^u. , n I -- -: V.I.XVM.V .w xoi.i.3: ssaNisufl mi. ATLANTA CENTENNIAL YEAR BOOK 1837--1937 ATLANTA, GEORGIA, NINETEEN THIRTY-SEVEN PUBLISHED BY GREGG MURPHY FRANKLIN PRINTING COMPANY. Inc.. PRINTERS CONTENTS Page ATLANTA- Early Years (1837-IKGO) ........... 9 During the War Between the States (1860-1865) . 11 Famous Andrews Raid ............ 71 As Shcrnian Left ll ............. f>2 Reconstruction Period . .......... 51 Recover)' (1865-1890) ............ IB The "Standing Pcachlrec" . ........ 29 First Physician ............... 31 Diary and Letters nt l)r. William X. White . . 1.1 Reminiscences of Col. C. R. Hanleitcr ..... 19 Roster of the Irish Volunteers ........ 57 Rcadin' an' Writin' an' 'Rithmctic ...... 75 Comparison of Paxes 1S6X-1909-19.16 . ... 58 Cyclorama of Ihc Battle of Atlanta ...... fi^ Rising to lls I'rcscnl Greatness (I900-MI37) . . L'l Todny-In Literature--Sporu--Industry .... I5K Through the Ages . ............ 72 ATLANTA CHILD'S HOME .......... 77 All.AM'A WOMAN'S Cl.l'B ......... XI AWI'RY 8: LOWNDKS ............. HiO RILTMORE HOTEL ............. 161 COLONIAL BREAD . ............ 166 DEDICATION . ............... 5 DRl'ID HILLS GARDEN CI.l'B . ....... 89 FOREWORD . . .............. 7 GREEN. CHARLES A. ............. 169 INDl'S'iV.IAL LIFE AND HEALTH INS. CO. . . 161 IMPERIAL BODY WORKS .......... 170 MARIST FATHERS IN A I LANTA . ...... 91 OBERDORFER 1NSI RANCF. AGENCY ..... 162 PARISH OF IMMACl'L.VTE CONCEPTION . . 36 RICHARDS. S. I'. PAPER CO. . SCRIPTO MANl'FACI i:RING CO. ...... 168 SKETCHES OF SOME OF THE.RUII.nCRS OF ATLAXTA- Adams, AllJcrl Shcldon ........... 96 Andrews. Walter P. ............. 96 Baker, William Battle . .......... 97 Berry. Maxwell Rufus ............ 97 Black. Eugene . .............. 98 Branclon. Morris .............. 98 Brown. J. F.pps ............... 99 Calhoun. Judge Andrew E. .......... 99 Candler. Asa Criggs ............. 100 Candlcr, William .............. 100 Conklin. Charles Asllmorc .......... 101 Eagan, John J. ............... 101 Page Ellis. Frank S. ............... 102 English. Captain James Warren ........ 102 Gay. Captain Edward S. ........... IOS Ghotstin. Louis' ............... 10.1 tie Give. Julius ............... 104 Goodrutn. James Jefferson. Jr. ........ 101 Gray, James R. ............... 105 Grady. Henry Woodfin ........... 105 Grant. Col. John T.'. ............ 106 Hawlcim, William F^ckicl .......... 106 High. Mrs. Joseph Madison ......... 107 Hillyer. Judge George ............ 107 Hinman, Thomas P. ............ 108 Hoxi. Judge Samuel B. ........... 108 Howell. Clark. Sr. .............. 109 Hun. Joel ................. 109 Inman. Walker P. .............. 110 Ininan. Edward H. ............. 110 Ininan, Samuel M. ............. Ill Jones. Dr. Willis B. ............. Ill Jones, Sam D. ............... 112 King. Alexander C. ............. 112 King. C. Spurgcon . ............. 113 Kricgshahcr. Victor Hugo .......... 113 JLamar. Joseph Rucker ........... 111 lr. Thomas Spencer ........ .118 Rivers. Eretns . .............. 119 Robinson. Frank M.isou ........... 119 Rhodes. Amos Giles . ........... 120 Shcildcti. Rohert F. ............. 120 Slaloii. John Marshall ............ 121 Smith. Alexander W.. Sr. ........... 121 Tompkins. Judge Henry 11. .......... 122 Traylor. George M. ............. 122 X'each. George All>crl ............ 12.1 Willcll. Hugh M. .............. I2J Winship, George .............. 12J Winship, Robert .............. IZ4 Winship. Charles Rohert .......... 125 Woodward. David . ............ I25 Wriglcy. William H. ............. 126 Wyim. James O. .............. I2f> SOl'THERS SPRING BED CO. . . 165 SPONSORS CENTENNIAL YEAR BOOK .... "5 S I I'DF.BAKER CORPORATION ........ 16J YARBROl'GH MOTOR CO. ....... .167.169 WOFFORD OIL CO. ....... Inside Back Cover !&---- -1" DEDICATION To THE UNSELFISH. COURAGEOUS. PATRIOTIC AND SACRIFICIAL MEN AND WOMEN OF TODAY AND YESTERDAY. WHO HAVE IMBUED ATLANTA WITH THE SPIRIT OF PROGRESS SINCE ITS INCEPTION ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. BUILDING IT FROM THE ASHES OF DESTRUCTION TO ONE OF THE NATION'S OUTSTANDING CITIES. THIS FIRST CENTENNIAL YEAR BOOK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED. Sponsors of ATLANTA CENTENNIAL YEAR BOOK Adams, Mrs. Albert S. Andrews, Mrs. Walter P. Awtry and Lowndcs Baker, Mrs. \V. B. BiJtmore Hold Black, Mrs. Eugene R. Boynton, Mrs. Chas. E. Brandon, G. H. Brandon, Morris Brown, Mrs. J. Epps Coca-Cola Company Conklin, Mrs. Chas. A. Cromer, Mrs. J. D. Dobbins, Hugh C. Eagan. Mrs. John J. Finley, Sam E. Georgia Power Company Goodrum, Mrs. J. J. Gray, Mrs. James R. Greene, Chas. A. Hauton, P. S. Hawkins, Mrs. W. E. Heyman, Arthur Hillyer, Mrs. George, Jr. Hinman, Mrs. Thomas Imperial Body Works Inman, Mrs. Edward H. Johnson, Mrs. Edwin F. (ones, Mrs. Willis King, AIcx C., Jr. King, Miss Judy Kiser, Mrs. Gordon Kricgshabcr, Marion C. Kricgshabcr, Mrs. V. H. Lamar, Mrs. Joseph Lamar, Mrs. \\m. Bailey Massengale. Mrs. St. Elmo McRae. Mrs. Floyd Milam, Joe Xewell, Mrs. Alfred Nunnally, Chas. B. Nunnally, Hugh P. Oberdorfer Insurance Agency Orr, J. K., by Mr. Butler Owens, Mrs. John S. I'aync, Mrs. J. Carroll Petcet. Mrs. D. R. Photo Process Engraving Company S. P. Richards Paper Company Rivers, Mrs. E. Robinson, Mrs. Frank Mason Robinson, Mrs. James D. Security Bankers Operating Bureau Scripto Manufacturing Company Shcdden. Mrs. R. F. Slaton, Mrs. John M. Smith, Mrs. Alex W. Sullivan, Mrs. George Kay Studebakcr Sales Corporation Thicsen, Mrs. R. J. Veach, Mrs. George A. Walters, Mrs. Frances Winship West, Mrs. J. W. Whitman's Laundry Willet, Hugh M. Winship, Mrs. Chas. R. Winship, Mrs. Elizabeth T. Wofford Oil Company Woodruff, George W. Woodward, Miss Marion Woolf. Mrs. Bernard \Vright, Mrs. Fannie Berry Wynn, Mrs. James C). Yarbrough Motor Company FO R EWO R D A.TI.ANTA is 100 years old. The birth of the city and its extraordinary rise to ilic position of commercial, financial and industrial center of the southeast arc both due to the fact that ii sits high above the land be tween the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico and is at the place intended by nature as the gateway to miles of surrounding territory. Not by accident, but rather because of the scientific knowledge of railroad engineers, docs At lanta command the respect of businessmen in cities on near-by mountains and plains. It was in the spring of 1836 that Hardy Ivy built a log luu on land which now is within the limits of Atlanta. And in December of that same year--so in haste was fate to aid the citv even at its birth--Governor Schlcy signed an act calling upon the state to build the connecting rail road between the Tennessee and the Chattahoochce rivers. Xone reali/ed the importance of the statement in the act. which directed engineers to find the suitable terminus. Stephen Long, chief engineer, surveyed the territory in and around what is now Atlanta. Finally, he selectee! a spot, and a short while thereafter--in the year 1837--Long stood among the trees then growing at Five Points and drove a stake marking the terminal. He believed he had selected the natural junction of railways which some day would run between towns and cities throughout this section. History proves the debt Terminus, the first community on this site, then Manhasville. and finally Atlanta, owe to Stephen Long. History also shows how indebted Atlanta is ti> railroads, and. above all. how time and again her citizens have matched the bold strides of fate. A corner near the spot where the engineer drove the stake is now one of the five most valu able in the world. Nearly 300.000 people live within several miles of the place where Hardy Ivy built his home. \Vhcn one remembers the city lay in ashes only 71 years ago, it appears as if the courage, energy and the imagination of all had been combined into one great effort since that time. By vision, hope, enterprise and an unfailing ambition, Atlanta has risen above days of dis appointment and years of war and economic depression. Yesterday even, when Atlanta and all American cities suffered, her leaders saw and planned for continued progress. Yet however startling may be the achievement, growth and the power found at the end of her chapters, no period in Atlanta's history is more colorful or strange than her birth and early days. The Publisher is indebted to the Atlanta Constitution and the Atlanta Historical Variety for much of the early history of Atlanta and many of the old photografts. ATLANTA'S EARLY YEARS (1837-1860.) E VER since the first "iron horse," which was to be used on the Western & Atlantic railroad, was brought here by a mule-drawn wagon from Madison in 1842. citizens as well as their leaders predicted Atlanta would have a great commercial future and would become the "Gate City of the South." . Speaking in Memphis. John C. Calhoun said railroads must necessarily unite "at a point in DcKalb county, in the state of Georgia, called Atlanta--" This had been the vision of Stephen Long as far back as 1837, when he marked the terminus here. And hence, for the next few years the place was called Terminus. JfLIA (CARLISLE) WITHERS First Girl Born in Atlnnui Marthasville became the name in 1843, in honor of Martha Lumpkin and her father. Gov ernor Wilson Lumpkin, who several years before had aided officials when little progress was be ing made in the construction of the Western and Atlantic railroad. NAMED ATLANTA IX 1845 The year 1845 brought the name Atlanta. Somehow Marthasville did not seem the proper name for such a rapidly growing community to Richard Peters, resident engineer of the finished portion of the railroad, who had to notify the public the route was being opened from Covington to Marthasville. He wrote J. Edgar Thompson, chief engineer of the Georgia railroad, asking him to suggest a name. Thompson replied in part: "Eureka--Atlanta, the terminus of the Western & Atlantic railroad. Atlantiac. masculine: At lanta, feminine--a coined word--and if you think it will suit, adopt it." 10 1837 --ATLANTA C E x TE x x i AL-- 1937 FIRST NAMED WHITEHALL Though Terminus is usually thought to be Atlanta's first name, actually the first name of this community was Whitehall. In giving an account of the earliest settlers in this section, Walter G. Cooper, author of the "Official History of Fulton County," says that the community was given the name Whitehall by Charner Humphries, who moved here from South Carolina in 1825. Humphries, the great-great uncle of Judge John D. Humphries, built the Whitehall Inn on a plot now bounded by Whitehall, Lee, Oak and Zachry streets. He named the inn and the community Whitehall for the famous part of London which bears that name. Charner also has the distinction of being the first citizen with civic pride, for he ran the inn only a short while before giving it a coat of white paint. Not long after Charner's arrival, and about four years before Long drove the stake at Five Points, Hardy Ivy came here, later buying a plot of land between the present Edgewood avenue and Peachtree street. Hardy is named in a history published by the Atlanta Pioneer Society as being the first white settler within the limits of what is now Atlanta. In addition, Hardy is the father of the first boy born in Atlanta, and is the main competitor for parental honors with Mr. and Mrs. WilJis Carlisle, who moved here as a bride and groom in 1841 ..ancLbframf thp parent, uf Julia. Hu. fesHticL_______^ Hardy's son, Socrates Ivy, became superintendent of theWSsHjrn and Atlantic railroad shops. Julia Carlisle married W. S. Withers and for many years was a well-known citizen of Atlanta. The fact that we now have a record of the first births, and the many other "firsts," such as the arrive! of a doctor, seems to show how greatly the earliest settlers, living almost in a wilder ness, appreciated events bringing comfort and joy, and relief from monotony. FIRST NEWSPAPER APPEARS In the year the community became Atlanta, citizens saw the Luminary, their first newspaper; their first church, and probably their first school. The church, situated at Peachtree and Houston streets, was used for a school house during the week and for union services on Sunday. DR. B. F. BOMAR Atlanta's Second Mayor It is related that Dr. Josh Gilbert, one of the earliest doc tors, used to walk along the streets and blow a whistle when ever he came to a corner, so citizens would know he was preparing to visit some country patient, and would be out side the city for several hours. So rapid was the growth that in 1847 "the town of At lanta" was changed to "the city of Atlanta," by a legislative act. Limits of the city were extended a mile in every direc tion from the state depot. The commission type of govern ment was soon succeeded by a mayor, Moses Formwalt, and six councilmen. CITY GROWS RAPIDLY In 1847, the first bank was begun by John F. Mims, whose principal business was selling ex change to Augusta, then Atlanta's chief market. A volunteer fire department was organized in 1851 and an ordinance was passed requiring all houses to be provided with a ladder and two buckets. Before long three policemen patroled the streets at night. A daily newspaper, the Atlanta Intelligencer, was established in 1851 by Jared I. Whitaker as owner and John H. Steele as editor. When the city was only six years old, the city fathers sent a committee to Milledgeville to seek the state capitol. They bought the present capitol square, built a city hall, took $100,000 worth of railroad stock and established a board of health. 1837-A k x T A CENTENNIAL-- 1937 11 POPULATION LEAPS UPWARD In 1852, 1,000 persons came to Atlanta. Two years later the population was 6.025 and by 1859 it was 11.500. There were about 57 stores, not counting saloons; 4 hotels. 13 churches, two planing mills, a sash and blind factory, four tanneries, several shoe factories and a rolling mill which turned out iron for railroads. On Christmas Day. 1855. the city was lighted by gas for the first time. ATLANTA IN 1860 Sketch furnished by -Mrs. James R. Gray ATLANTA DURING THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES (1860-1865.) f Although many other Georgia cities were older, Atlanta figured prominently in prewar cam paigns and conferences. Citizens felt keenly the strained relations which were rapidly arousing the north and south in 1860. In October of that year, they organized a corps of minute men. Several months later, when South Carolina seceded from the union, the city shook with the thunder of guns-and turned into an excited audience applauding the independence of the neighboring state. SECESSION FAVORED A salufe of 15 guns was fired at sunrise, followed by a torchlight procession and a. mightier salute of 100 guns. A mass meeting was held at II o'clock. Atlantans strongly favored secession, and in January, just before the convention at Milledgeville, they elected candidates who would vote for secession. Public opinion on war crystallized with visits and addresses by Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens, and with a meeting held in Atlanta by bankers to discuss the financial burdens of war. On August 11, 1862, about eight months after Georgia's secession, martial law was established in Atlanta by an order of General Braxton Bragg. Atlanta, already recognized as the main pivoi for trains in the southeast, was to become a great war center. The city immediately became a Confederate manufacturing hub. where arms and equipment were made, and a military depot where food, clothing and ammunition temporarily were stored before being shipped to the battle lines. General Bragg soon made Atlanta the base of his army. A hospital was established at Alabama and Pryor streets, where hundreds of wounded soldiers were treated and given medical care when the federal army gradually forced the Confederates south. 12 1 837 -- A T L A N T A C E N T E N XI A L -- 1 937 DAYS OF SORROW Seldom have a series of battles been discussed with so many "ifs" by southern military scientists as the Atlanta campaign, when the city spent many days and nights listening to gun shot before the gradual onslaught of the federals. Few acts in military history have surpassed the cruelty of General Shcrman's burning of a city already severely stricken and shell-shocked. GENERAL SHERMA\ WITH TH E Cl'N'S THAT TOOK ATLANTA General William Tccumsch Shcrtnan and his battery, a unit of the Federal forces that was prominent in the siCRC and capture of Atlanta in IHG-t. This pholo was la ken at the time of the formal occupancy of the captured cit\. General Sherman is standing in the right foreground with his arm resting upon the cannon. The horrible campaign which resulted in Atlanta being reduced to ashes began near Dalton. Southerners, under the command of General Joseph E. Johnston, were gradually being forced to retreat toward Atlanta. Several battles were hard-fought along the Western & Atlantic railroad before the campaign reached a climax at Kennesaw mountain, where thousands of federals were killed as they tried to take the Confederate position. At this time Sherman had 112.819 men. while General Johnston had only 59.2^. With al most twice as many men. the northern general forced the southerners across the Chattahoochee river by Hank movements. Confederates had been driven from Marietta to the west side of the Chattahoochee river when another Hank movement threatened to cu t off any communication with Smyrna. Sherman threw his famous "gveat wheel" around the city, forcing fohnston's troops to retreat to the east side. 1837 - A T L A N T A C E X T E X X I A L -- 1937 COMMAND ORDERED CHANGED Just at this time occurred one incident which has caused so much theorizing among histo rians and military men. As the southern general prepared to fight the northern unit under Thomas, he received a telegram from President Davis. telling him to turn over the command 10 General John B. Hood. About this time--July 17--federal forces crossed the Chattahoochee in three places and soon crossed Peachtree creek and formed a wheel about the city. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon of July 20. Hood attacked several units on the outskirts of the city. A fierce battle, where hundreds of soldiers fought hand to hand, resulted in a northern unit reporting -100 dead and the south losing -JOO with about -1.000 wounded. FIRST SHELL STRIKES CITY A shell from this battle, the first to strike the city, hit at East Ellis and Ivy streets, killing a child with its parents. The next day was quiet and then on July 22 came the Battle of Atlanta. HOWELL'S BATTERY \V.\S MAIN CONFEDERATE DEFENSE Shown here is Howell's battery, the strongest emplacement of the right of the Confederate Hne. which extended a mile beyond Howcll Mill road, in the daxs whet) Sherman grcchiallv moved on Atlanta. The batten1 was commanded by Captain E\an P. Howcll and was situated on Deerland where Jack J. Spalding's home is today. ' This battle, one of the most important and most tragic in the Civil \Var. followed a sudden and desperate attack by Hood on the grand division of General McPherson. Gaining an advan tage by surprising the federals. Hood's troops glimpsed a victory and then were forced to retreat by the strength of numbers. 14 1837-ATLANTA C E x T E x N I A L - 1937 1837 -- ATLANTA C E x T E s x i A L -- 1937 15 Hood nevertheless turned on Sherman's right, broke through his main lines, captured many valuable guns and killed all the federal horses. The northern general then began warring from the highlands in northeast Atlanta, which he had taken with his first attack. As soon as Confed erate forces weakened before his long-range fire. Sherman's units attacked on the opposite side and won the territory they had lost just a short while before. Confederate soldiers soon began to burn their supplies and ic> make other preparations for leaving Atlanta. SUFFERING RAMPANT Never has the city known such suffering as during this 40-day siege. A hospital was set up in a city park, where doctors worked among exploding bombs, smoke and blistering sun. Prices were exorbitant all during the campaign. Flour sold for S300 a barrel. ATLANTA. GEORGIA As il appeared on the entrance of the Union Army under General Sherman. September 2. View of Dccnuir and Pcachlrcc Streets from Marietta Street. On August 31, Sherropn prevented communication with the outside world, and the next dayHood's forces left the city: Citizens waited breathlessly for a word from Sherman. \Vhen the federal general finally spoke, he announced that Atlanta must be evacuated. Appeals of Atlantans, officially made by Mayor James M. Calhoun and several councilmen, went unheeded. Sherman announced that Atlantans would have 10 days in which to leave the city. It is estimated that 4-16 families, many poverty-stricken, left Atlanta. Sherman's army de stroyed 4,500 buildings- Four hundred were left standing. CRUCIAL CAMPAIGN1 The Atlanta campaign was of paramount importance to the Confederacy. Since the city was a military center, a defeat of southern troops here meant that the xi'ar would be short-lived. Many believe if the command had not been taken from General Johnston, the Confederate army would have won, while many others believe there would have been no Atlanta campaign had Johnston carried out the wishes of the President and leading southern generals by attacking 16 1837-ATLANTA CENTENNIAL- 1937 federal forces in Tennessee, instead of beating retreat. During the retreat Johnston is reported to have killed many more men than he lost and his soldiers were said to have been in good con dition when they reached Atlanta. When Atlantans began coming back in November, they found the city had been mercilessly destroyed. By December 15, 1864, however, a reporter wrote for the Augusta Chronicle: ".Many of the old citi/cns are returning, and the general watch-word is repair and rebuild." ATLANTA RECOVERS TO BECOME INDUSTRIAL CENTER (1865-1900.) Critically wounded by the war and facing a long period of political indignities as well as the sleeve-jerking annoyances of carpet-baggers, Atlantans nevertheless turned to rebuilding the city with the remarkable enterprise which since has become known far and wide as the "Atlanta spirit." I'RYOR AM) ALABAMA STREETS IN THE EARLY IK70s The cupola to the left is oil the Georgia Railroad building, still standing. The smaller one to the right of it adorned the home of Atlanta's first fire engine company. The one to the extreme right is on the old conrt house. The American Hotel is in the foreground. The streets heard a constant creaking of carts, wagons and hand-barrows, and the noises of the saw and hammer. Citi/ens had not forgotten that the topography of Atlanta made it the natural gate city of the southeast. In one year after reconstruction was begun, there were 11 large business houses, two hotels, and express building and a printing shop, in addition to the resi dences. Though Atlanta quickly regained the business air of pre-war days, the political situation in the state was deplorable and* it became necessary for the city fathers to make some decisions re garding future government. 1837 - A T i. A x T A CENTENNIAL- 1937 17 ATLANTA FROM I HE ASHES 1. Whitehall from Alabama: 2. Fi\c Toim* of the pavi; 3. First Oipitol Imilding: 4. Central .\\CIIHC: 5. Old Governor's Mansion: 6. I'caclurcc Street; 7. Alabama Street; S, Edgcuootl Avenue at Five VoiuiM V, Old L'nion Depot. 1880. 18 1837- ATLANTA C E \ TE x x i A L--1937 As a consequence, in June, 1865, Atlamans held a mass meeting to discuss returning to the Union and means of restoring law and order in Georgia. At a second meeting in September, they elected delegates to the state convention at Milledgeville, where representatives drafted a letter 10 the President asking amnesty for the disfranchised citizens of Georgia. For several years Georgia suffered under military law, enduring plunder by carpetbaggers, radicals and negroes. Finally, when called upon to fight for freedom by several of the great statesmen of Georgia. 20,000 persons flocked here on July 23, 1868, to attend the "Bush-Arbor meeting." For Georgians, famous addresses made that day by General Robert Toombs, Benja min Hill and Howell Cobb seemed to dispel most fears for the future. GROWTH RESUMED Despite political troubles. Atlanta was growing and increasing in power even faster than it did in years just before the war. In 1869, the population was 21,789, though it was only about 10,000 in 1860. Just one year after the conflict, Atlanta businessmen organized a board of trade, which was succeeded in 1871 by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. The year 1872 marks one of the most important events in the city's history, for in this year the public school system was inaugurated. Probably no step in the city's progress was so freely discussed or so widely approved as the system of public education. This city-wide enthusiasm over what probably is its greatest institution, seemed to hail the glorious period just ahead for a section destined to develop under the imagination and elo- 1837 -- ATLANTA C E x T E x x i A L -- 1937 19 (juence of ihe great prophets. Benjamin Hill and Henry \V. Grady. For a long time Atlanta had energy and ambition; now it had vision. At this time not only Atlanta, but the entire south, saw its fortune in industrialism. "Imlustry--educated industry--" declared Benjamin Hill, "has taken possession of its exhaustless stores of nature, and of nature's forces; is daily lifting up her hands, full of all new inven tions: is filling the earth with her instruments of elevation and improvements; is grasping conti nents and binding the nations in a bundle, and with right royal confidence, is bidding kings and rulers, empires and republics, obey." CRISIS WEATHERED But as Atlanta and other cities reached for the new fields pointed out by Hill, there came the crisis of 1873. Even then, however, Atlanta did not suffer by comparison with most cities. Not a bank failed and though business was sluggish, Atlantans managed to hold tighi-fistedly to whai they had. I'ppcr left: Equitable Building. l'r\or Slrccl. I'ppcr right: I'cachtrcc Slrccl. l.ower left: Governor's Man sion. Lower right: Picking Cotton. In fact, the years from 1870 to 1880 saw the greatest progress, probably, of any period in the city's history. Many improvements which were started before the crisis were completed. Most important of these was a system supplying the ci:y with water, installed at a cost of approxi mately S500.000. More women and children came to town--and came more often--after a street railway had - been installed by George \V. Adair and Richard Peters. Many buildings were built on Fryer/ street, and Atlantans, walking on Sunday afternoon, saw new homes and several church buikt - ings going up on the fringe of the city. H. I. Kimball built the new Kimball house. . At night Atlantans attended DeGive's opera house, where such great artists as Forrest and Booth, Sarah Bernhardt, Fannie Davenport, Scojt Thomton and Richard Mansfield performed. There was marked progress in religious, educational, social and commercial fields. The popu lation had grown to 30,869- 20 1 837 - A T L A X T A C E N T E X N 1 A L - 1937 MADE CAPITAL IN 1877 Doubtless the most important event during the period came in 1877, when Atlanta was made the capital city of Georgia. Atlanta took one of her first concrete steps toward industrialism with the cotton exposition of 1881. After several meetings of prominent Atlantans, including Henry Grady, it was decided that the city should raise one-third of the capital stock and other cities should raise the balance. Citizens here contributed their quota in one day and made preparations to open the expo sition on October 5 with a brilliant military and civic parade. There were more than 1,000 exhibits, mostly from the south, and the main exhibition build ing represented a cotton factory. Thousands attended the fair. When Grady and his colleagues checked the expenditures at its close they found the gross receipts amounted to S262.513, while the cost was S258,475. COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION Atlantans gained experience here which enabled them in 1895 to stage the Cotton States and International Exposition, probably the city's greatest public enterprise. "The 'sky-scraper' era of the last decade has wrought wondrous changes in Atlanta's sky line," wrote one historian in 1901. With 700 manufacturing industries in the city, Atlanta was established as the leading indus trial and manufacturing city of the south. During this period the "hustle-bustle" spirit best showed itself. From 1896 to 1900 alone 52,367,303 was spent for dwellings. At the same time, several hotels and public buildings gave height to Atlanta's skyline. Grady hospital had been completed in 1892 at a cost of S100.000, raised chiefly by private subscription. 1837-A , N T A C E N T E N XI A L -- 1937 21 ATLANTA RISES TO ITS PRESENT GREATNESS (1900-1937.) \Vith the turn of the century Atlanta entered a period of such rapid development that a re view at the end of each year since leaves some sections of the city dotted with new parks, schools, viaducts, highways, public buildings and other imposing structures. By this time practically all of her railroads were completed and she began to be nationally recognized as the headquarters of southern commerce and industry. Already the day when she would be famed for homes, office buildings, churches, educational institutions and recreational centers was in sight. I'pper left: Fort Walker ami General McPhcrson monument, t'ppcr right: Stale Capitol. Lrmcr Icfi: First Methodist Church ami Grand Opera House. Lower right: Kimtxtlt House. Three times since then--in 1910, 1921 and 1925--citizens have voted bond issues, totaling more than 520,000,000, used for an extension of the waterworks and to build schools, sewage disposal plants, sewers, three viaducts and the city hall. To see with what force the city moved--in 1907 Atlanta spent approximately 5250.000 to pave streets and to build sewers and sidewalks. The following year the city auditorium-armory was completed. OPERA COMES TO CITY \Viih an auditorium, Atlanta, as far back as 1910, saw an opportunity to do something which was done by no other municipality other than \ew York city. Inspired rather than intimidated by the boldness of the venture, she immediately made plans and in 1910 the Metropolitan Opera Company came here for its first season. In this same year, under the administration of Mayor Robert F. Maddox, citizens voted the first bond issue of 53,000,000 and took a vital interest in the new Fulton county courthouse. This building cost 51.500,000, and was handled without a bond issue. 