e fc fv n n n on DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE Biennial Report for fe Yrjr 1927 and 1 L F O u 0 Of GtO 7 7 305 STATE CAPITOL ATLANTA ozzzozzzoc o n o Q n o n n n o o DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE Biennial Report for the Years 1927 and 1928 305 STATE CAPITOL ATLANTA ooono nnrn no oooo oronrv ro n o DIRECTORY BOARD MEMBERS J S Kennedy Chairman Atlanta Mrs J A Thomas ViceChairman Columbus J G Harrison Macon G A H Harris Jr Rome Mrs E Suarez Cuthbert STAFF MEMBERS As of December 1928 Rhoda Kaufman Executive Secretary Hugh N Fuller Assistant Gray B Shepperson Thomas B Mimms F R Stilwell Sallie B Holladay Wilma Van Dusseldorp Stonewall J Crane Louisa deB FitzSimons Special Study under Rosenwald Fund STAFF MEMBERS As of May 31 1929 Comer M Woodward Executive Secretary Thomas B Mimms Division of Adult Delinquency Henry B Mays Division of Adult Delinquency Gay B Shepperson Divisions of Children and County Organization Sallie B Holladay Division of Children Wilma Van Dusseldorp Division of County Organization Ruby Lanier Division of County Organization Stonewall J Crane Division of Education and Statistics Louisa deB FitzSimons Special Study under Rosenwald Fund H J Matthews and Ruth A Brown were on the staff during 19271928 4 CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal 6 Foreword 7 Division Adult Delinquency 10 County Jail Work liif 11 IB Criminal Statistics 22 Development of Adult Probation Service 31 Proposals for Combating Crime 32 Division of County Organization 35 Organizing Counties for Social Work 36 Poor Relief 44 Agencies and Institutions for Adults 57 Division of Children 62 Work With Dependent Children 64 dFil I Work With Handicapped Children 77 Work With Delinquent Children 82 Juvenile Courts t 90 retary Special Studies 98 Division of Education and Statistics 100 Publications 101 Special Types of Educational Service 105 Research Work 103 Training Facilities for Georgia Welfare Workers A 103 Appendix 110 County Welfare Workers 110 Probation Officers 110 r1 Institutions and Agencies Supervised by Department of Public Welfare 112 staff pi Publications 116 5 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To the Governor and the General Assembly of Georgia Dear Sirs The State Board of Public Welfare herewith submits the report of its services for the years 1927 and 1928 Respectfully Board J S Kennedy Chairman Atlanta Mrs J A Thomas ViceChairman Columbus J G Harrison Macon G A H Harris Jr Rome Mrs E Suarez Cuthbert Comer M Woodward Executive Secretary r 6 FOREWORD Public Welfare is now universally recognized as a function of State government It has demonstrated its value and has passed the experimental stage Engaging in preventive effort and guiding individuals and groups in the incipient stages of dependency and delinquency social work directed by the State prevents human suffering protects society and enables many to become productive payasyougo citizens who otherwise would become an expensive burden to the State The most convincing evidence of the recognition of the value of public welfare is the fact that in all the recent reorganizations of State government it has been made one of the departments During the years of 1927 and 1928 notable progress has been made in public welfare in Georgia Whatever the achievements have been they are the result of the diligent efforts of a competent staff in cooperation with many types of agencies and institutions and with men and women of social intelligence and social interest throughout the State All members of the staff take into their work a genuine interest in the welfare of those whom they serve Each of them deserves to be commended Special mention is here made of two whose contribution to public welfare in Georgia has been of such a high order as to attract favorable recognition throughout this country and even in other countries Miss Rhoda Kaufman was with the Department from its beginning first as assistant secretary then as executive secretary Her strength spent in service to the State ill health compelled her resignation at the close of 1928 Hugh Fuller Director of the Division of Adult Delinquency and Assistant Secretary serving on the staff for several years completed a study of criminal statistics covering a period of ten years The excellence of this 7 study brought recognition from a wide range of high authorities The University of Virginia induced Hugh Fuller to undertake for them a similar research study in which he is now engaged In appreciation of the importance of public welfare and in recognition of the great value to Georgia of the work already done by this Department Emory University on January first 1929 released temporarily a member of its faculty who at present is the Executive Secretary of the Department The State Department of Public Welfare was created to serve the people of Georgia It is an expression of the feeling and desire of the people of Georgia made a part of the State government by proper legal enactment It is the most humane thing that the State undertakes to do for its citizens Its function is to care for the unfortunate and needy particularly children and old people who are dependent afflicted seriously in body or mind defective or delinquent The Department is in the main a spirit or manifestation of Georgias purpose to be kind and considerate and helpful to those who are friendless or in need of assistance guidance or protection It is not a force to be feared It has no desire to compel to destroy or to make trouble It is a sympathetic and friendly advisor and guide It has no funds to issue to any one Its business is to know what are the real welfare needs what are the best methods and what and where are the resources throughout the State to meet these needs It gathers and supplies on request to individuals groups agencies and institutions information on all kinds of welfare situations and problems It helps people to discover and to use the best possible methods and standards in doing their social welfare work It helps people to see how to use in the best way possible the resources that they have When resources are lacking the Department guides in discovering creating and organizing the resources that are needed The one thing most needed to enlarge the service of the Department is that the citizens of Georgia shall understand what the Department is for and how they can make nse of it Public Welfare can progress not alone by what this Department does but by what is done by all the social welfare agencies and institutions throughout the State working in cooperation with the Department To this end this report has been prepared It is im possible to include all that has been done Much of the service performed is of such a nature that it cannot be easily tabulated Every kind of human need is referred to us No two situations are exactly alike Inquiries come daily concerning individuals families agencies problems institutions These inquiries come from all over Georgia and many of them from other States This makes necessary a large amount of effort in case correspondence study and personal visitation By these methods assistance is given not only to the larger towns and cities but also to people in obscure places in the state who are not within reach of any social worker Not all is being done that is needed to be done But the Department is doing its best to serve the purpose for which it was created The staff competent and carefully selected is seriously overworked There are more calls for service than can be met At least one member exhausted her strength trying to meet the pressing needs If the people of Georgia wish the services of the Department to be expanded it can be done only by an increase in the appropriation of funds by the State The services of the Department are organized in the following Divisions Education and Statistics Children County Organization Delinquency and Special Studies If carefully consulted this report will indicate the nature and scppe of the work being done by the Department COMER M WOODWARD May 31 1929 Executive Secretary 9 DIVISION ADULT DELINQUENCY The Department of Public Welfare is assisting in the development of better facilities to cope with every phase of the problem of crime Its work in the field of adult delinquency has centered itself chiefly around three major problems 1 The county jails 2 collecting and interpreting criminal statistics and 3 development of adult probation service The Division of Adult Delinquency in its work performs the following types of service 1 Visits the 157 county jails in the state once a year or oftener and submits reports on same to the superior court judges and to the county officials 2 Collects reports from sheriffs on the number of jail commitments in each county by race age and sex tabulates and interprets these reports 3 Examines plans for new jails and cooperates in effecting proper standards for same 4 Renders special types of service to county jails such as securing community interest adjusting complaints or furnishing special information 5 Submits reports to grand juries on jails and makes personal appearances before these bodies when important matters with regard to jails are to be considered 6 Prepares handbooks containing standards on equipment maintenance and management of county jails 7 Visits a number of almshouses in cooperation with the County Organization Division Also cooperates with other Divisions in serving a number of the smaller juvenile courts 8 Collects and interprets statistics on the disposition of cases in the criminal courts A study of six of the largest criminal courts in the state was completed during 1928 9 Cooperates with judges in securing adult probation service for their courts 10 is assiste with even the field 11 round tW collecting develops state oncer ie to the si the numheid ge ani nd cooperale 3 to coirti adjusting on in jails andi is when hup onsidered andardsii r county cooperatili o cooperate the smafc on the dispfc iidv of is compiei ig adultpwh 10 Conducts an educational program through preparing literature and pamphlets personal visits addresses at conferences and conducting round table discussions at the state conferences on social work The Division of Adult Delinquency serves every county in the state through its visitation work Among those seen in connection with this visitation work are county officials representatives of civic groups and volunteer workers Help and guidance on social service matters are given through these personal contacts An analysis of the work of the Division is set forth in the pages that follow I COUNTY JAIL WORK State inspection of county jails in Georgia involves an advisory service on every phase of management maintenance equipment and construction To render an effective service to the county authorities with regard to the jails the Department keeps available information that is helpful and acts as a clearing house of information Through its contacts with all the jails of the state and similar work in other states the Department is prepared to render expert advisory service with the jails as required by law As a part of its work with the county jails the Department visits each jail in the state at least once a year and at this time confers with the sheriff and other persons regarding its needs Where local conditions make it necessary visits are made more frequently The sheriff by virtue of his office is legally the jailer but he may deputize the responsibility of managing the jail to a subordinate Frequently it is found to be advisable to confer with the county fiscal authorities and an effort is made to see each superior court judge We also confer with representatives of civic groups regarding their responsibility to the jail 11 Service to County Officials After each visit a report is sent to the 1 sheriff 2 fiscal authorities 3 foreman of the grand jury and 4 judge of the superior court In some instances requests are made by sheriffs that certain recommendations he made and frequently we are asked for a complete analysis of the needs of a given jail as of a certain date During 1928 two superior court judges asked for special reports on all the jails of their circuits Several judges have told us that they use our reports in their charges to grand juries Reports directed to grand juries are mailed so as to reach them when court convenes In increasing numbers the grand juries are adopting the Departments reports as their reports either in whole or in part recognizing that jail building maintenance and management involve technical points regarding which they cannot be expected to be conversant Below we submit a tabulated statement of the field work done during a typical six months period of 1928 To make this field work effective it was supplemented by careful supervision reports submitted to the county authorities and extensive correspondence as well as special studies FIELD WORK DURING A TYPICAL SIX MONTHS PERIOD OF 1928 IN ONE DIVISION Counties visited Jails visitedA 134 Sheriffs interviewed 122 Commissioners interviewed 32 Jail visiting committees interviewed 32 County physicians interviewed 3 Superior court judges interviewed 8 Juvenile court judges seen 15 Clerks of court seen 1 Solicitors interviewed3 Other persons interviewed while in the counties 70 representatives ff civic groups m Almshouses visited and superintendents seen 11 Number of special requests for service answered during this period 84 Of the 134 jails visited during these six months we found Number needing additional equipment 112 Number needing repairsJjfL 92 Number needing suggestions regarding management 75 With the single exception of juvenile court judges the variety of persons seen may be taken as indicative of the needs of these jails The fact that ninetytwo jails visited during this period needed repairs illustrates from one point of view the urgent need for constant visitation Eecommendations to cover these needs were made in each case Segregation of Prisoners In the management of jails one of the most significant problems is that of classifying prisoners and then grouping them in the jail accordingly County jails have been described as incubators of crime because in the jails hardened offenders have an opportunity to teach youthful offenders more efficient criminal methods Such conditions can be prevented by grouping prisoners and preventing communication between habitual criminals and occasional offenders To group prisoners properly is made difficult due to the fact that we have no state criminal identification bureau but in spite of this fact many of our jails are making very definite efforts