom 120 years-, .

'Sixth Period The Kingdoms fiudah and Israel.(^^U4sUh ^y/lt -y
From the division of the Kingdom to the fall of
the Kingdom of Israel 253 years.
Seventh Period The Kingdom of Judahj&rwfri+OLed - v
From the fall of the Kingdom of Israel to the fuLtrJtU'^
tfee-Old-JCe&tanieiit -2 7 7 years.

L

SECTION 2. THE APOCRYPHA.

OUTLINE.

I. The Meaning of the Word Apocrypha.

Schaflf-Herizog Ency. ; Bible Diet. (Smith) ; Com-
panion to the Bible, p. 350.

II. The Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament.

Bible Diet. ; Companion to the Bible, p. 350.

III. The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament.

Bible Diet. ; Companion to the Bible, p. 517.

IV. The Value of the Apocrypha.

NOTES.
I. The Meaning of the Word Apocrypha.

The primary meauingof the Greek word Apocrypha
is hidden or secret. Applied to writings it de-
scribes such as are of unknown origin or author-
ship. From this primary meaning of the word
the transition was easy to the secondary meaning
of spurious or false. So the early Christian
writers applied the word apocrypha to anonymous
or spurious books which falsely laid claim to be
a part of the inspired volume.

8 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

II. The Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament.

The number varies as given by different authors.
Smith's Bible Dictionary gives a list of fourteen;
Barrow, in Companion of the Bible, reckons the
number as ten. The most important, however, are
those in dispute between the Romanists and Prot-
estants. These are six in number, as follows:
" Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch,
and the two books of Maccabees, and also some
additional chapters annexed to the book of Esther,
which are not in the Hebrew ; and to the book of
Daniel the History of Susannah and the Song of
the Three Children are prefixed, and the History
of Bel and the Dragon is annexed. These books
and portions of books are likewise placed at the
end of the Old Testament in our large English
Bibles under the name Apocrypha." Alexander.

III. The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament.

These are very numerous. They may be divided
into four groups: 1. Gospels; 2. Acts of the
Apostles; 3. Epistles from Apostles; 4. Revela-
tions. But from the very oldest time a suspicion
of heresy clung to them all, and contributed
much to finally throw the whole literature into the
shade. When the canon of the New Testament
was fixed, and the Apocryphal books thereby be-
came exiled, they ceased to be read, aud in the
Middle Ages even their names were forgotten."
Schaf-HeiTzog Eney., art. Apocrypha.

IV. Value.

Concerning the Old Testament Apocrypha Barrow
says: "Although the Protestant churches rightly
reject the Apocryphal books as not belonging to
the inspired word, the knowledge of their con-

SPECIAL INTRODUCTION. 9

tents is nevertheless a matter of deep interest to
the biblical scholar." Concerning the New Tes-
tament the same author says: "To the student of
church history they are not without value ; for
they illustrate the origin of many ancient tradi-
tions and some ritual observances. But if we
look to their intrinsic character, they may be de-
scribed as a mass of worthless legends abounding
in absurd and puerile stories."

\

BIBLE COURSE.

FIRST PERIOD.

ANTE-ECCLESIASTICAL. FROM THE CREATION
TO THE CALL OF ABRAHAM, 2,083 YEARS.

Introduction.

The Narrative of Creation.
I. Characteristics.
II. Explanatory.

NOTES.
I. Characteristics.

1. Conciseness. What great events are here crowded

into a single chapter, even into single verses!
Bearing upon interpretation.

2. The Importance of the Narrative. Relation to the

Bible. Also reveals the relation of God to the
universe and to ns.

3. The Style. For simplicity and perspicuity and

grandeur, what in all literature can excel this
narrative ?

II. Explanatory.

1. A Summary of the Whole. 1:12.

2. The Creator. God, not many, but one.

3. Time. In the beginning, i. e., at the first, when

the Universe first began to be.

4. Meaning of Create. To origiuate. This the pre-

rogative of God alone.

12 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

5. What Did God Create f V. 1, the universe.

6. The Condition of the Earth Prior to the First

Day? V. 2, "Without form," empty, dark.

" Vast, immeasurable abyss,
Outrageous as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild." Milton.

7. " The Spirit of God." This usually understood

to be the Third Person in the Trinity. "It
signifies the approach of a divine influence to
the helpless, lifeless chaos. Order and life
comes from God, not from matter. Dodd."

SECTION 1. THE WEEK OF CREATION.

Gen. 1: 1-31: 2: 1-3.

OUTLINE.
First Day.

Light, 1:3-5. Dabney's Theology, p. 251. Commen-
taries.

Second Day.

Firmament, vs. 6-8. Dabney's Theology, p. 252. Com-
mentaries.

Third Day.

Gathering together of the waters. Vegetable kingdom,
vs. 9-13. Dabney's Theology, as above.

Fourth Day.

Sun, moon, and stars, vs. 14-19. Dabney's Theology.

Fifth Day.

Oviparous animals, 20-23. Dabney's Theology.

Sixth Day.

Higher land animals, and man, 24-31. Syllabus of Old
Testament History (Price), p. 24.

FIRST PERIOD. 13

Seventh Day.

Sabbath, 2: 1-3. Sacred History from Creation to the
Giving of the Law (Humphrey), p. 47.

Creation as a Whole.

Sacred History, etc. (Humphrey), p. 17.

NOTES.

First Day.

Light. Whence? Some answer that it was cosmic; or
the result of the chemical action of the gases. Others
agree that we cannot answer until we know more of
light. "All the researches of modern optics go more
and more to overthrow the belief that light is a sub-
stantive emanation from the sun. What it is, whether
a substance or an affection of other substances, is
still unknown. Hence, it cannot be held unreasonable
that it should have existed before the sun ; nor that
God should have regulated it in alternations of day
and night." Dabney.

Second Day. 1 : 6-8.

Firmament (expanse). "The atmosphere either created
or else disengaged from chaos and assigned its place
around the surface of the earth. This, by sustaining
the clouds, separated the waters from the earth."
Dabney.

Third Day. 1 : 9-13.

"The work of the third day was to separate the terrestrial
waters from the dry ground, to assign each their bounds,
and to stock the vegetable kingdom with its genera of
trees and plants." Dabney.

Fourth Day. 1 : 14-19.

Creation of sun, moon, and stars, "or else the assign-
ment to their present functions of sun, moon, and stars.

14 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AXD XOTES.

and henceforth these became the chief depositories,
or else propagators, of natural light." Dabney.

Fifth Day. 1 : 20-23.

"Creation of all oviparous animals, including the three
classes of fishes, reptiles, aud birds." Dabney. This
is the first time God is said to have blessed any of his
works of creation (v. 22). Why begin here? These
sentient creatures. What was this blessing? Contin-
uance, multiplication (latter part of v. 22). Then
doubtless the additional ideas of supplying their wants
and of making their existence a pleasure to themselves,
so adapting his blessing to the organism and sphere of
each as to make the existence of each a pleasure. So
it seems, e. g., the singing of the birds would seem to
indicate pleasure, also the gambol of lambs. Behold
the goodness of God ! The blessing afterwards be-
stowed upon man was something different aud higher.

Sixth Day. vs. 24-31.

1. Higher land animals : () cattle ; (b) creeping things
of the ground. 2. Creation of man : (a) God created
man in his own image; (6) created male aud female;
(c) blessed them; (d) commanded, "be fruitful and
multiply"; (e) have dominion over all creatures ; live
on vegetation.

Seventh Day. 2:1-13.

Price: "This blessing" (upon the animals) "was not
limited to those individual beings which were immedi-
ately created by God, but was intended for all the fol-
lowing generations. In like manner the blessing ou
the first Sabbath indicated that the day down to the
end of time was a gift of God to man laden with
blessings." God also hallowed the Sabbath, i. e.,
"consecrated the day to rest from labor, to holy ser-
vice and worship ; setting it apart from all the other

FIRST PERIOD. 15

days of the week, and thus giving to it a higher signifi-
cance. The Sabbath is not a holiday, but a holy
day." The Sabbath is also a memorial of God's great
work of creation (see fourth commandment, which is a
reenactment of the primeval Sabbath).

Creation as a Whole.

1 . It is marked by unity. Each day is a preparation and
prophecy of some other day. This adaptation or inter-
dependence is shown by a table given by Professor
Dana, as follows :

First day Light created. Fourth day Luminaries appear.

Second day Firmament. Fifth day Air and water peopled.

Third day Dry land. Sixth day Animals and man.

" The work of the first, second, and third days was
prophetic of the fourth, fifth, aud sixth, each to
each." Humphrey. Does not this indicate a plan, and
hence an intelligent First Cause ? And does not the
unity of the plan indicate the unity of the Creator ?

2. The order of creation climactic.

3. All "good," "very good." v. 31.
4. Blessing upon all sentient creatures.

SECTION 2. MAN.

Gex. 2 : 4-25.

OUTLINE.
Introduction.

Subject of this passage, Man.

I. The Peculiarities of Man's Creation.
Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., chap. 3.
Price's Syllabus of Old Test, Hist., p. 26.

16 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

II. Eden.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., pp. 44 and 48.
Blaikie's Manual of Bible Hist., p. 17.

III. Woman.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., p. 32.

IV. The Covenant of Works.

Dabney's Theology, pp. 302-305.

V. The Four Primeval Ordinances.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., pp. 46-49.

NOTES.
Introduction.

The desigu of the sacred writer iu this passage is not to
give a second account of creation, but to describe man,
his origin, his relation to the lower creation, his home,
his relation to God, and his relation to woman. Hence,
the subject of this chapter is Man.

I. The Peculiarities of Man's Creation.

Compare 1 : 26-27 and 2 :7 .
"The word ' likeness ' explains the word ' image ' ;
that is to say, God made man in an image like
himself. This image is not predicated of the body,
for God had none," but of the soul. This likeness
pertains to the soul in the following respects :

1. The Substance of the Soul : God a spirit man's

soul spirit.

2. Intelligence: God a rational being; so man.

3. Moral Nature : God man (conscience).

4. Personality : God a person, a being possessed of

intelligence, feeling, free agency ; so man.

5. Free Agency : God man.

6. Affections: God man.

FIRST PERIOD. 17

7. Moral Righteousness : This element of man's like-

ness to God displays the divine image in its
highest glory. " Three sources are open from
which we may take knowledge of man's original
righteousness. Putting together our best con-
ception of the holiness of God, of the holiness
of Christ, of all that is holy in the renewed
man, we reach a conception of the original
righteousness in which man was created."
Humphrey.

8. Immortality : God man.

II. Eden.

1. What Was Eden? Eden (delight) was " a gar-

den," a spot specially selected and prepared
prepared by the Lord God. In this garden the
Lord God made to grow every tree that is
pleasant to the sight and good for food. Be-
sides, in the middle of the garden he planted
"the tree of life" and "the tree of the knowl-
edge of good and evil." The narrative thus
plainly teaches that Eden was a place adapted
by the Lord God to meet every want of man
and, also to his highest enjoyment, thus leaving
no excuse for disobedience.

2. The Location of Eden. Where was Eden? The

three continents of the Old World have been
subjected to the most rigorous search ; from
China to the Canary Islands, from the Moun-
tains of the Moon to the coast of the Baltic, no
locality which in the slightest degree corre-
sponds to the description of the first abode of
the human race has been left unexamined.
The great rivers of Europe, Asia, and Africa
have in turn done service as the Pison and

18 BIBLE COUESE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

Gihou of Scripture, and there remains nothing
but the New World wherein the next adven-
turous theorist may bewilder himself in the
mazes of this most difficult question." "The
most prevalent notion, however, has been
that the garden lay in the highlands of Arme-
nia, where the Euphrates and the Tigris and
two other great rivers, now called the Kizil-
Ermock and the Araxes have their rise."
Blaikie.
3. The Employment of Man in Eden. 2:15. " Labor
is not a part of the penalty of sin. While man
stood in his innocency ' the Lord took the man
and put him into the garden of Eden to dress
it and to keep it.' Sin brought a curse upon
toil. Labor, before the first sin, was expended
npon a garden most kindly and fruitful ; toil
after that catastrophe was expended on a
thorny and reluctant soil ; but labor was, as
well before sin as after, the appointment of God
to man. Labor without irksomeness and slavish
toil, which makes acts otherwise tedious a de-
lightful repose; which is itself physical enjoy-
ment and the keenest stimulus and relish of the
mind labor was one of the blessings of para-
dise." Humphrey.

III. Woman. 2: 18-25.

1. Woman Was Created after Man. Significance?

1 Tim. 2:13.

2. The Purpose of Woman's Creation. To be an

help meet for man. 2 : 18-20 ; cf. 1 Cor. 11:9.

3. The Method of Woman's Creation. 2:21-22.

This unique creation yields several import-
ant results: (a) Clears up the doctrine of

FIRST PERIOD. 19

the unity of the race, both in origin and spe-
cies. The first pair not of different races or of
different families of the same race. (6) Estab-
lishes the indissoluble character of the covenant
of marriage. (See Matt. 19 : 6.) Inculcates
monogamy tor so undoubtedly it was at the
beginning, (c) Indicates the love and tender
care which should characterize the marriage
relation for husband aud wife are one.

IV. The Covenant of "Works.

God having created man, as described above, in his
own image and placed him in the Garden of
Eden, did "enter into a covenant of life with him
upon condition of perfect obedience." We come
here to the first of a series of covenants described
in the Scriptures. But what is a covenant? A
covenant, in its more technical sense, implies (1)
two equal parties; (2) liberty to do or not to do
the covenanted things before the covenant is formed.
In this sense there could be no covenant between
God and man. But in the more general sense of
a conditional promise, such a transaction was evi-
dently effected between God and Adam, and is re-
corded in Gen. 2: 16-17. Dabney. In the sense
thus explained we have here a covenant, an agree-
ment, or contract, between two parties. This
covenaut is known as the Covenant of Works, be-
cause the condition of life was the work of perfect
obedience.

Analysis of the Covenant of Works.

(1) The parties, God and Adam.

(2) The subject Adoption. Transferring man
from the position of a servant to that of a son,
and surrounding him forever with the safe-

20 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

guards of the divine wisdom and faithfulness,
making his holiness indefectible. Dabney, p.
302.

(3) God's part To give adoption.

(4) Adam's part Perfect obedience.

(5) The sanctions The promise and threat.

(6) The seal Tree of life, as is commonly sup-
posed.

Explanations of Above.

(1) In this covenant Adam represented himself
and his posterity.

(2) The obedience required was perfect obedience,
in heart as well as act ; obedience to the re-
vealed will of God; moral as well as positive
commands.

(3) The life promised eternal life; the death
threatened eternal death.

(4) It is also reasonable to infer that a definite
(limited) probation was appointed.

This Really a Covenant of Grace.

(a) It was an act of grace for God to enter into a
covenant with man. (6) It was an act of
grace to establish him forever in holiness for
obedience limited in duration, (c) It was an
act of grace to allow the first man, under the
most favorable circumstances, to represent his
posterity, (d) The promise was most gracious.
(e) The circumstances under which Adam en-
tered upon his trial most favorable. (/) The
test simple and easy, as we shall see.

V. The Four Primeval Ordinances.

1. Dominion. 2. The Sabbath. 3. Marriage. A. La-
bor. "Now these four ordinances are not acci-
dents in our nature or our position. Neither

FIRST PERIOD. 21

of them was an afterthought, nor were they
introduced one by one in the lapse of ages into
the bosom of the human race. They are not
gifts of divine grace imparted to man as a sin-
ner in his sins, or as a sinner saved from his
sins. They were granted to man as man in the
very beginning. Their necessity is deeply laid
in the necessity of his being." Humphrey.
What would be the effect upon society if either
one of the four should be abolished?

SECTION 3. THE FALL.

Gen. 3.

OUTLINE.

I. The Test of Man's Obedience.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., chap. 4.

II. The Temptation, 3: 1-6.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., chap. 4.
Price's Syl., p. 28.

III. The Sin whereby Adam Fell.

Humphrey as above.
Dabney's Theo.l., p. 310.

IV. The Fall.

Humphrey and Dabney, as above.

V. The Guilty Pair before the Great Judge.

Humphrey, chap. 4.

VI. The First Gospel.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., chap. 5.

22 BIBEE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

NOTES.

I. The Test of Man's Obedience.

The test of man's obedience under the covenant of
works was the forbidden fruit. 2: 17. Was this
a reasouable and suitable test? The following-
facts will help us to answer :

(See Humphrey's Sacred Hist., pp. 51-52.)

1. "Adam was a mature man."

2. "He was holy."

3. "He held direct intercourse with God."

4. " He was sufficiently forewarned."

5. "Every lawful eujoyment was offered him."

6. "The duty enjoined was not difficult."

7. "The test was simple and intelligible."

II. The Temptation, vs. 1-6.

1. The Tempter, v. 1. Serpent? Devil in form of a

serpent. Cf. Rev. 12 : 9; 20: 2. See Price, p.
28, par. 6.

2. Whom Does the Serpent Address.'' v. 2.

3. The Manner of the Temptation.

(1) An adroit insinuation " Every tree." Did
God make any prohibition ? If so, was it
not strange and hard ? The insinuation
against God. The form of a question.

(2) The effect upon Eve. vs. 2-3. The insinua-
tion had its desired effect. It gained the at-
tention of Eve. She stopped to listen and
parley; she entertained the question. Here
her first great blunder. Then she exagger-
ated the prohibition (see her interpolation),
indicating that she did think it arbitrary and
hard.

(3) Satan promises safety in sinning, v. 4. He
crows bolder. This a direct charge of false-

FIRST PERIOD. 23

hood against God. Eve makes no reply.
Significance ?

(4) Insinuates that God is jealous of their hap-
piness and had on that account kept the truth
from them. " For God doth know," etc.

(5) Promises great advantages in sinning, v. 5.
Note steps in the temptation.

4. The result, v. 6. Eats. Then gave to her
husband.

III. The Sin whereby Adam Fell.

1. A Sin against God. Violation of his command.

2. The Elements of his Sin. (1) Unbelief, a sin of

heart. (2) Disobedience an outward act. Jas.
1:14-15.

3. The Aggravation of Adam's Sin. Ingratitude.

Knowledge. Against his posterity, etc.

4. The Difference between the Sin of Adam and Eve

v. 6 (latter part). See also 2 Cor. 11:3;
1 Tim. 2: 14. " But these declarations do not
prove that Satan alone temj:>ted the woman,
and the woman alone tempted the man. The
phrase in Genesis must not be overlooked. She
gave to her bnsband with her. He was prob-
ably present at the time, consenting to what
she said and did. She took the lead in the
guilty act ; she joined her solicitations with
the solicitations of the tempter ; but the guilt
of man and of woman was substantially the
same. To the full extent in which he was
personally influenced by the Devil, and in
which he failed to defend the purity of his
wife, he is considered by all good men dis-
honored and guilty." Humphrey, p. 56.

24 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

IV. The Fall.

A figurative use of the word (exp.).

1. It was Moral the loss of original righteousness

and the corruption of his whole nature.

2. It ivas a Fall in Reference to his Relations with

God loss of communion with God and of all
the privileges of a son of God spiritual
death.

3. It was Physical from perfect health to liability

to bodily death.

4. Liable to Eternal Death.

5. The Immediate Effects of the Fall upon Adam and

Eve. (a) They suffered under a sense of
moral degradation. " Their eyes were opened."
(v. 11.) (b) They experienced dread of judg-
ment " hid themselves." (c) Became deceit-
ful, shuffling, and insolent, vs. 10-13.

6. The Effect upon Adam's Posterity. Rom. 5: 12-

21. Facts.

V. The Guilty Pair before the Great Judge.

1. Their Guilt Clearly Established, vs. 9-13.

2. Judgment Pronounced :

(1) Upon the tempter, vs. 14-15.

(2) Upon the woman, v. 16.

(3) Upon the man. vs. 17-19.

3. The Expulsion, vs. 22-24.

VI. The First Gospel, v. 15. Protevangelium.

It pleased God to embody in the very bosom of the

curse a gleam of hope, thus giving intimation of

mercy and judgment. Notice

1. This a promise of salvation, accepted as the first

Messianic promise. "This promise comes before

us in its germ, to be gradually unfolded through

FIKST PERIOD. 25

the ages. The ultimate victory of the kingdom
of light over the kingdom of darkness is pre-
dicted, and the assurance is added that this
victory shall be won by the seed of the woman.
But who are to be the seed of the woman? The
expression bears a threefold meaning : Prima-
rily, it signifies the whole human family, for Eve
is the mother of all living. More precisely, it
describes the righteous portion of the race : ' The
good seed are the children of the kingdom.'
(Matt. 13 : 38.) In its highest sense it is pred-
icated of Christ, who is proved by genealog-
ical tables to be the direct descendant of the
first pair." Humphrey, p. 68. Which seed is
meant in the promise?
We have here "prophetic" intimations of the plan
of salvation.

(See Humphrey's Sacred Hist., p. 69.)

(1) "Salvation shall come through a person."

(2) "This Saviour shall be a man and yet more

than a man."

(3) "The Saviour shall be the seed of the

woman severally, not of the man and
woman jointly."

(4) "The Redeemer should be a suffering and a

triumphant Messiah."

(5) "The salvation purchased for us by the

seed of the woman will be complete."

(6) "Redemption was promised not only to the

first man and woman, but to their pos-
terity likewise."

(7) " God put enmity between the two seeds."

Hence, conflict of the ages.

26 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLIKE AND NOTES.

SECTION 4. THE CAINITES.

Gen. 4.

OUTLINE.

I. Early History of Cain and Abel.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 4. Price's Sylla-
bus, pp. 29-30. Geikie's Hours, p. 140.

II. Cain's Great Crime.

Same authorities.

III. Cain before the Great Judge.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist, pp. 87-88.

IV. Cain in the Land of Nod.

Humphrey and Price, as above. Geikie, p. 146.

NOTES.

I. Early History of Cain and Abel.

1. The Moral Condition in which They were Born.

"A corrupt nature was conveyed from our first
parents to their immediate posterity; by the
hideous wickedness of Cain we may measure
the depth of depravity in the generation next
to Adam ; the first murder being the natural
product of the first transgression." Cf. Ps.
51:5; Job 14: 4.

2. Their Occupations. 4:2. These occupations "have

been called the ground forms of human indus-
try." "No interval of 'utter degeneracy' is
sanctioned in the Scripture account of the first
man ; no dismal age of living on roots and
shell fish, or the produce of the chase, or naked
savages; they begin in Eden, to work it and

FIRST PERIOD. 27

watch it; aud after the fall they turn to the
tillage of the field, aud rearing and tending of
sheep, occupations from which an advance to
other forms of civilization was easy." Geikie.

3. Their Religious Principles Held in Common.

Their offerings indicate that they both believed,
(1) In the existence of God ; (2) In the duty
of worshipping him.

4. The Difference in their Religious Principles. Heb.

11:4: " Abel had faith, Cain had none; and
for this reason Abel's service was 'a more ac-
ceptable service than Cain's.' The precise na-
ture and extent of this faith has not been deter-
mined. Some of our best interpreters teach us
that Abel's faith led him to make a bloody
sacrifice for sin, while Cain's unbelief led him
to exclude, intentionally perhaps, the idea of
propitiation from his offering." Humphrey.
Others think the narrative in Genesis 3 : 21
does not warrant us to conclude that God had
appointed bloody sacrifices at this early period.

II. Cain's Great Crime.

1. The Occasion of the Crime. The acceptance of

Abel's sacrifice and the rejection of his own.
4:3-5.

2. The Cause of his Crime. Jealousy, vs. 5-6.

3. The Crime Itself. Murder, fratricide, v. 8.

First murder.

4. The Aggravations of his Crime, (a) The expostu-

lation of God. vs. 6-7. (6) Premeditation
and deceit, v. 8.

III. Cain before the Great Judge.

1. The Trial. The judge. The accused. The at-
titude and conduct of Cain before the Lord.

28 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

v. 9. See how sin leads to sin. Found guilty,
v. 10.

2. Sentenced, vs. 11-12. Elements: (1) "Cursed

art thou from the ground." (2) " When thou
tillest the ground it shall not yield unto thee
her strength." (3) "A fugitive and a wanderer
shalt thou be in the earth."

3. Cain's Response. "My punishment is greater

than I can bear." " My punishment " not my
guilt; "the cry of remorse embittered by im-
penitence and despair." Then follows Cain's
lamentation : " I am an exile from home; I am
an outcast from the favor aud protection of the
Lord, and every one that finds me shall slay
me. But the Lord answered." v. 15. What
this mark was we know not. Why was Cain's
life spared?

IV. Cain in the Land of Nod.

1. Where tons the Land of Nod.f The narrative (v.

16) says "on the east of Eden." " The geog-
raphy of Nod cannot be defined. The name
signifies the land of Exile or Flight, contrasting
Eden, the land of Delight."

2. Cain's Wife. He evidently "took with him one

of his sisters as his wife. The marriage be-
tween brothers and sisters in this family was
plainly unavoidable. These alliances yield one
important result. The doctrine of the absolute
unity of the race is derived from the creation of
one man and the formation of his one wife from
his person ; and that unity was distinctly
maintained by the intermarriage of the sons
and daughters of the first pair."

FIRST PERIOD. 29

3. The Building of the First City. "Cain introduced

a new form of society by building a city or for-
tress." v. 17. This " introduced a new epocb
in human history and with it a new civiliza-
tion."

4. The Cainite Civilization. Passing over the un-

eventful jieriod covered by four generations of
Cainites, the historian comes down to Lamech.
From this one man and his remarkable family
of three sous and one daughter the new civil-
ization received its type.

The Elements of this Civilization.

(1) Polygamy introduced by Lamech himself;
the development of ungodliness, indecency,
and incipient heathenism ; in marriage dis-
honored and polluted, and in the degradation
of woman.

(2) The pastoral life of the Eastern tribes in-
troduced by Jabal (Profit).

(3) Music Tubal. He " invented the harp and
organ, stringed and wind instrumeuts,and with
them, doubtless, the science and art of music."

(4) Manufactures from the metals Tubal-Cain.
v. 22. " The industries of the three brothers,
in the manufacture of musical instruments,
tent-making, the working in metals, the pro-
duction of edge-tools, with the implements of
husbandry and war, indicate great progress in
mining, smelting, spinning, w T eaving, and the
forging and polishing of brass and iron."
Humphrey.

(5) The charms of womanhood Naamah, the
Lovely, v. 22.

30 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

5. Lamech's Song. vs. 23-24. These verses "shed
additional light upon the times. Lamech
a murderer, and he exceeded the hardihood
of his ancestor, Cain, by an open defiance of
justice, human and divine. See his 'Song of
the Sword.' This ode, considered as a prod-
uct of thought, is worthy of attention, because
it is the oldest lyrical fragment in all literature,
its date being fixed at .more than 1,200 years

before the deluge The import of

the song is that Cain was shielded from pun-
ishment by the divine protection ; Lamech is
armed and can take care of himself. God
would inflict seven-fold vengeance on the man
who should lay hands on Cain ; Lamech will
retaliate an attack upon him seventy times
seven Dreschler remarks, 'The his-
tory of the Cainites began with a deed of
murder and ended with a song of murder.'
.... The Caiuite civilization foreshadowed
the civilization of Babylon, of Corinth, of
Paris in 1798 an accumulation of wealth,
cultivation, profligacy, ferocity, and desperate
ungodliness. The Cainite race represented,
with a certain terrific loyalty, the seed of the
serpent." Humphrey. This closes the history
of Cain and his descendants. "The curtain
falls on the race of Cain with this picture of
savage ferocity, glorying in revenge and mer-
ciless in its fury. What nations sprang from
this earliest separation of the human family is
not told us; for there is no hint, even, in the
names of Cain's descendants that have sur-
vived." GeiMe,p. 146.

FIRST PERIOD. 31

SECTION 5. THE SETHITES.

Gen. 4 : 25-26 ; 5 : 1-32.

OUTLINE.
I. Seth.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., etc., pp. 91-92.
Geikie's Hours, p. 146.
Butler's Bible Work, Geu.
Bible Diet., " Seth."

II. The Sethite Line.

Same references.
III. The Sethite and Cainite Lines Compared.

Same references.