22 1 837 -- A T L A \ T A C E X T E N X I A L -- I 937 ATLANTA TN HER CENTENNIAL YEAR 1, Modc-rn Atlanta homes in North Penchtrcc section; 3, Atlanta today (Five Points in circle): 4, Puxlmom Park: 5, Grant Park: 6. Druid Hills home. 1837 --ATLANTA C E N T E N N i A L-1937 23 In 1917. after the city obtained 1.500 acres of land and had a water main laid in the prop erty, the government established Camp Gordon. Several million dollars were .pent there by the government for construction of buildings. GREAT FORWARD MOVEMENT One of the greatest strides taken by Atlanta came in 1925 with "The Forward Atlanta Move ment," which was organized-by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce. Nearly SI.000.000 was spent between 1925 and 1930 to advertise Atlanta. It is estimated that 762 concerns, with pay rolls aggregating S34.500.000, came here as a result of the movement. In 1929 the city purchased Candler field and Atlanta became a great hub of aviation, with lines operating to metropolitan cities of the east, south and midwest. Atlanta's increasing fame and the fact that its annual growth is measured by hundreds and thousands prove that the selection of this spot as the site of the city was a wise and far-sighted move. She continues to maintain a business supremacy over all cities of the south. The United States Department of Commerce, in one of its commercial surveys of the south east, says: "Atlanta is generally recognized as the principal headquarters city of this region, being the seat of a large part of the regional administrative machinery of concerns marketing their services and commodities in the territory." NATIONAL CONCERNS HERE More than 1,700 nationally known concerns have branches here for manufacturing or for warehousing and distributing purposes. Atlanta has 3.796 retail and 642 wholesale stores. Her immediate trade area extends 100 miles in every direction, while her wholesalers, jobbers and salesmen cover the entire southeast. She is the base of federal activities in the southeast. There are more than 37 permanent gov ernmental divisions which employ nearly 5.000 persons. Among the larger federal organizations here are the Federal Reserve Bank, fourth corps area headquarters, federal penitentiary and Fort McPherson. The railroad center of the south, 102 passenger trains arrive each day. while more than 500 merchandise and package cars leave here over 15 lines. The two railway express companies handle about 4,850 cars a month. There are 142 buses coming in and going out of the city each day. In addition to hundreds of unscheduled trucks, 75 regulated truck lines serve the city daily. Atlanta is the largest telephone center in the south and the third largest telegraph center in the world. Last year the postal receipts amounted to S4.321.691. making Atlanta the leading parcel post distributing point in this region. Situated near the foothills of the Blue Ridge mountains, on a ridge which divides the water shed of the Atlantic from that of the Gulf of Mexico, Atlanta has the greatest altitude of any city of its size, or larger, in the country, except Denver. HEART OF COTTON BELT She is in the heart of the great cotton belt of the south and has been the dominating agri cultural power of the state for generations. Here is one of the largest cotton markets in the L'nited States. More than 1.400 commodities are manufactured by her 762 factories. The value of her products is said to be 564,822,748 annually. Atlanta is the third largest insurance center in the world. It has scores of large drygoods and furnishings houses. It is the largest millinery center in the southeast. It has one morning and two afternoon newspapers and many other publications. It is the home of the Coca-Cola Company, the largest soft drink concern in the country. Atlanta is the photo-engraving center of the south. LIBRARY 6. no. University Extension Center - Atlanta 24 -- ATLANTA CENTE NNIAL--I (.)fS7 ATLANTA TODAY Top: G>clor:nn:i building in Gram Park. Middle left: New t'nion Sl:nion. Lower Icfl: Henry Grady Mon ment. Mi EfGEXE M- M1TCHELL OF ATLANTA. C.A.. JAXl'ARY. 1928 AXGING on the wall in the Georgia State Library at the Capitol is Early's Map of Georgia made in 1818. On Peachtree Creek near the Chattahoochce River the town of Standing Peach Tree is shown on this map. At that time the lands southeast of the Chattahoochee were occupied by the Creek Nation of Indians and those north west of that river by the Cherokee Nation. Where Atlanta now stands was a densely wooded wilderness. It is a fact not generally known that this pan of Georgia was still Indian country for many years after states farther west were thickly settled by the white people. Atlanta is situated in a strip of territory that was long a debatable land between the Creeks and Cherokees and in which occurred many conflicts between their war bands. Toward the end of the eighteenth cemury the boundary between these tribes became fixed, largely as the result of several treaties with the United States government. The Cherokees occupied the country north and west of the Blue Ridge, the Chestaice River and the Chattahoochee River down to a place called Buzzard's Roost not far from Austell. By the treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814 the Creek Jndians ceded all their lands northeast of the Hightower Trail, and out of these lands were cre ated Rabun, Habersham. Hall. \Valton and Gwinnett Countics- The Hightower Trail is a path or pony road extending from the Etowah (or "Hightowcr") River in northwestern Georgia southeastwardly to High Shoals on the Appalachce River. This trail may still be described, and parts of it are still used as a road. It is the boundary between DeKalb and Gwinnctt Counties. It crosses the Chattahoochee River at the shallow ford near Roswell and runs through the northern part of Fulton County and along or quite near the southwestern edge of Grogan's District. It passes a little to the cast of Stone Mountain and down into Newton County whence it bends northeastwardly until it reaches High Shoals. Dur ing the Indian times it was one of the principal highways for travel and traffic in this part ol Georgia. Connecting with it was the Stone Mountain Trail which ran through what is now Decatur and Atlanta to the Standing Peachtree on the Chattahoochee River and thence across into the Cherokee Country. On January 8, 1821, by the treaty at Indian Spring the Creek Indians ceded all their lands between the Chattahoochee and Ocmulgee Rivers up to the Hightowcr Trail, and out of part of this territory was created the county of Henry, xvhich has been carved up into several coun ties. In 1822 a part was taken to create DeKalb County. On December 20, 1853. Fulton County was created out of part of DeKalb County and now consists of the fourteenth and seventeenth districts of Henry County and parts of the fourteenth district of Faycttc and the sixth district of Gwinnetl County. In 1821 the Creek Indians moved from what is now Fulton and DeKalb Counties, but the Cherokees still inhabited the country on the northwest side of the Chattahoochcc River until about 1835 when they were removed to Oklahoma by the United States Government. In 1836 a law was passed by the General Assembly of Georgia for the building of the West ern and Atlantic Railroad from the Tennessee line near Rossville to the soulhcastem bank ol the Chattahoochee River, and if it had not been amended its terminus would have been near Standing Peachtree: but. by an act passed December 23. IS37, its terminus was fixed at a point in DeKalb County not more than eight miles southeast of the Chaitahoochce River, "as shall be most eligible for the running of branch roads thence to Athens, Madison. Milledgevillc. Forsyth and Columbus." It is stated in the "History of Atlanta and Its Pioneers" by the Pioneer Society that Colonel Stephen H. Long, the chief engineer of the railroad, drove a stake in mark the terminus in the year 1837. This was the beginning of what is now Atlanta. This spot is nowmarked by a stone post in the northeast part of the Union Depot near the corner of Central Avenue and Wall Street. Until this time the country now surrounding Atlanta was very sparsely inhabited. Chamer Humphries built the "Whitehall Tavern" at the corner of Park Street and Whitehall Street (now Peters Street) in the early eighteen-thirties. A few families such as the Colliers, Jetts, Poolcs, Thurmonds. Littles. Connallys. Montgomery's and others occupied lands in the surround ing country. Hardv Ivy built the first house in what is now Atlanta on land lot 51 in the vear 1835. 30 1837 --ATLANTA C E x T E N x i A L--1937 The land whereon is now situated Atlanta and its environs was recogni/ed by the railroads as a strategic point. Jt was already the place where the wagon roads from Stone Mountain, Decatur and Hog Mountain crossed and debouched for Newnan, Sandtown and Marietta. But the vicinity of Atlanta had also been recognized by our Indian predecessors as the proper place for their principal town in the northern part of their domain. Suwannee Old Town was a village near the present town of Suwannee in Gwinnett County. Sandtown and Buzzard's Roost were lower down the Chattahoochee. There were other important places farther south. But the town of Standing Peachtree was the most noted Indian settlement in this part of Georgia. It was a strategic point for travel and for trading with the Indians. Only licensed traders were permit ted to enter the Indian country or traffic with them. This business assumed large proportions. As early as 1741 there were 46 licensed traders at Augusta trading with the Creeks and 49 others from South Carolina trading through Augusta with the Creeks and Chickasaws. (See White's His torical Collections, page 600.) There were others trading with the Cherokees. This traffic continued until the Indians were removed from Georgia. Standing Peachtree was favorably located for trade not only with the Creeks but with the Cherokees across the river. Canoes and boats plied up and down the river to the other villages and there were trails or paths along the river. The village or "town" ot Standing Peachtree was situated at or quite near the location of the present "River Pumping Station" of Atlanta Waterworks, on lands now belonging to the City of Atlanta and the heirs of Mrs. Martha Howell Lyon and the estate of Thomas Moore, on land lots 242, 231, 232, 219, 220 of the seventeenth district of originally Henry now Fulton Coun ty. It very likely extended along the southeast bank of the Chattahoochee River for some dis tance north and south of Peachtree Creek and back castwardly along Peachtree and Nance's Creeks. Nance's Creek empties into Peachtree Creek about a half mile above the mouth ol Peachtree Creek. The old Peachtree Road (now called the "Moore's Mill Road") crosses Peachtree Creek on land lot 220 about a mile from Bolton near Moore's Mill, which is situated on Peachtree Creek a short distance above the junction of the two creeks. There was a large Indian mound where the pumping station is now situated. The old ferry landing of the "Montgomery Ferry" is on the bank of the Chattahoochee River in land lot 242, about a half mile north of the mouth of Peachtree Creek. It is now filled up by a large sand bank. On the river bank on the south side of the landing is an immense syc amore tree and on the north side a small branch runs into the river. At this landing the Indians and traders crossed the Chattahoochee before the settlement of the country by the white men. On December 25, 1837, an act was passed by the General Assembly to authorize James M. C. Montgomery to establish a public ferry "across the Chattahoochec River, upon his own land, in the counties of DeKalb and Cobb, at a place known by the name of the Standing Peachtree." The act of the General Assembly is on pages 112 and 113 of the published laws of 1837. The land records of DeKalb County were nearly all destroyed by the fire which burned the court house in Decatur in 1842 and the deeds to James M. C. Montgomery can not be found, but it is a notorious fact that he owned the land on both sides of the river and operated this ferry until his death. His will was probated at the November term 1842 of DeKalb County Inferior Court and is of record in Book A, page 14. He willed to his son H. B. T. Montgom ery and his daughter Rhoda \arcissa Brown "all my land on both sides of the Chattahoochee River and Peachtree Creek adjacent to and joining the river" (with the exception of certain lands named in Item 5), including "saw mill, grist mill and ferry." To the Standing Peachtree led a network of Indian trails before the white man came. It was the terminus of the Peachtree Trail and the Stone Mountain Trail and one of the objectives of the Sandtown Trail. The Peachtree Trail ran along the top of the Chaltahoochee ridge from near Toccoa to Buckhead, where it divided: one branch continuing by way of what are nowcalled the Pace's Ferry and Moore's Mill Roads to Standing Peachtree; but the other branch led southward from Buckhead across Peachtree Creek and struck the Sandtown trail at Five Points in what is now Atlanta. And when the Cherokee country was opened to settlement by the white men the principal crossing place in this part of Georgia was at Standing Peachtree. The canvas-covered wagons swarmed along the Old Peachtree and Stone Mountain trails to occupy the new lands in northwest Georgia. In the State surveys of 1821 the Indian trails are delineated in the seventeenth district (that is north of Eighth Street) but not in the fourteenth district south thereof. The trail along the North Decatur and Marietta Roads (afterwards called the Montgomery Ferry Road) is shown 1837-- ATLANTA C E x TE xx A L-- 1937 31 and also the Peachiree trail (which divided at Buckhcad), but the Sandtown trail through Five Points in Atlanta and out Whitehall and Peters Streets and Cascade Avenue is not indicated. This old Sandtown trail was one of the historic roads of this part of Georgia. It is unfor tunate that its name southwest of Atlanta has been changed to Cascade Avenue. That part in Dccatur is now called Atlanta Avenue. It runs, generally, along the Georgia Railroad and en ters Atlanta under the name of DeKalb Avenue and runs along Decatur Street to Peachtree Street: thence it follows Peachtree and Whitehall Streets to Mitchell Street; thence diagonally to the corner of Forsyth and Peters Streets and thence out Peters Street to Gordon Street, out Gor don Street to Cascade and follows the latter road through Fulton and into Campbell County. On July 9, 1832, the Inferior Court of DeKalb County ordered that a road be opened up from Hardy Pace's settlement on Nance's Creek to J. A. D. ChildresY (Place) on the Sandtown Road. On September 3, 1838, the Inferior Court ordered that "a route for a road as lately marked out by Hardy Ivy, Benjamin Little, Benjamin Thurman and Hosea Maner be opened out and kept up as one of the public roads of said county, said road commencing at the Sandtown Road near the southern terminus of the Western & Atlantic Railroad and intersecting the Nelson's Ferry Road near Reid's Shantee." The writer has never been able to trace this road satisfactor ily. The terminus of the railroad was then as now at the present Union Depot at Wall Street and Central Avenue. But the writer has found no one who knows where Reid's shanty was. He has always understood that the Nelson's Ferry Road was coincident with the present Nelson Street and thence extended out Greensferry Avenue and the West Hunter Street Road to the Adamsville Road formerly known as the "Lickskillet" Road and thence to Nelson's Fern-, afterwards Green and Howell's Ferry on the Chattahoochee River. He hazards the guess that the new road laid out in 1838 began at Five Points and ran along Marietta Street to Magnolia Street and thence out Magnolia Street and West Hunter Street Road to the Adamsville Road. This may be a mistake. It is a fact attested by the Pioneer's History that Terminus had six roads: the Decatur. Marietta. Peachtree, Whitehall and McDonough Roads and a road from the Marietta Road along Magnolia and \Vesi Hunter Streets to the Green and Howell's Ferry Road. But let us leave the realm of speculation and return to that of proven facts. During the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain the Creek Indians were in alliance with the British. To hold them in check and prevent their depredations upon the white settlements a line of forts was built by the authorities of the State of Georgia. One of these was "Fort Peachtree," situated on a high hill or promonotory just north of the mouth o( Peachtree Creek in the angle between the creek and Chattahoochee River. The top of the hill was leveled off and it is said that a fort or stockade was erected of logs. At the present time there is no vestige of the stockade, and the top of the hill has grown up in large trees. But the large level spot on the top of the hill is a sufficient indication that it was once occupied. At the for ward end nearest the river is an old breastwork or rifle pit. No one seems to know whether it is a relic of old Fort Peachtree or of the War between the States. When General Sherman sought to break into Atlanta in 1864 the hills on the southeast side of the Chattahoochee River were fortified. The prow of this hill overhangs the river and gives the impression of a small Gibral tar. Up this steep side steps have been dug and rude pieces of flat stone placed on them. These steps have the appearance of great age. The top of the hill is thus easily accessible. In the War of 1812 George R. Gilmer, afterwards Governor of Georgia, was placed, as a young lieutenant, in charge of a detachment of soldiers, who occupied Fort Peachtree. In his book "Georgians" he stales: "My appointed station was on the banks of the Chattahoochee about thirty or forty miles beyond the frontier, near an Indian town, not far from where the Georgia (meaning the Western ic Atlantic) Railroad now crosses the Chattahoochee River . . . A few days after my arrival at the standing peachtree a ruffian Indian fellow came into the camp with some fine catfish for sale." He also speaks of "a meeting of the chiefs of the Standing Peachtree, and two or three chiefs of the neighboring villages." See pages 253, 25-1, 235, and 257. Sherwood's Gazetteer, published 1829, states on page 103 that the town of Decatur was "95 miles northwest of Milledgeville, 25 miles southwest of Lawrenceville, 9 miles southwest of Rock Mountain and 12 miles east of Standing Peachtree on the Chattahoochee." In a signed newspaper article dated October 11, 1910, Mr. Robert C. Alston, of Atlanta, quotes these passages from Gilmer and Sherwood as evidence that the name borne by Peachtree Road is historic and not merely fanciful or traditional. 32 _______1837-ATLANTA C EXTE N x i A L-1937__________ Dr. Lucian L. Knight quotes these passages from Gilmer's "Georgians" and "Sherwood's Ga zetteer" in his "Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials and Legends." It will be noted that the name is spelled "peachtree" in both of these citations. The Peachtree Road and Peachtree Creek took their names from "The Standing Peachtree"; either from the village or from the tree for which the village was named. How did the place, the creek and the road acquire this peculiar name? There is a j>ersistent tradition that the name was derived from a tall pine tree near the mouth of the creek, the sides of which had been blazed by the Indians to obtain rosin or pitch; hence the name "pitch tree" which became corrupted into "peachtree." The writer has heard it said that this "pitch tree" was on the top of the high hill where the fort was located and was such a prominent landmark that it could be seen for a great distance. Miss Virginia Hardin, whose grandfather was the first clerk of the Superior Court at McDonough in Henry County and served as a soldier at Fort Peachtree, says that he stated that it was his understanding that the name was derived from a pitch tree. Hon. Thomas H. Jcffries, now Ordinary of Fulton County, who was reared in that neighborhood, says that Hiram Casey, one of the earliest settlers and for many years justice of the peace and for whom the district was long called Casey's District, told him that the name was derived from a pitch tree. And ihat such was the derivation has been occasionally stated in newspaper articles. The State surveys made in 1821 and now in the office of the Secretary of State call the creek "Peachtree" Creek. The oldest reference to "Peachtree" on any of the County records is on page I of the min utes of the Inferior Court of DeKalb County of May 20, 1823: "That a road leading from the standing peachtree to Gwinnett County (known by the Hog Mountain Road) be a public road and that the same be put and kept in repair." As DeKalb County was organized in 1822, this is proof that this road (which can be none other than the old Peachtree Trail or Road) existed before the white people acquired the lands from the Indians. On the same page is an order, "Ordered that there be a new road cut out from the Peachtree the nearest and convenicntesi route to intersect the boundary line at or near Sandtown." On March 26, 1828, the Inferior Court ordered "That the road be opened and cleared out from the three mile post leading from Decatur towards the peachtree to the Peachtree Road at or near James Hooper's on said Peachtree Road." On November 25, 1829. it was "Ordered that a road be opened and cleared out from the standing Peachtree to Leonard Hornsby's and kept up as a public road as has been marked out by Hiram Buckley, Wesley Martin and Llndsey Elsbcrry." The minutes of November 1, 1841, show that the Peachtree Road was open at "Williams' Gin" at that time. It will be noted that the name is spelled "peachtree" in all these records. Atlanta's earliest lawyer was Leonard C. Simpson, a gentleman of high character and ability. He xvas the father of Mr. F. M. Simpson who was for many years "City Investigator" in the office of the City Attorney. Mr. Simpson told the writer that his father had been a member of the Georgia Guard xvho removed the Indians from Georgia, and that his father told him that the Peachtree Creek and Road took their names from a large seedling peach tree of the red Indian variety which stood near the bank of the creek and whose immense size made it an object of mark. Mr. Simpson said that his father took cuttings from the tree and planted them in his garden, and that he (F. M. Simpson) still had some of the descendants of that tree in his garden in At lanta. This was about thirty years ago. The writer has always regretted that he did not get some cuttings from Mr. Simpson. Hon. Franklin P. Rice was one of Atlanta's most distinguished citi/ens. He was a boy of seven years when his parents settled in Atlanta in 1849. He had a very versatile and retentive mind, stored with all sorts of information. He told the writer that Burch Jett. who was a hunter and trapper in this county before the Indians left, told him that Peachtree Creek was named for a "clump of peach trees" near the place where the creek was crossed by the Peachtree Road. But there is the evidence of an eye-witness which cannot be criticised as hearsay or tradition. On April 25. 1897, Mr. Robert Adamson, who was then on the staff of the Atlanta Constitution, published an interview with Mr. George Washington Collier, called "Wash" Collier, who was then Atlanta's "oldest inhabitant." Mr. Collier was born in 1813 and in 1823 moved with his father Meredith Collier to lands which his father bought on Peachtree Road between Atlanta _________________1837 - A T L A X T A C E X T E X X 1 A L - 1937 33 and Pcachtree Creek. At the time of his death in 1903 Mr. Collier was one of the largest land owners in Fulton County. He owned the Aragon Hotel, the building at Five Points on Peachtree Street between Edgewood Avenue and Decatur Streets, the lands where Anslcy Park is now situated and numerous other lands. From Mr. Adamson's interview I take the following cxccrpt: After they began to build a town at Decatur a new era began in \Vash Collier's life. He got the contract for cam-ing the mails between Decatur and Altoona, Georgia. He made the trip iwice a week back and forth, carrying the heavy mail bags on his shoulder and nearly all the lime covering the entire distance on foot. Nothing better illustrates the hardy and determined character of the man than the fact that through rain and wind and snow and sleet he never missed a trip, never lost a letter, never had a complaint made against him. Those trips between Altoona and Decatur! Rough pilgrimages they were, calling forth all the bravery and fortitude of the pioneer's nature. "The nearest post office to this place then," said Mr. Collier, "was Standing Peachtree." "Standing Peachtree?" I asked. The old fellow laughed merrily. "Yes; Standing Peachtree," he said. "I thought you'd ask that. There's nobody around here could tell you about that. Jonathan Xorcross couldn't, and yet ihey call Jonathan the oldest citi/en." "Maybe you never heard of Standing Peachtrec? You don't know where Peachtree Street got its name do you?" "Peachtree Creek, I should say." He laughed again. "But where did Peachtree Creek get its name? Maybe \oifd like to know that. Jonathan Xorcross couldn't tell you that. "This is the way it was: Standing Peachtree post-office was right where Peachtree Creek runs into the Chattahoochee--right where the pumping station is now. It was noi Peachtree Creek then--they called it some Indian name. There was a great huge mound of earth heaped up there --big as this house, maybe bigger--and right on top of it grew a big peach tree. It bore fruit and was a useful and beautiful tree. But it was strange that it should grow up there on top of that big mound, wasn't it? And so they called the post-office out there Standing Peachtree. and the creek they begun to call Peachtree Creek. I've passed it many and many a time going on u'ith my mails. There's nothing remaining of it now." It would seem that this ought to settle the question. It does settle the fact that the creek and the road and the post-office took their names immediately from the peach tree. From the pecu liarity of its location on top of the mound one might infer that it was planted there. And it may have been planted there because the place was already known as "Peachtree." And that name may have been a corruption of the words "pitch tree." And there may have been at an earlier period a great pine tree on the top of the hill beyond the creek, bla/ccl by the hatchets of the Indians and visible for miles around, and after its decay and death it may have been super seded by the peach tree on top of the Indian Mound. There is the tradition in favor of it. But for lack of any further definite information, the writer adopts the view that the peach tree de scribed by Mr. Collier was the origin of the name. Peach trees have been known to reach sev enty years of age in the United States and there is an instance in France of a peach tree 95 years old. What was the original Indian name no one appears to know. Perhaps some future anti quarian may discover it. It was "Peachtree" in 1812 and in 1818 and 1823 and 1830 and 1837. The name is more than 115 years old. How much older we do not know. Evidently it was given after the traders began to filter through the Indian country from Augusta and Charleston. And it was probably a place of importance long before the traders named it. The same geographical reasons that made "Standing Peachtree," within three miles of the present limits of Atlanta, the principal Creek town in this neighborhood and the chief trading post for the early traders have made Atlanta the great metropolis of the Southeast. The Indian mound at Standing Peachtree has long ago vanished. If there were any remnants they were destroyed in constructing the pumping station and the Seaboard Air Line Railway. There are no descendants of the peach tree in the vicinity. 34______________1837 - A T L A X T A C E X T E X X I A L - 1937________________ Perhaps the writer attaches too much importance to the origin of a mere name. But it has become a matter of interest to him because this old Indian peach tree (or pitch tree) gave its name to the Indian town near the site of Atlanta which was the metropolis of the Creeks long before Atlanta was ever thought of and which preceded "Whitehall," "Terminus," "Marthasvills" and "Atlanta"; which gave name to the creek on whose banks was fought one of the noted battles in the War Between the Slates; and for which was named the most famous business and residential highway of Atlanta. ATLANTA'S FIRST PHYSICIAN By FRANK K. BOLAXD, M. D.. JUXE, 1933- ; OR the past three years a committee appointed by the Medical Association of Geor gia has been compiling a History of Medicine in Georgia, and is still engaged in the arduous task. Among the facts which the committee is endeavoring to ascertain is the name of the first physician to settle in each community or town in the state. This information is taken to mark the beginning of medicine as a profession in each locality, although it is understood that some form of amateur medicine and midwifery had to be practiced before the arrival of one calling himself a regular physician. The general assembly passed an act in 1825 appointing a board of medical examiners to examine applicants for li cense to practice, but it is recognized that for many years there were doctors, and sometimes good doctors, who practiced medicine without a license. Some of these men, and some of those who held a license, had graduated from a medical college, while many others had only "read" medi cine under some older practitioner. In a series of articles entitled "Makers of Atlanta Medicine," by Dr. J. L. Campbell, pub lished in the Bulletin of the Fulton County Medical Society in 1929, it is stated that in 1842, in order for a resident of Terminus to secure the services of a physician, it was necessary to travel to Marietta or Decatur. As is well known by students of Atlanta history, Marietta and Decatur were joined in those days by a stage-coach route. Dr. T. J. Collier, who lives today at 1781 Peachtree Road, near Peachtree Station, says that the old roadway of this stage-coach line can still be discerned in his back yard. How this route missed our present Five Points! In the opening chapter of the papers written by Dr. Campbell, he tells us that Dr. Joshua Gilbert was the first physician to practice medicine in Atlanta. The descendants of Dr. Gilbert, and many other Atlanta citizens, have always known this to be true, but certainly the fact has not been given publicity in recent years. It was natural for Dr. Campbell to be interested in the matter, since he always has evinced a lively interest in medical history, and originally hailed from Hapeville, near the home of some of the Gilbert family. The first doctor to locate in the territory now known as Fulton County was Dr. William Gil bert, grandfather of Dr. W. L. Gilbert, at present practicing in Atlanta, and a member of the Board of County Commissioners. This pioneer moved to this section about 1830, and settled on the Campbellton Road, to serve the thinly populated sections around old Utoy, Mount Gilead and Mount Zion churches. He rode for many miles on horseback to reach these scattered neighborhoods. Carrying his equipment in his saddlebags, he dispensed medicine to the sick and comfort to the dying. Just before the civil war Dr. Gilbert moved to Atlanta and formed a partnership with his brother, Dr. Joshua Gilbert. It is interesting that Dr. Joshua Gilbert and Dr. Crawford W. Long, the discoverer of anes thesia, were born the same year, and Dr. Long also practiced in Atlanta, but only for one year, 1850. Long did not think Atlanta offered much promise as a place to raise and educate his grow ing family, so he moved to Athens. Joshua Gilbert was born in Clcmson County, South Carolina, September 17, 1815. He "read" medicine for a short time with his brother, then attended the Augusta Medical College, now the Medical Department of the University of Georgia, where he graduated in 1845. He 1837 --ATLANTA C E x TE x x i A L -- 1937 35 settled in Atlanta to practice medicine the same year. Judge John D. Humphries is authority [or the statement that our present Atlanta was called Marthasville in 1843, and became the town of Atlanta in 1845, and was chartered as the City o Atlanta in 1847. Our boasted "Atlanta spirit" seems to have had a natural, spontaneous origin. At a time \vhen railroads were new, and aroused great enthusiasm and hope for the future, three different routes for the "iron horse" consummated their entrance into the little village within a period of four years. The Western and Atlantic Railroad from Chattanooga was finished in 1842, the Georgia Railroad from Augusta arrived in 1845. and the Central of Georgia from Macon and Savannah came in 1846. Such epochal events, so closely timed, engendered civic pride and spirit which have endured to the present day. Widespread attention was attracted, and the town grew and developed rapidly, so that Joshua Gilbert was the sole physician for only six months. The next to arrive was Dr. Stephen T. Biggers, and soon many others followed, to help start Atlanta toward becoming a medical center. For many years the name of Josh Gilbert was a by-word in this part of Georgia. He was a typical example of the doctor of the old school, well versed in the medical lore of the day, not learned in the science of medicine, but. knowing a great deal about the an of medicine, with out which knowledge no modern doctor of today can achieve the greatest success in practice. A newspaper account of his death in 1889 (the same year that Henry Grady died) says that Dr. Gilbert built a home on the ground where the old state capitol stood, the present site of. the Western Union building, Marietta and Forsyth streets. He put up an office on Marietta street, between Broad and Forsyth streets. He practiced his profession until a few years before his death, but, after the civil war, left Atlanta and moved eight miles into the country near the Campbellton road. During the early part of his professional career Dr. Gilbert was the leading physician of Atlanta, certainly the most popular, so described by Dr. G. G. Smith in Martin's "Atlanta and Its Builders." He rode either horseback or in his little sulky, carrying his saddlebags and com pounding his own medicine. Dr. W. L. Gilbert recalls his finelooking uncle, and asserts that he could roll the biggest bluemass pills he ever saw. He carried a whistle with him on his rounds, and would stand on the corner and blow to let people know that the doctor was about and would not be that way again that day. He kept no books, and never presented a bill, al though he appeared to prosper in worldly goods. Joshua Gilbert fulfilled the idea in those days of a "natural born doctor," and was loved and esteemed by all who knew him. In 1854 Atlanta began to be a medical center, when three medical institutions were estab lished, the Atlanta Medical College, the Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal, and the first medical society, known as the Brotherhood of Physicians. The college and the society were formed by Dr. J. G. \Vcstmoreland, and the journal was started by J. G. Wesimoreland and his brother, for. W. F. Westmoreland, Sr. Also the first fee bill and Code of Ethics was published the same year. This document was signed by fourteen physicians, who might be called the Apostles of Atlanta Medicine. They were: X. D'Alvigny, M. D. Jas. F. Alexander, M. D. Josiah A. Floumoy, M. D. H. A. Ramsay, M. D. Joshua Gilbert, M. D. Hayden Coe. M. D. T. C. H. Wilson, M. D. X. L. Angier, M. D. J. G. Westmoreland. M. D. W. T. Grant. M. D. B. M. Smith, M. D. Thos. Denny, M. D. H. Westmoreland, M. D. J. M. Damall. M. D. Dr. Gilbert was not connected with the medical college, but he was a member of Atlanta's per mile. Atlanta's first physician practiced medicine in 1845 almost as it had been done for manyhundreds of years before. It had been shown that quinine would cure malaria, but nothing was known about the mosquito conveying the disease, a fact which was not discovered until 1S97. About the only equipment possessed by Dr. Gilbert which was not in the armamentarium of the Father of Medicine, Hippocrates, who lived 400 B. C., was the stethoscope, and it is doubtful if Joshua Gilbert used it regularly. He did know that vaccination would prevent smallpox, but there xvas no law requiring vaccination, and the disease killed many people in Atlanta even in the eighties and nineties. 