in this direction By means of a criminal identification bureau the past criminal records of jail prisoners could be made available and then habitual offenders could be separated from first offenders Improvement Shown When the county jails were first visited by the Department of Public Welfare it was noted that ninetysix at tempted to classifyand then segregate their prisoners By 1928 the number had been increased to one hundred thirtyseven as noted in the table below Many counties do not have facilities for grouping prisoners in their jails but most of these counties now transfer the prisoners that they cannot care for properly to other jails wheie separation is possible There are twenty counties that have a regular system of transferring prisoners and four of these counties maintain no jail but transfer all of their prisoners Many other counties transfer prisoners at times In almost every respect the county jails have made improvement as a whole but it must not be inferred that every jail has made outstanding progress There are still a few jails that have not entered fully into the progressive era shared by their neighbors However this number is constantly decreasing Important Change in Attitude We believe that of more significance than this material progress is the progressive change in attitude During six months of 1928 there were eightyfour requests to the State Department of Public Welfare for special service in connection with the county jails alone Of these twentyseven came from our sheriffs and five from superior court judges Other officials particularly county commissioners are constantly requesting the service offered by this Department Much of the improvement made has been due to the cooperation of these officials Local Citizens Cooperate Local citizens other than county officials have cooperated with the Department in its work Since 1922 our local jail visiting committees have been a real factor in the jail visitation work With the limited staff of the Department it has been fortunate in securing the services of able volunteers Many have served the Department and their communities with untiring zeal during the past eight years The activity of these citizens is appreciated by the entire state 14 r grouping tiesuoiy tfoperlyU tere are t Is have be infendjess Theifj illy into I j Howes ide anthisij ttitude If r reqnestslij r speciali lone Off i five frolli tcularly t ling the ihe improve these officii eials M Since a reali ited staff ring the theiM l duringN isiM Important Progress Made The work accomplished and indicated in the table below evidences the interest of the citizenship of the state in this work This table compares the findings when the jails were first visited with the findings when the jails were visited in 1928 Other progress has been made that does not lend itself to tabulation SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF PROGRESS MADE WITH THE ONE HUNDRED FIFTYSEVEN COUNTY JAILS IN GEORGIA DURING THE PERIOD 192224 TO 1928 Findings when Findings in first visited 1928 192224 No jails No Jails 1 Sheriffs residence with jail 108 113 2 Jails reasonably fireproof 116 120 3 Elementary segregation of prisoners 96 137 4 Hospital ward or detention ward 12 23 5 Medical Exam when commit ted some effort 1 4 6 Adequate heating system 88 125 7 Metal painted light color 41 99 8 Fly screens at windows 8 22 9 Heavy screens at windows 8 22 10 Sleeping facilities 145 155 Wall bunks facility advo cated 53 95 No provision 12 2 Hammocks not advocated 23 9 Cots and hammocks not advocated 14 14 Cots not advocated 55 37 11 Adequate bedding 92 145 12 Waterworks 1 129 148 13 Bathing facilities 84 106 Showers facility advo cated 1 21 50 15 14 Hot water available to pris oners for bathing 29 57 15 Bathing requirements 7 31 16 Regular laundering of bed ding 25 88 17 Generally clean and sanitary 31 99 18 Jail disciplined by regular rules 39 69 These various points may be thought of as standards that are desirable for every jail However there may be certain points that are applicable only to a limited number of jails For example point number nine in the table Heavy screens at windows is applicable only to small onestory nonresidential jails These heavy screens should be used only as a last resort to make the jail secure Placing a proper type of screen at the windows makes it difficult for prisoners to receive contraband articles from the outside and escapes are thus prevented or reduced to a minimum These screens shut out sunlight to some extent and are not wholly an asset Hundreds of Dollars Saved By pointing out the use of this simple expedient alone the Department has saved certain counties hundreds of dollars One county planned an expenditure of twelve hundred dollars to make its little jail secure This county was furnished with information regarding these screens They were installed with a fraction of the expenditure originally planned and the interior was painted battleship gray The sheriff reports that there have been no further escapes since the screens were installed and that he finds the jail more satisfactory than ever before In every instance where we have recommended these heavy screens we have recommended the use of a battleship gray color of paint on the interior The result has been quite satisfactory in every instance as a battleship gray color reflects considerable light and yet does not become easily soiled 16 Increase in the Use of Facilities Advocated by the Welfare Department There are several types of sleeping facilities varying in usefulness as one may note from the analysis which appears in the table The analysis shows that at one time there were twelve jails that made no pretense of providing any type of sleeping facility Now there are only two such jails Hammocks were once provided in twentythree jails now only nine use hammocks Hammocks are not satisfactory they become soiled very quickly they stretch easily forcing the prisoner to sleep in a crescent position and because they are made of canvas they may be easily destroyed by the prisoners and are very expensive to maintain The number of jails using cots has also decreased as cots are not wholly satisfactory Possibly they are satisfactory for female prisoners as they are quite comfortable but they may be easily destroyed and the parts used by the prisoners for destructive purposes The most satisfactory type of sleeping device for the county jail is the wall bunk The wall bunk occupies less space than the cot Four wall bunks may be placed in a cell more easily than two cots It is easy to keep these bunks clean and those of a substantial type are almost indestructible These bunks have been found to be more economical than any other because they last longer The Department advocates the use of wall bunks and it should be noted that when first visited only about onethird of our jails had wall bunks and now approximately twothirds have them The Department does not advise any jail to discard its present equipment while it is usable Only when new equipment is needed does it advise the purchase of a satisfactory type of equipment New County Jails A number of county jails have been recently constructed in Georgia These replaced antiquated structures that had long since become inadequate as places of detention 17 The Department is required by law to examine plans for new jails and make such suggestions as seem reasonable and proper There is no provision for any penalty should plans for new jails not be submitted and there is no provision requiring the adoption of any suggestions regarding new jails when same are made It is very gratifying though that the services of the Department have been utilized to an amazing degree We have cooperated in the planning of a number of jails and those erected since the creation of this Department have been served by an examination of their plans when made available When requested the Department is glad to submit advance suggestions regarding the plans and specifications for proposed new jails This service has been rendered in a large number of counties and includes counties that have not at the present writing actually started construction of their jails The fact that county authorities have seen fit to consult the Department far in advance of taking any action is significant Our records indicate the jail requirements of the various counties of the state and realizing this the county authorities are turning to us for the help which we can give One county fiscal authority after requesting that we present the need of a new jail to the grand jury requested that we determine the specifications for every phase of the new jail The result is that this county is having erected a jail that is better equipped than many costing ten thousand dollars more than this jail is costing With counties serving as judicial units for court trials a convenient place of detention for prisoners awaiting trial is a necessity However a county jail is not prepared to serve as a penal institution The prisoners serving sentences should be given an opportunity to work and to improve themselves It is not practical to provide employment for prisoners at a small institution of this kind Federal prisoners whose sentences are one year or less are generally committed to the county jails These prisoners are not employed they are maintained in complete idleness with its demoralizing effect and they are 18 amineplj seem Teas y penalty there isil gestionsr services of zing degree nberofjails epartmentt lanswbJ ment is glas the plans Fhis serwii ties and iit writing IS fact that epartmenth mt ents of them this the Ip which ij requesting i grand jjd itions for tf at this cc pped than lis jail is it i for courtin isoners ait r jail is Mttj e prisoners nity to woih tical to istitution of es are ffj mtyjailM lintaiipl given no opportunity to improve themselves It is felt that soon the federal government will realize the need of providing better arrangements for its prisoners here in this state REQUESTS FOR SERVICE County authorities are realizing the needs of their jails and each year the demands for service in this connection are increasing The effectiveness of the Departments work as pointed out in the table above has also increased the demands for service Below is a tabulation of the special requests for service that were made in connection with the county jail work for a typical period of six months during 1928 The nature of these requests illustrates the significance of the problems surrounding the jails These requests were directed to the Department during the months of February March April May June and July 1928 SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT REQUESTS IN CONNECTION WITH COUNTY JAIL WORK DURING A TYPICAL SIX MONTHS PERIOD Requests from Sheriffs 2 requests that recommendations regarding repairs be made 1 request to interview superior court judge regarding county jail 11 requests to make recommendations for additional facilities at county jail 3 requests to see county commissioners 1 request to see ordinary 2 requests to appear before grand juries in behalf of county jails 7 expressions of appreciation for services rendered Requests from Grand Juries 1 request for literature 3 appearances before grand juries answering questions explaining data regarding financing and erecting new jails 19 Requests from County Commissioners 1 request to make analysis of needs of jail 1 request to go before grand jury 1 request to meet with commissioners 1 request for suggestions regarding renovation and enlargement of jail 1 request to confer with architect regarding county jail 2 requests to examine plans for new jails 1 request to submit advance suggestions regarding proposed new jail 1 request to submit a list of good county jails for commissioners to visit Requests from Jail Visiting Committees 1 request for a report 5 requests for literature 1 request for list of suggestions which should be incorporated into a proposed new county jail 1 request for visit and lecture on jails 2 other requests for visits Requests from Superior Court Judges 1 request for visit 1 request for literature 2 requests for special report on all the county jails of circuit 1 request to go before grand jury Requests from Juvenile Court Judges 2 requests for advice regarding children in jail Requests from Prisoners 10 requests for medical attention 2 requests that jails be investigated Requests from Church Groups 1 request for information regarding disposition of child in county jail 3 requests for literature and posters Requests from Social Workers 1 request that the condition of the county jail be investigated and medical attention be secured for prisoner 20 Requests from Womans Clubs 1 request for lecture 1 request to act as judge in district contest for jail improvement Requests from Other States 4 requests from other Departments of Public Welfare for literature regarding county jails Requests from Individual Citizens 1 request for literature 1 request that county jail be investigated Requests from Colleges 2 requests from students for literature regarding county jails 2 requests to lecture to classes on county jails 1 lecture on criminology 1 illustrated lecture to group of students There were a large number of requests for service which would have increased the total during this period had we included all minor requests but we sought to include only important requests from significant sources These requests were complied with in every instance The improvements that have been put into effect indi cate an intelligent interest in the county jails of our state It is essential that certain prisoners be safely detained until the courts can hear their cases During this period the prisoner is not assumed to be guilty This experience of being detained in the hands of the law should not make a man worse If he did not come to the county jail a confirmed criminal he should not become one because of this experience The condition of the county jail and the associations there will largely determine the type of citizen the prisoner becomes when released 21 II CRIMINAL STATISTICS The problem of crime today is different It requires understanding The time is now ripe for constructive action in dealing with this problem We hear much about crime waves and criminals Almost all of it is based on a few spectacular crimes Wild guesses sentimentality and sensationalism play a large role in the 11 crime news that reaches the public The Department of Public Welfare being charged by law with the responsibility of gathering and disseminating information regarding the delinquent classes has attempted to do some careful scientific