IV. The Genealogies.

Humphrey, p. 108.
Geikie's Hours, p. 147.

NOTES.

I. Seth. Gen. 4 : 25 ; 5:3.

1. Meaning of his Name. 4:25. "The giving of

this name indicated in Eve a good hope, if not
an abiding faith in the promise of a holy seed,
and a belief that this seed, destroyed in the
death of Abel, was to be renewed in Seth."

2. His Character. Although born in the likeness of

fallen Adam (5 : 3), the inference is that he was
like godly Abel in character. 4: 26.

3. Father of a Godly Race. 4:26. "Then began

men to call on the name of the Lord." This
the first notice of public worship. This brief
clause indicates : (1) A general reformation, as

32 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

it would seem ; (2) the introduction of public
and social worship; (3) the name Jehovah sig-
nificant. This God's covenant name, applied

to him as Saviour.

II. The Sethite Line.

1. This Line Traced Through Ten Generations in

Fifth Chapter of Genesis -from Adam to Noah.

2. The Narrative for the Host Part a Bare Record

of Births and Deaths. " There is something
very impressive in this antediluvian record of
deaths ; the long periods of life only make it
more so. It tells forcibly of there being no
escape from this law. The cadence of ' and he
died ' recurs with the effect of a tolling bell
upon the imagination, and the length of inter-
val between them adds to the solemnity of the
lesson so given forth."

3. Notable Names in this Line.

(1) Enoch. Concerning him two things de-
serve special notice: (a) He was a prophet.
Read his prophecy in Jude 14-15. (b) He
was translated. 5:24; cf. Heb. 11:5.

(2) Noah. 5:28-29.

4. The Most Important Thing Concerning the Sethite

Line is yet to be Mentioned it was the 3Iessianic
Line. Luke 3 : 37-38.

III. The Sethite and Cainite Lines Compared.

Note (1) the similarity of the names in the two lists
(2) the contrast in the meaning of the names in
the two lists a favorable meaning in the line of
Seth, an unfavorable meaning in that of Cain
(Geihie).

FIRST PERIOD. 33

IV. The Genealogies.

Importance. 1. " They establish the fact that all man-
kind descended from one man and one woman.
This truth is fundamental to revealed religion,
because it points out the indissoluble connection
between the lost estate of all mankind and the
disobedience of their common progenitor; and
it lays the foundation for a plan of redemption
that shall be one plan and yet applicable to
every member of the race."

2. "The registers call our attention also to the lon-

gevity of the patriarchs. The proof by which
the longevity is established, the vital forces to
which it is to be referred, and its results, his-
torical and moral, should be considered."

3. "The historical uses of this longevity are con-

spicuous. Iu the absence of the art of writing,
it secured the transmission, through the mem-
ory of the long-lived people, of useful inven-
tions and discoveries, together with such knowl-
edge as might be gathered by observation and
study. It afforded the means, also, for the
preservation of primeval history. . . Methuse-
lah was contemporary with Adam two hundred
and fifty years and with Shern one hundred ;
Shem was contemporary with Abraham one
hundred years and with Isaac fifty." Hum-
phrey.

34 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

SECTION 6. THE FLOOD.

Gen. 6 ; 7 ; 8 : 1-19.

OUTLINE.

I. The Cause of the Flood. The Second Apos-
tasy.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 7.
Price's Syllabus, p. 34.
Geikie's Hours, chap. 13.
Butler's Bible Work, Gen.

II. The Ark.

Dods on Gen.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 8.

Other references same as above.

III. The Flood Prevails.

References same as above.

NOTES.

I. The Cause of the Flood the Second Apostasy.

The first apostasy was that of Adam and Eve in
Eden. The second apostasy was that of the race
which reached its culmination just prior to the
flood. Concerning this apostasy notice :

1. It Seems to have been Gradual. There is reason

to believe that in the time of Seth and Enoch
the state of religion in the family of Seth was
gratifying aud hopeful. Gen. 4:26. But in
the time of Enoch the apostasy had made great
progress. Jude 14-15.

2. The Culmination of the Apostasy. Gen. 6:5-6.

See also vs. 11-12.

FIRST PERIOD. 35

3. The Primary Cause of this Apostasy, the Depravity

of Human Nature. 6:5; cf. Matt. 15:19-20.

4. The Circumstances which Developed and Hastened

the Apostasy. 6 : 1-2. "Nothing could be more
preposterous than the vagary of the intermar-
riage of angels with the daughters of men. . .
The obvious sense of the text corresponds with
the plan of the narrative. The statement that
'the sons of God' (the Sethites) 'saw the
daughters of men' (the Cainites) corresponds
to what is said before of the sensuous charms
of the wives and daughters of Lamech. The
words 'they took them wives of all which they
chose' indicates, it may be, not only the mixed
marriages, but the introduction among the
Sethites of the Cainite usage of polygamy."
Humphrey.

5. The Sentence, v. 7. This sentence, however,

was not to be executed at once. v. 3. Why
not?

6. The Exception to the General Sentence, v. 8.
Noah. (a) His character, vs. 8-9. (6) His

family, v. 10. (c) God's command to Noah.
vs. 13-22. (d) Noah's occupation besides build-
ing the ark. 1 Pet. 3:18-20. Who went and
preached? Christ. By what agency? His
Spirit. Through what instrumentality ? Noah.
2 Pet. 2 : 5. To whom did he preach? "The
contemporaries of Noah, the disobedient who
perished by the flood after God had suffered
long with them." When was this preaching
done ? In the time during which God was
waiting in patience on the disobedient, through
an hundred and twenty years, while the ark was
in building. What and where were those people

36 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

when Peter wrote bis epistle? They were lost
spirits shut up in perdition.

II. The Ark.

1. Instructions for Building the Ark. Gen. 6:13-

16. It was to be an ark; not a ship (because
not sailing power but only abundant storage
and steadiness in the water were required), but
a floating house or box, made of gopher (prob-
ably cypress) wood and rendered thoroughly
water-tight by being covered with bitumen
within and without. It was to be divided into
compartments (rooms, lit. nests) for the more
convenient distribution of the various animals;
and these rooms were to be in three tiers, one
above the other, in lower, second, and third
stories. The entire structure was to be 300
cubits long, 50 broad, and 30 high ; or taking
the cubit as equal to 21 inches 525 feet long,
87 feet 6 inches broad, and 52 feet 6 inches
high. The Great Eastern was 680 feet long
83 broad, and 58 high. Ten buildings the
size of Solomon's temple could have been
stored away in the ark. The proportions have
been tested. Peter Jansen, a Dutchman, had
a ship built of the same proportions, though
on a smaller scale, and found it well adapted to
freightage." Dods on Gen.

2. The Purpose of the Ark. vs. 17-22. For pre-

serving, () Noah and his family, v. 18, and (6)
two "of every living thing," vs. 19-20.

3. The Entrance into the Ark. 7:1-16. (1) Time

of entrauce. (2) Contents. (3) "As the Lord
commanded Noah."

FIRST PERIOD. 37

III. The Flood Prevails.

7:11-12 and 17-24.

1. The Execution of the Sentence Previously Pro-

nounced. Cf. 6 : 7, 13, 17, with 7 : 19-23.

2. The Extent of the Flood. Two views : (1) That it

was universal. (2) That it was limited. The ar-
guments in favor of each of these views are ad-
mirably summarized in Price's Syllabus of Old
Testament History, p. 35, as follows : " I. For
its universality: a, the language of chap. 6 : 17 >
6:4, 19, 21, 23 ; bid (1) earth was used (a) of
Palestine alone. Joel 1:2; Ps. 44 : 3 ; (b) of
a field ; Ex. 23 : 10 ; (2) limitations (a) in Acts
2:5: "Every nation under heaven; (b) cf.
Piom.l :8, throughout the whole (known) world;
(c) cf. Matt, 12 : 42 : " The queen of the South
came from the ends of the earth ; b, the com-
mon tradition among all peoples ; but, this only
strengthens the view that all people are the off-
spring of one pair. II. Against its universality:
a, Scientific difficulties : (1) Amount of water
required would disarrange the solar system ;
(2) vegetation would perish in such continued
submergence ; (3) fish would not survive in
foreign waters ; b, practical difficulties : (1)
collecting of such animals as the sloth, polar
bear and kangaroo; (2) preservation of 120,000
kinds of insects ; (3) preservation of 100,000
species of plants ; c, physical evidences : (1)
Undisturbed volcanic remains at Auvergne,
France ; (2) certified age of trees in Mexico
and Senegal ; d, probable similar geologic
movements in the past ; e, the real purpose of
the deluge."

38 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

3. The Duration of the Flood. Gen. 7:17; 8:14.

"The rain began on the 17th day of the second
month, or about the beginning of November,
and Noah left the ark on the 27th of the same
month in the following year." Dods on Gen.

4. The Place where the Ark Rested. 8:4. Not, of

course, on the peak (Masis), which is 17,000
feet high and covered with perpetual snow,
and on which, consequently, many of the ani-
mals must have perished with cold, while even
the hardiest must have been killed in the de-
scent, which is practicable only to skilled moun-
taineers. It seems probable that Ararat was
the name descriptive of the lofty Armenian
table-land which overlooks the plain of the
Araxes on the north, and of Mesopotamia on
the south." Dods.

SECTION 7. THE SECOND BEGINNING.

Gen. 8:15; 9 : 1-29.

OUTLINE.

I. Noah's Sacrifice.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 9.
Price's Syllabus, p. 37.
Commentaries.

II. Divine Revelations made to Noah.

Same references.

III. Noah's After-History.

Same references.

FIRST PERIOD. 39

NOTES.

The Flood marked a great epoch in the world's history.
The entire human race had been destroyed with the ex-
ception of the eight souls in the Ark. As they descend
from the Ark, at the command of God, the race is to
make a new beginning under new conditions and circum-
stances. Very aptly, therefore, does Dr. Price call this
epoch " The Second Beginning," both like and unlike
the first beginning in Eden. Noah's first act was to
build an altar unto the Lord. This is the first altar men-
tioned in the Bible. From this time " the altar be-
came the central object in the life of the patriarchs, and
in the Hebrew ritual ; it was the genesis also of the future
tabernacle and temple." Upon this altar Noah offered
sacrifice.

I. Noah's Sacrifice. 8 : 20.

Features

1. Its Extent, v. 20.

2. Bloody Sacrifice Atonement.

3. Burnt Offering. This the first occurrence of the

burnt offering in Scripture, and the original
of Lev. 1:3. Meaning of burnt offering?
" The sum of the matter is, that Noah's obla-
tion was expiatory and prophetical ; it involved
confession of guilt, the remission of sin by
shedding of blood, and it pointed forward to
the way of salvation, by the sacrifice of
Christ." God accepted Noah's offering, v. 21;
and upon the ground of his sacrifice God delib-
erately determines (" The Lord said in his
heart") to make certain most important revela-
tions to Noah.

40 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

II. Divine Revelations to Noah.

1. A Promise. 8:21-22. This, a very great tem-

poral promise, giving assurance of the stability
and regularity of Nature ; given not on the
ground of man's righteousness (v. 21), but on
the ground of the sacrifice.

2. The Blessing. 9:1. God here gives to Noah and

his sons the possession of the earth. The
terms in which the original grant was made
to Adam were repeated to Noah. The grant to
both was introduced with a blessing. Cf. Gen.
1:29.

3. Gen. 9 :2. God Gave to Them also a Qualified Do-

minion over the Tower Animals. Cf. Gen. 1:28.
"In Adam it was a dominion of absolute author-
ity; in Noah a lordship of fear and dread. . . .
We recognize here indelible signs both of the
gift of the earth and the curse upon it for
man's sake."

4. Animal Food Given to Man. " We are not at lib-

erty to say that, in point of fact, flesh was not
eaten by the antediluvians. We are told only
that a divine permission to use it was now for
the first time granted." This grant had, how-
ever, an important and strict limitation, v. 4.
Reason, Lev. 17:10-11.

5. Capital Punishment Enjoined, vs. 5-6. This a

passage of great importance. Notice :

(1) The penalty of death is affixed to the crime of
murder.

(2) The reason of the law is here given: "For in
the image of God made he man." "He who
strikes at the life of a man strikes at God's
image, and through his image at God himself."

FIRST PERIOD. 41

(3) The brute beast killing a man must be slain.

(4) The minister charged with the infliction of
the penalty is appointed. "At the hand of
every man's brother will I require the life of
man." "The Hebrew for 'every man's
brother' signifies literally 'the one and the
other,' meaning that God requires of every
living man the blood of the murderer; there
shall be no escape for the guilty, and no ex-
cuse for ' the other ' who connives at his es-
cape."

(5) The law is of universal and perpetual obliga-
tion. The law a divine command.

(6) "These two brief verses are by the soundest
publicists held to contain the fundamental
principles of civil government in the hands of
a magistracy. The duty of protecting human
life is enjoined on mankind." Humphrey.
Behold in all this the sacredness of human life.

6. The Covenant. Sometimes called the Covenant of

Forbearance.
Aspects of this Covenant:

(1) "The preservation of the earth from the waters
of another flood is the sole promise conveyed
by its terms, strictly interpreted."

(2) The promise in the covenant includes the
lower animals, v. 10.

(3) The covenant was made with Noah and his
sons, for themselves and their posterity, vs.
8-9. See here an example of the principle of
representation.

(4) The idea of reciprocity wanting in this cove-
nant.

(5) The seal of the covenant the rainbow. A
familiar object, which had existed from the

42 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

beginning, now became the sign of a new idea
the idea of a divine covenant. This bow
a simple token of a covenant, not a sacrament.

III. Noah's After-History.

1. Noah's Sin. v. 21. "Attempts have been made

to excuse Noah's conduct. But the plain, blunt
words of Calvin are better than any apology:
'I rather suppose that we are to learn from the
drunkenness of Noah what a filthy and detesta-
ble crime drunkenness is.'" Very closely con-
nected with Noah's sin was the indecency of
Ham : " It proceeded from a native-born spirit
of indecency and of ribaldry and mockery to-
ward all that is good. Ham's crime divided
the sons of Noah into two parties, Ham and his
posterity representing the seed of the serpent;
Shem and Japheth, with their posterity, the seed
of the woman."

2. Noah's Prophecies Concerning His Sons.

(1) Canaan (Ham's son), v. 25. Also he was to
be a servant to both his brethren. How
fulfilled?

(2) Shem (v. 26). "Noah's prophecy in regard to
Shem took the form, not of a beuediction on
Shem, but of a doxologyto God. . . The boon
promised here is indicated by the name Jeho-
vah God given to the Almighty. He is called,
not Elohim, the general term describing the
Divine Being, but by his greater name Jeho-
vah, the God of redemption, the covenant-giv-
ing and covenant-keeping God, even he who had
just entered into a special covenant with Noah.
Next Jehovah is called the God of Shem. Never
before, in Scripture, is the Almighty called the

FIRST PERIOD. 43

God of any one person or race. But after this
the distinguished honor follows the line of
Shem throughout the ages. Jehovah is spoken

of as the God of Abraham," etc

This prophecy " foreshows the future exalta-
tion of Shem over his brothers in his descend-
ant Eber, and later still in the illustrious fam-
ily of Abraham, with whom the far-famed cov-
enant of circumcision was established. This
prediction has been received by the Church as
the second Messianic promise."
(3) Japheth. (v. 27.) Two elements in this
prophecy (1) worldly prosperity, (2) spiritual
privileges. "Nothing in the history and pres-
ent state of the world is better known than
the fulfillment of this prophecy. God has
enlarged Japheth. From the very beginning
his sons became the emigrating, colonizing
race, until they have passed by land and sea

around the world Not less certain is

it that the posterity of Japheth have found
the salvation which was bestowed on Shem.
'They dwell in the tents of Shem.'" Hum-
phrey.

SECTION 8. THE TABLE OF NATIONS.

Gen. 10.

OUTLINE.

I. The Value of this Table.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 10.
Butler's Bible Work, Gen.

44 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLIKE AND NOTES.

II. The Plan of the Table.

Humphrey, as above.

Dods, Genesis.

Price, Syllabus of O. T. Hist.

III. The Geography of the Table.

Humphrey, as above.

Price, as above.

Hurlbut, Manual of Bib. Geog., p. 23.

IV. The Sons of Japheth.

Humphrey, etc.

Price, etc.

Hurlbut, etc.

Blaikie, Bible Hist., chap. 3.

Butler's Bible Work.

Geikie, Hours.

Dods, Genesis.

V. The Sons of Ham.

Same references.

VI. The Sons of Shem.

Same references.

VII. The Accuracy of the Table.

Same references.

NOTES.

I. The Value of this Table.

1. As a Proof of the Unity of the Race. "The descent
of all mankind from Noah is, of course, a re-
newed testimony by scripture to the unity of
the human race a doctrine so intimately con-
nected with the divine plau of redemption, and
so vital to the brotherhood and mutual sym-
pathy of man with man." Geikie.

FIRST PERIOD. 45

2. The Most Valuable Ethnological Chart in Existence.

"This document of less than fifty lines exhausts
the science of the origin of nations ; no other
races have ever existed."

3. Affords "Proof of the Prophetic Inspiration of

Noah and Casts Light on the Plan of History
Adopted by 3Ioses."

II. The Plan of the Table.

1. Pests Historically on the Basis of the Flood. "The

compiler is careful to say that sons were born
to Shem, Ham, and Japheth 'after the flood'
(v. 1), and that, by the people descending from
these, were the nations divided in the earth
after the flood." v. 32.

2. The Order in which the Sons of Noah are Men-

tioned in the Table. The order is : Japheth,
Ham, Shem. "But why did Moses give the
first place to Japheth and the last to Shem ?
The answer is, that he first disposed of the
races that branched off from the main line, and
thus cleared the way for an uninterrupted
history of the promised seed."

3. The Evident Design of the Chapter is to Give the

Origin of Nations rather than the History of
Individuals.

4. The Intimate Connection between the Messianic

Propjhecies of Noah and these Genealogies. Sal-
vation, said Noah, shall come to the race
through the family of Shem. Accordingly, the
register gives all the links between Shem and
Abraham. Japheth was to find salvation in
the tents of Shem. So his pedigree is preserved.
Nor is Ham left out of the list.

46 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

III. The Geography of the Table.

" Let two lines be drawn on the map from west to
east; the one from the southern, the other from
the northern border of Palestine. The territory
between these two parallels was the portion of
Shem. Ham took his inheritance below Shem's
southern line. Japheth made his home north of
Shem's upper line." This suggestion only true
in a general sense. " Noah foretold the destiny
which awaited the posterity of his three sons.
But these destinies were all bound up
with their future homes on the surface of the
earth. Let it be imagined that Japheth and Ham
had missed their ways, Japheth going to the
torrid zone and Ham to the northern temperate
latitudes ; and then let us imagine the confusion
which this misplacement would have introduced
into Noah's scheme of prophecy." Humphrey.

IV The Sons of Japheth. vs. 2-5.

Mention the principal nations which descended from
Japheth.

V. The Sons of Ham. vs. 6-20.

Principal Hamitic nations.

VI. The Sons of Shem. vs. 21-31.

Principal Semitic nations.

VII. The Accuracy of the Table.

" The Jews maintain, as an article of faith, that the
whole of the tenth chapter of Genesis is as fully
and directly inspired as are the words, ' I am
the Lord your God.' The Christian need not hesi-
tate to subscribe that article. It does not pro-
fess to embrace all the peoples in existence at this
time ; but it is complete and sufficient to the end

FIRST PERIOD. 47

for which it was compiled ; it is a commentary on
Noah's Messianic prophecy, and a preface to the
history of Abraham. Its omissions are as essen-
tial to its proper uses as its contents. More
than that, every word of it is true. No contra-
dictions between its details and the findings of
sound ethnological science has been discovered.
It is entitled to carry on its face, not the caveat,
' errors excepted.' but the challenge, ' errors no-
where.' " Humphrey.

SECTION 9. BABEL.

Gen. 11.

OUTLINE.

I. The Relation of this Chapter to the Preceding.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 11.
Butler's Bible Work, Gen.

II. The Tower.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist.

Blaikie, Manual, p. 44.

Price, Syllabus Old Testament Hist., p. 39.

Butler's Bible Work, Genesis.

Bible Diet.

III. The Purposes of the Tower.

Same references.

IV. The Confusion of Tongues.

Same references.

V. Pentecost and Babel.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist.

48 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

NOTES.

I. The Relation of this Chapter to the Preceding.

The tenth chapter gives an account of the disper-
sion of mankind ; the eleventh gives the cause of
the dispersion. It follows, therefore, that in order
of time the events recorded in the eleventh chap-
ter preceded the events recorded in the tenth.

II. The Tower, vs. 1-4.

1. Location. The land of Shinar, on the Mesopo-

tamian plain. " Several of the most eminent
Orientalists believe that the ruins known as
Borsippa or Birs Nimrod represent it." Dods.
These ruins are near the site of Babylon.

2. Material, v. 3.

3. The Builders. It seems from the record in Gen-

esis that the whole race were united in this
enterprise.

III. The Purposes of the Tower.

1. To Make Themselves Famous, v. 4.

2. To Prevent Their Dispersion, v. 4; but 9:1-7.

3. Probably for Idolatrous Purposes. " In its es-

sence, therefore, the building of the tower was
a Titanic ungodly enterprise."

IV. The Confusion of Tongues.

1. The Unity of Language when They Began to
Build the Tower, v. 1. " More literally, ' of one
lip and word.' By the lip is meant the tongue
or pronunciation, including the vocal inflections;
by the ' word ' is meant the vocabulary. All
the living had one word for each idea, and one
way of pronouncing that word. They were
one in speech, just as they were one in origin
from Noah."

FIRST PERIOD. 49

2. Their Language Confounded, v. 7. " We have

no information as to the way in which this
was effected." Probably the original unity of
speech was now broken up into three languages.
Gen. 10:5, 20,31.

3. This Confusion of Language Due to Direct Divine

Lnterposition. 5-9. "The narrative takes the
form of a vivid anthropo-morphism."

4. The Disjiersion. vs. 8-9. This the result of the

confusion of lano-uage.

Babel and. Pentecost.

" Biblical scholars concur in accepting the miracle
of the Pentecost as the antithesis and reversal of
the miracle at Babel. In the words of Grotius :
'The punishment of tongues dispersed mankind;
the gift of tongues gathered the dispersed into
one people.' Babel represents God's judgment on
the impiety of man driving them asunder; Pen-
tecost represents the work of the Holy Spirit, re-
storing man by the righteousness of faith to unity
agai u . "Liu mph rey.

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SECOND PERIOD.

POST-ECCLESIASTICAL .

FROM THE CALL OF ABRAM TO EXODUS-
432 YEARS.

Gen. 11: 27 to 25: 11.

SECTION 1. ABRAHAM.

OUTLINE.
Introduction.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., Chaps. 12, 13.
Blaikie, Manual, Chap. 4.
Butler's Bible Work Gen.
Price, Syllabus O. T. Hist.

I. Before the Giving of the Covenant.

Same references.

II. The Covenant.

Same references.

III. After the Giving of the Covenant.

Same references.

IV. The Prominence of Abraham in Bible.

Same references.

52 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

NOTES.

Introduction.

1. Condition of the World at the Call of Abiam.

"True religion almost extinct. Among the
three groups of nations descending from Shem,
Ham and Japheth, the divine revelations to
Adam and Xoah were forgotten or disfigured.
Idolatry, a sin unknown to the generations be-
fore the deluge, but conceived at Babel, was
steadily gaining ground. Both the true and
the false worship were, in the well chosen
words of Hengstenberg, ' in a transition state,
idolatry on the increase, true religon on the
wane.' "

2. The Call of Abram Marks a Neic Era in the King-

dom of God. Hitherto "the divine revelations
were not restricted to a single individual or fam-
ily. The first promise was made to the seed of
the woman in general. . . . Access to God at
the altar was granted to every holy worshipper.
. . . There was on earth no favored people in
the bosom of which the kingdom of heaven
was established." The administration of re-
demption was catholic or (ecumenical. Xow,
however, a great change takes place. " The
Almighty chose out of the human race one
man, a native of Mesopotamia, called Abram,
changed his name to Abraham, the father of
many nations, separated him and his household
from his uative country and kindred, made an
everlasting covenant with him and his seed
after him, and established in that single house-
hold his church and kingdom on earth." Hum-
phrey.

SECOND PERIOD. 53

3. " The Call of Abram may be Treated as the
Opening of the Theophanie Era, an era which
culminated with the incarnation and life on
earth of the Son of God. " " The term ' the-
ophany ' is derived from the Greek and is ap-
plied to the appearance of the God of glory to
the senses of man." Ten theophanies were
granted to Abram, viz.:

(1) In Mesopotamia. Acts 7:2; Gen. 12 : 1.

(2) Shechem. Gen. 12:7. ;

(3) Bethel. Gen. 13 : 14.

(4) M'amre. Gen. 15 : 1.

(5) " " 17 : 1.

(6) " " 18:1.

(7) " " 21 : 12.

(8) " "22:1.

(9) Mount Moriah. Gen. 22 : 11.

(10) " " Gen. 22 : 15.

4. The Genealogy of Abram. Gen. 11 : 10-26. Thus
Abram is connected with Shem, Noah, Seth,
and Adam.

I. Abram before the Giving of the Covenant.

1. The Call.

(1) The manner in which the call was given.
Acts 7:2. This the first theophany to Abram.
"The God of glory" "appeared" "unto
our father Abraham " " when he was in Mes-
opotamia before he dwelt iu Haran." (Study
each clause.)

(2) This call embraced : (a) A twofold command,
expatriation, and segregation. Acts 7:3; Gen.
12 : 1. (6) A series of promises. Gen. 12 :l-3.
(These promises afterward embodied in the
covenant, which see.)

54 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

2. From JJr of the Chaldees to his Going Down to

Egypt. During this period three important
events are recorded : (1) The departure from Ur
in obedience to the call of God and the sojourn
at Haran. 11 : 31, 32. (2) The entrance into
Canaan. 12:4-9. At Shech em he had his
second theophany, in which God promised to
his seed the land of Canaan, v. 7. Here also,
he built an altar (v. 7), as he did also at Bethel,
v. 8. (3) The famine which led him to go to
Egypt, v. 10.

3. His Sojoitrn in Egypt. While here occurred his

disgraceful fall, which led to his expulsion from
the land. vs. 11-20.

4. From his Return to Canaan to the Giving of the

Covenant. The principal events of this period:

(1) The separation from Lot. 13 : 5-13 (exp.).

(2) Abram's third theophany. vs. 14-17. Xotice
the promises embraced in this theophany.
How timely !

(3) Abram makes his abode at Mamre. v. 18.
Observe the frequent recurrence of the altar.
Abram has been called the man of the tent
and the altar.

(4) The rescue of Lot. 14 : 1-17 and 21-24.