36_________ I 837 - A T L A X T A C E X T E X X I A L - 1937________ And what could the Father of Atlanta Medicine know about prophylaxis in the scourge of child-bed fever? Antisepsis was not announced by Lord Lister until 1867, so there could be no safe surgery in 1845. Appendicitis was not described by Fitz until 1886, but it must have existed in Atlanta in Gilbert's early practice. Of course it was not diagnosed as appendicitis, and if it had been, nobody would have been able to treat it successfully. Altogether, medical science has added thirty-five years to the span of human life since the war between the states, due to the discoveries of the past ninety years, and to the brilliant progress in the treatment of the diseases of children, which saves so many babies in the first years of life. So, all the more honor to Joshua Gilbert and the magnetic type of old-time practitioner he represented, for laboring so courageously under such handicaps! If he was not acquainted with science, he had an almost equally valuable asset in his knowledge of human nature. If he could not bring healing into the sickroom, he could bring comfort and cheer, which too often is all we can today. He held the confidence of his patients as much as the medical pro fession does in the present generation, and sometimes perhaps to a greater degree. Dr. Gilbert's distinction as being the first physician to practice medicine in Atlanta was commemorated by the Fulton County Medical Society, September 17. 1932, the 117th anniver sary of his birth, by placing a wreath on his grave in Utoy Church cemetery. At the same lime a wreaih was placed on his wife's grave by the Woman's Auxiliary of the Society. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PARISH OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA TO WHICH IS ATTACHED THE PARISH REGISTER OF BAPTISMS. BIRTHS, AND MARRIAGES, 1846 THROUGH 1871 B\ STEPHENS MlTCHELL. SEPTEMBER. 1927 SHE earliest records of the parish are contained in an old battered book in which il appear the register of confirmations, baptisms and marriages. In the front of the Jl book appears the following request: "I hereby beg Mr. Terence Doonan of AtJ lanta, Ga., to keep this Register under lock until a resident Priest shall take charge =a of it. He will be so good as to present it to every Priest who having jurisdiction shall have administered the Holy Sacraments in order to make record. John Barry. V. G. (Vicar General)." The first persons baptized were George Washington Shipley and Sarah Lavinia Shipley, chil dren of G. W. Shipley and his wife Susannah Barnes Shipley, on August 9th, 1846, the Reverend John Barry performing -the ceremony and Terence Doonan and Elizabeth Barry acting as spon sors, and Mary Divers, daughter of John and Susannah McCauley Divers, for whom Daniel Dougherty and Mary Dougherty acted as sponsors. The names most frequently occurring in these early records are Doonan, Lynch. O'Brien, McCaffery, Fiugibbons. Dougherty, Cassidy, O'Keefe, Connolly, Riordan, Killips, Creed, McCowan, Gilchrist, Tyrrell, Divers, Fit/gerald, McCaffeiy, Dowling, Cavanah, McGinley, Mann, Connon, Dobingcr, Faulkner. During these early days many counties were attached to this parish and there are frequent heads of "Cass Iron Works Cass County" (now Bartow County); "Hightower, Forsyth Coun ty;" "Dogwood Valley, Walker County," Dalton, etc. On May 27th, 1849, there is the first entry under the name of Thomas Francis Shanahan, the new pastor, the baptism of Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Sieglar and Ann Bona Sieglar. In 1851 the name of Reverend J. F. O'Neill appears as pastor. New names appear, such as Holliday. Gavan, Lynan, Kcenan, Lynes, an occasional slave was baptised, as on August I3th, 1851, Frederick Gabriel Fiugerald, slave of Ellen Fit/gcrald, was baptised. In 1851 the following note appears: "The Catholics of Atlanta have been hitherto under the charge of the Pastor of Macon, and occasionally visited by other clergymen of the Diocese. 18.">7 -ATLANTA CENTENNIAL-- 1937 37 On the I3th of February of ihe present year I was appointed Pastor of Atlanta, by Rt. Revd. F. X. Canland, Bishop ot Savannah. ' J. F. O'Xeill, jr. In 1852 the Bishop of Savannah made his first visitation and made the following entries: "May 2. 1852. On this day I made the visitation of the Church of the Immaculate Con ception, Atlanta, Ga.--and administered the Sacrament of Confirmation to the following, viz: Patrick John Rice, William Kay, Daniel Joseph Green, James Aloysius Doonan, William Jo seph Masseling, Peter Andrew Cannon, Patrick Alphonsus Garvey, .Mary Catherine Massel- ing, Johanna Magdalene Masseling. Wilhelmina Marguerita Masseling. Catharine Ursula Mas- scling, Eveline Mary M. Smitt, Margaret Kay, Catharine Theresa Dougheny, Mary Agnes Cannon and Rosa Eiseman." Francis Xavier, Bishop of Savannah. Raphael, son of Victor Petet and Marie Terese Henrietta Van Marbrecht. spon Hardy De Beaulieu and B. E. Petct." On March I0th, 1857, is the first record of the Reverend James Hasson who on that date baptised Joseph Roberts. {laughter of J. J. Roberts and his wife Valentine Dubois Roberts. Father O'Xeill continued as pastor during 1858 anil the following record confirmations appears on January- 10th: Timothy Lynes. John King, James Patrick Cannon, William Rogan, John Josef Garvey, Michael Thomas Enright, John Bartholomew O'Sullivan, William Knowles. Mrs. Eli/abeth McGrath. Sarah Carlton. Catherine Haverty, Catherine Lynes. Man- Ann Cro/ier. Ann Eli/abeth Doonan and Margaret Doogan. In 1859 Reverend James Hasson was pastor and evidently continued as such until 1861 when the names of the Reverend Thomas Reilly and J. Kirby appear on the records. During this period the names of Haverty, Stephens, Gatins. Lagomarsino. appear. One of the found ers of the "Atlanta Herald," St. Clair Abrams. is noted as a sponsor during this era. On November 7lh. 1871, ihe name of Reverend J. B. Duggan appears as pastor, he having on that date baptised Edward, son of John and Mary Lagomarsino. The first record of a marriage in the city of Atlanta is that of Michael Bloomfield and Eli/abeth Malonc, performed January 20th, 1851, by Rev. J. F. O'Xeill, although it was pre ceded by several marriages performed in other counties which were parts of the parish such as that of Owen Lynch in Cass County, and Bartholomy O'Bricn and Adeline Kirkpatrick at the same place on August IIth, 18-16. that of Oliver Wrighi and Ellen Riordan in Murray County in 1848. Patrick Mansfield and Xancy Watson in Allatoona on June 1st. 1848. Bernard McGiriley and Susannah Fitzgibbons in Cass County in December. 1847. Michael McCord and Miranda Turner and Pat Sullivan and Miss Turner in Fayette County in 1848. Robert Holliday and Man- Ann Fil/gerald in Fayette County on June Ifith, 1848. The first official record of the parish of the Immaculate Conception is found on the Deed Records of DeKalb County (Atlanta was formerly in DeKalb County). On June 23rd. 1847. Terence Doonan conveyed by Warranty Deed to Ignatius A. Reynolds, Bishop of Charleston, Lot 4 in Block 17 in the City of Atlanta containing 1 acre for the purpose of erecting thereon a Catholic Church. On February 23rd, 1848. Daniel McShafFery deeded Lot 4 in BlocV 12 of Land Lot 77 of the 14th District containing one acre on the southeast comer of Loyd Street (now Central Avenue) and East Hunter Streets to I. A. Reynolds, as Bishop of Charleston, and his successors in office, for the purpose of erecting and maintaining a Catholic Church on it. In 1848, Georgia was still a part of the bishopric of Charleston and ihe spiritual needs ol the widely scattered Catholic population were attended to by its Bishop. But in Atlanta Catholics were beginning to be found in sufficient numbers to warrant the establishment of a church. The first parish record is dated 1846 as was noted above. The original Catholic population of Atlanta was largely Irish with an admixture of Ger mans and some French. The names that are most often found on the early parish registers are those of the hardy pioneers who built and operated our first railroads. The first mission priest was the Reverend John Barry, who offered up ihe first mass in the city in the home of either Patrick Lynch or * * McCullouch about 1845. He was succeeded by the Reverend Thos. F. Shanahan in 1849. The first resident priest came in 1850. He was 38 1837 - A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL- 1937 Father J. F. O'Neill, Jr., and was pastor until April, 1859, succeeded by Father James Hasson who served from 1859 to May, 1861. White's Historical Collections (1854) gives the Catholic population of the town as being 250. During the late Civil War the priest was the Reverend Thomas O'Rcilly who is known most favorably as the person who persuaded General Sherman to spare the churches of the town when he burned the rest of the buildings in 1864. (See Pioneer History of Atlanta, pages 155-6). Father O'Reilly built the Church of the Immaculate Conception as it now stands and built the Convent of the Sisters of Mercy on Central Avenue. He established the first Cath olic school in the town. In 1850, Georgia became a Bishopric, with its head at Savannah, and the allegiance of the ntw parish was transferred to that city. The progress of the parish until the Civil War was apparently satisfactory, though its growth was slow. At that time American Catholicism re lied almost entirely for its growth on foreign immigration, and except for Irish and German immigrants there were few in the South. During the Civil War there was a great growth of population in the city of Atlanta, and though almost all of the male members were enrolled in some branch of the service the parish continued to exist and hold its own under the charge of Fathers Hasson and O'Rcilly. After the Civil War was over there was a long period during which the church did well to hold its own. No new people came South. The native population furnished no field for con versions. The people were poor and unable to give very great assistance to the church au thorities. During this period, stretching from 1865 to 1900, the parish consolidated its population. It was no longer an experiment, but a fixture. It had found who were the true and loyal Catholics in its midst. It had added some names to its roster, chief of which was that of the Spaldings, probably the oldest and most distinguished English Catholic family in the South. It had drawn to itself many of the Catholics scattered through the surrounding territory and who had been in danger of losing the faith through lack of attention. Around 1880 the new parish of the St. Peter and Paul, now Sacred Heart Parish, was de tached from the parish of the Immaculate Conception. Despite the loss of so much of its territory and population the parish has held its own. It now (1927) supports three priests and maintains its own school. Its pastor, the Reverend Emmett Walsh, has recently been raised to the Bishopric of Charleston, an honor which is most unusual for a priest of his age. Under Father Walsh the church's charitable and intellectual sides were stressed and in addition to this there was a great increase of devotion. The following are the names of early Catholics in order of their appearance on the baptis mal register: 1846: G. W. Shipley, Sarah L. Shipley, Mary Divers, Richard Collinan. John Lynch, J. A. Harvey, Elizabeth Carlin, Mary O'Brien, Elizabeth Connor, Mar)' Creid, Archibald O'Brien, James Lynch, John Carrol, Mrs. E. Mann, Ellen Connolly, Mary Jane Glynn. Elizabeth Smith. 1847: Elizabeth Lynch, Bridget O'Brien, Mary E. McCaffery, William Doonan, Catherine Fitzgibbon, James Gilchrist, Mary Lynch, Mary Fit/gibbon, C. Cassidy. E. Doughcrty, Daniel Dougherty, Owen O'Keefe, Anne M. Connolly. 1848: John T. Riordan, P. H. Xewman, )ohn Ncwman, Mary Lewis, Bridget Cannon, Henry Killips, Anne McCowen, J. T. McCowen, Will Creed E. Gilchrist, Mary Tyrell, W. H. Tyrell, Ellen E. Divers, Catharine Dowling, Mary E. Murphy, Will McCaffery, Margaret A. O'Brien, W. T. Heffernan, M. Lynch, Sarah Fitzgerald. John and Cherry (sla%'es of M. A. Cooper), Charles G. Maner, Charles McGinley, James Cavanah, Mary A. Carrol, John O'Connor, Mary O'Connor, Will O'Connor, Elizabeth O'Connor. 1849: Ann Elizabeth Roonan, Mary Elizabeth Sieglar, Catharine Immell, Daniel McCuIlough, Patrick Lynch, Mar)1 Anne Ray, John Gould. 1850: Ann Mann, Mary Mann, Susan Creed, Charles Beruff, Carl Dubler, Joseph Flynn, Robert, slave of Phillip Fitzgerald. Christopher Mansfield. Patrick McMahon, Margaret Gould, Savannah Murphy, Thomas Garretl. 1851: Elizabeth Dowling, Ann Eliza Divers, Catharine Cannon, Sarah E. Kay, Man- R. Tyr rell, Lucy Jcanne Cassidy, Mary McMahon, John Ryan, Mary Gavin, Mrs. Elizabeth Kunan, Anna Kreinger, James Garvey, Isabella Fitzgerald, Robert Holliday, Anton Kontz. Jeremiah Callaghan, Patrick Wheelan, Sarah Cody. 1837 --ATLANTA C E N T E x x i A L--1937 39 1852: Catharine Furlong, James O'Brien. James M. Carroll, John P. Roneche, Hilary E. Florsch, Laura O'Brien, Emily Glynn, \V. D. Glynn, Sarah Susan O'Connor, John Thomas O'Connor, Susan Kirby, Mary Spciran, Susan Fitzgibbon, John Faulkner, fames Faulkner, Jo seph Faulkner, Thomas McMahon, Frances Lynch, E. M. V. R. Petit. Nicholas Petit, Eliza Tierney, James Carroll. James Fury-, Arthur Connally, Martha O'Connor. Mary Bloomfield. Pat rick Creed, Margaret Kincaid, William Kearney, Robert T. Murphy. Ellen Lynan, Catharine Healey, Louis Gray, Mary Ann Gray. 1853: Agnes Sullivan, Elizabeth A. Moran, Man- A. Lynch, Jame, Muqihy, Mary M. McGinley, Jacob E. Gilchreast, Man- E. Mansfield, John Tyrell. Sarah Ann; Seymore, Michael Riordan, Robert McDonough, Mary James Schiken, John Nicholas Hayn-s, Barbara Haynes, William Haynes, Lucy Haynes, Laurence Haynes, Caroline Deubler, Richard \Vhelan, Julia Frances Fitzgerald, James and John, slaves of Philip Fitzgerald: John T. \\'allis, Niceta U'allis. MarySullivan, James Sullivan, John Voting, John Brolly, Margaret Brolly. John Clinton, Caroline Jacobs, Patrick Blount. 1854: Mary E. Kay, John Callaghan. Hannah Lynch, J. P. Divers, Mane K. Smith, Julia O'Connor, Maris Butler, Windsor J. Smith, Man- E. Cannon, George O'Connor, Mrs. Jane Sul livan, Mary Crozier, Mary Considine, William McDonough, Mary A. O'Xeille. Manin Kennedy. Frances Lynch, Mary Murphy. James Tucker, Romi Robert, Julia Robert, Anna Robert, Mag dalene Dobinger, Gabriel D. Peel. Pat W. Lynch, Mary M. Johnson, Ann Murphy, Julia A. Valentine, John F. Connolly, Michael O'Brien, James Brawley (?), James F. Kennedy. 1855: Wilhelmina L. Hubers, Joseph McGettigan, Mary Ann McDonald, Bridget E. Bloomfield, Jeremiah F. Murphy. Mary Ann Shcehan. J. H. Flynn, Thomas L. Flynn, Catherine Fitz gerald, John P. Weil, Mary McMahon, John Owen McMahon, Maria O'Brien. Jno. McXamara, Catharine Quinn, Rosanna Blunt. M. H. Kearney, John Dugan, Mary Elizabeth Garaughty, Patrick Jas. Cronin, Peter J. Schikan, John T. Savage. Georgianna Kay. Sarah O'Connor. Wil liam Fitzgibbon, Edward Keelly, Mary J. Farley, John Mansfield. Catherine Agricola, Thomas Lawler. 1856: Patrick J. O'Callaghan, Catharine Honoria Tucker, John Harrison. James Garvey, Nich olas Devereaux, John Donougho. John Lewis Peel, Joel T. Ferrall. Michael Butler. Catharine Kelly, bcth Parks, Johanna Kennedy. Ellen O'Connor. Mary Eliza Lynan, Margaret Adeline O'Con nor, Augusta Cleveland, Mary Ann Cleveland, Martha Tyrrell, Joseph Gatins. 1857: John Sullivan, Ann Elizabeth Sullivan, Joseph Robert. Virginia McKinney. Thomas M. Donahue, Martha Donohue, Mary Margaret Myers, Frances Antoinette Monaghan. Mary S. Masselling, Elizabeth Glynn, Lucretia Glynn. Honoria J. Ryan, Charlotte P. Savage, Antony W. Jacobs, John Henry Roach, Margaret Edelman, Ann F. Bloomfield, Mary Ellen Kearney, Doro thy Devereaux, Mary Ellen Kay, Margaret E. McDonald, Alice Carroll, Catherine M. Cannon, Edward Gleason, Patrick W. Lynch, Mary Jane Kennedy. Cornelius McAlI, Francis M. McAll, Thomas McAll, Marie Adele Fitzgerald, James H. Wallace, Sarah Elizabeih Wallace. Mary- Sarah Smith, Margaret Cannon. 1858: Elizabeth McGrath. Sarah Carlton, Catherine B. Strain. Mary Frances Lynch. ManAnn Coyan, Margaret Blunt, William Gray, Stephen A. Ryan. James T. Sullivan. Clara T. Malone, Catherine Divers, Mary Harrison, James P. Tucker, Gustavus Jagcrs, Henry Schaffer, Charles Jager, William Connolly, Joseph Corrigan, Mary Ann Rilcy, John W. Gilcreast. Peter Lynch, Josephine M. Bohmer, Martha O'Connor Patrick O'Connor. Felix Harrison. Henry Mansfield, Richard Keelty. Ellen Fiugibbon. Mary Ann Lawler. Susan Faulkner, Stephen Faulk ner, Charles Faulkner, Thomas Faulkner. Jane Dunphy, Richard Dunphy, Timothy Kavanaueh, Catharine Myers, Eugene Lynch, Mary Fitzgibbon, Isabella E. Cook, Bridget Enright, _^ , . w1 1*1 T .. T ^__ *~<- ^1. - _-_ _ t *-^.'__- ^._T_ ____ _ T '. _ __ 1?l_-___ I--.*. T Kan.e. Mary Jane Hayden, Mary Ann Quinn. Thomas Hand, Ellen Danaher. Mary Ellen O'Gallagher. 1859: James D. Ryan, Margaret Ann Savage, Catherine Ann Mclntire, Adelaide Valentino, Elizabeth Lynch, Luke Gray, Eliza Miller, Mary Ann Sheehan, Josephine Ahtstrom, Grace Alice Price. John Emmett Gleeson, James H. P. Golden, Timothy Su'llivan, James Kelly, Earth- 40 1837-ATLANTA C E N TE N xi A L -- 1937 olomew Wall, Joseph Harford, Sarah Margaret Coyne, Mary Feline McCarroIl, Catharine A. Bloonifield, Christopher Sullivan, John McGrath, Mary Margaret Flynn, Catharine C. Holliday, Hannah Murphy, Anne J. Brawley, Henry Brawley, Anne Brawley, Luke W. Lennon, Margaret Anne Roach, Morand Elizabeth Flynn, Jane Turner, Catherine Sullivan, Margaret Holeroan, Cccilia Ellen Cannon, Francis Antony Daniel, John Mahoncy, William Kay, James William Devereaux, William Dunphy, Mary T. O'Halloran. 1860: Ellen Murphy, Patrick Butler, Felix Butler, Robert E. Scanlon, Bridget A. Gleeson, Elizabeth Murphy, James Connolly. Bridget Ennis, Michael Lynch, Margaret Kennedy, Paul Louis Lawrence DeGive, James E. Gatins, Anna M. Sullivan, Jane Celina Gardner, John F. Ryan, Bridget Lynch, Lucinda Fishback, Richard Fitzgibbon, Catherine Corrigan, Mary Anne Ftizgibbon, Rose Mary Marian, Junius E. Nash, Anne J. Golden, Susan Mansfield, Allebclla Smyth, John E. Ellis, Catherine O. McGuire, Bridget Hcggarty, James Lynch, Jacob Schikanc, Emma V. Smyth, Mar)' M. Fleck, Margaret E. Jennings, Ellen L. Jcnnings, Bridget Connor, John Driscoll, Catherine M. Hagerty, Bridget Dunning, Thomas M. Daly, Henry Shaw, Anne Kelly, James Lynch. 1861: T. R. Malone, Bridget Murphy, James F. O'Neill, Mary Bridget Wall, David Fit/ gibbon, Joanna Ellen Sheehan, Mary Elizabeth Mclntyre, Catherine Clancey, Daniel Considine, Francis Kane, Jeannc Feretcr, James Keelty, John Smyth, James H. Beeker, Patrick Enright, Mary Elizabeth Peltcr, Emma C. Pelter, Mary T. Gatins, Mary F. Monagham, Sarah C. Morrissy, Jo- Anne E. Lynch, Mar)' Helena Lynes, Anne T. Mason, Eliza T. Clinch, Michael Dolan, Ellen Dumphy. Deborah Fitzgibbons, Isabella Bloomfield. Thomas F. Flynn, Mary Doyle, Cassandra Thompson, George J. Cowley, Elizabeth Farrelly, Thomas Wustifold, Margaret Callaghan, Mi chael Cain. John P. Deverous, Mary Ellen Roach, Thomas Henry Ryan, John F. Lcincn, Ellen Maria Callaghan, Mary Cullanes, Maria Eliza DeShean, Elizabeth M. Doyle. 1862: Anne Kearney, Julia F. Divers, James Hogan, Jane F. Simson, John T. Scott, William Smith, Florence Lambert, Charles Murphy, Martha Savage, Jeremiah P. Mahoney, Anna Ma ria Mahoncy. John Henry Gatins, Margaret A. McArdcl, Martin Cooley, Martha Agnes Mc Donald. Frances Lynch, Mary Cullane, Henry Fleck, John Flynn, John H. Daley, Arthur H. Connolly, Joseph P. Lambert, Thomas Emmctt Gleeson, Mary Ann Tucker, Margaret J. Gol den, Mar)1 Ann Grenvill. John F. O'SuIlivan. Edward Dowling, John Bracken, James Bracken. Lewis Bracken, Joseph O'Driscoll, John Patrick McCabe. Charles H. Barclay, Mary Matilda Dooly. Elizabeth Mansfield, Bertha Brawley, Margaret M. Mason. Alice Connors, Margaret Ann Hagerty. Bridget Cain, Bridget Bracken, John Ferreter. George Bcauregarde DuBignon, Patrick Scanlon. Ann M. Green, Hannah A. Hecney. Catherine Hceney, Edward J. Malone, Mary Ann Consadinc. Deborah Wall, Wilhelmina Helena Schickan, August Karl, Frederick Baker. Charles Coyan. John Dunfy. 1863: Joseph Freeman, William Freeman, Cornelius Callaghan, Mar)- Ellen Lynch, Maria M. Dunning, Jonah Gilchreast, Laurence B. Nash, Louisa Jane Richards (a free person of color), Agnes Lynch. John Gray. Pater A. Lynch, Mary Connelly, ? ? Corrigan, Marcella McXally, James Murphy, Edward Monaghan, Elizabeth J. Green. Clara Anne Harcford, James P. Cowley, Thomas Kelly, Victor Emile Lambert, Mary T. Ellis. James Richard Fitzgerald, Annie L. Fitzgerald. William H. Hand, Julia Gatins, James Duggan, James Callaghan. Helen Burke, Hen ry Ruborg. Frank Kane, Ida Fay, Julia Kennedy, Mary Kennedy, June E. Heeny. Cornelia Mansfield. Henry B. Harvey, Benjamin Brown, Francis J. Edelman, Mary Austin, Henry Lynan, Francis Butler. Joseph Frey, John O'Neill, William R. Williamson, Mary Anna Kcating. Thomas F. Dowling. William Farrelly, Mary Margaret Daly, Gustave Kolschen, Honora Mur phy, Man- B. Ryan, Mar)' H. Bergen, Mary Lucy Bracken, Mary Helena Sheehan. 1864: John Lynch, Elizabeth Bloomfield, Robert Ryce, Edward Hughes, Rosanna Lambert, Catharine Sullivan, Dorcas Fitzgibbon, Edward Ryan, Thomas Fitzgibbon, Catherine Caveney. Philip Stephens, Francis Deveroux, Margaret Mahoney, John Kennedy, Mary Gatins. Wilhelm ina Lange, James R. Holliday, John H. O'Connor, Elizabeth Lynes, Elizabeth Johnson, John Lennon, Francis Golden, Andrew Mocklev, William Nixon, John Lynch, Elizabeth Lynch, Catharine Flynn, Mary McNally, Catharine Callaghan, John Scott, Edward Tucker, Catherine E. Sullivan, John Dowling, Michael Mahoney. 1865: Robert Campbell, Helen Campbell, Mary Wall, Andrew O'Holleran, Mary Eliza- 1837-ATLANTA C E N T E N x i A L - 1937 -11 beth Mahoney, James Lynch, John R. O'Dwyer, John Francis Stephens, \ViIliam Gallegher. Mi chael Scanlon, Aloysius Ryan, James Michael Soyle. 1866: Honoria E. Sheehan, Alfred Abrains, Mary Murphy, Mary Dcvercux, Catherine Pinckney, Matilda Dunning, Octavia Penfield, John P. Gatins. Man' Lynch. Delia Broach. Timothy Lynes, Catherine M. Bloomfield, Cecelia Gatins. Henrietta Jenkins, Barnard Cain. Paul P. S. DeGive, Julia L. Brocken, William R. Simpson, John D. Flynn. James Hughes. Catharine Ma son, John Lowther, Edward Hagerty, Mary Brady, Margaret McNally. Honoria Hanlon. Susan nah Poulter (a person of color), John J. Lackart, Edward Corrigan, William J. Finney. Daniel Daly. 1867: Helen H. Wallace, Michael Corrigan, Michael H. Lynch, Julia C. Lynch. Esther J. Campbell, Margaret Haverty, Mary P. Malone, Anthony Gallagher, Estora Stephens. Margaret Sullivan. Peter Lambert, Teresa Merch, John Doyle, Mary E. Plunkett, Catherine Schikan, Mi chael E. McGee, Mary Thornton, Thomas M. Poryson, Francis A. McFarlan, John R. Jenkins, Charles de La Maso, Concepcion de La Maso, Emmanueal dc La Maso. Patrick Mansfield. Thomas Mansfield, Louise Cobb, Helen W. McGovem, William O'Dwyer. Charles I. Ryan. To bias J. Thornton, Sophia Lynch. 186S: Elizabeth Wall, Walter Hutty, Thomas P. Fifcr, Anna Gatins, Edwina O. Baker, Pa tricia Lynch, Thomas Farrelly, Catherine Gavin, Julia Campbell. Martha Poree, Clara Force. Honora Thornton, Elizabeth Gilbert, Helen Gilbert, Elizabeth Hendricks. Laura Hill. Helen Hill. Man- Virginia Peller, Euphenia Loycl. Bridget V. Callaghan. John T. Brady. Annie Eliz abeth Stephens, Honora Daly, Francis Mary Holliday. Helen G. 6'Halloran. Man- J. Lean, John Lyons, Monica Alvarey, Matthew McCuIloch, Joseph (freed slave), Emilia Eli/abeth Pechokli, Francis Siegel, George Adams, Rosina Fcchter. Egidius Fechter, James M. O'Xeill, Jo seph Oliver Wright, Francis Lynch, Josephine Chave. Jeremia X. Wallace. Catharine Muller, Ludwig Muller, John Malone! Ellen McGinty. Anna XI. O'Connor. Anna McGovcrn. Mathilda Muller, Robert E. Finney, Elizabeth Cotighlin. Mary H. Brogan, John A. Havcrnis, Sarah Xallcy. Richard Bloomfield. Alice Madilcn, Anna Gertrude McGee, |ohn W. Muller. Elias T. Winters. Ellen Bray, James Bray, Ellen Ragan, Thomas J. Ragan. Elias Wofford. Jeannc C. Muller. W. P. Cobb Muller, Mary Louise Massclling, Matilda Crafton, Anna (freed slave of Philip Fit/gerald), Elizabeth Martineui. Charles James Chisholm, John Metterreitcr. Charles James Kuhn, Charles T. Madden, John M. Hanlon. Michael Fitzgerald. Mary Helena Turner. Martin Cooley, John O'C. Bennett, Mary E. Bennctt. James Hagcrty. Andrew Flynn. Honora Hughes, W. Lee Brocken, Catherine Lynch, Francis W. Loando. 1869: Edward Mahoney. Mary Helena Hickey, Catherine Aloysius Connolly, Sarah L. Monigan, James Harrison, Alice Helena Ransford, Margarita Helen Merur. Samuel J. S. St. Onge. Teresa V. Monigan, William E. Leaks. George Flynn. Sarah Flynn. James W. Loyd. Margaret Pattison. Elizabeth Caroline Muller, Joseph Wooden (person of color). Lilly Hitam. Marian Kennedy. Mary Anne Cooper. Helen A. Hawthorne. Charles E. Shehan. Julia Gray. Robert Hertell. Thomas P. Cole. Dorothy Hernandez Walker, Louise J. Murphy, William B. parley. Thomas Bomar. William Reardon, James H. Lyons. Emil T. Van Goidtsno\an, Emilia C. Mann. CLeattihtaiarin5'e L'ynch, "W~ illiam" M~. Kennedy' , Franci"s Gleeson.""France-sBar"tley.-. .Lo-uis-e<-H-o-ffn*crr. Mar-y Francis . Harold Mary Haverty, ,, William S. Gatins. . Anne E. McGee, _ Stephen O'Donougho. 1870: Margaret E. Fifcr. John H. Steinhauer, Charles M. Van Goidtsnoven. Emile G. Chan- cerelle, Paul R. Gailmard, Martha Kelly, Mucille Campbell. Solomon Bechtold. Francis Agatha Sheehan, John Gan-ev, Francis \. Lambert, lames W. Miller, Mary Anne Farrell. Patrick Har rison. Charles W. Maione, Richard P. Wall, Arthur Taylor, August V. Hcnderson (person of . color). John House, Mary T. Gatins, Mary R. Verdery, Augustine J. Ryan, Frederic Kindley, John Flynn, John Brogan, Charles Tiller. Elizabeth Mahcr, Catherine E. Katterer. Christopher S. McN'ally. Patrick J. Bloomfield, Catherine Daley, Mary O'Connor. Jeanne Acton. Aloysius Wallace, Isabelle Leucndi, Jeanne Doonan, Trecillia Campbell, Teresa Daly, Pauline A. Bol- sius, Agnes Flynn, Helen G. Roach, Elizabeth F. Pinckney, Alice G. Pinckney, Clara B. Lynch, Mary Anne Hanlon, Albert F. Kuhn, Jeremiah Bresnahan, Anthony Byers, John E. Cooley, Margaret Greene, Peter J. O'Donougho, Mary Kennedy, Alice T. Boyle. Thomas J. Brady, Anne Cecilia Lynan, John Holman, Rose Holman, Louise Kesille, Joseph F. Gray, William P. Joy, William W. Lovctte, Mary E. Chisholm. 42 1837 --ATLANTA CE N TE N x i A L-- 1937 1871: Clara M. Loyd, Edward T. Murphy, Rosine George, Mary E. Kenney, George S. Police, Robert Dougherty, William J. Connolly, Patrick T. Lynch, Patrick H. O'Sullivan, Robert U'illiamson, Elizabeth O'MulIigan, Mar)' Isabelle Stephens, Louis Anderson, Gertrude Mahoney, Elizabeth Gwinn, Henry E. Ransford," Catharine H. Poulter, Eleanor M. Gatins. Francis Glynn, Julia M. Riordan, Florence Stokes. Louise Rosetti, Helen A. Andoe. Robert E. Andoe, Julia A. Andoe, Mary M. Andoe, Francis C. Andoe, Martha Burns, Madeline L. Kecnan, Mary M. Fenlon, John T. Timmons, Julia O'Leary, James McCaffery, Mary J. Porun, Thomas M. Haverty, Charles G. Shumaker, Mar)- M. Cannon, John Power, Mary Louise Lambert, Helen Flynn, Edward Lagomarsino, Patrick Breen, John P. Mann, Mary R. Hess, Margaret Sheehan, Mary J. McDcvitt, Edwin Kelly, Andrew Cold. The following is a list of the marriages performed in the Church of the Immaculate Concep tion in the years from 1846 to 1871: C room IMG Bride Divcn Lynch Bartholomy O'Brien Elizabeth Adeline Kirkpatrirk 1847 Bernard McGinlcy Susannah Fitzgibbon 1848 Oliver \VrigVn Patrick Mansfield Michael McConnel Patrick Sullivan Robert Holliday Mary Ellen Rioxdan Nancy Watson Miranda Turner Turner Mar)' Anne Fitzgerald 1851 Michael El com field James G. Wilson Elizabeth Malone Catherine Fitzgibbon James Lynan John Schikan 1852 Maria Connolly Anna Catherine Massclling 1853 Matthew Blunt Thomas McDonald John Daly Thomas Flynn James Bailey Arthur Connolly Catherine McGinnis Sarah Ann Seymore Mary Kelly Elizabeth Taylor Mrs. Ann McDoivcll Susan Sheridan Charles Savage Francois Ferdinand Hvppolytc DcBray Peter Aldrich James Doyle Michael McCullough 1854 Julia Malone Catherine Brouillet Wilhelmina Massclling Catherine Killcn Phcraby Harp 1855 John Von Dahlen Wilhclmina Jacobs Dennis F. O'Sullivan Catherine Malone Ambrose Amanda (Slaves of Philip Fitzgerald) James Hcrrcn (Harrison' Bridget Gallaghcr Thomas Malone Maria Gavin 1856 Dennis Ryan Thomas Riley Elizabeth Buckley Mary Ann Cleveland 1857 Richard Fitzgibbon James Coynn Peter Lynch Christopher Sullivan John Ryan MachicI L\nch Timothy Burke Mary Kirby Snrah Quigby Man1 Connor Ann' White Isabella Cosgnnc Margaret Carcy Catherine Bovle Groom Thomas Welch Edward Scan Ion James Col pan Peter Bradley James Bccman Michael Rogati John Peel Richard Watt John Flynn John Gatins Daniel M a holy Thomas Ellis Thomas Rooncy Patrick O'Ncill Felix Murray John Doyle Hugh Dunning Joseph Harrison Daniel Fleck Laurence Murrins Dennis Mycrs Timothy Murphy Timothy O'Connor Alphonsus Lambert Daniel Callahan Joseph Lambert Patrick Lynch James Connolly Samuel Raborg Michael Kcating Michael Do\le David Fitzgibbons John Stephens William Henry Large James Hughes James Dent Capt. Walton Smith There is no record It will be remembered the spring and summi 1864. Bride Mar) Hickey Catherine Coll ins Phcrabc McCuIlouh Margaret Callaghan Margaret O'Connor 1858 Ann Roberts Lucia Valenti'no Deborah Kirby Catherine Doughen) Ann Collins 1859 Jane Gray Mary Connolly Anne Mahaly Man Ann Young Anna McManus 1860 Elizabeth R\an Matilda Havertv Anne Enright Mary Mas.sc)ing Hannah Murray 1861 Ellen Connolly Margaret Magcc Kate Murphy Mahala Monigan 1862 Bridget Jennings Man1 Monigan Sophia Hecry Casandra Thompson Matilda Mason Widow Kennedy Widow O'Sulliv'au 1863 Susan OBrien Anne Elizabeth Fitzgerald Man Haverty Mary Sullivan Joanna McCarthy Marion Frances Black 1864 1837--ATLANTA CENTENNIAL-- 1937 43 Groom Dr. Michael Fitzgerald John J. Slant on J. J. Hcalon David Wallace Henry Hamford John McMahon Michael Havcrty Thomas Lewis Martin Thornion John Gavin Martin Kelly. Sr. John Mann James O'HaJloran Thomas Edward Brady William A. Massciing Charles B. Madden Thomas Hccnan Bride 1865 Lolly Good hue Marv J. Grimes Jane Campbell Ellen O'Ncill Agnes Fitzgerald 1866 Margaret Rav .Mice O'Bricn Catherine Cordon Jane McGowait Mary Garrett 1867 Man- Nixon Anne Lynch Johanna Murphv Catherine L\om Louisa Cohb 186S Man Doonan Sue Agatha \Vharton Groom Patrick Daly Charles Dunn Luke Grey John Murrav John Gallaghcr Emile Van Goidsmovan William N. Cole Patrick Bradv Henry Olbrick jBridr Ellen E. Haxerty Hannah BucUey Margaret Carrol an Bridget Fen ion Anne Jones Catherine Kcll\ Mary Fcnlon Catherine Enrighi Catherine Miller John Braggs Louisa XX'aguer Alice Jcnnings Agatha Caie^ 1S69 Mary Vndenvood Edward McDcvin Patrick O'Donoucho T. B. Archer 1S70 James P. Cannon John William Deary H. Lindsav Michael (William) Breen L. E. Sparks Thomas H. Romar Helen Kenned\ Caihcrine F. O'Shaughnev;y Catherine Hagan Anna Fal\c> .\farv Sianion Margaret M. Bomar DIARY AND LETTERS OF DR. WILLIAM N. WHITE, A CITIZEN OF ATLANTA, WRITTEN 1847NINETY YEARS AGO INTRODUCTION AND NOTATION BY WILLIAM STAFFORD 1RV1NE X response to an invitation issued by Mr. Win. R. Hanleiter. there assembled in the parlors of the Kimball House, on April 24, 1871, several of the bona fide first set tlers, and many of the early group of Atlantans.--who vividly related incidents of the natal and babyhood days of what is now a metropolis. This was the first meeting and founding of the Atlanta Pioneer and Historic Society. Many of the state ments made at that meeting were later written and appeared in the City Director)' of 1871, and in 1902 were printed with additional information in the Pioneer Citizens' History of Atlanta. Since these dates several articles have appeared in the various Atlanta newspapers and peri odicals by some of the early citizens.-- items of history, biography and of kindred interest. Then came the larger works of E. Y. Clark, Wallace P. Reed, Thomas H. Martin, and John R. Hornaday: then more recently the two histories of Fulton County by Dr. L. L. Knight and A\ralter G. Cooper--containing much of Atlanta information. The organization of the Atlanta Historical Society, in 1926, was the outcome of a definite purpose to gather and garner all possible historical data, and biographical information that is historical in its revelations. No one citizen was more intensely enthusiastic about securing first hand information con cerning Atlanta from its first days--with its primitive life--social efforts, political tendencies, educational development, industrial plans, and growth in every particular--than was Henry \V. Grady. His editorials appeared time and again, in which he was begging and beseeching the pioneers to tell of those periods--to secure all the first hand information while the actual par ticipants were still living,--to preserve and publish these valuable documents.