work in the field of criminal statistics This statistical work has centeied itself around two main problems 1 county jail prisoners and 2 the disposition of cases in the criminal courts A COUNTY JAIL PRISONERS In order that the Departments service could be made more effective the Department has been collecting reports from sheriffs as provided by law These reports cover the jail commitments by age sex and racial groups A record of federal prisoners received and prisoners received from other counties is also included State prisoners are not committed to the county jails to serve sentences However federal prisoners are frequently given short sentences at the county jails The federal authorities report that arrangements have been made with twentyone counties to receive federal prisoners to serve sentences In practice less than twentyone jails are used by the federal government for this purpose The number of federal prisoners is a most important factor in county jail administration because during 1928 approximately three thousand were committed to the county jails to serve sentences As a part of our investigation at the time of each visit 22 s ent Itidjj for const hear mnclr f it is baidl ffltkeital crime news j being pi and dissi lent classi work in If rork has e aunty jail e criminal rs ce could bei en coli j These md racial id and pit luded the conili risonersaii ounty jA iments li w federal ft j than twenl for this ps most imp01 ause dint lommitted 1 time pii j to a county jail we note the number of prisoners confined at the time classifying them as to age sex and race and noting the number of federal prisoners if any We also secure data at the time of our visits as to the number of witnesses the number of insane persons and the largest number of prisoners detained at one time during the past twelve months Use of These Statistics With a knowledge of 1 the greatest number of prisoners a jail must care for at one time 2 the various groups it must care for and 3 the total number of commitments by groups for the preceding calendar year and as far back as 1921 we are prepared to render an efficient and helpful advisory service There is complete continuity in the Department of Public Welfare and these figures are constantly available to assist any county in understanding better its county jail problem Thus the Department is prepared to render uniform service at all times These statistics have proven to be of special interest to all who are interested in intelligently understanding the problems surrounding the county jail No group has been more prominent in its acclaim of the Department for doing this work than our sheriffs themselves as attested by resolutions they have passed Large Number of Inmates There is no group of institutions in the state that handles as many inmates as do our county jails This is the first institution that the youthful adult offender meets Whether the offender is to follow a life of crime or be restored as a normal citizen will be determined in a large degree by his experiences at the county jail When we note the enormous number of commitments to our one hundred fiftyseven county jails the importance of doing constructive work is at once apparent 23 COUNTY JAIL COMMITMENTS BY GROUPS FOR THE YEARS 1926 1927 and 1928 1926 1927 1928 White men 16631 18598 18563 White women 1163 1211 1241 White boys 289 295 255 White girls 74 53 51 Colored men 20421 21481 21246 Colored women 3357 2986 3301 Colored boys 389 498 291 Colored girls 80 91 55 Total white 18157 20157 20110 Total colored 24247 25056 24893 Total 42404 45213 45003 Despite the large number of county jail commitments as pointed out in the table above there has been no increase in the rate of commitments when compared with the current estimated population of the state The table below shows the total number of commitments since 1921 and the number per thousand of the total population committed It is significant to note that approximately fifteen persons out of every thousand in the state pass through the county jails each year TOTAL COUNTY JAIL POPULATION AND COMMITMENTS PER THOUSAND OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE STATE 192128 s Year Total Commitments Rate per 1000 of Population 1920 Census Rate per 1000 of Population Current Estimate 1921 42170 146 145 1922 44349 153 150 1923 39704 137 133 1924 35623 123 118 1925 41791 144 137 1926 42404 146 138 1927 45213 156 146 1928 45003 155 145 3 1927 Si 1211 295 53 1481 I 2986 1 498 91 0157 I 5056 I 5213 I jail commits sere has k en compar state Id tments since 1 populate rosmatelji late passif OMMITlfi riON OF THE of Eateper PlpI CurrentBfc lit 121 Hi If the anticipated increase in the population of the state has been taking place the rates of commitment are somewhat lower than as indicated by the 1920 census If this estimated rate of increase is correct for the population of the state the rate per 1000 of jail commitments while revealing some fluctuation has actually shown no net increase since 1921 The graph below shows the rate of jail commitments from year to year using the current estimated population of the state as a basis for comparing jail commitments THE RATE OF JAIL COMMITMENTS PER THOUSAND OF THE ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE STATE 19211928 zo 19 18 17 16 15 st 13 12 p II 10 9 8 7 6 J 4 3 2 1 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 The reader is cautioned against using jail commitments as an absolute index of the amount of crime in the community It is a very important index and it gives us an idea of the prevalence of crime but there are many other 25 factors that should be considered Though the average for the state shows no net increase in jail commitments the results from county to county have fluctuated much more Almost all of the larger counties have shown increases Those counties through which important interstate highways pass have almost all shown increases while other counties have shown decreases The change in the racial composition has been a most outstanding factor in the county jail population In 1921 about twothirds were negroes but by 1928 only a little more than half were negroes The chart below graphically presents this matter This change has a most significant bearing on jail management COMPOSITION OF THE COUNTY JAIL POPULATION BY RACIAL GROUPS 19211928 LEGEND COLORED WHITE 26 Cost of Jail Detention in Time Constructive work is needed to prevent crime There are annually as pointed out above thousands in our county jails Some remain in jail six months or a year or more A very large number remain from three to six months and almost all of those in our county jails are awaiting trial except a few federal prisoners However many prisoners are able to make bond shortly after commitment It therefore happens that when we studied the length of jail detention for 7331 prisoners in five counties we found the average length of jail detention was 17 days This has varied only a very small fraction from 1921 until 1927 In 1927 we noted that there were 45213 persons in the county jails If the average length of detention was 17 days the loss in time for one person would be 768621 days or more than 2100 years Expense of Jail Detention The cost to the citizens of the state for feeding these prisoners during their jail detention and enforced idleness for the year 1927 was approximately onehalf a million dollars This was a typical year and food is only a single item in the cost of jail detention This sum represents the cost in fees paid for feeding prisoners though the food itself may not have actually cost this much The Department has repeatedly pointed out the fact that proper action when prisoners are committed to the county jails will ultimately save the citizens of the state thousands of dollars Prompt trials jailers paid by salaries uniform methods of making bond would all decrease the cost of maintaining the county jails B CRIMINAL COURT STUDIES It has long been evident that there could be little constructive thinking regarding treatment of delinquents without some knowledge of how the criminal courts operate in which these delinquents are tried This moved the Department several years ago to accept a small grant of private money for the collecting and compiling of 27 statistics showing the work done by certain selected criminal courts This first study was published under the title of Crime and the Georgia Courts and received so much attention and commendation as a pioneer effort in an untouched field that the Department was led to think further along these lines For the past two years the Department has been collecting and compiling statistical data regarding the criminal defendants in three of the larger centers in the state The Department has been interested not only in collecting correct facts regarding the cases studied but also in noting the many important trends in the administration of criminal justice The recent series of criminal court studies embraces an analysis of the work of six of the largest courts in the state covering the periodfrom January 1 1916 until December 31 1925 During this ten year period these courts had before them the following criminal defendants Criminal Court of Atlanta 41270 Superior Court of Fulton County 16959 City Court of Macon 14310 Superior Court of Bibb County 2690 City Court of Columbus 6519 Superior Court of Muscogee County 7923 Total Number of Defendants 89671 It is not to be thought that the number of defendants appearing before the courts represents the amount of crime in the community It is a very valuable index of the amount of crime but it is only one of several such indexes We noted one other such index in discussing county jail commitments As a part of the survey a card was prepared for each defendant showing certain facts from his court record Some of these facts were 1 Sex 2 crime charged 3 date charged 4 date case was disposed of 5 elapsed time 6 method of disposition 7 sentence 8 fine and 9 place of imprisonment 28 Purpose of the Study The studies were made primarily to assist the officers of the court and particularly the judge himself in getting a general view of what his court has been doing over a ten year period of time It is believed that such a study as this will enable the courts to function in a better and more businesslike way and help all of us to adopt a careful scientific attitude in our entire relationship with the problem of crime This work is comprehensive and inclusive it enables the judge of one court to compare his work with that of another court and it substitutes facts for guesses Only by obtaining such facts as those outlined above can we analyze the problem of crime intelligently The interest manifested and the expressions of appreciation by leaders of the bar here in Georgia and elsewhere indicate that the effort was more than justified Conclusions Based Upon the Study The Department has drawn only a very limited number of conclusions as a result of these criminal court studies This matter has been placed in the hands of the judges themselves However certain points stood out so prominently that it seemed advisable to make one or two recommendations regarding each court One matter that seemed to require urgent attention in all of the superior courts studied was that of allowing the court calendars to become crowded with misdemeanor cases In each county studied there was a city court with machinery especially adapted to the handling of misdemeanor cases It was revealed that one court found it necessary to nol pros a large proportion of the cases appearing before it The defendants were arrested and detained at considerable expense working an unjust burden on all concerned including the defendants and the taxpayers It seemed that the charges against the defendants were poorly founded and the court found it inadvisable to attempt trials in many cases This court disposed of its 29 business efficiently and promptly but there was no understanding between the arresting officers and the court which would prevent useless arrests Recommendations to correct this were made The courts studied were all handicapped by the lack of an adequate staff to make investigations in order to facilitate the proper disposition of cases This is a general weakness that is being recognized in all progressive states and it is not surprising that it was revealed so vividly in this study The absence of data regarding previous convictions of the 89671 defendants studied is little less than alarming This matter could be remedied if we had a state criminal identification bureau and the courts had adequate investigators as a part of their probation staff In only one county though is there anything like an adequate probation staff consequently it was recommended that more adequate probation service be made available as well as efforts be made to establish a state criminal identification bureau Another important weakness in our system of criminal justice was revealed in this series of studies The figures of the Superior Court of Fulton County rather clearly show that since the indeterminate sentence law was passed placing the sentences in the hands of the trial juries there has been a lessening of the severity of felony sentences It seems reasonable that a jury in a criminal case should be asked to determine one question only the guilt or innocence of the accused and simple as this question may seem to be it is often a sufficiently difficult one to answer and nothing more than the correct answer to this question ought to be required of a trial jury The tendency for restricting the power and authority of the trial judge seems an unfortunate one and it may be well now to restore to the judge some of the power which he formerly enjoyed The first step in this direction would surely be to return to the judge the power of sentence The indeterminate sentence in the hands of the court is an excellent provision but certainly there is much to be considered against allowing a jury of laymen 30 to fix a penalty for an offense when this jury cannot take into consideration the past history or the past criminal record of the defendant With limited resources the Department made an outstanding accomplishment in completing this study embracing as it does the work of six of the largest courts in the state Our judges have commended the Department for this work and already considerable use has been made of the study Its usefulness will continue to increase as the lawmakers judges solicitors and others seek to know the results of the work of the courts The importance of this work should result eventually in a statewide system of collecting and