ANNUAL REPORT
* RUFUS E. LESTER.
MAYOR OF THE CITY OF SAVANNAH,
YEHR ENDING DECEMBER 31,1888.
TO WHICH IS ADDED THE
TREASURER'S REPORT
REPORTS OF THE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS.
SA.VANNAH, GA.:
THE MORNING NEWS PRINT.
1889.

ERRATA.
Page 5Figures " 1838," 6th line from bottom of page,
should be "1883."
Page 20Last line, word "has" should be "have."
Page 126Annual ratio per 1,000, whites and colored,
should be " 18.08 " instead of " 19.02."

MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT,
CITY OF SAVANNAH,
MAYOR'S OFFICE, January 1, 1889.
Fellow Citizens:
My report of " The Financial Receipts and Expendi
tures" of the city for the year 1888, is respectfully sub
mitted.
The Treasurer's report is appended as a part of this
report, and for general information the reports of the
various city officers concerning their respective depart
ments will be published in pamphlet form.
The balance in the Treasury on the 1st of January last
was $13,242.06.
The receipts for the year have been $656,262.61. The
expenditures have been $637,340.99, leaving a balance in
he Treasury of $32,163.68.
The general purposes for which the money has been
xpended, and the source from which the revenue has
een derived, are shown by a trial balance of the Treasury
ooks as follows:
TRIAL BALANCE, DECEMBER 31, 1888.
II
1
Expenditures.
ioard of Health ' . $ 43,420 75
oard of Health, O. E. M 7,156 22
ond compromise 70 00
ity clocks 280 60
ity Court 4,147 90
City extension 275 93
City lamps 25,500 00
Receipts.
% 13 10
3,768 20
MAYORS ANNUAL REPORT.
City lots 189 89
City map 220 00
Drainage 255 21
Dry culture 15,593 10
Fees 1,687 90
Fire Department 37,721 08
Ground rents
Harbor and Wharves 242 50
Incidentals 4,730 90
Interest 165 58
Coupons from bonds of 1879. .. 160,901 23
Coupons from bonds of 1883. .. 17,047 42
Coupons from old city bonds.. . 787 00
Laurel Grove Cemetery 6,087 71
Licenses
Market 3,299 82
Opening streets 4,125 50
Parks and Squares 8,749 18
Paving sidewalks 5,023 05
Police 55,822 28
Paving streets 60,762 35
Police Court
Printing and stationery 3,943 22
Public buildings 582 58
Quarantine 9,097 01
Rents
Salaries 20,259 94
Scavenger Department 23,662 99
Sinking fund bonds of 1879.... 24,913 75
Sinking fund bonds of 1883 6,110 00
Streets and lanes 44,536 09
Taxes, 1875
Taxes, 1876
Taxes, 1877
Taxes, 1878
Taxes, 1879
Taxes, 1880
Taxes, 1881
Taxes, 1882 39 99
44,347 63
8,097 73
60 00
29,214 16
10 00
1,792 13
1,558 50
51,990 00
17,386 95
360 25
6,789 87
225 25
22,691 40
5,961 00
84 00
4,706 30
6,542 54
4 25
3,717 42
9 00
18 63
12 45
14 13
14 13
14 13
14 13
16 95
MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT. O
Taxes, 1883 24 45
Taxes, 1884 32 70
Taxes, 1885 93 98
Taxes, 1886 967 88
Taxes, 1887 83,100 87
Taxes, 1888 161 75 310,633 42
Waterworks 39,770 57 51,975 08
Cash on hand Dec. 31,1888.... 32,163 68
Balance account of ledger, being
cash on hand Jan. 1,1888 13,242 06
$669,504 67 $669,504 67
THE BONDED DEBT.
The outstanding bonded debt of the city on January 1,
1888, was as follows:
Bonds of 1879 $3,287,500
Bonds of1883 342,500
Old bonds 13,300
Atlantic and Gulf Railroad bonds, endorsed by
the city 2,000
The issue of 1879 has been increased $6,000 by issues
in exchange for old outstanding bonds, but the issue of
1879 has been reduced by the purchase and cancellation
of bonds of the face value of $24,500. The issue of 1838
has been reduced $6,000 by purchase and cancellation of
bonds of said issue.
The present outstanding bonded debt with the trans
actions of 1888, with reference thereto, may be expressed
as follows:
6 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
BONDED DEBT JANUARY 1, 1889.
Bonds compromise 1879 issued and
outstanding Jan. 1st, 1888 $3,306,000
Issued in 1888 in exchange for old
bonds 6,000
$3,312,000
Less redeemed and cancelled by
Sinking Fund Commissioners.. 24,500
Amount outstanding $3,287,500
Bonds compromise 1883 issued and
outstanding Jan. 1st, 18S8 .... 348,500
Less redeemed and cancelled by
Sinking Fund Commissioners.. 6,000
Amount outstanding . 342,500
Old bonds outstanding 13,300
Atlantic & Gulf Railroad endorsed
bonds outstanding 2,000
Add 30 per cent., as per compro
mise agreement. 600
2,600
Total bonded debt Jan. 1, 1889 $3,645,900
With the exception of $13,300 of old bonds and $2,000
of Atlantic and Gulf Railroad endorsed bonds, the issue
of 1879 and 1883 comprise the entire indebtedness. These
issues bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent. The market
value of the bonds is above par, and the Sinking Fund
Commissioners have been obliged to pay a premium for
those purchased for cancellation under the law.
The following tables give a succinct account of the
history and present status of these bonds:
V
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
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MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 9
PROPERTY NOW OWNED BY THE CITY.
Besides the Public Buildings, such as the City Exchange,
City Market, Police Barracks, Fire Engine Houses, Water
Works, City Pound, the property of the city consists as
follows:
CITY LOTS.
No. 73 Brown Ward, Fire Engine House thereon; west
half of No. 37 Washington Ward, Fire Engine House
thereon; No. 23 Forsyth Ward, Fire Engine House
thereon.
SPRINGFIELD PLANTATION.
Lots No. 19, 4| acres; No. 55, 6| acres high land, 8J
acres low land; No. 67, Nos. 70 to 80, No. 88, No. 89, No.
90, No. 96, 8 acres; No. 98, 10 acres: Letter J, Letter K.
WHARF LOTS.
Drayton street, 45 feet; Abercorn street, 75 feet; Whitaker Street, 45 feet; West Broad street and store on
same.
OTHER PROPERTY.
Water Works tract, 77 acres; City Dispensary and lot,
560 acres on Hutchinson Island, portion of Fig Island,
Garden Lots, Nos. 51, 52 and portions No. 64 east; western
portion of the southern quarter Farm Lot No. 5, Tyrconnell Tything, Derby Ward, containing 8 acres and a
fraction, Dillon purchase, 5 blocks or 56 lots.
AMOUNTS DUE PER ANNUM FOR GROUND RENT TO
THE CITY OF SAVANNAH.
Wards. Lots.
Brown 27 $ 1,284 12
Calhoun 34^ 2,463 05
Charlton 13 668 57
Chatham 34^ 1,484 67
Columbia 29| 1,222 41
Crawford 46 1,432 82
Crawford, East 5 440 13
Cuthbert 1 44 80
10 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Decker 1 10 00
Elbert 32 1,150 24
Forsyth 19 1,763 92
Franklin 26 785 53
Franklin, New 11 1,279 83
Green 30 823 88
Jackson 34| 1,061 76
Jasper 29J 859 36
Lafayette 241 1,267 66
Floyd 12f 1,740 33
Liberty 24 670 25
Monterey 43i 2,242 38
Pulaski . . 25 1,025 67
Reynolds 1 151 68
Stephens 5i 753 84
Trou 27 1,267 53
Warren ISi 347 74
Washington 32 480 69
Wesley 12| 536 23
Springfield SOJ 1,307 83
Total 631 $28,566 92
STREETS, LANES, PARKS AND SQUARES.
The expenses of this department has been as follows:
For streets and lanes, proper $44,536 09
For parks and squares 8,749 18
This does not include the expense for paving with sheet
asphalt and granite blocks. The expenses of sheet asphalt
and granite blocks have been $60,762.35, less $22,691.40,
reimbursements paid the city by the property owners
along the streets for their portion of the expense of
paving.
In my last annual report I stated that a contract had
been made for paving Congress street from West Broad
to Drayton street, and a portion of Bull street from Con
gress street to Wright Square, with sheet asphalt. This
contract has been completed by the Warren Scharf Asphalt
Company, with whom it was made. The work amounted
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. II
to 9,060 square yards, at a cost of $25,771.66, the city's
portion of which was $11,128.22, and the property holders'
portion of which was $14,643.41. The property owners
have paid $14,118 88, leaving a balance uncollected and
due by them of $524.53
Bay street from Canal to Wadley street, and Wadley
street from Buy to the south side of River street, have
been paved with granite blocks (6,016 square yards), and
with 2,862 lineal feet of 4x14 granite curbing, at a cost of
$13,092.86, the city's portion of which was $4,589.75, and
the property owners' was $8,303.11, all of which has been
returned to the city.
A contract has been made with the National Vulcanite
Company to pave Broughton street from Abercorn to
East Broad, and Liberty street its entire length, with the
option of the city of having Barnard street paved from
Congress street to State street. This contract does not
include the curbing. Work was commenced upon Brough
ton street on the 1st of November, and is now progress
ing on Liberty street. These two streets were to be
finished by the 15th day of January, but owing to delays,
said to have been caused by the refusal of the Sanitary
Board to allow the soil to be upturned on Broughton
street before the 1st of November, an extension of fifteen
days has been allowed the company.
For preparing Broughton street and Liberty street, for
laying the asphalt pavement, placing the curbing, etc., the
city has paid to this date $20,278.94; for preparing Bar
nard street, $160.70; $1,458.22 has been paid for paving
streets other than those mentioned, and is charged on the
Treasurer's books to the account of "Paving streets."
Six thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine feet of
sewer pipe have been laid.
A recapitulation of paving done in this department,
exclusive of the sheet asphalt paving now under contract
and being laid on Broughton and Liberty streets, may be
expressed as follows:
12 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
Sq. Yd8.
New asphalt pavement laid 9,060
New cobble-stone pavement laid 6,773
New granite pavement laid 6,116.
Relaying and [repairing 8,891
Crossings 3,542
Total 34,382
A detailed statement in full of the work of this depart
ment may be found in the report of the City Surveyor,
hereto appended.
WATER DEPARTMENT.
The receipts from this department have been $51,975.08,
and the expenditures $39,770.57. The experiment with
artesian wells has been eminently successful. The pump
register shows that 2,135,841,981 gallons of water have
been consumed during the year, being an increase of
49,480,929 gallons over the quantity pumped last year,
making an average of about 5,851,610 gallons per day.
This supply has taxed the capacity of the wells to meet
the demand during the summer months. The continual
growth of the city and the constantly increasing demand
for this water will render it necessary to increase the
number of wells at the present Water Works, or to supply
water from some other source.
All the old well pumps have been almost entirely aban
doned, only four remaining now in use. Their places
have been supplied with free public hydrants, which are
supplied from the Water Works with artesian water. The
expense of making this has been considerable, as it was
necessary in many localities to use large quantities of
supply pipes to reach the mains. Eleven new hydrants
have been added on the streets in which the mains have
been extended, the total number now being 331. Ninetysix new cess-pools have been added. Fifteen new valves
have been put in on the line of extensions. The mains have
been extended 6,162 feet on the different streets. The
aggregate length of extensions now being 34| miles and
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 13
242 feet. One thousand and fifty feet of six-inch main
has been laid on Congress street from Whitaker to
Abercorn in place of the four-inch pipe; 4,050 feet of eightinch main has been laid on Liberty street from East
Broad to West Broad in place of the six-inch pipe
abandoned.
The expenses of the Water Works for 1888, as shown by
the bills passed in the Superintendent's office, are as
follows:
Running account $8,530 31
Repairs account 1,028 52
Connections account 346 76
Cess-pools account 137 34
Hydrants account 2,051 68
Pump account 133 07
Incidentals account 153 84
Artesian wells account 4,264 36
Improvements account 743 67
Extensions account 10,992 00
Salaries account 11,064 08
Making a total of. $38,445 63
The difference of $324.94 between this statement and
the actual amount of $397.70, which was charged to the
Water Works in the Treasurer's report, is accounted for
by charges placed to the account of the Water Works,
upon bills not required to be passed by the Superintend
ent.
The net revenue from the Water Works to the city is
$12,204.51, not including the value of the extensions and
permanent improvements.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.
The expenses of this department have been $37,721.08,
credited by $60, the price of the sale of a condemned horse.
A new Engine House has been erected on Waldburg street,
and other extraordinary expenses have been incurred,
which makes the aggregate of disbursement for this de-
14 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
partment more than its actual expenses have been. The
department has continued to be efficient.
POLICE DEPARTMENT.
General Robert H. Anderson, who for many years had
charge of this force, and who managed it and cared for it
with great devotion and ability, died on the 8 th day of
February. His loss is a great misfortune to the service.
The force, however, under the inspiration of his example,
has kept its morale up to a high standard, and has been
efficient in the performance of its duties. With the selec
tion from time to time of proper men to perform the duties
of policemen, the force may continue to be that which he,
if living, would approve.
The expense of maintaining the force for the year has
been $55,822.28.
MARKET.
The receipts from this source have been as follows:
For fees collected by the Clerk of the Market. .$11,172 00
For rent of stores and stalls collected by the
City Marshal 6,214 95
Making a total of $17,386 95
The expenses for the same have been $3,299.82, the net
revenue being $14,087.13.
DRAINAGE DEPARTMENT.
This department, having under its charge the drainage
of the low lands about the city and the care of Hutchinson
Island, has expended $15,593.10. This includes $4,911.83
for a large-sized sewer pipe, intended for drainage along
the Bilbo Canal. A force of fourteen men and two fore
men have been at work on the ditches and low lands
during the year. Banks on Hutchinson Island for a
distance of 400 feet have been raised one-half foot in
height, and some repaired. A wooden revetment 400 feet
in length has been erected on the Back River dam. Bilbo
Canal was thoroughly cleaned. The trunk of Lamar
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 15
Creek has been thoroughly repaired, and also the one in
the Bilbo Canal near the bridge at the east end of St.
Julian street.
Hutchinson Island has been placed under a lease to
T. H. Massey for fifteen years, and is yielding a small
income. The terms of the lease are $250 for the first and
second years, $300 for the third and fourth years, $350
for the fifth year, $450 per annum for the sixth and seventh
years, $500 for the eighth year, $600 per annum for the
ninth and tenth years, $750 for the eleventh year, $900
for the twelfth year, $1,050 for the thirteenth year, and
$1,200 per annum for the fourteenth and fifteenth years.
HEALTH DEPARTMENT.
The accounts of this department will be found in the
Treasurer's report under the heads of "Board of Health,"
"Quarantine," "Laurel Grove Cemetery," and "Scaven
ger Department."
The expenditures of this department embrace the
salaries of the Health Officer (who is the executive officer
of the Board of Sanitary Commissioners), the Keeper of
the City Dispensary, the two City Physicians (who attend
the indigent sick), the Keeper of the Laurel Grove
Cemetery, and all the expense of maintaining the Quar
antine Station, cleaning and disinfecting the city, keeping
up public charities, the supply of medicines, and the
burial of the indigent dead. The expenses have been
$89,424.68, less the receipts, $10,050.05, showing a net
total expense of $79,374.63.
The expenses of this department are largely increased
by the extraordinary measures taken to prevent the intro
duction of yellow fever into the city last summer, the
expense of which undertaking amounted to $20,018.14.
This work involved the expense of the employment of a
number of inspectors and the purchase and distribution
of a large quantity of disinfectants, and the expense of
extra men for thoroughly cleansing the city. Some of
this expense may have been unnecessary, but it was
extremely difficult to determine with precision the quantity
16 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
of necessary work. The inspectors employed were well
drilled, and became extremely efficient, performing good
and effective service. I appointed Mr. James R. Sheldon
to supervise the inspectors and generally to overlook this
local quarantine, who, at my request, accepted the posi
tion and gave his time and attention, to the neglect of his
private business, from the 20th day of August to the 30th
day of November. He was vigilant and active, and the
intelligent manner in which he performed his duty was
most highly appreciated by me, and I take occasion to
thank him for his gratuitous and effective services.
CHARITIES.
For the care of the indigent sick the disbursements have
been as follows:
Savannah Hospital $ 3,600 00
St. Joseph's Infirmary 3,600 00
Georgia Infirmary 3,200 00
For medicine and maintenance of the City Dis
pensary 3,815 94
For salaries of City Physicians 1,999 92
For burial expenses of the poor 397 50
For maintenance of Small Pox Hospital 450 00
Total $17,063 36
QUARANTINE.
The quarantine expenses have been $9,097.01; $4,106.46
of this was for building of wharves, and $1,715 for a naph
tha launch. The receipts have been $4,706.30, showing
the actual expense of $4,390.71.
The shoaling at the old quarantine wharves, caused by
the works of the United States Government in deepening
the channel of the river, was more rapid than was antici
pated a year ago. This necessitated the building of
ballast wharves at some other point. Three wharves were
therefore built on Long Island, a distance of threequarters of a mile from the old station. The building of
these wharves has very much facilitated the unballasting
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 17
of the vessels requiring discharge, and I have heard of no
complaints of unnecessary delays. These wharves were
intended as a temporary expedient, the situation of them
not being the most desirable for the purpose of quarantine.
It was thought that when the government works were
completed in the vicinity of the old station, which seems
to be the only fit place for the quarantine station, it might
be possible to return to the old station and to make it the
permanent station, and it is expected that the government,
having made useless the old grounds, may be induced to
appropriate sufficient money to repair the damages done
to the city.
SCAVENGER DEPARTMENT.
A change was made in this department at the beginning
of the year, by which the city took the work under its own
immediate control. This required an immediate expendi
ture for the purchase of the necessary mules, wagons,
harness, etc., of $7,810.40. The expense of the depart
ment, including this and $575 for rent of the stables and
other property necessary, amounted to $22,317.17, includ
ing $672.91 paid to the contractor from the 1st to the 15th
of January, the time of the expiration of the contract
service. The running expenses, therefore, have been
$14,506.77, which shows a saving to the city over the last
year's expense. The work has been done better than
under the contract system.
The question of disposing of garbage is a serious one,
and I think the solution will be found in cremation, which
I strongly recommend- This subject has been under con
sideration for some time, and I feel sure that sufficient
information has been obtained to prove the feasibility of
the plan.
To establish crematories would involve necessarily an
immediate outlay, but I believe it will be found a saving in
the end, besides, the manner of disposing of the garbage
will be very much more satisfactory, especially if the city
will keep the matter under its immediate control and not
return to the contract system.
2
Property ofMayor'8 Of
Savannah, Oa.
18 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
LAUREL GROVE CEMETERY.
The expense of keeping and maintaining this cemetery
has been $6,087.71, and the receipts $1,558.50, viz.: $818.50
for burial fees, and $740 for the sale of lots.
It is gratifying to know that our city is becoming more
and more healthy as the years go by. Whether this is
attributable to better sanitation, to better water, better
drainage, or other causes, I am unable to say. Perhaps
all these contribute to the good result. A comparative
statement of the mortality of the city from and inclusive
of the year 1879 to and inclusive of the year 1888, shows
the death rate per thousand as follows:.
Whites. Colored.
1879 23.7 44.1
1880 25.3 58.8
1881 25.3 57.2
1882 18.2 43.9
1883 20.4 39.5
1884 17.9 36.7
1885 13.7 35.4
1886 14.1 49.8
1887  15.71 33.68
1S88 11.45 26.6
A cause, which may to some extent affect the public
health, is the existence of a large number of privy vaults.
There are over 4,000 of these still in use, and, although
the manner of their cleansing is, perhaps, as good as can
be, it would be better if they could be dispensed with
altogether by the use of some other means. Impressed
with this consideration, Col. W. J. Winn, the City Sur
veyor, was directed to visit Memphis, Norfolk and other
places where a system of house drainage is in use, and
to collect all the information which may be of value in
supplying some other system in this city. That work was
done by him in a most satisfactory manner. He was
instructed to prepare a report and plan, and on the 10th
of December Council adopted the report of the Special
fr&porty ofMayor's Office,
Savannah, Qa>
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 19
Committee having this matter in consideration, which
report was as follows:
" The Special Committee having under consideration
the subject of house drainage recommend that the drain
age be undertaken, and the plan submitted by the City
Surveyor in the within report be adopted as the general
plan. Your committee further recommend that the work
be done from time to time, as Council may feel that the
finances of the city can afford."
The plan was so made that the work can be done by
districts from time to time, as Council may be able to sup
ply the means for the purpose. Accordingly, an amount
of money has been appropriated in the budget in the tax
ordinance for the year 1889, for the commencement of this
work. The cost of the entire system has been estimated
to be $348,766. The finances of the city are, of course,
insufficient for the supply of this large amount of money
in one year without an increase of a tax already large, by
the imposition of taxes at least double its present rate.
Another difficulty which will be incurred, but which may
be removed by money, is the question of water necessary
to supply the system. A much larger supply than the
Water Works at the present time afford will be required.
For the information of those who will have to consider
this subject, I append the reports and communications of
the City Surveyor.
CITY LOTS.
The following property has been sold during the year
for prices mentioned, namely:
Lots 6, 7 and 8, Troup Ward $7,500 00
Dillon tract, between Whitaker and Barnard, and
Tenth and Eleventh streets 4,025 00
lTVu7
o acres of Water Works tract 1,239 30
Block between Whitaker and Barnard and Elev
enth and Twelfth streets 3,605 00
Block A, Dillon purchase 5,500 00
Block B, Dillon purchase 5,000 00
Block C, Dillon purchase 4,500 00
20 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Block D, Dillon purchase 3,500 00
Block R, Dillon purchase 2,200 00
Block G, Dillon purchase 4,200 00
Block H, Dillon purchase 3,600 00
Block L, Dillon purchase 4,400 00
Block M, Dillon purchase 3,600 00
Block N, Dillon purchase 2,400 00
Block R was reported as sold in 1887. The purchaser
was released from his purchase.
The tract of land known as the Dillon tract was pur
chased by the city for $60,000. The tract was laid out
and streets reserved and is a part of the city extension.
All of said land has been sold during the years 1887 and
1888, except the five blocks lying between Sixth and Sev
enth streets on the north and south, and Barnard and
Florence streets on the east and west. The sum realized
from the sales has been $78,755, a portion of which,
namely, $24,900 is unpaid, but the city holds notes and
mortgages bearing interest for the same. A full statement
of this entire transaction will be found in the report of the
Committee on City Lots, which will be published.
POLICE COURT.
The usual number of persons have been brought before
this court during the year for violation of the State laws
and city ordinances. The sum of $5,961 has been col
lected and turned into the Treasury from fines imposed
for the violation of the ordinances.
RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS.
The increasing demands of the commerce of this port
require the channel of our river to be deepened more than
twenty-two feet, as contemplated by the plan adopted by
Congress in 1882, and it is to be hoped that Congress, hav
ing undertaken to improve the harbors of the country,
will appreciate the importance of giving more attention to
this river and harbor. While the work under the plan of
1882 has been of vast benefit, the appropriations for car
rying on the work has been so desultory and inadequate
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 21
that work has not progressed to its completion in as satis
factory a manner as might otherwise have been. There is
still an unappropriated balance under the plan of 1882.
On the 4th of January, 1888, General Duane, the Chief of
Engineers, submitted to the Secretary of War a plan for
obtaining twenty-eight feet of water in our river channel,
which has been urged upon Congress, but without avail so
far. The estimated cost of this was $6,659,858.82. The
larger portion of this sum was for work to be done be
tween Tybee Roads and the sea, for the purpose of deep
ening tne bar. But, inasmuch as the depth of the water
on the bar would not be increased by this plan more than
two feet, it has been suggested, and it is urged upon Con
gress, to adopt a plan giving twenty-six feet of water,
which could be done without the large expenditure esti
mated for the bar.
The people of our city have been blessed with good
health and their business prosperity has been great. A
hearty public spirit pervades the community, and its many
manifestations prove the deep interest of the people in
her welfare and prosperity.
The city affairs are in a good, conservative condition.
Her finances are easy, and her citizens bear with cheer
fulness the necessary burden of taxation. It should be
the constant care of those who may be in authority not to
indulge in unnecessary extravagance, but to see that a sub
stantial return is made for all expenditures of public mon
eys, so that these burdens of our uncomplaining people
shall not be increased but lightened when consistent with
the public good.
RUFUS E. LESTER,
Mayor.
22 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
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48 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
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50 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF SINKING FUND COMMISSIONERS. x A
SAVANNAH, 28th December, 188S,/
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
DEAR SIRThe Sinking Fund Commissioners beg leave
to submit the following as their annual report for current
year, being their tenth and the closing one of the Board
as at present constituted.
With the funds at our disposalsay $13.53 from the
appropriation for 1887 and $25,000.00 for 1888belonging
to the Sinking Fund provided for the bonds issued in
1879, we have purchased bonds of that issue of the face
value of $24,500.00, as follows:
Feb. 3,1888.. $3,000 bonds at 101 percent. $3,030.00
Feb. 3, 1888.. 1,500 bonds at 1011 per cent. 1,518.75
Feb. 3,1888.. 1,000 bonds at 101i per cent. 1,015.00
Feb. 6, 1888. . 500 bonds at lOlJ per cent. 507.50
May 12, 1888.. 6,000 bonds at 101 percent. 6,060.00
Aug. 2, 1888. . 3,000 bonds at 1021 per cent. 3,075.00
Aug. 4, 1888. . 2,000 bonds at 102^ per cent. 2,050 00
Aug. 11, 1888. . 1,500 bonds at 102^ per cent. 1,537.50
Nov. 7,1888.. 6,000 bonds at 102 percent. 6,120.00
Total $24,500 bonds, Costing $24,913.75
Purchased
previously 166,800 bonds, Costing 149,986.47
Total
purchased. . $191,300 bonds, Costing $174,900.22
Leaving to our credit with City Treasurer, to
be added to appropriation for 1889 $99.78
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 51
We have also purchased bonds of the issue of 1883 of
the face value of $6,000, as follows :
Feb. 3,1888.. $1,000 bonds at 101 per cent. $1,010 00
Feb. 13, 1888. . 5,000 bonds at 102 per cent. 5,100 00
Total $6,000 bonds, Costing $6,110.00
Previously
purchased. $24,000 bonds, Costing $22,702 50
Total
purchased.. $30,000 bonds, Costing $28,812 50
All of which bonds, with the unmatured coupons at
tached thereto, have been cancelled and handed to the
City Treasurer for such final destruction as Council may
direct.
We have verified the cancellation of $6,000 old bonds
of the issue of 1853, received in exchange for a like
amount of new bonds of the issue of 1879, agreeable to
the terms of compromise.
The new bonds stand as follows :
ISSUE 1879.
Total signed and made available for exchanging. $3,513,000
Of which there have been issued in exchanges. 3,506,200
Leaving in hands of Treasurer for exchange. $ 6,800
Of the bonds issued $218,700 have been cancelled, as
follows:
Received for balances on ground rent lots $ 9,200
Special purchases, as per a previous report 18,200
Purchased out of the Sinking Fund 191,300
Total cancelled $ 218,700
Which leaves now outstanding $3,287,500
ISSUE 1883.