--the history of Atlanta in its making. An instance of this is the following editorial: Atlanta Constitution, 1885, April 12. Page 6, Column 1. "Every city in the United States should have its Historical Society. Many of the older towns and cities in the north were in existence a century before organizing such societies, and it is a matter of great regret that they did not begin earlier. By their delay they have lost many notable incidents in their colonial history. Atlanta has reached a stage where everything 44 _____1837 -ATLANTA CENTE x xi AL- 1937 is ripe for the organization of a society that would have little difficulty in gathering and put ting in good shape everything relating to the history of the city and the region around it. Men are still living among us who \vcre here when the forests were unbroken and the noble red man had it all his own way. They saw the first white man's cabin built. They established Marthasville. They saw the first iron horse come puffing and snorting over the first railroad. They saw the little village grow into a city. They stood Sherman's savage siege,--saw the city given to the torch and later, saw it rise from the ashes and gradually assume its present pro portions. "With a Historical Society the recollections of these old pioneers could be preserved and handed down to future generations. Jn a few years more it will be too late. \Ve can now get the history of Atlanta from the men who made it, and the opportunity should not be neglected." So few first hand documents written during the days of the early periods seem to exist. Lost arc the official records of the Commissioners of the town of Marthasville, from its incor poration, Dec. 23, 1843, through the year 184-1 to Dec. 26, 1845, when the town name was changed to Atlanta, and on until Dec. 29, 1847, when the charter was granted to the City of Atlanta, governed by Mayor and Council. Neither can be found the contemporary and semi official documents, the newspapers of 1845 to 1857. This list embraces The Enterprise, The Luminary, The Tribune, The Democrat, and the Southern Miscellany,--all of which were pub lished from 1845 to 1850. These were followed by The Intelligencer, The Christian Teleg raph, The Olive Tree, The Discipline, The .National American,--these were of 1850-60 period-- a few files of The Intelligencer remain. Other papers of the 1850-60 period were, The Atlanta Herald, The Atlanta Republican, The Whig Reville, The Knights of Jericho. The Atlanta Ex aminer. The Southern Blade. The Georgia Blister & Critic, The Atlanta Medical & Surgical Journal, The Southern Confederacy, The Medical fc Literary Weekly, The Hygiene Sfc Literary Magazine, The Masonic and Signet Journal, The Educational Journal and Family Monthly. Of the period of 1860-5, there appeared The Landmark Banner & Cherokec Baptist, The Literary Weekly. The Commonwealth (daily and weekly), Literary & Temperance Crusader, The Daily Locomotive. The Temperance Champion. All of these periodicals carried items of Atlanta in terest. During the war several papers refugeed to Atlanta and were published here until the Federal Army occupation,--among the most noted of them was the Memphis Appeal. After the war was over The Daily New Era and the Daily Gazette, etc. All this gives emphasis to the importance of a few verbatim transcriptions from a diary and letters of a citizen who lived in Atlanta when it as the town of Atlanta was changed into a city-- from Oct. 21, 1847, to Jan. 17. 1848. almost three months--a citi/cn by name of Dr. William X. White, whose account follows this introduction. Not a word has been changed: each item stands as it was written. Most of the following information of Dr. While was gathered from an introductory note to the transcripts by Mrs. Idora M. Moore, which was published in the Constitution, Feb. 2, 1896. Mrs. Moore was "Betsy Hamilton," a treasured contributor to the Constitution. Dr. William N. White was from New York, recently graduating with high honors from Ham ilton College, an institution of superior reputation, which was located in the village of Clin ton, eight miles southwest of Utica. He came south in pursuit of health, and with a purpose to better his career as a teacher,--having a strong hope at the same time of enlarging his financial condition. The news of Atlanta's fine situation, energy and growth appealed to his imagina tion and fired his ambition, so he came to live and be one of its builders. Its open and hearty hospitality, its cooperative spirit, its pure grit, its pioneer primitiveness that was being molded to more established organization and culture, received his endorsement and work. Finally an other proposition offered to him by William C. Richards, carried him to Athens, Ga. Mr. Rich ards was a partner of Mr. McPherson in the Atlanta bookstore, and a newspaper publisher in Athens. He owned and edited the Gazette, also was author and publisher of a valuable work entitled Georgia Illustrated (1842),--handsomely illustrated with steel engravings. Mr. Rich ards saw in young White an enthusiastic and scholarly gentleman whose environment would be more congenial in Athens, and who would greatly assist him. Dr. White accepted the offer, moved to Athens, where not only did he render valuable aid to Richards, but also operated a bookstore--wrote and published a valuable book upon southern agriculture entitled, "Garden ing in the South," and later both owned and edited "The Southern Cultivator." He died in Athens in 1867 in his early forties. 1837 --ATLANTA C E x TE x N i AL -- 1937 45 LEAVES FROM DR. WHITE'S JOURNAL October 21, 1847. In the center of the northern part of the State of Georgia lies the county of DeKalb, of which the county seat is Decatur. Six miles west of it in the midst o oak and chestnut forests, is the city of Atlanta. I suppose it can hardly be found on the map, for nine teen months ago the first dwelling was commenced. It lies at the junction of three great rail roads: The State, leading off to the Tennessee river and thence connected by steam-boat with the Mississippi,--the Central leading down to Macon and Savannah: and the Georgia to Augusta and Charlotte;--and connecting at Augusta with Savannah by steamboats. The city contains 2,500 inhabitants, thirty large stores; two hotels, that would accommodate 150 each: three news papers; and two schools, one of them taught by a gentleman, and the other by a lady, who teaches A.B.Cs.; 187 buildings have been put up this summer within eight months, and more are in progress. The woods all around are full of shanties, and the merchants live in them until they can find time to build. The streets are still full of stumps and roots: large chestnut and oat logs arc scattered about,--but the streets are alive with people and the stores full of trade, and bustle. Not a church has yet been built, though the Baptists, Methodists and Episcopalians have each one ready to raise in a short time. Preaching is held in the railroad depot, and in ihe school houses, or "academics"--as they are called. I have thought then that I could not dp better than establish myself here while the place is new and so grow up with the people. H is close to the Allegheney Mountains and consequently cool and healthy. All northern fruits are raised in the county adjacent and so are all northern crops. Nearly half of the population are northern men. Board is cheap, only S8 a month, and three scholars in the higher branches would board me for a year. There are lots of children who I am assured would go to school worth patronizing, and from what I can ?>ec 1 am sure with a good building in a very short time I could make a thousand dollars a year. But there is the difficulty, the only building I can get is a miserable shell of a thing without ceiling and it can not be finished this winter. I have been to all prominent men of the place, who promise their influence, and those who have children, their patronage. For two years there will be great diffi culties on account of the unfixed character of the inhabitants; the poverty of most of ihe pres ent settlers, and this year the discomforts of the old building. The cotton picking season has just commenced and it comes in at the rate of 50 or 60 wagon loads a day. This is nothing to what it will be in December, and it will continue until Spring; like the butter up north it is brought here to market from places 100 miles distant. Grain and all such supplies come down from the entire CheroUec country, the most populous section of Georgia. I beliex'e the place will be about the si/e of L'tica, X. Y.. exemually, and hence I think I shall stay here. I am boarding with Dr. Bomar, a Virginian. I like it very much. I pay S8.00 a month. If I stay 1 am to have a nice room finished off for me out of the way of the children, and close by the printing office, where I can go in and read the exchanges, etc. There are several beautiful springs in the village and the water is good:--the land is rolling. There are not 100 negroes in the place, and white men black their own shoes, and dust their own clothes, as independently as in the north. All through the upper part of Georgia the labor is done almost entirely by white hands. Carpenters get but ten shillings a day here, and labor commands about the same price as at the north. Tuition is S12. SI6. S24. and S32 a year, according to what they study. I have only been here two days and am becoming quite an old settler. The people here bow and shake hands with everybody they meet, as there are so many coming in all the lime that they cannot remember with whom they are acquainted. It is cool enough for a fire today; two very slight frosts have occurred this month; leaves are turning a very little;--walnuts and chestnuts are ripe. I have given up eating Irish pota toes since I left New York, as I like the sweet ones so much better. They cook them in a dozen ways, in puddings, in pies, custards, as well as baked. They make capital corn bread, but they always set wheat bread on the table, too--biscuits, batter cakes, etc.--beef and chicken are the meats. I like the fare very much. The health of the place is excellent; they have coughs, colds and consumption occasionally, and especially up in the mountains. Below us the diseases are mostly bilious. Last night I called on Dr. Angier, whose academy I can have for S75 a year. It has a bell, but is quite unfinished, and is merely covered and inclosed. This seems a large sum but it is as 46 _______ I837-ATLANTA CENTENNIAL-1937 __________ cheap as I can expect at present; for it would bring that as a dwelling house. I have conversed with Dr. Thompson, Mr. Xorcross, Mr. Smith, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Paine and others, who all think it practical to establish myself here on a good substantial basis;--must see Judge Cone, Mr. Collins, Mr. Mimms and make up my mind. Cotton is raised in rows and about a thousand pounds can be made from an acre of fresh land: one hand can take care of ten acres of good land, and enough ordinary land to amount to the same crop. Sweet potatoes produce one or two hundred bushels to the acre of land; corn fifteen bushels and oats about the same. Peaches are very abundant, and plums, pears, apples, cherries and nearly all northern fruits can be raised. Atlanta so far has not a good house in the place,--except the hotel. Friday, Oct. 22. Learned this morning that there is another teacher in the place engaged in the same effort and he has the advantage of me in getting his house free. But 1 have also the start of him in the place, and the fact is we can both live. Went around and got eight scholars. Saturday, October 23. Went about today and obtained in all twenty-nine scholars,-- shall have thirty at least to commence with, and as the people are all favorably disposed to me, all I have to do is to sustain myself, which with God's blessing I trust I shall be able to do. Saw Frost of Decatur and he thinks there will be little difficulty in establishing myself, though at first the profits will be small. As the other fellow is a lawyer he will not have the same in ducements to incite him as will actuate me--whose all is staked upon the venture. Frost thinks that I have a much better prospect than he had, and last year he cleared S800. As scholars advance in Algebra and Latin, S32 a year counts up, and I am sure in a year or two to have just as much business as I want. Sunday, October 24th. We have as yet in Atlanta no city law or charter. The nights are full of noise and commotion which a city government would easily repress. Last night I was very much disturbed by these noises. No preaching here today. It does not seem like the Sabbath, except that the stores are closed. Monday, October 25th. I have found the proprietor of the bookstore a very pleasant com panion. He has welcomed me very kindly to his store, and I spend my leisure time reading there. His name is McPherson, from Franklin College, Tennessee. He proposed for me to room with him in the counting room, and I think I will enjoy the arrangement very much. I have been reading "Holmes' Southern Gardener," and various works on Southern husbandry and horticulture generally. There is a great lack of a Southern original work on botany. Nothing but Eaton's large work will supply the deficiency. If I had means and money I should go into it extensively and shall yet, if some one does not anticipate me there. Saturday, October 30th. Was present this evening at the meeting of the citizens of Atlanta to petition for a City Government. Captain Loyd was in the chair. Mr. Bartlett, the printer, was the secretary. A committee of Colonel Collier, Dr. Bomar, Dr. Smith, Jonathan Norcross, and Thurmond were appointed to draft a bill of incorporation for the city. Atlanta now con tains 2,000 inhabitants, yet every one does what is right in his own eyes. There is no govern ment and it is wonderful that they are as steady as they are at present; no minister, no church and little preaching; a Sabbath school is in successful operation and that is almost the only religious privilege that is enjoyed. I may consider myself one of the fathers of the City;--being present at its birth. A meeting could not be conducted with a more complete disregard to order than the one last night. Half a dozen motions were at once before the house. Tuesday, Nov. 2nd. Visited Dr. Angier's school and found the pupils very quiet and or derly. Weather clear and intensely warm--hardly know if I shall be able to endure it. Read today many numbers of the Southern Cultivator, an Augusta paper, very well managed. My object was to get information about the fruit and fruit trees of the South. Saturday, .November fith. Attended last night the meeting of citizens to consider the bill of incorporation as prepared by Colonel Collier, which seemed a very well prepared article. Monday, November 8th. Commenced my school and found 25 bright-eyed little ones await ing my coming. I talked to them and heard them read. Classified the scholars in classes as Mrs. Angier had them. Several who subscribed have not yet moved their families into the place. The scholars look very intelligent and behave first rate so far. By securing the influence of Dr. Angier it was much easier to get up a school as all his scholars were turned over to me. 1837 --AT LA XT A CENTEX xi AL--1937 47 I have become more acquainted now and find many excellent citizens in the place, and all seem friendly and well disposed. I do not know what to do about my church membership. There are but two Presbyterians besides myself in the place and our denomination is not very numerous in Georgia. There is a church at Decatur, six miles below here, but as I do not keep a horse it is not very accessi ble. There will be fine churches for the Methodists and Baptists and Episcopalians, and I hope before the end of the year enough o our denomination may come to form a church. The cotton crop this year is unusually large. It is thought there will be at least half a million bales, or two million pounds more than ever before. But it is of no avail, the greater the crop always the less the price and the failures in Europe are enough of themselves to bring the price down. Cotton has declined since I have been here, from nine and one-half to six cents, and will hardly bring that. When cotton goes down negroes, food, plantations, city property, everything in the whole south goes with it,--to rise again as soon as the great staple increases in value. Business here is daily increasing. Several thousand dollars worth per diem are purchased of cotton, corn, wheat, etc., and the whole business of the place so far is cash, so that the growth is healthy. New stores are continually being opened. I am satisfied, however, that only on the out skirts will Atlanta ever be beautiful: five railroads arc enough to spoil the ground plan and regularity of any place whatsoever. The greater part of the development lie on either side of the Augusta railroad. \Ve have a pretty name for our place. We are indebted for it to John C. Calhoun. who con templates if the "Union is ever dissolved" making it the seat of government. It is the central point of the south, and when the railroads to Nashville and Montgomery are completed it will be the most accessible both from the east and west of the xvholc southern part of the Union. A great railroad meeting is to be held with delegates from eight states on the 23rd of this month. Many of the most distinguished men of the south will be present. Here in Georgia, Masonry is as flourishing as in the palmiest days. All the state offices and all the posts on the railroads are entirely monopolized by the fraternity. Thursday, November llth. Got acquainted with William C. Richards, the enterprising Athens bookseller, and found him a fine fellow. Read newspapers at "The Luminary" Office. Visited Dr. Thompson, Holcomb and the tavern, also Mr. Norcross and others of my Atlanta friends. Chatted with my competitor. Dr. Smith, with the best of terms. I get along finely with my scholars: they are pleasant, well behaved, and all seem to learn. Herman Levi, a little German Jew is one, and 1 am teaching him English by giving him a German fable to translate into American words. I shall be improved in my German by this practice also. I have bought a thermometer and shall begin taking meteorological observations tomorrow, which will be published in the Atlanta Luminary. Sunday, November 14th. There was preaching in the City today, the first since I came to Atlanta. I heard Mr. Wilson, of Decatur, a Presbyterian minister.' The discourse was very fine. I introduced myself to him and found him a very agreeable man. Thursday. November 18th. School goes off very pleasantly: have several new scholars. I find very little trouble in keeping them in order. I have had to punish William Hanleiter a little, and am not sure that it was not an injury to him, as he is a spirited boy. Surely there is no work in the world as onerous as the employment of the teacher. It needs all of the wisdom in the world, and the greatest interest in the progress of these who arc com mitted to my care. Nothing is nicer than teaching when all moves off rightly. I believe my scholars love me. and I am sure I love them. Tuesday. November 23rd. Attended the railroad convention this evening, and heard an ad dress before them by Whitney, a hale bluff man of 50,--the great projector of a railroad from the Atlantic to Oregon. I was very much interested in the wholesouled sincerity of the men. The project ought and must certainly be hereafter carried into effect. Convention adjourned sine die after some reports were made and accepted. Saturday, November 27th. Made arrangements with Bartlett. the editor, of the Luminary to assist him in the editorial department of his paper. I shall insert a series of essays in the agri cultural column this week: made up in the evening with McPherson, an olio for the paper, which we think pretty tolerably fair. 48 1837-ATLANTA C E x TE x N i A L-- 1937 I have been out looking at lots at various prices, from S20 to S400 per lot all within the limits of the city. On Whitehall street a lot 20 x 40 ft. would be worth twice that sum. If. they do noi move the State House this session, 1 can get as good an acre lot as I shall wish for S75. I feel anxious to select a lot of ground while I can get a good one not too far from the city without paying an exorbitant price for the same, for one can hardly make money as fast as property rises in this place. Ten years from now if I am well and prosper I will have as nice a little home as any one can boast of, and such flowers and such fruits as no northern eyes can feast on. McPherson, Bartlett and myself will next summer have somewhere a wee bit of a garden together for the sport of the thing, and to see what lots of melons, peanuts and flowers we can raise. There is no fruit raised in any part of the Union which the soil and climate of Georgia cannot in some section produce; there is no product of the field or garden of which the same may not be said, and there is no product of Georgia which cannot be conveyed to Atlanta in three days time. And then, as to climate, this is the Italy of America--such clear calm skies, such soft delicious evenings. So rarely gifted by nature, no place could more fully realize my ideas of a propitious soil and clime. "Truly" says Xorcross "Georgia is a great state!" My health has greatly improved since I came to Atlanta. Of late I take a daily draught of the Chalybeate Spring near the railroad, and shall observe its effect upon my health. Monday, November 29th. Little Isaac Humphries, one of my pupils, died last night after an illness of but four days. He was a bright and pretty little fellow, and I shall miss him very much, indeed. I dismissed school about three o'clock so that we might attend the funeral. 1 addressed them for a few moments on the subject of his death, and they seemed much affected. My little pupils are as docile and affectionate as children can be. I have about a peck of apples from their bountiful donations. I almost always go home with a pocketful, which they lay upon my desk. Herman, a little German, having no apples brought me some cigars. There are now two other schools in the place, and a third is about to commence, but for tunately for me, they are all on the opposite side of the Augusta railroad, and if any one suc ceeds, of the whole number I'think I shall stand my chance. Thursday, December 2nd. My first article in the Luminary came out today "Radicalism," and it was printed in the nicest and prettiest manner. Wrote a condensation of Professor John son's article on the "Nutritive Qualities of Bread" to be published in the next Atlanta Luminary. Saturday, December 4th. Wrote an article on the removal of the capital. Attended the town meeting to take the subject into consideration, and had a hearty laugh at Norcross' re port of the committee on this subject. The capital will probably stay where it is for the present. Monday, December 6th. A great meeting of citizens was held in relation to moving the capital. 1 had prepared an article on the center of population and spoke of it to Dr. Bomar, Saturday. Today he told me of the meeting, and so I, at his request, promised to read it in the evening if it was called for. I revised it and while the committee was out I was called on, and read the same. And at closing was greeted with a storm of cheers. A vote of thanks was passed and a copy was requested to be placed in the hands of the committee to engraft por tions of it in the report; and, in short, I never felt so flattered in my life. Thursday, Decmeber 9th. Have been busy for several days preparing several editorials for Bartlett, and today The Luminary came out in a blaze of glory; four columns of original mat ter and mine, with a choice poem and odds and ends, improving the paper greatly. Saturday, December llth. The Miscellany comes out this week with a long article contain ing my statistics of population. Went out with Mr. Harris this afternoon to look at Judge Cone's lands and choose me a lot. Saxv several fine lots, and made a selection in my mind. Monday, December 13th. General Shields passed through the place to the great admiration of the crowd. 1837-ATLANTA CE x TE x M A L - 1937 ___ ___ 49 Friday. December 31st. This evening I attended the installation of officers of the Masonic Lodge of Atlanta. January 8th, 1848. The Macon train brought news today that the upper house has refused to pass the charter for the Atlanta and West Point railroad, thus checking for a time the com pletion of the last link of steam communication between Xew York and Xew Orleans. But though delayed for two years unless the thing be reconsidered, still we arc sure of it eventually, for it will be done by purchasing the right of way as a private enterprise, and no thanks to the State. It is to the interest of Macon and Griffin to thwart Atlanta, but she has about her too much life and vigor to fear them. We get much trade that these places claim as theirs legit imately. Monday, January 17th. Last week 1 accepted Richard's proposal to move to Athens and take a partnership with him in the book business and editing the Southern Literary Gazette. I think the prospects for the future are very bright. I have spent the week in making arrange ments to be free from my school. I give it up with the happy reflection that every scholar I have loved me as a friend as well as a teacher. I believe the children at the South are more affectionate and manageable than boys at the North. COL. C. R. HAXLEITER REMINISCENCES OF THE LIFE O" ONE OF ATLANTA'S PIONEERS HORXELIUS REDDIXG HAXLEITER had a life of varied fortune and a history full of useful work for his family and his native State, and well deserved the happy, honorable old age that came to him. This sketch of his life was prepared from memoranda furnished by himself to a friend. It was a fortunate thing for Georgia that Gen. James Oglethorpe received with such hospitality the persecuted Saltz- burghers, of Germany, who sought a home and freedom of conscience in the young colony, in 1734. and following years. Among the earliest of the devout immigrants who founded the famous colony at Ebene^er, in Effingham County, was John Jacob Handleighter, who had an only son, who bore his father's name. This son changed the spelling of the original name to its present form. Hanleiicr. In 1812, John Jacob Hanleiter, Jr., married Miss Elizabeth McFarland, the youngest daugh ter of \Vm. McFarland, who belonged to a distinguished family of Scotland, and whose peo ple settled, after coming to America, near Cowpens, in South Carolina. They had four chil dren, the eldest, a son, dying in infancy', the other three were Mrs. Jane Elizabeth Saltner. of Chatham County; Mrs. Catherine Christina Wells, of Macon (both now deceased). and Cor nelius Redding Hanleiter, the subject of this sketch, who was born in Savannah on the 1-Hh day of June, 1815. Cornelius was left an orphan when quite young--his father dying the year after he was born, and his mother passing away when he was only about eight years old. But he found a good home in the family of his maternal aunt, Mrs. Jane Winkler. He was apprenticed to learn the printer's trade to \Vm. Robertson, editor and proprietor of the Savannah Georgian, and by mistake in the date of the indentures, served several months over the full term of seven years. He completed his contract with Mr. Robertson when about 18 years of age, and going to Augusta the next year, 1834, he assisted L. C. Guie in getting out the first number of the Constitutionalist, a paper which lived an honorable life of more than forty years, and was merged at last in the Augusta Chronicle. About this time he was induced to join a party of civil engineers in charge of Andrew Al fred Dexter, of Aiken, S. C., and went with them to Alabama, and assisted in making some important railroad surveys. After completing his work with this party, he accepted the position of foreman of the Montgomery Advertiser, owned and edited by Jas. E. Belcher. While visiting relatives in Macon. he joined a party of civil engineers engaged in running experimental lines for the Central railroad, and aided L. O. Reynolds in sun-eying a route, from Macon to Dublin. 50 1 837 - A T L A N T A C E X T E X N I A L -- 1937 In 1836 he took up his permanent residence in Macon, working with Simri Rose and Isaac G. Seymour, on the Georgia Messenger. In his leisure hours he published a small weekly paper called The News Carrier, which, after a few months, gave place to a more pretentious sheet, entitled the Southern Post. This, after a few months, was converted into the Southern Lady's Book, a monthly magazine, edited by George F. Pierce, (afterwards the distinguished Georgia Bishop) and issued for a season in the interest of the Georgia Female College, the old est chartered female college in the world, and which is now the historic Wcsleyan Female Col lege, of Macon. In 1840, he went to Forsyth, on the invitation of Isaac Brooks, and published the Southern Botanico-Medical Journal, and in this and the following year he printed Worthy's Botanic Practice, a volume of some 500 pages. In 1842, he purchased the outfit of the office in Forsyih, and removing it to Madison, Mor gan County, he established the Southern Miscellany, a weekly family newspaper. This journal had a wide circulation, and was a great Favorite. In its columns, in 1844 and '45, first appeared that famous book of Georgia humor, by Col. W. T. Thompson, "Major Jones' Courtship." Col. Hanleiter afterwards issued this story in book form. About this time Atlanta was beginning her marvelous history, and in 1847 he moved his paper and business thereto, "to grow up with the city." In 1852, he sold his establishment to Messrs. J. \orcross, I. O. McDaniel, B. F. Bomar and Z. A. Rice, who began the publication of the Atlanta Intelligencer, with Rev. Joseph S. Baker as editor. For a year or two after this, he was engaged in other business, but he soon returned to his "first love," and a few years before the war he established the Franklin Printing House, an institution which has been one of the important factors in Atlanta's prosperity. Col. Hanleiter was an ardent Whig, and in 1856, he published a weekly campaign paper called the Whig Reveille. Subsequently he established and conducted, until the commence ment of the war, the National American, a daily and weekly newspaper that was popular in those stirring years before the beginning of the great struggle for Southern independence. It was afterwards changed to the Gate City Guardian. About this time he served one term as member of the City Council of Atlanta, being elected from the 4th Ward, and also one term as a Justice of the Inferior Court of Fulton County. Throughout the heated and bitter campaign, which ended in the secession of Georgia, Col. Hanleiter openly and boldly opposed separate State action, advocating, instead, a Congress of all the Southern States, looking to united action for the redress of grievances. He was born in troubulous times, under the "stars and stripes," and loved the glorious old banner with patriotic ardor. His place of business was, for many years, marked by a flagstaff, from which, on all public occasions, the beloved emblem floated to the breeze. The Franklin Printing House and Book Binder)', his place of business house in Atlanta at that time, and every morning at sunrise the Federal flag was raised to the top of the staff above his office, and lowered every evening at sunset, by his own hand--which was done in defiance of the remonstrances and threats of the fiery advocates of secession. That was a sad day with Col. Hanleiter when Georgia seceded from the Union. While sit ting at his dinner table, he received a telegram from Hon. Ben H. Hill, a warm personal friend of his, notifying him that the ordinance of secession had been adopted by the convention then assembled in Milledgeville. Rising from the table, and, going to the flagstaff, in the presence of hundreds of people gathered in the streets, he silently and sadly took down the old Hag, and tenderly and reverently folded it away. While Col. Hanleiter opposed secession as the first remedy for Southern wrongs, yet when secession was a fact, he threxv himself unreservedly into the fearful conflict, precipitated by the withdrawal of the South from the Union. He was Lieutenant in the Gate City Guards, of Atlanta, one of the first companies to go to the front. But having contracted to print two volumes of the Georgia Reports, by Col. Martin, and the debates in the Alabama convention, by Hon. W. H. Smith, he could not ac company the Guards to the seat of war. Completing his contracts he proceeded at once, in company with L. J. Parr, Augustus Shaw, and other friends, to raise a company of volunteers, and served the Confederacy faithfully till the war was over. 1837 --ATLANTA C E x TE x x i A JL-- 1937 51 He was assigned to duty near Savannah, his native city. For some three yean, he was in command of an important post at Beaulieu, on Vcrnon river, one mile west of its junction with Burnside river. He improved the defenses of (his post so much that Gen. Beauregard pronounced it the most thoroughly fortified post in Georgia or South Carolina, of its kind. Col. Hanleiter shared fully in the financial losses entailed upon the South by our disastrous civil war. \Vhen he reached Atlanta in the spring of 1865, that dark period which none of us who remember ii will ever forget, he had only the fragments of a once comfortable home and prosperous business. But there was no time for repining over lost possessions, and he was not the man to do such a thing any way. In 1866-67, he was private secretary to Col. \\'m. M. \Vadley, president of the Central Rail road. He was also superintendent of the celebrated Orphan's Home, at Bethesda, near Savan nah, and while holding this position, raised some S8.000, mostly from distinguished men at the North, which saved the institution from embarrassment, and prevented the forced sale of real estate that is now worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. In the early '70's, he was connected with the Plantation Publishing Company, of Atlanta. Some years later he was a proof reader under Col. John D. Defrees. in the Government printing house in Washington, D. C.. but lost this position finally through a rule that the Republican party has always regarded as the sum of all wisdom--"to the victors belong the spoils." He contributed his full quota to all public and social enterprises in ever) community in which he lived. In Macon, where he first married and commenced life, he was a member ol the "Macon Volunteers," foreman of Washington Fire Company No. 1. and cx-officio Chief of the department, also Vice-Prcsidem of the "Macon Benevolent Association." composed of lead ing citi/cns and which did much and splendid work throughout the epidemic of 1838. In Madison he was a member of the "Morgan Rifles," commanded the 29ih Regiment, G. M., and served as Chief Marshal of the great Clay mass meeting in 184-1. On removal to Atlanta he served as Chief Marshall of the great Whig mass meeting in 18-48, and he assisted in organizing and was a lieutenant of the "Gate City Guards." (His daughter, Josephine, made and presented this company with a costly silk Hag). He drilled and com manded Mechanics Fire Co. No. 2, which had been armed as infantry and detailed 10 serve as a guard on the occasion of the execution of the murderer of old man Landrum, Radford J. Crockett. As a member of the Inferior Court of Fulton County, he xvas mainly instrumental in the purchase of land and the establishment of a "House of Refuge for the Poor" (since called the poor farm), and as a member of the City Council he was chairman of a committee that pre pared and published a full Code of Ordinances for the city. He was also mainly instrumental in the organization of the first Building 'and Loan Association, the first Tent of Reohabites, and the first Lodge of Knights of Jericho in the State. He never sought public office of any kind, and was never defeated for any that his friends put him in nomination for, except thai of Public Printer of the State. He was twice a can didate for this position since the war. and each time he was defeated by small majorities, in the interest of combinations of all other candidates representing every section of the State. In 1872 he was appointed by Governor Smith to examine and adjust the claims of newspa pers against the State for advertising done during the administration of ex-Governor Bullock. He was twice married. His first wife, to whom he was united Feb. 22. 