disseminating criminal statistics Ill DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT PROBATION SERVICE The adult probation laws for the State of Georgia provide that first offenders may have the benefit of probation where the public good does not require their incarceration The theory underlying the law is that first offenders can be more easily reclaimed while under the supervision of a competent understanding person outside of the walls or confines of a penal institution Interested as we are in seeing crime reduced we believe that the development of adequate probation service will be a definite step in this direction Status in Georgia At present it is not an uncommon thing to place offenders on probation in the state but too frequently no one is designated to supervise this person or to report to the court on his or her conduct Obviously any person designated to supervise another on probation should be a person qualified by training and experience for this delicate task There are no legal restrictions regarding who shall be probation officers except that no sheriffs or peace officers are to be designated as probation officers yet this definite statutory law is frequently violated in this state 31 There are a few volunteer workers and part time paid workers serving certain courts as adult probation officers In five counties the county welfare workers serve as adult probation officers for the superior courts of their counties Fulton County has an adult probation staff to serve the Fulton Superior Court and the Criminal Court of Atlanta Georgia is fortunate in having one of the few federal probation officers in the country The Department was instrumental in securing this service for Georgia The urgent need can be realized when this officer reports that he has under supervision over two hundred probationers This position is filled by a qualified worker but the number under his supervision is entirely too large Definite Advantages To place persons on probation without proper supervision gives a community and the probationer the wrong impression of this work In too many cases it amounts to simply releasing the offenders to the community This is not the purpose or intent of probation To place certain offenders on probation has definite advantages if there is proper supervision The opportunity to correct the offender is greater he is allowed an opportunity to support his family and to become a useful citizen in the community furthermore it is less expensive to the state and if administered as it should be it is a distinctly helpful method of administering justice IV PROPOSALS FOR COMBATING CRIME To strengthen the position of the state in combating crime we submit herewith certain definite proposals These proposals deal chiefly with adult delinquency while elsewhere in this report there appears an analysis of the needs of the state in the field of juvenile delinquency The enactment of these proposals would simplify many of the problems encountered in dealing with crime 32 Parity rbation0 rs serveasai their coi aff to seiti ourtofAtki the fewf departments Georgia 1 cer reports d probatioie er but let large t proper sift oner tie m isesitai mmunity I To placet advantages mity to com opportnnitj il citizen iit ivetottesl distinctly i CRIME i in coinll iite propos nquencyi analysis ofl e deling simplify Recommendation 1 That consideration be given to the enactment of an improved and complete county jail code Many of our county jail laws were enacted in the eighteenth century and they do not fit conditions now Recommendation 2 That a statewide system of collecting and interpreting criminal statistics he instituted The need for this has become apparent with the significant revelations made as a result of the Departments studies in this field and as set forth in the chapter on criminal statistics Recommendation 3 That the authority of judges he extended so as to allow them to impose an indeterminate sentence and that this matter be taken out of the hands of trial juries The indeterminate sentence is a good legal provision hut its administration cannot he effective when in the hands of a jury that cannot he informed regarding the character or previous record of the defendant Recommendation 4 That provision be made for the investigation of all persons before they are placed on probation and that supervision by a qualified person be required for all persons on probation or serving sentences out of the confines of a penal or correctional institution Recommendation 5 That the Legislature create a bureau of criminal identification and information to serve the entire state Such a bureau should receive finger prints and other identifying data regarding criminal defendants from sheriffs and arresting officers all over the state and act as a clearing house of information to facilitate the identification of criminals wanted the data of this office to be available to any official whose office requires same Such a bureau of criminal identification and information would serve the following purposes 33 1 It would assist in the arrest and conviction of offenders It would make for more efficient and effective police service throughout the state It would make available to the sheriffs police and other peace officers of the state a wealth of information to which they do not have access at present 2 By the existence of such a bureau there could be satisfactory classification and segregation of prisoners in county jails and other places of detention Only by the existence of such a bureau can we know who are habitual offenders and who are first offenders If we knew the records of those in our county jails and penal institutions we could effectively group them and thus prevent these institutions from being schools of crime 3 By the existence of such a bureau the work of the courts would be greatly aided The lawTs of the state provide for first offenders to have the benefit of probation where the public good does not require their incarceration however the functioning of this important law has been hampered due to the fact that we have not had machinery for determining who were first offenders and who were not first offenders 34 convictio it and eft nldmakejr 5 officers oi eydoiiV there couli n of prised ition Oijj know fo enders I jails andp them and t tools oi criij he wort oil vs of tM fit of probaf their kil important 1 re have ill t offentai DIVISION OF COUNTY ORGANIZATION The Department of Public Welfare has the responsibility for visiting and inspecting institutions for children and adults of the dependent delinquent and neglected classes It is also charged with the duty of advising with those people who are responsible for the operation of such institutions and agencies After four years of effort in this field it became obvious to the Department that the institutions of the state were unable to care for the ever increasing number of dependent and delinquent people and if the large number of children and adults going into institutions at great cost to the State was to be checked it must be done through a correction of those conditions in the local communities which were causing the disintegration of family life The Department realized too that since the local community is responsible it must be aided in developing methods and sound local programs for social work for reaching dependency and delinquency in its incipient phases Therefore in 1924 the Department set up a Division of County Organization devoted primarily to assisting the rural sections of the State and to helping such communities develop sound programs of social service One of the most encouraging features of the development of this program has been the spirit of cooperation of civic agencies and organizations and other related groups By coordinating their efforts with the Department better planning has been done and more satisfactory results have been obtained What This Division is Responsible For 1 Development of social work in communities not already organized 2 Assistance to organized county units of social service in maintaining the highest possible standard of work 3 Advice to and inspection of almshouses 35 4 Collection of information on outdoor relief and other expenditures by the county for the poor 5 Advice to Juvenile Courts in rural sections of the State 6 Assistance to private agencies doing social case work I ORGANIZING COUNTIES FOR SOCIAL WORK In 1920 when the Department was first organized there were only two rural counties having social work done on a county wide basis From 1920 to 1924 four additional counties organized Since 1924 nine others have followed their example On December 31 1928 there were fifteen rural counties operating on a county wide basis This does not include work done on a more extensive scale in five counties of urban areas Twenty counties are now completely organized for social work Counties are encouraged to employ trained and experienced workers A COUNTIES PARTLY ORGANIZED AND COUNTIES IN PROCESS OF ORGANIZATION In addition to the 20 counties organized including cities there are 44 other counties doing some form of welfare work as indicated below Counties with part time service 7 Counties with private relief societies in Towns 4 Counties with volunteer probation service 20 Counties considering organization but not fully developed 13 Total 44 It is to the above group of counties that the Department has offered chiefly a general educational program in social work for the coordination of efforts and organization Surveys or studies of local conditions have been made by the Department in cooperation with local groups Civic patriotic and religious organizations as well as county officials have joined hands in this program Developments have been gradual but wre believe basically sound 36 Present Status of County Welfare Work in Georgia This map is made in accordance with reports furnished the Departments office LEGEMD i 20 Counties with full time welfare workers VM 2 7 Counties with part time workers 1HH3 20 Counties with volG unteer probation service E8IH4 4 Counties haying private relief societies y The story of the following county illustrates how gradually the understanding of the need for social work develops in a county 1921 In 1921 a volunteer worker in County A interested in social work used the local newspaper to call to the atten tion of the people of this county the large number of families needing help This was a year of great business depression in this county Several prominent women associated themselves together to work voluntarily with the poor The leader was a woman of intelligence and social vision Neither the superintendent of schools nor the county health officials were particularly interested The Juvenile Court Judge had declared that there were no problems of delinquency in the community A minister and the mayor of the town were apparently the only citizens interested in helping For three and a half years with occasional contacts with the State Department of Public Welfare on difficult problems these ladies worked on constantly bringing to the attention of the people the need of the county for a full time qualified social worker 1924 During this year out of this same faithful group came word to the Department of Public Welfare that the mayor and a number of the influential people in the community were interested in securing a welfare worker and it was requested that assistance be given by the State Department of Public Welfare in presenting the matter to county officials A brief study of social conditions was made by the Department In this way this small group became better acquainted with the needs of the county before going further with their plans However some months later it was reported that the Kiwanis Club had become interested and was asking further questions More information was gathered by the Department on the basis of the former study and given to those interested 1926 Eighteen months later it was learned that the county officials were planning to open an almshouse to meet the needs of the old and helpless people The need for a social worker instead to do preventive work as well as remedial with all classes of the underprivileged was pointed out by State Department of Public Welfare and 38 the plan for the almshouse was delayed Six months later the Kiwanis Club wanted the Secretary of the Department to address them on the value of a social worker to the county The Kiwanians reappointed their child welfare committee as a result of this meeting It began working with other volunteers Educational material on ways and means for securing a wider program of social work was distributed to the people in the community by the Department 1927 A year later the county officials were still interested in building an almshouse Regardless of all the volunteers and other groups could do there was still a pressing need to care for destitute families The Womans Club which was active and had been for some time in other civic matters became interested The interest extended to a wider program of social work than that of almshouse care for the aged The Club immediately organized a welfare committee and joined with other civic organizations in their effort to find a solution The editor of the local newspaper who hadbecome more and more interested in social work used his paper as a medium of education in the community A mailing list of representative people in the community was secured through the county librarian and literature on how to organize a community for social work was again distributed throughout the county A few weeks later another study of social conditions was made by the Department this time a more complete study and a more representative group of people participating A month after this report was made the Womans Club the Kiwanians Ministers American Legion and County Commissioners all united in an effort to form a welfare organization A County Welfare Association was formed publicly and privately supported and equipped with a full time worker Form of Organization The type of organization of the local welfare association varies in each county and it is the policy of the State 39 Department of Public Welfare to promote the form which is adaptedto meet the situation in the particular community By organization is meant the form of agreement reached for coordination of work to be done in the county This involves the coordination of the activities functions and interests of various groups of citizens officials churches and individuals dealing with dependency and delinquency This is effective in proportion to the clearness of thinking and understanding of the participating