Total signed and made available for exchanging. $ 390,000
Of which there have been issued in exchange. 387,400
Leaving in hands of Treasurer for exchanges. $ 2,600
52 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Of the bonds issued $44,900 have been cancelled, as
follows :
Special purchases, as per a previous report.... $ 14,900
Purchased out of Sinking Fund 30,000
Total amount cancelled $ 44,900
Which leaves now outstanding $ 342,500
The vacancy in our Board caused by the death of Mr.
C. C. Casey, on 22d July last, has not been filled.
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN FLANNERY,
JOSEPH D. WEED,
S. GUCKENHEIMER,
JOHN L. HARDEE,
Sinking Fund Commissioners.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 53
REPORT OF CORPORATION ATTORNEY.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 5th, 1889.
Hon. Riifus E. Lester,
Mayor of the City of Savannah:
DEAR SIRReferring to my last report, to be found ou
pages 43 and 44 of your Honor's last "Annual Report," I
beg to say that all of the cases there mentioned, except
two, have been since disposed of.
Two of the three damage suits, brought on account of
the breaking of the Bilbo canal, were tried, and small ver
dicts against the city were rendered. The other was sub
sequently compromised at a small figure. The city, in
these cases, paid less than one-seventh of the aggregate
claims. Under the decisions of our Supreme Court in for
mer cases, the question was one of amount only. It was
clear that the plaintiffs had never been settled with, and
their recoveries were moderate. These were cases which
I found pending when elected to my present office.
The equity suit of Blake et al., brought to recover dam
ages from the city on account of an alleged conversion of
rice when Sherman's army was in possession of our city is
still pending and has been since 1866. It has outlived
the incumbencies of a number of Mayors and Corporation
Attorneys.
The equity suit of Clinch and Cunningham, executors,
et al., has been satisfactorily settled.
The damage suit of Thomas Murphy, claiming $5,000
damages for personal injuries, has been dismissed as to
the city, upon the city's demurrer.
The Hone ejectment suit has been amicably settled, by
compromise.
54 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
A settlement has been agreed on in the suit of the city
against the sureties of John Deacy.
The case brought by Mrs. H. Foley as administratrix is
still pending in the City Court.
The equity suit of the Church Wardens and Vestrymen
of Christ Church, involving their claim to a portion of the
old cemetery, has been heard in our Superior Court. A
decision has been rendered against the complainants and
the case is now pending in our Supreme Court, on appeal,
where it will probably be heard during the coming March.
The injunction case of the Ocean Steamship Company
et al., against the city, which involved the constitutionality
of the ordinance of the city touching harbor fees, was
heard in our Superior Court and a decision rendered in
favor of the city. While the case was pending in our
Supreme Court an ordinance was passed reducing the
amount of fees. The attack upon the ordinance was sub
sequently abandoned and the bill of exceptions withdrawn
from the Supreme Court. The fees were reduced as a
matter of wise expediency for the benefit of the port and
with no question as to the constitutionality or validity of
the ordinance.
The injunction suit of James J. Waring et al., attacking
the tax execution for 1886 against property south of
Gwinnett and east of Lincoln streets, has been occupying
the attention of our Superior Court during the past three
days in its trial, and, at this moment, the jury are out de
liberating. A similar suit was brought by Dr. Waring in
1873, and a tax execution for the taxes of 1872 was en
joined. This case raises the question as to whether the
plan of the city has been regularly and bona fide extended
over this portion of the city within the meaning of the Act
of the Legislature passed in 1854.
The foregoing notices all the cases on hand at the time
of my former report.
During the past year three cases have been brought
against the city. Two of these have been but recently
filed in the City Court, one for Miss Walker and the other
for Robert Downing. Damages in the sum of $10,000 are
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 55
claimed in each case, and the claims are for personal in
juries alleged to have been caused by defective streets.
The other case referred to is a small one, involving $20
only and brought recently in a Justice's Court.
Two cases have been brought for the city during the
past year. Both of them were against the sureties of
Mr. Barnwell and resulted in judgments for the city. Ten
of the thirteen sureties have settled their several liability
in full. The two against whom judgments have been ob
tained and another, living in Florida, have not settled. I
Have been unable to find any property upon which to levjthe judgments mentioned. By direction of the Council
the judgments were obtained.
Since my last report I have drawn a number of con
tracts, given a number of legal opinions (generally in writ
ing), and have attended to the ordinary routine business
of this office. Nothing occurs to me as being worthy of
special mention in addition to what I have already stated.
Very respectfully yours,
SAMUEL B. ADAMS,
Corporation Attorney.
56 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF CHIEF OF POLICE.
OFFICE CHIEF OF POLICE,
SAVANNAH, January 1, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
SIRI have the honor to submit herewith my annual
report of the Police Department for the year ending De
cember 31st, 1888.
The aggregate strength of the Department is fifty-nine
(59), as follows:
Chief 1
Assistant Chief 0
Sergeants 4
Privates 54
Total 59
The above does not include the Ocean Steamship Com
pany's police force, consisting of
Sergeants 3
Privates 18
Total 21
For city 59
For Ocean Steamship Company .21
Total 80
During the year 2,157 arrests were made, being 12 less
than the year previous. Of this number 768 were white
and 1,389 were colored.
MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT. 57
The following are the crimes and misdemeanors for
which the arrests were made:
OFFENSE. sa
Arson
Assault and Battery
Assault with Intent to Murder
Burglary
Carrying Concealed Weapons i 4
Contempt of Court 2
Disorderly Conduct 177
Drunkenness 240
Disorderly Driving ! 1
Fighting ] 59
Gambling j
Insanity ' 2
Inciting Riot
Interfering with Officers..
Larceny
Licentious Conduct
Lost Children
Murder
Resisting Officers
Safe K-eping
Vagrants and Suspicious Characters..
5
: 21
1
4
j 1
15
I 21
i 55
Violating City Ordinance ! 103
73
35
O
1
102
28
1
25
5
441
121
7
144
56
3
34
17
137
16
4
3
33
29
83
99
o
EH
I -68 ' 1389 2157
1
147
40
1
29
7
618
361
8
203
56
5
34
22
158
17
8
4
48
50
138
202
Number of LodgersWhite, 665 ; Colored, 95 ; total. . 760
Number of Animals Impounded 209
Number of Stores and Dwellings found open 53
Number of Fires 68
During the year twenty-one (21) privates were detailed
as sanitary inspectors, who performed their duty in a sat
isfactory manner.
CASUALTIES AND CHANGES.
RESIGNED.
Private Hymes, H. S., August 4, 1888.
Private Veale, J. B., May 15, 1888.
Private Stegin, M. P., November 8, 1888.
APPOINTED.
Private McPritchard, S., August 22, 1888.
Private Belford, W. T., September 1, 1888.
58 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Private Mallette, L. E., September 11, 1888.
Private McMuny, P., September 12, 1838.
Private Baughn^R. W., November 14, 1888.
Private Daniels, E. F., November 14, 1888.
DIED.
Chief, Gen. R. H. Anderson, February 8, 1888.
Private Clancy, D., February 8, 1888.
Private Reid, M., June 4, 1888.
Private Harrington, J., October 24, 1888.
Five horses condemned during the year, and five pur
chased in their stead by Committee on Police.
INVENTORY OF CITY PROPERTY AT POLICE BAR
RACKS.
42 Springfield Rifles, cal. 45.
19 Smith & Wesson Pistols, cal. 45.
43 Smith & Wesson Pistols, cal. 38.
84 Colt's Pistols.
62 Pistol Holsters.
42 Bayonets and Scabbards.
1000 Rounds of Rifle Ammunition.
1000 Rounds of Pistol Ammunition.
61 Waist Belts.
120 Clubs.
61 Whistles.
71 Rattles.
61 Fire Keys.
16 Saddle Horses.
1 Wagon Horse.
17 Halters.
50 Spittoons.
3 Water Coolers.
12 Brooms.
6 Buckets.
16 Bridles and Bits.
16 McClellan Saddles.
16 Saddle Cloths.
16 Pairs of Spurs.
16 Pairs of Spur Straps.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 59
1 Wagon.
1 Ambulance.
2 Harnesses.
3 Curry Combs.
3 Brushes.
1 Rake.
1 Shovel.
60 Iron Bedsteads.
60 Mattresses.
60 Pillows.
60 Bed Spreads.
12 Scrubbing Brushes.
10 Chairs.
1 Hat Rack.
12 Towels.
2 Wardrobes.
6 Tables.
7 Desks.
6 Tin Plates.
22 Blankets.
1 Clock.
4 Stoves.
2 Cups.
UNIFORMS ON HAND NOT IN HANDS OF THE MEN.
6 Frock Coats.
2 Sack Coats.
I am, sir, very respectfully,
JOHN GREEN,
Chief of Police.
60 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF CITY MARSHAL.
CITY MARSHAL'S OFFICE,
SAVANNAH, December 31, 1888.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester, Mayor:
DEAR SIRI have the honor to transmit herewith a
statement showing the transactions in my department of
the city government for the year 1888:
GROUND RENTS.
All lots reported to this office by the City Treasurer in
arrears of ground rent have been re-entered and adver
tised for sale, as required by ordinance.
SIDEWALKS.
Number of sidewalks repaired 198
CITY LOTS.
The following statement shows the number of city lots
sold and amount of purchase money, a statement of which
has been sent to the City Treasurer for collection:
Lots Nos. 6, 7 and 8 Troup Ward $ 7,500 00
Dillon Trad
Block between Whitaker and Barnard and
Tenth and Eleventh streets 4,025 00
Block between Whitaker and Barnard and
Eleventh and Twelfth streets 3,605 00
Block A 5,500 00
Block B 5,000 00
Block C 4.500 00
Block D 3,500 00
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 61
Block R 2,200 00
Block G 4,200 00
Block H 3,600 00
Block L 4,400 00
Block M 3,600 00
Block N 2,400 00
Making a total of $54,030 00
I have collected during the year $31,658.20, as follows:
Market stallrents $ 3,490 25
Market store rents 2,724 70
Real estate taxes1875 9 00
Real estate taxes 1876 18 63
Real estate taxes1877 12 45
Real estate taxes1878 14 13
Real estate taxes1879 14 13
Real estate taxes1880 14 13
Real estate taxes1881 14 13
Real estate taxes1882 16 95
Real estate taxes1883 24 45
Real estate taxes1884. 32 70
Real estate taxes1885 93 98.
Real estate taxes1886 843 97
Real estate taxes1887 10,831 54
Specific1887 361 50
Specific1888 7,731 46
Stock in trade1886 . 10 00
Stock in trade1887 669 76
Stock in trade1888 58 56
Privy vaults 1887 35 40
Privy vaults1888 405 73
Shipping 1887 100 00
Paving sidewalks 1,416 72
Repairing sidewalks 73 90
Grading sidewalks 21 35
Asphalt pavement 1,865 18
Condemned horses and mules 49 00
City Pound sales 10 50
62 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Advertising 84 00
Fees 610 00
Total . . $31,65820
I have the honor to be
Your obedient servant,
ROBT. J. WADE,
City Marshal.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 63
ANNUAL REPORT OF CITY SURVEYOR.
OFFICE CITY SURVEYOR,
SAVANNAH, January 1, 1889.
Hon. Ritfus E. Lester,
Mayor :
SIRI have the honor to submit the following report of
work done in the departments mentioned below during the
fiscal year, ending December 31, 1888.
Parks and Squares, and Streets and LanesAlderman
D. R. Thomas, Chairman.
Dry CidtureAlderman W. B. Mel], Chairman.
Public BuildingsAlderman George S. Haines, Chair
man.
Harbor and WharvesAlderman J. J. McDonough,
Chairman.
PARKS AND SQUARES.
There have been generally nine (9) men besides the
keeper of Forsyth Place employed in this department dur
ing the year.
The walks in Chippewa Square west of Bull street have
been laid with Macon brick, whilst those east of Bull
street have been laid with Augusta brick.
Two walks in Orleans Square, running north and south,
have been laid with Macon brick.
Also the walks in Elbert Square have been laid with
Savannah pressed brick.
The iron railing around Johnson Square has been re
moved and a granite curbing placed in its stead. The two
"flag " walks running east and west have been relaid, as
was done with a portion of the two running north and
south.
64 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Two railings have been placed, one north and the other
south of the fountain in Chippewa Square, and the old
railing repaired.
The railings in and around all the squares have been re
paired and painted, the walks kept clean and during the
summer months the grass was cut.
Four benches have been placed in Chatham Square.
The walks in the Park have been put in proper order.
A hot-house has been built on the lot owned by the city
on Howard street.
Six new benches have been placed in the Park Exten
sion and the wooden railing repaired and " lime washed."
The walks have been repaired and 24 bushels of salt have
been used to kill the grass on the walks.
The grass plot on South Broad street between Houston
and East Broad streets has been enclosed with a wooden
railing. And in that on the north side of Bay street be
tween Price and East Broad streets walks composed of
successive layers of gas-house lime and cinders, enclosed
by a wooden curb, have been laid. These walks are as
follows : One along the retaining wall running east and
west from Price to East Broad street, three running north
and south from the intersection of Price, Houston and
East Bi'oad streets. One lime walk on north side of Bay
street, between Drayton and Abercorn streets, and one
lime walk along retaining wall on north side of Bay street
and west of Whitaker street.
Forty-eight (48) benches have been placed on the grass
plot on the north side of Bay street, between Price and
East Broad streets and one slat been placed on the rail
ing from Barnard to East Broad streets and north of Bay
street.
The iron railing around Forsyth Park has been repaired.
STREETS AND LANES.
The force employed in this department is as follows :
Superintendent 1
Foreman 1
Stableman 1
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 65
Cleaning catch basins 2
Cleaning crossings. 2
Pavers 8
Laborers 36
Bricklayers 5
Boys 3
Teamsters 15
Total' 74
LIVE STOCK AND VEHICLES.
Mules 13
Horses 4
Total 17
Single-horse dump carts 16
Watering carts 2
Buggies 2
Total 20
PIPE SEWERS.
Two hundred and fifty liheal feet of 12-inch pipe have
been laid in Bull street, between State and Broughton
streets.
Fifty-five lineal feet of 10-inch pipe to connect the two
catch basins.
Two hundred and twenty-four lineal feet 15-inch pipe in
Jefferson street, from Congress to Bryan street.
One hundred and fifty lineal feet to connect the six
catch basins.
Two hundred and twenty-two lineal feet of 18-inch pipe
laid in St. Julian street, between Jefferson and Barnard
streets.
Fifteen lineal feet 10-inch pipe to connect catch basins
southeast coiner Congress and West Bruad streets.
Sixty lineal feet 10-inch pipe to connect catch basins on
north ^ide of Franklin Squnre.
One hundred and fifty lineal feet 12-inch pipe laid to
connect catch basins southeast corner St. Julian and
Montgomery streets.
66 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Twenty lineal feet 10-inch pipe laid to connect with
same.
Sixty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe from Broughton street
sewer south on Abercorn street.
Sixty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe from Broughton street
sewer South on Lincoln street.
Sixty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe from Broughton street
sewer north on Lincoln street.
Sixty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe from Broughton street
sewer south on Habersham street.
Sixty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe from Broughton street
sewer north on Habersham street.
Six hundred and twenty lineal feet 12 and 15-inch pipe
from Broughton street sewer north on Price street.
Two hundred lineal feet 10-inch pipe to connect catch
basins with same.
Sixty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe from Broughton street
sewer south on Houston street.
Two hundred and ten lineal feet 15-inch pipe laid in St.
Julian street, between Whitaker and Bull streets.
Twenty-five lineal feet 10-inch pipe to connect catch
basins with same.
Four hundred and sixty-seven lineal feet 12, 15 and 18-
inch pipe laid in Whitaker street, from Duffy street sewer
to Anderson street.
Two hundred lineal feet 10-inch pipe to connect nine
catch basins with same.
Twenty lineal feet 10 inch pipe to connect catch basins
on West Boundary street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet of 12 and 15-
inch pipe laid in Arnold street, from Perry lane sewer to
south side of Liberty street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 12 and 15-inch
pipe laid in Reynolds street, from Perry lane sewer to
south side of Liberty street.
One hundred lineal feet 12-inch pipe laid in East
Boundary street, from Perry lane sewer to north side of
Liberty street.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 67
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 12 and 15-inch
pipe laid in Houston street, from Perry lane sewer to
south side of Liberty street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 15 inch pipe
laid in Price street, from Perry lane sewer to south side
of Liberty street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 15-inch pipe
laid in Habersham street, from Perry lane sewer to south
side of Liberty street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 15-inch pipe
laid in Lincoln street, from Perry lane sewer to south side
of Liberty street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 15-inch pipe
laid in Abercorn street, from Perry lane sewer to south
side of Liberty street.
One hundred and twenty-five lineal feet 12-inch pipe
laid in Floyd street, from Perry lane sewer to north side
of Liberty street.
Two hundred and thirty-four lineal feet 20-inch pipe
laid in Bull street, from Perry lane sewer to south side of
Liberty street.
Eighty lineal feet 10-inch pipe laid in Liberty street, be
tween Tattnall and Jefferson streets.
Three hundred and forty-two lineal feet 15-inch pipe
laid in Liberty street, between Jefferson and Montgomery
streets.
Nine hundred and seventy lineal feet 10-inch pipe to
connect 56 catch b.isins in Liberty street, between Wheaton and West Broad streets.
Sixty lineal feet 10-inch pipe to connect catch basins
southeast corner Congress lane and Montgomery street.
Fifty lineal feet 15-inch pipe in Bay street, west of the
Ogeechee Canal, to connect two catch basins.
One hundred lineal feet 15-inch pipe laid in Wadley
street, between Bay and River streets, to connect four
catch basins.
That portion of Duffy street sewer west of Jefferson
street had become so obstructed as to cause serious
inconvenience to adjoining property owners having closet
68 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
connections with this sewer. It has been cleaned out and
a 15-inch pipe sewer extended from the end of the brick
sewer to the wst side of West Broad street and the street
filled and graded. These improvements will prevent the
sewer from being obstructed in future.
The sewer in River street, from West Broad, has been
cleaned out and put in good order.
In connection with the extention of the Duffy street
sewer four catch basins will be required on West Broad
and two in Montgomery streets.
Breaks have been repaired in the following named
sewers, viz.:
Abercorn street sewer, at the intersections of Gwinnett
street, New Houston street and Duffy street. Whitaker
street sewer, near Bay street- Bay lane, east of Whita
ker street. Barnard street sewer in several places. Duffy
street sewer at Montgomery street.
The West Boundary street sewer is so much obstructed
that open gratings have been put on the sewer to allow
the water to flow into the streets. This sewer will have
to be cleaned out from Railroad street to the River.
With the exception of an extra force used in the excava
tions in Liberty street this work was done by the regular
city hands.
CATCH BASINS.
Catch basins have been built at the following points:
1 catch basin at southwest corner of Duffy and Whitaker
streets.
2 catch basins at southwest corner of Duffy lane and
Whitaker street.
2 catch basins at southwest corner of Henry and Whita
ker streets.
2 catch basins at southwest corner of Henry lane and
Whitaker street.
2 catch basins at southwest corner of Anderson and
Whitaker streets.
1 catch basin in West Boundary, between Railroad and
Jones streets.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 69
2 catch basins at corner of Wheaton and Liberty streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Arnold and Liberty streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Reynolds and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of East Broad aid Liberty
streets.
1 catch basin at corner of East Boundary and Liberty
streets.
3 catch basins at corner cf Houston and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Price and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Habersham and Liberty
streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Lincoln and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Abercorn and Liberty streets.
1 catch basin at corner of Floyd and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Drayton and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Bull and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Whitaker and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Barnard and Liberty streets.
1 catch basin at corner of Tatnall and Liberty streets.
4 catch basins at corner of Jefferson and Liberty streets.
i catch basins at corner of Montgomery and Liberty
streets.
1 catch basin at corner of West Broad and Congress
streets.
1 catch basin at corner of Montgomery and Congress
streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Jefferson and Congress
streets.
1 catch basin at corner of Bull and Congress streets.
1 catch basin at corner of Drayton and Congress streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Bull and State streets.
2 catch basins at corner of St. Julian and Jefferson
streets.
1 catch basin at corner of St. Julian and Bull streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Bryan and Jefferson streets.
1 catch basin at corner of St. Julian and Montgomery
streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Bay lane and Price street.
2 catch basins at corner of Bryan and Price streets.
70 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
2 catch basins at corner of St. Julian and Price streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Congress and Price streets.
2 catch basins at corner of Congress lane and Price
streets.
2 catch basins on Bay street (continued) west of Ogee
chee canal.
4 catch basins on Wadley street between Bay and River
streets.
96 Total.
These have been properly "trapped," furnished with
cast-iron covers and connections for water supply.
Twenty-one cast-iron bridge plates have been put down,
26 cast-iron fender posts have been placed in Broughton
street, 14 in Congress street, 54 in Liberty street and 1 at
the corner of Bay and Wadley streetsmaking a total of 95.
Thirtv-one catch basins have been moved, viz : 20 in
Broughton street, between Abercorn and East Broad
streets, and 11 in Congress street, between Drayton and
West Broad streets.
Four cast-iron covers have been put on catch basins in
River street, between West Broad and Fahm streets, to
replace broken flags.
All the work done in the building and removing of catch
basins, placing cast-iron covers on same, putting down
"fender posts" and cast-iron bridge plates have been
done by the regular city handsThe portion of Bay street between the Savannah and
Ogeechee Canal and Wacley street has been paved with
granite blocks.
Total length 439 lineal feet, width 35 lineal feet,
number square yards 1,707
Wadley street from Bay street to the bridge south
of River street has also been paved with granite
blocksTotal length 992 lineal feet, width 40 lineal feet,
number square yards 4,409
Total number square yards granite block paving. 6,116
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 71
In connection with this work 2,862 lineal feet of 4-in.
by 14-in. granite curbing has been laid and six catch
basins built. This whole work was done by the regular
city hands.
COBBLE STONE.
Cobble stone pavements have been laid as follows :
NO. SQ. YARDS.
On Whitaker street, between New Houston and An
derson streets. Length 840 lineal feet, width
28 lineal feet 2,613
On Congress lane, between Bull and Whitaker
streets. Length 302 lineal feet, width 22 lineal
feet 738
On Congress lane, east of Bull street. Length 60
lineal feet, width 22 lineal feet 146
On Broughton lane, east of Bull street. Length 50
lineal feet, width 22 lineal feet 122
On Bay street, west of Wadley street, to "back"
granite block 130
On north, east and west sides of Johnson Square.. 741
Drayton street, from Henry to Anderson 700
Jefferson street, north and south of Congress 60
Around new catch basins in Jefferson street 100
Around new catch basins in Price street 50
On east and west sides Franklin Square 268
On State street, east and west of Bull street, to sup
port asphalt pavement 50
Gutters north and south of Columbia square 50
On Reynolds street, between Bay street and Ferry
Wharf ' 531
On each side of street intersections on Broughton
street from Abercorn street to East Broad
street 474
Makiiig a total of new cobble stone pavement of. 6,773
The following repairs have been made during the year:
NO. SQ. YARDS.
Repaired slip foot of Abercorn street 108
72 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Repaired Barnard street, between Bryan and
Broughton streets... 500
Repaired West Broad street, between Liberty and
River streets 1,100
Repaired Broughton street around catch basins and
crossings before asphalt pavement was laid.. . 500
Repaired Bay lane, between Abercorn and Barnard
streets 50
Repaired Bryan street, between AVhitaker and west
side Barnard street 100
Repaired Drayton street, from Bay to Henry street. 1,000
Repaired crossings on Jefferson street 150
Repaired Randolph street 200
^ Rep tired River street, between Fahm and Lincoln
streets 1,626
Re-laid a large portion of Whitaker street, between
New Houston and South Broad streets 3,207
Repaired Wheaton street, between Reynolds and
East Broad streets 350
Total repairs and relaying of 8,891
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS.
The paving of Congress street, from West Broad street
to Drayton street, and of Bull street, from Congress street
to the north side square with sheet asfdralt, in accordance
with the petition of adjoining lot owners, was begun by
 the Warren Scharf Paving Company in January, 1888, and
finished by March 1st, 1888.
Number square yards asphalt paving in Congress
street, from West Broad street to Drayton
street 6,539
Bull street, from Congress street to north side Wright
Square 2,521
The paving of Broughton street, from the west side of
Abercorn street to the west side of East Broad street, by
the National Vulcanite Co., was begun on 1st November.
The curbing was furnished by the city and laid by the
regular city hands-
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 73
Number lineal feet curbing laid 2 501
Number lineal feet street intersection curbing laid.. 220
Number lineal feet retaining curbing laid .*. 425
Total lineal feet curbing laid on Bioughton street, 3,146
The National Vulcanite Paving Company having the
contract to pave Liberty, as well as Broughton street,
with sheet asphalt, and as the new curbing to be laid, the
building of new catch basins and removal of others, etc ,
was to be done by the city, that portion of the work was
started in August with the regular city hands and com
pleted about the 1st of December. i
Number of catch basins built in Liberty street 56
Number of lineal feet sewer pipe laid in Liberty
street ....,../. 4030
Number lineal feet curbing laid 17,975
In Barnard street, between Broughton and Congress
streets, 360 lineal feet of 4-in. by 14-in. granite curbing has
been laid by the regular city hands.
CROSSINGS.
In different parts of the city there has been laid:
NO. SQ. YARDS.
9 new crosssings with flag-stone footways. 557
98 new crossings with plank footways 1,914
28 new crossings with cobble-stone footways 1,071
In all 135 new crossings, and of paving 3,542
RECAPITULATION.
NO. SQ. YARDS.
New asphalt pavement laid 9,060
New granite pavement 6,116
New cobble stone pavement 6,773
Relaying and repairing 8,891
In crossings 3,542
Total amount of paving 34,382
Besides the asphalt (sheet) now under contract and be
ing laid on Broughton and Liberty streets-
74 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Total number of feet sewer pipe laid 6,899
Total number lineal feet of granite curbing laid... .24,937
Total number catch basins built 96
Total number catch basins moved 31
Total number iron fender posts put down 95
Total number cast-iron crossing plates put down... 21
Total number cast-iron covers for catch basins.... 100
STREETS SURFACED WITH GRAVEL.
Wheaton street, from McDonough's mill to Bilbo canal.
Bryan street, between Barnard and Montgomery streets.
Jefferson street, between Broughton and Bay streets.
St. Julian street, between Whitaker and Jefferson
streets.
Barnard street, between Bryan and Bay streets.
GRADING.
River street west of the Ogeechee canal has been filled,
graded and planked.
Huntingdon street, between Drayton and Abercorn
streets; Hall streetlane, between Lincoln and Habersham;
Lumber street, between New and Pine streets; William
street, west of Farm street; Margaret street, west of Farm
street, have been graded.
Duffy street, between Montgomery and West Broad
streets; Gaston street, between Barnard and Drayton
streets; Barnard street, between Gaston and Gordon
streets; Gordon street, between Whitaker and Barnard
streets; Jones street, between Whitaker and Barnard
streets ; South Broad street lane, between Jefferson and
Montgomery streets; Perry street lane, between West
Broad and Montgomery streets; Reynolds street, between
Bay street and Ferry wharf, have all been filled and
graded.