1837, was Miss Mary Ann Ford, of New Haven. Conn. She died in 18-18. In September. 1850. he married Miss Ann Elizabeth, third daughter of Maj. Geo. Shaw. She died in December. 1876. 52 1837-ATLANTA C E N T E N M A L -- 1937 ATLANTA AS SHERMAN LEFT IT ATLANTA THEN AND NOW (Correspondence Chronicle and Sentinel, of Augusta, Ga.) I'RESEXT ASPECT OF ATLAXTA-GEXERAL PARTICCLARS-CITIZEXS RETLRXIXC-J'RIXTIXG ESTABLISHMEXTS-MfXICIl'AL ELECTION Atlanta, December 15, 1864. 3 HE once busy, bustling business city of Atlanta presents anything but an attractive j]M sight to the beholder at present. The marts of trade, the bazaars of fashion, the jl workshops of the artizan, all are a heap of moldering ashes, or a pile of rubbish, fil About three-fourths of the buildings have been torn down or burned, and about =a nine-tenths of the property value destroyed. On Peachtree street from Mrs. Lipham's1 to the fortifications- there is not a house standing, and from Winship's block" to the corner of Decatur street all the stores have been destroyed. Between the interregnum, the house of W. S. Carroll was burned; S. J. Pinkenon's and T. R. Ripley's* residences were carried off. The residence of Rev. Dr. Quimard and J. I. Brown, of the Register, were considerably defaced--the weather-boarding and ceiling being removed. In the Forsyth settlement5 in rear of the Trout House a clean sweep was made of the build ings. Bluford Smith's houses in rear of U'inship's Block are standing. On Marietta street, from Hamilton Goode's" to Mrs. Ponder's residence7 there are but few houses left. On the left-hand side from Dr. Powell's* former residence to the corner of Decatur and Peachtree streets is another space made vacant by the devouring flame. The Atlanta Hotel0 with all the buildings on that block were destroyed, as well as the Con cert Hall,"1 and the Athenaeum" and all the buildings adjacent to them. From the railroad crossing to Roark's corner on Whitehall 13 not a building escaped the rav ages of the fire. From Major Bacon's residence on Whitehall street out to the fortifications, 1 " there arc but three houses standing, two of Braumuller's" and one opposite his residence. Hammock's house11 is seen in the distance as an oasis in the Great Desert. Col. L. J. Glenn's residence"1 was sadly mutilated. John Erskine's house was entirely de stroyed. Rawlin's, Rawson's, and Markham's small white house in that vicinity, are still standing. The house on Pryor street that S. D. Xiles once owned was destroyed. From Alabama street to Mitchell, between Whitehall and Forsyth streets, there are but two buildings standing, both on Hunter street, opposite each other, just above where Gardner's car riage shop" stood. From the corner of Alabama and Whitehall streets to Pryor street, the fine buildings all fell victims to the ignifluous flame. From the Gate City hotel" to Lowry's store, the buildings are all standing unhurt. i\orth of North A\enuc. -Aljoul Hth Street. iNcar Paramount Theatre. 'S. E. corner Peachtree and.Pine Streets. 'Between Edgcwood Avenue and Decuur Street, just east of Pryor. S. U'. corner Marietta and Spring Streets, "North side Marietta Street opposite junction with Bankhcad. sS. \V. corner Marietta and Forsyth Streets. 'Site of Kimhall House. K'Sitc of the I'cachtrcc Arcade. n\orth side Dccalur Street between Peachlrcc and Pryori-S. W. corner Whitehall and Mitchell Streets. "Confederate works were beyond the terminus of Whitehall and beyond the Central of Georgia (Macon & Western R. R.: later. Federal'works crossed Whitehall near Stcivart Avenue. "Middle of block iKtwccn Forsylh and McDanirf. north side. '"Near Ashby and Gordon Streets. "S. E. corner Cooper and Raxvson Streets. '"S. E. corner Hunter and Forsylh Streets. i*S. E. corner Alabama and Pnor Streets. 1837 --ATLANTA CENTEN xi AL -- 1937 53 The Trout House10 was burned, but the Masonic Hall and the four wooden buildings below it were saved. Hubbard it Chisolm's corner,'-" and the houses below, occupied by Kehoe and Buchanan, were destroyed. On the Washington Hall Square11 only three buildings are standing--Judge Owen's residence, and the two on Decatur street, just below the Cowan House; the one on the corner being almost cut down. On the corner just above O'N'eil's. the small store was destroyed and the residence adjoining cm down. The residence of J. J. Toon, opposite Craven's house, was also burned. On the left-hand side of Decatur street, going down, from the armory 10 Gartrell's house," there are only two or three buildings standing--Dr. Beach's, Kennedy's and one opposite Xace's mill. The armory. Peck's old shop, and all the buildings on the square,TM except Walter's front ing the Georgia Railroad, were consumed. The houses in the neighborhood of I. E. Bartlett, a small house near N'ace's mill.-'4 and Kelley's house, are all that are standing from the armory down as far as the eye can reach. Along the line of the Georgia road, from the rolling mill" up to T. L. Thomas' residence, not a building is standing. Cunning's old foundry, the Atlanta and LaGrange depot,-" the pis tol factory, the Georgia railroad workshop, depot, and roundhouse21 were destroyed. The jail-" and all the buildings from thence to the depot were swept away by the devouring breath of Maine. George Terry's house is standing, but so defaced as to be uninhabitable. On the right-hand side of the Macon 8; Western railroad from Dr. Ford's'-"' as far as the eye can reach, not a house is standing. From Evans' Chapel"" to the fortifications"1 the sites of build ings can alone be discerned. The residence of Dr. Brantley was completely demolished, all the debots, fencing and orchard being removed. Scrutchins' house, Reynolds', Lawshe's and the rest are standing. The late residence of A. G. Ware"- was burned. Tom Ware sold all his furniture, with that of Richard Peters, Esq., and then went north. The passenger depot,-"-1 the Macon & Western depot,-"4 and the state shop and depot,31 are masses of ruins. The only vestige of the mineral springs is part of the dog and frog which were left."'- The park is filled with little wooden huts, and much of the shrubbery removed."7 Herring's patent safes are lying about in every direction, broken open and ruined. Many of ihc old citizens are returning, and the general watchword is repair and rebuild. Whit Anderson has opened a bar-room on Decatur street, where he serves his customers with dignity and grace, and Sid Holland a small grocery on Peachtree street. The Intelligencer has returned, and is now issuing an extra from the old shoe factory on Ala bama street. J. J. Toon has secured the old pay office on Whitehall street for an office, and resides in Markham's fine villa on Walton street. i"N. E. corner Dccatur and Pp-or Streets: Masonic Hall adjacent. -"X. E. corner Dccalur and Ivy Streets. --'Block bounded by Central Avenue, Decatur Street. Courtland Street and the railroad. --Decatur Street near Yongc. -':: BIock IXMindcd by Ivy. Decatur. Courtland streets, and tbe railroad. - 4 Ncar Fort Street and the Georgia Railroad. - :> N. E. corner of Oakland cemetery. -"Near Decatur and Pratt Streets. -"South side of R. R-. between Central Avenue and Piedmont .\\cime. =-On Frascr Street. -"Peters Street near junction of Walker Street. -"'North side of Nelson Street WCM of Mangum. -'On the ridge west of Ashby Street. a-.MilcheH Street west of Forsyth Street. ---On the site of present Union Station. -^South of railroad tracks between Pryor and Whitehall. :i :-N'car the Spring Street Viaduct. ="Iron statuettes in the park surrounding the AUanta >fineral Spring just northwest ol the Terminal Station. ='Thc Citv Park, bounded bv Wall, Prvor and Decatur Streets and Central Avenue. 54_________1837 - A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL.- 1937 ________ The postoffice is open on Decatur street, under the charge of the energetic Dick Walls: and Bob Yancey has his shaving emporium next door. Many of our citizens who were reported to have gone north have not gone out of the south ern states. Markham, Schofield, the Dunnings, Banks, Edwards, Boutelle, Lazaron, and a few others only went to the north. Dr. Beach went to Louisiana, designing to return. The residence of Rev. A. F. Freeman was removed to make room for a line of works from the Georgia railroad to James Clarkc's.3" The churches are all standing, except Payne's and Evans' Chapels, and the Christian Church. A municipal election was held on the first week in this month, resulting as follows: Mayor, James M. Calhoun. Members of Council--First Ward, Colonel John Collier. B. X. Williford; second ward, F. M. Richardson, J. S. Salmons; third ward, T. W. J. Hill, L. S. Mead; fourth ward, George \V. Terry, T. R. Ripley; fifth ward, Dr. J. N. Simmons, E. R. Sasseen, J. Silvey (tie). Candidates for judge of the inferior court are coining out rapidly. O. H. Jones, J. R. Wal lace, Dr. J. W. Price, F. M. Richardson, Thomas Connally, E. M. Taliaferro, and Perino Brown, are already announced. It is generally conceded that Perino Brown is hard to beat for any office. His affable manners and upright deportment win the confidence of all. Johnson Bridwell has started a salt factory. Col. L. J. Glenn, the efficient commandant of the post, is considered the right man in the right place. He is courteous to all, yet rigidly attentive to the interests of the government and the people. The Macon & Western railroad is running to Lovejoy's station, and the Atlanta and LaGrange railroad to Palmetto. The city is filled with thousands of dogs and cats, ownerless and almost wild. (The foregoing contemporary account of the extent to which Atlanta was destroyed during its siege and occupancy by the Federal armies in 1864 is copied from the Atlanta Constitution of December 15, 1874, having been taken evidently from the Augusta Chronicle and Sentinel of ex actly ten years before, and only one month after General Shcrman began his march to the sea. Editing and annotations were by Miss Meta Barker with the aid of Williams' Directory of 1859, and the personal assistance of Mrs. Kate Shivers Logue and Miss Sarah Huff of the At lanta Women's Pioneer Society.) ATLANTA DURING THE "RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD" By EUGENE M M1TCHELL ^TLANTA surrendered on September 2, 1864 in consequence of the Battle of Jonesboro. For more than a month 100,000 men encamped in the city. The civi'ian pop ulation was exiled. Many buildings had been destroyed by Federal shells. Hun dreds of unoccupied dwellings were torn down to build soldiers' shelter cabins and for firewood to cook the soldiers' victuals. In November Shcrman began his march from Atlanta to the sea and cut a swath thirty to eighty miles wide and 300 miles long in which could not be heard the squeal of a pig or the crow of a rooster. All the business part of Atlanta except a few stores on Alabama street and all but about 400 dwellings were laid in ashes. As the United States army marched out the flames of the burning city lit the country for 20 miles. In December, 1864, the civilian population began to return. The Confederate government reoccupied the town and a number of hastily constructed warehouses were run up and some effort was made to clear the streets of debris. Some citizens repaired their homes or built themselves shelters from the damaged timbers. Came the news of Lee's surrender on April 9th and Johnston's on April 26th. A mob of starving women and children looted the warehouses. "Northwest corner Washington and Rau-son Streets. 1837 -- A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL-- 1937 On May 4, 1865, Col. Luther J. Glenn turned over the military post to Col. B. B. Eggleston. U. S. A., who appointed Capt. \Vm. G. Lewder provost marshal. The Confederate barracks having been burned, the U. S. soldiers were housed in tents on the City Hall lot, where the State Capitol is now located, until 1868 when McPherson Bar racks was built in the old race track where Spellman Seminary is now located. The jail had been burned and the fire engine house on Washington street adjoining St. Philips Church was used as a military prison. Immediately after the surrender the rebuilding of Atlanta had begun. Its battles and siege and destruction had made it famous and advertised its advantages as a great railroad center. The streets became alive with drays, carts and hand barrows hauling materials and the hammers and saws rang from daylight until night. The Xaiional Hotel, John H. James Banking house, McXaughl & Scrutchins store, J. C. Peck's Planing mill and O. H. Jones livery stable were built in 1865 and many of the stores on Whitehall, Alabama and Peachtree streets. Hundreds of dwellings were erected in that year. Saw mills xvere set up in the surrounding country and found a ready sale for lumber at high prices. The City limits were extended for 11,4 miles in every direction. In 1866 four building and loan associations were organized. The building of dwellings, stores and industrial plants continued unabated from 1865 until the period of de pression called the "panic of 1873." In 1868 H. I. Kimball built the old capitol and in 1869 the H. I. Kimball House the largest hotel in the South. In 1867 the Jewish Synagogue was built at Southeast corner of Forsyih and Garnett streets. In 1872 the First Methodist Church was erected on the site of the old Wesley Chapel and of the Confederate Commissary office building. The Catholic Church and DeGive's Opera House were built in 1870. In 1869 the Moore & Marsh building, John H. James Whitehall Building, E. E. Rawson's Whitehall store and John H. James Peachtree street man sion were constructed. And during these years the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line Railroad was built. Barmvell's City Directory compiled in January. 1867, lists over 125 advertisements of mer cantile and industrial concerns established or re-established in Atlanta. As all did not advertise it is likely there were double that number in the City. In 1871 at least 400 buildings were put up including Ex-Governor Brown's Republic Block, the Lochrane building on Pryor streei, the old Austell Building on the Trout House she at Decatur and Pryor streets, and Clark"s Hardware store on Peachtree street. The same year the Union Depot was rebuilt, the first street car line was started and the Chamber of Commerce was organized. It was not until 187-1 that the first waterworks plant was buili at Lakewood. It was some years later that a sewer system was established. During the period of reconstruction the following newspapers were established in Atlanta: The Atlanta Intelligencer (re-established), Atlanta New Era, Atlanta Sun. Atlanta Herald and Atlanta Constitution. The present public school system and the Young Men's Library, the predecessor of the Car negie Library, had their inception in 1869. The Freedman's Bureau issued rations to the colored population from June, 1865. to Sep tember, 1867. It frequently interposed between these people and their white employers. Gen. David Tillson, who headed it from September 1865 to January 1867. administered ii fairly well considering the difficulties he encountered. In 1860 Atlanta had a population of 9,500. In 1870 it had 21,000 and by special census in 1873, 30,389. In 1865 Hon. James E. Williams was elected Mayor and served in 1866 and 1867. He was succeeded by Hon. Wm. H. Hulsey in 1869. No election was held for 1868 and the Mayor and Council of 1867 held over during this year by order of the military commander. William Ha zard was elected Mayor for 1870, D. F. Hammond for 1871 and John H. James for 1872. The city councils during the reconstruction period were generally composed of able and representa tive citizens. However, the then prevailing system of electing councilmen by wards resulted in the election of two negroes to the city council for 1871. A repetition of this incident was made improbable for the future by the new charter of 1874 which required that council mem bers be elected by the voters of the whole city. During the period of so-called reconstruction, thousands of new citizens flocked 10 Atlanta. A great majority were from Georgia and the surrounding Southern States, but there were a 56 "1837-ATLANTA C E x T E N x i A L -- 1937 goodly number of Northern men and some foreigners. Of course, some of these were unde sirables but many of them were estimable men and made good citizens. But there was also an influx of hundreds of speculators, adventurers and criminals of every kind. The police force, headed first by Col. L. P. Thomas, and afterwards by John L. Johnson and Gen. Tige Anderson, maintained order against almost insurmountable difficulties. With hundreds of starving families to be relieved, an epidemic of smallpox to be combatted and a multitude of criminals to be suppressed, the city government faced and overcame the difficulties. The list of police men and city officials reads like a roll of honor. During this period the principal churches were served by the following pastors: First Methodist, Dr. \V. P. Harrison. Trinity, M. E., Rev. \V. M. Crumley. First Baptist, Rev. Robert \V. Fuller. Second Baptist, Rev. \Vm. T. Brantley. First Presbyterian, Dr. John S. Wilson. Central Presbyterian, Dr. James T. Leftwich. Si. Philip's Episcopal, Rev. Chas. W. Thomas. Catholic. Rev. Thos. O'Reilly. German Lutheran, Rev. Herman Bokum. The Methodist Protestant, St. Luke's Episcopal, Evans Chapel M. E., Paines Chapel M. E., the Christian Church and the African Church were burned by Sherman's men. Why these churches were burned is a subject of speculation for the curious. After the secession of Georgia the congregation of the Methodist Protestant Church, then located at the northwestern corner of Forsyth and Garnett streets, met and voted to give their church bell to be molded into cannon for the use of the Confederacy. St. Luke's Episcopal Church, then situated on the south side of Walton street about half way between Broad and Forsyth streets, had been built by Confederate soldiers. At this church had been held the fu neral sen-ices for General Leonidas Polk. These facts may supply an adequate motive, so far as these two churches are concerned, but may be mere coincidences. President Johnson appointed James Johnson provisional Governor of Georgia. A constitu tional convention of 1865 adopted a new constitution. Chas. J. Jenkins was elected Governor and civil government was restored. This did not satisfy the radical element of the North. Congress passed a military bill over the President's veto. Major Gen. John Pope was appointed commander of the 3rd Military Dis trict embracing Georgia, Alabama and Florida and arrived in Atlanta on March 31, 1867. Certain prominent citizens tendered him a banquet at the National Hotel for which they were duly "cussed" by the unreconstructed element. Atlanta was made the military center of ihis district. Prince Salm-Salm, a German or Austrian soldier of fortune, was for a time commander of the post at Atlanta. His beautiful wife, Agnes LeClerc, was a romantic and dashing figure in Atlanta. Bob Toombs came back from exile and assailed the military usurpers. Ben Hill made his famous Davis Hall speech of defiance. (Davis Hall was on South Broad street between Hun ter and Mitchcll streets and ran through to Forsyth street. It was afterwards destroyed by fire.) On May 13. 1867, Gen. Pope appointed Col. E Hulbert supervisor of elections. Many thou sands of white men were disfranchised. An election for delegates to a constitutional conven tion was held for 3 days. Fulton County chose Dr. H. V. M. Miller, James L. Dunning, Dr. N. L. Angier, and John H. Flynn, an able delegation. On December 28, 1867, Gen. Pope was removed and Gen. George G. Meade was appointed his successor. He removed Gov. Jenkins and detailed Gen. Thos. H. Ruger to succeed him. Gen. John B. Gordon was defeated for Governor by Col. Rufus B. Bullock, the Republi can candidate. Gordon carried Fulton County. While the Constitutional Convention of 1868 was in session in Atlanta, an excellent oppor tunity presented itself for Atlanta to get the State Capitol. On Feb. 26, 1868, the City Council invited the Convention to locate the capital here, which the Convention did. A new building, erected for an opera house by H. I. Kimball on Marietta street (where the Western Union 1837 -- ATLANTA CENTENNIAL-- 1937 Building now stands) was purchased for 5380,000 of which Atlanta furnished S 133,000. It was afterwards discovered that there was an unpaid mortgage of 560,000 and the City of Atlanta had to pay it. Though the location of the capital at Atlanta was approved by vote of the people at an election held April 20th, 21st, 22nd and 23rd, 1868, many people in Georgia were discon tented until a new vote was taken on the subject in 1877. The result of this election was the choice of Atlanta as the capital by a vote of 99,147 for Atlanta and 55,201 for Milledgeville on the first Wednesday in December, 1877. On July 23, 1868, occurred the famous Bush Arbor meeting in which Toombs, Cobb, Hill and Moses made noted speeches. It was at what is now the northeast corner of Pryor and Ala bama streets. In 1869 the General Assembly turned out the colored members. Congress passed another military bill declaring Georgia still in Rebellion. The second period of reconstruction began. General Alfred H. Terry was made military commander. The colored members were restored to the Legislature and enough white members were excluded to give a radical majority. A saturnalia of extravagance ensued. Many of the better element of Gov. Bullock's sup porters abandoned him. Then practically all left him. The military government was repealed by Congress July 15, 1870. Deprived of the prop of federal bayonets the carpet-bag and scallawag regime lell of its own weight and Milton Smith was elected Governor and was inaugurated fanuary 12. 1872. This is considered the official date of the ending of "reconstruction." It had been a period of woe and destruction to Georgia and great was the rejoicing in Atlanta when it ended. Atlanta was among the earliest to redeem herself from radical rule, and seeing her example, Georgia took heart again. ROSTER OF THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS FOR 1854 Peter Aldrich, John Brady, William Brennan. John Butler, T. Burke. Dennis Callaghan. Thomas Conley, Thomas Daniel, Daniel Dougherty, John Downey, ' P. S. Enright, James Carry, Thomas Gorman, Joseph Gatins, Jnn Hanlon, P. J. Immell, Jerry Kehoe, William Kay. T. Lyons, ' M. Lichtenstadt, B. T. Lamb, P. Lynch, P. Mclarkey, T. J. Malone, M. Myers, Michael McCulIough, Charles Mulhtrin. Capt. Nelson, Michael Murphy. Henry Osbome. M. O'Connor. James Roondrcn. John Ryan, Dennis Sullivan. Captain Swift, Charles Savage, John Shehan, G. Shoenborger. L. Valemino. Note: This roster was found by Miss Ida Ryan among her father's papers. The reader will note that there seem to be Germans and an Italian in the company, and two officers (Captain Nelson and Captain Swift) were native bom. A note concerning Captain Nelson appears in an article about the old ferries. The volunteers evidently were gaudily arrayed. Receipts for Trimmings for 40 coats, 20 yards gold lace, 1 great gross large buttons, 1/2 great gross small buttons, 8 dozen stars, 4 pairs epaulettes. appear in the orderly books, as do receipts for rent on hall for May and June 185-1. 58 1837 -- A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL-- 1937 A COMPARISON OF TAX RETURN'S FOR THE YEARS 1868-1909-1936 B\ STEPHENS M1TCHELL. WITH NOTES BY FRANKLIN XI. CARRETT yt HE tax returns of the City of Atlanta show, to some extent, the growth or lack of i growth of the city and of its inhabitants. The society has recently acquired a tax 3 digest of the city of the year 1868 and this article is a comparison of the taxpayers jj of that period with the taxpayers of 1909 and of 1936. Obviously we can not print * the entire digests, and so we have selected from the 1868 digest a list of all persons paying taxes on estate of over $10.000.00; from the 1909 digest a list of all persons paying taxes on estate of over 5100,000.00 and from the 1936 digest a list of all persons paying taxes on estate of over $150,000.00. Some of the largest taxpayers have incorporated their estates and it is therefore impossible to determine what the individual tax returns might have been. Other large taxpayers have moved out of the city and reside in country districts. This list embraces estates not yet wound up, but does not include partnerships, corporations or trade names. Those persons or their estates which appear on two of the lists have a star opposite them. Those which appear on all three lists have two stars opposite them. The list of course is not complete. Errors will always occur and a really complete and accu rate check is almost an impossible task for one person. However, the author believes that the majority of the names which should be listed have been put down in the list. The valuations are in most cases given in round figures, and not exactly. The persistence o( wealth through three generations is noted in 6 cases. In 23 cases it has persisted into the second generation. 1868 RETURN: N. JL Angicr.................................... Parkc W. Arnold............................ Parkc E. Arnold __...----........... George W. Adair.____--.-- Thomas Alexander Alfred Austcll ___ Joseph E. Brown_ H. Braumullcr ___ M. A. Bell _____ \V. H. Brothcrton A. V. Brumby ...._. John Blounl --.____. J. B. Brantlcv Estate..M. Bloomficld ____ C. M. Boynlon____ \V. T. Bramlcy_ Henry Banks ._ "M. R. Berry-_____ Claibornc Ball-man S. S. Bcach._ F. M. Bcgerly. R. M. Clarkc_James Caldn.ll John Collier C. P. Cassia T. M. Clark. __ H. XI. Cozart Estate F. N. Chisholm. W. p. Chishol James Clark ------_____ Mrs. Rebecca Chisholm ... James R. Crew EstateJames M. Calhoun __ Mrs. Lydia Clarkc__ C. Kontz _.____...__ 34,700 16,000 20^00 12,000 20,000 49.700 10,000 16,000 27,650 10.000 15300 12,000 12.000 11300 10,000 11.000 29.000 11,000 11.000 13300 11,000 30,150 10,000 40.000 22.000 20.000 19,400 35.000 21.700 38.000 19.000 12,000 21,60 14,500 12500 William B. Cox'George W. Collier-. T. L. Cooper Estate J, H. Callaw_y_ C. W. Dill. Trustee for Gardner.. C. \V. Dill, Trustee for GardnerL. H. Davis___..______ _-- J. C. Davis___ S. A. Durand-. J. A. Uoanc_-. Lemuel Dcanc _--..... J. M. Duncan.__--W. H. Dabncy___ Robert Daniel --...... \v"m. Ezzard _--. . W. D. Fain _Z__._ Xlrs. Jane FrankJohn Fickcn ,,__ V. A. Gas.ill __ George Gibbon . L. P. Grant- John D. Cray__ John M. GarmouE. \V. Holland __ Thomas G. Hcatcy__ Pclcr Huge _______ J. A. Haydcn . Janella XI. Haas ---------- William Herring ---------- J. M. Holbrook. Trustee-. H. C. Holcombc _____ W. H. HarvillcC. W. Hunnicutt--. P. J. Immcll Estate-. S. XI. Inman____ M. J. Ivy______ 15,000 12.000 14,000 34,000 37500 12.600 12,400 29,000 16.600 19300 19300 18300 22,800 18,000 11500 14.000 11.800 28300 20.400 26.800 88.900 20.000 12,000 28300 24300 30,000 21.700 10,000 34.000 10,000 12.100 12.000 15300 16.000 10,000 10.000 1837 -- AT LAN TA CE N TE N N I A L -- 1937 .w George Johtuon _____--------__.------ -.-- Altai E. Johmoii Eslalc---------------------- . H. G. Ktihrt _ .._..-...... _ ..... _____ _-...._ Thomas Kile --.-.._-.....-------------------- Patrick Lynch ._..... ------------------ ... -------- i> Lawshc* _.... __. __ .... ___..__--.. _ * Peter Lynch _____.__ .. _ ... _ _.___. James R. Loflon ------ .._.._.._.. -------- ..... -- J. H. Lovcjoy_____-_.._...._._.....___ \Vm. Markham -------------- ._.... -- ...... -- ~_ 1 n \i r m,,i,.| \ IV \IjK4u-ll U' P Drm<. R'rh;r<1 P/M"Hr^r ,,, .. .. jno. S_ rjindlrr XVallcr T. Candlrr \r.-ir\- V_ F-ipn FSI.ITT: .. ,- "C,. W. rollicr- Fslat^ __ W. J TlivU J I njrt-ov, Jr J r, n Biiberstcin. landscape painters; Herr Zuckotinsky. Theodor Breidwise, Franz Rohrbeck. Herman Michalowski, and Johannes Schulu. figure painters; Richard Lorenz and George Peter, animal painters. Mr. Peter is the only survivor of this group, and since 191] he has been on the staff of the Milwaukee Art Museum. With characteristic German thoroughness, the artists of Mr. Wehncr's Ntudio made every effort to paint a cyclorama which would not only be a work of art but also a model of histori cal accuracy. In October, 1885, they came to Atlanta to make an exhaustive reconnaissance of the battlefields. With them was Theodore R. Davis, war correspondeni and staff artist on the Harper's Weekly, who had travelled with General Sherman during the entire Georgia cam paign. Davis had made for his magazine sketches of the various engagements of that cam paign while they were actually taking place. Later these sketches were corrected and ap- 64_______________1837 - A T L A X T A C F. X T E X X 1 A L - 1937________________ proved by the officers who had commanded these attacks. No better adviser than Davis could have been found for the Cyclorama of the Battle of Atlanta. An article in the Atlanta Consti tution gives Oavis much more space than the foreign artists who had been brought over to paint the cyclorama. The painters stayed at the \Veinmaster Hotel at 12 Forsyth street and went daily to the site of the battlefield. Here they had built a tower forty feet high, on the Georgia Railroad just across from Mr. George Scott's fertilizer plant, which commanded a panorama of the whole landscape. Sketches of topography, later used as a basis for studies in oil, were made. The painters kept their drawing materials and paints in the basement of Mr. Frederick Koch's house. Miss Katharine Koch, then only a child, remembers vividly the prac tical jokes played on each other by the artists. The Atlanta people were told that Sheriff Thomas of Fulton County, Col. Albert Howell, Dr. Durham and other Confederate leaders would be prominent in the painting. Portraits of commanders on both sides were obtained and copied. Official maps and papers had been secured from the War Department. No effort was spared to make the painting as accurate a portrayal as possible of the events of the battle. The painting was completed at a cost of $40,000 and was exhibited first in Detroit in 1887. Thus, 1937 marks the semi-centennial of the painting as well as the centennial of the city whose destruction it commemorates. Sometime between 1887 and 1890, it was bought by Mr. Paul Atkinson, a former member of the State Legislature, for 52,500. Mr. Atkinson, from the limited accounts available to us, seems to have taken it first to Nashville for exhibition purposes, then to have brought it to Atlanta in February, 1892. The enterprise must have been less profitable than he had hoped, for 1893 found him selling it to a Mr. H. H. Harrison of Florida for exhibition at the Chicago World's Fair . As the fair officials required a brick building for it, Mr. Harrison was unable to put his plans into execution. Arrears in rents accumulated, while a leaking roof damaged the painting to such an extent that he abandoned it. Finally it was sold at auction to Mr. G. V. Cress, who gave it to the City of Atlanta. When the Reference Department of the Carnegie Library began, last fall, to look into the history of the painting, it found that history almost lacking. The pamphlet issued by Detroit Cyclorama Company in the files of the Carnegie Library naturally led to the selection of De troit and Milwaukee as the first points of attack. Letters were dispatched to the reference de partments of the Public Libraries in those cities, asking for whatever information was available. The Detroit Public Library immediately sent on interlibrary loan an intact copy of the pamphlet published by the Detroit Cyclorama Company, which contained a circular drawing of the picture with every salient point and figure carefully labelled. Along with this loan were received photostats of the news story and advertisement appearing in the Detroit Free Press of February 27, 1887, the date the painting was first put on exhibition. Sandwiched in be tween the advertisements of dancing academies, the Cyclorama advertisement announced that General Logan's great battle may now be seen on the corner of Bates & Larncd streets from 8 a. m. to 10 p. m. The news story describing the great throng which turned out at the opening and mentions especially the enthusiastic comments of General C. M. Poe, a members of General Sherman's staff, during the Atlanta campaign. Pleasing as this response was, the answer from Milwaukee was more satisfactory than we had dared to hope. Our letter to the Reference Department of the Public Library had been referred to the Art Museum, and on the staff of the Museum was the sole survivor of the group of artists who had painted the picture, Mr. George Peter. A brief statement from him was sent along with an old photograph of the entire group at work on what was probably the "Battle of Missionary Ridge." A photograph of Mr. Peter made quite recently afforded an interesting comparison with that of fifty years ago. Copies of both these photographs were made for the Library files. The statement which follows was surprising in several ways: STATEMENT OF MR. PETER "Replying to a letter of Xovember 21st. from the Carnegie Library of Ihc city of Atlanta. Georgia, which \ou turned over to me. and which asked for information relative to the activities of the qroup of panorama artists who were active here in Milwaukee early in the Xiiictics, I am glad to submit the following information. The Milwaukee Panorama Company was formed in 1885 by Mr. U'm. \Vchncr, and started to paiut cycloramas in a specially constructed studio, in the spring of that year. A staff of eight artNt* hud been imported for this purpose from Germany. The first of these pictures was The Battle of Missionary Ridge, and the next was the Battle of At lanta. Two cyclommas of each subject were completed. Then followed a picture of Jerusalem and the 1837 -- A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL-- 1937 65 Crucifixion of Christ, of which two were completed. All of jjiesc were made by ihe Milwaukee Cyclorama Company. Then the artists themselves banded together and produced another picture entitled Chris's Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem, of which only one was made. I arrived in the L'nitcd States in July. 1886, from Munich where 1 had been engaged. My firM step was in Cleveland, where the Battle of Missionary Ridge had already been completed.. After a fen weeks I xvas transferred 10 Milwaukee, where ihc Battle of Atlanta picture was Ixriiig drawn up. There were four artists engaged for figures and four for landscape work. 1 ivas cmplo\ed for figures, horses, mules, etc., ami did most of this work from ihcn on. until the fall of 188,**. when work ceased. Besides palming the animals in these pictures I was also acihe in designing the natural foregrounds of each. Meanwhile. Mr. \Vchncr had moved to California, and until 1S9S no further panoramas were painted. Then admiral Dewey won his victory ai Manila Bay. and Mr. \\chncr once more became active. He engaged five of the original group of artists who were siill li\ing in Milwaukee, nmong them myself. \Ve went to San Francisco and painted the last of these cycloramas. The Baltic of Manila Bay, I was actively engaged on all these pictures from Man 10 finish awl am today the lasl simHor of ihe original group of artists who painted these gigantic pictures. Since 1911. I ha*c been employed by the Milwaukee Public Museum, as anist for TOIS and nUira "-" .Signed! GEORGE PETER. Attention is called to the statement that two cycloramas of the Battle of Atlanta were painted, but when questioned further as to the disposition of the other. Mr. Peter could add no information further. This gave us a problem which we have not yet solved. A letter in our THE TEN MEN WHO PAINTED THE WORLD-FAMOt'S CYCLORAMA I. George Peter: 2. Theotlorc Davis: 3. Fram Rohrbcck: 4. U'illiam Vvchner: 5. AViThcim Schroeter: 6. August Lohr: 7. Herman Mtchalowski; 8. Bcrnhard Schncider: 9. F. W. Heine: 10. Th. Brcidwixer. files from Mr. Paul Atkinson, written in 1913, says he bought the cyclorama in 1890 from the Indianapolis An Exhibit Company for 52,500 and brought it first to Nashville then to At lanta. Our first inquiries in Indianapolis brought us nothing but discouragement for no rec ords of its having been there were found. Where was the painting between I8S7 and 1890 when Mr. Atkinson bought it, or rather, where were both paintings? 