groups and individuals Certain functions regarding the care of the dependent and delinquent have either legally or traditionally been assigned to certain officials and these must be made a part of the organization in order that upon this basis may be built the newly developing activities of the social worker Some states have mandatory forms for county organization of welfare Other states have set forth in their laws a uniform organization advised to all counties In Georgia the State Department of Public Welfare believes that the soundest procedure is the study of facilities public and private in each county and then the formation of a program made on the basis of this study As a result of this policy several counties beginning social work through public support and publicly directed have now changed to a combination of public and private support with an advisory committee composed of officials and outstanding citizens Since county officials represent the individuals by whom they are elected it is their duty and desire to serve these people effectively By a combination of financial resources both private and public in a well integrated program where citizens serve together in an advisory as well as an official capacity the officials get the benefit of the aid of the highest and most independent group of interested citizens Such boards are also of great value in time of political stress and keep alive the purpose and vision of the organization and where farseeing socially minded officials are defeated for office or for some other reason the officials are changed the advisory committee carries on until the new officials have 40 had time to see the need for the work of the organization In other counties representative citizens have organized not only to direct but to finance a program of social work This form of organization under private auspices has usually occurred where the public officials were not aware of the need and responsibility or were not interested Then groups of citizens working patiently over a number of years have demonstrated the value of good social work to the community and in many of the counties it has happened that these private societies are now receiving public support and local officials are represented on the governing board The Program of the County Welfare Association The approach to the development of social work in the individual county has been through service to cases actually in need of some kind of assistance Through its officials much has been done by the county for a long time for the dependent and delinquent classes This has included dispensing small sums to the poor by the county commissioners admitting the aged and sick to the almshouses caring for delinquent and dependent children through the courts and securing the attendance of children in school One or more of these activities is engaged in by all of the counties in the State Combinations of these classes of service have been made depending upon how soon coordination could be effected and the county educated to the need of a trained social worker to carry on the work In some places the counties have added to these types of work certain features of social case work which have been preventive of disintegration in family life In order to make its case work with families more effective it has been important for the county social worker once she is on the job to cooperate in related fields Formation of recreation programs cooperation with health authorities in promoting clinics or surveys advice to civic and church groups in regard to the conditions in the county and cooperation with the school au 41 thorities in reaching more and more into the homes of the community and interpreting the importance of educational standards to families have been included in her program Some of the workers have developed a fine volunteer service which has enabled them to carry on more effectively the ever increasing demand for service The forms of service in the different counties are not uniform They vary according to local resources and conditions TYPES OF SERVICE PERFORMED IN THE FIFTEEN COUNTY WELFARE ASSOCIATIONS Investigation for Outdoor Relief in town or county all or in partA 9 Investigation of cases for almshouses 3 Probation work for Juvenile Court 13 Probation work for adults 5 Assisting or acting as attendance officer 10 General family case work and private relief 10 Child Placing Licensed 2 Employment Bureau In town aM 1 Investigation of applications for town hospital 2 Red Cross soldiers etc 2 Special Funds dispensedS 2 Travelers Aid 2 B THE SERVICE PERFORMED BY DIVISION OF COUNTY ORGANIZATION Types of service to counties by the State Department of Public Welfare in aiding them to organize are indicated below Sources of Requests for Service Womens Organizations County Commissioners and Public Officials Judges School Officials Service Civic etc Clubs Religious Groups Only nine of these counties have almshouses 42 Institutions Volunteer Organizations County Social Workers Other Agencies or Individuals Out of State Nature of Requests Information or Educational Material Advice on a Program for the Community Aid on Case Work Problems Social Studies or Surveys of their Community Addresses on Needs of their Communities Help with Personnel i e in Securing Prospects for County Social Worker Service Rendered Counties Visited Other Counties Contacted Important Conferences Held Group Conferences or Speeches Made Educational Material Furnished Supervision and help to Workers on the Job Surveys and Special Studies Made Contacts with Individual Cases of Need or of Delinquency Reports and Summaries Written Almshouses and Institutions Visited Letters and Messages sent out of Office The service indicated above is a part of the picture of the work done during a period of a few months in cooperation with courts family welfare societies county workers school officials health agencies lay groups of all kinds and approximately 300 individuals Two workers in this Division alone visited approximately 90 counties during the period this report covers Many of these counties were visited three or four times others more frequently In the twoyear period which this report covers five new counties were organized for social work In nine counties special studies of social conditions were made An educational program including speeches articles pre 43 pared by the Department other printed material etc was carried on in about 14 other counties In 21 additional counties having part time and volunteer service the same sort of advice and educational work was done Conferences and Institutes The Division has participated in programs for county welfare workers offered by the State Conference on Social Work This has included group conferences held with county workers on matters which were of common interest to the workers In 1928 the State Conference on Social Work included an institute of three days for case workers largely county workers The institute was given by Mr Frank Bruno of Washington University one of the outstanding social workers in the country Cooperating Groups The development in county welfare work could not have progressed so rapidly without the splendid cooperation of lay groups in the State This was given not only through the State organizations but local units as well Many of the important clubs and other organizations have adopted educational programs stressing the need of organized social vork Notably among these are the Kiwanis Clubs ParentTeacher Associations Womens Clubs Churches American Legion and Chambers of Commerce Welfare groups cooperating with these are Family Welfare Societies Mill Workers American Red Cross Boy and Girl Scouts Salvation Army Y W C A Y M C A Community Chests Travelers Aid and others II POOR RELIEF The laws of the State give County Commissioners the authority to regulate or plan for the care of the poor in their counties This leaves each county free to work out its own ideas But realizing the importance and the diffi 44 culty of wise disposition of cases of dependency these officials in increasing numbers are calling on the Department for its services Counties spend money for the care of the aged in almshouses for the relief of the poor in their own homes or other private homes pauper burials support of dependent children in institutions medical care not included in almshouses or general health programs and for fees to county physicians medicine hospital care etc There are other miscellaneous expenditures for the poor All of the 161 counties spend money for some of the above purposes Reports of Poor Relief will be made under Outdoor Relief and Care of the Aged A OUTDOOR RELIEF Outdoor Relief is defined ordinarily as county expenditures on the poor in their own homes or in other private homes Those who are aided in this way are referred to sometimes as the pauper list Investigations are made usually by county officials except where there are welfare workers who are responsible at least in part Expenditures For Outdoor Relief In 1927 one hundred and twentyseven counties made a financial report to the Department in 1928 one hundred and eleven reported Others will be added to these as the year advances and as commissioners are able to compile the reports Consolidated reports of 100 counties for 1927 and 1928 have been made In some instances the figures were estimated but it is believed that they are approximately correct EXPENDITURES FOR OUTDOOR RELIEF 19271928 IN 100 COUNTIES 1927 1928 Outdoor Relief Expenditures 15608142 16253118 Pauper Burials 1068789 1204623 Children in Institutions 11401394 10292017 Because of lack of facilities children are often placed in some institutions for care at the countys expense 45 Medical Care Not in alms houses 5294664 4393246 TOTAL 33372989 32143004 In 1927 individuals receiving aid in these 100 counties numbered 4030 in 1928 there were 4775 If outdoor relief is to be a satisfactory system of aid to deserving persons each case must he investigated and the amount of the allowance must be based on the persons needs Many counties are realizing that careful investigation and systematic supervision are necessary if outdoor relief is to be effective As shown in the last report of the Department a large group of counties are spending money in sufficiently large sums to enable the county to do constructive work with families through the employment of a trained social worker Social Service Needed for Poor Relief Families receiving aid from the county present all sorts of problems and many of them if understood could be untangled and the family become adjusted and self supporting an asset rather than a liability Time and skill are required to handle these delicate relationships and accomplish results In the 15 rural counties which have welfare workers they have contributed immeasurably to the comfort and happiness of families many of whom are permanently rehabilitated Money has been saved too for the county because more skilled service has enabled the county to extend its assistance to additional families needing care Distributing the poor relief fund is an official duty of county commissioners But the giving of the service and aid necessary to rehabilitate cannot be expected of busy county officials Especially is this true since investigation and aid require particular skill and technique Trained welfare workers are qualified to do this service and in many places are able to assist in other problems of dependency and delinquency in the counties With the funds in many counties being spent in sufficiently 46 J466I 2989 g these In 775 tory systeiE e investigate 3ed on tliepsi tat careful necessary i in the laii ounties amenable tb i throng ir Relief y present li derstood coi sted and If j Thne lit relationship unties will immeaswit nanyofA s been ffli rvicehas dditionalfi relief it But the Militate calf iciallyistte rticular si re qualified to assistin y in the 3entiflfl large sums on poor relief to employ welfare workers it is hoped that others will be induced to follow the example of the 15 counties which are already so profitably engaged in social work Illustrative Cases Below are some cases selected from studies made of outdoor relief including counties where there is no social worker employed They illustrate what results from lack of social service as well as what benefits can be derived from its skillful use Case 1 Mrs A Mrs A is a widow 61 years old She lives with and keeps house for her married daughter She has another daughter fairly well off Both children work She has been receiving a pension of 400 a month from the county for 21 years It was begun 7 years before her husband died He had a lingering illness and died 14 years ago Mrs A says she needed the money during her husbands illness but has not since but decided to let it come anyhow She is self supporting now This money still comes It is possible that in one visit a welfare worker in the county could have made a happy adjustment One can not help asking if Mrs A needed this money during her husbands illness whether the 400 a month covered the need and again if she has not needed the money since why should the county funds be uselessly spent when someone else could have been benefited Case 2 Mr B An old man received a small sum from the county for years His married daughter moved into his house after his death The money continued coming to that address The daughters family had received almost 60000 before the mistake was discovered by a social worker who came on the job Had it not been for her services the county might have carried the expense indefinitely 47 Case 3 Mr W Mr W is 45 years old Recently he lost his sight through disease He is unmarried and has no close relatives He wants to work and is ambitious to learn a trade which he can follow He has always been industrious At the time he became blind he received a few dollars from the county For no apparent reason it stopped When a welfare worker was employed in the county she discovered him and asked the county to help him again while medical care was given It was found that he could be helped to some perception in one eye and that he could be trained to a gainful occupation Instead of being an unhappy neglected individual and a liability upon the county he is becoming a self supporting citizen Services Rendered A description of the services the Department renders counties in developing organized social service is made under the general report on County Organization B CARE OF THE AGED Public Care It is believed that care of the aged is inevitably a part of the countys program of public welfare and such service should be provided