All the lanes in the city have received the necessary
grading, the accumulation of ashes, cinders and ether
debris making it essential that this should be done at least
once a year.
The growth of grass and the collection of sand in the
water-ways of the streets require that a portion of the
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 75
street force be continuously employed keeping them open
and unobstructed.
PLANK ROADS.
The plank road on St. Julian street, between Randolph
street and Bilbo canal, has been frequently repaired during
the year. It is a source of continuous expei.se to the city,
and I therefore recommend it be paved with stone.
The plank road on River street, from the Ogeechee canal
to the wharves of the Ocean Steamship Company, has
been taken up, the trestle work filled with sand, and the
planking relaid. This work was done by the Central Rail
road employees and bill paid by the city.
Two hundred and sixty-two (262) wooden bridges over
the gutters and water-ways, have been put down as follows :
January 20
February 15
March 17
April 25
May 26
June 15
July 22
August 25
September 30
October 31
November 15
December 21
The following bridges have been built and repaired :
A new iron bridge built across Musgrove creek on Baystreet extended.
The bri Ige across Musgrove creek on Gwinnett street
extended, repaired.
The bridge across the Ogeechee canal at the foot of
Railroad street is now being put in good repair.
RETAINING WALLS.
There has been built a retaining wall, with a flight of
stone steps, at the intersection of West Broad and Riverstreets, and a railing with iron posts placed on the stone
76 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
wall on the west side of West Broad, from Indian to River
street.
A wooden retaining wall, 70 feet long and 4 feet high,
has been built on each side of Reynolds street north of
Bay.
TREES.
Fifty-seven (57) have been planted during the month of
December on Bay street, South Broad street, Liberty
street, in the different squares, and in the Park extension,
the removal of dead trees was begun in December with a
force of eight men, and is still in progress.
Boxes havp been placed around fifty-seven (57) trees.
STONE AND BALLAST.
There have been purchased during the year seventeen
hundred and fifty-three (1753) tons of cobble stone, and
two hundred and thirty-five (235) tons gravel.
SIDEWALKS.
The city hands have graded quite a number of side
walks in the eastern portion of the city, in the following
wards, viz., Trustees' Garden, Carpenter's Row, Magazine)
Jones and Gilmerville, the property owners who did not
comply with the ordinance respecting sidewalks bearing
the expense.
DRY CULTURE.
Two forces, each consisting of a foreman and seven
men, have been continuously employed on the ditches and
low grounds on either side of the city during the year.
The banks on Hutchinson Island for a distance of 400
feet have been raised 1^ feet in height and the slopes re
paired.
The wooden revetment, 400 feet in length, has been re
newed on the Back River damIn view of some changes in Bilbo canal 4,000 feet of 24-
inch pipe have been purchased and is now on handCANALS.
The usual spring cleaning out of Bilbo canal was
thoroughly done and* all deposits of sand, etc., removed.
MAYORS ANNUAL REPORT. /V
The Springfield canal was also thoroughly cleaned out;
the growth of grass and weeds removed.
TRUNKS.
The trunk in Lamar's Creek has been thoroughly re
paired, as also the one in Bilbo canal, near the bridge at
eastern end of St. Julian street.
DOCKS AND WHARVES.
The wharf at the foot of Barnard street has been re
paired. The basin at the foot of West Broad street
cleaned out.
Three new wharves, 40x30 feet, with tramways averag
ing 270x8 feet, have been built for quarantine purposes on
Long Island.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
The house at the Pound needs repairing.
The fence around the Magazine lot needs repairing.
I am very respectfully,
W. J. WINN,
City Surveyor.
78 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
SPECIAL REPORT OF THE CITY SURVEYOR,
CITY SURVEYOR'S OFFICE,
SAVANNAH, GA., November 3d, 1888.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
SIRI have the honor to submit for your consideration
the following report in reference to the sewerage systems
of Memphis, Tenn., Norfolk, Va., and Charleston, S. C.:
Memphis is situated on a high bluff near where Wolf
river empties into the Mississippi, and is about 315 feet
above the sea level.
Bayou Gayoso rising in the southern portion of the
city, runs nearly through its central portion and empties
into Wolf river. This bayou and its tributaries afford
a natural drainage for nearly the whole city. On each
side of this bayou, and as near to it as possible, are
located the main sewers, which discharge by one main
conduit into Wolf river. These mains are ten, twelve,
fifteen and twenty inches in diameter. Of the laterals, a
much larger percentage (about 85), were or ginally of sixinch diameter and the remainder of eight, except a few
lengths, which are ten inches. The mains for the most
part are laid at a grade of one to six hundred and the
laterals one to two hundred.
At the rrpper end of each lateral is located one of
Field's automatic flush tanks, which discharge one hun
dred and twelve gallons of water in about fifty seconds.
It discharges as soon as filled, but in Memphis it is
estimated that once in twenty-four hours is sufficient.
The mains are provided with man-holes and the laterals
with observation openings.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 79
No surface water is permitted to enter these sewers, the
the system being designed and proportioned for house
sewerage alone.
The house connections are four inches in diameter and
no trap is permitted on the main drain, each fixture being
provided with a separate trap. The soil pipes to closets
are four-inch cast iron with lead joints above the ground,
and extend four feet above the roof. Each house drain is
consequently a ventilator for the public sewer. No trouble
has been caused by sewer gas and the sewers are believed
to be comparatively free from it, the constant flushing
preventing decomposition and its formation.
The six-inch lateral have occasionally been obstructed
by sticks, bones and some substances not intended to
pass through them. Deposits of silt and paper are some
times found in the mains, but this is easily removed by
the passage of hollow metal balls through the sewer.
These balls are about three inches less in diameter than
the sewers, and being lighter than water are pressed
against it to the top of the sewer and are rolled along by
the force of the current. The velocity of the ball is less
than that of the water, which in passing, is deflected
against the bottom and sides of the sewers to thoroughly
cleanse it.
For the purpose of removing sub-soil water, agriculture
drain tiles are laid in the trench with each lateral on the
grade of the sewer, or below it; they are discharged into
the bayou.
They have in successful operation 43^ miles of sewers
with 36 miles of sub-soil pipes and 198 flush tanks and
are now building another section in the Chelsea district
in the northern part of the city.
The total cost of the system of 43| miles, which em
braces all the business and a greater part of the residence
portion of the city is $310,339.53.
From 1880 to 1887 the cost of removal of ob
structions was $3,769.05
Average cost of each obstruction 10.40
Total cost of cleaning main sewers 1,675.35
80 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
In this total cost of construction was the expense of
building an intercepting cr cross sewer (costing $18,738.91),
extending from Bayou Gayoso to the Mississippi river, a
considerable portion of which had to be tunneled.
The necessity for building this intercepting sewer was
want of capacity of the fifteen-inch mains along the bayou.
The sewage south of this cross sewer empties into it
and is carried direct to the Mississippi river, where it is
discharged, and that north of said intercepting sewer is
discharged into Wolf river.
In many places the dimensions of the laterals have been
increased from six inches to eight in diameter with a
happy result.
NORFOLK, VA.
The location of Norfolk does not present the same
natural advantages for house drainage as the city of
Memphis, the altitude of the former being only about
twelve feet above mean low water and the quicksand un
derlying the city render excavating both difficult and
costly.
The system of house drainage in the city is similar to
that in Memphis, consisting of six-inch laterals (increased
wherever necessary to eight and ten inches), and mains of
twelve and fifteen-inch pipes.
These mains (except a very short one) empty into a
large reservoir, from which the sewage is discharged by
powerful pumps through a sixteen-inch cast iron pipe
into the Elizabeth river, two feet below low water mark.
In his report for 1887 the City Engineer, Maj. W. T.
Brooke, used the following language:
" During the past year the system of sewerage, as far as
completed, has worked well and has given little trouble in
way of repairs.
" Several stoppages have occurred, temporarily, in some
of the six-inch laterals, but these in every instance were
caused by abuse of the sewer.
" In one int-twnce an open two-foot rule and two pocket
knives had formed a imeltus, around -nhich the gatherings
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 81
of rags and paper caused the stoppage, and in all other
cases similar causes operated.
" Nowhere have the pipe lines been found displaced a
particle, and if the outrageous neglect and carelessness
with which the sewers are treated by those connected
therewith, could be avoided, they would work perfectly."
The total mileage of sewers'. 15
Total cost of sewers $214,000
In both Memphis and Norfolk, from the laterals, house
connection pipes of four inches diameter are laid; to the
property line in Memphis and curb line in Norfolk.
From these points the property owner makes his house
connections, under the supervision of the City Engineer
or his agent.
In Memphis no charge is made for granting permits for
sewer connections. In Norfolk a nominal charge of only
$1 is enforced, the policy of both cities being to encour
age house connections with the sewers for the better sani
tation of these cities, and where permits are not applied
for where connections should be made notice is served
that these connections must be made or the penalty for so
neglecting to do will be enforced.
The death rate in the Fourth ward of Norfolk, which is
not yet completely sewered, "is much greater than in any
other section, and for several months in 1887 exceeded in
actual numbers that of all the rest of the city, though it
has not over one-third of its population." (D. Hum
phreys, President Board of Health, Norfolk, in report for
1887.)
CHARLESTON. S. C.
In Charleston, S. C, the tidal system is used. The
sewers extend across the city from river to river, with a
continuous grade of twenty inches to the mile. The bot
toms of these sewers are flat, and from them arches are
sprung, and at each end of the sewers water tight gates
are placed. At the beginning of the flood tide these gates
are closed; and at about half tide the upper gate is opened,
the water rushes in, scouring the bottom and sides of the
82 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
sewer, carrying all deposits toward the lower gate, which
is kept closed. At high water the upper gate is again
closed, and at low water the lower gate is opened and the
imprisoned water rushes out, cleansing the sewer and car
rying out with it all deposits.
In Memphis there was one inspector of sewers, with six
laborers employed. At Norfolk one inspector and one la
borer.
" The best evidences of an improved sanitary condition
of a place which has had a high annual death rate, and
has been the subject of epidemic diseases, is freedom from
epidemics and a comparatively low death rate." In Mem
phis the following, covering a period of eleven years, five
years prior to the sanitary reformation, and six years
since, that is from 1875 to 1886, shows a decided improve
ment, in the death rate, due to the sanitary work, and the
enforceuient of health ordinances.
Assuming the population to be 35,000, the average death
rate for the three non-epidemic years was about 34 per
1,000.
For the past five years the population has steadily in
creased and is now estimated at 62,335one-third col
ored. The total deaths for 1885 were 1,484white 666,
colored 818. The death rate per 1,000 upon this esti
mated population is 23.80. (See 7th Annual Report
Board of Health, 1885.)
Though the colored population is about one-third less
than the white it furnishes the majority of the deaths.
Table of mortality for eleven years, from 1875 inclusive
to 1885 :
Year*....
Deaths..
18-5
I 18-6 1877
1,U28 1,254
1
1878 j 187!)
-1,007 i 1,508
1SS0 i 1881 1882 | 1883
1,054 1 1,471 1,119 1 1,403
1884
1,677
1885
1,484
Total demhs * 17 239
The years 1878 and 1879 were epidemic years.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 83
I also append the following table, exhibiting the ratio
of mortality of the resident population only, the deaths
of non-resident being eliminated:
(Population 62,335. Sholes' Directory, 1883.)
Deaths of residents proper. Ratio to 1,000 population.
White 367. White 9.12
Colored 582. Colored 26 30
Residents proper, white and colored, total deaths 949.
Ratio 15 22.
At every place I was accorded every facility for making
a thorough examination into the workings and the
efficiency of the system of sewerage of the several cities,
and from what I saw of the practical workings of the
house drainage systems, as it now is in operation in Mem
phis and in Norfolk, the improved sanitary condition of
those places, the increased valuation of property, located
where house connections can be made, I consider the house
drainage system in Memphis and in Norfolk a success.
And with such changes as have been shown necessary by
its workings in those cities, and such modification as may
here be developed by a careful survey, I can see no reason
why it should not be as successful in and as well adapted
to this city as to Memphis and to Norfolk.
I am under obligations for courtesies extended and
kindness shown me by President Haddon, Dr. Thornton
and Dr. Mitchell, of the Board of Health ; Messrs. Hart
ford, Bell and Fisher of Engineer Department in Mem
phis ; Mayor Banks, Chairman Treddle, Messrs. Brooke,
Furgerson and Miller, Engineer Department in Norfolk ;
Messrs. Barbot and Heugenin, Engineer Department,
Charleston, and to Col. B. B.Smith, U. S. Assistant L. H.
Engineer, Charleston, S. C.
INFORMATION IN REFERENCE TO SEWERAGE, ETC.,
OBTAINED IN MEMPHIS, TENN.
Q. At what distance apart should man-holes be placed ?
A. At every change of alignment, either vertical or
horizontal, and at every intersection and every change of
size of pipe where no change of alignment may occur.
84 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
Q. What is the best size of water pipe for filling your
flush tanks?
A. Half-inch lead pipe.
Q. What is the best size of pipe for sewers when laid
in alleys ?
A. Eight-inch minimum ; eight-inch will answer for
3,000 feet, beyond 3,000 feet better increase the size; sixinch might do for a block of about 300 feet.
Q. What is the best size for pipe which leads from the
house ?
A. Four-inch.
Q. What charge to citizens do you make?
A. None; it is regarded as a public tax.
Q. What size of pipe is used to run to elevators and
the quantity of water used ?
A. It depends on the size of elevators.
Q. What is done with your garbage ?
A. Dumping it into the Mississippi river, opposite
centre of town, from a dump wharf. We are now consid
ering the necessity of building a crematory.
Q. Have you a crematory?
A. Now considering the necessity of building us one.
Q. Where is your sewage discharged ?
A. Into Wolf river; it was intended to have dis
charged it into Mississippi river, but in consequence of the
caving of the banks of the Mississippi it was carried to
Wolf river ; a portion is now carried to the Mississippi.
Q. Is Wolf river always full of water and flqwipg freely ?
A. Sometimes almost stagnant.
Q. Is the water in it ever backed up by the Missis
sippi?
A. Yes.
Q. Has any ill effect ever been experienced from the
sewage being discharged into Wolf or Mississippi rivers ?
A. None, whatever.
Q. Is Maj. Humphries correct in stating that some
grades are 1 to 600?
A. Yes, on the mains, but these are the flattest grades.
Q. Has Col. Waring any royalties on his system ?
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 85
A. Yes; ten cents per foot on the whole system ; $8 or
$10 on each flush tank.
Q. What effect has it on the sewer when the water is
above the outlet sewer ?
A. Sewage is backed up in sewer until the head is
formed sufficient to force its way.
Q. Is the flow in the sewer perceptably checked in the
city ?
A. Not in the city.
Q. What force of men are necessary to attend exclu
sively to sewers, and at what cost ?
A. Properly organized one, superintendent at $60 per
month, six hands from $1.25 to $1.50 per day.
Q. (To Dr. Thornton and Mitchell) : Do you consider
the Waring system of sewerage a success in your city.
A. Yes, most emphatically, and best adapted to this
country.
Q. Can you observe any improvement in the health of
the city since it has been adopted.
A. A very marked improvement, as the health report
will show.
Q. What did it cost to put down your system of sew
erage ?
A. About $151,000 for the first twenty-four miles. Ex
tension runs it to about $310,000.
Q. Of what advantage is the sub-soil drain tile?
A. It drains the sub-soil and lowers the water table.
Q. What is the additional cost of using it ?
A. From 1^ to 3 cents per lineal foot.
Q. Do you consider it absolutely requisite ?
A. Yes, I do, most emphatically.
Q. How long were you building your first twenty-four
miles?
A. From 1st of February to 1st of June.
Q. Where are the hand holes for inspecting placed on
laterals ?
A. About every 100 feet.
Q. What do you think should be the outlet sewer for
a city of 100,000 inhabitants ?
86 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
A. Thatis simply a matter of calculation ; roughly esti
mating I would say five feet in diameter.
Q. Should your flush tanks go off simultaneously, what
would be the effect ?
A. It might crowd the sewers too much, but this
should never happen, as the flush tanks are easily gauged.
INFORMATION OBTAINED AT NORFOLK.
There is one inspector of sewers at $75 per month and
one laborer at $2 per day.
For working the pumps they have one
day engineer at $90.00 per month
One night engineer at 60.00 "
Two fireman, $37.50 each 75 00
Coal cost 3 40 per ton
They have two Davidson pumps, which are in constant
use.
These pumps discharge daily about 2,000,000 gallons of
sewage from the reservoir into the river.
There was a remarkably heavy rain on the 5th of July
last, the sewage not being discharged with sufficient
rapidity from the reservoir, it was backed into the main
and one of the 18-iuch pipes burst at a point fifteen feet
below the surface of the ground.
When this main was first constructed, on account of the
quicksand and water, it was necessary to obtain the use
of one of the steam engines belonging to the fire depart
ment to aid the hand engines they had in use to enable
them to prosecute the work, and then a gang could only
lay about fifty feet in a day.
When they went to replace this broken pipe they found
the earth dry enough to be used for mixing mortar if de
sired.
The sewage is emptied into a reservoir twenty-eight feet
deep, constructed with a basket net to catch rags, etc.,
that may obstruct a free passage of water through the
syphon. This syphon is of cast iron, fourteen inches in
diameter and 1,850 feet long, discharging into the second
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 87
reservoir; from the second reservoir the sewage is pumped
through a cast iron pipe 1,600 feet in length into Eliza
beth river and discharged two feet below low water mark.
The owner of the wharf where this sewage is discharged
says he has experienced no inconvenience whatever from
it. The water was there eight feet deep at low water.
The first 9J miles of sewer built cost $140,000, and 5
miles just completed cost $32,653.50.
Pay of additional engineers and inspector brought it up
to $35,215.93. The bids were for completed work per
lineal foot and were for 15-inch pipe, $2.95 ; 12-inch pipe,
$2 80; 10-inch pipe, $2.40 ; 8-inch pipe, $1.25 ; 6-inch pipe,
90 cents; 4-iuch pipe, 35 cents; flush tanks, $53 each;
man-holes, $54 each.
Eighteen-iuch mains are the largest used in Norfolk,
where the population is about 30,000.
A gentleman who was employed in both Memphis and
Norfolk, whilst the system was being constructed, in
formed me that in Memphis at first the average amount
of stoppages was four a week, whilst in Norfolk they had
not seen so much trouble. These stoppages invariably oc
curred in the six-inch pipe. He also informed me that at
Keene, N. H., they found it necessary to build flush tanks
every 600 or 800 feet on account of the length of the lat
erals, as also on account of the exceedingly flat grades,
some of which were only 1 to 1,000.
Another advantage the sewerage of Norfolk has de
veloped is the greatly increased dryness of their cellars.
The annual expense cf running the pumps, salaries,
fuel, oil, waste, tallow, etc., is about $10,000, a perpetual
expense.
In the street department they have eighteen sweepers,
eighteen carts and drivers, who do all the sweeping and
remove all garbage.
Q. What are the grades in your city ?
A. One to 300. If in laterals, give them more if pos
sible. Mains can stand flatter grades, as everything is be
hind to push forward the sewage.
88 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Q. What are the sizes of your pipes?
A. Four-inch for house connections; others 6, 8, 10,
12, 15, 18 inches.
Q. How deep are your sewers?
A. From five to twenty feet.
Q. Did you have any trouble from quicksand?
A. Lots of it.
Q. How did you overcome it ?
A. By pluck.
Q. How did you organize your working gangs ?
A. Grading gangs are usually twenty-five in number,
pipe gang* one inspector and six men, distributed as fol
lows: One laying pipe, one laying tile, one connecting, one
making cement and two laborers.
Q. Do you prefer pipe to brick for sewers ?
A. Yes, the pipe is cheaper and there is less friction.
Of course, there are some places in which brick is prefer
able.
Q. How long were you building your first section ?
A. About six months in building about nine miles,
worked fourteen gangs, had eight engineers and assistants.
Q. Have you experienced any ill effects from the sew
age being turned into Elizabeth river, opposite your city.
A. None whatever.
Q. If you were about to commence sewering your city,
would you, from your experience with the present system,
use it in preference to other systems; if so, why ?
A. It is the best we can have in Norfolk on account of
its topography and on account of its economy of con
struction. The combined system would cost about
$1,000,000.
Q. What changes, if any, would you make ?
A. I think I would increase the laterals from six to
eight inches.
Q. In making your cement mortar, what has been your
experience as to best proportions ?
A. We use Rosendale cement. Proportions one of
cement to one of sand. You must have it good.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 89
Q. What has been your experience in reference to size
with flush tanks.
A. They should be forty-five inches in diameter and
hold at least 150 gallons.
Q. Do yon know of any dissatisfaction with your
system as it exists at present ?
A. Not now, before we were connected some found
fault with it, but none now.
Q. How about its durability ?
A. I do not see any reasons why it should not last
for ail time to come.
Q. At the time of the big rain in July, why could you
not discharge with sufficient rapidity to prevent the break
age in your sewer ?
A. High tides caused great pressure on all pipes; man
holes overflowed ; our plant is too small.
Q. How did you detect the breakage ?
A. By the ground settling around it.
Q. Is not the tendency of discharging sewage into the
river to fill it up ?
A. Not as yet. The current is strong enough to carry
it out to sea.
Q. How full do you wish your sewers to run, and why ?
A. According to circumstances; usually from one-fourth
to one-half. It gives a better flush and cleans them out
better, and if a heavy rain sudtjenly comes up they are
not so likely to have too great a pressure on them, as
would be the case if they run fuller.
Q. How do you locate your Y branches.
A. One for every house on both sides. We have a
record of every foot of sewers and know exactly where
every stand pipe and Y branch stand and everything else
is located.
I am, very respectfully,
W. J. WINN,
City Surveyor.
90 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
SPECIAL REPORT OF THE CITY SURVEYOR.
SAVANNAH, GA., November 30, 1888.
Hon. R. E. Lester,
Mayor:
SIRI have the honor to submit for your consideration
the accompanying plan, profiles and approximate estimate
for constructing a system of sewerage for the city of
Savannah.
The differeut systems for the removal of excrement and
liquid refuse may be divided into three classes, viz.: by
direct removal, by the pneumatic system, and by water
carriage.
The principal methods of the direct system are the pail
system and the dry earth closet.
The pail system is used in many large cities in Europe,
and is advocated by many eminent authorities; but the
exchange and cleansing of the pails need to be enforced
by such strict police regulations as would be difficult to
carry out. When the dry earth closet is used, dry pow
dered earth or ashes is added to the excreta in sufficient
quantities to absorb the moisture and deodorize the whole
mass.
So much care and attention is necessary to provide a
proper supply of dry earth to apply it properly, and to
attend to its removal, that it can only be used in excep
tional cases, and cannot be relied upon for general use.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM.
In the pneumatic system, costly machinery is necessary
to provide for carrying away the refuse and the expense
of operating is large and constant.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 91
In the water carriage system, all that is needed is a
comparatively inexpensive conduit, which provides for all
of the sewage, and if properly constructed, the cost of
maintenance is trifling.
A theoretically perfect sewer should be one in which
all of the sewage would be carried rapidly to its outfall,
outside of the city, so that no time would be given for
decomposition. The conduit itself should be smooth,
impervious to water, and should be water tight through
out its entire length. It should be flushed at intervals
and so thoroughly, that the development of any consid
erable amount of sewer gas would be impossible.
It should be so well ventilated that the small amount of
sewer gas would be so diluted with fresh air as to be ren
dered harmless.
It should be provided with ample means for inspection
and repair.
It should be automatic in its action so as to require the
least possible amount of care and attention.
When a system of sewers is designed to carry both
storm water and sewage, it is called the "combined sys
tem," and when designed to carry only sewage proper,
that is the liquid refuse from dwellings, factories, &c., it is
known as the "separate system."
The object of the " separate system " of sewers is the
complete removal of the sewage proper from towns in such
a manner as shad best subserve the health and conven
ience of the inhabitants. To accomplish this object three
things are required, viz., constant and rapid flow of the
sewage, thorough flushing, and adequate ventilation.
In the "separate system," properly constructed, and
where ample provision is made for flushing, the problem
of the ventilation of sewers, which has always been a diffi
cult one to engineers, is much more simplified.
If only fresh, running sewage is found in the sewers, and
there is%no place where the sewage can stagnate and
decompose, there will be very little sewer gas developed.
If in addition to this the sewers are regularly and
thoroughly flushed, the air in the sewers will be so frt-
92 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
quently changed that there will not be much to be feared
from sewer gas, aided as it is by the ventilation secured
in the street lines, through man-holes, lamp-holes and
flush tanks. A still more effective means of ventilation
may be obtained by carrying the pipes of the house drains
(untrapped) up above the roofs of the houses.
In the sewers of Memphis, Tenn., designed by Col.
George E. Waring, Jr., all storm water was excluded and
a Field's flush tank was placed at the head of each lateral
sewer. The sewers were ventilated through the untrapped
interior house drains and ventilating pipes and man-holes.
Drain tile was laid in the same trench with the sewers.
The sewers of Pullman, 111., were designed by Benegette Williams, C. E. They were flushed by connection
with the water mains and the house drains were flushed
by automatic flushing basins. Man-holes were placed 160
feet apart on the mains and 200 on the laterals.
In the sewers of Binghampton, N. Y., designed by
Rudolph Hering, C. E., roof water was used for flushing,
and in part of the system the sewers are made large
enough to carry the storm water. (See page 37, Prof.
Staly's work on separate system of sewerage.)
The size of the sewers is entirely a matter of calculation
from data, mainly assumed as :
1st. The extent of the system.
2d. The density of population, or probable density of
population in the near future.
3d. The number of gallons of sewage per diem per capita.
4th. Varying rates of sewage discharged.
5th. Inclination of the sewers.
6th. The smoothnebS of the interior surface of the
sewers.
The proportion of the amount of water used per capita
per diem varies considerably, as the following table (Prof.
Staly) will show :
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 93
1874. 1884.
Boston 60 110
Brooklyn 58 63
Buffalo 60 157
Chicago 84 145
Louisville 24 64
Washington 138 165
The following table, compiled from the stat.stics of 176
American cities, illustrate the present consumption of
water per capita per diem:
Average consumption
No. Population. of ttfater per diem
per capita.
49 10,000 to 15,000 76 gallons
33 15,000 to 20,000 69 gallons
17..-. 20,000 to 25,000 71 gallons
11 50,000 to 75,000 80 gallons
41 25,000 to 50,000 86 gallons
4 75,000 to 100,000 95 gallons
13 100,000 to 250,000 102 gallons
4 250,000 to 500,000 89 gallons
4 500,000 and over 92 gallons
(See Prof. Staly's work on Sewers,- page 51.)
The velocity necessary to prevent deposits in sewers is
variously estimated at from one to three feet per second
by different authors. In extreme cases sewers have to be
laid at an inclination inducing only a velocity of two feet
per second, but it cannot be denied that they are less sat
isfactory in their workings and require more care in their
maintenance.
"A main sewer in Kalamazoo, Mich., has a fall of but
one in 1,200 for a distance of 7,400 feet.
"The lower 5,000 feet of this sewer is twelve inches in
diameter and the upper 2,400 is ten inches in diameter.