(5) Melchizedek. vs. 18-20; cf. Hebrews 7:
1-1 1 . " Melchizedek was a Canaanite, a holy
man, a king of righteousness and a priest of
the Most High God, holding a priesthood of
an exceptional order among the heathen. He
blessed Abram in God's behalf: 'Blessed be
Abram of the Most High God, possessor of
heaven and earth,' and again he thanked God
o Abram's behalf: 'And blessed be the Most

r

SECOND PERIOD. 55

High God which hath delivered thine enemies
into thy hand.' His act was an authoritative
assurance to Abram that God had called him
to take up arms and had given him the vic-
tory. This is the only military expedition
undertaken by the pilgrim father. We
should miss its historical significance if we
should recognize nothing in it except, first,
an indication of Abram's courage and strategy
as a fighting man ; and, next, an impulse of
affection for his undeserving kinsman. It
illustrates the faith of Abram; ' he fights once
as he walks always, by faith.' Moreover, the
divine help which was granted to him in the
campaign and the blessing of God pronounced
upon him by the royal priest, prove that he
was, by the grace of God, the lawful heir, the
lord paramount of the land of promise, and
that he held a divine commission to protect,
by force of arms, the sacred soil on which the
plan of salvation for the world was to be
matured." Humphrey.
(6) The fourth theophany. Gen. 15: 1. The
occasion which called forth this theophany,
and the wonderful interview connected with
it, was the despondency of Abram after the re-
turn from the "slaughter of the kings." This
despondency seems to have been due chiefly
to two thing : (a) The fact that he had no
legitimate heir. vs. 2-3. (b) The fact that
hostilities might be renewed by the kings ot
the East, and the land taken from him. Thus
the divine promises of a seed and of the land
would be defeated. It seems to have been the
object of the Lord in this chapter to comfort

56 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

and reassure Abram on these two points the
seed and the land. Concerning the seed, the
chapter contains two important revelations:
First, the assurance of a legitimate heir and
a numerous posterity (vs. 4-5) ; second,
prophecies as to his posterity and as to his own
peaceful end (vs. 13-16). Concerning the
land, the chapter also contains two revelations:
First, the promise of the land is renewed (v.
7) ; second, the boundaries denned. These
promises and revelations concerning the seed
and the land are confirmed by a covenant.
vs. 8-12, 18. This transaction recorded in
the fifteenth chapter may be regarded as the
first stage of the Abrahamic Covenant.
(7) The story of Hagar. Gen. 16. The chapter
falls into two divisions : () The scheme of
Sarah to help God fulfill his promise concern-
ing the seed (vs. 1-4) ; in this scheme all
parties appear in a bad light : (6) the results
of the scheme discord in the home, sorrow,
failure (vs. 5-16). "In this unpretending,
domestic chapter, we have laid bare to us the
origin of one of the most striking facts in the
history of religion, viz. : that from the one
person of Abram have sprung Christianity,
and that religion which has been, and still is,
its most formidable rival, Mohammedanism.
To Ishmael, Abram's first-born, all the Arab
tribes are proud to trace their pedigree, and
in Mohammed they see the fulfillment of the
promise given to the great patriarch." Dods.
With the sixteenth chapter ends the first division of
the history of Abram.

SECOND PERIOD. 57

II. The Abrahamic Covenant Introductory.

1. The Fourth of the Series of Covenants Recorded in

the Scriptures. (1) The Covenant of Works.
(2) The Covenant of Grace. (3) The Cove-
nant of Forbearance. (4) The Covenant of
Circumcision, or the Abrahamic Covenant.

2. The Importance of this Covenant. (1) The pro-

visions of this Covenant are integral elements
in the plau of redemption. (2) These provi-
sions controlled the career of the nations and
kings who descended from Abraham. (3) The
charter of the visible church.

3. The Position of the Covenant in the History of

Abraham. According to Dr. Humphreys (p.
229), the covenant was begun in the fourth
theophany (Gen. 15) was enlarged in the fifth
(Gen. 17), and completed in the tenth (Gen.
22). Dr. H. adds: " Now the significant fact
is that the promises which were put into the
formal covenant and made part thereof, are
nearly identical with the promises contained in
the seven other theophanic revelations." Hence
the covenant is the great central feature, the
climax of the history of Abraham.

THE COVENANT.

1. The Parties God and Abram. 15:18; 17:2.

2. The Subject Salvation. 17:7.

3. God's Part Series of Promises.

4. Abram's Part Faith and Obedience.

5. Sanctions Adoption and Excision.

6. The Seal Circumcision.

58 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AXD NOTES.

EXPOSITION OF THE COVENANT.

1. The Parties

(1) God, the Almighty, " A Spirit infinite, eter-
nal, and unchangeable in his being, wisdom,
power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth."
For this God to enter into covenant with man
was an act of infinite condescension and grace.

(2) Abram. In this transaction Abram is to be
considered in two aspects : (a)' As an indi-
vidual. It had been thirty-nine years since
God had called him in Ur, and twenty-four
years since he came out of Harau. These
were doubtless years of training, during which
God was fitting him for the position he was to
hold in the covenant transaction. (6) As a
representative. The covenant was made with
Abram for himself and his posterity. Gen.
17: 7.

2. The Subject Salvation. That this is the subject

seems evident from Gen. 17: 7. In what other
sense was he to be a God unto Abraham than a
Saviour? Was not this the most important and
supreme sense in which he was to be his God
and the God of his posterity? Cf. Rom. 4: 16,
and Gal. 3: 7-9 and 13-14.

3. God's Part a Series of Promises.

(1) An immense posterity. 17:4-6. This prom-
ise previously given is here repeated, and
in token of its certain fulfillment and im-
portance his name changed from Abram to
Abraham. This promise could not be per-
fectly fulfilled in Israel according to the flesh.
But see Rom. 4:16-17. Hence, included
not only his posterity according to the flesh,

SECOND PERIOD. 59

but also his spiritual seed. Gal. 3 : 29. Has
this promise been yet fulfilled? Gen. 17:5.

(2) The land of Canaan for himself and his
posterity. Gen. 17 : 8. In the first stage of
the covenant the boundaries of this land were
defined. Gen. 15:18-21. In the second
stage of the covenant the gift was secured
to Abraham for an everlasting possession.
But did the literal land of Canaan exhaust
this promise? Is it capable of accommo-
dating all his posterity? Did Abraham
himself understand that nothing but the lit-
eral land of Canaan was intended ? See Heb.
11:9, 10, 13-16. Has this promise of the
covenant been fulfilled in its most important
sense ?

(3) The divine blessing on him and on them.
17:7. The same blessing promised to both.

(4) Salvation to be conveyed through him to all
the world. Gen. 22:18. Who is this "seed"?
See Gal. 3:16. This the third Messianic
promise and the consummate promise of the
covenant. Has this promise been fulfilled ?

The Sanctions of the Covenant. By sanction is
meant to render sacred or inviolable, to fix
unalterably.

(1) Adoption. By adoption is meant the blessed
relation which Abraham and his seed, accord-
ing to this covenant, are henceforth to sustain
to God.

(2) Excision. By this is meant the exclusion of
the offspring of Abraham, near and remote,
from the rights and privileges of the cove-
nant. Excision was both sovereign and penal.

60 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE ASD NOTES.

Sovereign iu the case of Ishmael and Esau ;
penal to the disobedient. 17 : 14.
5. The Seal of the Covenant, vs. 10-11.

(1) This a sacrament, the first and for 400 years
the only sacrament of the visible church.
What is a sacrament? "A sacrament is a
holy ordinance instituted by Christ, wherein
by sensible signs Christ and the benefits of
the new covenant are represented, sealed, and
applied to believers."

(2) This sacrament the initiatory rite of the visi-
ble church. By this sacrament the people of
God were separated from the world by an
outward mark and sign. Hitherto the church
has existed as invisible; henceforth it became
an organized, visible body, separated from the
world.

(3) What did this rite signify ? Two things :
(a) Native depravity. Lev. 26 : 41 ; Acts
7:51. Hence uncircumcisiou in the Scrip-
tures is a symbol of moral defilement. (6)
The necessity of spiritual renovation. Deut.
30 : 6 ; Rom. 2 : 28-29. Note, however, that
it only signified, did not effect, regeneration.

(4) To whom was this rite to be applied ? (a)
To Abraham and the adult members of his
household, (b) To the infant children of
believers. 17 : 12.

(5) This rite sealed to each of its subjects his
personal interest in the covenant.

III. Abraham after the Giving of che Covenant.
1. The Sixth Theophany and Accompanying Events.
Chapters 18 and 19.
(1) The Lord and two angels the guests of Abra-
ham. 18:1-8. What a picture of hospitality !

SECOND PERIOD.

61

(2) The Lord announces the birth of a son to
Abraham and Sarah, vs. 9-15.

(3) Foretells to Abraham the doom of Sodom.
1621. Note in this disclosure two things:
(o) The testimony of the Lord to Abraham
(17-19); (6) the reason for the destruction of
Sodom (20-21).

(4) Abraham's intercession for Sodom, 23-33.
In these verses we see the power of interces-
sory prayer; what blessings the presence of
the righteous in this world may secure to the
wicked !

(5) The fulfillment of the divine threatening
against Sodom. Chap. 1 9.

(6) The rescue of Lot and his two daughters,
but his wife destroyed.

(7) Moab and Am mo m

2. Abraham in Gerar. Chap. 20. Abraham's sec-

ond fall.

3. Birth of Isaac and Expulsion of Hayar and Ish-

mael. 21:1-21. The seventh theophany.
v. 12.

4. Treaty with Abimelech, 21:22-23.

5. The Sacrifice of Isaac. 22:1-19. This chapter

contains three theophanies the eighth, niuth,
and tenth of the series.

(1) The eighth theophany. vs. 1 and 2. Thus did
God "tempt" or prove Abraham test him.
The test twofold : (a) Of his faith in God's
character ; (b) of his faith in the fulfillment of
the covenant. Did Abraham stand the test ?
.vs. 3-10. Cf. Heb. 11:17-19.

(2) The ninth theophany. vs. 11-14.

(3) The tenth theophany. vs. 15-18. This the
final ratification of the covenant. " The ocea-

62 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

sion was made memorable by tbe oath of Je-
hovah, the first solemnity of the kind on rec-
ord.' ' Humph rey.

6. Death and Burial of Sarah. Chap. 23. Con-

cerning this chapter Geikie says: "Nothiug
could be more touching in its simplicity or more
true to the age than the picture of his bearing
under his new trial, and of the incident attend-
ing the burial of the dead The cave

thus bought four thousand years ago lies on the
east edge of_Hebjaj4%--\vhere an ancient church,
built over it, is now turned into a mosque,
which the Turks guard sacredly against any
intrusion. Even the Crown Prince of Ger-
many and the Prince of Wales could gain en-
trance only to the upper story, where there is
next to nothiug to see." Hours, 308, 309. The
interest attaching to this cave ?

7. Abraham's Second Marriage. Gen. 25 : 1-6.

8. Death and Burial. 25:7-11.

IV. The Prominence Given to Abraham in the
Bible.

This prominence shown.

1. By the Space Given to his Biography. "The his-

tory of the world for the first two thousand
years is coudeused into eleven chapters of Gen-
esis, but the personal history of Abraham tills
fourteen chapters of the book, and all the fol-
lowing Scriptures are occupied by the unfold-
ing of the divine purpose, the rudiments of
which were revealed to the great patriarch."

2. By the Frequent Recurrence of his Name. "The

name Adam occurs eleven times in both Testa-
ments; the name of Xoah twenty times; but

SECOND PERIOD. 63

that of Abraham is mentioned in about one
hundred and twenty places, these being dis-
tributed not unequally throughout the entire
Scriptures."

In the Titles of Honor Applied to Him. "Ab is
equivalent to Father, Abram to High Father,
and Abraham to The Father of Many Na-
tions." (Gen. 17:5.) He is called the friend
of God by historian, prophet, and apostle.
(2 Chr. 20:7; Isa. 41:8; Jas. 2:23.) "Paul
styles him 'Our Father Abraham,' 'The Father
of all them that believe,' and ' Faithful Abra-
ham.' Christ describes 'Abraham's bosom' 'as
the heavenly rest.'"

By the Position in the Genealogies. The tables
of genealogy and chronology in the anteced-
ent history terminate with his name; and the
tables which follow in Moses, in the Chronicles,
in the Gospels, take their departure from him,
and from Adam, and make their way through
the ages to David, and through David and his
royal line to Christ." Humphrey. Explain
the ground of this prominence, and its bearing
upon the revelations made to Abraham.

64 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

SECTION 2. ISAAC.

Gen. 21:1-21; 22:1-19; 24; 26; 27 : 27-20 and 39-40 ; 28:3-4.

OUTLINE.

I. From his Birth to his Marriage a Period
of Forty Years.

Humphrey. Sacred Hist., chap. 22.

Geikie, Hours, chap. 23.

Price, Syllabus Old Testament Hist., p. 43.

II. From his Marriage to his Death a Period of
140 Years.

Same references.

NOTES.

I. From, his Birth to his Marriage a Period of
Forty Years.

1. His Birth Prophesied. The prophecy. ' 15:4:

17:19; 18:9-11. The fulfillment. 21:1-3.

2. Circumcised the Eighth Day. Gen. 21:4.

3. Sole Heir of the Covenant. 17: 19-21.

4. Hocked by Ishmael. 21 :8-12.

5. Offered Up. 22: 1-19.

6. His Marriage. Gen. 24.

II. From his Marriage to his Death a Period
of 140 Years.

Isaac's life after his marriage was uneventful. He
was little more than a connecting link in the
chain of the promised seed between Abraham his
father, and Jacob his sou. No new promise was
made to him. No further development or expla-
nation of the Abrahamie covenant distinguished
his life.

SECOND PERIOD. 65

1. Isaac in Gerar.

(1) FamTneTir~Canaan. 26 : 1.

(2) First theophauy. 26:2-5. God here renews
the covenant made with Abraham.

(3) Isaac's fall. vs. 7-10.

(4) His prosperity, vs. 12-14.

2. Isaac in Beersheba. v. 23. His second theoph-

any! v. 24.

3. The Covenant with Abimelech, vs. 26-31.

4. Prophecies Concerning his Sons. 27:27-29; 39

40 ; 28:3-4.

5. His Old Age, Death, and Burial, 35:28-29.

SECTION 3. JACOB AND ESAU.

Gen. 25:19-34; 27:1-40.

OUTLINE.
(Introductory.)

I. The Difference between Jacob and Esau.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 23.
Geikie, Hours, pp. 320-322.

II. The Sale of the Birthright.

Same references.

III. Jacob Supplants Esau.

Same references.

NOTES.

Introductory. The Twin Sons of Isaac and Re-
becca.

1. The Oracle at their Birth. Gen. 25: 23 ; Mai. 1 :
2-3; Eom. 9:11-13.

66 BIBLE COUKSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

2. The Significance of the Minute Narrative. The
position of Jacob and Esau in the after-history.

I. The Difference between Jacob and Esau.

1. In Personal Appearance. Esau shaggy, hairy;

Jacob smooth. Gen. 27:11.

2. In Employment. Esau "was a cunning hunter, a

man of the field; abandoning the pastoral life
of his race for the perils and stratagems of the
chase, and for the wild and roving habits of
the Bedouin. He has been called the after-play
of Nimrod." "Jacob was a plain man, dwell-
ing in tents." "He preferred the life of the
shepherd to the life of the hunter, pitching his
tents quietly in the midst of his flocks and herds.

3. In Character. Esau was a bold, reckless, sensual

man caring more for self-indulgence than for
spiritual thiugs. He was, however, open,
manly, and even at times magnanimous and
forgiviug. But his understanding was narrow^
his appetite clamorous, and his disposition way-
ward ; a natural born sensualist and profane
person. Heb. 12:16.
" In Jacob, on the other baud, we see the best as
well as the worst qualities of his race. If the
earlier half of his life shows much that is unwor-
thy, even through it there runs that thought-
ful foresight and steadfast pursuit of a great aim
which alone secures lasting and noble results."
Geikie.

II. The Sale of the Birthright. Gen. 25 : 29-34.

1. Esau's Part in this Transaction. The sale of his
birthright for a mess of lentils. The birth-
right is thought to have embraced the following

SECOND PERIOD. 67

benefits and blessings, during and after the
patriarchal age :

(1) The office of Priesthood. Numb. 3:12-13.

(2) Supremacy in the family, the first-born suc-
ceeding to the dignity and authority of the
father. 2 Chron. 21:3.

(3) Inheriting a double portion of the patrimony.
Dent. 21:17.

(4) Moreover, Isaac's first-born was apparently,
at least, the natural heir to the promises made
to Abraham for his seed, including the land
of Canaan, a great and powerful posterity, and
the special favor of God.

(5) "He should also in his generation be the pro-
genitor of Jesus Christ and the channel through
which salvation should flow to the world."
" The sin and folly attached to the sale of
such a birthright 'for one morsel of meat'
are not exaggerated in the Scriptures."

2. Jacob's Part. Jacob, in a crafty and cunning
manner, took an ungenerous and dishonorable
advantage of his brother. He knew he was not
giving any adequate return for the birthright,
and yet his eagerness to get it showed that he
valued it.

III. Jacob Supplants Esau.

Gen. 27 : 1-29. An interval of forty-five years had
elapsed, according to Dr. Humphrey (336), since
the sale of the birthright. Isaac was now 137
and Jacob and Esau 74 years old. Read the
chapter carefully and note (1) the condition of
Isaac (1-2) and the part he took in the transac-
tion; (2) Esau's part; (3) Rebecca's part; (4)
Jacob's part. This a memorable, disgraceful,

68 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

and painful scene at the bedside of an old man.
What occurred here made an indelible impression
upon all parties. This scene not only determined
the after-history of Jacob and Esau, but indicates
the national history which had its rise in these
men. The main object of the historian was to
explain how the purposes of God were accom-
plished in opposition to the perverse will of man,
and to trace out the course of providence by which
Jacob's position as the heir of the covenant was
established. Let the following points in the nar-
rative be considered :

1. It appears that Isaac, being the head of the fam-

ily, teas the chief instrument in the accomplish-
ment of the divine purpose. Was he inspired
in bestowing the blessings upon his sons ?
Heb. 11:20.

2. The Blessing Pronounced upon Jacob. 27:28-29.

This secured to Jacob only the temporal bene-
fits of the Abrahamic covenant. The other
part of the blessing is in 28:3-4. This fixes
the position of Jacob as the heir of the promises
to Abraham and as one of the Messianic line.

3. The Blessing Pronounced upon Esau. vs. 39, 40.

"Isaac's legacy to Esau has been called 'a mod-
ified sentence.' It was a direct antithesis to
Jacob's inheritance."

4. Was Isaac right in trying to bestow the blessing of

the covenant upon Esauf Esau was the first-
born. Dr. Humphrey thinks that Isaac must
have known that he was proposing to disregard
the divine oracle at the birth of his sons ; that
Esau had by his alien marriages voluntarily
forsaken the chosen seed and identified himself

SECOND PERIOD. 69

with the rejected races around him, and that he
had despised his birthright.

5. The means by which Rebecca and Jacob obtained

the birthright or blessing were only evil. They
were not only sinful in themselves, but showed
a lack of faith.

6. For the sin of all the p> ar ^ es each one reaped a

bitter harvest. Isaac's home was blighted and
broken ; Rebecca was separated for life from
her beloved Jacob ; Jacob had to become an
exile and was himself cheated and deceived by
others ; Esau became a freebooter, abandoning
his home in Canaan for the desert of Edom.

7. Notwithstanding all the sinful complications, God's

purpose was carried oxd. Ps. 76:10.

SECTION 4. JACOB.

Gen. 25: 21-34; chaps. 27 to 49.

OUTLINE.

I. From his Birth to his Flight.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 23.
Butler's Bible Work, Gen.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 23.

II. From his Flight to his Return to Canaan.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 24.
Price, Syllabus, sec. 26.
Other references as above.

III. From his Return to Canaan to his Death.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 25.
Other references same as above.

70 BIBLE COUBSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

NOTES.

I. From his Birth to his Flight (74 Years).

The Record of this Period. Gen. 25: 21 ; 27: 40.
Outline.

1. The Oracle at his Birth. Gen. 25: 23; Mai.

1:2-3; Rom. 9 : 11-13. (See above.)

2. Jacob's Occupation. Gen. 25:27.

3. The Purchase of the Birthright. Gen. 25 : 29-34.

(See above.)

4. Supplants Esau. Gen. 27:. 1-40. (See above.)

II. From his Flight to his Return to Canaan. Gen.
27: 41; 32: 1-32.

This period extends over about twenty years, and
may be divided into three stages: 1. His Flight

from Beersheba; 2. His Exile in Padan-aram; 3.

His Return. Let us study the events recorded in
each stage.

1. His Flight.

(1) Urged by his mother. 27 : 41-46. Why ?
To what place ?

(2) Isaac's charge to Jacob. 28 : 1-6. Give the
points in this address of Isaac.

, (3) Jacob's first theophany, at Luz^ fifty miles
from Beersheba. 28: 10-22. Points in this
theophany :

(a) Communication opened between Jehovah
and Jacob, v. 12. Significance.

(b) Jacob's heirship to the covenant declared,
v. 13.

(c) Promise concerning the spiritual seed
greatly enlarged. 14.

(d) The Messianic promise repeated, v. 14.

SECOND PERIOD. 71

(e) Jehovah's presence and blessing prom-
ised, v. 15.
(/) Impression made upon Jacob. 16-22.
(g) Typical nature of this theophany. " It
teaches the people of God that a way of
holy fellowship and communion is estab-
lished between God and man. The angels
are the ministers of grace, passing to and
fro, and bringing help in every time of
need to God's chosen ones. But it was
reserved for Christ to unfold its most
profound meaning." John 1 : 51.
(4) Jacob's arrival at the house of Laban. 29 :
1-13. Distance from Beersheba to Padan-
aram about 450 miles. H. Laban ? His
family and circumstances?

2. His Exile. About twenty years. Jacob now 77

years old, a little past middle life.

(1) Engages to serve Laban seven years for
Rachel. 15-20.

(2) At the end of seven years Jacob is deceived
by Laban and Leah given him instead of
Rachel. 21-25.

(3) Serves seven other years for Rachel. 27-30.

(4) The unhappiness in the family of Jacob. The
family history traceable in the names of the
children. 29: 31-35 and 30: 1-24. Polyg-
amy one cause of this unhappiness.

(5) Serves Laban six years more for his cattle.
30: 25-43. Jacob's wealth, v. 43."

3. His Return.

(1) The reasons for his return, two:

(a) The jealousy of Laban and his sons.
31 : 1-2.

72 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(6) The command of God. v. 3. This com-
mand given in a theophany (11-13), the
second theophany to Jacob.

(2) Jacob's address to his wives, vs. 4-17.

(3) Jacob's secret departure. 17-21.

(4) Laban's pursuit; overtakes Jacob at Gileadi_
Laban's dream. 22-25.

(5) The interview between Jacob and Laban.
The stolen gods. These gods were " teraphim,
small images worshiped in the family and
consulted as oracles, not unlike the penates, or
household gods of the Romans." This inci-
dent shows the danger from idolatry to which
Jacob and his family were exposed in Padan-
aram. The quarrel. The covenant. 25-55.

(6) Mahanaira (two hosts). "One host for himself
and the other pitched near by for the angels.
The warlike terms, God's host and Mahanaim,
point to an outstanding controversy, an im-
pending conflict, and a sure protection." H.

(7) Preparation to meet Esau.

(a) The messengers and their report. 32 : 3-6.

(6) Divides his caravan into two companies.
7-8.

(e) Prays, vs. 9-12. This prayer exceed-
ingly comprehensive and beautiful.

ANALYSIS.

(aa) The invocation, v. 9.

(66) Confession, v. 10 (first half).

(pc) Thankful acknowledgment, v. 1 6

(second part).
(dd) Supplication, v. 11.
(ee) The plea. v. 12.
(d) Sends a present to Esau.

SECOND PERIOD. ( 6

(8) Conveys his family and possessions across

the Jabbok, remaining himself alone on
the farther shore.

(9) Peniel. 32 : 24-32. Theophany. Doubtless
unexplained mysteries here, and yet the the-
ophany one of very great interest. It to'ok
place at night when Jacob was alone on the
bank of the Jabbok. Let us first ascertain
the facts and then consider the interpretation.

THE FACTS.

(a) " There wrestled a man with him until

the breaking of the day."
(6) The "man" not prevailing, "touched the

hollow of Jacob's thigh," dislocating it.

(c) The " man " then proposed to leave
Jacob.

(d) But now Jacob becomes the suppliant and
importunately and persistently implores his
blessing.

(c) Jacob's prayer answered and his name
changed to Israel.

INTERPRETATION.

(a) The " man " who wrestled with Jacob
was God in the form of man. v. 30 ;
Hos. 12:3-4.

(6) The transaction here recorded took place
between God and Jacob only. Jacob was
here alone with God.

(c) The narrative records a real struggle, not
a hallucination, vision, or dream.

(<i) In the first part of this struggle God
wrestles with Jacob. The physical strug-
gle, mysterious as it was, doubtless typified

74 BIBLE COUBSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

the inner spiritual struggle. God was
moving mightily upon Jacob's heart. John
16 : 8-11. Not until the miraculous touch
did God prevail. Then conviction was
complete, and all resistance ended.

(e) Iu the second stage of the struggle Ja-
cob wrestles with God. The awakened,
humbled, convicted sinner realizes that
God is his only hope. He therefore clings
to him with all the earnestness aud impor-
tunity of despair. Hos. 12 : 4.

(/) God bestows the blessing. Jacob has
prevailed, and in token of this fact his
name changed to Israel. This blessing
evidently the blessing of regeneration.
Henceforth Jacob is a changed man. The
old Jacob was tricky, deceitful, cowardly.
The new Israel is open, frank, courageous.

III. From his Return to Canaan (Crossing Jab^_
bok) to his Death.

The biography of Jacob from his return to Canaan
to his death may be distributed into three pe-
riods :

1. His Journey from Jabbok to Hebron (10 years).
Principal events :

(1) Meeting Esau. 33 : 1-15.

(2) Succoth. 33:17.

(3) Shechem. 33 : 18-20 and chap. 34.

(4) Bethel, (o) God's command. 35:1. (b) Prep-
aration for removal. 2-4. (c) The journey,
v. 5. (</) Arrival aud altar. 6-7. (e) Another
theophany. 9-12.

5) Death of Rachel, vs. 16-20.

SECOND PERIOD. 75

2. Sojourn in Hebron (about 22 years).
Principal events:

(1) The sale of Joseph. > 37 : 23-28.

(2) Famine in Canaan. 42:1.

(3) Sends his ten sons to Egypt to buy corn. 42:
2-3.

(4) Their return and report. 42: 29-38.

(5) Sends his sons the second time, including
Benjamin. 43:1-14. .

(6) Journey of Jacob to Egypt. 46:1.

(7) The theophany at Beersheba. 46 : 1-4.

3. Dwells in Egypt until his Death (17 years).

(1) Who went to Egypt? Gen. 46:8-27.

(2) The meeting of Jacob and Joseph, vs. 28-
34.

(3) The presentation of Jacob to Pharaoh. 47 :
1-10.

(4) Settlement in Goshen, v. 27.

(5) Adoptionof Manasseh and Ephraim. Chap. 48.

(6) Prophesies concerning his sons. Last scene
in a memorable life. A dying old man, his twelve
sons gathered at his bedside, all full grown,
mature men. Jacob, the father, is the chief
representative of the chosen seed, and head of
the visible church, and now is about to speak
as a prophet of God.

(o) Address to all. 49:1-2.

(6) Jacob begins with Reuben, doubtless be-
cause Reuben was the first-born, and as
such entitled to the birthright. (Recall
the elements of the birthright.) This
birthright Reubeu had forfeited by his
sin, recorded in Gen. 35: 22.

(c) Distribution of the birthright, (aa) Chief-
tainship to Judah. (bb) Double portion

76 BIBLE COUESE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

to Joseph, (cc) Priesthood to Levi.

(d) Simeon and Levi. vs. 5-7. This oracle
was fulfilled when Simeon received in
Canaan, not an independent inheritance,
but a few scattered cities in Judah'slot (1
Chron. 4:27), and to Levi were awarded
forty-eight cities in different districts.
Behold how lasting and blighting the ef-
fects of sin !

(e) Judah 8:12. This the most interesting
and important of all. Elements: (ad) Un-
challenged supremacy over his brethren.
v. 8 the chieftainship which Reuben
had forfeited, (bb) He will maintain his
supremacy by force of arms, his hand
in the neck of his enemies, the lion tribe.
(cc) This supremacy shall continue until
Shiloh come. This raises a question of
great interest : Who is Shiloh? Some say
a term pointing to Solomon ; others, a rest-
ful, a peaceful age impersonal; others,
local, referring to a town of that name in
Canaan till he shall come to Shiloh.
Neither satisfactory. The great body of
interpreters, both Jewish and Christian,
apply the title to the Messiah. Christ the
true Shiloh, or Rest. This the fourth
Messianic promise, the preceding being
Gen. 3:15; Gen. 9:26; 12:3. (del)
Great temporal blessings. 11-12.