along with that for all those of the dependent neglected and delinquent classes In 1920 when the Department was organized there were 70 almshouses Today there are 58 which means that 12 counties have found a more satisfactory means of caring for the aged It is an impressive fact that 64 per cent or 103 counties have other means than almshouse care for the aged These counties have demonstrated that old people can be cared for better in private homes and hospitals or in the homes of relatives or friends and at even less expense to the county than was formerly paid out to operate county institutions The purpose that underlies the almshouse system is worthy Its effectiveness is 48 largely lost unless people of the community assume their responsibility in seeing that proper standards are enforced Cost in Almshouses The most complete reports for 1927 and 1928 have been compiled from 25 counties This information is based on reports furnished by counties to the Department COST OF OPERATING TWENTYFIVE ALMSHOUSES IN THE STATE FOR 1927 AND 1928 1927 1928 Salaries 3971195 4044490 Maintenance 5971837 7324194 Medical Care 381570 1618647 Total 10324602 12987331 Capital Outlay 1336208 907198 Grand Total 11660810 13894529 These figures include reports from Fulton and Muscogee counties Combined the budget of these two counties in 1927 was 8580883 In 1928 it was 9051417 The balance for the 23 other counties in 1927 was 3079927 in 1928 4843112 In 1928 Fulton and Muscogee cared for 254 inmates the 23 others 239 The group of 23 smaller almshouses had a per capita cost of 20264 Fulton and Muscogee 35636 The increased cost in the larger almshouses provided some hospital care for the sick and infirm The per capita cost in the group of smaller homes is far too little to be anything like adequate If all cases not needing hospital care could have been comfortably adjusted to home life the expense would have been less for this group and the cost for more adequate care of the sick could have been met in other institutions equipped for this service 49 POPULATION OF ALMSHOUSES IN 1928 AS REPORTED WHEN VISITED BY THE DEPARTMENT Almshouses having less than 4 inmates 9 Almshouses having 4 but less than 8 inmates 17 Almshouses having 8 but less than 16 inmates1 18 Almshouses having 16 but less than 24 inmates 7 Almshouses having 24 but less than 32 inmates 3 Almshouses having 32 but less than 40 inmates 0 Almshouses having 40 and over 4 Total 58 There were 930 inmates in these 58 almshouses Of these 930 inmates 613 or 66 per cent were white while only 317 or 34 per cent were colored It was found that 19 almshouses had only white inmates when visited Three almshouses had only colored inmates when visited Care of Inmates in Georgia Almshouses There is a wide difference in care given inmates in the 58 almshouses For convenience in discussing their care we are dividing the almshouses into two groups Group I In this group there are 14 almshouses each having 16 inmates or more Four of these almshouses in Group I have completely replaced their old buildings with new ones during the last year Several others have built a new addition or a new single building Almost all of the other almshouses in this group have reported items of repair and improvement in equipment Practically all of these have provision for the care of old couples together and provision for the separation of sexes Six almshouses have women matrons and attendants Two almshouses have provided for segregation of the tubercular inmates Floyd Fulton and Muscogee almshouses have semihospital and nursing care Nine have professional full time cooks Ten have running water and modern conveniences in cottages or dormitories 50 AS REPOKfi Entertainment and devotional services are provided for the inmates These are secured from churches lodges and clubs The personal touch along with these services latesI adds to their comfort and cheer mates mates Group II In this group there are 44 almshouses each having less than 16 inmates The large majority of smaller almshouses furnish only limited supervision for their inmates These small almshouses lend themselves easily to abuse The most of them are cottages and the superintendent in some instances lives at a considerable distance from the wasfotmil cottages Under such circumstances close supervision is es when visits impossible It is difficult to keep the cottages warm as there are too often cracks in the walls and floors The houses majority of the buildings are dilapidated and unpainted i mmatesiil The fire hazard is great for these buildings Medical care and nursing are very inadequate in this group Practically all counties have a doctor on call who is usually engaged by the commissioners and whose serv ices are available to the almshouse Facilities for the Gch I segregation of the diseased are limited and some of them ises in trroDf are afflicted with loathsome and contagious diseases rs have bnilti The superintendent must not be blamed for every evil lmost allofl existing in these almshouses In some instances it is true that the man in charge is not qualified for his work However the majority of these men are sympathetic and try ouples togette pegf they can with the means at their disposal es Suap A number of these counties allow only a small sum for its Twoal he maintenance of the almshouse regardless of the num thetnto1 per inmates Too often county officials feel that in Imshouses reporting a small expenditure for almshouse care they W profesij6 are showing economy in management and therefore suc T and B cessful administration 51 t Present Status of Almshouses in Georgia Showing grouping as indicated in text Group I County almshouses with 16 or more inmates Group II County almshouses with less than 16 LEGEND Children in Almshouses It is significant to note that the number of childrer found in the almshouses on the occasions of the visits by this Department has decreased In 1925 there were 35 children in the almshouses This number had decreased to nine in 1926 and to five in 1927 Almshouses are not suitable institutions for children The Department has 52 encouraged and assisted in providing other and more satisfactory care than the almshouse for children What Many Leaders and County Officials Are Thinking It is true that these small counties cannot well have departments and classifications for every kind of inmate The small almshouse cannot have the equipment that it needs The inmates therefore cannot receive the care that they need Some of the leaders feel that the only solution is in the erection of a district almshouse or better called general hospital or infirmary in which the adjoining counties could together provide for the more adequate care of the chronically ill and infirm They feel that by pooling the resources of several counties medical and nursing facilities and an adequate staff could be provided which would measure up to the best standards and make for efficiency A Welfare Workers Service to the Almshouse The Department would like to emphasize the difficulties of taking old people out of the almshouse and placing them in their homes after they have been inmates for a number of years and have lost all home ties and connections Unless the service of a person trained in this work can be secured to make this placement and unless a qualified person can follow up these home placements so that their needs are met and adjustments made the Department would not recommend closing all almshouses or placing inmates but feels that in most instances the slower plan of providing home care for all new applicants to the almshouse and allowing the almshouse to discontinue itself gradually is much sounder Occasionally there will be old persons who cannot be given satisfactory care in a private home regardless of the monthly allowance that commissioners can pay In such cases these persons should be placed at an institution where they can receive the type of care that they need At least four small counties which had at first planned to build almshouses in the past have accepted one of the 53 three views previously mentioned and have discontinued all thought of county almshouses Below are accounts of some cases in an almshouse investigated by a County Welfare Worker Adjustments were made and the cases continued under the supervision of the Welfare Worker PAT Pat was a feeble minded man about the age of 20 He was placed in the almshouse by relatives He owned 60 acres of land 50 acres in cultivation one of the best small farms in the county The same relatives took possession of this farm and sold it and squandered the money After ten years as a dependent in the almshouse Pat was placed out on a farm as helper doing light farm work and looking after the stock He is now self supporting and happy The social worker visits him frequently GRANDMA This old lady was in the almshouse 15 years before it was discovered that she really did not belong there After a few visits to the almshouse the County Welfare Worker found that Grandma owned a house and a lot in a small town in the county also a 35 acre farm Her children were anxious to keep her in the almshouse in order that they might have the income from her property After several visits to the children they agreed on a plan of caring for their mother MR AND MRS K In 1927 in the early spring the County Welfare Worker visited a neighboring county where Mrs K was born and reared and all her relatives lived After a days visit among the relatives the Worker was able to place this couple with a sister who had quite a bit of wealth and a lovely home Mrs K s last days it can truthfully be said were her best days as she had spent all of her life in poverty and had been for twelve years on charity After Mrs Ks death Mr K through the Welfare worker was able to locate a sister in the East who mails him a check the first day of each week on which to live therefore he is no longer on charity 54 JIM At the closing of the almshouse Jim was placed in a home in the country where he helps around with light work as he is not strong and cannot do heavy work and but very little light work The county pensions him 500 per month He has never been moved from the home where he was placed when he left the almshouse He is happy and carefree UNCLE TOD Uncle Tod was one of the few who seemed to have no relatives However Worker found two sons who had seemingly forgotten their old father These boys were in good circumstances and gave him a home After a year he died Among his last remarks was I am glad that I do not have to die in the poorhouse MRS T Mrs T at the death of her husband was placed in the almshouse Relatives and friends forgot her in her distress and financial destitution After a few weeks work on the case the Welfare Worker found that she had two sons and a rather wealthy relative The sons agreed to take their mother and care for her alternate years She is happy to be reunited with her family and feels a certain degree of independence as she is able to help care for the children Almshouses In Connection With Convict Camps In about 20 of the 58 counties having almshouses the institutions are run in connection with convict camps While the economic expediency that created this practice may be understood it is regarded as an unadvisable policy Prisoners who have been convicted of crime and unfortunate people who have become dependent through ill health infirmity or serious physical or mental defects cannot be cared for properly under the same environment and in close association Private Homes for the Aged There are 19 homes for the aged in the State privately operated and supported This is an increase of two since the last report 55 The quality of care given is usually superior to that of the average almshouse Many of the same principles discussed above on almshouse care apply here Classification of institutions privately operated according to race and sex served is as follows Men Women Both Total White 0 8 7 15 Colored 0 1 3 4 TOTAL 0 9 10 19 The cost of total maintenance ranges all the way from 27500 a year to 1800000 The population varies from none to 110 Twelve of these institutions cared for a population of 323 during 1928 at an operating cost of 6936151 Services the Department Renders Institutions Caring For Aged 1 In cooperation with county officials the Department collects information regarding conditions in almshouses concerning equipment service available personal problems of individuals and other data on which to base studies of causes of poverty and facilities needed for suitable care 2 The Department furnishes information on building programs modern equipment diet health care and suitable record keeping 3 Special studies of cases in almshouses have been made in a number of counties 4 A superintendents manual has been prepared suggesting improvements along all lines 5 The Department cooperates with county officials in planning general welfare programs in which the care of the aged is included 6 All almshouses were regularly visited and inspected during the years 1927 and 1928 56 AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS FOR ADULTS Institutions Nineteen privately owned homes for the aged have been reported under Care of the Aged Other adult institutions are operated by The Salvation Army Volunteers of America American Rescue Workers and private boards The institutions may be classified as follows Emergency homes for men 2 Emergency homes for womenA 4 Emergency homes for men and women 2 TOTALI 8 Often children are taken into these homes with their parents Lack of social service has crowded these institutions with all sorts of people In some instances they have become a menace particularly where men women and children are crowded together During the past year one of such homes was closed by the City Council of Atlanta The Department cooperated with the Chamber of Commerce and the City in gathering facts All of these homes operate in either Atlanta Macon Savannah or Columbus The total capacity of the group is about 225 The Department is encouraging better methods of care and is urging these institutions to cooperate with existing agencies in the community Where these institutions are members of the Community Chests the quality of work is much better The Home for Incurables in Atlanta is supported through public and private funds It is a member of the Community Chest During 1928 it cared for 122 individuals including 5 children It has a good medical staff and gives very good care to the patients 57 Private Agencies This important group of agencies provides service largely for rehabilitation of families Its preventive program reaches into the most populous sections