This sewer has been in use four years and there has
been no serious difficulty."
94 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
The system submitted for your consideration has been
divided into nine sections, each section isolated from the
others, and thereby rendering the construction of the
same independent, and if necessary, the completion of the
whole, more expeditious.
The elevation of Yamacraw being much lower than that
of the rest of the city, it will be necessary to discharge
fhe sewage of this section direct into the river, unless the
city is willing to bear the expense of constructing and
maintaining a pumping station to transfer the sewage
across the city into the main outlet sewer (into which all
the other sections discharge) which carries the sewage
into Timber Landing creek. Should you decide to use
any system of pumping it will involve a change of a por
tion of this plan, without any material advantage being
gained and entailing a heavy aud continuous expense for
maintenance and operating.
I herein submit an approximate estimate of cost of con
struction, based upon a preliminary survey.
BOUNDARIES.
Section 1 is bounded by Bay street, West Broad, Liberty,
East Broad, Perry, Abercorn, York, and Bull to Bay.
Section 2, east of No. 1, bounded by Bay street, Bull
street, York slreet, Abercorn street, Perry street, East
Broad street to Bay.
Section 3, south of No. 1, bounded by Liberty street,
West Broad street, Hall street, Howard street, New Hous
ton street across Park Extension, Bolton street to East
Broad street, from Bolton along Abercorn to Huntingdon,
across to Bull, thence to Liberty street.
Section 4, east of No. 3, bounded by Liberty street, Bull
street to Huntingdon street, Abercorn street to Bolton,
East Broad street from Perry Lane to Bolton street.
Section 5, south of No. 3, bounded by Hall street across
to Cemetery street, Cemetery street, Anderson street,
Barnard street, Duffy street, Bull street, New Houston
street, Barnard street to Hall street.
Section 6, east of No. 5, bounded by Bolton street,
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 95
across Park Extension, Bull street, Duffy street, Barnard
street, Anderson street, East Broad to Bolton street.
Section 7, Yamacraw and West Boundary street to
Gwinnett street.
Section 8, Frogtown and Robertsville.
Section 9, Old Fort.
ESTIMATES.
Miles. Cost. '
Section No. 9, Yamacraw 4.195 $ 33,138 60
Section No. 8, Frogtown, Roberts
ville, &c 1.672 15,977 60
Section No. 9, Old Fort 1.05 6.844 70
Section No.1 3 94 38,874 10
Section No.2 2.6 22,681 00
Section No.3 3.97 44,460 00
Section No.4 4 04 35,273 00
Section No.5 4.00 33 646 90
Section No.6 2.54 17,454 20
28 007 $248,350 00
Outlet to Timber Landing creek, 2.86 miles
sewer 3 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 4 inches .. 100,416 00
Total $348,766 00
Average cost per mile in the city $8,867 42
I am, very respectfully, 
W. J. WINN, .
City Surveyor.
96 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF CHIEF ENGINEER SAVANNAH FIRE
DEPARTMENT.
OFFICE CHIEF ENGINEER
SAVANNAH FIRE DEPARTMENT,
SAVANNAH, GA., January 1, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor of Savannah:
DEAR SIRI have the honor herewith to submit to you
this, the annual report of the Savannah Fire Department
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1888, showing the
condition of same, cost of maintenance, number of alarms
and fires, locations and causes, owners or occupants of
buildings, etc., losses and insurances on buildings and
contents, strength of force of the department, together
with all property in charge of this department and value
of same.
t
PERMANENT FORCE AND COMPENSATION.
1 Chief Engineer $ 1,800 per annum
1 Superintendent Fire Alarm Telegraph 900 "
2 Foremen of Companies, each $720... 1,440
4 Engineers of Steamers, each $1,000.. . 4,000
1 Tillerman of Truck 720
2 Drivers of Apparatus, each $720 ... 1,440
9 Drivers of Apparatus, each $600.... 5,400
2 Relief Drivers, each $600 1,200
3 Hose and Laddermen, each $600.... 1,800
Total $18,700 "
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 97
CALL FORCE AND COMPENSATION.
1 Assistant Chief $ 450 per annum
3 Foremen of Companies, each $150. 450 "
20 Hose and Laddermen, each $100. . 2,000
Total $2,900
AUXILIARY FORCE OF VOLUNTEERS.
2 Foremen of Companies.
23 Privates of Companies.
PROPERTY OF FIRE DEPARTMENT.
4 Steam Fire Engines, tools, etc., complete.
1 Steam Fire Engine in reserve, bad condition.
1 Hose Carriage, double team (four wheels).
2 Hose Carriages, single team (four wheels) old.
6 Hose Carts, single team (two wheels).
1 Hook and Ladder Truck, complete.
1 Supply Wagon, new, complete.
1 Supply Wagon, old.
1 Chief's two-wheel Buggy, new.
1 Chief's four-wheel Buggy, old.
1 Dump Cart, old.
3 Large two-story Brick Buildings.
2 One-story Brick Buildings.
2 One-story Frame Buildings.
22 Horses.
7 Sets of Double Harness and trips, complete.
9 Sets of Single Harness and trips, complete.
2 Sets of Double Harness, old style.
36 Horse Blankets.
2,000 Feet of new Hose.
3,200 Feet of good Hose.
1,400 Feet of middling Hose.
400 Feet of unreliable Hose.
30 Bedsteads, Blankets, Mattresses, etc., complete.
9 Heating Stoves, etc., complete.
1 Lot of Chairs, Desks, Tables, etc.
8 Clocks.
3 Engine House Trips.
7
98 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
6 Small Engine House Bells.
1 Large Bell on City Exchange used by Fire De
partment.
1 Large Bell at Firemen's Hall (Big Duke).
1 Large Angle Iron Bell Tower (for Big Duke Bell).
1 Lot of Supplies, Tools and appliances in use.
1 Lot of Supplies, Tools and appliances, etc., extra.
2 Wheelbarrows.
250 Feet of |-inch Street Hose.
125 Feet of 1-inch Street Hose.
14 Tons of Stove Coal.
8 Tons of Engine Coal.
1 Lot of Stationery, etc.
1 Lot of Department Badges, etc., not in use.
1 Lot of Fire Alarm Keys not in use.
1 Lot of Fire Alarm Keys in use.
For further property of the Fire Department and con
dition of same, I respectfully refer you to the accompany
ing report of the Superintendent of the Fire Alarm Tele
graph.
Running card of the department in answering alarms
remains the same as in my last report, except No. 4 engine
responds on first alarms to box No. 26, and Hose Com
pany No. 2, located on Waldburg street, east of Price
which was placed in commission last May, and said com
pany responds to all alarms and boxes from Jones street
south, and can cheerfully say that both companies, No. 2
Hose and No. 4 Engine, have performed valuable services
since placed in service.
COST OF MAINTENANCE.
Pay roll for regular men from December 1,
1887, to November 30, 1888, and pay roll
for call men from October 1, 1887, to Sep
tember 30, 1888, inclusive $21,496 51
Paid balance on double piston (La France)
engine 1,900 00
Hose Carts, two 725 00
Wagon platform spring 280 00
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 99
Horses, and exchange, hire, &c 1,495 00
Hose, &c 1,000 00
Telephone rent 60 00
Rent of Engine No.2 420 00
Harness and repairs, combs, brushes, &c. .. . 417 91
Repairs to apparatus, blacksmithing, horse
shoeing, &c 1,286 63
Tools, oils, waste, paint, lamps, &c 1,102 62
Lumber, sawdust, &c 299 82
New hose house, labor and material, and new
bell 54.0 00
Paving street and sidewalks, Fireman's Hall.. 463 00
Blankets, beds, bedding, &c 61 02
Gas light, one year 257 26
Treatment of horses and medicine 138 50
Fuel, coal and wood 457 35
Printing and stationery 100 30
Forage, oats, hay, corn, bran, &c 1,979 47
Fire alarm telegraph, new boxes, poles, wire,
&c 1,899 39
Uniforms, caps, shirts, &c 1,341 25
$37,721 03
AMOUNT PAID TO CITY TREASURER.
By sale of one horse $60 00
ESTIMATE VALUE OF FIRE DEPARTMENT PROPERTY.
Fire apparatus, engines, hose carts, trucks, etc. $36,000
Fire, alarm telegraph 18,500
Real estate 36,500
Hose couplings, suctions, nozzles, etc 7,800
Horses 6,500
Harness and blankets, etc 2,500
Fire bells, towers and strikers 4,050
Supplies, tools, etc 1,500
Supply wagons, carts and buggies 700
Bedding, furniture, etc 1,200
Department uniforms, badges 1,500
$116,750
100 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
CONDITION OF ENGINES.
All of the steam fire engines are in excellent condition
except the reserve engine, which needs to be rebuilt, and
its boiler is not safe.
CONDITION OF HOSE CARRIAGES, ETC.
All are in good condition, with the exception of two re
quiring some slight repairs, etc. (Two are very old).
CONDITION OF HOOK AND LADDER TRUCK.
This truck and ladders are now in good condition and
need painting.
CONDITION OF SUPPLY WAGONS, ETC.
New wagon is in excellent condition and has rendered
good service.
Old supply wagon is becoming much worn and old, and
is now generally used for the hauling of telegraph poles,
and carrying ladders in case the hook and ladder truck
now in use shculd become disabled.
Dump cart is also old and much worn; it is mostly used
for hauling feed and bedding.
Chief's new two-wheel buggy is in excellent condition.
Chief's old four-wheel buggy is in fair condition, but
will soon require to be overhauled and painted.
CONDITION OF HORSES.
The department has twenty-two horses and nineteen
of them are in excellent condition, the other three are in
fair condition.
CONDITION OF HARNESS AND BLANKETS, ETC.
All in actual use are in excellent condition. Extra
harness, blankets, etc., in fair condition.
CONDITION OF HOSE.
Two thousand feet of Maltese rubber fire hose was pur
chased or received December 28, 1888. Also have on
hand thirty-two hundred feet of good rubber hose, four
teen hundred feet middling good and four hundred feet of
unreliable rubber hose, a total of seven thousand feet.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 101
There has been a total of one hundred and ninety-one
alarms during the past year, a decrease of thirty-six from
the previous year, and from the time of my taking charge
of the department in November, 1883, the alarms num
bered as follows :
1884 77 alarms
1885 97 "
1886.... 159 "
1887 227 "
1888 191 "
Fcr further details of alarms, causes, losses, insurance,
locations, signals, etc., see statistics.
The total number of buildings erected and altered dur
ing the past year were as follows :
Buildings of all description erected 310
Buildings of all description remodeled, etc . 270
Total 580
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION.
Wood 276
Brick 34
Total 310
REMODELED AND IMPROVED, ETC.
Wood 242
Brick 28
Total 270
IMPROVEMENTS rr%THte DEP^R'^I^Nf.,
During the past year the fc^ftwiqg.improvements and
additions have been made to this department:
Five additional signal boxes and lines extended, and
several old telegraph poles replaced by new ones.
The erection of a hose house on Waldburg street nearPrice. Formation of a company with all necessary applimces for same.
102 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
Purchased two single horse, two-wheel hose carts, com
plete.
Purchased six horses.
Purchased one thousand feet of hose.
Erected building in rear No. 4 engine house, to be used
as a work shop and supply depot, together with a great
number of other minor additions and improvements for
the purpose of increasing the efficiency of this important
branch of the public service.
I desire to express my thanks to His Honor the Mayor
and Aldermen for the interest they have manifested in all
business pertaining to the department, to the Chief of
Police and his force, and to the officers and members of
of the tire Department for their active co-operation at all
times.
Respectfully submitted,
ADOLPH FERNANDEZ,
Chief Engineer Savannah Fire Dep't.
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MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 103
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FIRE ALARM.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 1st, 1889.
31r. Adolph Fernandez,
Chief Savannah Fire Department :
DEAR SIRI beg to submit my report as Superintend
ent of Fire Alarm Telegraph, for the year ending Decem
ber 31, 1888.
There have been seventy-three alarms given since the
last annual report, and seventy-nine keys relieved, show
ing that more than one box was pulled at the same time
in sounding an alarm. I respectfully report alarm boses,
etc., in about the same condition as when I took charge
of same, which was done by careful daily inspections.
Everything has been working satisfactory, as evidenced
by the few failures of the alarm to sound when needed,
and since my having charge of said system said alarm has
not failed in one instance, which was placed in my charge
on September 1, 1888.
The expense of the system for the year has been
$1,899.39. During the past year the system has been
greatly enlarged by placing five new additional fire alarm
boxes, about 150 poles, wire for same, cross-arms, brack
ets, insulators, etc., appertaining to said system. The cost
of each fire alarm box is $125, and the enlarging of said
system by placing five additional fire alarm boxes caused
an additional expense, but the battery power has been
very much improved.
PROPERTY ON HAND.
32 Signal Boxes.
1 Station at Police Barracks.
9 Large Gongs.
5 Small Gongs.
232 Cells of Battery, complete.
22 Miles of Wire.
104 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
1 Set of Repeaters.
2 Striking Machines.
2 Pair of Climbers.
2 Sets of Pullies.
2 Vises.
2 Pair Pliers.
1 Hatchet.
1 Large Shovel.
1 Small Shovel.
1 Spade.
1 Sounder and Key.
5 Pike Poles.
3 Trips.
2 Screwdrivers.
1 Hydrometer.
4 Galvonometers in use.
164 Zincs.
30 Jars.
85 Coppers.
60 Porcelain Knobs.
92 Insulators.
225 Brackets.
268 Pins.
1* Miles of Wire not in use.
150 Feet of Insulated Okenite Wire.
63 Telegraph Poles.
50 Short Cross Arms.
40 Long Cross Arms.
I also report the expenses of city clocks for the past
year to be $280.60, said amount having been expended up
to the time of my taking charge of said clocks, and from
said time, September 1st, 1888, the clocks have been kept
up in running order without any expense The same are
now in fair condition and require considerable and
particular attention at all times, as they are old and very
much worn.
Tours, very respectfully,
JOHN H. GAY,
Supt. Fire Alarm.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 105
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF WATER
WORKS.
SAVANNAH, December 31, 1888.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
SIRI respectfully report the workings, condition and
expenses of the Water Works Department for the past
year. The pump register shows that there has been de
livered two billion one hundred and thirty-five million
eight hundred and forty-one thousand nine hundred and
eighty-one (2,135,841,981) gallons of water to consumers
in the city, for all purposes, being an increase of fortynine million four hundred and eighty thousand nine
hundred and twenty-nine (49,480,929) gallons over the
quantity pumped the year previous, which is very small,
as there has been added three hundred house connections
and several large manufacturing establishments to the
number of consumers, and it is very evident that the
great waste and leakage heretofore existing has been cur
tailed to a great extent, which it is hoped may be pre
vented to a greater in the future, as it has taxed the full
capacity of the artesian wells to meet the demands during
the hot days of summer.
The actual ordinary and extraordinary expenses foot
up the sum of thirty-nine thousand four hundred and
forty-five dollars and sixty-three cents ($39,445.63), as per
detailed statement attached to this report. The differ
ence in the totals in the statement made here and that of
the City Treasurer's can be accounted for by the water
rents refunded and blank books used in Treasurer's office
106 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
for this department, of which this office has no knowledge,
the bills for same not being presented or passed by Super
intendent.
The receipts for water rents, water furnished vessels,
extentions of main on Habersham street and from various
parties for material and labor furnished amounts to the
sum of fifty-one thousand nine hundred and seventy-five
dollars and eight cents ($51,975.08), as shown in Treas
urer's report.
ENGINES AND MACHINERY.
The engines and machinery are all in good order and
has required only a few slight repairs. A new Worthington feed-pump has been substituted for one worn
out and useless.
BOILERS.
The Boilers are in good condition ; no repairs have been
necessary on them. The brick work has been repaired
and a partial set of furnace bars have been put it.
BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.
The buildings are in good order, the metal roofs have
had one coat of lead paint and there has been a few small
leaks stopped. The grounds are in good order and by
the thorough draining now being done by the County Com
missioners will be greatly improved, particularly as to the
health of the locality. Unfortunately the location of the
Fertilizer Manufacturing Works, in the immediate vicinity,
will have a tendency to destroy all vegetation on the
place, as from present appearances there will not be iu a
short time a live tree on the grounds. Several of the fine
live oaks show signs of decay already, caused by the
ejection of sulphur gases from those works, and from a
slight elevation above the surface of the ground. Before
the plat is destroyed for tree life, some effort should be
made to have the gases escape at a higher altitude.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
The wells have furnished all the water supplied to the
city during the year, with the exception of eight hours,
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 107
during which time the water was taken from the river.
At times during daytime in the hot summer the wells
were taxed to their utmost capacity, the pumps producing
a vacuum from eight to ten pounds on the suction mains,
causing the pumps to take in a greater quantity of gas,
thus producing a thump of the engine and endangering
their efficiency. There is much satisfaction in the use of
the artesian water and many advantages, among them it
is found that it is a great agency in cleaning out the main
pipes of the accretions, mains that have been cut lately
showing a clean interior.
RESERVOIR,
The reservoir in Franklin Square has shown no evidence
of leaks and I repeat the calling of attention to the need
of a thorough painting of the tank, to preserve the iron
from rust, and the replastering of the tower. New doors
are also needed, as they have been very much abused and
broken by malicious persons.
FIRE HYDRANTS.
Eleven (11) new fire hydrants have been added on the
streets in which the mains have been extended. Total
number in the city three hundred and thirty-one (331).
Eight of the old hydrants have been taken out and re
placed with new, they being worn out or broken.
CESS-POOLS AND SEWERS.
Ihe cess-pools are kept supplied with water and the
sewers have been regularly flushed by means of the valves
opening into them and direct from the reservoir into the
main Broughton street sewer. Ninety-six (96) new cess
pools have been added during the year.
FOUNTAINS. 
The fountain at the intersection of St. Julian and West
Broad streets, the only one intended for use of water for
animals, is in fair order and has needed no repairs.
VALVES.
Fifteen (15) new valves have been put in on line of
108 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
the extensions, and to reduce the limits of the districts
they have been placed as follows :
1 on Price at Gaston street 6-inch valve
1 on Zubly at Farm street 4 "
1 on Sims at Wilson street 4 "
1 on Habersham at Anderson street 6 "
1 on Liberty at East Broad street 8 "
1 on Liberty at Price street 6 "
1 on Liberty at Habersham street 4 "
1 on Liberty at Whitaker street 8 "
1 on Liberty at Tattnall street 4 "
1 on Liberty at Montgomery street 4 "
1 on Liberty at West Broad street 8 "
1 on West Broad at Liberty street 6 "
1 on Whitaker at Perry street 4 "
1 on Whitaker at Harris street 4 "
1 on Whitaker at Charlton street 4 "
15
CITY WELL PUMPS.
The well pumps have been in use and kept in good
order up to the month of August, when it was decided to
abandon them for public use and to substitute therefor
free hydrants and the artesian water. There are now in
use only four pumps in localities remote from the system
of water mains, all others have been dismantled or taken
out.
FREE OR PUBLIC HYDRANTS.
Seventy free hydrants have been put in and are sup
plied with water from the works. They have been placed
at points where most needed and convenient to the great
est number of people. The cost of the change from the
pumps to public hydrants has been very great, as it was
necessary in many locations to use large quantities of
supply pipes to reach the mains. The change seems to
have been satisfactory so far.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 109
EXTENSIONS.
The mains have been extended six thousand one hun
dred and sixty-two feet on the streets named below :
Price street, from Gordon to Hunt
ingdon 672 feet 6-inch pipe
Gaston street, from price to Haber
sham 396 feet 6-inch pipe
Habersham street, from Anderson to
Sixth 1,800 feet 6-inch pipe
Sixth street, from Habersham to
Lincoln 282 feet 6-inch pipe
Wheaton street, from Dale & Co. to
McDonough's Mill 300 feet 6-inch pipe
Sims street, from Wilson to West
Boundary 750 feet 4-inch pipe
West Boundary street, from Sims to
Cohen 498 feet 4-incli pipe
Zubly street, from Farm to West
Boundary 480 feet 4-inch pipe
West Boundary street, from Zubly
north 150 feet 4-inch pipe
West Boundary street, from Zubly
south 126 feet 4-inch pipe
West Boundary street, from Sims
north 480 feet 4-incli pipe
Lincoln street, from Sixth to Georgia
Infirmary 228 feet 3-inch pipe
Total 6,162
The aggregate now being thirty-four and seven-eighths
miles and two hundred and forty-two feet (342 m. 242 ft.)
in addition to and included in the cost of the extensions.
There has been laid one thousand and fifty feet of sixinch main on Congress street, from Whitaker to Abercorn
street, in place of the four-inch pipe taken out. Also four
thousand and fifty feet of eight-inch main on Liberty
street, from East Broad to West Broad streets, in place of
the six-inch pipe abandoned.
110 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
LEAKS.
But one leak in the mains has occurred and that was
caused by parties excavating for a street railroad com
pany and striking a pick into the four-inch main on In
dian street. It was easily repaired and at small cost.
Twenty-three leaks have been discovered in the supply
pipes to premises, caused by defective plumbing work,
and the water has been shut off until repaired.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. Ill
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RECOMMENDATIONS.
I would call attention again to the need of an addition
al delivery main from the works to the city, it being no
pleasure to contemplate the great inconvenience that there
would be to all in case of breakage to the one now used
for the supply. A serious break might occur, which
would possibly require a day, or perhaps longer, to re
pair and the city would necessarily be without water
during that time. The mains should also be extended in
that portion of the city on the east, south of Gwinnett and
east of Lincoln streets, and also on the west, south of
Roberts and west of West Broad street, in order to give
the necessary fire protection and convenience of the water.
Kespectfullv,
A. N. MILLER,
Superintendent.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 113
REPORT OF CLERK OF MARKET.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 3, 1889.
Hon. R. E. Lester,
Mayor:
DEAR SIRI have the honor to submit herewith a state
ment of market fees collected through this office for the
year ending December 31st, 1888, and turned into the City
Treasury:
Total amount collected $11,172 00
Average monthly collections 931 00
Average weekly collections 214 85
Very respectfully,
T. A. MADDOX,
Clerk Market.
s
114 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF HEALTH OFFICER.
SAVANNAH, GA., December 31, 1888.
To the Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor City of Savannah:
SIRHaving been elected on April 5 th, of the present
year*, to fill an unexpired term, it will be impossible for
me to give the transactions of this office for the entire
year.
Dr. J. T. McFarland, my esteemed predecessor in office,
having died on February 10th, Dr. T. J. Charlton acted
as Health Officer until my election.
During the past year the city has been free from epi
demics of infectious or contagious diseases, and notwith
standing the rapid increase of our population by extension
of the city limits, by immigration, and by the natural in
crease of births over deaths, the total mortality has been
less than that of any other year since 1879, with the ex
ception of the year 1885.
In my opinion this improvement of the public health is
due principally to1st, the drainage of the low lands sur
rounding the city ; 2d, the disposition of contents of privy
vaults now in vogue; 3d, the use of artesian water for
drinking purposes.
The drainage of the lands west and southwest of the
city still needs attention, and the County Commissioners
should be urged to give that portion of the county their
earliest attention.
There have been some cases of diphtheria in the city,
but not a sufficient number to alarm the community or
call the attention of the health authorities to a producing
factor.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 115
I refer to the table containing statistics of contagious
and infectious diseases.
PLUMBING.
The city needs an inspector of plumbing. Bad plumb
ing and ignorant plumbers are of incalculable harm to the
public health.
Gigantic strides have been made in sanitary plumbing
during the past five years, and the public are demanding
protection from the evil results of bad plumbing so preva
lent in this city.
There is no reason why a water-closet should emit offen
sive odors; hence by the proper placing of soil and drain
pipes and by the use of water-closets built in a sanitary
manner, with the necessary ventilation, a bath-room and
water-closet would no longer be a menace to the occu
pants of houses.
The creation of the office of Inspector of Plumbing, and
the election to that office of a competent man, would en
sure this.
FOOD SUPPLY.
The Public Market is in an unsanitary condition ; in its
present condition it is impossible to thoroughly clean it.
(Putting it in as favorable light as possible I believe I am
right in stating that a period of eleven months elapsed
without its being washed out.) Its sewerage is defective
it being impossible for the sewage to be conveyed to the
Broughton street sewer.
A separate sewer, emptying into the river at Barnard
street, should be laid at as early an opportunity as possi
ble.
The cleaning force of the market is not an efficient one
and should be reorganized and increased.
I would suggest that no public water-closets or urinals
be placed in the building, and those now there be re
moved. I am aware that the present ones have not been
used lately, but their presence alone is a nuisance.
MILK.About seventy per cent, of the milk used in the
city is brought from dairies situated from one to four
116 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
miles from town, and is brought to the consumers by
wagon. Most of these dairies are situated well, from a
sanitary point of view; some are not. At one I found that
the well from which water was drawn to wash the milk
cans was situated in close proximity to a manure pile con
taining several tons of foecal matter.
There are over two hundred cows kept in the city; some
of them never see the outside of town, and are fed on grain
and.slops. Milk from these is often the means of carry
ing the poison of typhoid fever, scarlet fever and diphthe
ria, and from fermentation in the summer is too frequently
the cause of cholera infantum and infantile diarrhcea.
Often five or six cows are kept in filthy stalls, comicg in
and going out but seldom, but standing or lying down in
their own excrement.
These cows are kept by persons who depend on them
mainly for a living, and it is with reluctance that I bring
this to your notice, but it is a growing nuisance. These
cow stables should have sewer connections, roomy stalls,
perfect ventilation, and be whitewashed frequently, or an
ordinance should be passed banishing the cows from the
city.
I have seen cows not confined to pastures cooling them
selves in the filthy waters of the Bilbo canal.
One pasture in which was contained over one hundred
cows bordered on this canal, and during the dry summer
months every cow drank daily from that stream. The
keeper was compelled to put up a fence between the pas
ture and the canal.
While unwholesome meats, vegetables and fruits are
sometimes sold to the public at the small markets which
abound, it has not been my observation that the practice
of doing so is carried on to any extent.
Unsound bacon and hams are sent from Western States
to the auction houses and they sell them to that class of
grocers that supply negroes with food. A case of trichi
nosis is an unknown thing here, and it may be said that
these negroes thrive on unwholesome articles of food.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 117
QUARANTINE.
Savannah has had occasion to maintain an inland quar
antine during the past summer and fall. While the majori
ty of our citizens have believed that those measures taken
by the authorities were for the public good, there are oth
ers who question its efficacy, and there are extremists who
do not believe in quarantine as a safeguard against dis
ease. It is a source of gratification to those of us con
nected with that service that not a single case of yellow
fever existed in this city this year.
The city and the public at large owe a debt of gratitude
to Mr. J. R. Sheldon for his intelligent work as chief of
the quarantine inspectors.
During the coming spring and summer the situation in
Florida must be carefully watched. Yellow fever, hith
erto considered a disease of the late summer and fall, ex
isted, though not in epidemic form, in Jacksonville, Fla.,
in March.
Surgeon Murray, of the Marine Hospital Service, speaks
of a " continued fever," in a letter to Surgeon General
Hamilton under date of March 17th, being in that city.
The succeeding summer showed conclusively what the
" continued fever " was. The local authorities in Florida
seek to hide the disease, and it is to be hoped that the
National Government will detail medical officers in the
early part of the coming year to watch closely those places
infected with yellow fever last summer and fall.