(/) Prophecies concerning the six subordi-
nate tribes (Zebulon, Issachar, Dan,
Gad, Asher, Xaphtali). 13-21. "These
prophecies, so brief and enigmatical as
to defy at this distant time, anything like

SECOND PEKIOD. 77

a really discriminating application or a
trustworthy historical vindication." In
reference to the question as to whether
history vindicates Jacob as a prophet it
has been truly said, " The six tribes
which are most prominent iu Jacob's
address are most prominent also in the
subsequent history, whereas the six tribes
which are put iu the background by
Jacob occupy the background in the his-
tory . ' ' Hun vphrey.
(g) Jacob's charge concerning his burial.
28-32. Do all these prophecies and
Jacob's charge concerning his burial pre-
suppose a return to Canaan ?
(7) Death, Mourning, Embalming. Burial. Age.
49:33, and 50:1-13.

4. Question: Why were the chosen seed removed to
Egypt f The following are some of the reasons
suggested by Dr. Humphrey:

(1) To prevent the intermarriage of the Israelites
and heathen, leading to a fusion of races; God's
plan was to keep the chosen seed separate.
Danger iu Canaau"? Simeon aud Judah ? Why
no danger in Egypt? 43:32; 46:34. Also,
the Hebrews slew for food and sacrifice the ani-
mals worshiped by the Egyptians. Ex. 7:26.

(2) The expansion aud consolidation of the chosen
seed into a nation was conditioned on their
expatriation. The problem to be solved was,
how to develop the twelve patriarchs into a
great people in such a manner as to secure
their organic unity as one commonwealth, and
to preserve their organic diversity as twelve

78 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

tribes. Difficulties of doing this in Canaan ?
How attained in Egypt '?

(3) The relations of the Hebrews to their neighbors
in Canaan were exceedingly critical. Both na-
tions growing. If they remain separate nations
one must give way or be subjugated.

(4) The plan of Providence in this exile contem-
plated a change in the habits of the people
suited to their destiny as an exalted theocratic
nation. Now this thorough transformation of
simple nomads into husbandmen, architects,
engineers, weavers, artists, and jewelers could
scarcely have been effected in Canaan. Egypt
became, on a large scale, a school of industry
and the arts for the Hebrews. The discipline
was severe, but the education was thorough.

(5) By the removal of the chosen seed into Egypt
the kingdom of God was transplanted for a
season into the heart of a great pagan empire.
Ex. 7:5; Ez. 39:21.

This history affords a very remarkable illus-
tration of the truth, God sovereign and man
free. We have revealed in Genesis Jo: 13
the sovereign purpose of God. Behold the
wonderful manner of its fulfillment! "The
narrative brings before us also the many
persons, in many lands, through whose instru-
mentality the divine purpose was brought
about. Isaac, Rebekah, Esau, Jacob, in Ca-
naan ; Laban, Leah, and Rachel, in Mesopota-
mia; Reuben, Judah, and the Ishmaelitish mer-
chants in Dothau; Potiphar and his wife, the
butler, the baker, and Pharaoh in Egypt, ap-
pear one by one in the story. Each of them
in his turn wove his own separate thread into

SECOND PERIOD. 79

the tapestry, and stepped aside to give place to
another, knowing nothing of the rare and lumi-
nous device, even the divine ideal, which was
gradually coming out on the hidden side of the
canvas." H., pp. 388-9. Did God accom-
plish his purpose ? How ? Was man free ?

SECTION 5. JOSEPH.

Gen. 30 : 22-24 ; 33 : 2 ; chaps. 37 to 49.

OUTLINE.

I. His Early Life.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 25.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 24.
Dods, Genesis.
Blaikie, Manual, sec. 4.

II. In Potiphar's House.

Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 26.
Other references same as above.

III. In Prison.

Same references.

IV. Viceroy of Egypt.

Same references.

NOTES.
I. Joseph's Early Life (17 Years).

1. His Birth. Gen. 30: 22-24. Rachel, the
favorite wife of Jacob. Bearing upon the
treatment Joseph would receive ? Jacob re-
moved from Padan-aram while Joseph was yet

80 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

an infant (v. 25). Joseph's early life spent in
Canaan, and after Jacob's conversion and the
putting away of all false gods.

2. The Partiality Shown by his Father. 33 : 2 : 37: 3.

3. Hated of his Brethren. 37 : 4.

4. Joseph's Dream. 37: 511.

5. Sale to the Midianites. 37: 12-28. " Midian and

Medan were sons of Keturab cousins, there-
fore, of Ishraael,and not very distantly related
to Joseph. The names Ishmaelite and Midianite
may have been interchangeable, either because
the caravan was composed of men from both
tribes ; or, more probably, because the term
Ishmaelite, as a geographical or professional
name, comprehended that of Midian." Dods.

II. In Potiphar's House.

1. Sold by the Midianites to Potiphar. 37 : 36 and

39 : 1. "Potiphar was probably at the head
of what may be called the Egyptian State Po-
lice, which formed one of the corps of the army,
though largely employed in civil duties."
Geikie.

2. The Blessing of God upon Him. 39 : 2-3.

3. His Promotion, vs. 46.

4. Cast into Prison on a False Charge. 39 : 7-20.

"The crime laid to his charge, under the laws
of Egypt, was punishable with 1,000 blows.
A horrible death." Humphrey.

III. In Prison:

1. At First Very Harshly Treated. Ps. 105: 18.

2. Promoted. 39: 21-23. Made underwardeu of

the prison. Why? vs. 21 and 23.

SECOND PERIOD. 81

3. Interprets the Dreams of Pharaoh's Butler and

Baker. Chap. 40. The chief butler was the
King's cup-bearer. He had the responsible
duty of protecting the King's life from
poison. The King drank nothing except
from the hand of this cup-bearer. His office,
therefore, gave him constant and confidential
access to Pharaoh. The chief baker had not
only to oversee the due supply of the court
with the endless cakes and bake-meats in which
Egyptians delighted, but to take care they were
not tampered with for traitorous use. Geikie.
Their dreams? The interpretation? How
Joseph was enabled to interpret them ?

4. Interprets Pharaoh's Dream. 41 : 1-37.

(1) Pharaoh's dream ?

(2) The wise men of Egypt ? The magicians and
wise men were chosen from the sacred order.
" Every large temple had its college of priests,
over whom one presided as chief. From
among the high priests the foremost men were
chosen as a hierarchy for all Egypt, and of
these a selected number, the most eminent in
dignity, lived in the royal palace to attend
the King; one selected from them acting as
sovereign pontiff for all Egypt. When, how-
ever, weighty questions, such as that of
these dreams, had to be solved, this standing
council of high ecclesiastics, which seems to
have been twenty in number, was augmented by
the heads of the great temples throughout
the country, and the united body was invited
to aid the King in his perplexity. They did
not affect to speak by direct inspiration in

82 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

giving their interpretations, but confined them-
selves to consulting their holy books and to
performing magical rites." -Geikie.

(3) Joseph sent for. By whom ? Why ? vs.
9-13.

(4) Preparations for meeting Pharaoh. "No one
could appear before the majesty of Egypt un-
less he were in all respects ceremonially clean."

(5) The interpretation. 15-32.

(6) Joseph's advice to Pharaoh. 33-36.

IV. "Viceroy of Egypt.

1. His Appointment and. Rank. 41 : 3944. Now

30 years old. He was sold into Egypt at the
age of 17. "According to Usher's Chronology,
his stewardship in Potiphar's house occupied
less than a year, and his imprisonment lasted
twelve years. He rose suddenly from the con-
dition of a prisoner to the dignity of the grand
vizier."

2. His Preparation for the High Position.

(1) His early training, by his father, in piety.
This the source in him of incorruptible purity
and integrity.

(2) The discipline of adversity and suffering, giv-
ing spiritual purification. Ps. 105 : 1719.
The arrogance of the stripling had disappeared
from the chastened man.

(3) His administrative ability had been partially
developed by his experience, as was seen in
Potiphar's house, and as the deputy warden in
prison.

(4) The blessing and guidance of God. H.

3. His Marrictge. v. 45. His two sous. vs. 50-52.

4. Provision for the Famine. 41 : 46-49.

SECOND PERIOD. 83

5. The Famine Begins. 41 : 5357.

6. Joseph's First Meeting with his Brethren. 42 : 1-28.

(1) Joseph recognizes his brethren, v. 7.

(2) They do not recognize him. Why not?

(3) Joseph's harsh treatment of his brethren.
Why? Doubtless "he intended to rebuke
their cruelty in selling him as a slave. But
it is evident that he began very early to con-
sider the propriety of removing his father's
whole family to Egypt in order to preserve
them alive through the famine. But before
doing that he must subject the disposition of
his brothers to repeated and decisive tests.
He must be assured that they were not in the
same temper that led some of them, twenty-
two years before, to desire to kill him, and all
of them to sell him into slavery." What
were their feelings toward him? Would
they repeat their deception upon their father ?
How did they feel toward Benjamin ? Were
they at peace among themselves? Would it
be safe to remove them to Egypt ? Hum-
phrey. Hence the severe tests.

7. The Second Meeting with his Brethren. 43 : 1534

and 44 : 1-34.

8. Joseph and his Brethren. 45 : 1-15.

(1) Joseph reveals himself, v. 1.

(2) Effect upon his brethren, v. 3.

(3) Address to his brethren. 3-13.

(4) The clew to Joseph's history, vs. 7-8.

9. Joseph Removes his Father and Brethren to Egypt.

45 : 16-28.
10. Settles Them in Goshen and Nourishes Them.
48: 1-12.

84 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

11. Joseph's Administration during the Famine. 47 :

13-26. For his administration Joseph has
been criticised. It is proper to say in answer,
that until more is known of how far Joseph
acted under Pharaoh, and of the condition of
the peasantry of Egypt before and after the
famine, the criticism is not fair.

12. His Death. 50: 24-26.

(1) His faith (v. 24) ; (2) oath exacted of his
brethren (v. 25) ; (3) embalmed (v. 26).

13. Joseph's Character and Place in History.

SECTION 6. THE BONDAGE.

Exodus 1, 10 and 11.

OUTLINE.

I. Israel in Egypt.

Gibson, Mosaic Era, chap. 1.
Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 27.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 3.

II. The Deliverer Moses.

Gibson, Mosaic Era, chap. 2.
Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 29.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 4.

III. The Preparation of the People for Deliverance.

Gibson, Mosaic Era, chap. 2.
Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 28.
Geikie, Horn's, chap. 3.

IV. From Midian to Egypt.

Same authors.

SECOND PERIOD. 85

V. Moses before Pharaoh.

Gibson, Mosaic Era, chap. 3.
Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 30.
Blaikie, Manual, p. 113.

VI. General View of the Plagues.

Dr. W. W. Moore, in Union Seminary Magazine,

November and December, 1891.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 5.
Other references same as above.

VII. The First Nine Plagues.

Same references.

NOTES.
I. Israel in Egypt. Chap. 1.

1. Condition of Jews in Egypt up to the Change of

Dynasty, vs. 1-7.

2. Pharaoh's First Effort at Suppression. Why ?

vs. 8-10. Method? 11-14.

3. Pharaoh's Second Effort at Suppression. Infanti-

cide, vs. 15-22. All this foretold. Gen.
15:13. But why did it enter into the divine
plan for Israel to be thus afflicted ? The an-
swer may be found in Gen. 46:3.

II. The Deliverer Moses.

1. His Family. Tribe (6:16-20); parents (6:20;

Heb. 11:23); brother? sister?

2. His Infancy. Born under the royal edict for the

extermination of all male children. But this
very edict the means of his transfer to Pha-
raoh's court and his training in all the learning
of the Egyptians. Note how God makes even
the wrath of man to praise him.

86 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

3. The Rescue and Adoption, vs. 5-10. See what

a wonderful concurrence of events, the floating
of the ark to the very spot where Pharaoh's
daughter came, and at the very time she came,
the cry of the infant so as to fall on her ear
and move her sympathy. Was this a special
providence ? The adoption ? The provision
for taking care of the babe ?

4. Forty Years' Training in Egypt. Acts 7:22.

"No country in these early ages was so far ad-
vanced in civilization as Egypt ; none could
boast so grand a history ; such far-reaching
power; such splendor of architecture; such
knowledge of arts and sciences ; such royal mag-
nificence in its government or such accumulation
of wealth in its national treasury and in the
hands of its nobles and priests." Geikie's
Hours, p. 43. Every opportunity all this of-
fered Moses enjoyed. Bearing of such a train-
ing as he would thus receive upon his great mis-
sion ? Doubtless also in his tender years he
received the training of a pious mother.
Hence Heb. 11:24-26.

5. His Espousal of the Cause of the People. 2:11-

12; Acts 7:23-25.

6. Forty Years in the Desert of Midian. Why he

left Egypt. 2:14-15. Now began another
kind of training. "Egypt was a good place
for a course in arts, but it was no place for
theology. The rocks of the desert make a far
better divinity hall than the temples of Heli-
opolis. To become truly acquainted with God
a man must be much alone." Gibson. Eighty
years of training for his life work of forty

SECOND PERIOD. 87

years ! Yet all the time the cruel oppression
was going on.
7. Moses' Call. 3:1-10. This a theophany, the
first that had appeared since Jacob was at Beer-
sheba, nearly four hundred years before ; the
first, also, that had assumed the form of a flame
since the days of Abraham. Gen. 15:17.

The Theophany of the Burning Bush.

(1) The name applied to the Almighty in this
revelation, v. 2; v. 6; v. 7; v. 14. Sig-
nificance of these names?

(2) The relation which this God sustains to his
people, vs. 1516. See here the perpetuity
of the Abrahamic covenant. Four hundred
years had elapsed since that covenant had
been given. Moreover, this covenant is men-
tioned as the basis of the proposed deliverance.
See again here, in the light of these facts, the
meaning of Gen. 17 : 7 "to be a God unto
thee and thy seed after thee."

(3) The call. v. 10.

(4) The commission. 14-22. In these verses
the Lord reveals unto Moses the authority
under which he w r as to act (v. 14) ; the mes-
sages he was to bear, to Hebrews (vs. 15-17),
to Pharaoh (v. 18), and foretells the results
(19-22).

(5) Moses' objections overruled.

First objection, v. 11. Answer, v. 12.
Second objection. 4: 1. Answer. 4: 2-9.

(Three signs.)
Third objection, v. 10. Answer, vs. 11-12.
Fourth objection, v. 13. Answer, vs. 14-17.

88 BIBEE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(6) Moses' credentials.

(a) The miracle of the rod. vs. 2-5. To-
appreciate this, remember that the serpent
was an emblem of royalty in Egypt.
This miracle a sign that the King of
Egypt would be as harmless in his hand
as his own shepherd's staff, and that he
should have the complete mastery over
Pharaoh.

(b) The miracle of the. leprous hand. vs.
6-8. This leprous haud represented the
condition of the people of Israel. In their
degraded and despised estate, they were
as a community of lepers; but by the re-
storing of the leprous hand God gave to
Moses a sign of his power to save.

(c) The miracle of turning the water into
blood, v. 9. The Nile was the life and
strength and source of all the greatness
of Egypt, and accordingly was wor-
shiped as the great god of Egypt ; but
how easily is this god put to shame be-
fore Jehovah ! Thus God has prepared
and equipped the deliverer.

III. The Preparation of the People for Deliverance

1. The Severity of the Oppression. 2: 23.

2. The Yearning and Faith of the People. 4: 31.

Brought by the providence of God to a sense of
their humiliation and need ; and led, in some-
measure, to look unto God for deliverance and
submit themselves to his guidance.

IV. From Midian to Egypt.

1. The Divine Command. 4: 19 and 23.

2. 3Ioses' Obedience, v. 20.

SECOND PERIOD. 89

3. The Meeting of Moses and Aaron. 27-28.

4. Moses and Aaron Declare their Mission to the

Elders. 29-31.

V. Moses before Pharaoh.

1. Presents the Demand of God. 5 : 1 and 3. "The

request was put in this form to give a religious
aspect to the conflict, to show that it was a
struggle not merely between Pharaoh and
Moses, but between the god of Egypt, whom
Pharaoh represented, and the God of Israel.
Both Pharaoh and Moses understood quite well
that if the request was once granted, Pharaoh's
authority over the people would be entirely at
an end. During the contest, Pharaoh seems to
have been residing at the royal city of Zoau,
near Goshen." Blaikie.

2. Pharaoh's Reply, vs. 2, 4, 5.

3. The Result of this Interview. 621.

4. Moses' Prayer. 22-23.

5. The Answer. 6 : 1-8.

6. The Demand Repeated before Pharaoh and Ac-

companied by Supernatural Proof of Moses*
Divine Commission. 6:28; 7:13. The ob-
stinate refusal of Pharaoh to grant the demand
of God led to the visitation upon Egypt of the
plagues, or divine judgments.

VI. General View of the Plagues.

1. Number ten; viz.: (1) Blood, (2) Frogs, (3) Lice,

(4) Flies, (5) Murrain, (6) Boils, (7) Hail, (8)
Locusts, (9) Darkness, (10) Death of the First-
born.

2. Tliese tvithout Exception Miracles. " The word

miracle is here used to describe not only a

90 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

supernatural event, but a wonder wrought by
God through the instrumentality of man."
Acts 2 : 22. "In this sense of the w.ord, no
miracle was done from the creation to the age

of Moses, a period of 2,500 years

Through all these early ages the Almighty re-
vealed his being and will by visions, from
which the period derives the name of the theo-
phanic era. The age of miracles, as distin-
guished from theophanies, began with Moses.
Here, then, was the beginning of
miracles in the history of redemption." Hum-
phrey, 441-2.

3. These Miracles must be Distinguished from the

Jugglery of the Egyptians. "The opinion con-
cerning the feats of the magicians best supported
by the Scriptures and most commonly received
is, that the magicians were adepts in legerde-
main, and their enchantments were simply due
to their cleverness in their profession." Hum-
phrey, p. 449.

4. Intervals. " Another common misapprehension

in regard to the plagues is that they followed
each other in rapid succession. The fact is,
that they fell at intervals of a month or more,
with the exception of the last two, which
came close together." From Ex. 5:11-12
and 9 : 31-32, it is evident " nearly a year
elapsed between the opening of the contest and
- the plagueof hail. The whole series of plagues

then must have extended over a period of about
ten months." Rev. Dr. Moore, U. S. Mag.,
Nov., 1891.

SECOND PERIOD. 91

5. Natural Basis. The most of these miracles have
a natural basis in the familiar phenomena of
Egypt. This fact has been urged by ration-
alists to explain away the miraculous in these
plagues. " But then it must not be forgot-
ten that they came at the word of Moses and
went at the word of Moses, one after another,
aud at the word of Moses God would spare the
land of Goshen where Israel lived." Gibson.

G. Polytheism. " The fundamental assumption un-
derlying the following interpretation of the ten
plagues is, that the religion of Egypt was at
this time a gross and degraded Polytheism. Of
the correctness of this assumption there can be
no doubt. . . . Beast, and reptile, and
insect, sun, and soil, and river these were the
gods of Egypt, and against these were the mi-
raculous plagues directed in order to teach the
great lesson that there is no god but God."
Ex. 7:5; Ex. 7:17; Ex. 8 : 22. Dr. W. W.
Moore, U. S. Mag., \S9\.

7. The Design of the Plagues.

(1) As to Israel. They could scarcely fail to in-
spire the bondmen with faith in the promise
and power of God to break their chains.
Humphrey.

(2) As to Egypt. " And against all the gods of
Egypt I will execute judgment." Ex. 12 : 12.

(3) As to God himself. To reveal himself as the
only true God that he might be glorified.

VII. The First Nine Plagues :

First Plague. Blood. 7 : 1425. Natural basis.
The reddish color of the water of the Nile at the
period of the overflow. "But the overflow oc-

92 BIBLE couese: outline and notes.

curred in July, whereas the plague of blood took
place in February." Humphrey. Moreover, at
the word # of Moses the water became blood.
See also v. 21. Idolatry? Nile worship. Effect
upon Pharaoh ? v. 23. Magicians? v. 22. Dura-
tion ? v. 25.

The Second Plague. Frogs. 8: 115. The warn-
ing ? The plague ? The Magicians ? The Effect
upon Pharaoh ? v. 8. Removed ? 9-14. Re-
sult ? v. 15. Frog worship. "It is by no means
so easy for us to explain the worship of frogs
as it is to explain the worship of the Nile. Of
the fact there can be no question. Brugsch in-
forms us that a female deity, with a frog's
head, named Heka, was worshiped in the dis-
trict of Sah. ' Lepsius has shown that the frog
was connected with the most ancient form of
nature worship in Egypt.' ' It was embalmed
and honored with burial at Thebes.' " Moore, as
above.

Third Plague. Lice. 8 : 16-19. No warning.
The plague ? The magicians ? Idolatry ? "The
soil of Egypt was as sacred as everything else
in the valley of the Nile, for it was worshiped as
Seb, father of the gods. But now it was to be
defiled, by its very dust seeming to turn into
noisome pests." Geikie's Hours, p. 86. Effect
upon Pharaoh? v. 19.

Fourth Plague. Flies. 8:20-32. The warning?
20-21. The plague? v. 24. "The word ren-
dered 'swarms of flies' in our version should have
been rendered 'beetle'." Moore. Natural basis?
Supernatural? A new supernatural element here
for the first time appears, v. 22. Idolatry ? "This

SECOND PERIOD. 93

insect was sculptured ou every monument, painted
on every tomb, and on every mummy chest, en-
graved on gems, worn round the neck as an amu-
let, and honored in ten thousand images of every
size and of all material. That it, among other
insects, should be multiplied into a plague, was
a blow at idolatry that would come home to all."
Geikie. Effect upon Pharaoh? Proposes two com-
. promises :

(a) In the land. v. 25. Ans. vs. 26-27.

(b) Not very far away. v. 28.

Plague removed? vs. 29-31. Result?
v. 32.

Fifth Plague. Murrain. 9:1-7. The warning?
vs. 1-3. Also time given to consider, v. 5.
The plague? Natural basis? "Murrain is even
yet not uncommon in Egypt and sometimes is very
fatal." Geikie. Supernatural? vs. 4-5. Idolatry?
"Not only frogs and beetles, but many other insects
and reptiles and animals were worshiped as
divine, and the penalty of killing one of these
sacred brutes was death. In like manner, dogs,
apes, hawks, hippopotami, crocodiles, sheep, goats
and cows were reverenced. In some cases the ani-
mal was believed to be the actual incarnation of
the god, e. g., the bull Apis at Memphis ; the
bull Mnevis at Heliopolis, and the goat Khem
at Medes. The most interesting form of this
animal cult was the w T orship of Apis, who was
regarded as the incarnation of Ptah." Dr.
Moore, as above. Effect upon Pharaoh ? v. 7.

Sixth Plague. Boils. 9 : 8-12. No warning. The
plague? Religious aspect ? "In various Egyp-
tian towns sacred to Set or Typhon, the god of
Evil. . . . Red haired and light complexioned

94 BIBLE COUBSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

men, and as such, foreigners, perhaps often He-
brews, were yearly offered in sacrifice to this
idol. After being burned alive on a high altar,
their ashes were scattered in the air by the
priests, in the belief that they would avert evil
from all parts whither they were blown. But
even the ashes thrown into the air by Moses,
instead of carrying blessing with them, fell every-
where in a rain of blains and boils on the people
and even on the cattle which the murrain had
spared." Geikie, p. 89. The Magicians? v. 11.
Effect upon Pharaoh '? v. 12.

Seventh Plague. Hail. 9:1335. The warning?
vs. 13-21. The plague? vs. 22-26. "Such a
phenomenon was unheard of, for though thunder
and hail are not unknown in Egypt in spring,
they are rarely severe. How must it have
shocked a nation so devout toward its gods, to
find that the waters, the earth, and the air, the
growth of the fields, the cattle, and even their
own persons, all under the care of a host of divini-
ties, were yet in succession smitten by a power
against which their protectors were impotent."
Effect upon Pharaoh ? 27-28. Plague removed,
v. 33. Result? 34-35.

Eighth Plague. Locusts. 10 : 1-20. The Warn-
ing ? 1-6. Effect? 7-11. The Plague? 12-15.
Effect upon Pharaoh? 16-17. Removed? 18-
19. Result? 20.

Ninth Plague. Darkness. 10:21-29. No Warning.
The Plague? 21-23. "A physical phenomenon
frequent in Egypt, though of less intensity, may
possibly illustrate the agency divinely used to
produce this result. A hot wind known as the

SECOND PERIOD. 95

Chamsin blows from the equator, in Africa, to-
wards the north, in April, or between March and-
May. ... It is always attended with a thick-
ness of the air, through which the sun sheds only
at best a dim yellow light; even this passing in
many cases into complete darkness." Geikie.
" What then ? Do these facts prove that the
plague of darkness inflicted by Moses was a mere-
ly natural phenomenon ? By no means." Moore.
Cf. v. 22-24. Idolatry ? The sun was the su-
preme god of Egypt, and he, too, now veils him-
self, or is veiled before Jehovah. Effect upon
Pharaoh? 24.

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THIRD PERIOD.

THE WANDERINGS. FROM THE EXODUS TO
THE SETTLEMENT IN CANAAN. 91 YEARS.

SECTION 1. THE TENTH PLAGUE.

OUTLINE.

(Introductory.)

I. The Plague.

Gibson, Mosaic Era, chap. 4.
Humphrey, Sacred Hist., chap. 32.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 6.
Butler's Bible Work, Exodus.

II. The Passover.

Same references.

III. The Exodus.

Same references.

NOTES.

Introductory.

(1) This plague the culmination of the series.
" The nine were preliminary to the tenth, and
in the nature of warnings ; the tenth was the
work of final judgment." Humphrey.

98 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(2) Importance indicated by the space given it
two whole chapters.

(3) These two chapters record two distinct events :
a Plague and a Passover, a Destruction and
a Salvation. Hence the following divisions :

I. The Plague.

1. What it Was. Death of first-born.

2. Upon Whom it Fell. 11 : 4-5.

3. Characteristics.

(1) Prophesied four days before.

(2) Thoroughly supernatural. " Unlike most of
the preceding wonders, the destruction of the
oldest son was not a calamity iudigeuous to
the country under a form intensely aggravated
by the Almighty ; but it was altogether a
strange terror never before inflicted, never
since repeated." Humphrey, p. 463.

(3) Time midnight. 11:4.

(4) Wrought by Jehovah himself. 11 : 4.

4. Relation to Idolatry. 12: 12; Numb. 33:4.

" The true explanation in this case is that in
smiting the first-born of all living beings, man
and beast, God smote the objects of Egyptian
worship." B. Bible Work. But especially
was this blow severe upon Pharaoh, and
through him the national idolatry. " For thus
to abase the Pharaoh was to degrade national
idolatry in his person, for he was himself the
incarnation of the great sun-god Ra." Geikie.

5. Overwhelming Effect. 12:30-33.

II. The Passover.

This word not only expresses the fact of Israel's deliver-
ance from the Tenth Plague, but includes also the
method of the deliverance.

THIRD PERIOD. 99

1. The Plan of Protection Revealed by Jehovah. 12:

3-7, aud 21-23.

2. Meaning of the Passover.

(1) It was a commemorative institution. 12: 14.

(2) It was a teaching ordinance. " The doctrine
taught is salvation by the shedding of blood."
Ex. 12 : 13 and 23.

(3) It was a sacrifice. Ex. 12 : 27 ; Dent. 16 :
2-6.

(4). It was also a sacrament. One of the two sac-
raments of the Old Testament.
Elements of a Sacrament :

(a) Divine appointment. God's command.

(6) Sacramental sign. Here lamb slain.

(c) Sacramental action. Here eating the flesh,

etc.

(d) Benefit signified. Here redemption.
(5) It was a typical institution. 1 Cor. 5:7.

3. Result of the observance of the ordinance of the

passover. Absolute safety.

III. The Exodus.

The last blow has been struck. Pharaoh has been
subdued. Israel has been saved. God has been
magnified.

1. The Number of the Children of Israel who Went

Out. 12:37-38.

2. The Manner of their Going Out. Victorious, car-

rying with them great spoils. Concerning these

spoils, observe :
(1) The amount. Some idea may be formed from
the contributions afterwards made to the Tab-
ernacle. "The value of the gold and silver
expended, aud the building aud appointments
of the Tabernacle, are estimated by Canon

100 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

Cook at $1,165,550, by Arbuthnot and Bockh
at somewhat less than a million dollars, and
by Keil at three-quarters of a million in our
money." H., 475.
(2) How obtained. 12:35-37 (Rev. Version.)