66 1837 --ATLANTA C E x TE N x i A L -- 1937 Granting that Mr. Peter's memory is not at fault in the lapse of fifty years, will it be pos sible to identify the painting we now have with that shown at any particular place, if two identical paintings of the Battle of Atlanta were in existence at the same time? Through the kindness of Mr. Al Richardson of the Associated Press, the story of our quandrary was broadcast through the many affiliated newspapers. The response was immediate, bringing letters from people who had seen the painting in Minneapolis, Indianapolis, and Cleveland. Confirmation of the Minneapolis jaunt came in the form of a booklet entitled "Scenes from the Battle of Atlanta Panoramo, permanently located Fifth Street New Nicollet Ave.. Minneapolis, Minn.," which was given the Library by the late Mr. W. H. Aaron, for a long time lecturer at the Cyclorama in Grant Park. Inquiry was also made to Mrs. Paul Atkinson of Madison. Georgia, in the hope that she would be able to throw some light on the problem. Mrs. Atkinson could add nothing definite to our knowledge, but referred us to Mr. Emmctt McConncII who had been a business associate of her late husband, and who had the Battle of Gettysburg on exhibition at the recent Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. Mr. McConnell's address was secured from the descriptive pamphlet sold at the Gettysburg building in Chicago, and information was requested immediately from him. His answer, re ceived from Dallas, Texas, where he had the Gettysburg picture on exhibition at the Texas State Fair, confirms Mr. Peter's statement that there were two Atlanta paintings, but contains some discrepancies in the facts already in our hands. MR. McCONNELL'S LETTER CYCLORAMA EXPOSITION COMMITTEE, INC. State Fair of Texas Alma Hill Jamison. Dallas. Texas. Feb. 26. 1937. Reference Librarian. Atlanta. Georgia. Dear Miss Jamison: Your letter to Hollywood of Feb. 5th, delivered to me. Dallas. Texas. I do not know of any printed history of the cyclorama development tho it is a distinct art now animated with electric cfTccts. and me chanical apparatus giving auditory perspective called stereophonic sound, permitting the volume o( tone of voice or sound to match the distance from the individual listener. I interested your M. 1'aul Atkinson in the Cyclorama business at Chattanooga. Tenn., in 1890. first exhibiting the cyclorama of the Battle of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain. Later we secured the Battle of Atlanta painted by a group of German artists at Milwaukee assembled by Mr. A. Von \VchncT who later retired and became interested in the ivinc business of California. A replica of your bat tle was made by these artists for Indianapolis. Ind.. and exhibited there for a number of 'years. I bought the painting and removed it to Electric Park, Baltimore. Md., in 1897. It had been in damp storage for some years in Indianapolis and during its Baltimore exhibition it fell to pieces and could (not) be repaired for further exhibition. The method of producing a cyclorama was discovered by an English artist. Smith by name, but de veloped and perfected by M. Phillippelcaux (sic) and his son Paul of Paris, France. Later, an English artist, E. J. Austen, under my direction, assembled all the great military painters of Europe and America and produced many spcctatoriums and cycloramas such as Battle of Gettysburg. Niagara Falls. Jerusalem on the Day of Crucifixion, Creation of the World and Birth of Man, etc. I am sorry I cannot give you the full detail fed) information you desire covering the history of your cyclorama. Mr. Charles At>cl Corwin. chief artist of the Field's museum of Chicago--formerly of the Chicago Art Institute--may Ix: in possession of information that will add to the history of your painting. Mr. Convin wrote the article on museums of natural history in the 1-lth edition of the Brittannica Encyc lopedia. Two of Mr. Corwin's paintings arc reproduced to illustrate the article. Mr. Convin was one of the staff of artists to paint many cycloramas and is recognized as the greatest horse painter of the cycloramas. If 1 can l>c of further aid to vou. command me. Yours very truly, 1907 Moscr Street. Dallas. Texas. February 26. 1937. (Signed) E. W. McCONNELL. Soon after this letter came, the library received from Miss Helen Valodin of Indianapolis a typewritten transcript of the history of the painting as given by files of the Indianapolis Journal. The similarity of its history in that city to its history in Atlanta might well have held a lesson for those later producers of war moving pictures who failed to take into account the fickleness of public taste. In Indianapolis, a cyclorama stock company, capitalized at SI25.000, was organ- 1837 --ATLANTA C E NT E x x i A L-- 1937 67 izcd by Mr. \Vehner. A circular building was constructed to house ihe painting which, accord ing to the Indianapolis Journal, was brought immediately from Minneapolis to Indianapolis and stored until the grand opening on May 29, 1888. The Journal of the 30ih was enthusiastic in its praise of the painting and in its pride in the great number of visitors. The novehy soon wore off, however, and January, 1889, found the owners offering fifty dollars in gold to the school children for the three best descriptive essays on the cyclorama. Sham battles, picnics, and chances on a \ew Home sewing machine were further inducements offered from time to time to stem the continually diminishing attendance. A quartet was even brought from Atlanta to sing behind the scenes and the admission fee cut. all without avail. By the spring of 1S90. arrears in electric light and printing bills, expenses of operation, etc., brought judgments against the paint ing, and by August of the same year, a receiver had been appointed. In September, all real and personal property of the cyclorama company was ordered sold at auction. The sale occur red October 4. 1890, and the painting was bought by the heirs of the Miller estate, owners of the property on which the building stood, for 56,060. A quarrel between two stockholders, one of whom brought an injunction against the other, charging fraud in valuation of shares, pro vided a sordid aftermath. March. 1891. brought another change of owners and an announce ment of the removal of the cyclorama to another city. Although the newspaper account does not say to whom it was sold or where it would be moved, a later sketch by Miss Valodin which ap peared in an Indianapolis newspaper after the Associated Press story by Mr. Richardson was published does say that the painting was sold to Mr. Atkinson and later to Mr. Gross. What is the explanation for the discrepancy? Were both our cyclorama and that bought by Mr. McConnell for exhibition in Baltimore shown in Indianapolis? Mr. Atkinson's story of the purchase is found in the following letter, written to Mr. \\*. T. Waters. Jr., a reporter on the Atlanta Journal staff: \V. T. Waters. Jr. Atlanta. Cn. MADISON" VARIETY WORKS Building Material and Supplies Madison. Ca.. January 7. 1913. Dear Mr. Waters: Yours in reference to the Cyclorama "Battle of Atlanta" leccivcd. Il has been my intention lo give some data in reference lo this subject for some time--but have failed to do so--Am glad you will handle the matter--1 bought the "Battle of Atlanta" Cyclorama from the "Indianapolis An Exhibit Companv" in 1S90--The painting was made in Detroit. Michigan, by three German artists. Messrs. Brachl--Bocsnlin-- Koche-- (I am not Hire as lo the correct spelling of these names) --These artists sent photographers to At lanta in lrtS3--They made photos of the section--and from these the artists were enabled to get the topog raphy of the section there. With the data in hand they went to work.--The hour represented on the can vas was immediately after Gen. McPherson had been killed ami Gen. Logan had been placed in command. The painting cost originally S10.000 (forty thousand). I bought it at a shameful sacrifice--I paid onlv S2jiOO--nrcnt; -five hundred dollars ccu exhibiting the Cyclorama of the Baltic of "Mission Ridge"--This "Mission Ridge" picture cost me ten thousand dollars,--I bought it from the Texas Art Exhibit Company of Fl. Worth. Texas.--Mv receipts in Chattanooga from the two pictures was S27.000 in about 1!* months. I moved the "Mission Ridge" pic ture to Atlanta in 1R90-- It was located on Edgcwood Avenue.--It had a fine patronage--II xvas then moxcd lo Nashville. Tcml.. and the "Battle of Atlanta" was then moved from Chattanooga to Atlanta. Il was on exhibition some 12 months when I sold it to H. H. Harrison of Florida. Il was Mr. Harrison's pur- Taxes ami rent accumulated--and with the picture seriously damaged. Mr. Harrison al>andoned it. and it was sold for expenses.--I was in Nashville exhibiting the Battle of "Mission Ridge" when I saw the no tice uf sale in the Atlanta papers--I decided at once that I would come and buy the painting. I took train for Atlanl.l. stopping oxer night in Rome--On my arrival in Atlanta as I stepped off the train a friend came forward extending his hand saving. "Old friend. I am mighty sorry to hear of your hard luck." I said. "Why. what do \o mean? I don't know of any hard luck Ihnt has rcccntlv overtaken inc." "Why," says he. "have you not read the morning papers?" I said. "No. I am jnsl in from Rome." "Well." he savs, "your cyclorama in Nashville was struck by cyclone last night and blown lo pieces." I asfccd him "How many were killed?" He said lhat the storm struck after the dorrs were closed for the night.--I felt so much relieved lhat I did not mind so much the financial loss, xvhich was S10.000 on picture and S-1.000 on building--I got S200 out of the wreckage. Well, with this Mow. I was not in shape to buy the "Battle of Atlanta" although I stood and saw il sold to Mr. Cre*s for S1.000 dollars-He gave it to Atlanta--I mounted il for him at Ihe Park where it has )>ccn on exhibition ever sincc.-I have nol seen it for several years--\Vhcn 1 las! saw il. it was in had condition and greatly needed attention.--Il should be cleaned and re-oiled and touched up generally.--It 68 ____ 1837- ATLANTA CENTENNIAL- 1937 is indeed a great object lesson in art and history and Atlanta will prove devoid (?) in its appreciation of Mr. Cress* benevolence when it fails to take proper circ of his great art treasure.--Because he bought it as did I at a ridiculously loiv price, the true value of the treasure is still in the canvas and should be preserved. One little scrap of history goes with this painting--Not on the program--unfortunately, these cycloramns were all made \vith a view of exhibiting them in northern cities and the artists always gave a more glowing coloring to the Federal troops than to the Confederates. Well, this is all right to the sun of a federal soldier--but it don't always set so well with a son of a Confederate soldier. So when I mounted this picture in Chattanooga--and saw a group of Confederate prisoners Ixjing rushed through the federal lines, I at once said I'll change that scene if it costs me my job--so ] secured an artist and I told him to take those Confederate uniforms off those prisoners and put every mothers son of them in a coat of blue. It took him days to do the job--but when finished he had a bunch of Yankees running like the mischief--And there they arc until this good hour. I had Paul I'hillipatocs (sic) "Battle of Gettysburg" at (he Atlanta Exposition--] did not OXMI this picture however--Will be glad to serve you at any time-- I have very hurriedly jotted down the above as it has run into my pen--Major Charles \V. Hubncr lectured for me in Atlanta--He is a dear princely soul--I esteem him most highly. Very truly yours, (Signed) PAl'L M. ATKINSOX. Although Mr. Atkinson is in error on several points, the odds are against his being mistaken in the name of the company from which he bought the painting. In any event, a cyclorama of the Battle of Atlanta was brought here from Chattanooga and opened on February 22, 1892, tak ing the place of the Missionary Ridge painting which had been on exhibition in a specially constructed building on the nonh side of Edgewood Avenue near Piedmont. In an effort to trace the sequence of events in the history of the painting after it reached Atlanta, Mr. W. S. Irvine has carefully examined files of the Atlanta Constitution from 1891 through 1898. These newspaper accounts establish the fact that its history in Atlanta followed almost the same pattern as that in Indianapolis. Sunday exhibitions were at first forbidden by the City Council, and, although enthusiastically attended at first by both citizens of \tlanta and visitors from outlying towns, the painting received such constantly diminishing patronage that the Constitution of October 21, 1892, reported a five-year lease by the owners, Mr. P. M. Atkinson, T. A. Frierson and C. L. Brown, to Mr. H. H. Harris (or Harrison as it is given in all other places) of Florida, the lease to date from October 1, 1892. The notice adds that nothing was known of Mr. Harris (on's) plans, whether he would "reopen" again in Atlanta or "trans port" the painting elsewhere. Mr. Atkinson's letter explains fully just what Mr. Harrison's plan was and why it failed. Another question raised by this news story is the length of time the exhibition of the cyclorama had been discontinued. Much research must yet be done to answer this and another question raised by the following quotation: "The Edgcwood Avenue Cyclorama building was inspected \csterday with .1 view to transforming it into a temporary tabernacle for religious services and for the forthcoming religious conventions of the present year. It can be had for the purpose, it can be made to hold several thousand people comfortably." "It xvas suggested that the building on Edgcwood, Avenue recently (italics mine) used for the purpwtf-of-a-oyoloemia might be fitted up with a gallery and platform at a very small e\pcnse and made to accommodate almost as many as the Grand ..." This plan failed to materialise, however: "Cyclorama Building--Committee on location for Christian Workers' Convention reported that 'It was not a feasible plan to get the cyclorama building as that was in such shape at present that no satisfac tion could be obtained from the owners."* Where was the paiming while this discussion was going on? Was it lying in storage in Chicago pending the decision of the fair officials as to a brick building for exhibition, or was it lying in storage somewhere in Atlanta? This is another unsolved problem in our sequence of events. No matter what its whereabouts, August I. 1893, brought it under the auctioneer's hammer to satisfy a judgment for S937.35 due the East Atlanta Land Company, owner of the lot on which the building stood. The first bid was made for $5, raised instantly by Mr. George V. Gress to $100. Mr. Ernest Woodruff, representative of the East Atlanta Land Company doubled, Mr. E. P. McBurney overcalled with a three-hundred dollar bid which was immediate ly raised to $500 by Mr. Woodruff. Mr. Gress dropped out, leaving Mr. Woodruff and Mr. (Marshall M.) Welch, a real estate agent of the city who was apparently acting for Mr. Gress, bidding against each other until the painting was sold to Mr. Woodruff for SI,100. Mr. Gress was not through, however, for the Constitution of August 10, 1893, carried a story of the re sale of the painting to Mr. Gress and Charles Northcn. Mr. Gress, according to this news story, 1837 -- ATLANTA CENTENNIAL-- 1937 was said 10 be planning to move ihe cyclorama ro ihe park. This must be Grant Park as the same article mentions his gift of the zoo. The following quotation brings up another problem: "The Park Commission will meet today, and during the meeting ihc cydorama of the Battle of At lanta will Ix: tendered the commission by Mr. Cress and Mr. Northern, who purchased it from the land company a tew days ago. Both gcnilcmcn arc very anxious for the citj to accept the picture and place it in Grant Park ivhcrc it can be seen daily by' thousands of people. The* arc Milling to contribute to the moving of the picture and do anything else in ihcir power for it. There is now a movement on foot for the Park Commission to assume charge of ihc piiming and place i\ in the park under the management of Major Hubncr who was fora long lime connected with it while it was under the management of Mr. Atkinson on Edgcwood Avenue. No one knou's the picture better than Major Hnbncr, niul as the painting is unless without a delineator, the indications, arc lhai Major Hubner will be placed in charge of it." If, as indicated by this statement, Mr. Gross offered the city the cyclorama in August, 1893, why did the city {ail to accept it then:- Why wait until 1S98? Some son of a cooperative ar rangement must have been finally worked out, for a week later, this appeared: "Mr. (Arnold) Brojlcs. chairman of the committee on parks, presented a resolution relative to the removal of ihe cycloram'a to Grain Park. The paper rcad- 'Rcsolvcd-- that Messrs. Cress and Northern ! given permission to move the cyclorama. or picture of the Battle of Atlanta, to Grant Park, and that they be allowed to locate the building under the direction of the Park Commission: and that they lc allowed to charge an admission fee of not exceeding ten cents; that said cyclorama shall at all times be under the control ami direction of the Park Conimiwoii.' " "The gifi," said Mr. Broylcs, "is one of the best the city has ever had. The picture is some thing that Atlanta should own, and I hope to see the day when the city will be able to buy it. I think, in the meantime, the city owes the two gentlemen a debt of thanks which it will not be easy to pay." Mr. Charles ]. Hadcn fills in most of the history from this point: "Mr. C. V. Grcss, who donated the picture, was of German ancestry, reared in western New York and Pennsylvania. Coming south when quite a young man, he became by marriage and tics of friendship. a true southerner. His educational advantages were very limited, hut he possessed a remarkably vigorous mind ami a rare business capacity. As his lax*'yer for the twenty, years follow-ing my aclmjsMon to the IMF. I was in very close touch with him. He kept his main office in Atlanta but as his sawmill interests in South Georgia kept him most of the time, the scope of my duties in his behalf covered many of his com mercial transactions outside of those requiring legal attention. It was in this way that he conferred with me as 10 what disposition to make of the two properties he acquired and later ga\c to Atlanta, that is, the r\clorama and the 200. "Mr. Cress bought the picture from Mr. H. H. Harrison of Florida, who had it in use commcrciallx for exhibit purposes. The firsl impulse of Mr. Cress was to put the painting in the hands of a capable manager and have him keep it on exhibit, moving from city to city. He consulted with me about U. and (linall\) at my request, consented that I might donate it for him to the Methodist Orphans' Home in Decatiir. Ca. .'. . When I first mentioned U to the Trustees of the Home, they were greatly pleased at the offer, but asked a little time to think it over. Later they reported to me that they had learned that its chief earnings were en Sunday and for that reason deemed it unwise is have i! owned by a church-related orphanage. Then I suggested to Mr. Grcss that he auihori/c me to present it to the City of Atlanta, \ihich lie did, ami- it Iwcatac-pau oLihc_patk. system of Atlanta." "I have been advised . . . that experts now regard the picture as worth over SI .060000: lr earned: during the approximate twenty years it was in the old wood building, about S1G7.000 which sum, plus $80.000 additional, was used in ihc construction of the present marble and granite building which houses it now. When the picture was installed in ihe present building about ten \cars ago, the ma>or appointed me chairman of the committee to take charge of the ccrcmonices at the opening. Governor Harduick and other notables were present and made speeches." The Cyclorama stayed in Grant Park under Mr. Gress' ownership from the fall of 1893 un til early in 1898. The income received from the admission fees, amounting to SI2,000, had been most generously used by Mr. Cress for the relief of poor children in the city. Early in 1897, comments began to appear in the Constitution that it was Mr. Cress' intention to give the ,,,,,_,,,.--,, ,, --_- ~ - ---. --: gift to the city. Gress made a statement to the reporters that he was making arrangements to deed the city the Cyclorama. At several subsequent meetings, city council made provisions for the conditions attached to the gift; a new roof, general improvements in the building and repair of damages to the painting itself. In January, 1898, Mayor Charles A. Collier's report outlined Mr. Gress' offer and recommended that the gift be accepted by the city. This was done on March 12, 1898. The painting remained in the park in the old wooden building until 1921, when it was moved 70 1 837 - A T L A N T A C E X T E \ M A L -- 1 037 to the new fireproof marble building which houses it now. This was built from a design submilted by Mr. "j. T. Downing, an Atlanta architect, in a competition held by the park commis sioners in the late summer of 1920. In addition to housing the Cyclorama, the building has space for a war museum, for the famous locomotive, "Texas," attendants' quarters, and service rooms. Until about a year ago, the picture had only two dimensions, height and width. By means of a project carried on with \V. P. A. funds, it has been made three-dimensional to increase the optical illusion. Mr. Victor Llorens, Mr. Wciss Snell and Mr. \Vilbur Kurtz have given the canvas a thorough cleaning, have retouched the faded and chipped spots and "extended" the painting past the edge of its canvas over the door by adding plaster figures, exploded shells, frag ments of rails and cross-ties, blasted stumps, simulated grass and a great deal of Georgia clay. The colors of the native Georgia earth had been most faithfully duplicated by the painters, so the task of matching up with the pictured clay required great numbers of men almost three weeks to complete. Seventy-five gallons of refined linseed oil were massaged into the painting itsell with huge soft sponges. As the battle occurred in summer, the artists engaged in the renova tion had to manufacture trees to scale, in full foliage. Every leaf of these had to be cast in a separate mould before it was made in plaster, then attached to a bit of copper wire which was fastened to the trunk. One little tree made in this way, measuring just four feet, has 6,000 such leaves on it. Mr. Llorens estimates that, with proper care, the Cyclorama ought to last sev eral hundred years. In this centennial year of our history, it is well for us all to realize what a priceless asset we have here in this painting which constitutes so perfect and unique a memorial of the most tragic event in our history. Neglected, regarded with indifference by many, carried from city to city by a chain of constantly changing owners, sold at auction on two occasions, the Cyclorama of the Battle of Atlanta has now come into its own. When we remember that, at one of these auc tions, a bid as low as S5 was made on it, that experts today value it at more than a million dol lars, we realize that its history is typical of every great and worthwhile effort which crystallizes as a permanent part of the world's heritage. Although many facts hitherto unknown have been uncovered in the search made by the Reference Department of the Carnegie Library and Mr. W. S. Irvine, more are yet to be added to our knowledge of this painting. The search will go on. Until that time when the sequence of events in the history of the Cyclorama is complete, we ask the forbearance of our readers in their judgments of an incomplete task. ATLANTA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1937 Walter McElrcath_...Honorary President for Life and Chairman 'of Executive Committee Jack J. Spalding .___.._._._____------..President Franklin M. Garret!----------------------......Vicc-Prcsidcnt Stephens Mitchcll ----_--.------.......____,, Editor Ruth Blair ----..--..------------------Executive Secretary CURATORS Ivan Alien J. Bulow Camphcll C. J. Shcehan Mrs. J. K. Oltley Eugene M. Mitchell Dr. Frank K. Boland TERMS EXPIRING JANTARV I. 1938 Dr. F. Phinizy Calhoun John S. Spalding TERMS EXPIRING JANUARY 1. 1939 Marion Smith Walter G. Cooper TERMS EXPIRING JANUARY I. 19-W Ruth Blair Franklin M. Garrctt Robert Lee Avcry Edgar Watkins Mrs. Eli A. Thomas Mrs. Aurelia Roach McMillan Mrs. S. W. McCallic Dr. A. I. Branham A. A. Mcyer Judge John D. Humphries Jack J. Spalding H'aller McElrcath Waller McElrcath. Chairman Eugene M. Mitchcll Stephens Milchcll Rulh Blair TERMS EXPIRING JANUARY 1. 1911 John Ashlcy Jones Reul>cn Arnold TERMS EXPIRING JANTARY 1. 1812 John M. Harrison Henry A. Alexander EXECl'TIVE COMMITTEE John Ashlcy Jones Bcverly DuBosc Jack ). Spalding Mrs. John M. Slaton Jessie Hopkins Mcla Barker Waller Hcndrix Franklin M. Garrctl Mrs. John M. Slaton Mrs. S. W. McCallic Mcta Barker 1837 - A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL- 1037_____ 71 FAMOUS ANDREWS RAID In 1862 three Ailamans were heroes in one of ihe boldest escapades of the Civil \\"ar. Had it not been for the determined efforts of Captain W. A. Fuller. Anthony Murphy and Jeff Cain in thwarting perpetrators of the famous Andrews raid all means of communication would have been broken between southern armies and their sources of supply. In this daring Yankee exploit occurred the famous race between the engines, the General and the Texas. The story is told by Walter G. Cooper, author of the "Official History of Fulton County." James J. Andrews, a Yankee spy, and 21 volunteers, made shrewd plans for stealing a train with which they could destroy bridges and tracks between here and Chattanooga, and at the same time speed north and escape any possible pursuers. One day at Big Shanty, now Kennesaw, the three Atlanta trainmen left their train to get a meal in a small eating house. Though guards were on the platform, Andrews and a group of his picked men stole the engine, the General, and sped toward Chattanooga. The Ailamans rushed out in time to see the train speeding up the track. Having no telegraph station at Big Shanty, and no engine, the Atlantans ran about a mile on foot until they came upon a hand-car. With this they proceeded as rapidly as possible to Etowah station. Here they borrowed an engine from Mark A. Cooper and were reinforced by a posse of armed men. The pursuers soon began to catch up with the raiders, who were delayed ai Kingston by three southbound freight trains and the questioning o? a station attendant. The Yankees finally were permitted to leave when their leader stated he had a load of powder for the army and was under orders to proceed with all possible speed. When the Atlantans and their aides reached the town, they too were blockaded by the freight trains. Seeing a train on a Y connection and headed toward Rome, they quickly sought the engi neer who eagerly offered his engine for the chase. At Adairsville the Atlantans met the Texas, one of the fastest engines in the south. Fuller and Murphy, the latter being head of all engineers on the road, took charge. "That engine, the Texas, was the best on the road and they made good use of it, backing the freight train into a side-track at Adairsville, cutting loose all cars but a flat car, running the engine and flat car back on the main line, and then reversing the engine, ran backward at full speed toward Calhoun with the flat car in front and Fuller standing on it to look out for ob struction on the track," Cooper says. "In that way they ran the nine miles to Calhoun in 10 minutes." Andrews had been permitted to pass the freight train by telling with the same coolness the story he had told previously. He hoped to burn 10 bridges which stood between him and Chattanooga. He sped to Cal houn and from there to Oostcnaula bridge. The raiders were preparing to tear up the track when the pursuers came in sight. Andrews left two cars which he hoped would wreck the pursuers and then sped away leaving cross-ties along the tracks. The men on the Texas approached slowly, coupled with the cars and continued the chase. When Andrews reached Tilton, he had to take on more wood. Just as he finished, the pur suers again came in sight and the raiders escaped for a second time by leaving a pile of wood on the track. Hurrying to a point about one mile north of Dalton. Andrews and his men stopped for another time and were preparing to destroy the track when they heard the whistle of the Texas. Again they escaped, deciding this time to make a desperate effort to bum the bridge over Chickamauga creek. They set fire to a car and Icfl it on the bridge, but a drenching rain had almost pin out ihe fire by the time the Atlantans arrived. Fuller and his men pushed the car on to Ringgold, where it was sidetracked. Then they be gan the final race. A short distance on the other side of the bridges. Andrews fuel gave out. He directed his men to Hee separately into the woods and to return Indian-fashion to the northern army. Separated, the raiders were weaker than had they stayed in a body and fought the pursuers with gunfire. They all were caught within a week and court martialcd in Atlanta. 