Tampa, Florida, has not been free from that infection
since September, 18S7, and should this winter be a mild
one it is more than likely that the unfortunate town will
again be under the ban as soon as the weather becomes
warm enough to develop cases of fever.
The maritime quarantine station is under the care of
Dr. E. G. Lind, who was appointed to that position on
November 1st, his predecessor in office, Dr. J. O. W. Wegefarth, having resigned on October 31st.
The service under Dr. Lind is being intelligently per
formed.
118 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
On account of the continued and permanent shoaling of
the water at the wharves it was necessary to obtain a new
dumping place for ballast. The city secured that portion
of Long Island that was best adapted to such a purpose
distant about a mile from the Quarantine Station. Three
wharves have been erected there and there is sufficient
water at the wharves for all vessels arriving at this port.
The wharves are too far removed from the Quarantine
Officer's dwelling, as it is necessary for the vessels to be
under his person il observations to prevent their masters
from opening hatches before the process of fumigation is
complete and to prevent crews from intermingling.
The naphtha launch purchased by the city has not been
a success; this boat has not received the attention it
should have had. Several of these boats are in use in and
around Savannah. All of them serve the purpose for
which they were intended.
The city has depended on the courtesy of the Propeller
Tow Boat Co. for the transmission of the quarantine mail,
except for a few months, when the Tybee Railroad took
the mail.
Complaints are sometimes made against the Quarantine
Officer for being absent from the station ; this may hap
pen every time that official comes to the city to draw his
salary.
Undoubtedly vessels have been detained during the ab
sence of the Quarantine Officer. I would recommend that
a deputy be appointed to act for him whenever it is neces
sary for him to leave the station on business connected
with his office.
One vessel was sent to the National Quarantine Station
for treatment.
That station is now a permanent one, having been made
so during the past year. It will be kept open for the re
ception of vessels during the whole year.
GARBAGE.
The disposition of garbage is an important subject and
is one that should occupy the attention of our authoritie s
as the present disposition is not an intelligent one.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 119
To remove garbage far enough from the city would cost
more than the work would warrant.
The garbage piles both east and west of the city are
near enough to exert a baleful kfluence upon its health.
Cremation is the proper disposition of offal and several
systems of garbage burning are employed by several cities.
The Rider Garbage Furnace Company seems to manu
facture the most perfect crematory now in use; they claim
from practical tests to destroy offal and all gases arising
during cremation.
I believe this cremator has been in use during the past
year at Pittsburg, Pa., Montreal, Canada, Toledo, O., and
I think Detroit, Mich., cremate their garbage.
VITAL STATISTICS.
The importance of vital statistics is apparent to every
one ; to the physician and sanitarian they are invaluable.
Under the existing laws it is a difficult matter to obtain a
record of all deaths that occur in this city.
In many cases the undertaker makes out the death cer
tificate and the physician simply appends his name to the
paper. Naturally death certificates made out in this man
ner often give vague causes of death and is sometimes
guess work on the part of the undertaker.
Again physicians are careless in putting cause of death
and simply give use to such general terms as " dropsy,"
" malarial fever," etc.
To the compiler this is indefinite, and renders the proper
classification of diseases impossible.
When the body of a person is removed from the city for
burial the undertaker in charge of the remains simply gets
a duplicate certificate from the attending physician and
leaves no record with this office. It is only by closely
watching the notice of deaths in the public print that I
obtain a record of all such deaths. It is doubtful if there
is another town in the United States the size of Savannah
where a record of births is not kept. Some provision
should be made for the registration of births.
120 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
The record of births should be kept to show the excess
of births over deaths if for no other reason.
I would say in connection with this subject that there
are scores of ignorant midwives, whose practice is con
fined chiefly to the colored race, that annually cause the
death of many infants who, if even let alone, would be
born alive.
NUISANCES.
I would respectfully call your attention to the burial of
colored persons in that portion of Laurel Grove Cemetery
set aside for them. Often the grave is but three feet
deep; I believe that all children are buried at that depth.
The town is fast growing in the vicinity of that cemetery,
the ground there is porous, the coffins in which nearly all
colored people are buried are cheaply constructed affairs
and gases from the bodies buried there easily arise to the
surface of the earth.
PUBLIC URINALS.
In certain business parts of the city, at the market and
under the bluff, offensive smells of urine and foecal mat
ter assail the nose.
There are many persons who are unable to visit water
closets when in that part of the city.
Provision should be made for that class of people and I
believe that the nuisances spoken of above would in a
great measure disappear.
Three to four public urinals placed at proper places
would answer the purpose.
THE OGEECHEE CANAL.
This body of water from long disuse has filled up with
vegetation and is fast becoming a nuisance. It has long
since lost its commercial value and should be filled up.
The river lock-gates are out of repair, or were during the
summer months, and often the canal bed would be exposed
to the hot summer sun.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 121
INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
The following table below shows the total number of
infectious and contagious diseases reported to this office
since April 5th.
It is doubtful if all the cases of diphtheria reported
were well defined cases of that disease, irqm the small
mortality shown.
DISEASES. ! NO. CASES. ! RECOVERED. DEATHS.
Diphtheria ! 35
Measles [ 7
Scarlatina j 2
Varioloid 2
6
2
DISINFECTION.
During the months of September and October the privy
vaults east of East Broad and west of West Broad streets
were disinfected with a strong solution of corrosive subli
mate, each vault being disinfected twice during that time.
This work was thoroughly done under the careful super
vision of Mr. W. J. Cleary, superintendent of the O. E.
M. Department. I have used the mercuric bi-chloride to
disinfect the streets, using the street sprinklers for that
purpose.
I have advised the use of this disinfectant whenever it
can be used with perfect safety.
Carbolic acid, so long used here, has been abandoned
as a general disinfectant.
Sulphurous acid gas is still used in fumigating vessels
at the Quarantine Station, but it is doubtful whether its
use, at least by us, does the work intended.
The Bilbo Canal, at regular intervals, has been disin
fected,.the disinfecting material being placed at the mouth
of the Bolton street sewer.
PEST HOUSE.
This building is sadly in need of repair and is at the
present time hardly a fit place in which to place sick per
sons.
122 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
The building, if it were new, is not adapted for the pur
pose for which it is used.
Two cases of varioloid were treated there during the past
year; both of the persons taken there were strangers who
had just arrived in the city. The ambulance used for
conveying persons to the pest house is out of repair.
Some provision should be made for the care of patients
at this hospital; the present keeper is not a fit person to
nurse any one and refuses to give the sick the proper at
tention.
The Board of Sanitary Commissioners (with the follow
ing membership : Hon. Rufus E. Lester, Mayor and exofficio Chairman; Aldermen Duncan and Myers; Citizens
George L. Cope, Sr., J. F. Wheaton and J. R. Saussy and
Wm. F. Brunner, M. D., Health Officer and ex-qfflcio Sec
retary,) has met at regular intervals.
Many special meetings have been held during the sum
mer months.
A comprehensive mortality report has been issued each
month since July. Copies of this report has been sent to
all of the principal cities in the United States.
I would here express my thanks to you and the other
city officials for many acts of kindness to me.
Very respectfully submitted,
W. F. BRUNNER, M. D.,
Health Officer.
MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORF. 123
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MAYORS ANNUAL REPORT. 131
LONGEVITY.
The following decedents, aged 70 years and upward, are
reported for 1888.
WHITE MALES. AGE.
Billy Figeraux 82
Geoige Garmany 74
Richard Delaney 72
A. B. Waters 78
H. D. Phillips 74
Louis Falligant 79
Silas Fulton 84
Wm. Lake 73
G. Ch. Gemunden 76
Wm. Hanna 71
Thomas McCarthy 70
Celestin Pichon 78
John Chorion 74
Patrick Mulligan 70
WHITE FEMALES. AGE.
Catherine Daly 75
M. Marshall 83
Mary Wolber 71
Eliza Jones 80
Ann C. Wade 76
Sarah Bryan 82
Sarah Morgan 74
Rebecca D. Fulton 81
Mary Parsons 77
Christine Harig 80
S. C. Simmons 72.
Mary H. Hamilton 93
A. J. C. Lewis 70
Mary Rooney 80
Priscilla Warnacker 70
Hannah E. Nessler 85
Ann Roach 80
Margaret Gallagher 72
COLORED MALES. AGE.
Sam Jenkins 70
James Wallace 70
Jack Fennly 75
Alonzo Noble 70
James Dillon 71
Robert Anderson 75
Robert Frowell 75
Toby Adams 80
James Williams 70
Robert Simmons 70
Isaac Mars 75
Alexander Brown 70
Sam Bacon 110
Sam Bryan 76
Linster Campbell 75
Cuffy F'-.er 84
Edward McCall 85
William Goodale 73
John Braddock 70
Moses Coston 75
Robert Charlton 90
Joseph Brown 70
Absalom Sallins 70
Robert McNeil 86
Joe Lawrence 70
COLOEED FEMALES. AGE.
Amelia King 80
Linda Anthony 90
Annie Bell 86
Amanda Bell 89
Rosa Houston 85
Grace Simmons 104
Eliza Godfrey 85
Jane Hicks 85
Isabella Price 75
Nancy Singleton 75
Mary Irwin 70
Julia Palter 80
Susie Devaux 70
Delia Roberts 70
Charity Williams 70
Eliza Godly 100
Margaret Willis 72
Daphne Davis 85
Belle Black 90
Hannah Christian 80
Diana Mcintosh 84
Sarah Taylor .- 70
Libbie Gibbs 85
Sarah Minis 85
Dilly Sheftall 75
Fannie Davis 80
Clara Garvie 70
Priscilla Morrell 77
Phoebe Joiner 70
Sarah Spalding 85
Rebecca Roberts 78
132 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF ODORLESS
EXCAVATING MACHINE.
SAVANNAN, GA., January 1, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
SIRI have the honor to transmit herewith my
report as Superintendent of the Odorless Excavating Ma
chine Department from January 1st to December 31st,
1888.
The number of vaults cleaned from January 1st to De
cember 31st, 1888, 786.
The following amount of matter has been removed from
the above vaults for the year ending December 31st, 1888 :
66,118 cubic feet.
The expenses of the department have been for the year
as follows :
Salary of Superintendent $1,000 00
Time of hands 3,828 61
Eepairs, harness, shoeing, wagons, etc 340 46
Forage for stock 1,484 00
Lime, cement, sand and brick 83 80
Charcoal, oil, nails, tools, etc 100 18
One pair of mules 350 00
Amount collected by error 19 17
$7,156 22
Against which was collected for cleaning and re
pairing vaults by City Treasurer 3,278 07
For cleaning and repairing by City Marshal.. .. 441 13
Received from City Marshal for sale of one mule. 49 00
To
1888
be collected by City Treasurer for the year
462 31
To
1888
be collected by City Marshal for the year
20427
$4,434 78
Net cost of department for the year 1888 $2,721 44
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 133
The department was detailed to disinfect the city with
lime at intervals during the summer. One team and
hands were detailed to look after the sanitary condition of
Bilbo Canal and disinfect the same regularly from April
1st to November 1st, 1888.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
W J. CLEAET,
Superintendent 0. E. M.
134 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE
SCAVENGER DEPARTMENT.
STATEMENT OF THE COST AND EXPENSE OF RUNNING THE SCAV
ENGER DEPARTMENT FOR THE YEAR 1888.
Paid contractor from Dec. 1st, 1887 to Jan.
15th, 1888 $2,018 74
Paid for thirty-seven head of stock 6,350 00
feeding stock 4,010 85
shoeing stock 338 33
" sixteen wagons and one buggy 640 00
" repairing wagons and buggy 647 35
" harness and repairing same 340 91
" mowing machines, plows, harrows, etc. 151 38
" grease for wagons 50 00
" lamps and oil for lighting lot 29 44
" medicine and veterinary's bills 28 88
" whitewashing lot 30 00
" fencing Springfield plantation 245 48
disinfecting 104 30
" time of hands (week days) 6,119 71
time of hands (Sundays 24) 811 50
rent of lot, 11|- months 575 00
" Superintendent's salary, 1V2 mouths. 1,150 00
" sundries 21 12
$23,662 99
Deducting amount paid contractor 2,018 74
Leaves actual outlay for 1888 $21,644 25
Two head of stock have died during the year.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 135
Deducting value or cost price of thirty-five head ofstock,
wagons, buggy, machines, etc., on hand, expense of fenc
ing Springfield plantation, aggregating $7,000 from total
outlay of 1888, amounting to $21,644.25, leaves the actual
cost of running the department $14,644.25, a difference
and saving of $3,000 from amount paid in 1887, when this
work was donfe by contract, to say nothing of the extra
work caused by the yellow fever fright, but which was
considerable, and necessitated the putting on of more
teams at an increased expense.
The rapid growth of the city the past few years has
given the department more to do and should be considered.
In 1887 the city paid $1,500 to have the garbage re
moved fifteen Sundays. In 1888 it cost $811.50 to have
it removed twenty-four Sundays, a daily average of $33.81,
a difference and saving of $66.19 a Sunday.
Respectfully submitted,
E. E. CHEATHAM,
Superintendent.
136 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF CITY PHYSICIAN.
EASTERN DISTRICT.
SAVANNAH, January 2, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor City of Savannah :
DEAR SIR :In compliance with a request of Mr. F. E.
Rebarer, I beg leave herewith to submit to you my annual
report as City Physician of the Eastern District of Savan
nah, Ga., for the year ending December 31, 1888.
Total number of patients attended to whom visits were
paid at their homes or who were seen at my office, exclu
sive of those sent to the various hospitals, 6378. Of this
number, 4588 were seen at their own homes, and 1790
treated at my office (as per accompanying statement for
each month), giving a daily average of 17.20 patients.
There were 230 patients sent to the hospitals58 each to
St. Joseph's Infirmary and the Savannah Hospital, and
114 to the Georgia Infirmary.
MONTHLY SCHEDULE OF PATIENTS TREATED FOR 1888.
MONTH.
January
February...
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November..
December..
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400 12.90 263 8.49
389 13.41 279 9.62
631 20.35 477 15.39
612 20.40 392 13.06
678 21.84 453 14.61
743 24.76 549 18.03
558 18. CO 382 12.32
632 20.38 448 14.45
603 20.10 469 15.63
443 14.29 3-13 11.06
366 12.20 288 9.60
323 10.41 245 7.90
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154
220
225
194
176
184
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78
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3.79
4.96
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6.73
5.68
5.93
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26
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17
18
24
18
19
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MAYORS ANNUAL REPORT. 137
From the above tabulated statement it will be seen that
the daily average of visits paid in the city was 12.57, quite
a contrast to the average per diem of patients seen at the
office, averaging only 4.63 per diem. The deaths for the
year were 63, being not quite one per cent. (1 per cent.)
The causes of death were as follows :
Cause of Death. No.
Pneumonia 3
Morbus Brightii 3
Cholera Infantum 4
Marasmus 5
Phthisis Pulmonalis 7
Dentition 6
Paralysis 2
Dropsy 3
Continued Malarial Fever-2
Convulsions .5
Cause of Death. No.
Hemorrhage (stabs and
pistol wounds) 2
Chronic Diarrhcea 2
Old Age 5
Typhoid Fever 3
Moribund when seen ... 4
Congestion Brain.... ... 2
Undefined 2
Inanition 2
Hereditary Syphilis 1
There has been during the past year quite a notable de
crease in fevers of malarial origin and deaths, therefore due
no doubt, to the splendid drainage which we now enjoy in
and around Savannah, and largely to the splendid quality
of our drinking water in marked contrast to that used by
us last year. Trusting that our city may enjoy as good
health in the future as she has done in the past year,
I remain, yours very truly,
W. W. OWENS, M. D.,
City Physician Eastern Dist., Savannah, Ga.
138 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF CITY PHYSICIAN.
WESTERN DISTRICT.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 5, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
DEAR SIRHerewith I have the honor to submit an
official report of the conduct of the office of City Physi
cian for the Western District of the City of Savannah,
covering a period beginning May 4,1888, when I assumed
the duties of the office as successor of Montague L. Boyd,
M. D., resigned, and ending December 31, 1888, nearly
eight months. There was an interregnum from Septem
ber 13th until November 11, occasioned b/ my absence in
Jacksonville, Fla., where in answer to your call for
volunteer physicians to aid the medical corps of that city
in the epidemic, I tendered my services and was absent
from my office during the period mentioned; Dr. J. G.
Keller served during that time and the statistics in my re
port embody also his conduct of the office.
I find both in my office and private practice since the
abandonment of the surface wells and the more general
use of artesian water, a marked decrease in the mortality
among the inhabitants of the territory included in my di
vision, and less sickness, especially fewer intestinal
diseases and a decrease in the number of low types of
fever, and should a practical system of house drainage be
adopted, doing away with the privy vaults, and a closer
house-to-house inspection be made during the summer
months, I believe the sanitation of the city would be such
that disease would be reduced to a minimum. To this
end I would respectfully recommend that while the police
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. .139
are making their rounds, during the inspecting months of
summer, the interior of the cabins of the negroes should
be daily inspected as to their sanitary condition. Very
many of these places are over-crowded, filthy'and dirty,
breading disease, and as naturally crime. Such places
once neglected, may breed pestilence and far-reaching un
sanitary results, affecting the health of the citizens at
large.
This over-crowding is daily resulting, in the quarters of
the city to which it is confined, in wide-spread laxity of
virtue, and with it contaminating diseases,-which may
well alarm those who may have felt not even remotely af
fected by. the incontinence of the female portion of the
classes named. I have had occasion several times during
my connection with the office of City Physician to warn
the parents of infants that their nurses have come to me
for treatment for syphilitic diseases, often leaving the baby
buggy outside the door. It need not be said that this
loathsome disease is innocuous and the danger to the
infant, in the care of a nurse so diseased, frightful for a
parent to contemplate. A great many nurses have cutan
eous diseases, which may be communicated to their little
charges. There are also a number of nurses who are con
sumptives, and therefore unfitted for contact with the young
children and infants in their charge. In consideration of
this fact I would respectfully inquire if the danger to the
infants cannot be lessened by some municipal legislation,
such as requiring nurses to bring a certificate of health
from a physician in good standing before being employed.
I cannot, however, dismiss the subject without calling
direct attention to the privy vaults. The privy vaults are
a feculent parent of ill-health, breeding disease germs,
and it is not adequate protection that the vaults should be
disinfected in the summer months only; neither can any
arbitrary standard of height of the fluid excrement in the
vaults fix the measure of its danger to the immediate
neighborhood. The elevation of temperature in this lati
tude makes privy vaults a constant menace to the health
of the community in which they are located, and they
140 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
should be so constructed that they may be emptied at
least once a week and the contents deodorized. This is a
precaution that should not be confined to the summer
solstice.
It has been my observation since connected with the
office of City Physician that the City Dispensary does not
afford adequate facilities for the prompt obtaining of med
icine. It is too far from the center of population, and is
distant some two miles each from the southern and west
ern boundary of the territory embraced in the Western
Division, of which I have charge. The sooner the pre
scription of the physician can be filled and the treatment
begin with the patient, the less danger of a fatal result.
If a branch dispensary were established in another locality
of this division, it would be a great accommodation to a
class whose condition and surroundings appeal, from the
highest motives of humanity, that they should have fully
as prompt medical aid as those who are able to secure it
themselves, and whose wants are supplied by the many
drug stores scattered throughout the city. The day may
not be far distant whea the city may find it as economical,
and more satisfactory, to let the contract to a drug store
in each of the four militia districts of the city, as is done in
many cities of the North, resulting in a saving to the tax
payers and prompter service of medicines. In these days
of competition, prices would be reduced to a minimum. A
branch dispensary, however, would at this time be invalu
able to the sick whose necessities compel them to rely
wholly on free medicines.
In the official report of my predecessor, Dr. Boyd, one
year ago, he took occasion to say: "At the risk of being
out of place, I will state the fact that there is in this com
munity, as in every community the size of this, a class of
poor people who are incapacited, either by age or chronic
disease, to earn a support for themselves. They con
stantly apply to me for admission to the hospitals. They
have no homes; they are not fit subjects for the hospitals,
where there is only room and accommodations for the sick.
They are only subjects for the poor house."
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 141
I agree with Dr. Boyd in this statement, and I desire to
supplement it with the recommendation that some proprovision should be made for the care of such unfor
tunates. There are many pitiable cases that challenge
the sympathy of an enlightened people, and appeal to the
proper authorities to provide homes, where the aged and
the infirm may be housed for the the few years that re
main to them. There is no room in the hospital if they
were fit subjects for it. They are those who are without
relatives or friends, or whose relatives are living in such
penury that they can scarcely support themselves, much
less their near and often distant relations. Cases have
been brought to my attention where great suffering has
followed that lack of attention which aged people so much
need, and which the common instincts of humanity de
mand should be afforded them. Only recently an aged,
infirm and crippled man was brought to my office by two
negroes, who had picked him up in the public road, where
he had been dumped out by the roadside to die. His gar
ments were so tattered that they Lid to tie a crocus sack
about his loins to conceal his nudity. He was not a sub
ject proper for the hospital, although on the verge of star
vation ; for present treatment I gave him a permit, but
when restored to his normal condition he may be dis
charged by the hospital without challenge. I respectfully
submit if a city like Savannah can afford to let her in
digent population suffer in the declining years of their
lives for lack of proper care without an effort to remedy
the neglect.
In the conduct of my office I have had several surgical
cases, which include fractures, gunshot wounds, incised
and lacerated wounds and burns, and the arm of one
patient required amputation, besides several minor opera
tions. I have been called in thirteen cases of accouche
ment where childbirth was difficult, the only class of ob
stetrical cases which are treated by the city physicians.
During the time embraced in this report I have issued
191 hospital permits, but in a number of cases the appli-
142 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
cants have not availed themselves of the permit granted.
The permits are divided as follows :
Savannah Hospital 95
St. Joseph's Infirmary 41
Georgia Infirmary (colored) 55
The deaths coming under my notice in this division for
the period embraced in the report were 67. I append a
mortuary statement giving the causation, with the mor
tality by months. There have been 1,812 visits and 2,438
office consultations, a total of 4,250 cases. There were
1,202 white patients and 2,491 colored. I also subjoin a
tabular statement of the visits made and consultations
had during my incumbency of the office, and also a tabu
lar statement for the corresponding period of last year for
the purpose of comparison.
MORTUARY STATEMENT.
Asthma 1
Bright' Disease, Chronic 2
Bright's Disease, Acute 2
Burns 1
Cholera Infantum.... 1
Congestion of Lungs 4
Consumption, Pulmonary 10
Convulsions, Eclampsia 4
Diphtheria 1
Debility, General 2
Dropsy 1
Epilepsy 1
Fever, Malarial 5
Fever, Typhoid 3
Hemorrhage of Lungs 2
Heart Disease, Valvular 1
Hydrocephalus, Chronic 1
Marasmus 5
Moribund 2
Neglect. 1
Old Age : 2
MAYOR s ANNUAL REPORT. 143
Paralysis 1
Pneumonia 8
Stillborn 1
Stomatitis 1
Syphilis, Hereditary ... 1
Teething 2
Total 67 '
RECAPITULATION.
Deaths in May 3
" June 4
July 16
" August 7
September 12
October 10
" November 3
" December 12
Total 67
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE VISITS AND
CONSULTATIONS IN 1887 AND 1888.
MONTHS.
-to*
>
CM
O
ffl
S3
S
Cfi
s
si
O fi,
6
No. of White
Patients
No. of Colored
Patients
CO 11
si
1888 1887
252
256
472
500
572
620
503
367
1888
251
339
462
502
170
235
257
222
1887 1888
99
143
114
246
100
265
100
135
1887 1888
249
319
473
351
363
264
219
253
12,491
1887 1888
426
573
862
978
318
320
385
388
4,250
1887
May.... 175
234
400
476
148
85
128
166
342
379
394
605!
634
486
476
338
299
260
401
484
497
513
446
294
295
375
465
621
709
699
533
411
4,008
594
June 635
July
August
September.
October
November..
December...
866
1,105
1,206
1,112
979
705
All of which is respectfully submitted.
BENJ. F. SHEFTALL, M. D.,
City Physician Western Dist.
144 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OFKEEPER LAUREL GROVE CEMETERY.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 1,1889.
Hen. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor:
SIRI respectfully submit the following report of the
expenses of Laurel Grove Cemetery, and also the receipts
from burial fees, sale of lots and all other sources, together
with a statement of the interments for the year ending
December 31st, 1888.
The cemetery is in good condition, with the exception
of the boundary fence, which is in need of repairs. That
around the cemetery for colored persons is also in bad
condition.
The keeper's residence and the tool house both require
painting, and the roofs repairing on account of leaks.
For the sale of lots during the past year there has been
received
Sale of lotswhite $700 00
" " " colored 40 00 740 00
Burial fees 818 50
$1,558 50
EXPENSES.
Salary of keeper, Dec. 1, 1887, to Nov. 30, 1888.$ 990 21
Time of hands 4,935 00
Materials, tools, lumber, stationery, repairs to
fence, etc 138 85
Pumps and repairs to same 23 65
$6,087 71
MAYOR s ANNUAL REPORT. 145
NUMBER OF INTERMENTS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE CITY.
Whites, from the city 17
" hospital 22 39
Colored, from the city 124
" infirmary 57181
Total - 220
NUMBER OF INTERMENTS IN LAUREL GROVE CEMETERY AND
CEMETERY FOR COLORED PERSONS, FROM JANUARY 1ST TO
DECEMBER 31ST, 1888.
Whites. Coloreo . ries.
CK CK
ts in
mete
c a
t*a ffl >-. a fflO MONTHS.
Q a
Q
a
S
ffl
a
si
m ^ M M
- n M < .d u * t
C3 CB cj c3 T; si *^
O O o
" o o H P O tn 
January 12 9 21 58 13 71 92
February 15 2 17 53 12 65 82
March 17 3 20 58 9 67 87
April 15 14 29 57 5 62 91
May 27 7 34 66 11 77 111
June 16 5 21 66 12 78 99
July 14 6 20 69 4 73 93
August 19 6 25 63 8 71 96
September 19 6 25 62 14 76 101
October 19
18
4
5
23
23
70
52
13
3
83
55
106
November 78
December 18 12 30 54 13 67 97
Number of interments from its opening, October, 1852
Whites, 13,992; colored, 23,015; total, 37,007.
Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
JAS. MADDOCK,
Keeper Laurel Grove Cemetery.
10
146 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF KEEPER CITY DISPENSARY.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 5, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Lester,
Mayor of Savannah:
SIRI have the honor to submit the following report
of persons supplied with medicines from the Dispensary
during the year ending December 31st, 1888; also the
number of prescriptions compounded:
MONTHS.
January
February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September..
October
November.
December..
Total 12,927
1,769
1,789
2,127
1,856
1,527
1,452
1,470
1,610
1,513
1,595
1,232
1,217
19,157
In addition to the above I have furnished the necessary
medicines to Pest House, Police Barracks, Fire Depart
ment and Quarantine Station.
Amount due for medicines furnished the poor of Chat
ham county for the year 1885 (two hundred and sixtynine dollars and forty cents) remains unpaid.