3. The Victory of the Exodus. By whom achieved.

13:9 and 14. Over whom ? Pharaoh repre-
sented not only the world power, but heathen-
ism and the seed of the serpent.

4. The Victory to be Commemorated :

(1) By the appointment of a new era. 12:2.
"The Hebrews had been accustomed to begin
the year with the month Tisri, corresponding
very nearly with our October. The exodus oc-
curred in the month Nisan, corresponding very
nearly with our April, and by divine direction
the year was thenceforth to begin at that time.
According to Joseph us this change determined
the beginning of the ecclesiastical year only;
the civil year began six months later, as be-
fore."

(2) By the redemption of the first-born. 13:15.
" When a first-born child attained the age of
a month the parents were required by the Le-
vitical law to pay five shekels say $2.50
into the sanctuary. "

(3) By the sauctification of the first-boru. "At
the exodus God prepared the way for a sacer-
dotal order by setting apart for that purpose
all the first-born sous of the twelve tribes.
He declared that on the day when he smote
the first-born of the Egyptians he separated
unto himself all the first-born of Israel, both
man and beast. Ex. 13:2. By this appoint-
ment the first-born male, both of man and

THIRD PERIOD. 101

beast, was reserved for the altar the former
as the priest, the latter as the victim." H.,
p. 471.
(4) By the anuual observance of the feast of un-
leavened bread. 13:4-10.
5. By the Exodus the nation has been born.

SECTION 2. PHARAOH MANEPHTAH.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 31.

The following outline is condensed from Dr. Humphrey's
chapter entitled, "Pharaoh Manephtah " :

1. His Prominence. This derived from many
sources.

(1) He stood in the illustrious line of the Pha-
raohs, who with the Ptolemys of a later age,
were the Csesars of Egypt. He was the son
and immediate successor of Rameses the
Great,

(2) Egypt was an absolute monarchy of the
oriental type of absolutism. The dignity of
the kingdom was identical with the person of
the king.

(3) With the throne of his fathers, Maneph-
tah inherited their divine honors. The name
Pharaoh is derived from an Egyptian word
signifying the sun. Wilkinson is of the
opinion that the name was probably given in
the earliest times to the Egyptian kings, be-
cause they claimed to be the chief on earth
as the sun is chief among the heavenly bodies ;
and afterwards, when this luminary became
the object of idolatrous worship at Heliopolis,

102 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

it was the representative of their sun-god.
" Son of the Sun " came to be the title of
every Pharaoh, and Manephtah inherited this
divine honor.
(4) Still further in the struggle on the Nile, the
most formidable adversary of the true reli-
gion was not Pharaoh as a man, or as an offi-
cial representative of Egypt, or as a king-god,
but heathenism itself incarnate in his person,
and endeavoring to strangle the church while
in Egypt.

2. The Temper of the King was Disclosed by his

Treatment of the Request made of him by the
Messengers of Jehovah. Exodus 3:18 ; 5 : 1-2.

3. The Hardening of Pharaoh'' s Heart. Prophesied

Ex. 4:21. The hardening mentioned twenty
times in the history of the exodus, indicating
the prominence given to the instance. In ten
places ascribed to God. Ex. 4:21; 7:3;
9:12; 10: 1, 20, 27; 11:10; 14:4, 8, 17. In
four ascribed to Pharaoh. 8 : 15, 32 ; 9 : 34 ;
13 : 15. In six is impersonal. 7 : 13 (Revised
ver.), 14, 22; 8:19; 9:7,35. In attempt-
ing to explain this hardening it is important
that we should hold fast the fact that evil is of
man and that God bounds it most wisely and
powerfully. Of the many views held concern-
ing this hardening, the following seems to be
the true one :
(1) The king had oppressed the chosen seed and
had refused to let them go at God's command
even after the signs had confirmed the divine
commission of Moses. Pharaoh had sinned,
sinned grievously and inexcusably.

THIRD PERIOD. 103

(2) God resolved to punish the cruel and disobe-
dient monarch.

(3) The particular punishment awarded was hard-
ness of heart.

(4) This sentence was carried into effect not only
by the withdrawal of the restraints of provi-
dence and grace (cf. Rom. 1 : 24-32), but by
placing the king in circumstances which, ow-
ing to his own perversity, served to harden his
heart, although his heart ought to have been
softened by them. Still further this harden-
ing is to be contemplated under two aspects ;
under the one it was a grievous sin ; under
the other it was a severe punishment. As a
sin, it was the act of Pharaoh ; as a punish-
ment, it was an act of God.

SECTION 3. THE ROUTE CHOSEN.

Ex. 13 : 17-18.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., chap. 33.

NOTES.

The Hebrews might have reached the promised land in forty
-days, going by the way of the south shore along the Med-
iterranean Sea, thence to Gaza and Hebron, the distance
being less than 250 miles. . . . This near route was
closed to the Hebrews by the hostility of the Philistines
who dwelt about Gaza. Ex. 13 : 17. . . . Although
a journey of a few months by the longer route might have
brought them to their new home, yet, in punishment of
their iguominious revolt at Kadesh in the matter of the
spies, the Lord turned back the congregation into the
wilderness thirty-eight years forty years in all after the
exodus. Reasons :

104 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

1. Time was given for the old and wayward race to-

pass from life and give place to a better gener-
ation.

2. It entered into the plan of Providence to afford

to the Israelites time and opportunity for edu-
cation in the law given from Sinai.

3. The heathen were not overlooked in the Provi-

dential design of the wandering. Ex. 15 : 14-
17; Josh. 2:10-11.

SECTION 4. THE CLOUDY PILLAR.

Gen. 13:21-22.

Humphrey's Sacred Hist., pp. 487-488.
NOTES.

1. This a Theophany. v. 21. Continuance"? Neb.

9: 19.

2. Design? While the leading design of the pillar

was to reveal Jehovah to the senses of the
people by an open and perpetual vision of his
majesty, it served other important purposes :

(1) It shielded the people from the fierce rays of
sun. Ps. 105 : 39.

(2) The motion of the cloud gave direction to
their journey.

(3) The movements of the wandering Israelites
were controlled by the same phenomenon. It
gave to the entire caravan the signal for mov-
ing or standing still.

(4) The holy oracle was established within its
folds. Ps. 99 : 7.

The children of Israel have now gone out from Egypt; the
route chosen, and the cloudy pillar guiding them. We
now begin the study of the history of the wandering.

THIRD PERIOD. 105

SECTION 5. FROM SUCCOTH TO SINAI.

OUTLINE.

I. The Red Sea. Chaps. 14 and 15: 1-21.
II. Marah. 15: 23-26.

III. Wilderness of Sin. 16: 1.

IV. Meribah (Rephidim). 17: 1-6.
V. Smiting of Amalek. 17 : 8-16.

VI. Jethro's Visit. 18: 1-27.
NOTES.
I. The Red Sea. Chaps. 14 and 15: 1-21.

1. The position of the Hebrews Taken by Divine Com-

mand. 14 : 12.

2. The Pursuit. 3-9.

3. The Alarm of the Hebreu-s Allayed by Moses.

vs. 10-14.

4. The' Passage of Israel, vs. 15-22. Miracle?

5. Destruction of the Egyptians, vs. 23-28.

6. Result, vs. 29-31.

7. The Song of Moses. 15 : 1-21. (Analyze.)

8. The Importance of this Event in the History of

Israel.

II. Marah. 15: 22-26.

1. Murmuring.

2. Water Sweetened.

3. Comfort. Condition ? v. 26.

III. Wilderness of Sin. 16:1.

1. Murmuring, vs. 23.

2. Manna and Quails. 12-36. Describe the

manna. Its typical significance? John 6:

106 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

48-51. Rules forgathering? The Sabbath?
How long continued? Miracle? Memorial
kept.

IV. Meribah. (Rephidim). Why Called Meribah ?

1. The Murmuring. 17 : 1-3.

2. Water. How procured, v. 6. Quantity? Ps.

78: 15-16.

V. Smiting of Amalek. 17:8-16.

Amalek ? (See Bible Diet.) Joshua mentioned for

first time.
How the victory was won.
Curse upon Amalek.

VI. Jethro's Visit. The object of his Visit. 18:
1-6. The meeting with Moses. 7-12. His
Counsel to Moses. 13-27.

SECTION 6. THE SINAITIC COVENANT.

OUTLINE.
(Introduction.)

Humphrey, MS.. Notes of Lects.
Butler's Bible Work.

I. The Sinaitic Covenant Described.

Same references.
II. The Moral Law.

Dabney, Theology Lect. 30.
Gibson, Mosaic Era, chap. 6.
Humphrey, MS. Notes of Lects.
Butler's Bible Work.

III. The Ceremonial Law.

Humphrey, Preparing to Teach, p. 71-99.

THIRD PERIOD. 107

Gibson, Mosaic Era, chaps. 7-15.

Butler's Bible Work.

Barrow, Companion to the Bible.

Barrow, Sacred Geog. and Antiq.

Geikie, Hours, chap. 10.

Hurlbut, Manual Bib. Geog., etc., p. 135.

IV. The Civil Law.

Humphrey, MS. Notes.
Butler's Bible Work.

NOTES.

Introduction.

This Covenant the fifth of the series: (1) Covenant of
work, (2) Covenant of grace, (3) Covenant of forbear-
ance, (4) Covenant with Abraham, (5) Covenant of
Sinai.

1. I he Great Characteristic of this Covenant, Con-

tains the Law of God.

2. The Relation of this Covenant to the Old Testa-

ment. It is the central mass, the most impor-
tant part and to which all the rest refers.

(1) All before it introductory e. g. Sacrifice,
Priesthood, Ordinance of Worship (as the
Sabbath), Government (patriarchal). All
these had existed before by divine sanction
and in a form suited to the condition and
needs of the chosen people. The time had
now come for developing and enlarging these
ordinances, reducing them to the form of
written law and adapting them to a larger
application.

(2) All subsequent history is the unfolding of this
law ; reveals its application, meaning and

108 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

working. The Old Testament may, there-
fore, be divided into three parts :

(a) That part preliminary to the Law.

(6) The Law.

(c) The part after the Law.
It will thus be seen that it is the Siuaitic
Covenant, revealing the Law, which gives
unity to the Hebrew Scriptures, and so from
this covenant is derived the name Old Testa-
ment (covenant).

3. The Manner in which the Law is Recorded.

(1) In the order in which it was given.

(2) Interspersed with history. It is not in a col-
lected and digested form as the laws of a
state, but like doctrine, it is mixed up with
other things. From this fact it follows:

(a) We must interpret the law in the light

of the history.
(6) Collate scattered portions of the law,

here a part and there a part.

4. Whence Given. From Mt. Horeb until the tab-

ernacle was set up. Ex. 19 : 9. The cloud
seems to have stood upon the mountto show
where Jehovah was, but when the tabernacle
was set up God dwelt there. Ex. 40 : 34. The
law was given from the bosom of the cloud,
whether on Mt. Horeb or the tabernacle. Lev.
1: \.H.

5. TJie Order in which the Laic was Given.

(1) The preparation for the divine revelation.
Ex., chap. 19.

(2) Giving of the Ten Commandments. Ex.
20: 1-17.

(3) The geueral principles of the whole law.
Ex. 20 : 21 to chap. 24.

THIRD PERIOD. 109

(4) Acceptance of the law by the people. Ex.
chap. 24.

(a) The covenant transaction, vs. 1-8.
(6) The ratification of the covenant, vs.
9-11.

(5) The ritual. Especial law of the ritual. Ex.,
chaps. 25 to 31, inclusive. It opens with the
tabernacle, and then gives direction how
Aaron and his sons were to be consecrated to
the priesthood.

(6) An important' piece of history. The idolatry
of the people and breach of the covenant by
worship of the calves. This breach of the
covenant symbolized by the broken stones.
Ex., chaps. 32-33.

(7) Renewal of the covenant. Ex. 34.

(8) Actual building of the tabernacle and its con-
secration. Ex., chaps. 34-40.

(9) Whole law detailed and explained. Book of
Leviticus.

(10) Various laws mingled with history and given
under various circumstances as they arose and
needed particular laws.

(11) General recapitulation of the law with a spe-
cial relation to their use in Canaan.

I. The Sinaitic Covenant Described.

1. The Mosaic Law Revealed in the Formofa Covenant.

(1) It is so styled. Deut. 5: 2 ; Heb. 8:9; Jer.
31 : 31.

(2) The roll containing it is called the book of
the covenant. Ex. 24 : 7 ; 2 Kings 23 : 2
and 21.

(3) The tables of stone called the tables of the
covenant. Deut. 9 : 9, 11, 15.

2. The Parties to it. God and Israel. The genera-

tion of Israel who formally entered into this

110 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

covenant acted, not only for themselves, but
also for the succeeding generations of their de-
scendants, so that this covenant was really
between God aud all the generations of Israel
up to the coming of Christ.

3. The Covenant. How given and received ? God

the giver, man the receiver. This a funda-
mental truth, and is the only constant and com-
mon thing in every covenant of God with
man. God, as the infinite sovereign, gives,
proposes. Man must receive or reject as God
proposes, without making any counter propo-
sitions or changes. This feature of the cove-
nant seen.

(a) Before the covenant was given. Ex.
19:3-8.

(b) After the covenant was given. Ex. 24 : 3.

(c) In the covenant as written. Ex. 24 : 4-7.
The difference between a law and a covenant
is this : A law may be imposed without the
consent of one party, while in a covenant
there must be the consent of both parties.
In this covenant the consent of the Jews was
given three times.

4. Hoic Ratified.

(1) By a monumental altar. Ex. 24:4. Built
where it was given, aud around it twelve pil-
lars for the twelve tribes the altar repre-
senting God.

(2) By sacrifice on the altar. Ex. 24 : 5-8 ; Heb.
9: 19.

(3) By a covenant feast. Ex. 24:9-10. God
the host, and the elders his guests. In this
ratification the germ of two things : ratifica-

THIRD PERIOD. Ill

tion by blood (crucifixion), and Lord's Sup-
per.

5. Ihe Substance of the Covenant is the Law of God,

not only the Moral, but the Ceremonial and Civil.
Ex. 24 : 4-10. Indeed, the whole Sinai trans-
action is the law reduced to the form of a cov-
enant. Law is the subject-matter of the cov-
enant.

6. The Mutual Stipulations.

(1) On the part of God:

(a) By way of promises. Ex. 19 : 3-8 ;

20:12; Deut. 11 : 13-32; 28:11-14.
(6) By way of threats. Dent, 27 : 10-26 ;

28: 15-68.

(2) On the part of the people. Ex. 19 : 8 ; 24: 3.
This promise embraced the whole law Moral
Ceremonial, Civil.

7. Relation to Abrahamic Covenant.

(1) Both were intended to raise up an holy seed ;
not a nation simply, but a church. See Ten
Commandments, whole law of purifications.
Lev. 20: 25-26; 22: 31-33.

(2) Both intended to isolate the chosen seed.
This idea the foundation of many laws. Ex.
34: 10-19 ;Lev. 20: 24-26.

(3) Both exhibited Christ. The Abrahamic
in promise, the Sinaitic in types, as seen in
the whole sacrificial and sacerdotal system.
Gal. 3 : 24-25. It was a great educational
system to prepare the way for Christianity,
styled pedagogic.

(4) The Sinai Covenant was added to the Abra-
hamic because of transgressions. Gal. 3: 19,
i. e., the Abrahamic covenant could not re-

112 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

strain men from sin, therefore the law, with
its terrible sanctions and dreadful curse, was
added to aid.

(5) The Sinai covenant was temporary, the
Abrahamic permanent. Gal. 3 : 19. N. T.
'passim.

(6) Summarily stated thus: The Sinai cove-
nant was in furtherance of and executive of
the Abrahamic covenant. It fulfilled to the
people the temporal blessings of the Abra-
hamic and opened up the way for the spiritual.
It was a temporary institute to help along the
permanent one, and to give it force.

8. The law Embraced in the Covenant.

(1) The Moral Law.

(2) The Ceremonial Law.

(3) The Civil Law.

II. The Moral Law or Decalogue. Ex. 20 : 2-17 ;
Deut. 5: 6-21.

1. Its Importance. (Dabney.)

(1) Indicated by manner in which it was given :
spoken by Jehovah himself to his Church
in an audible voice (Acts 7 : 53), with the
terrible adjuncts of clouds, and thunders, and
lightnings, and the sound of a trumpet. Ex.
19: 16-25; 20: 1.

(2) These Ten Words the only part of revela-
tion thus spoken. Deut. 5 : 22.

(3) These ten precepts were then twice graven
by God himself on tables of stone j the im-
perishable material signifying the perpetuity
of the laws ; and these tables were to be kept

THIRD PERIOD. 113

among the most sacred things of their re-
ligion.
(4) Christ's summary of Man's duty into the
two precepts of love to God and love to man
evidently an abridgment of the Decalogue.
He said that on these two abridged commands
haug all the law and the prophets. Therefore,
all the Old Testament hangs on the Deca-
logue, of which these two are the epitome.

2. Die in ion*. (See Dabney.)

(1) Into two tables called tables from the fact
that the Decalogue was written by God on
two tables of stone. Expositors have been
divided as to what commands belong to the
first table or division, and which to the
second. "It is now generally held that four
precepts composed the first table, and six the
second. This is the natural division. Of
the duties enjoined in the first four, God is
the direct object; of those inculcated in the last
six, man is the direct object. Thus, we coo-
form to our Saviour's summary : love to God
and love to man."

(2) Into ten separate commands. (Repeat preface,
then the Ten Commandments.)

3. Convenient Analysis of Thos. Aquinas (Hum-

phrey).

The first table commands us to honor God
(1) in His Being, (2) in His Worship,
(3) in His Name, (4) in His Day of Rest, and (5)
in His Representatives. The second table :
Thou shalt not injure thy neighbor in (1) his
life, (2) his family, (3) his property, (4) name,
nor (5) in thought.

114 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AX I) NOTES.

4. The Grand Purposes of the Decalogue (Hum-
phrey). (1) To testify against sinners. Ex.

31:18; 32:15.

(2) To furnish them with a rule of life, which
rule they were required to obey.

(3) To give to all men a knowledge of the law of
God.

5. Rules of Interpretation (Dabuey).

(1) The law is spiritual. Rom. 7:14. Matt. 5:
21-22.

(2) In each precept, the chief duty or sin is taken
as representative of the various lesser duties or
sins of that class; and the overt act is taken as
the representative of all related affections and
under it they are all enjoined or forbidden.
Thus our Saviour teaches us that under the
head of murder, angry thoughts and abusive
words are also forbidden.

(3) Commandment implied in prohibition. "To
command a given class of duties plainly im-
plies a prohibition of the opposite class of sins,
and vice versa."

(4) The precepts of the first table containing
duties to God ai'e superior in obligation to
the precepts of the second table containing
duties to man. Luke 14 : 26.

III. Ceremonial Law.

Introduction.

1. Typology of Scriptures. (Humphrey.)

(1) What relation does the Mosaic dispensation
bear to the Christian ?
(a) That of the transient to the permanent.
(6) Of the pedagogic to the final. Gal. 3:
17-24. It preceded it in point of time

THIRD PERIOD. 115

and taught of the only living and true
God, and the principles of divine law #
It was a great scheme of religious educa-
tion to teach elementary truth. Two
cautions : (act) The old dispensation
was divine and perfect to its ends. 2
Cor. 3 : 711. A glorious dispensation,
but only preliminary, (bb) Do not look
for too much in the Old Testament ren-
dering the New unnecessary, nor look for
too little rendering it obsolete and useless.
(2) What are the chief criteria of a type ?

(a) A real person or thing in the Old Tes-
tament corresponding to a real person or
thing in New Testament e. g., Adam to
Christ, Rom. 5:12; 1 Cor. 15:45.
Sacrifice to Christ's atonement. The
reality rules out and distinguishes a type
from an allegory. An allegory is a ficti-
tious narrative illustrating some truth.
(In Gal. 4 : 22 " allegory " is used in its
popular sense.)

(6) There must be a resemblance between
the type and antitype e. g., lifting up
serpent and Christ, manna and Christ.
John 3:14; 1 Cor. 10: 3-4.

(c) There must be a divine appointment con-
stituting the person or thing a type. It
is a fundamental requisite that it be or-
dained of God. Did God appoint it ?
determines difference between type and
simile or illustration.

(d) The type represents an object yet future.
Col. 2:17 and Heb. 10 : 1 show distinc-
tion between type and symbol. The sym-

116 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

bol belongs to the present or very near
future e. g. 1 Sam. 7 : 12 ; 10: 1 ; Jer.
1:11-14; 13: 1-11. A type is a pro-
phetic symbol.

(3) What does the idea of the type presuppose".'

(a) That God from the beginning determined
what should come to pass in the Xew
Testament.

(/;) That he put things in a train to bring
about these blessings.

(c) That he put into the Old Testament per-
sons or things as types foreshadowiug
what he resolved to do in the Xew Tes-
tament e. g., he resolved to send his son
into the world; he put things in a train
to bring it about, and so put in Old Tes-
tament types of his sou.

(4) Relation of types to prophecy. The type pre-
figures and the prophecy foretells the good
things to come. Their object the same, the
manner different one a picture, the other the
printed book. The Priest in his robes a pic-
ture, the Prophet at his side the written book ;
the one more beautiful and striking, the other
more clear and distinct. The book explains
the picture.

(5) How may we know what persons or things
are typical ? Two ways one definite and
satisfactory, the other indefinite and unsatis-
factory.

(r<) Whatever in the Old Testament is de-
clared in the Xew Testament to be a type
is certainly a type e. </., Melehizedek.
Gen. 14 : 18, cf. Heb. 7 ; Ezek. 37 : 24,
cf. Luke 1 : 32 ; Sanctuary, Heb. 9.

THIRD PERIOD. 117

(6) Whatever can be shown by fair exposi-
tion to be intended by God himself for a
type is to be taken as snch. Debatable
ground.

(6) Hints as to the interpretation of types.

() Be not misled by fanciful analogies and
resemblances, as oak of Absalom ; Moses
with outstretched arms representing the
cross; skins of tabernacle dyed red the
blood of the martyrs, etc.

(6) Adhere rigidly to the idea that nothing
is a type unless divinely appointed for
th at e nd. Did God appoint them as
types ? This would rule out such sup-
positions as that the bells and pomegran-
ates in the robes of the priest the bells
the glad tidings and the pomegranates
the sweet fragrance of the gospel.

(c) In expounding Old Testament use the
words type and typify with caution. If
it is a divine ordinance you can call it a
type, but not if it is only a resemblance.
In the one case you are expressing the
thought of God, and in the other your
own.

(d) Do not push a type too far. The brazen
serpent a type of Christ in only one or
two points. See also Jonah, Matt. 12 : 30.

(7) How many classes of types? Two Histori-
cal and Ritual. The first class comprises
Historical persons and events, as Moses,
David, Manna, etc. The second class em-
braces the ceremonies of the Ritual law.

118 BIBLE COUKSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

2. The Two Great Purposes of this Law.

(1) Intended primarily for the Hebrews, for their
instruction and spiritual culture.

(2) Prospective and to prepare the way for Chris-
tianity.

3. Two Elements in the Ceremonial Laio Correspond-

ing to These Two Purposes. Symbols and Types.
Recall the meaning of these terms. A symbol
is a sensible sign of an insensible reality e. g.,
elements in Lord's Supper ; a type is a prophetic
symbol. As far as this law was for the Jews
immediately it was symbolical. So far as it was
designed to foreshadow the gospel it was typical.
Hence these institutions of Moses were both
symbolical and typical.

4. The Clew to the Interpretation of the Law Lies in

these Questions :

(1) What is its symbolical meaning '!

(2) What is its typical meaning ?

5. Divisions of the Ceremonial Law.

(1) Sacred places, or the sanctuary.

(2) Sacred persons, or the priesthood.

(3) Sacred rites, or the ritual.

(4) Sacred times, or the calendar.

First. The Sanctuary.

1. Its Origin. (See Hurlbut, p. 135.)

2. History of its Erection.

(1) God raised up the architects by special call and
inspiration. Ex. 31 : 1-6.

(2) The materials were provided (o) By the
atonement money. Ex. 30:11-16. (6) By the
voluntary contributions of the people. Ex. 35:
4_9 ; 20-29. Did they give enough? Ex.
36: 4-6.

THIRD PERIOD. 119

(3) Their value. Ex. 38 : 24-30. Difficult to as-
certain for two reasons :

(a) We cannot exactly determine the value
of the shekel or talent. In time of Christ
the shekel was ^ oz. of silver, say 50
cents; in gold, $8.00; a talent was 3,-
000 shekels; in silver, $1,500.00; in
gold, $24,000.00.

(6) The commercial value of gems, precious
stones, embroidery, etc., cannot be de-
termined. Probable value of all, $1,-
200,000.00.

(4) Whence obtained? Gen. 15 : 14; Ex. 12:35.

(5) When was the tabernacle finished? One year
after the Exodus (Ex. 40: 17); nine months
from the giving of the law. Ex. 19:1.

3. Its Structure.

(1) Dimensions : Length, 30 cubits, 45 feet
(Geikie); breadth, 10 cubits, 15_feet ; height,
10 cubits, 15 feet. Holy of holies, 10 cubits
each way: A perfect cube.

(2) Its framework: Pillars, Ex. 26:32; bars,
Ex. 26 : 26-29 ; planks, Ex. 26 : 15-25.

(3) Its curtains or covering :

(a) The inner curtain, linen, Ex. 26 : 1-6,

(b) The second curtain, goat's hair, 26 : 7-13,

(c) The third curtain, ram skins, 26 : 14,

(d) The outer curtain, seal skins, 26 : 14.

(4) The veils of the tabernacle :

(a) Of the eastern entrance. 26: 36.
(6) Within. Ex. 26 : 31 ; Heb. 9 : 3.

(5) Divisions of the tabernacle :

(a) The court. Ex. 27: 9-14. Of this, the
eastern end and entrance were closed by
hangings of costly workmanship, though

120 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

not of the same exceptional fineness as
that of the inner curtains. It is supposed
that the veil which hung around the
court was of network, so that all the
people could see the sacrifice. The
dimensions of this enclosure were 100
cubits long and 50 cubits wide, about
150 feet by 75 feet.

(/>) The Holy place. This was the outer de-
partment of the tent, about 30 feet by 15
feet.

(c) The Holy of Holies. This the inner
department of the tent, 15 feet each way.
4. The Furniture of the Tabernacle.

(1) In the Court two things, the brazen altar
(Ex. 27:1-8), and the laver (Ex. 30:.
17-21). The symbolical idea here is, " let
no man go into the holy presence except after
sacrifice and washing /, e., atonement and
purification.

(2) In the Holy place three things:

(a) Altar of incense. Ex. 30: 1-10. In-
cense, how compounded. Ex. 30 :
34-37.

(b) The table of the shewbread. Ex. 25 :
23-30 ; Lev. 24 : 5-6.

(c) Golden candlestick. Ex. 25 : 31-40.

(3) In Holy of Holies three things :

(a) Ark of the covenant. Ex. 25 : 10-16 ;

37:1.
(6) The mercy seat. A plate of gold laid

on the ark as a covering. Ex. 25 : 17.
(c) The cherubim. Ex. 25:18. Between

them was the throne of God. The

articles in the ark were the Law, Ex.

THIRD PERIOD. 121

25 : 16 ; pot of manna, Ex. 16 : 33-34;
Aaron's rod, Num. 17:10, and Heb.
9 : 4. The Book of the Law was in the
side of the ark. Dent. 31 : 26.

5. Its Dedication.

(1) Tabernacle finished. Ex. 40: 20-33.

(2) The Lord descending. Ex. 40 : 34.

(3) The anointing. Lev. 8 : 10.

(4) The descent of the holy tire. Lev. 9 : 24.

(5) The offerings of the princes. Num. 7 :
10-88.

(6) The holy oracle. Num. 7 : 89.