of the State It not only works toward keeping families intact through untangling problems caused from disease unemployment desertion etc but gives as far as it has funds necessary relief so that no family will be broken up because of poverty only These societies represent the crystallization of the intelligent thinking of the more interested groups of citizens As such their boards represent the leadership of the State in social welfare principles and policies Cooperation with these private societies is a very important part of the Departments work There are included in this group Family Welfare and Travelers Aid Societies The Red Cross in many parts of the State has chapters engaged in rehabilitation of exservice men as well as other activities of the Red Cross program The tabulation below includes the important societies dealing with family groups having a staff and regular income Family Welfare Societies 8 Travelers Aid 4 Red Cross Chapters 14 Jewish Federations 2 TOTAL MHi1 28 The table above does not include County Welfare Associations which are doing some family welfare work and receive private as well as public support Some rural areas are interested in family welfare work and have organized more or less informally to give care during emergencies which arise at special times Such work is frequently sponsored by local lay groups and through their Welfare Committees or through an asso 58 ciation of these committees in an agency designated as Associated Charities Though they are not fully developed socities their importance cannot be overstressed Because of the leadership represented it has occurred frequently that through this group permanent organization of welfare programs has been effected The Department has cooperated with Community Chests in Atlanta Savannah and Macon where these Chests have made a large contribution not only to a more adequate support of agencies but to community planning for social service Overlapping has been done away with in many instances and gaps in the programs of care have been filled In all three of these cities representatives of this Department have taken part in committee work and conferences The Department has given information when requested regarding local conditions and has in every way possible encouraged agencies to meet the higher standards of work desired by the community The influence of this group of private agencies upon the development of social work in the State is of great importance The Department has given to them a large amount of time and service The services performed in connection with these agencies have been such as studies of member agencies or other agencies affecting the program assisting in organization matters and advising on important personnel problems It is recognized that the local community is primarily responsible for the care of its dependent and delinquent classes because it is responsible in a large measure for the conditions which produced them Because this responsibility is not that of any one citizen but of the whole community it is important that the treatment of these classes be the concern of all the people in the locality The method long in use by the counties of helping a few of those most in need has been recognized by some of the lqcal people as inadequate and has given rise to an effort by these groups to round out a more comprehensive program including preventive as well as remedial features 59 In order to obtain the best results a coordination of the welfare forces in the county is necessary It is believed by the Department of Public Welfare that the organization of social forces in each county for the purpose of studying causes and effects of its poverty and crime as well as applying improved methods of treatment is the soundest and most effective method of approaching the problem The Department recognizes the importance of making its services available to each county in the State as it becomes desirable to effect organization for social service It is believed that as the Department is provided with facilities to further this development in each county the whole program of public welfare in the State will go forward LOOKING AHEAD Since it is recognized that Georgias greatest need in the social work field is well equipped case working organizations it is important that existing organizations maintain the best possible standards This will be the greatest educational force for developing work of similar standard in other parts of the State The Department therefore plans in the future to do an intensive piece of work with these counties already organized With the small staff which the Department has this method is believed to be more practicable than spreading services thinly over a large area Service to this group will include 1 Helping them to develop better methods in social case work 2 Cooperating with them in securing stronger organization of boards or committees 3 Developing opportunities for additional training for workers 4 Helping individual workers already on the job to develop more adequate record systems 60 Assisting the organizations to secure sounder financial support 6 Closer cooperation with groups in related fields In counties where the work is yet to be fully developed it is planned to continue an educational program It is believed that a study by local people of their own social conditions of resources and facilities with what aid the Department can give is one of the soundest methods of developing social service of good standard Efforts will be made for a closer tieup with other Departments of the State which are developing local programs vital to the needs of the people in the communities Formation by local organizations of uniform records revealing conditions throughout the State and making available a fairly accurate account of the problem at large will help to show what Georgia is facing and it will also enable the State to equip itself with more adequate facilities with which to meet the situation The development of this type of work hereafter will depend upon the size of the staff of the Department DIVISION OF CHILDREN The statute establishing the Department of Public Welfare as it deals with children has been covered fully in former reports The Division gives the following types of service 1 Annual inspection of each childcaring institution and agencies including conferences with executives and board members 2 Written reports on each inspection placed on file in the office of the Department 3 Investigation of bad conditions existing in institu tions including many conferences relating thereto 4 Special studies when requested by board members 5 Studies of work of applicants for license to place children 6 Registration of children cared for in all institutions 7 General educational program a Distribution of literature on standards of care in child welfare b Conference with board members and executives on methods of care c Studying causes and effects of dependency and delinquency among children in Georgia from data collected with cooperation of those engaged in childrens work Opportunities for service to the dependent delinquent and defective children may be classified briefly under 1 Institutional care for dependent delinquent and de fective classes 2 Child placing 3 Juvenile Court and other court work for children The Childrens Division since its formation has been responsible for work with adult institutions and agencies also This work is attached to the Childrens Division because of inadequate staff Report of this service to adult institutions and agencies is made under County Organization where the program more rightly belongs 62 Following is a summary of all institutions and agencies existing in 1927 and 1928 for the care of the various classes of children Dependent Children Institutions operating on January 11927 49 New institutions opened during 2year period 4 Total 53 Institutions closed during 2year period 2 Institutions remaining December 21 1928 51 These 51 institutions may be classified as follows Long time care for dependent children 29 Temporary care for dependent childrenilL 7 Maternity Homes pj 3 Day Nurseries LlM 9 Industrial Schools for dependent children 3 Delinquent Children State Training Schools 2 County Training Schools L 5 Detention Homes 3 Total institutions for delinquent children 10 Handicapped Children PhysicalScottish Rite Hospital 1 MentalHeorgia Training School for Mental Defectives 1 Total L 2 Reports on the child placing agencies and 127 Juvenile Courts and their relationship to child placing are dealt with in a separate section The work of this Division is reported under four subjects 1 Work with Dependent Children 2 Work with Handicapped Children 3 Work with Delinquent Children 4 Work with Juvenile Courts 63 I WORK WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN 1 Institutions for Long Time Care Analyses of long time care for dependent children are reported in detail for the 29 institutions giving that form of care and coming under the supervision of the Department The information collected on this group is more complete than that from any other group and it is believed will be sufficient to give some interesting analyses of this field of work CLASSIFICATION OF APPROXIMATE TOTAL CAPACITY AVERAGE UNDER CARE AND TOTAL CARED FOR IN 1927 AND 1928 WHITE COLORED TOTAL No Institutions Capacity Av under care Total cared for No Institutions Capacity Av under care Total cared for No Institutions Capacity Av under care Total cared for Boys 3 197 164 2421 1 11 23 291 4 2081 187 271 Girls 6 214 179 2421 2 56 68 116 8 270 247 358 Both Sexes 13 1156 1178 1568 4 175 153 263 17113311133111831 Total 22156715212052 7242 24414081 29180917652460 Admissions and Discharges Admissions for white group for 1927 and 1928 573 Admissions for colored group for 1927 and 1928 165 Total 738 Discharges for white group for 1927 and 1928 552 Discharges for colored group for 1927 and 1928 186 Total 738 64 Auspices of Institution Denominational for white group 13 Denominational for colored group J 1 Total 14 Fraternal for white group 2 Fraternal for colored group l Total 3 Private for white group 7 Private for colored group 5 Total 4t 12 Territory Covered Countywide for white 5 Countywide for colored 3 Total g Statewide for white g Statewide for colored 4 Total 10 Districts of state for white g Districts of state for colored 0 Total g Regional for white 5 Financial Status as reported by the Institutions Total income for 29 institutions for twoyear Period 124123757 Total expense for 29 institutions for two year period 107575545 For supervision15445837 For other maintenance 74420220 For capital outlay 17709488 65 Social Statistics as reported The following analyses cover social status of children admitted to these 29 institutions for the year 1928 White Colored Total Father dead 61 8 69 Mother dead 52 6 58 Both dead 62 22 84 Both living 68 33 101 Total 243 69 312 Other Conditions Contributing to Dependency Parents separated White 8 Colored 17 Total 25 Parents divorced 7 5 12 Father deserted 16 17 33 Mother deserted 4 8 12 Father sick 7 1 8 Mother sick 24 8 32 Father delinquent 7 0 7 Father immoral 2 0 2 Mother immoral 10 1 11 Father mentally sick 3 0 3 Mother mentally sick 5 0 5 Illegitimate 5 1 6 Total 98 58 156 Sources from Which These Children Come Into the Institutions White Colored Total Received through Court 27 22 49 Parents 106 21 127 Relatives 24 14 38 Social Agencies tions Institu 58 9 67 66 Churches 23 0 23 Others 5 3 8 Total 243 69 312 It is of interest to note that 323 per cent of these children had both parents living 407 per cent had one parent living and only 269 per cent were full orphans The whereabouts of these parents and their physical and mental conditions as well is a matter of serious importance What has been done to correct these conditions Is not the local community responsible Home life for every child is one of the highest ideals of the human race Has anything been done in these communities to keep these homes intact These are some of the questions which the Department frequently raises to stress the need of doing corrective work in the homes of these children Looking at the source of referrals it seems evident that many children went direct from their community to the institutions without the aid of a social worker Parents and relatives applied directly for more than 50 per cent It seems proper for the Department to raise the question as to the amount of social service given to the children discharged from institutions as indicated in the table below What was done in order to correct bad home conditions while these children were under care Nearly two thirds of those discharged were placed direct with parents or guardians apparently without the assistance which a social worker could have given CHILDREN DISCHARGED FROM THE 29 INSTITUTIONS DURING 1928 White Colored Total By court order 6 0 6 Parent or guardian 126 29 155 Relatives 61 19 80 Other institutions 16 7 23 Employment 31 0 31 School 6 5 11 Ran away 7 3 10 Died 2 0 2 Other 4 0 4 Total M 259 63 322 Social Service Resources Available Children colored and white were admitted to these institutions from areas and social service resources as fol lows Five urban areas social service available 163 Eight counties with social service workers available 37 Thirty counties without social workersT 91 Thirteen other states 21 Total admission 312 Of the 43 counties from which these children were admitted to the 29 institutions in 1928 38 counties were located in the rural sections of the state There were only 8 counties of these 38 which had welfare workers It is estimated that about 50 percent of th children came from homes broken by crime sickness and poverty without the intervention of a social worker If such social service had been available it is most probable that adjustments could have been made for many of these children in their natural homes with relatives or in their own communities Of these 29 institutions only five have social workers on the staff All of these workers are white Two institutions for colored children have the part time service of a social worker available All other institutions have to rely on a busy executive who lacks time because of other important duties to do the careful case work which is needed in order to cope with bad social conditions which are indicated in the tables above Of the six institutions having social service four serve city areas one is statewide and one is regional for seven states one is state regional 68 Institutions for Temporary Care In addition to the 29 institutions giving long time care there are seven giving temporary