Piespectfully,
LEWIS CASS,
Keeper City Dispensary.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 147
REPORT OF HARBOR MASTER.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 1, 1889.
Hon. Rufus E. Ltster,
Mayor:
DEAR SIRI have the honor to report that I have de
posited with the City Treasurer the sum of four thousand
six hundred and eighty-one dollars and five cents
($4,681.05), amount of harbor fees and wharfage collected
for the past year. City Treasurer collected from the
Ocean Steamship Company, June, 1888, two thousand two
hundred dollars and seven cents ($2,200.07), harbor fees
due the city of Savannah from July 3, 1887, to April 18,
1888, and collected from the Merchants' and Miners'
Transportation Company, June, 1888, four hundred and
fifty-two dollars and sixty-one cents ($452.61), harbor fees
due the city of Savannah from July 13, 1887, to April 18,
1888. Total amount, seven thousand three hundred and
thirty-three dollars and seventy-three cents ($7,333.73).
Tonnage, eight hundred and sixty thousand five hundred
and sixty-seven (860,567). There has been ample room
for all vessels. Annexed find a tabulated monthly state
ment of tonnage and fees.
Respectfully,
E. C. KENNEDY,
Harbor Blaster.
148 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
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1,011
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64,315
700,571
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MAYORS ANNUAL REPORT. 149
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150 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CITY LOTS.
SAVANNAH, GA., January 1, 1889.
The Committee on City Lots beg leave to submit here
with for information a full report covering the purchase
and sale by the city of the property known as the Dillon
Tract.
GEO. S. HAINES,
Chairman Committee on City Lots.
STATEMENT SHOWING COST AND RECEIPTS OF DILLON TRACT.
Aug., 1886Paid F. X. Mousseau for 4-5 inter
est in Dillontown, in extended
limits, less $15,000.00 reserved
under contract, etc $33,000 00
Paid D. B. Lester for 1-5 interest
in Dillontown, in extended
limits, etc 12,000 00
$45,000 00
April 21,1887Paid F. X. Mousseau and others
balance of purchase money for
tract in extended limits, etc... . 15,000 00
Cost. $60,000 00
RECEIPTS. 
First payments in 1887 $15,355 00
Second payments in 1887 5,015 00
First payments in 1888 17,655 00
Second payments in 1888 5,800 00
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 151
Third payments in 1888 10,030 00
$53,855 00
Notes for second payments, due in 1889 4,850 00
Notes for third payments, due in 1890 10,025 00
Notes for fourth payments, due in 1891 10,025 00
Total amount of sales $78,755 00
Deduct cost 60,000 00
Profits as shown to date $18,755 00
The city has also unsold twenty-eight full lots and
twenty-eight fractions of lots, each fraction being over
half a lot in size, the said lots being situated north of
Seventh street and between Barnard and Florance streets.
The city has also gained the streets opened up through
the said Dillon Tract.
152 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
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MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 153
IMPROVEMENT OF SAVANNAH RIVER AND
HARBORHISTORY OF PAST WORK.
BY LIEUT. O. M. CARTER.
DESCRIPTION.
Towards its mouth the Savannah River becomes a tidal
stream, the flood tides ascending inordinary stages of the
river to a point about 45 miles above the sea. The mean
rise and fall of tide at Fort Pulaski is 7 feet; at Savannah
it is 6 feet; and at Cross Tides 4.5 feet. The tidal in
fluences are much modified, however, by winds and
freshets, and instances are on record where, during
storms, the high and low waters at Fort Pulaski have
been reversed. The average fresh-water discharge of the
Savannah River is estimated at about 17,500 cubic feet
per second.
At a point about twelve miles above the city of Savan
nah the river divides into three channels, known as Front,
Middle and Back Rivers, separated from one another by
Isla, Onslow and Argyle Islands. At the lower end of
Onslow Island the Middle River unites with the Front
River, this stream being connected at the lower end of
Argyle^Island with the Back River by the Cross Tides.
Below the Cross Tides the Front and Back Rivers are
separated by Hutchinson's and Fig Islands. At the lower
end of Fig Island the Front and Back Rivers unite, and
from this point there is but one channel until the upper
end of Elba Island is reached, where the river is divided
by a succession of low marsh islands into two channels,
the North, or main ship channel, and the South Channel,
which unite again below Cockspur Island.
154 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
HISTORY OF IMPROVEMENT.
The first ship to navigate the Savannah River was the
James, a vessel of 110 tons burden, carrying six guns,
which arrived at Savannah in 1733, and lay at anchor
close to the town in 15 feet at low water, where, it is
stated, "is riding for much larger vessels."
In 1734 a schooner coming in over the bar at Tybee re
ports finding at least 3 fathoms at low water, and in 1736
the Peter and James came over the bar " with the first of
of the flood, finding 19-foot water in the shoalest part."
In 1741 a pamphlet was published in London entitled
"An Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the
province of Georgia," in which, referring to the excellent
harbors of the province, it is stated that
" In the northern part of this province, upon the bar at
Tybee Sound, at the mouth of the River Savannah, there
is a depth of 15 feet at low water and 22 feet at high
water, and the River Savannah communicating with it
will contain in safety 400 ships in smooth water. The
entrance is so safe that ships of 400 tons, without altering
their course, may run directly from the sea over the bar.
The town of Savannah is conveniently situated for trade, as
the navigation of the river is very good and runs several
hundred miles up into the country, and ships of 300 tons
may lie close to the town where the worm does not eat
into them."
The range of tide given is correct, but it is probable
that Tybee Knoll is the " bar" spoken of, inasmuch as
over the bar proper there was at that time about half#a
fathom more water than that here given.
The unauthorized discharge of ballast in the channel
early caused a deterioration in the river's depth, and in
1763 an act was passed by the province prohibiting all
persons from " throwing ballast or rubbish or falling trees
into the rivers and navigable creeks within the province,
and for keeping clean the channels of the same."
The penalty for a violation of this act not being severe
enough, it was amended two years later, and a fine of 300
sterling imposed for "casting, throwing out, or unloading
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 155
from any ship or other vessel within any port, road,
channel, river, or other navigable creek, any ballast,
rubbish, gravel, earth, stone, or wreck," unless the same
be put above high-water mark or used for building
wharves, or for other authorized purposes. The for
feitures incurred under this act were to go one-half to the
informer and the other to a fund to be applied for clearing
and keeping clear the rivers and creeks within the
province. Even this penalty did not serve to prevent the
deposit of foreign matter within the harbor, for in 1774
we find it stated that vessels frequently discharge their
ballast in the river before coming up to town, under pre
tense of lightening their vessels; and in the act of
assembly of that year the Harbor Master is required to
give information upon oath as soon as any offense shall
come to his knowledge, in order that the vessel should be
proceeded against. Whether or not any fines were ever
imposed under these acts, or subsequent ones relating to
the same subject, it is impossible to say. Certain it is,
however, that up to the present time rubbish has been
deposited in the river, and in some recent instances in
great quantities, within the city limits.
The river continued to shoal from other causes as well
as from the deposits of ballast, and William Gerard de
Brahm, his Majesty's surveyor-general for the southern
district of North America from 1751 to 1771, reports upon
the matter as follows:
" The Savannah stream forms a sound at its own outlet
into the ocean, which, although it is not barred, yet there
are many banks in the road between the sound and the
city on a distance of 17 miles, which these forty years
have rather increased in extent and shallowness, a conse
quence owing to nothing else but the great currents yearly
wheeling down a distance of 290 miles, especially at the
time of great freshets, by which great trees with their
roots and many shrubs are grubbed up, which, and along
with them great quantities of ground, sand and gravel, is
hurried down, and before the precipitating stream breaks
into the sea the ocean's flood checks its velocity; thus
156 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
suddenly stopped, the stream drops its gravel and sand on
places where currents give way to counter-currents (eddies)
so that a man-of-war sloop with difficulty goes up to the
city at this time, when thirty-six years ago a 40-gun ship
found no difficulty to come up and anchor before the
town. * * *
"The least water from the Tybee light-house up to
Coxpur Island, which lay east and west of each other, is
12 feet at low and 19 feet at high water."
In 1773 Sir James Wright, replying to various inquiries
concerning the affairs of the province, states in a letter to
the Earl of Dartmouth that
"On the bar of Tybee there is 3| fathoms of water at
low water, or better, and up to the town there is in general
about 13 feet of water at high water common tides, but
there being three sand-banks in different places, therefore
at present and until they are removed vessels at the town
do not load deeper than from 12 to 13 feet, and then are
obliged to fall down to Cockspur to take in the rest of
their load."
It may be interesting to know that in 1772 there were
entered and cleared at the custom house 161 sail of
vessels. The imports for that year were valued at 810
and the exports at 2,963, a total of 3,773. In 1872, a
century later, the entrances alone were 1,156 vessels, and
the exports and imports were valued at more than
$72,000,000.
During the Revolutionary war the condition of the river
was greatly changed. In 1779 two vessels were sunk near
the Garden Bank, others further down the river below the
lower end of Fig Island, at a place since known as the
"Wrecks," and still others above the city. These ob
structions caused great shoaling in the river, reducing the
high water depth at the Wrecks from 18 to 12 feet.
At the close of the war it became imperative that the
various wrecks obstructing navigation should be removed,
and in 1787 an act was passed by the State of Georgia
"levying a tax of 3 pence per ton on all shipping entering
the port of Savannah, the same to be appropriated and
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 157
set apart as a fund for clearing the river of 'wrecks,'" etc.,
and the commissioners of pilotage were empowered to
carry the same into effect, drawing on the collector of the
port from time to time for whatever sums may accrue and
be received by him for that purpose. This act was ap
proved by the United States in 1790, and by successive
acts at various times up to 1828. In 1822 steam passenger
vessels were exempted from this tax, and in 1823, by an
act of the State of Georgia, the tax was wholly repealed,
and the commissioners of pilotage "authorized and re
quired to apply any unexpended balance in their hands
or which may come into their hands to the purpose of re
moving obstructions in the Savannah River between said
city and Five Fathom Hole."
The amount of money received under this tax can not
be definitely ascertained, but was not much less than
$1,000,000. A report of date of 1791, based upon survey
of the river made in the preceding year, showed that it
was " expedient that a greater body of water should be
thrown into the main channel," and accordingly an act
was passed by the State legislature empowering the com
missioners of pilotage to "turn and alter any water course
or courses, to make cut-offs from river to river and from
creek to creek, so that the same be confined within the
upper point of the south end of Argyle Island on the main
stream of the said river and to the mouth thereof."
From 1804 to 1809, in pursuance of this authority, the
commissioners of pilotage attempted to stop the Back
River, and a number of piles were driven between Hutchin
son's Island and Argyle Island to impede the flow of
water into the Back River. Subsequent futile attempts to
close this channel were made, and some of the piles below
low water are still standing. In 1797 two projects for the
closure of the channel between Hutchinson's Island and
Fig Island were submitted, but no action was taken
thereon. In 1816 the commissioners of pilotage recom
mended that the Fig Island channel be closed, and various
efforts were made to accomplish this end by driving piles,
sinking wrecks, etc., but these efforts were not successful.
158 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
In 1820 they report upon the continued failure to close
the Cross Tides, and that the flow of water in the Back
River is increasing so much that Augusta boats can not
float at half-tide at many places in front of town. In 1823
a dredge was put to work on the Wrecks and the depth of
water over that shoal increased nearly 1 foot. From the
close of the Revolutionary war up to 1822, 11 to 12 feet
was the most the pilots would attempt to take out. In
1825 the dredging executed at the Wrecks had so improved
the channel that about 13 feet could be taken out in good
weather and with favorable tides.
Beyond the efforts made to close the channels at Cross
Tides and at Fig Island, and the dredging done at the
Wrecks, there is no record of any work paid for out of the
fund collected by the tax on shipping. The commis
sioners of pilotage accounted for the expenditure of this
money neither to the State nor to the United States, so
that its exact application, as well as the effect upon the
channel, is in doubt.
In 1826 the first appropriation fof the improvement of
the harbor was made by the general government, and the
amount, $50,000, was expended by the Treasury Depart
ment. Its object was to "remove obstructions in the
Savannah River below the city of Savannah." Dr. William
C. Daniell was appointed United States Commissioner
and directed to submit plans for carrying the act into ex
ecution. The project submitted, and which was approved,
contemplated the building of closure-dams at Cross Tides
and at Fig Island, and dredging at the Wrecks. An
alternative plan was to construct training-walls above
Hutchinson's Island, and below Fig Island, but the dams
were preferred. The dams were to be timber cribs, filled
with clay or other material, and were to be built up to 2
feet above mean low water.
A row of sheet-piling was to be driven along one face of
the dams and extending around the ends, while piles 10
by 10 inches were to be driven on the opposite face and
bolted to the face-timbers of the dam.
The cost of the two dams was estimated at $30,389.60.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 159
The cost of a suitable dredge and scows jvas estimated
at $10,000. The cost of removing material was estimated
at 20 cents per cubic yard, and the amount necessary to
be removed at 30,000 cubic yards, making the total cost of
the project $46,389.60. It was afterwards urged that some
of the dredging be done opposite Tybee Light, where it
was reported, in 1827, that a hard lump with only 12 feet
over it at mean low water was found, but no work was
done there.
A satisfactory bid was at last received for the Fig Island
dam and work was begun there, but the cribs were under
mined by the.current and carried away, the contractor's
material attached and he himself put in jail for debt, and
the work at last suspended. Other bids were called for,
but as none were received the United States decided to
vary the plan of construction and do the work by hired
labor. The plan was to build the dam of green oyster
shells and ballast stone thrown in riprap, facing the work
with clay, and bringing the crest of the dam up to 6 feet
above mean low wafer. When the dam was raised to 1
foot above mean low water it gave way, and the scour
produced by the overpower caused great settlement. The
plan was then changed to bring the dam up to only 3 feet
above mean low water, but the work was not successful,
and operations were at last suspended. In the mean time
the dredge was completed and put to work on the Wrecks
in 1829, when the channel was deepened about a foot, and
in 1830 vessels of from 13 to 14 feet draught were able to
go to sea with favorable winds and tides. The records of
the commissioners of pilotage give the mean low water
depth over the Wrecks as 6J feet in 1816, and as from 7
to 7i feet in 1830.
The Wrecks channel was deepened by dredging in 1835,
1836 and 1837, under the direction of Lieutenant Mansfield,
of the Corps of Engineers. He also advocated the con
struction of a dam between Hutchinson's and Argyle
Islands at the Cross Tides, but this was opposed by the
State of South Carolina, and therefore abandoned.
160 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
In 1839 Captain Mackay, of the Corps of Topographical
Engineers, reported that
" The visible diminution of the river on the south side
of Hutchinson's Island slowly and surely continues, and
the constant increase in the quantity of water in the Back
River goes on in the same proportion. * * * It is
evident, if some measures are not taken to prevent the in
crease of water passing by the Back River, the process
now going on will finally prevent vessels of anything like
a deep draught from coming to Savannah at all."
He recommended " a system of piers to be placed so as
to diminish the breadth of the inlet and outlet of the Back
River, thereby causing the water to be slightly checked in
its course, both in flood and ebb tide, and at once turn it
in the desired direction." His scheme of improvement,
however, was not adopted.
In 1849 Lieutenant Smith, of the Corps of Topographi
cal Engineers, recommended the closing of the Fig Island
Channel and the construction of two jetties, one extending
down stream from the lower end of Fig Island and the
other up stream from the upper end of Hutchinson's
Island, the former to direct the flood and the latter
the ebb current into Front River. This project was never
carried into effect. The first comprehensive study of the
river was made in 1853 by a commission organized under
the War Department to devise a project "for the removal
of obstructions in the Savannah River at a place called
the Wrecks, and the improvement of the navigation of
said river." This project, which was approved by the
Chief of Engineers and the Secretary of War, aimed at
securing a "channel of at least 10 feet in depth at ordi
nary low water from the entrance of the river up to the
city wharves, and a depth of 12 feet as high up as the
anchorage at Venus Point.
The recommendations contained in the project were
(1) " To widen and deepen the channel at the Wrecks
and over Garden Bank by dredging, straightening it at
the same time so as to give uniformity of curvature.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 161
(2) " To close the upper end of Fig Island, turning the
water south of the island.
(3) "To construct a jetty starting from the foot of Fig
Island and extending far enough in a northeasterly direc
tion to deflect a considerable portion of the flood from the
Back to the Front River.
(4) "To build a deflecting work just above King's Island
with a view to throw an increased volume of water into
Front River.
(5) " To dredge the channel over the knoll off Cockspur
Island, and, if found necessar3r
, to deepen the channel
north of King's Island and at the foot of Marsh Island,
and to make a cut across the lower point of Isla Island
and enlarge the existing cut across Drakie's Point, or to
make a cut across Hutchinson's Island from the Back to
the Front River, entering the latter just above Marsh
Island."
The estimated cost of the project was $201,427.
The sum asked for by the commission was appropriated,
and in 1853-'54 the Fig Island Channel was closed. In
1855-'56 a number of obstructions sunk during the Revo
lutionary war were removed from the Wrecks, and a
channel 11 feet deep at mean low water dredged through
that shoal. In 1857 the King's Island jetty was built,
and in 1859-'60 a considerable amount of dredging was
done, especially in the Knoll. Nothing more was done
towards carrying out the project of the commission.
When work was suspended at the outbreak of the civil
war vessels of 17.5 feet draught were able to come up to
the city wharves when aided by favorable winds and tides.
During the civil war a number of vessels, piles, iron-shod
snags, torpedoes, logs, and timber cribs Joaded'with brick
and stone were sunk at various points along the river. In
1861 two large ships and one smaller vessel were sunk
near Fort Pulaski. Later on cribs built of yellow pine
and loaded with paving stone, brick and live oak were
sunk at the head of Elba Island. Contiguous to and just
below these cribs sixty vessels were sunk in the channel.
This point has since been known as the " Obstructions."
n
fraperty ofMayor's Office
Savannah, (fa.
162 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
The South Channel was closed at its upper end in the
same manner, and nine cribs were sunk in an irregular
line between Fort Lee and Battery Tatnall. Two other
cribs were sunk a short distance above and used as a
mooring for the ram Georgia, which vessel, armored with
500 tons of railroad iron, was scuttled and sunk on the
night of the evacuation of Savannah. Wrecks were sunk
near Fig Island. The ram Ogeechee was sunk opposite
the City Exchange and another vessel was sunk a short
distance above that point. The obstructions thus placed
in the river caused great shoaling, reducing the high water
depth from 17^ to 13J feet. After the capture of Savan
nah in 1865, three cribs and one vessel were removed from
the obstructions by the Quartermaster's Department at a
cost of $30,000, and a smaller opening was made in the
South Channel by the United States Navy.
In 1866 the work of removing the wrecks, cribs, and
other obstructions in the river was begun by Mr. Henry
S. Welles, under contracts with the United States Treas
ury Department of the dates of May 1 and July 5, 1866.
Under these contracts, which were annulled on January
18, 1870, there were removed twenty vessels, forty cribs,
and one hundred and fifty piles, and a number of iron
snags and torpedoes. By an act of Congress approved
February 27. 1874, Mr. Welles was paid the sum of
$193,132.96 for the work executed. The navigation of the
river being seriously obstructed by the shoals, the City of
Savannah assumed charge of its improvement in 1867 and
dredged a channel 18 feet deep at mean high water
through the Wrecks and began a channel at the Obstruc
tions. In 1868 dredging was done at Marsh Island and
at a projecting point of the Georgia shore opposite King's
Island. In 1869 dredging was again done at the Wrecks,
and the channel north of the oyster beds, at that time 9^
feet deep at mean low water, was deepened. In 1870 the
Wrecks Channel was deep enough to admit a draught of
17J feet, but the channel was very crooked and continued
to shoal. The Garden Bank Shoal was dredged three
times, and the channel there was widened from 120 to 150
Pnporty ofMayor's Office,
Savannah, Qa.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 163
feet, but this improvement was not permanent. The shoal
opposite the foot of West Broad Street was also dredged
in the same year. In 1871 an opening was dredged north
of Marsh Island; 45 feet was cut off of the point below
Pipemaker's Creek, and the channel widened from 45 to
60 feet.
The channel at the Wrecks was also reopened. The
total number of cubic yards dredged by the city from
March, 1867, up to May, 1871, was 280,000, and the
amount expended for dredge boats, scows, steam-tugs,
labor and superintendence from the close of the war up
to 1872, when the United States Engineer Department
resumed charge of the improvement, was about $157,000,
not including interest on the original outlay. From 1865
to 1875 there were removed from the river (mostly by
Welles) sixty timber cribs, twenty-six wrecks of vessels,
two hundred piles and a number of logs, torpedoes, etc.
One torpedo in good condition was removed from the
channel as late as 1886. In 1872 the United States
Engineer Department resumed charge of the improve
ment of the river and harbor, and the appropriations for
that year and for 1873amounting to $100,000were ex
pended in removing from the channel six vessels, sixteen
cribs and one sunken lighter, and in dredging 166,500
cubic yards of material from various points between the
city and the mouth of the river.
In 1873 a project for the establishment of a channel
from Tybee Roads to the City of Savannah, practicable
at high tide for vessels drawing 23 feet of water, was sub
mitted by General Gillmore, of the Corps of Engineers.
The essential features of this project, which was approved
by the Department, were as follows :
(1) " To construct a dam or a deflecting jetty, prefer
ably the former, at the Cross Tides.
(2) " To widen the water-way opposite the city front to
575 feet.
(3) "To deepen the channel by dredging at various
points between the city and Tybee Roads."
The cost of thiiS improvement was estimated at $481,320
164 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
not including the cost of jetties and bulkheads which
might be found necessary at Fig Island and other points
along the river. It was believed by the author of the
project, that " if the construction of jetties should pre
cede dredging, a large portion of the material would
doubtless be removed by the increasing scouring effect of
the ebb currentprobably enough to cover the cost of
the jetties."
A Board of Engineers, to whom this project was re
ferred, recommended its adoption, and advised the re
moval of the old King's Island jetty, and suggested that
it might be found necessary to constiuct a jetty extending
eastward from the lower end of Fig Island. In the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1875, work under this project was
begun. It consisted in dredging at the Garden Bank,
Wrecks, Upper Flats and Tybee Knoll, and in the removal
of two cribs from the South Channel and one wreck (sunk
during the Revolutionary war) from near the Gulf Rail
road wharves. Some work was also done at the Ob
structions.
In the next fiscal year it was decided to abandon the
the tortuous channel at the Wrecks, and to open a new
and straight channel along the south shore of the river.
The river was also widened and deepened between King's
and Hutchinson's Islands, and dredging was done at
various points between Cross Tides and the sea. In Feb
ruary, 1876, the closing dam at Cross Tides was begun.
This structure was to consist of two rows of piling braced
together, the openings between the front row being closed
by sliding shutters, capable of being adjusted so as to
regulate the flow of water into Cross Tides. The piling
was to extend entirely across the stream, but an opening
was to be left in the middle deep enough to allow the pas
sage of small boats.
The State of South Carolina objected to the con
struction of this dam, and on May 13,1876, work was sus
pended in compliance with a temporary injunction granted
by the Supreme Court of the United States.
This injunction was removed, and work was-resumed in
MAYORS ANNUAL REPORT. 165
March of the next year. In April a freshet carried away
186 feet of the outer end of the dam. The structure was
so much injured that it was deemed best to suspend oper
ations in order to consider the question of a modification
of the original design of the dam. The engineer in charge,
moreover, considered it inexpedient to resume work upon
the dam until the waterway below should have been en
larged, so as to afford a free passage for the increased
volume of water diverted into Front River by the dam.
In 1878, beyond dredging at the oyster beds and on the
Knoll, the only work done was the removal of ten piles
obstructing navigation at the Cross Tides.
During the next fiscal year dredging was done between
Cross Tides and the Gulf Railroad Wharf, in order to
facilitate the entrance of the flood tide, and a new dam
was begun at the Cross Tides. This dam was built 273
feet above the abandoned pile structure, and was com
posed of a compact mattress of brush and cane, overlaid
with riprap stone.
About two-thirds of the foundation course was laid dur
ing the year. The appropriations from the beginning of
the work in 1874 having been small, the urgent demands
of commerce had required the expenditure of the greater
part of the funds for dredging. In 1879 an enlarged pro
ject of improvement was submitted by General Gillmore,
retaining the features of the project of 1873, but recom
mending the definite adoption of the North instead of the
South Channel, which involved the construction of a sub
merged dam across the South Channel, and the closing of
all lateral channels from the head of Elba Island to Fort
Pulaski. It also provided for shore protection at various
points along the river where needed, as well as for dredg
ing, a feature which was essentially embraced in the
previous project. The eventual necessity of a jetty ex
tending down stream from Fig Island, and the contraction
of the channel from Elba to Cockspur Islands was recog
nized, but no estimates were given for this work.
In 1880 the foundation of the Cross Tides dam was
completed, and its crest brought up with riprap stone to
166 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
about four feet below mean low water. Part of the found
ation course of the South Channel dam was also laid in
that year. It was built of log and brush mattresses,
loaded with riprap stone. Dredging was done between
the city and Cross Tides, and at the Garden Bank,
Wrecks and Obstructions, and a cut about 35 feet wide
was made in the King's Island jetty.
In the next fiscal year the Cross Tides dam was com
pleted. In many places its crest rose to mean low water,
but near the Argyle Island end for a length of about 100
feet there was from 6 feet to 8 feet at low water over the
dam. The changes produced in the river bed by this dam
were very marked. In 1874, on a line 60 feet below the
dam, the average depth at mean low water was 8 feet, the
maximum depth being 16 feet. In 1881, the average
depth on this line was 15 feet, with maximum depths of
36.5 feet.
i
In the same year the shore of Argyle Island adjacent to
the Cross Tides dam was protected against erosion, and
the gap in the King's Island jetty was enlarged to 70
feet.
Fig Island Point and Screven's Point were cut off.
The bottom course of the South Channel dam, 1,460 feet
in length, was completed, and 394 feet of the second
course was laid. Over a quarter of a million cubic yards
were dredged at various points between Cross Tides and
the Knoll.
In 1882 another modification of the original project of
improvement was submitted. It retained all of the prin
cipal features of the two preceding projects, but provided
in addition for a number of works designed to render the
further improvement of the channel permanent.
The details of this project were :
(1) " To raise the Cross Tides dam to mean high water.
(2) " To regulate the width of the river along the city
front by enlarging the water-way at certain points and by
contracting it by wing-dams at Garden Bank, where the
widths are excessive.
MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT. 167
(3) " To construct a training wall, extending from the
from the lower end of Fig Island eastward about one mile,
its crest to be about three feet above mean low water.
(4) " To close the channels between Barnwell Islands,
to raise the South Channel dam, and to contract the river
by wing-dams at various points between the head of Elba
Island and Fort Pulaski."
Shore protection was alone provided for at various
points along the river, as well as dredging upon all the
shoals between the city and the sea.
The cost of this project was estimated at $730,000, mak
ing the total cost of improvement $1,212,000.