6. Its After- Hidory.

The Israelites carried it with them through
the wilderness and into Canaan, where it was
their only place of worship for five hundred
years. When they crossed the Jordan, it was
first set up in Gilgal, and after the conquest
in Shiloh, where it remained about three
hundred years. After the defeat of Israel by
the Philistines (1 Sam. 4: 1-11), the taber-
nacle seems to have been removed to Nob, in
the tribe of Benjamin, where it remained
until Saul's slaughter of the priests. 1 Sam.
21 : 1-6 ; 22 : 18-19. It seems to have been
at Gibeon while the ark was in seclusion
at Kirjath-jearim. 2 Chr. 1 : 4 (Hurlbut).
Finally it was superseded by the temple.

7. Its General Significance.

(1) A tent for Jehovah. Ex. 25 : 8.

(2) Made after a divine pattern. Ex. 26: 30;
Heb. 8:5; Ex. 39 : 43.

122 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

Reasons for this Minuteness.

(a) That the people might be impressed

with the authorky of God in everything,

even the most minute.
(6) It was intended as a type of heavenly

things ; but the idea of a type involves

divine appointment.

(3) It was exceedingly beautiful and costly.
" For beauty and for glory."

(4) Intended for worship by a representative. It
was a small building, yet the only place of
worship for all the twelve tribes. Therefore
worship was to be allowed by a few fv>r
many.

8. The Encampment. In the center was the taber-

nacle. Moses' and Aaron's tent in front
(Num. 3 : 38) ; the Levites around and next to
the tabernacle ; the tribes divided into four
divisions and encamped in front, behind, and
on either side.

9. The March.

(1) Preparation. Num. 4 : 5-1 G, 25-31.

(2) Order of march. Num. 2 : 9-31.

10. Spiritual Uses, Threefold: Direct, Symbolical,.

and Typical.
(1) Direct uses -five.

(a) The place of worship for the Hebrews.
So far as we know it was the first struc-
ture ever erected for the worship of the
true God. They had built altars before,
but nothing in the way of a house.

(6) A tent for Jehovah, King of Israel.
Lev. 16: 2; Ps. SO: 1.

(c) The place of the oracle. While at

THIRD PERIOD. 123

Sinai the cloud was on the mount. But
afterwards on the tabernacle. Ex. 40 ;
34 ; Lev. 1 : 1 ; Ex. 25 : 22.

(d) The place of meeting of Jehovah with the
people. The phrase, " tabernacle of the
congregation," wherever used, should be
translated " tent of meeting." See Re-
vised Version. The word " meeting-
house" is a place where God meets with
his people, and not of people meeting
together.

(e) A place of deposit for the tables and
book of the law. Dent. 31 : 26 ; Num.
17:7; Acts 7 : 44.

(2) Its symbolical uses.

(o) The grand truth was : That God had
his dwelling-place among men. He was
in the center of the encampment, with
the cloud over it as a token of his pres-
ence. Ex. 25 : 8 ; 29 : 45.

(6) Approach to God can only be made
through atonement and purification.

(c) The mercy seat, placed above the tables
of the law, signified a covering for sin.
And inasmuch as the mercy seat was
sprinkled with blood, it signified that
the law was covered by the atonement.
Mercy through atonement.

(d) Altar of incense symbolical of prayer.
Ps. 141:2; Rev. 5 : 8.

(e) Candlestick symbolical of the diffusion
of truth. Matt. 5:14; Rev. 1 : 20.

(/) Shewbread symbolical of communion
with God.

124 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(3) Its typical meaning.

() The inhabitation of Christ among men.

Matt. 1 : 23; John 1:14; 2:19.
(6) The most holy place typical of heaven.

See Hebs.
(c) For typology of furniture, see Heb.,
chap. 9.
Caution. The symbolical and typical meaning of
the tabernacle limited.

(1) Seek no spiritual meaning in the minor de-
tails of the building.

(2) Seek none in those things wherein the taber-
nacle differed from the temple e. g., acacia
wood.

(3) Seek none in each of the various ornaments
or colors.

(4) Be not misled by fanciful analogies. Follow
sound judgment, and interpret it by other
Scripture.

Second. Sacred Persons or the Priesthood.

1. The Vocation of tlie Aaronic Priesthood.

(1) Aaron and his sons called of God. This
call first given through Moses (Ex. 28: 1);
then to Aaron himself. Num. 18:1; Heb.
5 : 4.

(2) This call afterwards indisputably vindicated.
Num., chap. 16 (censers) ; Num., chap. 17
(Aaron's rod).

(3) To be perpetuated by hereditary transmission
in the Aaronic line. Did not fail for 1,500
years.

(4) The Levites made assistants to Aaron and
his sons. Num. 18 : 1-7.

THIRD PERIOD. 125

2. Qualifications for Office of Priest.

(1) Age. Not distinctly stated at what age the
priest entered or left his office. Some draw
inferences from the statements concerning the
Levites. The age limits of those who carried
the furniture in the march were from 30 to
50. Num. 4 : 23 ; of those who ministered
in the tabernacle from 25 to 50. Num.
8 : 24-25. Again it was probably from 20
to 50. 1 Chr. 23-24. Law changed ac-
cording to circumstances. See 2 Chr. 31:17;
Ezra 3:8.

(2) Freedom from bodily defect. Lev. 21 :
17-23.

(3) Ceremonial holiness. Ex. 29 : 4, 10, 15,
19, etc.

3. The Dress of the Sacerdotal Order.
(1) The dress of the high priest.

(a) The Ephod. Ex. 28:6-14. "The
Ephod was the distinctive priestly gar-
ment (see 1 Saml. 2: 28). It hung upon
the shoulders down to the waist, and was
formed of the most costly and beautiful
materials, corresponding exactly to those
employed in the interior decoration of
the Holy Place. The girdle was made
of the same materials with the same com-
bination of colors. . . . But the
most important part of the Ephod was
the shoulder pieces, on which were set
two onyx stones, with the names of the
tribes engraven on them six on the one
and six on the other." v. 12. 3Iosaie
Era (Gibson), p. 183.

126 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLIKE AND NOTES.

(6) The Breastplate, vs. 15-30. On "this
were set in gold twelve different precious
stones; and on these again were engraven
the names of the twelve children of Is-
rael." (See v. 29.) " Not only on his
shoulders, the seat of strength, but on
his heart, the seat of love." " The
Urira and Thuramira (v. 30) which were
' to be put iu the breast-plate,' are not
described, and therefore we cannot tell
with certainty what form the representa-
tion took. The words mean ' lights and
perfection '; and, inasmuch as the idea
of guidance is regularly associated with
the Urim and Thummim," the idea seems
to be guidance from the Father of
lights, and the glory (perfection) to which
that light leads. Gibson.

(c) The Robe of the Ephod (vs. 31-35).
This was a long robe worn under the
Ephod, and appearing below it. It was
all of blue and had fringe, to which were
attached pomegranates and bells. From
this was derived the Romish idea of ring-
ing little bells to give notice of priest's
approach.

(d) The Mitre, vs. 36-38. This was a plate
of pure gold, on which was inscribed,
Holiness to the Lord. This plate, in a
setting of blue, was to be worn upon the
forehead.

(2) The dress of the priests. Ex. 28 : 40-43.
4. The Consecration of the Sacred Order,

(1) Of Aaron aud his sons. Ex. 29. The cere-
mony embraced the following things :

THIRD PERIOD. 127

(a) Washing, v. 4. Signifying the neces-
sity of ceremonial holiness in order to ap-
proach God.

(6) Investiture, vs. 5-9. " It was by the
putting on of the appointed garments
that Aaron and his sons were invested
with office."

(c) Sacrifice. 10-15.

(d) Anointing, vs. 21 and 29; Lev. 8 : 12.
" The meaning of the anointing is un-
mistakable, for throughout the Scriptures
oil is the familiar and consistent symbol
of divine grace; and as the Holy Spirit is
the fountain of divine grace, the anoint-
ing is symbolical of his gracious work."
Gibson.

(e) The ram of consecration, vs.. 15 37. Lev.
8 : 22-28.

(2) Of the Levites. Numb. 8 : 5-23.

5. Functions of the Priestly Office.

(1) The priest represented the people. This a
fundamental idea. It was signified (a) By
his dress. On his shoulders the onyx stones
bearing the names of the twelve tribes. So
also the Breastplate. Ex. 28 : 9-15. (b) By
the law of sacrifice. He offered sacrifice, burnt
offering, incense, etc., for them. Lev. 16.

(2) He was the sole officer of sacrifice. Numb.
3 : 10 ; 16 : 40 ; 18 :*3, 4, 7 ; Heb. 5 : 1.

(3) Mediator between God and man. Ex. 28 :
15-38.

,(4) The religious teacher of the people. Lev. 10 :
11 ; Deut. 33 : 10. He did not teach them
so much orally as pictorially.

128 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(5) Bearer of the oracle the Urim and Thiun-
mim. Little known. Probably indicated
some official function of the High Priest.

6. The Support of the Priesthood.

(1) Forty-eight cities scattered throughout all the
tribes and surrounded by three hundred acres
of land. Josh. 21 ; 1 Chr. 6 : 54-84.

(2) The tithes. Numb. 18:20-24. These a
tenth part of the gross proceeds. A tenth
of the tithes assigned to the priests. Numb.
18 : 26-32.

(3) The first fruits. Lev. 23 : 10; Numb. 18 : 12-
13; Dent. 18 : 4.

(4) The flesh of the first-born of animals. The fat
was burned, and the blood sprinkled on the
altar. Numb. 18 : 15-18. The first-born of
man and of unclean beasts were to be re-
deemed. Numb. 18: 1516;

(5) A share in the things offered. Lev. 6 : 25-26 ;
7 : 1-9 ; Ex. 29 : 26-29.

7. The Symbolical Meet ning of the Office. Indicated

to the people :

(1) That they needed a divinely appointed medi-
ator between God and them, for they could
only come into God's presence aud offer sacri-
fice through the priest.

(2) That this mediator must be a representative
man.

8. Typical Meaning. Very important. See He-

brews, which is an inspired commentary on it.
(1) The Aaronic priesthood typified the divine
vocation of Christ. Ex. 28 : 1 compared with
Heb. 5:4.

THIRD PERIOD. 129

(2) Typified the holiness of Christ. Iu the priest,
ceremonial holiness ; in Christ, essential holi-
ness. Heb. 7 : 26.

(3) Typified the representative relation of Christ.
Heb. 9:24; John 17:9.

(4) Typified the mediatorship of Christ. Lev.
16:40; Heb. 9: 15.

(5) Typified his atonement for sin. Compare
Lev. 4 : 20-35 and Heb. 9 : 11-15.

(6) Typified his intercession. Compare Lev.
16: 15 with Heb. 9 : 24 ; 7:25.

Third. The Ritual or Sacred Rites and Ceremonies.

Introductory.

1. The Relation of the Ritual to the Ceremonial Law.

It is the central part of it. The sanctuary was
constructed with reference to it. True also of
the priesthood and calendar.

2. The rites may be distributed into two great

classes r

A. SACRIFICES AND OFFERINGS.

B. PURIFICATIONS.

A. Sacrifices ajsid Offerings. Divided into
two classes: 1. The Bloody. 2. The Bloodless.
1. The Bloody Sacrifices and Offerings. The kinds
of animals offered. They were only the ani-
mals used for food, and of five kinds : (1) Ox
kind, (2) sheep, (3) goats, (4) turtle dove, (5)
pigeon. The reason for this choice was proba-
bly twofold : (1) To indicate that the wealth
of the nation belonged to God. (2) Because
the flesh was to be eaten at the altar as a part
of the ceremony. The place of the sacrifice
was, by express command, the great altar be-

130 BIBLE COURSE: OUTEIXE AND NOTES.

fore the tabernacle. The minister of sacrifice,
the priest only. Numb. 3:10; 16:40;
18 : 3-7.
The following are the different kinds of bloody sac-
rifices and offerings:

(1) The whole burnt offering. " It was so
called because the whole body of the victim,
the skin only excepted, which was the priest's
perquisite (Lev. 7:8), was burned, Lev.
1 : 6-9. It was also styled Olah, ascension,
because it went up to God in the smoke
thereof. (Dr. Humphrey, Preparing to Teach,
p. 86.) Characteristics of the Olah :

(a) The most ancient form of sacrifice. Lev.

1:3-9 and 6: 9-13.

(b) The basis of the entire ritual: "The
burning entered as an integral element
into all the forms of the bloody offerings ;
into the sin, the trespass, and the peace
offering. Blood and fire were invariably
seen in every one of the expiatory rites."

(c) It was renewed twice daily from day to
day, and was, therefore, a "continual
burnt offering." The fire never went out,
the smoke never ceased to ascend day or
night. Ex. 29 : 42 ; Numb. 28 : 3-6.

(fl) "This was the general comprehensive
offering for sin as sin and for the sin of
the race as a whole. Offerings for partic-
ular sins, whether of individuals or of all
Israel, took the specific form of the sin, or
trespass, or the peace offering. The
Olah was in the nature of a general act
of worship and expiation for sin, with-
out special reference to the guilt of the

THIRD PERIOD. 131

individual, or even, of the Hebrews as
the chosen people. 'Behold the Lamb
of God, which taketh away the sin of the
world.' "

(2) The sin offering. Lev. 4 to 5: 14.

(a) "Like the Olah, it was expiatory. Blood
was shed and sprinkled on the furniture
of the sanctuary and was poured in floods
over the altar of burnt offering in the
fore-court."

(b) "Unlike the Olah, it was expiatory of
particular sins and the sins of indi-
viduals."

(c) "Unlike the Olah, the fat only was burnt,
and the kidneys, because these organs
were imbedded iu large deposits of fat.
The flesh was otherwise disposed of.
Lev. 4: 8, 10-15."

(d) "The greater sin offering was presented
(1) for the high priest when he was
guilty of crime (Lev. 4: 3-12); (2) for a
sin of the whole people (Lev. 4 : 13-21);
(3) on the great day of atonement (Lev.
16: 26)."

(e) "The lesser sin offering was preseuted
(aa) by the ruler (Lev. 4: 22-26); (bb) by
the private person (Lev. 4: 27-35); (ce)
in various purifications, 12:6; 14: 19.

(3) The trespass offering: The full distinction
between the sin, and the trespass offering has
not, perhaps, been ascertained, but the follow-
ing are points upon which they differ :

(a) "The trespass offering was never pre-
sented for the guilt of the whole people.
That was a peculiarity of the sin offering."

132 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(b) "The trespass offering was presented
when the idea of restitution for inju-
ries done was introduced into the service.
Lev. 6 : 1-7. This offering belonged in a
special sense, to trespass against human
rights. Lev. 6 : 1-6 ; 7 : 1-7 ; Num.
5 : 6-8."

(c) "It was an inferior form of the sin offer-
ing. This appears (o) from the occasion
on which it was offered, and (bb) the
blood was not taken into the sanctuary,
nor put on the horns of the altar of
burnt offering, but was simply sprinkled
round about on the altar. Lev. 5:9;
7 : 2."

(d) "Christ is said in 2 Corinthians 5 : 21,
to be made a sin offering for us ; but
nowhere is he called a trespass offering,
for the reason that the notion of our
making restitution for our sins as against
God is excluded."

(4) Peace offering. Lev. 7: 1121.

(a) "It was generally presented by way of
thanksgiving for mercies received. 2
Saml. 15: 8; Ps. 66: 13-15."

(6) "Expiation for sin was an essential ele-
ment in the ceremony, showing that
thanksgiving to God could not be sepa-
rated from confession for sin. This was
one of the fatal defects in Cain's offering."

(e) "The votive and free-will and thank offer-
ing were the three forms of the peace
offering. The wave and heave offering
took their name from the ceremony of
waving or heaving a portion of the

THIRD PERIOD. 133

victim, say the shoulder, toward the
altar or the holy of holies. Hence the
'wave breast' or 'heave shoulder.' Lev.
7 : 32-34. The peace offering was then,
in all its varieties, essentially eucharistic.
Hence its social and festive character, by
which it was distinguished from the sin
offerings and trespass offerings." Bar-
row, Bib. Antiq., p. 580. After all the
ceremonies of the sacrifice had been com-
pleted, the priest and his friends feasted
joyfully before the Lord on the remain-
der. Lev. 7:11, etc.

2. The Bloodless Offerings (Oblations), called in our
version Meed Offerings; of two kinds:

(1) Supplementary to the sacrifices. Such were
the cakes and wafers of unleavened bread con-
nected with the peace offering at Aaron's con-
secration (Lev. chap. 8); and the oblations
of fine flour mingled with oil and wine, that
were always to accompany the burnt offerings
and peace offerings. Numb. 15: 2-8. Such
also was the salt which, according to the Jew-
ish interpretation of Leviticus 2:13, accom-
panied every sacrifice as well as oblation. Ez.
43:24; Mark 9 : 49. Barrow, Bib. Ant., p.
581.

(2) Independent of sacrifices (e.g., Lev. chap. 2).
"The bloodless offerings were not expiatory,
but rather expressions of love, gratitude and
devotion to God on the part of the giver."
Barrow.

B. Purifications.

"The distinctions of clean and unclean entered

134 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

very deeply into the life of the Hebrews, continu-
ally meeting them in their public, as well as in
their private and social relations." Barron-. The
importance attached to these distinctions of clean
and unclean and attendant rites of purification in-
dicated by the sjiace given to the subject in the
Scriptures. Lev. chaps. 1115 and Num. 19; be-
sides frequent references elsewhere.

1. The Distinctions between Clean and Unclean in

Respect of Food. Lev. 11. Why this dis-
tinction "? Perhaps we cannot give all the
reasons, but these seem apparent :

{a) Promotive of physical purity and health

undoubtedly true.
(b\ Educational. By familiarizing the peo-
ple with this distinction in articles of food
the idea was constantly kept before them
of holy and unholy, clean and unclean,
in the moral and spiritual sphere,
(c) To keep the Jews separate from other na-
tions.

2. Uncleanness from Conditions of the Body. Lev.

chaps. 12-15. "The scriptural view of disease
and all the weaknesses of man's mortal state is
deep and fundamental. It traces them all to
sin as their ultimate source. Xot all maladies,
however, produced ceremonial uncleanness.
Here, also, as in the distinction of food, man's
natural instincts were followed. All diseases
that produced corruption in the body, or run-
ning sores, or a flow of blood, made the sufferer
unclean ; and the culmination of uncleanness
was in death () The curse denounced on man
for sin, and the emblem chosen by the Holy

THIRD PERIOD. 135

Ghost to represent the state of perdition into
which sin brings the son!." Lev. 1:3940;
Num. 19:11-22. Leprosy, as a corruption of
the living body, manifesting itself on its sur-
face, and tending toward death, is an image of
the corruption and death which sin brings to
the soul ; and is regarded in Scripture as em-
phatically the unclean disease.

3. Restraints Laid on the Unclean.

(a) They were excluded from the privileges
of the sanctuary. Lev. 15 : 31 ; Num.
19 : 13.

(b) Lepers were shut out of the camp. Lev.
13:46; 14 : 17.

4. The Process of Cleansing. Varied in different

cases, according to the nature of the defile-
ment. In general embraced the following cer-
emonies :

(1) Washing in water. Lev. 14 : 8 ; 15 : 13.

(2) Cleansing by the use of ashes. See the ordi-
nance of the red heifer in Num. 19 ; compare
Heb. 9:13.

(3) Hyssop and cedar were used to sweeten the
unclean. Num. 19:6; Lev. 14 : 4.

(4) A sacrifice, usually by the sin-offering. Lev.
14: 10-32.

"This fact is most important, showing that
purification had direct refereuce to sin." Dr.
Humphrey.

5. The Explanation of these Rites. They were in-

tended to set forth symbolically the defile-
ment of sin and the necessity of purification.
A twofold deliverance from sin necessary: (1)
From the guilt of sin ; symbolized in the ritual

136 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

by sacrifices and offerings (atonement). (2)
From the defilement of sin ; symbolized in the
ritual by the ceremonies of purification.

6. The Meaning of the Ritual.

(1) Symbolical meaning of the ritual. We
must not look for symbols in every little de-
tail. (See above on Typology.)

(a) The imputation and transfer of sin from
the offender to the animal. Lev. 4 : 3,4,
24 ; especially manifest in the laying of
hands on the victim.

(2) Remission of sin by shedding of blood. Lev.
17: 11; Heb. 9: 22.

(3) The guilt (culpa) of sin requires atonement;
symbolized in the sacrifices and offerings.
The stain (macula) of sin requires purifica-
tion ; symbolized in the rites of purification.
The rites, therefore, both expiatory and ex-
purgatory.

7. The Typical Meaning of the Ritual.

(a) The lamb typified Christ, John 1 : 29.

(b) The work of Christ in atoning for sin,
and the work of the Spirit purifying
from sin. See Heb.

(e) Ritual, as a whole, typical of the gospel
as a whole. Heb. chap. 9. " Shadow
of good things to come."

8. What was the Efficacy of the Mosaic Ritual f

How far did its atonements and purifications
extend ? Some say the) 7 were efficacious in
some way or other to the believing worshipers.
If so, what need of Christ and the Spirit ?
Others say it was an effete system. What
need, then, of a divine revelation ? The true
answer lies between these two extremes, viz. :

THIRD PERIOD. 137

(1) They did not work pardon of sin. Heb.
10: 4; Isa. 40: 16.

(2) These Levitical purifications did not inwardly
rene\v the soul. Heb. 10 : 13-14.

(3) These ordinances did restore to church priv-
ileges e. g., leper.

(4) These atonements did expiate certain civil
offences. Lev. 4 : 2-7. High crimes, such
as idolatry, etc., could not be thus expiated.

(5) Their efficacy as to sin, considered as against
God, was merely typical ; pointing to the true
atonement and purification. The analogy is
the sacraments, which are signs of the blood
of Christ and the washing of the Spirit.
Hence the answer is : As far as the sin was
against the ceremonial law, there was actual
atonement; so far as sin was against God, there
was typical atonement.

Fourth. The Calendar.

Introduction.

1. The Importance of the Calendar.

If there had been no divinely appointed times
for the observance of the ritual, it would not
have been observed e. g., the Sabbath and
Christianity.

2. The Distribution of Sacred Times. Follows the

l'ule of sevens.

(1) The seven days, closing with the Sabbath.

(2) The seven weeks, beginuing with the Pass-
over and closing .with Pentecost.

(3) The seven mouths, culminating in the month
of feasts.

(4) The seven years, closing with the Sabbatical
year.

0)

138 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(5) The seven weeks of years, followed by
Jubilee. Gibson.

3. The Relation of the Sabbath to the Calendar. It
was the basis of the whole system of sacred
times. As the altar was the basis of the sanctu-
ary, and the olah of the ritual, so the Sabbath
of the calendar. All these were historical.
*"~ 1. 7 he Sabbath. The seven days closing with the
Sabbath. The Sabbath had a threefold histor-
ical relation :

(1) To the human race. Given to the race at
creation. Gen. 2:2 ; Mark 2 : 27.

(2) To Israel.

(iiS It was made a sign of the covenant be-
tween God and Israel. Ex. 31 : 13. This
did not abrogate the original meaning of
the Sabbath, but gave it additional sig-
nificance.

(b) The violation of it was a capital crime.
Ex. 31 : 14. All labor strictly forbid-
den. Numb. 15 : 35.

(c) The worship on the Sabbath was distin-
guished by offering two lambs on the al-
tar instead of one. Numb. 28 : 9 ; also
the renewal of the shewbread. Lev.
24: 5-9; cf. Matt. 12: 5.

(<1) Symbolical of God's work in creation
and deliverance from Egypt.

(c) Typical of rest in promised land and in
heaven. Heb. 4 : 4-8. Obs. The ideas
conuected with the Sabbath as given to
the Jews were, (1) Rest, Ex. 31: 15;
(2) Refreshment, Ex. 23 : 12 ; (3) Holi-
ness, Ex. 31 : 14 ; (4) Joy, Isa. 58: 13.

THIRD PERIOD. 139

How untrue, then, that the Jewish Sab-
bath was a dreary bondage. " Not only
so, but the entire Jewish system is often
represented as dull, dreary and dolorous.
On the contrary, it was characterized es-
pecially by times of feasting and re-
joicing." Gibson.
(3) Relation to Christianity.

((f) It commemorates the resurrection of

Christ.
(6) This rendered another change necessary
a change of day. The philosophy of
it is that as covenants were made it was
adapted to each one. Looked at in this
view, all difficulty vanishes.
2. The Seven Weeks, bee/inning with the Passover and
closing with Pentecost. " This cycle of weeks
was of yearly occurrence." The following was
the order observed in this cycle :

(1) The Passover. This the beginning of the
sacred year. Ex. 12: 2. The feast of the Pass-
over was, in the first place, commemorative.
It celebrated the great deliverance from Egyp-
tian bondage. But inasmuch as that deliver-
ance wasrtself typical of the great salvation
from sin, the ceremonial of the passover feast
was typical of the means by which this great
salvation was to be effected. 1 Cor. 5 : 7-8.
The Passover feast occupied a day.

(2) " The feast of the Passover was immediately
followed by the feast of 'Unleavened Bread,
lasting a week." Dent. 16 : 3-4 j 1 Cor.
5 : 78. There was one day in the week of
the feast which was specially signalized. It

140 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

was the day following the Sabbath of that
week (Lev. 23 : 11). " On that day the first
sheaf of the early harvest, the barley harvest,
which at that season of the year was begin-
ning to be gathered, was presented by waving
to the Lord." Hence called Wave-sheaf-day.
It occurred some time between March 25th
and middle of April. Humphrey.
(3) Pentecost. This was the day after the seven
weeks closed. Lev. 23 : 15-16. "It marked
the latter harvest. By this time the wheat
harvest had been gathered in, and in accord-
ance with this the characteristic ceremony ol
the day was the presentation by waving to
the Lord of two loaves, baked from the meal
of the recent harvest." Lev. 23: 17. Pente-
cost also probably had a historical basis the
fiftieth day being the anniversary of the Lord's
appearing on Sinai.
3. The Seven Months, Culminating in the Month of
Feasts. " The month of the Passover was, as
we have seen, the first month of the sacred
year. The feast of Pentecost, coming as it did
at the close of the seven-week cycle, occurred
in the third month. But the culmination and
crown of the sacred year was in the seventh
month." Lev. 23 : 23-44. Mosaic Era, p. 226.
"There were three great occasions in this
month," as follows :
(1) The Feast of Trumpets, vs. 23-25. The
blowing of the trumpets summoned the people
to a holy convocation, which ushered in the
special joy of the specially sacred month.
Num. 29: 1-6; Ps. 81 : 3.

- B- )

THIRD PERIOD. 141

(2) The Great Day of Atonement. This occurred
on the tenth day of the month. This was by
far the most solemn and imposing of all the
ceremonial observances. It is described at
length in the sixteenth chapter of Leviticus.

(a) It was a day of fasting and sorrow and
humiliation for sin. Lev. 23 : 27-29 ;
16: 29-31.

(b) The day occurred very near the close of
the civil year in October. Lev. 16 : 29.
The sins of the people had been typically
atoned for by the daily sacrifice and the
continual burnt offering. But now the
sins of the whole year were recapitulated,
and a broad atonement was made for the
accumulated mass of transgressions.

(c) The atonement was most thorough. The
high priest made an atonement for him-
self and his family; for the people; for
the holy place; for the most holy place;
for the altar of sacrifice itself, vs. 6-20.
See the summing up in verse 33.