72 1837-ATLANTA C E N TE N N I A L - 1937 ATLANTA THROUGH THE AGES B> I'OOLE MAYNARD. I'h.D. (icologiral and Inditstrial Eitghterrittg ATLANTA, CA. \TLANTA, perched on a great divide in the plateau of the Piedmont, more than a thousand feet above sea level, is unique amongst America's big cities; unique in the personality of its citizenship, in its salubrious climate, in its natural drainage and unique as the gateway to the markets of the southeast where great arteries of traf fic follow the lines of least resistance along naturally eroded paths, converging from along plains and across mountains and radiating to the four corners of the southeast. Naturally one will ask why such an unusual and desirable climate; why is Atlanta free of excessive humidity, why does Atlanta occupy such a premier position with relation to the arter ies of traffic, why is Atlanta more than a thousand feet above sea level? As strange as it may seem, topography, rainfall, altitude, climate and the nature of her agri cultural and industrial raw materials are based on the changes which have taken place in the past history of Atlanta and these changes are revealed and recorded in the rocks which underly Atlanta since the early beginnings of lime, millions and millions of years before the advent of man upon the earth. The rocks which represent the foundation of Atlanta are amongst the oldest of which we have any knowledge. They have been so adjusted lhat no other earth movements are likely to take place for probably millions of years to come, so that Atlanta is free from the earth adjustments which cause earthquakes. Since waters flow in every direction from Atlanta, a part of her drainage area goes into the Atlantic ocean, a part into the gulf at Southern Florida and a part into the great Mississippi drainage basin, and Atlanta is free from Hoods. As far as is known of the past history of Atlanta, she is free from cyclones and tornadoes. Europe is free from cyclones because of the relation of topography to the warm moisture-laden atmosphere of the Mediterranean. Just how much the Appalachian Mountains affect or divert the channels of air which come from the Gulf in the southwest is not known, but observation reveals that they are dissipated as they reach the western wall of the Appalachian Mountains. The tornadoes that rise in the Caribbean lose their resistance long before they penetrate into the hinterland where Atlanta is located. Atlanta was never submerged beneath the great oceans or under inland seas as has been most of the North American continent at different periods of the earth's history. Atlanta was sitting on top of the world when Denver, Colorado, was at the bottom of a great inland sea. Atlanta was millions of years old before the thousands of feet of sediment began to accumu late and form what are now known as the Rocky Mountains. Atlanta might have been the Mount Ararat of the North American continent when she was standing ten (housand feet or more above sea level and encompassed in a rarified atmosphere. In the early beginnings of the life history of Atlanta vast chemical changes were taking place in the rocks upon which Atlanta now stands; they were cooling and cracking and there were earthquakes and great vents in the crust of the earth were being filled with red hot materials coming from still greater depths, and one of the wonders of the world--Stone Mountain--near Atlanta was conceived. Atlanta was not then protected from the northwest winds by the Appalachian Mountains, for there were no Appalachian Mountains. Atlanta was devoid of vegetable and animal life and being subjected to the ravishing attacks of the elements, rapid decomposition of the rocks took place and these somewhat decomposed rocks and soils were washed along steep gradients in vast gorges, occupied at times by well defined rivers which swept millions of tons of these de composed rocks and soils to the great Appalachian Sea. When Atlanta, during its early history, was enveloped in a dense atmosphere of carbonic acid gas, it was not a fit place for man to live, but it was paving the way for the blessings of nature, for in the oceans and the seas there were myriads of simple types of animal life and these animals of the sea were secreting lime and carbonic acid gas from the waters to form their ___ ___ 1837 -ATLANTA C E x T E x x i A L - 1937_______ 73 shells and Atlanta was contributing the raw materials which later were to form the thousands of feet of limestones and sandstones and shales which underly such cities as Chauanooga and Knoxville and Birmingham. After a while the animals of the oceans developed to higher and more complex forms and began to crawl out and to find that Atlanta was a good place in which to live. Their curiosity took them on trips of exploration over the land areas and they began to adapt themselves 10 a new environment and soon the land was filled with strange creatures. The atmosphere on the earth had changed.. Luxurious plant growth in the swamps had consumed so much of the carbonic acid gas that it no longer predominated in the atmosphere. The plants and forests were using the gas to build up the great thickness of vegetation to form the vast coal deposits of the South. At the same time, the animals of ihe sea were gathering hydrogen and carbon to form their organic bodies which were later to be the source of oil and gas. What a wonderful history Atlanta has had. She has witnessed the growth of America irom its earliest beginnings. She has witnessed through all these millions of years America's great ac cumulation of mineral wealth. She has witnessed the birth of WARM SPRINGS, resulting from an earthquake which was echoed around the world with the folding and slipping of the rocks. Atlanta witnessed the advent of the animals and the peoples which came from Asia, when the continents of Asia and North America were connected at the Bering Sea, now revealed by the fossil skeletons of these animals which were cntoombed in the rocks and by the mounds which preserve and make known the civili/ation of the ancient peoples who lived in our midst. For hundreds of millions of years, Atlanta has been attacked by the elements of nature, rain and wind and air until she has, as a result of the resistance of her rocks, been left perched on the roots of the old Piedmont Mountain Chain and Atlanta, now sitting on the rocks which at one time were buried thousands of feet in the earth's crust, finds herself in the unique position of being still more than a thousand feet above sea level. Atlanta is tempered by the warm winds from the Gulf Stream on the southwest; high enough to participate in the rare atmosphere which prevails at her elevation; usually protected from the extreme cold of the more northern latitude which dissipates as it blends with the more moderate temperatures of the Gulf and the South Atlantic. Atlanta is free from the heavy atmosphere found at lower elevations and with no large body of water nearby is lacking in the essentials which provide atmospheric moisture, precipitated in warm weather in the form of humidity. The health of a community is very largely dependent upon the kind of sunlight which it re ceives: upon the water supply which is available: upon the freedom of a depressing atmosphere and the elimination of the extremes of climate. It is a well recognized fact that ultra-violet light plays a large part in the vitality of a community and the availability of ultra-violet light de pends largely upon the hours of sunshine and the density of the atmosphere. We in America are prone to go for our health to the lower latitudes in winter and the higher altitudes in summer. We knew that we found at these points the proper types of sunshine dur ing these seasons. Some day the Weather Bureau will no doubt publish charts showing where the greatest amount of health-giving ultra-violet light is available on an average throughout the year and when that is done it will be found that Atlanta probably enjoys more ultra-violet light the year round than any other of the big cities of North America. Why should this be true? First, to the lack of density of the atmosphere with little accom panying humidity in the summer time, brought about as a result of Atlanta's elevation, while in the winter time Atlanta's latitude gives it a premier position with relation to the sun. What this means in the pleasure of living is reflected in the vitality or pep of the individual and is largely responsible for what is known as the "Atlanta Spirit." It is well known that the water supply is a factor in the health and well being of a commun ity. Those who pass through the country and see the muddy streams might justly wonder whether such water is fit to drink and whether it can be used in industry. Mud in water is readily eliminated by filtration and the mud or silt has some advantage in the purification of the water, providing for the absorption in the silt of any organic impurities. After filtration, the muddy waters of the Atlanta territory come forth pure, soft, sparkling, so pure in fact that it is often used where distilled water may be required. 74 1837 - A T L A N T A CENTENNIAL- 1937 But why is Atlanta the hub of those channels of transportation which radiate in every direc tion? Has that anything to do with the nature of the underlying rocks? The answer to this question is yes, they are almost entirely responsible for these lanes of travel, both by land and by air. The lanes of travel by land represent the lines of least resistance which have been carved in the underlying rocks by rainfall and stream erosion. Some of these rocks were more readily decomposed than others, some more soluble. The most important sinous channel of traffic extending from Atlanta is that artery of trans portation which crosses the base of the Appalachian Mountains and on a down-hill pull: it then forks in' three directions when it reaches the Appalachian Valley area, one route paralleling the "Valley" area and on up through eastern Tennessee and Virginia and ihe northeast. % 10 St LOUIS ^TOCHOOO ATLANTA THE CROSS ROADS OF THE SOUTHEAST The above sketch illustrates why Atlanta became the metropolis of the Southeast. Located at a point more than a thousand feet above sea level on the Piedmont Plateau, Atlanta is the first point for a distance of more than six hundred miles Southwest of Washington, D. C., xvhcrc the trade of the middle west could follow the paths of least resistance and cross the high Appalachian Mountain barrier, sometimes rising to more than six thousand feet in elevation, and along easy grades, Atlanta is the hub of distribution to the tremendous trade area radiating in every direction. Another route crosses the "Valley" and extends norlh to Chattanooga, where again three forks of transportation extend to the west, the north and the east. A third route branches off at Cartcrsville and extends to Birmingham and the southwest. These routes are characterized by low grades and represent the first low-grade route to cross the great physical barriers, the Appalachians (sometimes 6000 feet high), south of the Potomac, along a distance of six hundred and fifty miles. A second great artery of travel follows the undulating Plateau of the Piedmont from Atlanta to Washington, the gateway to the markets of the northeast. Once Atlanta is reached from the northwest and the northeast, the whole southeast and southwest can be reached in any direction from Atlanta, and along easy grades. What has topography to do with the routes of transportation by air? Why will the safest air lines from New York and other eastern points to the Pacific Coast be routed via Atlanta? 1837 --ATLANTA C E x T E x N i A L-- 1937 75 First, because the route from the east traversing that section east of the Appalachian Mountains is characterized by temperate weather and seldom has the blinding snowstorms which so often occur in the area west of this belt. The winter storms which are encountered in the Great Lakes area and in the Rocky Moun tain section can be avoided in the coast-to-coast flight via Atlanta. Topography, then which has been dependent upon the types of the underlying rocks, was the most important factor in the location of Atlanta. The natural advantages of climato which in eludes rainfall and sunshine have contributed to the rapidity of Atlanta's growth for Atlanta's unique climate has made her a good place in which to live. Atlanta is great because of the influence of t he underlying rocks to form the paths of trade. Atlanta will become greater when she interprets how these same rocks can be- utili/cd in industry. READIN' AN' WRITIN' AN' R1THMETIC IN ATLANTA OF HALF CEXTURY AGO (This is a story of students and teachers in Atlanta schools in thr 70s and early '$0S~ particularly of the fatuous Boys' High graduating class of 1883 ' a' members of which ran for president of the I'rtitcd States. It is told by a member of the class.) BY C J. SHEEHAN. President. Pioneer School Boys, Curator. Atlanta Historical Socim. A lot of water has run under the bridge since I entered old Crew Street school in September, 1873. Atlanta was then a small town of some 30.000 and boasted of four grammar schools. Ivy, Marietta, Walker and Crew, and what they lacked numerically they admitted in quality. All of the children in town attended and they were thoroughly drilled in reading, writing and arithmetic. We knew nothing of later-day frills--such as kindergarten, music, football and other extras we have found necessary to keep abreast of the times. In those days you were taught to walk the chalk line and if you did not it was just too bad: for you were corrected in a manner you would remember. Grades were numbered from eight to first and, ordinarily, you were promoted yearly. But as the city was growing by leaps and bounds and you developed aptitude, you were pushed up in the middle of the term, or otherwise skipped a grade. EARLY DAY TEACHERS As I remember, my first teacher was Miss Fannie Johnson, then Miss Coward, Miss Hillyer, Miss Mollie Rutherford, Miss Lou Wood (afterward Mrs. John Isham). Miss Heath, Miss Mattie Andrews and Professor John Isham, principal. Under his tutelage you always got what was coming to you. He was the best arithmetic teacher I ever saw, and he had every scholar in his class so they could run the genealogy' of the Royal English family from Victoria to Egbert. King of Kent. Just as long as the class showed that they had studied their lessons he would laugh, but when otherwise, he would get purple in the face and his thundering voice could be heard quite a dis tance. It could be said to the eternal credit of Mr. Isham that all who ever attended his classes were benefited by his master mind, especially in mathematics. In September, 1880, we arrived at Boys' High school radiant with youth, and quickly frater nized with boys of other schools, and they were a fine lot of students. Of course, now and then one of our feet would slip, but Professor Bass would quickly straighten us out. He played no favorites at all, and if he knew you needed lambasting, you got it good and plenty. 76_________1837-ATLANTA C.E x T E N N i A L- 1937 The class of '83 has always been outstanding; while none have developed into millionairesstill they are all good citizens, and J have never heard of any being in the breadline or figuring in criminal court, local or foreign. 25 EXPELLED Shortly after arriving at the threshold of Boys' High, Mr. Bass got sick and was out of com mission about a month. The services of Miss Bertha Leiberman were conscripted, and we had a wonderful time for a day, but next morning Major Slaton arrived on the scene and expelled 25 of our number, and it had a good effect. The expelled very solemnly and thoughtfully retired in good order. Very promptly the next morning they reappeared and, assured that they had re ceived a curtain lecture or something from their fathers, were received again in good fellowship. One day in the second grade everything got very still and our teacher went to his desk to sit down, but he did not get all of the way as a bent pin was in the chair and he must have felt it, for Will Black giggled and Mr. Bass was right on him with a hickory. Strange to say, half a dozen admitted they saw the boy who placed it, but none told who he was and to this day it has been a mystery. Just like the pound of red pepper which one of the boys accidentally kicked and it went all over the room. REQUEST GRANTED Another time in the first grade, \ViIl \Vilson got a sound trouncing about something and was sore about it. The next morning after roll calljim English got up, cleared his throat, tightened his coat collar, and dramatically said: "Mr. Bass, you gave Wilson a whipping yesterday and it was my fault and I ask that you punish me." For once in his life he was stumped, but after recovering he said, "Jim, it was very com mendable in you and I admire your spirit, but never let it be said that a boy asked me to thrash him and I refused. Come up here, Jim." Believe me, he got a good one. Of course little incidents of like nature were happening nearly every day and practically every member of the class got his one time or another, it was part of the day's work. GRADUATES OF 1883 Following is a list of graduates for 1883: W. H. Black, Frank Block, W. V. Brooks, J. W. Crusselle, J. W. English, Paul H. Evans, J. W. Fain, George W. Fickett, John L. Gatins, J. M. Hall, A. H. Holcomb, Maurice Hirsch, Eli Hulsey, Carl Hubncr, L. L. Knight, C. L. Leyden, A. Meyer, Angus Orr, R. W. Rosser, C. J. Sheehan, Louis Thibadeau, W. D. Upshaw and W. H. Wilson. Of this remarkable number two have run for President of the United States, and, while not elected, millions of good Americans in every state in the Union voted for them. W. D. Upshaw ran on a prohibition platform and Austin Holcomb on socialistic-labor. The public school system of this country is the bulwark of our civilization, the guarantor of progress and the capstone of American liberty. An ignorant country is a poverty-stricken country and a poverty-stricken country is a criminal country. Statistics show it is cheaper to develop a good citizen than to create a convict. An enlightned country is the very fortification on which is founded free thought and free speech. Well may the city of Atlanta proudly proclaim to the world: "These are my children." PUBLISHER'S NOTE Dr. Willis A. Sutton, superintendent of Atlanta schools, recently made some recommenda tions to the Atlanta School Board. Among them were: Improvement of personnel; and instal lation of seven basic principles in the mind of both adults and students in Atlanta. The prin ciples are love of the soil, preservation of the home, appreciation of the necessity of keeping open the channels of truth, maintenance of a stable government, love of beauty, mental and physical health, the consciousness of God in the soul of man. 1837-ATLANTA :x x i AL-- 1037 THE ATLANTA CHILD'S HOME "I don't care about myself, but you've got to let me keep my baby!" That cry of three destitute mothers 30 years ago touched the heart of Mrs. F. M. Robinson, one of Atlanta's leading and most beloved women. She set about immediately to give them the help necessary to keep their children. Out of this need grew the Atlanta Child's Home. Today, afier 30 years. Mrs. Robinson is still presi dent of the organization, still actively working for the ideal of keeping mothers and babies to gether. THE HOME The Child's Home serves little children. It also serves mothers. The home out on Hightower Road has a capacity of 100 dependents. It is always filled to capacity and could be filled twice over with needy ones if there were funds available. The home cares for children from birth to school age. But simple care is only part of the service of this poignantly appealing institution. It offers also careful individual case-work for each individual problem. Mrs. F. M. Robinson, president, and Miss Bessie Langhorne, secretary of the home, work out these family situations. For instance, when little Mary's mother died, neighbors, who found the child crying with hunger and cold in the desolate house, notified the Child's Home and Mary was taken in. Mary's immediate problem was solved, but Mrs. Robinson and Miss Langhornc know that there is no substitute for a real home and a family fireside. Miss Langhorne talked with neighbors and friends of the mother and picked up threads of information which led to relatives in a distant state. She contacted these and found them able and eager to care for little Mary. So all arrangements were made and little Mary is living now with her own flesh and blood who, through circumstances, didn't know she existed until Miss Langhorne began to meet Mary's needs. 78 1837 - A T L A N T A C E X T E N N I A L - 1937 This little story is typical of the work that goes on throughout the year at the Atlanta Child's Home in the name of happy childhood. In 1923, the late Mr. F. M. Robinson purchased the beautiful 40-acre Hightower estate on Hightower Road and presented it to the Atlanta Child's Home, desiring to commemorate in some lasting way Mrs. Robinson's unswerving devotion to the Child's Home, of which she has been the life president since its foundation in 1907. It is, in a very definite sense, a home where the mother and child are kept together and ever)' attempt is made to re-organize the family and again place the child in its home. Meanwhile, both mother and baby receive the best care amidst these beautiful surroundings. SECOND NTRSERY D1M\C ROOM BABY WARD Children from one day to 5 years of age arc admitted. They are divided among four de partments. First, there are the babies. Helpless and adorable they wiggle their pink toes in perfect comfort; snug, warm and well nourished, for a model dairy provides them with all the milk their individual formulas require. Then come the "spoon babies"; these little toddlers find real joy in the toys in their particular play room and nap contentedly in their little white beds on the sleeping porch. There are separate cottages for boys and girls between the ages of 3 and a. The refectories are particularly attractive, the small white tables neatly set with colorful china, each with a small chair to match. On the walls are beautiful pastel prints depicting scenes from the New Testament in which our Lord is watching over these--His little ones. 1837 - A T L A X T A C E X T E X \ I A L - 1937 THEY ARE NEVER TOO YOITXG TO LOVE FLAG AND COUNTRY AT THE CHILD'S HOME The well-equipped hospital was donated by the Vacant Chair Circle. Each department has its own bathroom with miniature fixtures, and each child has indi vidual numbered toilet sets. Gay little Dutch dolls securely hold their tabbed tooth brushes. For rainy days there are many fascinating games in the play room. Outside in the play ground are swings, joggling boards, gymnatslic apparatus of all kinds which teach them to develop and coordinate their muscles. In hot weather they splash merrily in a beautiful swim ming pool, the gift of the Child Welfare Division of the Atlanta Woman's Club. Bright shining faces, clean frocks fresh from the laundry, the gurgles of the babies and the shouts of the older children radiate happiness and health. It cheers the heart to see these little ones brought from all kinds of suffering into this friendly shelter and guarded here tenderly while parents or relatives fight their way up again in the world lo make a home for them. The Atlanta Child's Home has provided completely, in its various departments, for the nor mal child from one day old to five years. Here they receive daily Christian training, attention of a dietitian, experienced nurse, kindergarten schooling, and supervised playground activities. A staff of well known physicians give faithful and unselfish service throughout the years. All applications for entrance to the home are made at the office of the executive secretary. Miss Bessie Langhorne. Histories are taken, cases investigated, records filed and follow-up work done, with medical aid called in where required. Often a case can be successfully settled without admittance to the home which leaves an always needed place for another deserving case. SHADE AND SUNSHINE SANTA COMES EVERY YEAR 80 1837 --ATLANTA C E NTE x M A L -- 1937 A thoroughly competent and sympathetic woman, Miss Langhorne's charm must aid her greatly in her case work where visits are made, family ties recreated and strengthened and plans made wherever possible to return the child to the normal stream of life. The work does not end in the home but the follow-up is most important. This greatly widens the scope of the work and gives a much greater opportunity to serve mothers and children in their homes. An achievement to be placed high in the annals of service, worthy of praise and aid from all is the ideal of the Atlanta Child's Home. "\Vc try to lighten the burden of heavy hearts By giving them a wise and loving sympathy, A hope of good things to come. A reason for that hope, And in place of discouragement, New Courage!" OFFICERS OF ATLANTA CHILDS' HOME Mr. Sam E. Pinky TRUSTEES Mr. G. H. Brandon Mr. \V. D. Thomson Judge Halhcock ADVISORY COMMITTEE Mr. Edgar Cragihcad Mr. Ray Edmondson Mrs. F. M. Robinson. President Mrs. T. O. 1'oolc. 1st Vicc-Prcsidcnl Mrs. Sam E. Finlcy. 2nd Vice-President Miss Mary Lin. Treasurer EXECUTIVE BOARD Mrs. D. R, Paigc. Treasurer Endowment Flint! Mrs. G. N. Gabriel. Recording Secretary Miss Nellie Dibble. Corresponding Secretary Miss Bessie Langhornc, Ex. Secretary and Social Worker CHAIRMEN OF CIRCLES 1--Mrs. Cecil Stockard 2--Mrs. W. H. Roberts. Eastern Slar. and Mrs. W. W. Kilpairick 6-- Log Cabin Ladies Aid. Mrs. Sanders. Rl. I.Smyrna.Ca. 7--Mrs. M. H. Young. Si. Lukes Church 8-Mrs. G. N. Gabriel 3--Pi Beta Phi's. Mrs. K. T. McKinstry 9-Charitcs Circle. Mrs. Harris Robinson l-Mrs. B. S. McCash 10-Praycr Circle. Mrs. Fred Hannah ")--Dr. R. K. Glass. Chairman of Wardrolje Committee 1]--Vacant Chair Circle. Mrs. H. J. Wright COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY MRS. ROBINSON TO HOLD SERVICES AT THE HOME Miss Langhornc Mrs. McKinstry Mrs. D. R. Paigc CHARITES CIRCLE OF ATLANTA CHILD'S HOME Who will have Ihc exclusive sale of the Atlanta Childs' Home DcLuxc edition or the Atlanta Centennial Year Book, and who receive no remuneration for services in order that every penny may go to the endowment fund of the Home. Mrs. Harris Robinson. Chairman Mrs. Clyde King. Jr.. Co-Chairman Mrs. William Warren. Jr.. Cor. Sec. Mrs. R. H. Doblw. Jr.. Treasurer Mrs. Rol>crt \Vhitakcr Mrs. Cody Laird Mrs. Edward Murphcy Mrs. Rolxrrl Towle Mrs. Charles King Mrs. R. A. Edmondson. Jr. Mrs. L. A. Haivkins. Jr.. Secretary Mrs. Charles Cannon The Vacant Chair Circle was organized in 1921 by Mrs. F. P. Gaffney. Mr. and Mrs. Sam P. Finley directed the remodeling of the old Hightower home and built the beautiful baby ward which is still in excellent condition. They are both still connected with the Home in official positions. Mr. Finley gave the driveway throughout the grounds. The Childs' Welfare Committee of the Atlanta Woman's Club, with Mrs. M. K. Young and Mrs. Griffith Dobbs, Chairmen, gave the swimming pool and rock garden. Mrs. Gottenstrater personally directed the planting of the rock garden. The Home is deeply indebted to Dr. Charles M. Mashburn for contributing his loving ser vices over a period of years. Mrs. J. P. Armstrong buili the two beautiful play rooms in the Atlanta Child's Home for the children in memory of her husband. 1837 -- A T L A X T A C E X T E X X I A L - 1937 81 MRS. FRANK MASON ROBINSON Behind the mask of the business world, be neath the surface of the n>rn' day man, is the boy--iTTiputsii'e. ea ger, alert and in love with mankind. The lives of many people are gaivrnrd by this boyish spirit, outlet to which becomes a hob by. In many people these hobbies involve all time and thought of the ones interested, and so the City Build er portrays the lifework of a woman who is gnJing her all for the building of Atlan ta, -- From the Ciiy Builder. IT HAPPENED IX ATLANTA She went through the wide sweet rooms. The dining room with its liny white chairs, the small bowl of flowers on each table; the nursery, with its row on row of tiny \vhite beds, each with a gay spread; the kindergarten room with its tables and chairs. She peeped into the bathrooms, where towels hung row on row. each beneath 3 tooth-brush, proud in its gay holder. And everywhere .she saw sunshine and shining cleanliness and sweet faced women and little children. And the faces of those little children were not wistful and sad. They were rosy and dimpling --and happy. Seventy-odd happy children. Seventy-odd chil dren, healthy, warm, fed, cared for. She felt as though she had been privileged 10 sec one of the beautiful things--that woman. And she was seeing the \tlania Child'* Home. Mrs. Frank Mason Robinson founded that home. It was she wlio \cars ago started with the three-room collage and a few little ones who needed care. Through ihe years she has watched it grow. Planned for it--worked for it. Today with its gracious comfort, its heavenly peace, it is a refuge for little ones ... who perhaps but for this home would know disaster. Seventy-odd little ones. Seventy-odd little faces rosy--instead of wan. Sc\cnty-odd little feet pranc ing--instead of dragging. Scvcntv-odd little bodies nourished and warm--instead of hunger and cold and pain. Atlanta is proud. --Courtesy Edna Lcc of The Atlanta Jovrnal. 82 1 837 -- A T L A N T A C E X T E X X I A L - 1937 *'', v x*~'} ' SU * v"r ' ^*A rnl.- 1SCK.1SQ7 18<)7.1S98 1RQS.I8M iSQQ.ionn _ iqon-iooi idni.isns lOtt-lOU ___ iifi.i-t) ALEXANDER W. SMITH, SR. LEXAXDER \V. SMITH, SR., was born in Habersham County, Ga., June 24,1861, the son of Henry Lamar Smith, a leading merchant of Atlanta, and Sarah Amelia fl\"y!y) Smith, daughter of a well known Georgia family. Mr. Smith studied in private schools, the Boys High School, and finished the junior year at the University of Georgia. In business he remained five years with H. L. Smith fc Son, wholesale grocers, then having studied law under Judge Mar shall J. Clarke, he was admitted to the bar October, 1883. From 1885 to 1892 he was associated with Abbott & Smith, and the next seven years to 1899, with Victor L. Smith, his only brother. T. A. Hammond joined the firm in 1899 and it became known as Smith. Hammond fc Smith. Mr. Smith was general manager of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895 and president of the bar association in 1912. His church affiliation was Episcopalian. He was a member of the Capital City and Piedmont Driving Clubs and of the standing committees on railroads and federal trade of the United States Chamber of Commerce. He was married September 10, 1885, to Miss Ida Kendrick, of Atlanta, and (our children were born of this union Eschewing political preferment Mr. Smith devoted himself assiduously to the practice of law, but gave much time to civic matters, looking to bitter governmental conditions, city, state and na tional. 122 1837-Ai-LANTA CENTEN x t AL-1937 JUDGE HENRY B. TOMPKINS I.'DCE TOMPKINS was born in Clayton, Ala., in 1845, the son of Henry M. Tompkins and Henrietta Bethune Tompkins. In 1861, when Judge Tompkins was 16 years old, he organized a company to fight for the Con federacy, but on account of his age his father objected to his assuming command. At the age of 18, however, he joined the Confederate army as a private. He was soon made adjutant of the regiment and later was made captain. Judge Tompkins served under Bragg, Hood and Johnson, and was wounded at Chickamauga, Dallas and Atlanta. At the Battle of Atlanta he was shot through the body during a fight at what is now West View Cemetery. After the war Judge Tompkins practiced law in Memphis for a short time and then moved to Savannah. He served on the Superior Court bench in the Chatham circuit for five years and his work during the reconstruction period was marked by ability, fairness and bravery. In 1882 he came to Atlanta and took up the practice of law in partnership with Morris Brandon, and his practice grew into one of the largest in the state. Judge Tompkins was married in 1882 to Miss Bessie Washington of Tennessee. There were three children of this marriage. Mrs. Tompkins died in 1887 and in 1893 Judge Tompkins married Miss Nora Palmer, a niece of Gen eral Robert Toombs. Of this marriage there are two children, Henry and Lawrence. Judge Tomp kins died. February 25th, 1903. GEORGE M. TRAYLOR EORCE MCDONALD TRAYLOR, the subject of this sketch, was one of Georgia's foremost citizens, an aristocrat to the manner born, but easy of ap proach, genial, generous and upright, a man with out guile and to whom fear was unknown. He was pre-eminently a man of business and was widely known in the circles of trade, finance and capital, but wherever he went there hovered about him an atmosphere which took one back to the Old South of Ante-bellum days. The emphasis of his study was put upon questions of taxation. In his wide awake commercial enterprise he lived in the present, but in his courtliness of manner, his politeness, his refinement and his fidelity to principle he belonged to an earlier era. He was born at Roselands, Harris County, Georgia, January 28, 1850, the son of John Humphrey and Mary Elizabeth (Bailey) Traylor, from both of whom lie inherited a bold independence, both of thought and of character, associated with studious habits, engaging manners and correct principles. With such distinguished antecedents, the future dawned bright with promise for George M. Traylor. He was educated in the G. M. T., Whiteville Academy and in Dolbears College, New Orleans, La. At the age of fourteen years he was a sergeant-major in Troup county militia and did service at West Point, Ga. Inheritance linked him to agricultural pursuits. Bom to an ample domain, he thought in terms of agriculture, manufacture and finance, and was several times a delegate for Georgia to manufacturing and land conventions, where he always took a leading part in the discussions which related to taxes. In 1908 he was a delegate to the International Tax Convention which met in Canada. Colonel Traylor was three times commissioned a member of the governor's military staff. (Continued on Page 15-1) 1837 --ATLANTA C E x T E N N i A L -- 1937 123 GEORGE ALBERT VEACH EORCE ALBERT VEACH was the eldest son of James Madison Veach and Julia Ann Echols of Chattooga County. He was born in Chattooga County. Geor gia, April M, 1862. He spent the major pan of his life in Adairsville. Georgia, and after attending the Dahlonega Military Institute at Dahlonega, Georgia, came back to Adairsville and was identified with every interest for the up building of this section. After the death of his father, J. M. Veach, who came to Georgia from Virginia, first to Marietta, and then locating in Adairsville--where he brought his bride. Here he spent his life and reared his family, and established the J. >f. Veach Mill ing Company. George became President of the J. M. Veach Milling Company, and associated with him. was his brother. Henry Veach. George A. Veach was interested in agriculture also, and owned and operated extensive farming interests in North Geor gia, as well as having interest in other activities throughout Tennessee and Georgia. He sen-cd as mayor of Adairsville, as commissioner of Bartow County, and on the board of education for many years. Mr. Veach married Mattic JL. Dobbins October 13. 