In the same year the Cross Tides dam was raised to 3
feet above mean low water by brush mattresses and rip
rap stone, and the adjacent shore was revetted by log
mattresses to protect it from scour. Two wing-dams were
built at Garden Bank, reducing the width of the waterWvay from about 1,000 feet to 600 feet. A training wall,
with its crest 3 feet above mean low water, was built from
the lower end of Fig Island 5,000 feet eastward ; closingdams were built at Philbrick's Cut, Big Gap and Dutch
Gap. All of these dams were built of log and brush mat
tresses, loaded with riprap stone. Over 100,000 cubic
yards were dredged during the year between Cross Tides
and Tybee Knoll.
In the following year it was found that the Cross Tides
dam had settled badly, its crest being in places from 4 to
6 feet below mean low water. About 700 cubic yards of
stone were distributed over the work during the year. A
third wing-dam was built at Garden Bank. A wing-dam
was built just above the Fig Island training wall, and the
latter was extended 1,000 feet. The width of the bottom
course of the original work varied from 20 to 40 feet, but
as this had settled badly in placesespecially at the Old
Ship Channel Crossingthe width of the foundation
course of the extension was made from 55 to 70 feet.
Some stone was placed on the crest of the work to bring
it to a uniform height, and eleven spurs were built on the
channel side, making the width of the water-way between
168 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
the end of the spur heads and mean low water on the op
posite shore vary from 680 feet at the upper end to 740
feet at the lower end. .
The Barnwell's Island closing dams were constructed.
A dam was built at the Obstructions, reducing the width
of the channel to 1,000 feet, and four dams were built at
the Upper Flats, reducing the low water width of the
channel at that point to from 1,050 feet to 1,100 feet.
The dams at Philbrick's Cut and at Big Gap had
settled several feet at some points, and some stone was
placed on these to bring their crests to a uniform height.
During the fiscal year ending 1884 wing-dams for the
improvement of the Lower Flats Crossing were partly
built. Some stone was put on the dam at Philbrick's
Cut and dredging was done between the city and the
Lower Flats.
In 1885 the Cross Tides dam, which had settled badly,
was raised to mean high water by building above or on
the up-stream side of its crest, the original crest being
too narrow to be built upon. A wide apron mattress was
sunk against its down-stream face to protect it against
undermining. The log mattresses which were used set
tled some, and the gaps were filled with brush fascines
and stone. About two-thirds of the Fig Island trainingwall was brought up to 5 feet above mean low water by
brush fascines loaded with riprap stone. Two wing-dams
were built at the lower end of the Upper Flats Crossing,
and the dams at the Lower Flats, the foundations of
which were laid in 1883-'84, were completed. Two wingdams were built at the Long Island Crossing, reducing
the width of the river from 3,100 feet to 1,300 feet. The
Oyster Bed dam was begun, and dredging was done at
various points between the city and Fort Pulaski.
In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, the Cross Tides
dam, which had settled in some places, was again brought
up to mean high water. The crest of the Fig Island train
ing-wall was brought up to 5 feet above mean low water
throughout. Some gaps in the dams at the Upper Flats
were filled with brush fascines and stone. The dams at
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 169
the Long Island Crossing, which had settled in a few
places, were brought to an even crest with brush fascines
and stone.
The crest of the Oyster Bed dam was brought to about
mean low water. The gaps in the Philbrick's Cut and
Big Gap dams were filled with brush fascines and stone.
Dredging was done between the city and the Lower
Flats. During the next fiscal year the Fig Island jetty
was raised to mean high water and extended 750 feet. A
small gap in Dam No. 25 was filled with brush fascines
and stone; the dams at the Lower Flats and at the Long
Island Crossing, which were injured by the cyclone of
1885, were repaired ; two wing-dams were built at the
lower end of the Long Island Crossing, reducing the
width of the river to 1,350 feet, and the closing dams at
Philbrick's Cut and Big Gap was brought up to mean
high water.
All of the dams upon the river are built of log mat
tresses of an average thickness of 15 inches. The mats
are covered with from 4 to 9 inches of brush, and loaded
with from 5 to 9 inches of stone, the top course receiving
about 13 inches. In profile the shore ends of the dams
are at high water level, or at the height of the adjacent
shore. The crest then slopes down to about 5 feet above
mean low water, which height is maintained to within
about 200 feet of the outer end of the dam ; the crest then
falls gradually to the outer end, where a toe or a wider
lower mat is placed. Repairs, when needed, have in gen
eral been made by filling the holes with brush fascines
loaded with riprap stone.
170 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
TABLES OF WORK DONE.
Training Walls and DamsYear ending June 30. Stone.
Cubic Yards.
1879 1,030.00
1180 2,048.00
1881 508.00
1882 9,917.75
1883 21,095.00
18-S4 5,642.72
1885 21,202.94
1836 : 4,526.35
1887 | 17,241.75
Total I 83,212.51
1888 j 429.2S
Aggregate I 83.671.74
Log and Brush
Mattresses
Brush Fascines
' and Brush
Mattresses.
Square Yards.
5(4.00
1,523.00
63,545.30
73,669.70
29,359.66
105,095.86
12,042.82
40,980.45
331,750.97
331,750.78
Cubic Yards.
2,720.00
1,257.00
9,035.60
5,631.49
4,043.70
39,053.43
61,744.22
817.93
62,562.15
Dredging (Cubic Yards).
Year ending
June 30.
Between
Cross
Tides and
Central
Railroad
Wharf.
Between
^
V
^!r
harden Hutchin- ""* Bank.
son's 1 "
1I"-
Island, i ;1
Cut from
Fig Island
Point.
Screven's
Point.
1874 I
1875 61,019
1876 8,280 10,371
1877 25.047 i
1878 i
1879 27,131
1880 27,711 11,383
18,813
18,364
23,191
2,239
5,547
4,954
24,833.5
1881 94.819 118,229
5,925
23,505
1832 1
!
1833
1884 1 1,913
1885 ! 3,908
1886
1887 i i 24.712
Total
Year
ending
June 30.
Channel
at the
Wrecks.
Obstruc
tions.
Upper
Flats.
Lower
Flats,
Oyster
Bed.
Tybee
Knoll.
Total
in
Year
1874 2,436
27,103
57.219 ! 2.3fifi ,55,349
99,989
18,319
fi 395
117,370
1875 19,634 207 775
1876 190,921 3,984
114.922 2Si;05
158,566
95,621
27 131
1877 12.202
1873.... 67,265 IHRftK i 17 471
1879 '
1880. 114,716 15,158
13,276
M^eei
268,220
114,629
129,458
79 616
1881 12,019
37,153
77,183
8,448
39,765
20,531
41,843
3,964 3,965 14,408
20,140
26.192
1882 33,047
1883 29,084
1884 32,090
21,368
1 <i87
34,926
1885 27,526 98,114
38,473
121,093
1886 a 134 8,167
1887 ! 4,418.5 25,286
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 171
ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS.
By tax on shipping entering Savannah Har
bor, 1787 to 1826, unknown, estimated
at $100,000.00
By the United States:
May 18. 1826 $50,000.00
March 3,1829 24,490.00
July 3,1832 25,000.00
March 2,1833 8,473.68
June 28,1834 30,000.00
March 3,1835 20,000.00
July 7,1838 15,000.00
August 30, 1852 40,000.00
March 3,1855 161,000.00
Total, 1826 to 1855 $375,963.68
By the City of Savannah, 1867 to 1871 $157,00000
By the United States :
June 10,1872 50,000.00
March 3, 1873 50,000.00
February 27,1874 (expended under Treas
ury Department) 193,132.96
Total, 1872 to 1874 $293,132.96
By the United States :
June 23, 1874 $50,000.00
March 3, 1875 70,000.00
August 14, 1876 62,000.00
June 18 1878 70,000.00
March 1,1879 100,000.00
June 14, 1880 65,000.00
March 3, 1881 65,000.00
August 2,1882 200,000.00
July 5,1884 200,000.00
August 5, 1886 150,000.00
Total, 1874 to 1886 $1,032,000.00
In no instance since the beginning of the present pro
ject of improvement has the appropriation equaled the
estimate of the engineer in charge, and the cost of work
has been, in consequence, increased in some instances as
much as 100 per cent. The progress of the work has been
much retarded, thus seriously obstructing the commercial
growth of the port.
172 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
SUPERINTENDENCE.
The work done by the State of Gaorgia from 1787 to
1826 was under the direction of the Commissioners of
Pilotage.
From 1826 to 1829 the work of improvement was done
by the Treasury Department under the supervision of Dr.
William C. Daniell.
By an act of 1829 the work was transferred to the War
Department, and was in charge of Lieutenant Mansfield,
of the Corps of Engineers, in 1835-'36-'37. Captain
Mackey, of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was iu
charge in 1839. In 1849 Lieutenant Smith, of the Corps
of Topographical Engineers, submitted a plan for the im
provement of the river.
From 1852 to 1860 the work was in charge of Captain
Gilmer, of the Corps of Engineers. The removal of wrecks
from 1865 to 1872 was done under the direction of the
Treasury Department, and the dredging from 1867 to 1871
under the direction of the city of Savannah.
In 1872 the United States Engineer Department re
sumed control of the work, General Gillmore, of the Corps
of Engineers, in charge. At his death on April 7, 1887,
General Abbot, of the Corps of Engineers, assumed charge
until April 24, 1888, when he was relieved by Lieut. O. M.
Carter, of the Corps of Engineers, who is still in charge.
COTTON STATISTICS OF THE PORT OF SAVANNAH, GA., FOR THE
COMMERCIAL YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 18S7.
[By E. F. Bryan, Superintendent Savannah Cotton Exchange.]
Receipts from all Sources.
Quantity. Weight. Value.
Upland
Bales.
781,06!)
27,365
Pounds.
372,765,180
10,316,61)5
S31,367,036
1,970,260
Exports from Savannah.
Upland. Sea Island.
Coastwise
Bales.
289,8;8
223,391
18,648
243,960
Bales.
26,195
1,744
Prtporty ofMayor's Office,
Savannah, Go.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 173
Receipts from all Sources.
Quantity. Weight. Value.
Upland
Bales.
775,827
27,939
Pounds.
370,263,436
10,533,003
834,136,388
Sea. Island 2,011 608
With the exception of 20,170 bales of cotton included
in coastwise exports, which is transit to Charleston by
rail, this port is solely dependent upon her water-way
facilities for transporting the remainder of the above ex
ports.
The number of steamships carrying cotton to foreign
ports from Savannah during the cotton season of 1877-'78
amounted to 11 ; 1879-'80, increased to 39; 1882-'3, in
creased to 42; 1884-'85, increased to 63; 1886-'87, in
creased to 81.
Taking the freight rates to Liverpool as a basis, the
prevailing rates for cotton by steam vessels during the
season of 1877-'78 was  to T
7
7d. per pound ; 1887-'88, was
ii to -jB-cl- per pound.
The marked increase in the number of vessels is prin
cipally due to the offerings of the port in freights, but the
lowering of the freight rate is almost entirely due to the
facilities afforded vessels of larger capacity, by virtue of
deeper water in our river, for reaching our wharves and
cotton presses, as well as the railways terminating at this
point. Ten to fifteen years ago a large number of heavy
draught vessels, steam and sail, could only load part cargo
at our presses and wharves, taking in and completing
cargo some 8 or 10 miles below the city at deep water ;
that portion of cargo taken at deep water was conveyed
to the vessels, on lighters propelled by tug boats ; this in
volved much expense to the vessel, which was necessarily
added to the freight rate, the last analysis being smaller
net returns to the producer. To-day, with what improve
ments have been made by the Government in the river
and harbor, it is the exception when a vessel does not
take in her entire cargo at the city wharves and presses.
The improvements have thus far been of material bene
fit to this port. With greater facilities for larger vessels
will come lower rates of ocean freights. This means
greater net returns to producers, and does not apply to
cotton alone, but to every article for export, whether from
the soil, the factory, or the furnace.
v.
ft
174 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
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176 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
IMPROVEMENT OF SAVANNAH RIVER BETWEEN
THE CITIES OF SAVANNAH AND AUGUSTA, GA.
The Savannah Eiver is formed by the junction of the
Tugaloo and Keowee, and flows in a southeasterly di
rection to the sea. Its channel length from this junction
to its mouth is about 450 miles, while the distance in a
direct line is only 250 miles. It drains, with its tributa
ries, an area of about 8,200 square miles. The country
bordering the upper part of the river is hilly and gen
erally cultivated up to the river banks; that bordering the
lower part is loiv and swampy, the banks on either side
for miles being overflowed duiing every freshet season.
Freshets, caused by the melting of show in the mountains
and by heavy rainfalls lower down, are of frequent oc
currence. At Augusta, during the Harrison freshet in
1840, the water-guage registered 37.3 feet, and freshets of
from 20 to 25 feet above low water are not uncommon.
The distance between the cities of Augusta and Savan
nah is about 100 miles in a straight fine and 273 miles by
river.
Operations for improving the river have been carried
on in accordance with a project of improvement sub
mitted to the Chief of Engineers by General Gillmore, the
officer then in charge, dated December 22, 1880, and
printed as Appendix J 6, Annual Report of the Chief of
Engineers for 1881. A revision of this project is printed
as Appendix N 7, Annual Eeport of the Chief of En
gineers for 1887.
ORIGINAL CONDITION.
For the greater part of the year the river is navigable
for steam boats drawing from 4 to 5 feet, but during the
low water season there are various shoals in the upper
portion of the river with low water depths of not more
than 2 or 3 feet. The chief obstructions to navigation
consist of sand bars, overhanging trees, snags and sunken
logs.
PLAN OF IMPROVEMENT.
The plan of improvement provides for the establish
ment of a low water channel, not less than 5 feet in depth,
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 177
between the cities of Savannah and Augusta. This is to
be obtained by
(1) Narrowing the river by low wing-dams where ex
cessive widths produce or maintain bars.
(2) Aiding the accumulation of silt between the wingdams by light hurdle traverses.
(3) Protecting the banks where needed by thin flexible
brush mattresses weighted with stone, or in some other
suitable manner.
(4) Cutting off projecting points of land.
(5) Removing snags, floating timber and overhanging
trees.
(6) Aiding the formation of the low water channel in a
few localities by dredging.
The cost of the improvement was estimated in the
original project of 1880 at $91,000, and in the revised pro
ject of 1887 at $176,000. Both projects and estimates
were based upon insufficient data and need revision. No
money was ever expended by the United States in im
proving the Savannah Eiver prior to the adoption of the
present project. Since that time four appropriations,
aggregating $70,000, have been made for the work.
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS PRIOR TO JULY 1, 1887.
The first appropriation ever made for the Savannah
River was expended on a snag boat built for use upon this
river and the Altamaha. This boat began work upon the
river on February 17, 1882, and has been employed at in
tervals since that date ; continuous work having been im
possible on account of insufficiency of funds. Irregular
and inadequate appropriations have prevented the selec
tion of the most suitable seasons for doing work. Then,
too, the boat has been tied up for months at a time in a
climate where decay is very rapid. As a result numerous
and costly repairs have had to be made, which would not
have been needed had the boat been kept in commission.
The boat is now rotten and unserviceable. In all, the
boat has been employed 505 days upon the river between
Augusta and Savannah, removing during that time 1
12
178 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
sunken steambo it, 82 piles, 980 snags, logs and stumps,
and 1,373 obstructing trees, besides a number of wrecked
flats, and other minor obstructions. Many of the ob
stacles were very large and troublesome, and their re
moval without a suitable snag boat would have been imimpossible.
In 1883-5 wing-dams projecting from the South Carolina
bank were built for the improvement of Gardner's Bar,
opposite the city of Augusta, contracting the low water
way from 650 feet to 350 feet. In the same year shore
protection, aggregating iu length 1,375 feet was put in at
eight different points along the city front. Since then
contracting works have been constructed at Course's Bar,
Sand Bar Ferry, and Blue House Bar, situated 2, 4, and
6 miles, respectively, below the city of Augusta.
At Course's Bar 7 wing-dams have been built, 3 on the
right bank and 4 on the left, reducing the low water way
from 650 to 350. At Sand Bar Ferry 5 wing-dams have
been built, 1 on the right bank and 4 on the left, reducing
the low water way from 650 to 400 feet.
At Blue House Bar 7 wing-dams have been built, 4 on
the right bank and 3 on the left, reducing the width of
the low water way from 650 to 400 feet. These various
works have been built of brush fascines, loaded with
gravel and riprap stone. In their construction there have
been used a total of 13,047.61 cubic yards of brush fascines
and 8,265.52 cubic yards of gravel and stone.
All work, with the exception 'of that done by the snag
boat, has been done by contract.
Up to July 1, 1887, the total expenditures for the work,
including outstanding liabilities, amounted to $72,345.08.
CONDITION OF WORK JUNE 30, 1888.
An examination of the river was made in June, 1888,
when it was about 3.5 feet above summer low water stage.
The wing-dams at Gardner's Bar are in good order, as
is also the shore protection along the city front.
The depth along the city wharves just below the bridge
has increased during the year, but a shoal middle ground
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 179
abreast of Dams 4 and 5 has been developed, over which
there is in places only 5 feet at a 3.5 foot stage of water.
Between Gardner's and Course's Bar there is a channel
depth of only about 6 feet at the same stage.
At Course's Bar the wing-dams are in good condition,
and have scoured out a channel nowhere less than 7.5
feet deep at a 3.5 foot stage of water, while near the lower
end of the crossing, between Dams 11 and 12, the chan
nel depth varies from 9 to 12.5 feet at the same stage.
At Sand Bar Ferry some cutting has taken place on the
Georgia bank in rear of the shore protection at a and be
hind Dam 3. The other dams are in good condition. The
channel has deepened and widened, there being at present
a navigable channel nowhere less than 8.5 feet deep at a
3.5 foot stage. Near the lower end of this crossing, be
tween Dams 3 and 4, there are low water channel depths
of over 15 feet, where a year ago depths of less than 3
feet were found.
At Blue House Bar the dams on the right bank of the
river are in good condition. Those on the left bank are
quite badly torn up. During the high water of 1886 the
bank cut away about 80 feet behind the inner end of Dam
2 and about 40 feet behind the inner end of Dam 4.
These dams were extended in 1887 and strongly con
nected with the new bank. A new dam, 230 feet in
length, including shore protection, called a, was built
about 300 feet above Dam 2.
These dams were in good condition at the close of the
last fiscal year. During the recent high freshets the
banks again cut badly, there being a tendency of the
river to break through the narrow neck of the South Car
olina shore, just above Blue House Bar, and abandon the
present channel. There are now gaps of from 75 to 250
feet between the inner ends of the dams and the new left
bank of the river. Considerable shoaling has taken place
at this locality. There is still, however, a practicable
channel not less than 6 feet deep at a 3.5 foot stage.
180 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION.
In 1880, prior to the improvement, there were two
steamboats plying upon the river, carrying about 40,000
tons of freight annually. Owing to the bad condition of
the river, rendering navigation slow and dangerous, no
through business was done.
At present there are five steamboats plying upon the
river, which carry annually over 125,000 tons of freight.
Of this amount more than 80,000 tons is through freight.
It is estimated that the improvements thus far executed
have reduced rates of freight at least 20 per cent., thus
effecting an annual saving on freights alone of over
$25,000 per per year.
The river commerce is growing rapidly.
It is estimated that during the next year 100,000 bales
of cotton will be carried by river, and that the up-stream
freight will be largely increased. The cotton shipping
season begins when the river is, as a rule, at a low stage.
Could boats drawing 5 feet of water navigate the river at
all seasons of the year the amount of commerce and navi
gation upon the stream would undoubtedly be at once
very much increased.
MISCELLANEOUS.
A new snag boat is needed for this river, the present
one being rotten and unserviceable.
The work is located in the collection district of Savan
nah, Ga. Savannah is the nearest port of entry. Amount
of duties collected in 1887, $48,837.12. Forts Oglethorpe
and Pulaski are the nearest forts, and the nearest light
houses are those upon the river below Savannah.
Since the existing project for improving the Savannah
River was adopted the following appropriations and allot
ments have been made for the work:
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 181
By act of Congress approved
March 3, 1881 $15,000
August2,1882 25,000
July 5,1884 15,000
August5,1886 15,000
Total $70,000
Received from other appropriations for use of
snag boat 2,500
Aggregate $72,500
The total expenditures to June 30, 1888, including all
outstanding liabilities, were $72,349.77.
It is proposed to expend any funds which may become
available during the present fiscal year in the removal
of obstructions, in the construction of works of shore
protection, and in the improvement of the shoals in the
river, after a revision of the project. It is certain that the
amounts given in former annual reports upon this work
as necessary to complete the improvement will not be
sufficient, inasmuch as these reports were based upon un
reliable and insufficient data. A comprehensive plan of
improvement with estimates of cost can not be submitted
without the necessary examinations and surveys, which
will be made as soon as funds are available and the stage
of water will permit.
The sum of $100,000 can be advantageously and econ
omically expended during the coming year.
No permanent improvement can be effected, as new
obstructions caused by snags and logs form during every
high water season. They should, however, become fewer
in number each year. From $1,000 to $5,000 will be re
quired for the annual maintenance of the completed work.
A brief history of past work upon this improvement,
prepared by Mr. W. R. Curtis, assistant engineer, is ap
pended hereto.
182 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
MONEY STATEMENT.
July 1, 1887, amount available $154.92
July 1, 1888, amount expended during
fiscal year, exclusive of liabilities out
standing July 1, 1887 $3.19
July 1, 1888, outstanding liabilities 1.50
4.69
July 1, 1888, balance available 150.23
Amount appropriated by act of August 11,1888. 21,000.00
Amount available for fiscal year ending June
30,1889 . 21,150.23
Amount that can be profitably expended in fiscal
year ending June 30, 1890 $79,000.00
Submitted in compliance with requirements of Section
2 of River and Harbor Acts of 1866 and 1867.
HISTORY OF PAST WORK IMPROVING SAVANNAH
RIVER BELOW AUGUSTA, GA.
By W. R. Curtis, Assistant Engineer.
1854.An examination of this work was made by Capt.
J. F. Gilmer, of the Corps of Engineers, his report, dated
June 23, 1854, being printed as part of Ex. Doc. No. 124,
H. R., Thirty-third Congress, first session.
1879-'80.An act of Congress approved June 14, 1880,
authorized an examination and survey of this river. This
was made by Gen. Q. A. Gillmore, of the Corps of En
gineers, whose report and project of improvement are
printed in Appendix J 6, Annual Report of the Chief of
Engineers for 1881.
1880-'81.An act of Congress approved March 3, 1881,
appropriated $15,000 for improving Savannah River,
Georgia, which was assumed to include that portion of the
river from Augusta to Cross Tides, 4 miles above Savan
nah. This was the first appropriation made for this
work.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 183
A snag boat, to be paid for in part from this appropria
tion, and in part from the appropriation for the Altamaha
River, was commenced in 1881.
1881-'82.The snag boat Toccoa was completed in Feb
ruary, 1882, and on the 17th began the removal of snags,
piles, trees, etc., at the worst obstructed points, begin
ning at the " Obstructions," 180 miles above Savannah,
and working down the river.
From February 17 to April 5 and from May 4 to May
24, 1882, 26 piles were removed from the Obstructions,
160 snags, logs, and stumps, and 3 drift piles were re
moved from the river channel, and 207 overhanging trees
cut and pulled back out of the way of boats.
1882-r
83.An act of Congress approved August 2, 1882,
appropriated $25,000 for continuing this improvement.
At Gardner's Bar, in front of the city of Augusta, Ga., 5
wing-dams, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, of brush fascine mat
tresses loaded with stone, were built from the Carolina
shore. These dams were from 250 to 300 feet in length
and contracted the low water channel to 350 feet in width.
Those dams present little obstruction to the river at high
stages, their shore ends being 4 feet and outer ends 3 feet
above low water, which is 4 feet 4 inches on the Augusta
toll-bridge gauge. Eight prominent points on the Georgia
shore opposite to and below Gardner's Bar were pro
tected by 1,375 linear feet of shore protection of brush
fascines loaded with stone.
Three dams, Nos. 7, 8, and 9, were commenced on
Course's Bar, 1 mile below Gardner's Bar, No. 9, being
completed and the foundation courses of No. 7 and No. 8
being laid before work was suspended. Five thousand
three hundred and ninety-eight and eighty-one one-hundredths cubic yards of fascines and 4,677.12 cubic yards
of stone were used in these several works, all of which
were done by contract. Operations were begun in Feb
ruary and suspended June 22, 1883.
From November 13 to December 11, 1882, and from
February 14 to March 14, 1883, the snag boat Toccoa
184 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
worked on the river above Savannah, removing 104 snags
and logs, 32 piles, 2 wrecks, and 140 overhanging trees.
1883-'84:From August 11 to September 11, 1883, and
from March 7 to 25, 1884, the snag boat Toccoa operated
on the river from Savannah to King's Creek, 152 miles
above, removing 88 snags, 19 piles, and 45 overhanging
trees.
1884-'85.An act of Congress approved July 15, 1884,
appropiiated $15,000 for continuing this improvement.
Contract work began April 19 and ended June 30, 1885.
The two unfinished dams on Course's Bar were completed,
and two new dams, Nos. 10 and "A," were built. At
Sand Bar Ferry Bar, 4 miles below Augusta, 4 wing-dams,
Nos. 1, 2, 4, and " X," were built on the Carolina shore,
and one, No. 3, on the Georgia shore, reducing the low
water width of the river over this shoal to 400 feet. At
Blue House Bar, 6 miles below Augusta, two pairs of
dams, Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5, were built, reducing the low
water width of the river to 400 feet. Four thousand nine
hundred and sixteen cubic yards of fascines and 1,863
cubic yards of stone were used in these several works.
From July 18, 1884, to January 29, 1885, the snag boat
Toccoa operated between Savannah and Augusta, re
moving 369 snags and logs, 3 piles, 385 overhanging trees,
and 1 wreck.
1885-'86.No work was done on account of lack of
funds.
1886-'87.An act of Congress approved August 5, 1886,
appropriated $15,000 for continuing this improvement.
Contract work began March 16, and ended April 30, 1887.
At Blue House Bar during the continued high water of
the previous year the bank on the Carolina shore had
caved badly, and at low water the river flowed around the
inner ends of dams Nos. 2 and 4 from 6 to 8 feet deep.
These dams were continued to the shore and strong shore
protection constructed. Dam No. 3 had settled some
what and was raised to its proper level. Two new dams,
Nos. 1 and " A," were built at the head of the shoal, and
one, No. 3, between the two old dams on the Georgia
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 185
shore. At Courses Bar, dams Nos. 8 and 10 were raised
and strengthened and two new dams, Nos. 11 and 12, were
built with a water way of 480 feet between their heads.
Two thousand seven hundred and thirty-two and eighttenths cubic yards of fascines and 1,725.4 cubic yards of
rock were used in these seveial works.
From October 12, 1886, to February 27, 1887, the snag
boat Toccoa operated between Savannah and Augusta,
removing 259 logs, snags, and stumps, and 596 overhang
ing trees.
" gst*"
186 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
STATISTICS OF PORT PREPARED FOR NAVAL
COMMISSION, APRIL, 1889.
REPORT OF THE HEALTH OFFICER.
The low rate of mortality of the city of Savannah is a
surprise to persons who have been led to believe that all
Southern cities are death holes. It cannot be said that
this state of affairs has always existed.
Each year has shown a wonderful improvement in the
health of the city and a corresponding decrease in the
number of cases of sickness caused by a specific atmos
pheric poison.