(d) The services of the day summed up and
recapitulated the entire ritual. All the
animals used in daily sacrifice were now
slain, vs. 3-5; the three great forms of
sacrifice were used the olah (v. 24), the
sin offering (v. 25), and the burning
without the camp (v. 27); all parts of
the sanctuary and all its furniture were
brought into use, the fore-court (v. 24),
the holy place (v. 20), and the holy of
holies (v. 14). The whole ritual system
was reproduced. It was all there. The
sanctuary in all its departments was en-

142 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

tered. The priesthood was there in its
highest representative. The ritual was
there in the blood of bullock, ram and
goat this blood sprinkled everywhere;
the burnt offering on the altar, the sin
offering, the burning without the camp,
were seen there. The day itself was a
Sabbath of rest and affliction. Lev. 23 :
32. The ceremonies made up an atone-
ment for sin for all sin of all the peo-
ple, an atonement for the altar and the
sanctuary, and the mercy seat, unclean
by the transgression of Israel.
(e) Ceremonies peculiar to this day. One
of these was the entrance into the most
holy place by the high priest. On this
one day in the year only might the high
priest go behind the veil. He went in
during the day once with incense and
blood for his own sins, and once with
blood tor the sins of the people. Lev.
16; Heb. 9 : 7-25. Another ceremony
was that of the slain and the scapegoats.
Lev. 16 : 7-10, 21-26. The symbolical
meaning of this rite is plain. The atone-
ment for sin includes two ideas, substi-
tution for sin and its removal from the
offender. Substitution was set forth by
the goat slain at the door of the taber-
nacle. Its removal was represented by
the acts of the high priest confessing over
the other goat the iniquities of the peo-
ple, putting them on its head, and send-
ing it into the wilderness to return no
more. Substitution for the sinner and

THIRD PERIOD. 143

the removal of his sin made up expia-
tion. The slain goat was a symbol of
the sin-sacrifice the scapegoat of the
sin-bearer. Still another of the ceremo-
nies peculiar to this day was the burning
of the victim without the camp. Helx
13 : 1 1. Dr. Humphrey in Preparing to
Preach, pp. 95-97.
(3) The Feast of Tabernacles. "The great Day
of Atonement was followed by a four days'
pause, to give its solemn impressions time to
be graven deeply on the people's souls, and
then, on the fifteenth day of the mouth, the
nation was summoned to the festivities and
rejoicings of the great Feast of Tabernacles.
Lev. 23 : 33-44." Gibson.
Characteristics.

(a) Lasted seven days.

(b) "Commemorated the time when after
leaving Egypt behind them the children
of Israel gathered in their first camp of
freedom at Succoth, where they had built
themselves booths or leafy huts, whence
the name."

(c) "Like the other great feasts, this also
was associated with the labors of the
husbandman. It was the great harvest
festival, the harvest home of Israel.
The entire product and vintage of the
year were by this time gathered in, and
accordingly it was known frequently as
the Feast of Ingathering."

(d) It was marked by great rejoicing. "The
sacred joy increased from day to day
until the last day that great day of the

I

144 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

feast; concerning which it was a com-
mon saying of the Rabbis that he who
had not seen the rejoicing of the people
at that glad time had yet to learn what
true joy was."

4 . The Seven Years Closing with the Sabbatical Year.

"Just as the last of every seven days was a
Sabbath day, so the last of every seven years
was a Sabbath year, according to the law in
Leviticus. 25: 1-7." Gibson.
Two Leading Designs in the Sabbatical Year :

(1) "It is a year of rest unto the land." v. 5.

(2) A severe test of their faith. How "?

5. The Seven Weeks of Years followed by Jubilee.

" The characteristic features of the Jubilee
year, in addition to what it had in common
with the Sabbatical year, are set forth in Lev.
-25.JJL0," and are as follows :

(1) "Ye shall hallow the fiftieth year."

(2) "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land
unto all the inhabitants thereof."

(3) "Ye shall return every man unto his posses-
sions, and ye shall return every man to his
family."

(4) " It shall be a jubilee unto you."

IV. The Civil Law. (H.)

1. The Fundamental Idea in the Structure of the
Government was this: It was a Theocracy.
Ex. 19: 4-9. God was their King and Ruler,
as well as their God. He was as truly their
King as Napoleon was King of France, and
the tabernacle was his palace. The more per-
fectly this is comprehended, the clearer will be
the view of the system.

THIRD PERIOD. 145

(1) The outworking of this fundamental idea in
legislation :

(a) There was no power on earth to make
new laws. Moses, Aaron, and all the
people could neither make nor amend a
single law ; God was sole ruler, and all
the lawmaking power was vested in him.
See Num. 16.

(6) It explains the minuteness of the Mosaic
legislation. Lev. 19: 19-27 ; Ex.23: 19.
Minute legislation necessary to the pros-
perity of a nation, and God being the
sole lawmaker, it was necessary he should
give all laws needful for the nation's good.

(c) It explains why war and peace were
always declared by Jehovah, and not by
the people. Daniel 1:41; Josh. 10:40;
1 Kings 12:24.

(2) Its outworkings as to crime :

(a) It set aside the distinction between sin
and crime, as we have it. With us, sin
is against God, crime against the State ;
but there God was the State, and crime
was sin.

(6) Idolatry and kindred crimes were pun-
ished with death. The worship of other
gods was treason. It was contempt of
and rebellion against not only God, but
also the actual sovereign of the State.

(c) There was no power of pardon on earth
when convicted of a capital crime ; pun-
ishment was therefore certain. Pardon
is always the act of a sovereign, and as
God was the sovereign, no power on

10

146 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

earth could pardon. Heb. 10: 28; Num.

15:30; Daniel 13: 6-10.

(3) It explains the position of the Kings of Israel.

They were mere viceroys theocratic kings

not supreme, but subordinate to God, the

supreme sovereign. [Very important.]

2. The Agrarian Law. Agriculture was the

leading pursuit of the people. Hence the im-
portance of laws pertaining to laud.

(1) The division of the country, (a) to the tribes,
(b) to the families, (e) among the males of the
family. Num. 26: 53 ; 33: 54.

(2) The laud law connected with the Year of
Jubilee. Lev. 25. Thus the inheritance of
the family was preserved. An Israelite ser-
vant was freed in the Year of Jubilee and
weut to his farm. Lev. 25: 10. The object
was to preserve it as au agricultural country,
and keep it free from commerce.

(3) Daughters inheriting laud must marry in their
own family, iu order that the laud should not
pass out of the family. Num. 27: 1-7 ;
36: 1-12.

3. The Fundamental Principle in tlie Internal Or-

ganization of the People as a Nation was Tribal
Independence with National Unity. The United
States form of government modeled after this.

(1) Tribal independence secured, (a) by the divi-
sion of the country iuto tribal districts; (6)
by the agrarian law preventing a man in one
tribe from inheriting land in another; (c) by
independent actiou in tribal affairs. Judges

: 1 (66.

(2) National unity secured, (a) by having only one
high priest, one sanctuary, atonement, and

THIRD PERIOD. 147

purification ; (b) by scattering the tribe of
Levi throughout the whole nation (Num. 35)
as lawyers, teachers, and physicians ; (c) by
the three great feasts of convocation assem-
bling all the people together at the tabernacle ;
(d) by a general convocation of the princes.
Judges 20; 2 Sam. 3:17; 5:1.
4. Laws for the Segregation of the Jews.

(1) Agrarian laws, (a) Encouraged agriculture.
(b) Prevented foreigners from settling in the
country, (c) Kept them from falling into
the nomadic habits of those around them.

(2) Marriage with the heathen forbidden. Deut.
7 : 3-4.

(3) Their religious rites. Different from those of
the heatheu.

(4) Various minute regulations putting a differ-
ence between the Jews and the heatheu.
Lev. 19 : 27; Ex. 23: 19 ; Lev. 20 : 23; Acts
10:28.

5. What are the Characteristics of the Penal Code?

(1) Number of capital crimes comparatively small
about twenty. A great contrast betweeu
them and the surrounding nations.

(2) The trial was open and fair, in contrast with
the secret tribunals of that time. At the gate
of the city, Deut. 21:19; 25:6-7. Two
witnesses necessary to convict, Num. 35 : 30 ;
Deut. 17 : 6. Commanded not to receive
bribes nor to do injustice- to the jioor, Ex.
23:8; Lev. 19:15. Witnesses confronted
with the accused, Deut. 17 : 1-15.

t(3) Punishment not barbarous. When by whip-
ping, not more than forty stripes. When

148 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

death, it was by stoning or hanging chiefly
the former. Sometimes by burning, Lev^
21 : 9. But it is supposed by all the Jews and
most Christians that the burning was post
mortem. They were first stoned, and then
their bodies burned as an indignity.

(4) The family of the accused were not involved
in his punishment, as in other nations, Deut.
24: 16; cf. Dan. 6:24.

(5) Excision from the people, like excommunica-
tion from the church, and driving out of the
camp sometimes included the idea of death.

(6) The cities of refuge for men committing ex-
cusable homicide. Num. 35:9-34; Josh.
20:7.

6. Humane Provisions of the Law.

(1) For the poor. Ex. 22 : 21-27 ; Lev. 19 : 9-
10; Deut. 24:19.

(2) Care for the blind and deaf. Lev. 19 : 14.

(3) Servants. Lev. 25 : 39; Ex. 21 : 26.

(4) Law of the pledge. Deut. 24 : 10-14.

(5) As to beasts and birds. Ex. 20:10; Deut.
25 : 4; 22 : 6-7. All this breathes the spirit
of the gospel charity to all creatures, man,
beast, birds all made by God, and under his
care.

SECTION 7. OTHER EVENTS AT SINAI.

NOTES.

1. The Golden Calf.

(1) The scene iu the camp. Ex. 32 : 1-6.

(2) Scene on the mount, vs. 7-14.

V

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K7* ..* >."- r '

:l-M 1

148 BIBLE COTJBSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

death, it was by stoning or hanging chiefly
the former. Sometimes by burning, Lev^
21:9. But it is supposed by all the Jews and
most Christians that the burning was post
mortem. They were first stoned, and then
their bodies burned as an indignity.

(4) The family of the accused were not involved
in his punishment, as in other nations, Deut.
24: 16; cf. Dan. 6:24.

(5) Excision from the people, like excommunica-
tion from the church, and driving out of the
camp sometimes included the idea of death.

(6) The cities of refuge for men committing ex-
cusable homicide. Num. 35:9-34; Josh.
20:7.

6. Humane Provisions of the Law.

(1) For the poor. Ex. 22 : 21-27 ; Lev. 19:9-
10; Deut. 24:19.

(2) Care for the blind and deaf. Lev. 19 : 14.

(3) Servants. Lev. 25 : 39; Ex. 21 : 26.

(4) Law of the pledge. Deut. 24 : 10-14.

(5) As to beasts and birds. Ex. 20:10; Deut.
25 : 4; 22 : 6-7. All this breathes the spirit
of the gospel charity to all creatures, man,
beast, birds all made by God, and under his
care.

SECTION 7. OTHER EVENTS AT SINAI.

NOTES.

1. The Golden Calf.

(1) The scene in the camp. Ex. 32 : 1-6.

(2) Scene on the mount, vs. 7-14.

THE SINAITIC COVENANT.

Tlie CoTrexn.aanLt IDescrlToed..

How given and received.

God the giver Man the receive

I. MORAL.

(!) Importance. (2) Divisions. (3) Analysis
of Thomas Aquinas. (-4) Grand Purposes.
(5) Rules of Interpretation,

First.
SANCTUARY.

1. digin.

j I [istory <>! Erection.

3. Structure.

4. Furniture.

5. Dedication.

6. After- Hi story.

7. General Significance.

8. The Encampment.

9. The March.

( Direct.

10. Spiritual Uses -J Symbolical.

Second.
PRIESTHOOD.

Monumental Alter,

Mutual Stipulate

On part of God. On part of Israel.

1. Vocations of Aaronic Priesthood.

2. Qualifications.

3. Dress of the Hjgh Priest.

4. Consecration.

5. Functions.

6. Support.

t tut f Symbolical.

(. Meaning { ,J . ,
6 \ Typical.

II. CEREMONIAL.

Third.
RITUAL

Relation to Abraliamie Covenant.

In furtherance of, and Executive of, the Abnihamic.

(Typical.

A. SACRIFICES AND OFFERINGS.
Blood;/. Bloodless.

1. The Whole Burnt Offering. 1. Supplementary.

2. The Siu Offering. &. Independent.

3. Trespass Offering.

4. Peace Offering.

., . r n-x i f Symbolical.
Meaning of Ritual - rp . ,
( lypical.

Efficacy of Ritual.

III. CIVIL.

(1) Fundamental Idea, Theocracy. (2) Agrarian
Laws. (3) Tribal Independence and National
Unity. (4) Segregation of Jews. (6) Penal
Code. (6) Humane Laws.

Fourth.

CALENDAR.

B. PURIFICATIONS. RULE OF SEVENS.

1. Distinction between clean and unclean 1. Seven Days Sabbath.

as to food.

2. Seven Weeks Passover, PtnUcost.

2. Distinction between clean and unclean

as to body. 3. Seven months, culminating with the

3. Restraints upon Unclean. mou,h " f Feasts -

4. Process of Purification. 4. Seven years, closing with Sabbatical

5. Explanation. >' ear *

5. SeveD weeks of years, followed by
Jubilee.

,A; RULE OF SEVENS.

clean 1. Seven Days Sabbath.

THIRD PERIOD. 149

(3) Moses' descent to the camp. vs. 15-35;
33 : 1-3.

(4) Effect upon the people. 33 : 4-6.

2. Removal of the Tabernacle. Ex. 33 : 7-10.

3. God's Wonderful Interview with Moses. 11-23.

4. The Tables Renewed. Ex., chap. 34.

5. Nadab and Abihu Slain. Lev. 10 : 1-7.

6. The Blasphemers Stoned. Lev. 24 : 10-16.

7. The Census Taken. Num., chap. 1.

8. The Silver Trumpets. Num. 10:1-10.

SECTION 8. FROM SINAI TO DEATH OF
MOSES.

OUTLINE.

(Introduction.)

Hurlbut's Manual of Biblical Geography, p. 46.

I. From Sinai to Kadesh-Barnea.

Butler's Bible Work, (Numbers.)

II. Kadesh-Barnea.

Butler's Bible Work.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 11.

III. From Kadesh to Arnon.

Same references.

IV. Conquests East of the Jordan.

Humphrey, Ms. Notes of Lects.
Syllabus of O. T. Hist. Price.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 12.
Butler's Bible Work.
Hurlbut's Manual Bib. Geog., p. 51.

150 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

V. Deuteronomy.

Gibsou, Mosaic Era, pp. 315-326.
Butler's Bible Work.

NOTES.
Introduction.

(1) The time of departure. Num. 10: 11.

(2) The signal for the departure.

(3) The route. See Hurlbut, p. 4(3.

(4) Stations. Num. 33: 16-49. See Hurlbut, pp.
47-48.

I. From Sinai to Kadesh-Barnea.

1. The Order of March. Num. 10: 13-28.

2. Hobab. vs. 29-32.

3. Tabcrah. 11 : 1-3.

4. Kibroth-hattaavah. vs. 4-10, and 30-34.

5. The Appointment of Elders, vs. 11-29 (exp.).

6. Miriam and Aaron against Moses. Chap. 12.
Why? What? Moses? The Lord? Miriam?

Aaron ? Moses ?

II. Kadesh-Barnea.

" The location of this place is the great difficulty
in the geography of the period. The name ap-
pears to be used with reference to a region, and
more definitely referring to a place. Three lo-
calities have been claimed, all on the border of
the ' Mount of the Amorites,' in the South
Country." See Hurlbut, p. 47.

1. The Spies. Sent, 13 : 1-20; return, v. 25 ; re-

ports, 26-33.

2. Effect upon the People. 14 : 1-4.

3. Vain Efforts to Quiet Them. vs. 5-10.

4. The Provocation. Cf. Heb. 3 : 8-11.

THIRD PERIOD. 151

(a) Nature and cause of the provocation.
14: 11; Heb. 3: 18-19.

(b) God's threatening, v. 12.

(c) Moses' intercession. 13-19. Analyze.

(d) The judgment of God. Delivered first
to Moses in answer to his prayer. 20
24; then to Moses and Aaron, vs. 26
35; then by Moses to the people, v. 39.

(e) The fate of the spies, vs. 36-38.
(/) Effect upon the people, vs. 40-45.

III. From Kadesh to River Arnon.

Time about 38 years.

Sources of information. Num. chaps. 15 to 21 : 13;
about five and a half chapters.

Principal Events.

1. Rebellion of Korah. Num. 16.

() Parties were three, viz.: First, certain
Levites, descendants of Kohath, jealous
of the branch of the family to which
Moses and Aaron belonged ; second, cer-
tain descendants of Rueben (not recon-
ciled to Reuben, being turned out of the
birthright); third, certain chiefs of the
other tribes 250 in number, who were
unwilling to yield the functions of the
priesthood which belonged to them be-
fore the law. Cf. Ex. 19:6 with Num.
16 : 2, and in the phrase " Kingdom of
Priests " you have the root of this dan-
gerous and formidable conspiracy.
" (6) It was a daring insurrection against
God's authority. Everything was staked
on crushing it, for if the scheme had

152 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

succeeded God's whole plan would have
failed.

(c) God met the emergency by the destruc-
tion of the company in a signal and
open manner, before the whole camp.
Num. 16 : 6-35.

(d) The memorials of the event. First, the
brazen plate of the altar, 16 : 38 ; second,
the budding of Aaron's rod. Chap. 17.

(e) The severity of God in the instance of
Korah indispensable at this juncture.
The subsequent event shows the alarm-
ing extent to which the spirit of rebellion
had affected the whole congregation, vs.
41-50.

2. 1 he Death of Miriam. 20:1.

3. Sin of Moses and Aaron. 20 : 213.

4. Refusal of Edom. vs. 14-21. Edom ?

5. Death of Aaron. 20 : 22-29.

6. 7"he Destruction of Arad, the Canaanite. 21 : 1-3.

7. The Fiery Serpents. 21:4-9; 2 Kings 18:4;

John 3 : 14-15.

IV. Conquests East of the Jordan.

1. Victory Over Sihon, King of the Amorites. Num.

21:21-31.

2. Victory Over Og, etc. 21:32-35; Deut. 3:11;

31:4.

3. The Story of Balaam.

(a) The alliance between Moab and Midian.

Num. 22 : 1-4.
(6) Balak sends for Balaam. Balaam was a

magician living on the Euphrates, v. 5.

"He was an Arameau by birth, aud came

from the region where the descendants

THIRD PERIOD. 153

of Abraham still cherished, more or less
purely, the faith of the patriach ; so that
he had learned to know Jehovah from
his own people." Oeikie, Hours, p. 201.
Balak probably had two objects in view
in sending for Balaam : one was he
thought the Israelites would wither under
his curse ; another was it would encour-
age their soldiers. H.

(c) Balaam's reply to first messengers, Num.
22 : 8-14 ; to second messengers, vs.
15-21. Rebuked in the way. vs. 22-35.

(d) Balaam's Four Prophecies :

First Bamoth-baal. Num. 21:19-20; 22:41;
23:1-12. Altars; offerings; parable; points in
the parable.

(1) God has not cursed or defied Israel, v. 8.

(2) A peculiar people, v. 9.

(3) An innumerable people, v. 10.

(4) A reflection, v. 10.

Second Pisgah, 23:13-27. Points in second
parable.

(1) God unchangeable, v. 19.

(2) This God has blessed Israel, v. 20.

(3) God is with Israel, v. 21.

(4) God has brought him triumphantly out of
Egypt, vs. 22-23.

(5) Israel shall be as a lion when he taketh his
prey. v. 24.

Third Peor, 23 : 28-30 ; 24 : 1-1 4. Points in this
parable.
(1)- Great prosperity and strength of Israel.

vs. 5-7.
(2) God the author of all this. vs. 8-9.

154 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(3) God has, as it were, made common cause with
Israel, v. 9.
Fourth Parable Points.

(1) Messianic Prophecy, vs. 1719.

(2) Destruction of Amalek. v. 20.

(3) Destruction of Keuites. vs. 21-22.

(4) Destruction of Asshur. v. 24.

We have here the case of a very bad man (Num.
25 : 1-5 ; 31 : 13-1 6 ; 2 Pet. 2 : 14-15 ; Rev. 2:14)
who had the prophetic gift. How is this prob-
lem to be solved? Answer: Such is the law of
God's dealing with man that he is pleased to be-
stow great gifts on wicked men, as on Judas
Iscariot was conferred the power of working
miracles. Mk. 3 : 14, etc. God makes use of
men as instruments of his power who are not re-
cipients of his grace. See the distinction between
gifts and grace. H.

V. Deuteronomy.

' Introduction. " The name of the book is misleading
if it conveys the impression, as it does to some,
that it is only a repetition of what has gone before.
In substance indeed it is the same, with some
alterations and modifications, called for by the
altered circumstances ; but its form and pur-
poses are rpiite different. The relation between
the two may be illustrated by the difference be-
tweeu a report and the speech of the mover of it.
Both productions have the same substance ; the
report records and the speech illustrates the same
facts ; yet the two may be, and ought to be, quite
different. Moses, the author of this book. It is
the eleventh mouth of the fortieth year. It is
the eleventh hour of the Mosaic Era. The great

THIRD PERIOD. 155

law-giver and leader is about to be 'gathered to
his fathers'; yet, ' his eye is not dim, nor his nat-
ural force abated.'" We are now to study his
last words.

ANALYSIS.

1. The Preface. Author, v. 1. Place, vs. 1 and
5. Time. v. 3.

2. The Three Addresses

(a) First address. Chap. 1:5 to chap. 4,
inclusive. General character, Historical,
a review of the wanderings. Analyze.

(6) The second address. Chaps. 5 to 26, in-
clusive. "As the first is based on the
history and experience of the people,
this one is founded on the Law, and
therefore it may be considered as the
Deuteronomy proper." Contains a re-
hearsed ; exposition and application of
the Law, together with such amendments
as fitted it for Israel in a settled state.
Notice prominence given to ten com-
mandments. 5 : 1-20.

(c) The third address. Chaps. 27-30. As
the first address was founded upon His-
tory, and the second upon Law, so the
third was based upon the Covenant Trans-
action which followed the giving of the
Decalogue with the statutes and judg-
ments. "As the first law had been fol-
lowed' by a solemn ratification of the-
covenant where the altar and the twelve
pillars were erected at the base of Sinai,
so Moses gave directions for a still more
solemn ratification when they should
come into the land. 29: 1.

.156 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

3. Joshua Set Apart and Charged as 3foses' Successor.

chap. 31.

4. Moses' Dying Song. chap. 32. Dr. Gibson,

Mosaic Era, p. 326.

ANALYSIS.

Subject of the song : Jehovah and his People.

Substance of it. vs. 36.

I. What Israel owed to God. 7-14.
II. How will Israel pay the debt? Sad prophetic

picture, vs. 15-18.
III. How will God requite Israel? vs. 19-43.

5. 3foses' Blessings upon the Tribes, chap. 33. This

chapter " preserves the blessing wherewith
Moses, the man of God, blessed the children
of Israel before his death. Like the dying
song, it is rich in poetry and full of majesty."
Note specially vs. 26-29. "These words may
be regarded as the crown of the Mosaic theol-
ogy." Gibson.

6. Appendix, chap. 34. View of the promised

land. Death. Character.

SECTION 9. THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN.

OUTLINE.
(Introduction. )

Hurlbut, Manual of Bib. Geog., p. 51.

Humphrey, Manuscript Notes of Lects.

Butler's Bible Work.

Price, Syllabus of O. T. Hist.

Blaikie, Manual, chap. 7.

Barrow, Companion to Bible, p. 241.

G^ikie, Hours, chap. 13.

THIRD PERIOD. 157"

I. Preparatory to the Conquest.

Same references. -

II. The Conquest.

Same references.

III. Partition of the Land.

Hurlbut, Manual, etc., p. 55. Other references same
as above.

IV. Old Age and Death of Joshua.

Humphrey, Ms. Notes of Lects.

Butler's Bible Work.

Geikie, O. T. Characters Joshua.

V. Supplementary to the Conquest.

Hurlbut, Manual.
Price, Syllabus O. T. Hist.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 13.
Butler's Bible Work, Sec. 220.

VI. The Extirpation of the Canaanites.

Humphrey, Ms. Notes of Lects.
Butler's Bible Wo,rk, Sec. 208.

NOTES.
Introduction.

1. Canaan (XVestern Palestine).

(1) Extent. From Dan to Beersheba is no more
than 140 miles, and from the Mediterranean
to Jordan the average breadth is only 40

miles, containing less than 6,000 scpxare miles.

(2) Physical features. The natural divisions of
Canaan are three, the Coast Plain, the Moun-
tain Region, and the Jordan Valley.

(3) The inhabitants before the conquest. " When
the Israelites, under Joshua, first entered the
Promised Land, they found it in the possession.

158 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AXD NOTES.

of a variety of races, iu various stages of cul-
ture and civilization, aud often engaged in
war with each other. Iu the plains were the
cities of the dissolute and effeminate Canaau-
ites, on the sea-coast lived wealthy communi-
ties of merchants and sailors, while the moun-
tain fastnesses were held by warlike clans
whose ruined strongholds were the Ais, or
' stone heaps' of later times. The population
was broadly distinguished into Canaauites, the
inhabitants of the Canaan, or 'lowlands,' and

Amorites, or Highlanders Side

by side with the names Cauaauite aud Amor-
ite were two other names, which similarly had
a descriptive rather than a national significa-
tion. These were Perizzite, or 'peasant,' aud
Hivite, or villager. . . Horite was another
descriptive term of the same kind the in-
habitants of the caves with which the cliffs of
Mount Seir were pierced. Equally descrip-
tive, though iu a different way, was the name
of the Rephaim, or giants. . . . .
The most prosperous and advauced of all the
populations whom the Israelites found in Pal-
estine were the Phoenicians on the coast."
Butler's Bible Work, Sec. 214.
0) Adaptation of the land for its divine purpose
aud use.
() Its physical character soil, climate, etc.

(b) Its isolation.

(c) In the midst of the greatest and most
cultivated nations of the Old World.
"Altogether, it was impossibleto conceive
a region more wisely selected and iu itself
more thoroughly adapted for the purposes

THIRD PERIOD. 159

on account of which the family of Abra-
ham \yas to be set apart." Butler's Bible
Work.

2. Joshua.

(l)His intimate association with Moses. Ex.
17 : 9-16. "Whether Joshua was attached to
Moses before this eventful day as his personal
attendant, is not told us ; but from this time
he always appears in this character, as if
brought into constant and confidential inter-
course with the Head of the people, that he
might be able hereafter to succeed him as its
Leader. Henceforth his prospective dignity
was foreshadowed by a change of name. Till
the great day of the battle with Amalek he
had been only Hosea 'Deliverance ' or ' Sal-
vation'; henceforth he should be Joshua or-
Jehoshua The Salvation or Deliverance of
Jehovah." Geikie.
<2) One of the spies. Numb. 13 : 8-16 ; 14 :6-9.

(3) Joshua's appointment as Moses' successor.
Dent. 31 : 1-23.

(4) Formally inducted into office after death of
Moses by Jehovah. Josh. 1 : 1-6.

: 3. The Book of Joshua. So called either because
he wrote it or because he is the most prominent
character in it.
(1) Date of writing. Probably soon after the
partition of Canaan. See Josh. 6 : 25 ; 14 :
5, 6, 14.
v (2) Author. Probably Joshua, though not cer-
tain. The Rabbis have a tradition to this
effect (cf. Josh. 24 : 26). Last chapter an ap-
pendix written by another.

160 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(3) The object of the book to give a history of
the conquest and partition of the land.

I. Preparatory to the Conquest. Chaps. 1-5.

1. Preparation of Rations. 1:10-11.

2. Charge to Reubenites, Gadites, and half tribe of

Manasseh. 1 : 12-18.

3. Spies Sent to Jericho, chap. 2.

4. The Passage of the Jordan.

(1) The command of the officers to the people.
3 : 2-4.

(2) Joshua to the people, v. 5; to the priests, v. 6.

(3) The Lord to Joshua, vs. 7-8.

(4) Joshua to the "Children of Israel." vs. 9-13.

(5) The miraculous division of the waters of the
Jordan and passage of Israel according to
God's word. vs. 14-17.

(6) The memorial of the great event. 4 : 1-24.

(7) The effect of this miracle upon the inhabitants
of the laud. 5:1.

5. The Observance of the Two Sacraments Circum-

cision and Passover. 5 : 2-12.

6. Joshua's Interview ivith the Captain of the Host

of the Lord. 5 : 13-15 and 14 : 1-5.

II. The Conquest. Chaps. 6-12.

The conquest of the land was accomplished in three
principal campaigns the Central, Southern, and North-
ern Campaigns.

1. The Centred Campaign.

(1) The capture of_Jericho. 6:6-21. The ex-
ception of Rahab. vs. 22-25. The charge
of Joshua concerning the spoil, vs. 18-19.
The curse upon the builder of Jericho, v. 26.