1885, and they reared six children--Everette Dobbins Veach, who died November 9, 1927: two daughters. Mrs. Julia Veach Stewart. and Mrs. M. P. Gaines, and a son, J. M. Veach, who make their home in Adairsville. The other son. Grady A. Veach, lives in Marietta, and a daughter, Mrs. R. \V. Milner, in Atlanta. Mr. Veach was a member of the Adairsville Masonic lodge and the Dalton Commandery of Knights Templae, and for many years took an active interest in Masonry. Mr. and Mrs. Veach moved to Atlanta in 192-J and a few months later Mrs. Veach died and was __ ______________________(Comimicd on Page 1"-1) _______________________ HUGH M. WILLET LCH M. U'ILLET was born in Penfield. Georgia, July 22, 1S58. He is the son of Joseph E. and Emily (Sanders) \Villet. His father was a disting uished author and educator. His maternal grand father was a noted clergyman and was the first Pres^ ident of Mercer University. He graduated from Mercer University in June 1878 with the degree of A.B. and subsequently received the degree ot LL.D. from the same institution. He began his business ca reer in Macon, Georgia, as a cotlon factor. For five years was with the First National Bank of that city. For seven teen years was Assistant Manager of the New York Life Insur ance Company. He came to Atlanta as General Agent of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company on January 1, 1902 and helped to develop the Agency into one of the largest in the country. He was President of the Georgia Association of Life Underwriters in 1910. He was President of the National Associa tion of Life Underwriters in 1914-1915. He was President of the Atlanta Tuberculosis Association for ten years. Was the first President of the Atlanta Community Chest, serving in that capacity for three years. He is a Trustee of Mercer University, The Atlanta Foundation and the Central Y. M. C. A. He is a member of the Second-Ponce de Leon Baptist Church. He married Lucy Lester of Thomasville (now deceased) December 2 1884. Has one son, Lawrence WJHet. Married Mrs. Annie Thrasher McKenzie (nee Thrasher) of Atlanta, June 27. 1927. Office 1510 Rhodes-Haverty Building. Home 1690 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Georgia. 124 1837 --ATLANTA C E N TE N N i A L-- 1937 GEORGE WINSHIP EORCE WINSHIP, manufacturer and financier, was born in Clinton, Jones County, Ga., December 20, 1835. His parents were Joseph and Emily (Hutchings) Winship, and on both the paternal and ma ternal side his ancestry goes back to colonial sires in the colonies of Massachusetts and Virginia. On his father's side his earliest American ancestor was Edward Winship, who came from England early in 1634, and settled at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was one of the original members of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Boston, having been recruited for that company in 1638. He was also selectman from 1637 to 1654, and representative for the years 1663-1664 and 1681-1686. The descendants of Edward Winship and the ancestors of George Winship served with distinction in the In dian wars of Colonial times and in the Revolutionary War. On his mother's side, Mr. Winship's earliest American ances tor was Rev. Haute Wyatt, who came from England in the good ship George, landing at Jamestown, Va., October 1621, in com pany with his brother, Sir Francis Wyatt, the Governor of Jamestown, and becoming minister to the Governor during his first administration. Among other ancestors of Mr. Winship's mother were John Hutchings, of Norfolk, one of the signers of the charter of that city, granted in 1735, and John Bonner and Richard Cate, who were heads of old Virginia families, well known and highly honored before and during the Revolutionary period. It is thus seen that in the veins of Mr. Winship the best blood of New England Puritan and Virginia Cavalier is mingled. If there be anything in heredity the strong, grave, devout man that he is might have been expected from such an ancestry. He has been thrice married; first, to Mary Eugenia Speer on November 14, 1860, by whom four children were born to him; second, to Lula Lane, October 14, 1879, by whom two children ____________________ Continued on Page 154 ___________________________ ROBERT WINSHIP OBERT WI.VSHIP, son of Joseph and Emily Hutchings Winship, was born in Forsyth, Ga., September 27, 1834. He received his education in the schools of Jones and Morgan Counties. In the early fifties his father, who had operated a cotton gin manufactory in the southern part of the state, moved with his family to Atlanta and established the Winship Ma chine Works and associated his two sons, Robert and George, with him in the enterprise. During the war the machine works were used to manufac ture guns for the Confederate army. After the war, the manu facture of cotton gin machinery was resumed and in 1873 Rob ert's father retired and the firm became Winship and Brother. It was afterwards incorporated as Winship Machine Company. In 1884 Robert Winship retired from active business on ac count of his health. Prior to that time he had been among the most active and enterprising of Atlantans, and during his long and successful career won for himself a high place in the estima tion of his fellow citizens. In 1860 Mr. Winship married Miss Mary Frances Overby, the daughter of Colonel B. H. Overby, a prominent attorney of this city. He had one son, Charles R. Winship and three daughters, Mrs. Ernest Woodruff, Mrs. Wilson Alien Bates and Mrs. George Calhoun Walters. Mr. Winship died September 8, 1899. 1837 -- ATLANTA CENTENNIAL-- 1037 125 CHARLES ROBERT WINSHIP HARLES R. WINSHIP was a representative ot one of Atlanta's most prominent old families, a family that has been identified with the city's industrial growth and development for three-quarters of a century, as well as the history of Georgia, with which its connection dates back to an early period. It was in 1853, when Joseph \Vinship, the grandfather of Charles R. \Vinship, established his business of manufacturing machinery in Atlanta, and from that enterprise there has been developed, through three generations of the family, what is now the Atlanta plant of the Continental Gin Company. Jo seph Winship purchased a tract of land in Atlanta, fronting on Peachtrec Street and extending back to what is now Ivy Street. This purchase was made in the early days and at a time when it was remote from other habitations. He built his homo on the present site of the Howard Theatre, which was a part of the tract, and resided there for a number of years. Joseph Winship sold this property shortly after the close of the War Between the States, as a means of financing his business which had suffered greatly during that conflict. His sons, Robert and George, became connected with the business and succeeded their father in its management and control when he retired, which was a few years before his death in the Fall of 1878. At this time the firm name became Winship & Brother and so remained until 1884, when it was incorporated as the Winship Machine Company, with George Winship as president and Robert Winship as vice-president. When the latter retired from business he was succeeded by his son, Charles R. Robert Winship was born in Forsyth, Georgia, and in 1860 was married to Miss Mary Fran ces Ovcrby, who was also a native Georgian, having been born in Jefferson. Jackson County. He (Continued on Page 1">6) DAVID WOODWARD TLANT.VS highest interests suffered a grievous loss in the passing of David Woodward. Since he cast in his lot with this city at the outset of his notable business career 51 years ago, his devotion to its welfare was never found want ing. A native of Watertown, Connecticut, he brought to his adopted home the heritage of a sturdy Xew England ancestry and the spirit of one who delighted in brave beginnings. The South was then just catching its new stride and Atlanta was in the morn of fresh adventure. Our commonwealth has drawn some of its finest sinews of New England, men who identified themselves wholeheartedly with its fortunes and traditions- Such a one was David Woodward. Mr. Woodward first entered the lumber business with W. B. Disbro and when this firm was dissolved after many successful years, he organized the Woodward Investment Com pany, an enterprise in which he was engaged at his death. For twenty-five years Mr. Woodward served on the board of the old Fourth National Bank and when this institution was merged with the Atlanta and Lowry National Bank to form the First National Bank he was elected to the board of the greatly enlarged banking house. As the head of large industrial and investment concerns and a director in leading financial institutions, he was known for his initiative and foresight, as well as for sound judgment and administration talent; his word was ever his bond. But his greater life work lies beyond and (Continued on Page 156) I 8.H7 - A T 1. A X T A (: K X T K \ N I A L -- 1 I37 WILLIAM H. WRIGLEY .I.IAM HKNKY \\'RK;IIV. born in 1'liiladelphia in lHli'2. was educated in the grammar schools of St. Louis. Mo., later becoming a member ol the stereo typing department ol ihetllobc Democrat, the lirsi f^pm^V| lni) ].|,i n j, newspaper in St. Louis. During the Cot ton .State's Exposition in Atlanta. Mr. H. H. Cabiness. then general manager ol the Atlanta Journal, engaged Mr. \Vrigley to take over the stereotyping department ol the Journal. In the earlier days of illustrations in newspapers. Mr. \Vrigley and /it's brothers. Joseph and John, who were connected with the 1 Constitution and the* old Ben r'ranklin Printing Com pany then, lotnul means to better the c[itality ol making original engravings lor their respective publishing houses, and started in the photo engraving business in Atlanta, founding the \Vriglcy Engraving Company in IS'Jfi. From this time on. the two Atlanta'newspapers were ec|tial to any ol the national news papers pic tonally, as they had practical photo engravers as well as practical makers of the curved plates necessary from which to print speedy productive papers. Since the- earlier days ol photo engraving, a duplicating printing plate process was added, known as elec trot\jiing.'and Mr. U'rigley and his brothers also pioneered in this particular pro cess. At the time ol Mr. U'rigley's death in lil'JS. he was the president of the old U'riglev Engrav ing Company, which later was reorganised by his sons into U'riglcy Klectrotyping and Stereotyp ing Corp.. and the U'riglev Company. Artists and I'hoto Engravers. These two linns are now in JAMES O. WYNN * AMIS O. U'YMV, who was a leader iu the insurance world ol the South and who was signally success ful in various other enterprises, was born April 15. IS">;J. in San Jose, Cal.. the son ol A. M. and *^ .\faria Howanl U'ynn. His father was a beloved Methodist minister, and went 10 California in the rush ol "lorty-nine" as a missionary, but returned to the South ami founded the \Vesley Memorial Church at Savannah, Ga. Mr. \Vvnn attended the Savannah schools and then en- old Kn ,vh< i Oxitml. Georgia. Aher gradual ion in his literary coui'se he bewail the study ol law and because of his keen mind! and close application to his work he was able io complete the toursc within six months. He began the practice of his profession and was demonstrating unusual legal ability when his health failed and he ahondoned it He later became interested in the insurame business, and in this tonnection his work was outstanding. He persuaded the 1'rrnnddeennttiial IInsurance Company to CHUT the Southern field anid he belame ihc manager Jor seven or eighi Southern Slates in ibis territory. It is said that when the Prudential tontract was pi-ottered him Mr. \Vyiin refusal to accept it, but drew up his own contrail which, to the surprise ol the insurance men of the city, was accepted by Mr. John !". Oryden. the president. A close personal friendship developed between Mr. Dryden and .Mr. \V%nn. On the family decided that they would m their fortunes in the Somh. and mo\cd to I'cnncUl. Ga.. where the >oung son Samuel entered ihc freshman class at Mercer in the term of 18-16. Leaving college in 1S18, he and his brother Jain.1/ went into the relail book and stationery business at Macon. Ga.. under the firm of the ]. J. iS. 1*. KichimK. and ai thnt lime wcie known as the leading hooV store in the South. Ten \c,irs later Mr. Richards married, and in 1861 the business uas moxcd to Atlaiua. and continued under the same firm name for a few years, when he bought out the interest of his brother, and took into the firm his eldest sou. Arthur, and the business was continued as S. I*. Richards .< Sou. doing a wholesale and retail business in paper, books, and stationery. In 189-1. tu'o \cars after the death of Arthur Richards, the senior member, having arri\cd at the proicrhial age of threescore years and ten. decided to retire from active business iifc. and turned the business o\cr to his three remaining sons. Russell. George, and Walter. At this time the business was valued at 520,000. and uas not much of a money malccr, due partly lo the fact that it was operated at a rather heavy oxer-head expense, and ai an expen sive location on Whitehall St. The younger sons were anxious to get imo ihc wholesale business exclusively, and it was at this lime that ihc business was reorganised un:lcr the firm name of The S. P. Richards Company, doing c\chisi\clx a wholesale business. The terms of ale by the :nior owner to the thrx sons were that if a success of the new \eniure w.is made the toxs would eventually pay the father the S20.000 out of the profits of the business, but if a success was not made the debt against the toys was to be cancelled. From this time, which was 12 vcars ago. afier locating in a less expensive situation, and cutting down considerable over-head expense, the business immediate!* began to grow by leaps and Itounds, and ihc dclu was completely wiped out \\ithin three or four \ears. and ihc senior member, who died in 1910, lived to sec ihc old business on a rock Ixniom basis, and firmly established in it*, own pi-rm.incut home located at 1C6. IfiS and 1"0 Central Avc- S. W. In 1J>3I. upon the death of Walter Richards, the business was incorporated under ihc name of S. P. Richards Paper Company. Russell Richards having been elected President of the Corporation and holding the majoritv of the slock, the balance being held by his brother George and his sisters. The other officers at the present time are. Mr. W. A. Rhodes. Vice-President and Treasurer; Mr. A. W. Rhodes. Assistant Treasurer, and Mr. F. I". Hill, Secretary. Samuel P. Richards* private life xvas an exemplary one, simple and self-sacrificing almost to a fault, and consecrated to the service ol his church and God. The present business has many valuable assets in the way of mill connections, private brands, and exclusive agencies for mill brands, which have been acquired from time to time, but its greatest asset has been the priceless heritage of the long and unblemished private and business career of the honored predecessor. With such an inspi ration the present management have endeavored to follow the business policy of this most worthy predecessor, and how well they have succeeded might be evidenced from the fact thai they enjoy the confidence and esteem of the trade all through the entire section for their uniformly fair and honest treatment of all their patrons, and conse quently the business now is many times greater than it was when turned over to them, and it can well and truly be claimed by them to be the oldest house and the leading house of its kind in the entire South. 160 1837-AT LA NT A C E N TE N NI A L- 1937 AWTRY & LOWNDES MARKS 21ST YEAR The firm of Awtry & Lowndes, Inc., funeral directors, at 21 Cain street, \. W. observes the 21st anniversary of its first funeral, held less than a week after the foundation of this now wellknown and firmly established institution. A fifth of a century ago Joseph W. Awtry, previously engaged in a mercantile line, and Frank B. Lowndes, already a thoroughly experienced funeral director, joined in the partnership which has brought them today, to a coveted place in their field. During the years that have ensued, Mr. Awtry asserts, many changes have occurred in the profession of funeral direction, and Awtry and Lowndes has followed each development pro gressively and with a determination to keep its sen-ice in the forefront. "Together," he declares, "we have sought to build our business on the bedrock of character, integrity, and service. We feel we have succeeded--to the end that we can point with a justifiable pride to seven definite points of excellence in our service: sympathy, thoughtfulness, friendliness, kindness, reasonableness, efficiency and understanding." Mr. Awtry points further to the fact that the firm during the two decades since its estab lishment, has kept step with every permanent modern trend of the profession. It has seen the funeral establishment drop its erstwhile pall of gloom and become a place of brightness and cheer, where saddened spirits, in their hours of grief, may be lifted. In keeping with this trend, the Awtry ft Lowndes building is well lighted, and flowers, curtains and bright walls combine to make its reception room, and chapel and other rooms places of spiritual uplift rather than of spirit depression. The Awtry Sfc Lowndes establishment, centrally located, is completely equipped to render every service in connection with the funeral and burial. Long-experienced and licensed morti cians are on duty at all hours, prepared to take charge when death comes, and the well-rounded service of the establishment is designed to lift the burdens of funeral arrangements from the shoulders of the family in their hours of grief. An air-conditioned chapel entirely shut off from the noises of the down-town traffic, free parking facilities, individual family rooms where relatives of the deceased may read or sit in silent communion with the departed one, and a casket display room arc but a few of the out standing features of the Awtry & Lowndes establishment. Mr. Awtry and Mr. Lowndes invite the public to visit their establishment on Cain street and to see for themselves the completeness of the service they are prepared to render. 1837 -ATLANTA CENTENNIAL- 1937 161 The Most Looked-Up-To Address In Atlanta Considerate Service The Mirror of Atlanta In Her Hundredth Year- A city is judged by its hoick. TV. They, in turn, reflect the type and progress of a commu nity. Atlanta has made great stride* in its first 100 years and the AT LANTA BILTMORE HOTEL is a veritable mirror, in which may be seen Atlanta as a great distributing center, an industrial town, a city xvherc hundreds of conventions are held each year, and truly the metropolis of the South. Apace with such a city is the BILTMORE with its ample facilities. Located away from the business districi. here it is comfor table and quiet, and yet close enough in to be convenient to "everywhere." 600 outside rooms, 600 baths, spacious auditoriums, com mittee rooms, ball rooms, lobbies, mezzanine, inside dining rooms, outside terrace for dining and dancing, gardens, park ways, and unlimited parking space for cars- Make the Atlanta Biltmore your Atlanta address--it's one that carries prestige. And withal, the rates are surprisingly moderate! Atlanta Biltmore Hotel Fifth to Sixf/i Sfrecfs Between the Famed Pcacfttrees 162 :i? - A T L A \ T A G E N T E N N 1 A L -- 1 9.S7 OBERDORFER INSURANCE AGENCY FOR MORE THAN HALF A CENTURY HAS PIONEERED INSURANCE SERVICE AND PROTECTION is a Past President of the Atlanta Junior Chamber of Commerce, Past Commander of Atlanta Post No. 1 of ilie American Legion, has served as Commander of the famous "Gate City Guard." Director of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, and as Grand Superior of the Phi Epsilon Pi fraternity. He is a member of the Standard Club, "Old Guard," Masonic Order and Shrine. Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, Sons of Confederate \Yteruns and has been decorated with the medal of the Daughters of the Confederacy. He served as Assistant and as Acting Adjutant-General of Georgia, and after 20 years* service in the Georgia National Guard retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. He is President of the Fidelity Trust Company, a director of the Atlanta Ice and Bottling Company, Trustee of the Steincr Estate and of the Steiner Cancer Clinic of Crady Hospital. He married Miss Lnla Ifcihcttc Hirsch. daughter of Mr. ami Mrs. Joseph H. Hirsch. in 1923. In 1921 Mr. Donald Oberdorfer, the Founder's younger son. also a native Allantan, graduated from the Uni versity of Georgia with the degree of Bachelor of Sci ence in Commerce, after having completed his second ary education at Marist College in Atlanta. He is a member of the Elks, the Masons and ihe Shrinf. He is an enthusiastic golfer and belongs to the Ingle&ide Country Club and to the Standard Club, hav ing served on the governing boards of both organizations. He is a member of various business and civic organ izations. He married Miss Dorothy Bayersdorfer. the daughter of Martin Bayersdorfer of Steubenville. Ohio. Mr. Donald Oberdorfer is Vice-President of the Ober- dorfer Insurance Agency. Inc., and is responsible to no El'CENE OBEHDORFER. SENIOR Founder small degree for ihe Company's progress and growth. Mr. Joseph H. Hirsch is chairman of ihe Board of Having conducted a large and successful insurance business with headquarters in Jacksonville. Florida, fur a number of years, in 1895 the k-le Eugene Oberdorfer. Senior idicea^ed February 22nd. 19311 moved his of Directors, which besides the Company's officers, inelmles Gabriel H. Schoen. Welborn B. Cody. Simon S. Selig. Harold Hirsch, A. W. Rosenfeld. Emil Dittler, and L. B. Lilienthal. fices to ,\llanta. where suitable quarters were estab lished in the old Could Building. Hy more than fifty years of conscientious, intelligent and pro gressive service in the community, the Oberdorfer Insurance From the nineteenth century on through the years Agency. Inc.. has earned the high confidence which the insuring the high ideals and progressive spirit of the Founder public and insurance fraternity alike have accorded, and deserv has characterized the development and growth of the "Oberdorfer Insurance Agency. Inc.". whose efficient staff is nnw quartered on ihe second floor of ihe William- edly receives recognition as one of the pioneer enterprises which have contributed toward making possible the celebration of At lanta's progress. OH\er Building, at Atlanta's historic "Five Points." "The Agency of Service," which was adopted many years ago as a symbolic slogan, has for mure than half a century rendered insurance service and protection of a most valuable nature to ihe insuring public. Some years' ago, when the business was incorporated. Brigadier-General Eugene Oberdorfer (Georgia Nation al Guard. Retired >. the Founder's eldest son. became President of the Corporation. Born in Atlanta, and a graduate of Marist College and of the University of Georgia (B.S. 19161, General Oberdorfer served in the Army with the Fifth Georgia Infantry on the Mexican Border in 1916 and 1917. When war was declared against Germany he was assigned to the 122nd Infantry, serving with that regimen! and later as an Officers Train- ing Camp Instructor, and with the 80th I'. S. Infantry 11'. S. Army* until after the Armistice. Thereafter he returned to Atlanta anil entered the insurance business. He has served in various civic, mili tary and social organizations as an active leader. He EUGENE OBERDORFER President DONALD OBERDORFER Vicc-Prritidvnt 1837 --ATLANTA C E x T E x x i A L--1SK57 lf>3 THE STUDEBAKER CORPORATION 18:>2- 1937 The Studebaker brothers, and their father before them, were blacksmiths, woodworkers, and wagon makers by trade. Stretch ing over a period of two generations, they developed and ex panded the Studebaker horse-drawn vehicle business until it reached world-wide proportions. Their story is one of hopes and plans, of failures and successes, of crucial experiences thrilling with human interest, but there is revealed enough to show the sturdy manhood, sterling character, and steadfast purpose of the men who wrought the great romance of Studebaker Corporation. It is a story of American manhood at its best, typical of the integ rity, industry, courage, vision and perseverance upon which the big business of our country has been built. Frugality, industry, self-denial, and honesty characterized their lives and built the foundation upon which the trade name Studebaker rests today so securely. No trade name in American industry enjoys a better reputation. The corporation has developed into a national insti tution, and hence it is bigger than any man. It will continue to llourish throughout future years as different men come and go. because sound principles are observed in the conduct of the busi ness. These principles are expressed in the advertising of the corporation as follows: The name "Studebaker" is a household word, broad principle upon which Studebaker business is conducted, and upon which it has prospered for eighty-five years, now grounded upon tradi tion, insures satisfaction to everybody who deals with the House of Studebaker. 11)4 1837 -- A T L A x T A CENTENNIAL-- 1937 'Since 1891 HOME OFFICE BUILDING West Peachtree & Linden Streets ATLANTA. GEORGIA The Industrial IB proud to have "grown up" with Atlanta. From a small be ginning in a one-room office in 1891. it has grown into one of the largest companies in the country writing industrial insurance exclusively. Throughout that period of nearly half a century, the Industrial has maintained its Home Office in Atlanta. Industrial Life & Health Insurance Co. Home Office .... Atlanta, Georgia 1837 --AT LA XT A CENTENNIAL-- 1037 165 OTTO SCHtt.IK Chairman f thr jBoarrf Stmthrrn fyiritig Bed Contfnin\ Atlanta. C-enr^in WHEN IT'S SLEEPY TIME DOWN SOUTH \Vl:cn ii's sleepy time down South, folks h;ivc pleasant thoughts of dumber In-causc their bedrooms nrc equipped with Writ ( ]> Ixxiding. Red Cross products have been ihc Mandard or quality in the l>cst Son them homes for more than fifty years. Atlanta-owned and Atlanta-managed since ISS3, the Southern Spring Bed Company makers of Rr* de signed and bull I in Atlanta by Scripto To an Atlanta organization goes the credit of originating the world's first practical improvement in pencils for over 100 years. Smudged fingers, messy shavings and troublesome pencil sharpeners went the way of the horse and buggy when Scripto was introduced. Scripto is always sharp--always ready to write. Points do not break even under a firm hand. The 4-inch lead writes 22,000 words without the bother of reloading. Millions of people in every civilized country use Scripto because it is convenient, dependable and more economical in the long run. No. M-l Scripto Long-Lead Magazine Pencil--25c Has magazine with compartments for seven 4-inch leads--enough to write 150,000 words. Scripto eraser mounted under cap. Red, yellow, green and blue barrels with gleaming black trim. No. 4-47 Scripto Long-Lead Pencil--lOc A shorter pencil holding a 4-inch lead. Hexagon barrel of unbreakable oxilite in popular colors. Scripto Long-Leads in 10 degree* of black and 17 color*. Especially made for use in mechanical pen cils. Gives you the same superior smooth ness and strength in re fills as the lead which comes in every Scripto pencil. In small breakproof packages at Sc and up. SCRIPTO No-Smudge Erasers Do neat clean work quickly. Easily re placed. In handy pack ages at 5c and up. SCRIPTO MANUFACTURING COMPANY - - ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1837 -- ATLANTA C E N T E N M A L - 1037 160 CHARLES A. GREEN IScginning his career as an op tician in 1904 with A. K. Hawkes Company, at the time when the city of Atlanta could boast of only three optical finm. Chas. A. Green enjoys the unique ex perience of having practiced in the early days of the profession with equipment, naturally of a very limited type, anil of follow ing the ever increasing trend of advancement until the present day when science has provided the optician and optometrist with the finest and most modern equipment for the accurate test ing of eyes; for the improvement of vision and the correction of ocular defects. It being the policy of The Hawkes Company to serve not only their Atlanta clientele, hut also a large portion of the South, Mr. Green's duties carried him into a territory comprising eleven Southern and Southwestern States, including Oklahoma, then known as the Indian Territory. Following the death of Mr. Hawkes in 1917, Mr. Green sev ered his connection with that Company to launch his own en terprise in the Peachtree Arcade in Atlanta, where he has since maintained modernly equipped offices for the scientific care of his consistent and steadily in creasing patronage, a percentage of which still comes from Cities and Towns outside of Atlanta and from patients whom he has served exclusively for many years. Shortly after establishing himself in the Peachtree Arcade, an organization composed of busi ness men with offices in that building, was formed and known as the Arcade Co-Operative Asso ciation. Mr. Green has served this organi/ation as President and in other capacities. He has also served as Vice-President of the Atlanta Retail Merchants Association and has been otherwise active in many movements for the civic welfare of Atlanta. Always commanding the respect and esteem of the members of his own profession. Mr. Green also enjoys the friendship of hundreds of business people from every walk of life whose ac quaintance has resulted from his most active career and long residence in Atlanta. THE YARBROUGH MOTOR COMPANY Mr. John E. Yarbrough. President of the Yarbrough Motor Company, started selling Studebaker automobiles in \Villiamson. Georgia, in the spring of 1917, in a very small establishment the organization consisting of Mr. Yarbrough and one mechanic. It was there that he saw the possi bility of an automobile distributorship, and after having been very successful for two years in a small way, he bought the Studebaker agency in Griffin, Georgia, in 1919. and operated there with several mechanics and four or five salesmen. Then in the year 1921, he purchased a distributorship in Atlanta. Georgia, which at that time consisted of only the Counties in Xorth Georgia. The territory under Mr. Yarbrough's manage- 170 37 -- ATLANTA C E \ T E N X I A L -- I 9">7 ment has now increased until the contract covers the entire State of Georgia and a pan of South eastern Tennessee. As to the personnel of the Company, Mr. Alfred E. Thompson is Vice-President. having been with Studebaker since April. 1919, and was witli the former dealer the A. F. Hill & Company, be fore Mr. Yarbrough came from Crilfin to Atlanta to take over the distributorship. Mr. J. V. Malcolm is .Secretary and Treasurer of the Company, coming with the A. F. Hill & Company in March 1921, and has constantly been with the Yarbrough Motor Company since its organization. Mr. C. G. Bavne, was also with the former company and started with Studebaker in the summer of 1919. All of the above have wen cnnvantly "-'i th ^:i.!jn.ti;^li M<_rnuueci the :>lx; .cmioned to purchase some stock in the company, and since the stock is owned by the four mentioned above, Mr. Yarbrough, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Malcolm and Mr. Baync, there are no outside stock holders and is therefore a closed corporation, with the four stock holders reporting daily for their duties in their respec tive departments. Mr. Yarbrough, of course, supervises the entire operations of all departments. It is necessary therefore for him to be in the territory consulting and advising witli the thirty-five dealers through out the State. Mr. A. E. Thompson is located in Atlanta, supervising the retail sales and rendering whatever assistance he can in the organization as a whole. Mr. J. V. Malcolm being Secretary and Treasurer of the company, all ollice management, records, etc., fall under his supervision. Mr. C. G. Bayne is on the road advising with the dealers and rendering whatever service he can to assist them in sales and sen-ice. The Yarbrough Motor Company is one of the oldest distributors in the South handling the same line of merchandise over a period of years. It is rather unusual that of the fifty-seven em ployees the average time of each employee is eiht and one-half years. There arc twenty-seven of the employees who have been with the company for len years or longer. Eight of these employees were with the company when it was originally organi/ed. The sales record of this company is rather uni(|iic in that they have shown a constant increase in their percentage in the medium price group. This. Mr. Yarbrough attributes to retaining old customers and through their assistance adding new. IMPERIAL BODY WORKS Complete Automobile Rebuilders 17-19 Piedmont Ave., N.E. WALNUT 5242 ATLANTA, GEORGIA PAINTING SIMONIZING WOODWORK UPHOLSTERING SEAT COVERS Taylor Made TOPS RECOVERED GLASS REPLACED BODIES REBUILT FENDERS REPAIRED HEADLIGHT TESTING SPRING RE-ARCHED WHEELS BALANCED FRAME ALIGNMENT AXLES, HOUSINGS ACETYLENE and ELECTRIC WELDING WRECKER SERVICE f Bear Wheel Aligning, Axle and Frame Straightening *** * \ Service By Factory Trained Mechanics REBUILDING WRECKED CARS OUR SPECIALITY Estimates Given Free -:- Wrecker Service