This improvement is due to several causes, the two
principal ones being the thorough drainage system in
vogue herethe city and the surrounding country is
almost perfectly drained so far as storm water is con
cerned ; the water supply is the other principal reason for
extreme healthfulness.
From more than a dozen artesian wells flow daily nearly
10,000,000 gallons of water. Its healthfulness is clearlv
demonstrated by the following analysis by Dr. C. F. Chan
dler, of N^w York :
No. of Grains iit A. W. S. Gallon of 231 cub. inches.
Chlorine of Chloride^. ".Y. ^XiX 0.6192
Equivalent to Sodium 'dhloride^. 1.0218
Phosphates Trace
Nitrates None
Nitrogen of Nitrates 6.02S3
Free Ammonia None
Albuminoid Ammonia 0.0017
Hardness Equivalent to before boiling 4 0463
Carbonate of Lime after " 1.7804
Soda 0.7987
Potassia 0.1252
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 187
Lime 2.0344
Magnesia 0.7093
Oxide of Iron and Alumina 0.0233
Silica 2.1929
Sulphuric Acid 0.5160
Equivalent to Sulphate of Iron 0.8772
Organic and Volatile Matter 0.5832
Mineral Matter 12.8299
Total Solids, 110 centigrade 13.4131
Biological Analysis, 227 Colonies in one Cubic Centimeter:
Appearance in two-foot tube Clear, colorless
Odor None
Taste None
By the 1st of June all waste matter will be burned in a
crematory now being erected for the city by the Hughes
Furnace Company. This includes the destruction of night
soil.
The maritime quarantine restrictions are such that no
contagious or infectious disease can be brought by any
vessel arriving here.
In other words, Savannah has taken advantage of all
improvements in sanitation, and continues to do so when
ever an opportunity presents itself.
The table of statistics for the past ten years presents
Savannah as one of the healthiest cities in the United
States.
The following mortality table is copied from the Sanita
ry Era, a magazine published in New York city in the
interest of hygiene, and the paper has no local interest in
any Southern city. It will be seen that the principal
cities of the South Atlantic Gulf coast are given; the
small towns, such as Beaufort and Port Royal, S. C, and
Darien and Brunswick, Ga., do not make regular state
ments of their mortality. All towns with populations of
less than ten thousand are not worthy of consideration in
health statistics. Their sanitary laws governing the re
porting of infectious and contagious diseases, the correct
record of deaths, and the correct classification of diseases
are lax, or altogether wanting.
188 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
ANNUAL RATIO PER 1,000.
PLACE. Popula
tion. Period
i All.
Zymotics. White.
New Orleans, La...
Mobile, Ala
248,000
40,000
15,000
57,000
60,145
23,000
Dec,
Jan.,
Feb.,
Feb.,
Feb.,
Jan.,
'88.!
'89.j
'89.1
'89.'
'89.'
'89.|
27.44
18.75
14.56
13.69
27.95
22.4
3.72
3.3
2.08
1.14
2.6
0.52
26.20
Pensacola, Fla
This table, prepared by a disinterested journal, speaks
well for the health of our city.
The following table shows the comparative improve
ment in the health of the city. It will be well to notice
the decrease of malarial fevers :
MORTUARY RECORD OF SAVANNAH, FROM 1879 TO 1888,
INCLUSIVE.
Population. No. Deaths Annual ratio
ner 1.000. No. Deaths.
Year.
Whites. Blacks.
15,163
Whts Bl'ks. Whites.
23.7
Blacks. Mai. Typli
1879... 17,493 416 686 45.1 81 11
1880... 18,229 15,019 462 885 25.3 58.8 53 14
1881... 19,114 15,765 557 903 29.1 57.2 68 29
1882... 20,514 16,819 375 740 18.2 43.9 87 20
1883... 23,839 16,652 488 659 20.4 39.5 68 12
1884... 25,362 19,150 466 703 17.9 36.7 76 19
1885... 25,720 19,111 333 659 13.7 35.4 53 8
1886... 26,675 19,111 458 953 17.1 49.8 98 22
1887... 29,136 23,691 460 796 15.71 33.68 101 10
It will be noticed that while Savannah has increased its
population the deaths have decreased, not only as to the
annual ratio per thousand, but in actual number of deaths.
The monthly mortality reports of Savannah are sent to
over one hundred cities in the United States, and those
cities send their reports to the Health Officer. By com
parison Savannah stands in the front rank of healthful
ness.
W. F. BRUNNER, M. D.,
Health Officer.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 189
UNITED STATES ENGINEER OFFICE, )
RIVER AND HARBOR IMPROVEMENTS AND FORTIFICATIONS >
IN GEORGIA AND NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA. j
SAVANNAH, GA., March 19,1889.
Hon. John Schwarz, Mayor Savannah, Ga.:
SIRIn reply to your letter of the 18th instant asking
for information concerning the advantages of Savannah
as a site for a naval station, I have the honor to invite
your attention to my various reports upon the harbor,
copies of which are already in your possession. Among
other advantages, the harbor of Savannah possesses the
following:
1. The site is at a city of commercial importance, pos
sessing excellent communications with the interior, from
which coal, iron, lumber, food products, etc., can be
cheaply and quickly brought.
2. Suitable labor can be better secured and controlled
than at a smaller place.
3. The site is one of the most easily defended in the
United States.
4. It is healthy.
5. The existing machine shops, ship railways, etc., can
be made use of in an emergency.
6. The site is on fresh water, where wooden docks and
other structures are imperishable below low water ; above
that plane repairs can be easily and cheaply made. In
salt water in these latitudes the activity of the ship worm
would render the use of stone or other expensive material
imperative.
7. The depth of water on the outer bar is 26 feet at
mean high water. In the Tybee Roads it is ample. In
the river proper it is at present only 22 feet, but engineer
ing operations will soon give a depth equal to that on the
bar, should funds for the prosecution of work be available.
While the depth at one other port of the South Atlantic
coast is at present slightly greater than at Savannah, it is
not probable that the bar channel at that entrance will
ever be improved. At Savannah the commercial interests
are so great that it is very probable that within a few
190 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
years improvements will be made which will give a much
greater depth of water on the outer bar than exists at the
port which is now its superior, so far as mere depth of
water is concerned.
8. The coast of maintenance of a dry dock at Savannah
could be paid (if so desired) by allowing merchant vessels
to make use of it. At no other suitable port is there com
merce enough to allow of this being done.
9. A desirable site for a station exists at Hutchinson's
Island, while the barracks could be located in the city of
Savannah, if so desired.
10. A desirable site for a station exists near Fort Ogle
thorpe ; good railway connections and high ground being
readily and conveniently accessible.
Many other advantages, patent to every one familiar
with the locality, have not been enumerated.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
O. M. CARTER,
1st Lt. Corps of Engrs., U. S. A.
LIEUT. O. M. CARTER'S REPORT TO COL. Q. A.
GILLMORE, CORPS ENGINEERS, U. S. A.
UNITED STATES ENGINEER OFFICE, )
SAVANNAH, GA., February 10, 1887. [
Colonel:
In compliance with your instructions I have the honor
to transmit herewith statistics relating to the commerce
and navigation of the port of Savannah from 1873, the year
in which the improvement of the harbor was resumed by
the General Government up to the present time.
These tables with which the letters referring thereto are
appended* show a steady growth of both the foreign and
domestic trade of Savannah. It is now the largest port
of the South Atlantic coast, the second cotton port of
America, and the first naval stores port of the world. The
exports of cotton have risen from less than five hundred
thousand bales in 1872 to over eight hundred thousand
bales in 1886, and are still increasing. The net receipts of
* All of the letters and all of the tables of statistics except three have been
omitted.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 191
the port for the year 1885-86 were greater by over seventyfive thousand bales than those of the previous year, and
the receipts for the year 1886-87 up to the present time
are already about sixtj^ thousand bales greater than those
for the corresponding period of last year.
The increase in value of the annual exports of naval
stores is still more remarkable. Starting with a value of
less than fifty thousand dollars in 1873, it reached a total
of over three and a quarter millions in 1886, with pros
pects for a still greater increase in the future. The re
ceipts of spirits of turpentine for the year 1886-87 up to
the present time are thirty-five thousand casks greater
than those for the corresponding period of last year, and
the rosin receipts for this period are over one hundred
thousand barrels greater. The value of the exports of
timber and lumber within the past fifteen years has risen
from about half a million dollars to over a million ; that of
fruits and vegetables from less than half a million dollars
to nearly two millions; while that of pig iron has risen
from about twenty-five thousand dollars to nearly two
hundred thousand.
While the volumes of exports have thus increased and
the tonnage entered at the custom house grown from
1,074,367 tons in 1873 to 1,328,342 tons in 1885, the num
ber of vessels entered and cleared during this period has
decreased by one hundred and forty-five, from the fact
that the increased depth of water in the river allows ves
sels of much greater carrying capacity to visit the port
than in former years. In 1873, when the works of im
provement were began, the usual high water draught was
about fourteen and a half feet. At the close of active op
erations in 1885 vessels of from twenty to twenty-one feet
draught were able to go from the city to the sea on a sin
gle tide, and foreign and coastwise steamers of great car
rying capacity have largely replaced the small sail vessels
which fifteen years ago carried the great bulk of Savan
nah's commerce.
The increased facilities for navigation have resulted in
greatly reducing rates of marine freight and insurance, and
192 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
this has had a direct effect upon the reduction of freights
over the competing land routes. So many causes, how
ever, have been in operation during the last fifteen years
to secure reductions in these directions that it is perhaps
impossible to ascertain what portion is due to the improve
ment of the harbor. Mr. Comer, the late President of the
Savannah Cotton Exchange, estimates it at 25 per cent.,
and this is perhaps below rather than above the actual
decrease, inasmuch as without the improvements already
near completion it would be impossible for a majority of
the foreign and coastwise steamers now plying to this port
to enter the harbor at all.
As to the advantages, prospective and realized through
the completion of the proposed improvements, it may be
stated that those already made have justified the extension
of lines of railway into the interior, opening up to those
places markets for their products which before did not
exist.
The Savannah, Florida & Western Railway system, em
bracing over seven hundred and fifty miles of railway in
Florida and Georgia, with nearly one thousand miles of
steamboat and steamship lines tributary thereto, depends
largely for the shipment of its freight upon the facilities
afforded by the port of Savannah. Through the Central
Railroad system of Georgia, with over twenty-two hun
dred miles of railway in the States of Georgia, Alabama
and South Carolina, the richest timber, cotton, coal and
iron districts of those States find an outlet at Savannah
to the sea. With the extensions now being constructed
the States of Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky, as well
as the great grain-producing sections of the West, will be
brought nearer to the Atlantic coast at Savannah than at
any other point, and over railways of easy grades, free
from obstruction by snow and ice. With increased ship
ments of heavy freights, such as grain, iron and coal, deep
er water at Savannah will be imperatively required. The
improvements heretofore executed and the expectations of
further improvements yet to be made have been the in
ducements to develop the railway systems before men-
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 193
tioned. The sections of country made tributary to Savan
nah by these railways are among the richest in the United
States, and to enable the port to furnish an outlet to the
growing commerce brought to it from the interior, deep
water is more than ever needed. The probable cost of
maintaining the improvement after completion will be
from ten to fifteen thousand dollars a year.
Very respectfully,
Your obedient servant,
[Signed] O. M. CARTER,
ls Lieut. Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.
COL. Q. A. GILLMORE,
Corps of Engineers, U. S. A.
194 MAYOR
S ANNUAL REPORT.
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196 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
COASTWISE EXPOETS, CITY OF SAVANNAH, 1888.
COMPILED BY FRANK E. REBAEBR, CLERK OF COUNCIL. \
ARTICLES.
Barrels and Kegs (empty)
Bones sacks
Car Wheels (old)
Cedar Logs superficial feet
Clay casks
Cotton (Sea Island) bales
Cotton (Upland) bales
Cotton Seed bags
Cotton Seed Meal bags
Cotton Seed Oil barrels
Canes bundles
Domestics and Yarns bales
Eggs packages
Fertilizers bags
Fish casks and barrels
Fruit packages
Flour barrels
Hides bundles
Honey barrels
Horses
Iron (Old Scrap) tons
Iron (Pig) tons
Leather bundles
Lumber superficial feet
Manganese barrels
Marble pieces
Melons Merchandise (Miscellaneous) packages
Moss bales
Mules
Molasses hogsheads
Molasses barrels
Oranges barrels
Oranges boxes
Oysters barrels
Pitch barrels
Paint barrels
Paper Stork bales
Rice Chaff. sacks
Rosin Oil barrels
Rice barrels
Rice (Rough) sacks
Rosin (2^0 pounds to barrel) barrels
Spirits Turpentine barrels
Soap boxes
Sponge barrels
Sugar casks
Shrimp packages
Shingles Strawberries refrigerators
Strawberries crates
Syrup barrels
Staves M
Terrapins barrels
Turtles
Tobacco
 *
boxes
Vegetables barrels
Vegetables boxes
Waste hales
Wool -bales
QUANTITY.
Total..
29,465
439
2,217
45,108
2,954
26,410
469,291
6,587
1,064
19,111
340
29,049
1,160
4,200
5,969
114,469
555
15,786
129
26
2,827
59,212
1,643
70,816,099 .
652
688
894,209
86,991
472
4
181
1,033
11,089
213,054
97a
534
90
5,448
1,235
500
15,025
5,422
525,746
50,400
241
80
79
593
585,530
1,846
672
60
138,154
429
1,618
672
87,562
567,947
130
3,963
VALtTE.
4,419 75
45 00
5,512 50
902 16
59,030 00
2,214,850 00
21,387.386 00
19,761 00
1,330 00
573,330 00
3,400 00
1,742,910 00
6,960 00
8,400 00
89,S85 00
169,704 00
3,330 00
205,218 00
1,119 OO
9,100 00
31,097 00
1,184,240 00
41,075 00
 991,425 38
9,128 CO
850 00
134,131 35
4,319,550 00
3,776 00
700 00
9.568 00
16,528 00
44,356 00
532,635 00
3,882 00
1,335 00
4,050 00
81,720 CO
514 00
5,000 00
225,375 00
10,844 00
1,051,492 00
882,000 00
924 00
SOO 00
1,264 00
1,779 00
5,855 tO
27,690 00
3,360 00
720 00
5,750 00
30,030 CO
6,472 00
10,080 00
350,248 00
1,703,841 00
2,600 00
285,336 00
538,588,983 94
MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT. 197
FOEEIGN EXPOETS FEOM SAVANNAH, GA., 1888.
ARTICLES.
Cotton, Sea Island, bales, 4,110 lbs.
Cotton, Upland, bales, 322,644 lbs.
Rosin (280 lbs. to barrel) bbls.
Spirits of Turpentine gals.
Cotton Seed lbs.
Lumber M. feet
Timber, Sawed M. feet
Timber, Hewed C. feet
Phosphate Rock tons
Staves
All other articles
Quantity.
1,600,765
157,582,792
428,858
4,143,854
1,008,260
12,456
2,598
279.338
1,145
Total.
Value.
$ 366,970
15,220,159
484,993
1,495,560
8,267
161,795
29,268
36,466
8,340
28,099
6,701
117,846,618
198 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
EXPORTS IN DETAIL.
1835-86.
.. ...
1886-87. 1887-88.
SEASON.
a
a
a
p.
a
a
a
03
a
a
a&
c3
IB
6
s
a
U
d
a

1 18,811
68,287
204,152
78,963
13,103
1,617
5,165
14,179
346
29,170
50,941
143,174
48,263
18,280
24,975
65,434
277,207
82,292
28,149
878
(3,289
19,768
138
6,268
NPW York 15,897
482
Reshipped to Interior
Local Consumption and Burnt. 1,2931
5261
2,2021
2741
1,020
Cork for orders, Total Channel \\ /- |
Liverpool, Total Great Britain ! 100,926 1,483 223,391 /l,744 144,017 1,331
8,252 18,648 12,450 30
3,600
43,313
121,823
1 11,594 1 6,400
2,236
49,780
1.025
1,700
37,055
87,605
29,671
7,925
6,420
51,088
"i'boo
110
15,255
1,223
' 1,208
&
1,200
80,405
77,322
3,500
2,350
15,777
43,309
""86
10,774
T,666
' i',556
700
25
Amsterdam .
(rothenbere .
1,000'
1 300:
1 5001
500;
21,552
3.450
1,026
1,210
1,200
Trieste 1,750 .
Ghent..
2.4001
Malaga 1,300
Total Continent 291,259 243,960 237,973 25
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 199
IMPOSTS, POET OF SAVANNAH, GA.; 1888.
ARTICLES. Quantity. Value.
T^Vrtilizpf} tons 10,362
4,959,639
2,131,359
42,980
25,750
1,245
11,864,714
77,923
| 83,839
RiC6 lbs. 72,115
Muriate of Potash... lbs.
bdls.
54,3^2
27,065
Tniiia 'R.u'hhpr lbs. 15,232
"Rrirrmtonp tons 19,327
Salt lbs. 10,484
gals. 14,427
Dnnnnuo 12,615
5,228
Coal
Cement
Carpets
Potatoes
Works of Art
tons
bbls.
..sq. yds.
bush.
844
9,740
2,110
5,310
3,225
8,986
1,906
2,404
3,789
Wines and Liquors,
Wines and Liquors,
in
in
casks...
bottles..
gals.
doz.
1,401
65
1,644
708
1,124
All otVipr articlps 15,189
Total $353,629
VESSELS ENTEEED AND CLEAEED AT CUSTOM
HOUSE, 1888.
VESSELS. TONS. CREW.
8
8
229
233
3,560
2,583
146,075
167,836
Ill
63
3,288
3,557
Total 478 320,054 7,019
411
382
539,576
507,075
14,907
14,231
Total 793 1,046,651 29,138
Total Foreign 478
793
320,054
1,046,651
7,019
Total Coastwise 29,138
Grand Total 1,271 1,366,705 36,157
200 MAYOR S ANNUAL REPORT.
COTTON STATISTICS OF THE PORT OF SAVANNAH, GA.,
P'OR THE COMMERCIAL YEAR ENDING AUGUST 31, 1888.
[By .1. P. Merrihew, Superintendent Savannah Cotton Exchange.]
RECEIPTS FROM ALL SOURCES.
Quantity.
Bales.
Wright.
Pounds. Value.
875,017 435,058,453
9,045,878
NS9 725 772
Sea rsln.nri 23,5H 1,983,351
Total 898,535 444,104,331 S41,70(l,123
EXPORTS PROM SAVANNAH.
Quantity.
Bales.
Weight.
Pounds. Value.
Upland 873,375
24,033
434,242.050
9,243,1)66
39.651,225
Kp*. Tsla.nri 2.025,783
Total 897,408 443,486,016 $41,678,008
EXPORTS FROM SAVANNAH
Coastwise
Gieat Britain
France
Other Continental Ports..
Total
478,935
144,017
12,450
237,973
22,647
1,331
30
25
873,375 21,033
EXPORTS OF UPLAND AND SEA ISLAND COTTON
FROM THE PORT OF SAVANNAH, GA., AND VALUES PER BALE.
Year
Ending
Aug. 31.
Exp. Foreign.: jExp.Coastwise UTpl'nd
Value
Bales Bales
Upl'ndSealsl.l
394,440i 1,386
Sealsl.
Value
Bales Bales
Upl'nd Sealsl.
478,935: 22,647
Doll 'rs
V bale.
Total
lExports.
in ! j Bales
Doirrsj lUpl'ndA
#, bale.l |Sea Isl'd
S45 40 $84 33 i I 897,408
Total
Value.
41,678,008
J. P. MERRIHEW,
Supt. Savannah Cotton Exchange.
SAVANNAH, GA., March 27, 1889.
VALUE IN DOLLARS OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.
Domestic and Foreign, at Port of Savannah, Ga., through the medium of ocean transportation, from 1872 to 1887. From the records of the Savannah
Cotton Exchange, Savannah Board of Trade, and reports of the Agents of the several steamship lines plying between this and Northern and Eastern ports.
EXPORTS FOR YEAR
ENDING ATJG. 31. 1887.
Cotton $39,378,480
Naval Stores 3,296,788
Lumber and Timber...! 1,091,318
Rice 271,142
Pig Iron ; 653,940
Hides and Wool 174,647
Fruits and Vegetables. 1,723,723
Yarns and Domestics.. 1,649,000
Miscellaneous 6,522,044
Total Exports..
38,807,726
3,296,503
1,015,580
210,367
193,835
212,304
1,834,713
3,334,950
2,127,212
1885.
9 36,191,441
2,941,326
924,535
344,232,
186,504
228,606
1,767,852
3,500,620
2,225,100
1881.
33,221,875
3,278,296
924,454
855,937
175,612
215,314
1,790,210
3,757,311
2,206,504
1883.
 41,773,265
2,821,106
949,031
532,624
173,560
254,296
1,512,302
3,860,450
1,989,300
54,764,0821 51,028,1901 48,313,2161 46,425,513; 53,915,934 52,004,248
1882.
9 40,495,221
2,065,818
1,047,524
914,905
145,900
241,660
1,460,205
3,625,460
2,007,525
1881. 1880.
48,019.799
2,072,2!>1
835,176
879,480
158,760
225,390
1,200,150
3,729,605
1,865,250
$ 38,233,425
1,291,833
853,081
<. 877,248
133,312
240,700
1,140,625
3,312,412
1,750,775
1879. 1878.
32,525,777 8 31,993,123
774,207
669,064
685,728
125,200
240,915
890,220
2,998,510
1,767,325
58,985,901 47,836,411 40,901,421 39,978,988 32,103,853
772,057
581,436
106,210
228,656
847,512
2,912,367
1,813,420
1877.
25,691,547
577,988
671,863
465,990
95,300
206,550
628,005
2,166,400
1,600,210
1876.
32,817,572
208,176
661,562
650,337
65,250
219,400
512,940
2,349,672
1,400,555
1875.
44,005,476
110,964
660,582
646,360
66,310
197,320
468,500
2,606,450
1,520,320
1874.
47,774,638
59,029
667,189
531,796
51,500
190,206
451,680
2,897,315
1,638,200
1873.
61,314,818
45,144
562,740
208,250
40,615
175,550
410,790
3,148,167
1,920,325
,464 50,282,232 54,261,5531 67,g
1872.
S 34,266,847
548,895
187,649
25,500
170,410
492,015
2,405,960
1,412,440
39,509.716
IMPORTS.
Fertilizers 2,460,752
354,740
350,635
215,325
487,319
48,790,462
2.238.654 2.709.511 1 696 fini 9. 970 4SK 2,370,985
219,650
360,525
125,000
500,000
42,375,945
2,870,545
200,440
385,415
100,000
400,000
44,760,500
3,838,058
198,360
395,212
100,000
400,000
40,590,850
2,784,667
209,840
360,555
100,000 dnn ftnn
3,116,788
187,350
382,012
inonm
2,715,728
190,525
400,880
rnnnnn
2,091,902
175,450
393,765
80,000
300,000
34,650,850
1,338,509
182,300
406,550
80,000
275,000
. 38,790,400
1,545,860
170,325
1,624,427
175,255
396 910
1,692,601
224,340! 196,870
318,250 i 350,419
126,000 125,000
512,000 500,000
47,699,280 j 45,999,280
201,2001 210,015
346,550! 333,476
125,000 125,000
600,000! 500,000
46,312,965! 44,260,850
160,105
390,400
80,000
250,000
30,275,950
Salts 80,000: 80,000
275,000, 250,000
35,890,525; 35,609,490
Coffee dm nmi jnn'nnn
39,209;410 38,762,315 32,500',775
Total Imports 52,659,233 51,118,524 j 49,881,080 49,112,316 47,699,796 45,952,105 48,716,900 45,522,480 43,064,472 42,948,465 36,307,908 37,691,967 41,072,759 38,370,685 38,135,382 32,849,056
The above statement does
but is confined strictly to value
not include receipts and shipments by
of exports and imports which have a
rail, nor does it include the value of domestic traffic, local manufactures, banking, etc.,
direct bearing upon our water-ways transportation.

MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPOKT. 201
MAYOR AND ALDERMEN FOR 1889-90.
MAYOR,
JOHN SCHWAKZ.
CHAIRMAN OF COUNCIL,
HEEMAN MYERS.
VICE-CHAIRMAN OP COUNCIL,
DR. LOUIS A. FALLIGANT.
ALDERMEN,
WILLIAM P. BAILEY, JOHN J. McDONOUGH,
WILLIAM G. CANN, GEORGE J. MILLS,
LOUIS A. FALLIGANT, HERMAN MYERS,
GEORGE S. HAINES, GEORGE N. NICHOLS,
RICHARD F. HARMON, WILLIAM F. REID,
RAYMOND B. HARRIS DAVID WELLS.
202 MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT.
STANDING COMMITTEES OF COUNCIL, 1889.
AccountsMills, Cann, Haines.
AssessmentsMcDonough, Harmon, Harris, Reid, Wells.
City LotsCann, Falligant, Haines.
DrainageFalligant, Haines, Mills,
FinanceMyers, Mills, Cann, Wells, Bailey.
FireBailey, Reid, Mills.
Harbor and WharvesHaines, McDonough, Falligant.
Health and CemeteryHarris, Reid, Falligant.
MarketReid, Harris, Harmon.
PoliceNichols, Cann, Myers.
Streets and LanesHarmon, Wells, Nichols, McDon
ough, Bailey.
WaterWells, Myers, Nichols.
BOARD OF SANITARY COMMISSIONERS.
Aldermen Harris and Myers. Citizens J. R. Saussy, J.
F. Wheaton, G. L. Cope.
COMMISSIONERS OF EDUCATION.
Lee Roy Myers, from Citizens at Large. R. D. Walker,
from Commissioners Chatham County.
JOHN SCHWARZ, Mayor.
MAYOR'S ANNUAL REPORT. 203
CITY OFFICERS.
Clerk of CouncilFrank E. Rebarer.
City TreasurerCharles S. Hardee.
City MarshalRobert J. Wade.
City SurveyorWilliam J. Winn.
Chief of PoliceJohn Green.
Sergeants3. B. Killourhy, S. C. Lee, Henry Ling, O.
F. Reilly.'
Messenger of CouncilJohn Harrison.
Corporation AttorneySamuel B. Adams.
Judge of the City CourtWilliam D. Harden.
Clerk of the City CourtPhilip M. Russell.
City SheriffLionel L. Goodwin.
Clerk of the MarketThomas A. Maddox.
Harbor MasterRobert C. Kennedy.
Health OfficerWilliam F. Brunner, M. D.
Keeper of City DispensaryLewis Cass.
Keeper of Laurel Grove CemeteryW. L. Haupt.
Keeper of Forsyth PlaceTheodore Meves.
Keeper of Pest HouseThomas Corr.
City PhysiciansBenj. F. Sheftall, W. W. Owens.
Chief FiremanW. B. Puder.
Assistant Chief FiremanGeorge Mouro.
Superintendent and Engineer Water WorksJames Man
ning.
City PrinterSavannah Times Publishing Company.
Port WardensWilliam B. Adams, Lewis Wiggins,
William R. Pritchard, S J. M. Baker, John Powers.
Chimney ContractorsEastern Division, Daniel'Sullivan;
Western Division, Albert Freeman.




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