THIRD PERIOD. 161

(2) The Capture o f Ai.

(or) First attack. 7 : 26. The cause of the
failure, vs. 7-15. The removal of the
cause, vs. 1626.

(6) The second attack. 8 : 1-29.

(3) The altar and reading the law. 8 : 30-35.

(4) The Gibeonites. 9 : 3-27.
Ihe Southern Campaign.

(1) The alliance of the five kings for the purpose
of chastising the Gibeonites and opposing
Joshua. 10 : 1-5.

(2) The Gibeonites send messengers to Joshua at
the fortified camp at Gilgal. v. 6.

(3) The great battle of Beth-horon.

() Joshua's night march, v. 9.
(6) The slaughter, v. 10.

(c) The great stones from heaven, v. 11.

(d) Sun and moon stand still. 12-14.

(e) The execution of the five kings. 16-27.
(/) Importance of this victory.

(4) Additional conquests during this campaign.
10 : 28-43.

The Northern Campaign.

(1) The alliance headed by Jabin in the north.
11 : 1-5.

(2) Joshua by a forced march surprises them. v. 7.

(3) The Lord delivered them into the hand of
Israel, v. 8.

(4) The result. 8-9.

(5) Additional conquests during this campaign.
Summary of the Conquests.

(1) East of the Jordan. 12 : 1-6.

(2) In the three campaigns of Joshua west of the
Jordan. 11 : 21-23; 12:7-24.

162 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

III. The Partition of the Land.

Chaps. 13-21.

1. The two and a half tribes east of the Jordan.

13 : 8-31 ; cf. Num. 32 : 1-38. ^q^^

l\ V

2. Judah, Ephraim, and Manasseh (west).

(1) Judah. Chap. 15.

(2) Ephraim. 16:5-10.

(3) Manasseh. 17:1-13.

3. The Seven Remaining Tribes.

(1) Appointment of three men from each tribe to
make the division. 18:3-9.

(2) Lots cast for them. 18 : 10.

4. The Cities of Refuge. Chap. 20.

5. Cities Assigned to the Levites. Chap. 21.

6. The Tribes East of Jordan Sent Home. Chap. 22.

IV. The Old Age and Death of Joshua.

Chaps. 23-24.

These chapters transmit two discourses of Joshua to
the assembled people of Israel, both of which
meetings and addresses must have been near the
close of his life.

1. First Discourse. Chap. 23. Analyze.

2. Final Gathering of Israel cd Shechem, and Joshua's

Closing Discourse. Analyze.

3. Character of Joshua.

V. Supplementary to the Conquest.

Judges, chaps. 1, 17, 18.

1. The Campaign of Judah and Simeon. Judges

1 : 1-8.

2. The Campaign of Caleb and Othniel. 1:12-15.

3. The Campaign of Joseph. 1 : 22-26.

4. The Campaign of Dan. Chaps. 17-18.

THIRD PERIOD. 163

VI. The Extirpation of the Canaanites. (Hum-
phrey. )

First. "What was the divine command ? Dent.
20:16-18; Ex. 23:32; Ex. 34:10-17; Deut.
7 : 1-7. All showing that God required the He-
brews

(1) To make no treaty with the Cauaanites.

(2) Not to intermarry with them.

(3) To destroy them utterly, root and branch
the command being explicit, peremptory,
and universal.

(4) This lest they should corrupt the Hebrews,
especially as to idolatry. Ex. 23 : 33 ;
34:12.

Second. The difficulty. How are we to reconcile
this with the goodness aud mercy and general
character of God.

Third. The solution commonly received by the
church since Augustine.

1. The Canaanites Exterminated in Punishment of
Their Iniquity. Proof:

(1) In Gen. 15:16 we have the reason given
why the Israelites could not yet take the land.

(2) Lev. 18 describes the most revolting and dis-
gusting crimes committed by the Canaanites.
Lev. 18:24; Deut. 12:30-31.

(3) God gave them time (about 500 years) for
repentance. In Melchizedek and the patri-
archs he had given them wonderful examples
of piety. They had heard also of his dealings
in Egypt and at the Red Sea; and he waited
yet forty years more. Josh. 2:10.

.2. The Israelites were Simply the Instruments for
Executing God's Judgments on the Heathen. If
God had employed plagues, earthquakes, etc.,

164 BIBLE COUBSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

we would have heard no complaints. But has
not God a right to choose his instruments? He
employs various instrumentalities, plagues,
famines, angels, and men. The Hebrews
did not act under the promptings of their own
heart. Their case is analogous to a sheriff
executing the sentence of the law on a criminal.

3. This Commission was Authenticated by Miracles.

This a part of the significance of the three great
miracles. The sum is that God determined
to destroy the heathen for their iniquities, and
to employ the Hebrews for executing his divine
justice.

4. Important Purposes Answered by Employing the

Hebrews as the Ministers of Justice.

(1) Adapted to awaken a horror of idolatry a
lessou much needed by them. Nothing is so
well suited to give a man a horror of murder
as to be compelled to execute the sentence of
the law on the criminal.

(2) It served to bring the heathen idols iuto con-
tempt. Ex. 34 : 13. They saw the gods of
the heathen had no power to protect them.

(3) It was to warn them against imitating the
heathen. They were likely to think of what
would befall them in such a case. Deut.
12: 29 ; 18: 63; Lev. 18:24-28.

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FOURTH PERIOD.

JUDGES.

FROM SETTLEMENT IN CANAAN TO KINGDOM,
450 YEARS. (ACTS 13 : 20.)

Introduction.

OUTLINE OF INTRODUCTION.

I. Political Condition of Israel after Death of
Joshua.

Stanley's Hist, of Jewish Ch., Lect. 13.
Geikie, Hours, chap. 14.
Butler's Bible Work.

II. The Moral Condition of the Hebrews at the
Death of Joshua.

Humphrey, Ms. Notes of Lects.
Other references as above.

III. The Fatal Act of Disobedience.

Same references as above.

IV. The Record of the Period.

Barrow, Companion to Bible, p. 245.
Other references same as above.

V. Plan of the History of the Period.

Same references.

166 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

NOTES.

I. Political Condition of Israel at the Death of
Joshua.

1. "'In those days there was no King in Israel,'

but every man ' did that which was right in
his own eyes.' ' In those days there was no
King in Israel.' 'It came to pass there was
no King in Israel.' ' In those days there was
no King in Israel.' ' Every man did that
which was right in his own eyes.' This sen-
tence, thus frequently and earnestly repeated,
is the keynote of the whole book." Stanley.
Hence this period " furnishes a striking picture
of the disorders aud dangers which prevailed
in a republic without a magistracy, where
the highways were unoccupied and the trav-
elers walked through by-ways, where few
prophets arose to control the people, and
' every one did that which was right in his
own eyes.' " B. B. Wk.

2. The Outward Relations of the Country. " The

conquest was over, but the upheaving of the
conquered population still continued. The
ancient inhabitants, like the Saxons under the
Normans, still retained their hold on large
tracts, or on important positions, throughout
the country. The neighboring powers still
looked on the newcomers as an easy prey to
incursion and devastation, if not to actual sub-
jugation." Stanley.

II. The Moral Condition of the Hebrews at the
Death of Joshua.

This better than at any time before or after. More
godly and brave. Proof:

FOURTH PERIOD. 167

(1) Testimony of Joshua. Josh. 23 : 8.

(2) Their covenant. Josh. 24: 16-25.

(3) Their zeal for the law. Josh. 22.

(4) Their conduct throughout the conquest
brave, obedient, loyal.

III. Their Fatal Act of Disobedience Failure

to Drive Out the Heathen. They Dis-
obeyed :

(1) In allowing the heathen to remain in the
laud. Judges 1 : 21-34.

(2) In making treaties with them.

(3) In intermarrying with them. Judges 3 : 56,

(4) As to idolatry. 2: 11-13.

These results vindicate the original command of God.
Deut. 18 : 20 ; Ex. 23 : 31-32. Hence Judges
2 : 1-5.

IV. The Record of the Period.

1. History of the Judges from Othniel to Samson.

Chaps 116.

2. An Appendix Containing a History of Events

immediately after the Death of Joshua. Chaps.
17, 21. (Already considered.)

3. The History of the Last Two Judges, Eli and

Samuel. 1 Samuel, chaps. 1, 8.

4. The Episode. Book of Ruth.

V. Plan of the History of the Period. Judges 2 :
11-19.

1. Their Sin. vs. 11-13.

2. Their Punishment, vs. 14-15.

3. Their Repjentance. vs. 15-18.

4. Deliverer Raised Up. v. 16.

5. After the Death of the Judge they Returned again

to Idolatry, v. 19. Thus they lived for 450
years, repeating over and over again this his-
tory. This the key to the period.

168 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

SECTION 1. THE SIX PRINCIPAL OP-
PRESSIONS AND THE JUDGES.

OUTLINE.

I. The Mesopotamian Othniel the Judge.
Price, Syllabus, O. T. Hist.
Hurlbut, Manual Bib. Geog.
Butler's Bible Work.
Stanley's History of the Jewish Church.

II. The Moabite Ehud the Judge.

Same references.

III. The Canaanite Deborah the Judge.

Same references.

IV. The Midianite Gideon the Judge.

Same references.

V. The Ammonite Jephthah the Judge.

Same references.

VI. The Philistine Samson, Eli, and Samuel,
Judges.

Same references.

NOTES.

I. The Mesopotamian Oppression. 3:7-11. (See
plan of history.)

1. T he Oppression. Why? By whom? How

long?

2. Deliverance. When ? Judge ? Length of rest?

II. The Moabite Oppression, vs. 12-30. Verify
plan of history.

1. The Oppression. Describe.

2. Deliverance. Describe.

FOURTH PERIOD. 169

III. The Canaanite Oppression. Chaps. 4, 5. Ver-
ify plan of history.

1. The Oppression. 4:1-3. Describe.

2. The Deliverance The history of this deliverance

of special interest. Study specially

(1) The Judge Deborah; her character, office,
and work.

(2) The battle; the two armies; the battle-
ground; the storm ; the death of Sisera; the
victory.

(3) The song of Deborah. Analyze.

IV. Midianite Oppression. Chaps. 6, 8.

1. The Oppression. 6:1-6.

2. The Prophet. 6:7-10.

3. The Deliverance.

(1) Call of Gideon. 6: 11-24.

(2) Preparation of Gideon, vs. 26-40.

(3) Gideon's army; size at first; after first reduc-
tion ; after second reduction. 7 : 1-8.

(4) The battle and victory, vs. 9-25.

(5) Atter the victory. Ephraim 8 : 1-3. Suc-
coth, Zebah, and Zalmunna. Israel's offer to
Gideon. The snare unto Gideon v. 27. Rest
forty years.

V. Ammonite Oppression. Chaps. 10: 6-18; 11:
1-40; 12:1-7.

1. The Oppression. 10 : 618. Note the points in

these verses.

2. Deliverance. Note in the history.

(1) Jephthah. 15 : 1-11.

(2) Jephthah and Ammon. vs. 12-28.

(3) Jephthah 's vow. 30-31.

(4) The victory. 32-33.

(5) The fulfillment of his vow. 34-40.

(6) Jephthah and Ephraim. 12 : 1-6.

170 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

VI. The Philistine Oppression. Chaps. 13-16.

1. The Oppression. 131.

2. Samson. Chap. 13 : 2 to Chap. 17.

(1) History of his birth. 13 : 2-24. The child
was to be a Nazarite unto God from his birth
unto his death, v. 7. See Num. 6: 121. This
the first recorded instance of this vow being
carried out.

(2) Samson's first exploit. Chap. 14.

(3) Destroys the corn of the Philistines. 15: 1-6.

(4) Samson at Lehi. 15:9-20.

(5) Samson at Gaza. 16 : 1-3.

(6) Samson and Delilah. 16 : 4-22.

(7) Destruction of the house of Dagon, and his
own death. 16:23-31.

3. The Character of Samson. To realize such a

character as that of Samson we must restore, in
imagination, the circumstances of his times.
How great a heart must that have been which
dared to stand out alone against a tyranny that
crushed and cursed even the strong and war-
like tribe of Judah till they consented to
thrust him down at the bidding of their mas-
ters and deliver him- the one patriot of the
land into the hands of the common enemy.
Nor is his rude but unchanging
fidelity to Jehovah as his God less touching.
In spite of his being apparently deserted by
Him, and though the enemy boasted that Da-
gon had proved himself a greater god by vic-
tory over Jehovah's champion, Samson held
fast his faith. His countrymen >had turned to
idols, but he, in his rough way, clung to the
God of his fathers." Geikie.

FOURTH PERIOD. 171

SECTION 2. ABIMELECH.

Chap. 9.

Abimelech was an usurper and not worthy to be classed
with the Judges appointed of God. Yet a long chap-
ter devoted to his history, from which we learn :

1. Who he was. 9:1.

2. The Conspiracy by which he Succeeded in Slaying

all his Brethren except Jotham. vs. 2-5.

3. Made King by the Men of Shechem. v. 6.

4. Jotham' s Parable and Address, vs. 721. This

the first recorded parable.

5. Abimelech's Three Years' Reign. Describe, men-

tioning the events.

6. His Death. Describe. 50-57.

SECTION 3. THE EPISODE.

Book of Ruth.

Introduction.

1. lime. " When the judges judged."

2. The Picture here given of the Times peaceful,

orderly observance of the Mosaic Institutes. " It
is one of those quiet corners in history which
are the green spots of time, and which appear
to become greener and greener as they recede
into the distance." Stanley.

3. Character and Contents. "In this book we have

a glimpse into the domestic life of Israel with
its anxieties, sorrows, and sweetness. Women
and children, honest work and homely talk ;

172 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

deaths, births, and marriages ; loves, memories,
and prayers are all here. Human kindness,
filial piety, affectionate constancy, uncomplain-
ing toil, true chastity, sweet patience, strong
faith, noble generosity, simple piety are all
here, and they are all observed by God and are
shown to be pleasing to him, who rewards them
in due time. Butler's Bible Work.

DIVISIONS.

I. Elimelech and Naomi and their two Sons in
Moab.

1. Why did they go to Moab f 1:1-2.

2. Death of Elimelech. v. 3.

3. Marriage of the two Sons. v. 4.

4. Death of the Sons,Mahlon and Chilion. v. 5.

II. Naomi's Return to Bethlehem.

1. Her Address to her tiro Daughters-in-law when she

determines to Return. 1 : 7-5 and 1113.

2. Their Reply Orpah Ruth. 14-17.

3. Naomi and Ruth Return to Bethlehem, vs. 19-22.

III. Ruth Gleans in the Field of Boaz.

1. Boaz. Chap. 2.

2. Gleaning Connection with 3Iosaic Institutes.

3. Treatment Received from Boaz.

IV. Ruth Makes herself Known to Boaz. Chap. 3.

1. The Lair of Levirale Marriage. 3: 1114; cf.

Deut. 25 : 5-10.

2. Boaz Acknowledges the Law and Promises to act

Accordingly.

3. Ridh's Report to Naomi.

FOURTH PERIOD. 173

V. The Marriage of Boaz and Ruth.

1. The Transaction in the Gate. 4: 1-12.

2. The Marriage, v. 13.

Conclusion The Purpose of the Book.

1 . To preserve the Genealogy of David.

2. To preserve the Genealogy of our Lord.

3. lo present a Picture of the Times.

SECTION 4. ELI.

OUTLINE.

I. The Condition of the Country in the Time of
Eli.

Geikie, Hours, chap. 2 ; O. T. Characters, Eli.
Stanley, Hist. Jewish Ch.

II. History of Eli.

Price, Syllabus O. T. Hist,
Bible Diet.
Butler's Bible Work.
Other references as above.

III. The Battle of Aphek.

Same references.

IV. The Fall of Shiloh.

Same references.
V. Return of the Ark.

Same references.

NOTES.

I. The Condition of the Country in the Time of
Eli.

1. The Political Condition. Israel Suffering under
the Philistine Oppression. " In Eli's time things

174 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

bad come, apparently, to the worst, for Sam-
son's heroic efforts had done nothing to stem
the progress of Philistine conquest; and it was
clear that unless a great deliverance was, ere
long, effected, the degradation would be complete,
and perhaps permanent." Geikie.

2. The Moral and Religious Condition Exceedingly
Ungodly. " Constant intermarriages with the
heathen still continued, and had introduced alow
morality that sapped the character of the nation
even in its priesthood." Geikie.

II. History of Eli.

1. His Lineage. Of the line of Ithamar, Aaron's
younger son. Lev. 10:12; cf. 1 Kings 2:27
with 2 Sam'l 8:17; 1 Chr. 24:3. Of his early
history or how he came into the priesthood noth-
ing is known.

2. His Offices. He was both priest and judge.
1 Sam'l 1:9; 4 : 18.

3. Interview with Hannah. 1 Sam'l 1 : 9-17. This
the first appearance of Eli in the history.

4. Eli and his Sons. 1 Sam'l 2:12-17 and 22-25.
(1) The sins of his sons. " Stooping to the level

of the debased idolatry around, they had
taken part in the impurities that defiled the
neighborhood of the tabernacle, and had thus
brought discredit on the worship of Jehovah
among the few who still clung to the pure faith
of their fathers. Nor was this all. The duties
of the sanctuary were treated by them with
insolent, overbearing disrespect. The very
offerings were rudely seized for their own ta-
bles, and the sacred office, as a whole, used

FOURTH PERIOD. 175

only for the gratification of their unbridled
self-indulgence." Geikie.
(2) Eli rebukes them in vain. vs. 23-25.

5. The Message of the Man of God to Eli. 2 : 27-36.

(1) Eli's sin. v. 29.

(2) The punishment. 30-36.

6. Eli and Samuel.

(1) Taken to Eli and consecrated to the Lord
while a child. 1:24-28.

(2) Early association with Eli. 2: 11-18.

(3) Vision and message to Eli. 3 : 1-18. Eli's
answer, v. 18.

III. The Battle of Aphek. Chap. 4.

1. The Battle-ground Aphek.

2. The First Battle, v. 2.

3. The Ark Brought by Hophni and Phiyiehas to the

Camp. Why '? Effect upon Israel upon
Philistines, vs. 3-9.

4. The Second Battle and Results, vs. 10-13.

5. The News Carried to Eli. His death. Judged

Israel forty years, vs. 13-18.

IV. The Fall of Shiloh.

1. Location. Judges 21: 19.

2. Importance. The religious capital of the nation.

The tabernacle was there, and for centuries the
national holy place of Israel. "Thither the
faithful had come year after year for the great
feast, and to pour out their burdened hearts,
like Hannah, before God." Geikie.

3. Its Overthr 01.0. Ps. 78:60-67; Judges 7: 12, 14.

4. Removal of the Tabernacle. 1 Sam. 21:1; 7:1;

2 Chron. 1:3-5. "The tabernacle under

176 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

which the ark had rested, was carried off, first,
to Nob and then to Gibeon." Stanley.

V. Return of the Ark. Chaps. 5, 6, and 7 : 1-2.

1. The Ark at Ashdod. Results? 5:1-9.

2. At Ekron. Results? 10-12.

3. The Ark Returned. Why? How? To what

place? 6:1-12.

4. The Ark at Beth-Shemesh. Offering. Men

smitten, vs. 1319.

5. At Kirjath-jearim. 7:1-2.

SECTION 5. SAMUEL.

OUTLINE.

I. Early Life.

Geikie, Hours, and O. T. Characters.
Price, Syllabus O. T. Hist.
Butler's Bible Work.
Stanley, Hist. Jewish Church.
Blaikie, Manual.

II. Samuel as Judge.

Same references.

III. Samuel under a King-.

Same references.

IV. Samuel's Character and Place in History.

Geikie, O. T. Characters.
Butler's Bible Work.

FOURTH PERIOD. 177

NOTES.

I. Early Life.

1. Given in Answer to Prayer. 1 Sam. 1 : 10-13.

Note the earnestness of this prayer that she
here makes a vow unto God and that this
was silent prayer. At his birth she called him
Samuel, that is, Asked of God. 1: 20.

2. Consecrated to God in Early Childhood even as

the Mother had Vowed. 1 : 24-28.

3. Hannah's Song at Samuel's Formal Consecration.

2 : 1-10. Analyze. " Her song of thanks-
giving is the first hymn, properly so-called, the
direct model of the first Christian hymn of the
'Magnificat,' the first outpouring of individual
as distinct from national devotion, the first in-
dication of the greatness of the anointed king,
whether in the divine or human sense."
Stanley,

4. His Ministry with Eli. 2 : 18-19.

5. The first Divine Revelcdion made to Samuel.

3: 1-18. Significance? Established to be a
prophet, vs. 20-21. For twenty years the
record is silent concerning Samuel.

II. Samuel as Judge.

1. Gcdhers all Israel to Mizpah.

(1) The preparation for the general gathering.
7 : 2-4. During the twenty years concern-
ing which the record is silent Samuel had
doubtless been actively engaged along the
line indicated by these verses. " The long-
haired prophet, in his mantle, who for so
many years had been moving hither and

178 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

thither among the people, seeking to stir
them to new zeal for the faith of their fathers,
had at last fairly roused them. They had
come to feel the truth of his words, that a
return to Jehovah was their only, but certain,
hope of deliverance from the yoke of the
Philistines." Geikie.

(2) The solemn convocation at Mizpah. vs. 5-10.
(a) The repentance of the people, v. 6.
"Amid symbolical acts and the observance of
a universal fast, Israel confessed its past sin
and once more joined itself to the God of its
fathers." (b) Samuel's prayer for Israel, vs.
5, 8, 9.

(3) The battle. The uews of the assembly at
Mizpah reached the Philistines and led them
to attack Israel. But because Jehovah was
now on Israel's side the Philistines suffered a
great defeat, vs. 10-11. The fruit of the
victory. 13-14. The Ebenezer stone, v. 12.

2. Samuel discharges the duties of judge. 7:15-17.

After the great victory at Ebenezer " he ap-
pealed no more in the field, but confined him-
self to making circuits through the land, judg-
ing the various districts."

3. Samuel's Sons. He had made them his assistants

in his work. But they proved unworthy.
8: 1-5.

4. The People Demand a King. 8 : 4-22.

(1) The demand made. -1-5.

(2) Samuel displeased, but seeks counsel from
God. v. 6.

(3) The Lord's answer, vs. 7-9.

(4) Samuel delivers God's answer to the people

FOURTH PERIOD. 179

and tells them what they might expect from
a king. vs. 10-22.

5. Samuel Anoints Saul. Chaps. 9-10.

(1) The providence which led Saul to the city
where Samuel was. 9:1-14.

(2) God's revelation to Samuel. 9:15-17.

(3) Samuel entertains Saul aud anoints him. 9 :
18-27 and 10:1.

(4) Samuel foretells Saul the incidents of his re-
turn journey aud arranges another meeting at
Gilgal. 10 : 2-8.

(5) Saul among the Prophets. 10:9-13.

6. The Selection of Saul as King at Mizpah. In this

election Samuel the ruling spirit.

(1) He calls the assembly. 10:17.

(2) Delivers God's message. 18-19.

(3) Presides aud prescribes the method of the elec-
tion, vs. 19-21.

(4) Presents Saul to the people, v. 24.

(5) Declares the maimer of the kingdom and writes
it in a book then dismisses the people. 25
26.

7. The Kingdom Formally Inaugurated at Gilgal.

11:14-15; chap. 12.

(1) Samuel convenes the assembly. 11 : 14.

(2) Saul formally inducted into office. 11:15.

(3) Samuel's farewell address in retiring from his
office as judge. Chap. 12. Analyze.

III. Samuel under a King.

1. Rebukes Said. 13:8-15.

2. Samuel Announces to Said his Rejection as King.

(1) The commission he received from God. 15:
1-3.

(2) Saul's disobedience. 15 : 4-9.

180 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

(3) Samuel to Saul. vs. 1723. Although Saul
sought pardon, yet Samuel was firm. 24-31.

3. Samuel Completes the Work of Judgment. vs.

32-33.

4. Samuel Mourns for Saul. vs. 3435.

5. Samuel Sent to Annoint David King. 16:1-13.

Describe.

6. Samuel at Ramah. 16:13; 19:18-22; 25:1.

(1) Ramah his home. Locate.

(2) His influence in Israel. 19 : 18-22.

(3) His death. 25: 1.

IV. Samuel's Character and Place in History.

1. His Character. "The imposiug greatness of
Samuel's charactev is seen in the results of his
work. He fouud his people in the deepest na-
tional degradation, politically and religiously,
and left them on the eve of the most splendid
era in their history the age of their widest
dominion as a nation and their greatest glory
as worshipers of Jehovah." Geikie.

"His sublime figure stands out in the pages
of Holy Writ as a signal example of faith, of
patience, of integrity, of self-sacrifice, through
a long and trying career, fulfilling the promise
of those early days in Shiloh when he grew on
and was in favor with the Lord and with man."
B. B. Wk.

2 His Place in History. He was the last of the
Judges, and the founder of the kingdom. He
was a great deliverer, a great reformer, a great
ruler, a great prophet, and the establisher of
the monarchy. He lived at one of the great
epochs in Jewish history, and was God's in-
strument in making the epoch.

FOURTH PERIOD. 181

SECTION 6. THE AGE OF SAMUEL AND
THE PROPHETIC OFFICE.

OUTLINE.

I. By What Events Was this Age Distin-
guished ?

Humphrey, Ms. Notes of Lects.
Stanley, Hist, of Jewish Church.

II. The Prophetic Office.

Same references.

III. The Nature of the Prophetic Inspiration.

Same references.

IV. Training and Education of the Prophets.

Same references.

V. In What Manner Were the Prophecies Ut-
tered ?

Same references.

VI. The Prophetic Eras.

Same references.

NOTES.

I. By What Events Was this Age Distin-
guished ?

1. The Close of the Period of the Judges. In Sam-

uel the judges ceased and a new form of gov-
ernment was introduced.

2. The Victory Over the Philistines. The Philistine

oppression had lasted forty years the most dis-
astrous of the servitudes. It was divided into
three periods : (1) Under Samson, character-
ized by his single-handed exploits. He was
the army of the country. (2) Under Eli,

182 BIBLE COURSE: OUTLINE AND NOTES.

characterized by an attempt to use the ark of
God superstitiously. (3) Under Samuel, char-
acterized by the reformation of the people, re-
turn of God's favor and the consequent defeat
of the Philistines.
3. The Introduction of Iwo Neio Elements into the
Hebrew State, Prophets and Kings. Strictly
speaking, the prophetic element existed before,
but it now received a fresh impulse.

IL The Prophetic Office.

In general terms, the prophet is one who declares to
man the will of God by divine inspiration. Pre-
diction only one function of his office. It is also
his to reveal the hidden past and present. Daul.,
chap. 2; 1 Kings 5 : 20; John 4 : 19.

III. The Nature of the Prophetic Inspiration.

1. It Was Plenary. 2 Tim. 3 : 16; 2 Pet. 1 : 21.

2. The Form of Revelation Various. Heb. 1:1.

Sometimes in visions. Isa. 6:1. Hence the
name seer. Sometimes by dreams, voices, Urim
and Thummim.

IV. Training and Education of the Prophets.

The subject in great obscurity. There were schools of
the prophets. 2 Kings 2 : 3, 5, 7, 15. See also 1 Saml.
19: 20. "The schools of the prophets were evi-
dently very important and much blessed institutions.
Young men, chiefly Levites, were trained in these
schools to explain the law of God to his people and to
enforce its claims." Blaikie.

V. In What Manner Were the Prophecies Ut-
tered ?

1. Orally front Moses to Uzziah e. g., Nathan,
Elijah, Elisha.

FOURTH PERIOD. 183

2. In Writing e. g., Ezekiel. Ez. ohaps. 40-48.

3. Orally and then Committed to Writing. Probably

Isaiah.

4. By Symbolical Action. Jer. 13 : 1-10; Acts 21:11.

VI. The Prophetic Eras.

1. The Prophetic Gift without the Office e.g., Jacob,

Balaam. Moses an exception to this general
statement.

2. From Samuel to Uzziah. 800 years. Prophets

of action, who left no written report e. g.,
Nathan, Elijah.

3. From Uzziah to Malachi. Prophets by profes-

sion, who left writings.

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