care All of these are for white children Their total capacity is approximately 229 children With the exception of the Receiving Home for the Georgia Childrens Home Society these seven institutions cover county areas The largest two with a combined capacity of 160 are located in Atlanta Three of these were developed during the past two years Day Nurseries This type of institution has increased apparently It seems to have developed chiefly in the industrial centers How close this development is related to economic distress and lack of mothers aid can not be said It is hoped the time will come when the economic situation will he such as to enable every mother to stay in her own home and train her own children Certainly this should be done for children during their earliest ages It is recognized that no matter how well the nursery serves children a good mother is always the best and logical person to train her own children Maternity Homes There are three maternity homes in the State and only one of these has the services of a social worker The Georgia Childrens Home Society gives some service at times to two of these The problem of the unmarried mother is an increasing one It is not believed by the Department that a solution lies through provision of additional hospital care necessarily but through more adequate social service to individual cases This could be supplied through better equipment of existing agencies or by a development in the community of one agency equipped to give case work service to this difficult type of problem and has been so recommended to communities by the Department Placing and Aid Work for Dependent Children Prior to 1922 there was no State control of the method of placement of children by agencies or individuals Under the 1922 statute the Department of Public Welfare is responsible for a careful investigation and report of all institutions and agencies doing placement It is further required that this report be made to the Judge of the Superior Court in the Circuit where the application is made The Judge passes upon the application and decides whether or not the license shall be issued Agencies are trying increasingly to serve children in their own homes or in homes of their near relatives rather than place them in foster homes though of course this should be done when necessary In 1928 the AttorneyGeneral of the State ruled that Juvenile Court officers need not be licensed as formerly and that placement of children could be made by such officers on order of the Judge of the Court but not otherwise except when such probation officers were licensed as individuals On December 311928 there were seven licensed groups as follows Three institutions three societies and one individual There were also pending at this time two applications for license to place children Three other licenses issued to probation officers to place for the Juvenile Court automatically became valid on the rendering of the opinion of the AttorneyGeneral The Department of Public Welfare does not recommend to the Superior Court that an agency be licensed unless it is equipped to give qualified social service to children under its care For further description of placing by Juvenile Courts see that section Georgia Childrens Home Society The Georgia Childrens Home Society is the only licensed statewide agency placing children for adoption and otherwise as well as giving aid to them in their own homes Children who need to be removed from their families are usually brought to the Societys Receiving 70 Home in Atlanta and placed out from there This agency has given aid to an increasing number of children in their own homes This has been difficult to do with a small staff because workers cannot stay in local communities long enough to make adequate investigations and adjustments In order to extend its service to more children the agency has decided recently to put into practice a long cherished plan The 12 Congressional Districts of the state have been selected as units of service The Society contemplates having a field worker in charge of each district By covering a smaller area the worker can do more intensive work in developing resources and in carrying on more adequate service for children in the local communities The American Legion of Georgia has given invaluable assistance in developing this plan The program is one that will require some years to realize depending largely upon the financial support given to it by the people of the State The staff consists of the executive and five field workers Three of the workers are chiefly confined to large urban areas the other two work in the rural districts During the year 1928 the Agency had a total income of 3381470 This amount is by no means sufficient to meet the demands for service made upon the Georgia Childrens Home Society The following is a tabulation of the individual children under care during a year period and also aid work with families in which childrens problems have been adjusted Children Out of Their Homes Number individual children out of own homes under care July 1 1927 259 Number admitted to care July 11927 to July 11928 100 Total children cared for out of own homes 359 Children released from care July 1 1927 to July 19281 68 Children adopted from July 1 1927 to July 1 1928 1 15 Total released from care 83 Total numberof children remaining under care July 1 1928 276 Aid Work Families with childrens problems 7127 Families with childrens problems Accepted from 7127 to 7128 Total having childrens problems 7127 to 7128 Families with childrens problems closed during 7127 to 7128 Remaining with childrens problems July 11928 75 involving 143 children 323 involving 575 children 398 involving 718 children 326 involving 564 children 72 involving 154 children The 323 families accepted for care in 1928 involving childrens problems were referred from 65 counties Of these 43 12 per cent came from urban counties and 56 12 per cent from rural sections of the State Of the 60 rural counties referring cases only 13 have welfare workers to aid the agency in carrying out investigations and effecting adjustments This means that the agency did its work in 47 counties on these referrals with the assistance of only two workers who at the same time gave service to the state at large In addition to this group accepted during the year period the Agency of course continued its supervision of 259 wards already under care the first of the year This group of children had been placed in 76 different counties in the state In 60 of these counties there were no social workers and the work was all done by the Society s agents 72 Fully equipped this agency should be the backbone of childrens work in the State It not only could serve its own wards better but could be of additional assistance to other agencies needing the particular type of permanent care that the Agency has to offer Adoptions In 1927 the Legislature of Georgia amended the Adoption Act Since the passage of this bill the Department of Public Welfare has distributed the Act to those interested and at the same time offered the service of the staff of the Childrens Division of the Department in advising on difficult cases and securing social service where possible The Department has been called on to advise with several of the Superior Court Jud ges on cases It has helped also to secure investigations through other agencies Through the work of the County Organization Division the Department is encouraging local social workers to lend their services to the court for assistance in carrying through successfully the most approved plans for adoption In addition to the work of the courts of the state in this field the Georgia Childrens Home Society is doing a considerable amount of this work for the Superior Court Judges Mothers Aid There is no law in Georgia providing assistance to mothers in rearing their children in their own homes Efforts have been made to establish such a statute but so far without success Three institutions for dependent children the Hebrew Orphans Home in Atlanta TuttleNewton Home in Augusta and the Masonic Home in Macon have for a number of years subsidized out of their private funds any number of families needing additional support The work done by these institutions in this field has been of incalculable value in placing the emphasis on supporting children in their own homes During the past year the Department has been in close touch with this class of work in the institutions and has 73 advised on methods of care It has been requested by the Masonic Orphans Home that the Department make a thorough study of that organizations work in the Mothers Aid field Though the state has no Mothers Aid fund a large sum of money is spent by the counties of the state for the relief of families through the Outdoor Relief Fhnd If more social service accompanied this expenditure than is now being given this money could be put to a use somewhat commensurate with the Mothers Assistance Fund as provided for in 42 of the other States New Institutions During the past two years several new institutions have been organized The Department has no authority in determining the necessity for or the advisability of the opening of a new institution by any group It has been called in frequently to advise after the work had been started and after it had been discovered that there was no adequate support in the community for the institution and that it was sometimes not the type of service needed in that particular locality On the basis of this experience it is believed to be important that before any group of people begins a new program in social service that they should study very carefully the need for such service and the ability of the community to support it adequately They should have the advice of experienced and qualified people This would prevent unnecessary disappointment and misunderstanding and at the same time would secure for these children the type of service they need There will always be a place for institutions in the program of care for children but Georgia is already more adequately supplied in that field than in any other and it is felt that the energy and money expended in new developments for institutional care would best be directed by agencies public or private toward adjusting the so For full nt of this form cf relief for the poor see report on Outdoor Relief 74 cial problems of chile ren in their own homes or by placement in foster homes This end can be achieved by unified and increased support of the existing agencies that care for children by adjusting them in their own homes Commercial Boarding Homes Several years ago it was ruled by the Attorney General of the state that institutions or agencies declared to be commercial did not come under the supervision of the Department It has been demonstrated that many institutions so declared are not really commercial in a self supporting sense and because of poor management and lack of understanding of the problem in hand children have been exploited by this group and have been left desolate of suitable means of maintenance In many instances the conditions have become so bad that citizens or officials have reported conditions to the Department On the basis of such reports of neglect investigations have been made There is an increasing demand by the public on the Department to inspect such homes It would seem altogether expedient if the Department could have vested in it the authority at the time a commercial boarding home opens to inquire thoroughly into the opportunities for such institutions doing a standard piece of work Case Work Service The Department is not charged under the statute with the responsibility of doing case work direct with individuals or family groups Its activities in this field are chiefly confined to putting individual applicants in touch with case working organizations The Department acts as an information bureau to outside case working agencies needing cooperation with those within the State In counties however where there are no social agencies the Department assists officials in investigating cases This work of course has been limited in scope since there is not sufficient staff in the Department to do otherwise This service has been considered worthwhile not only because of actual assistance given to individuals but be 75 cause of educational features connected with doing case work in undeveloped territory Requests for service of this kind come increasingly to the Department Local communities are becoming more aware of their lack of facilities and more conscious of opportunities through the proper channels to work out some of the difficult problems in the lives of these individuals needing care Cases handled by the Department during the past two years are approximately as follows 1927 135 1928 148 During the past six months the Department has given or obtained service for an average of 25 cases a month Fifty percent of these cases have been referred by other state agencies including other State Departments Juvenile Courts Childrens Bureaus and others who were concerned with aiding citizens of Georgia The others were referred by local agencies county officials institutional people private societies individuals and others About 25 percent of the cases handled by the Department came from applicants who made a direct approach to the Department for service Some of the problems referred from the whole group included Applications for financial assistance Unemployment Chronic illness Investigations of families for the return of children to relatives Advice on difficult conduct cases General information Because of the increased mobility of our population the problems of adjustment to new environments become increasingly important and call for rapid and more painstaking service to prevent the ultimate breakdown of family groups The demand in this field is growing and deserves serious consideration 76 Lay Groups Cooperating Lay groups are expressing increasingly more interest in welfare work in the state Certain lay groups notably the American Legion the Kiwanis Club Fraternal Orders League of Women Vloters ParentTeachers Associations Federated Womens Clubs Chambers of Commerce and others are interested in the specialized field of child welfare and have statewide committees serving in this connection in close cooperation with the Department During 1928 the American Legion took definite action in Georgia The National Child Welfare Division through the Georgia Department of the American Legion decided to make a study of childrens work in the state with the purpose in mind of seeing at what point the Georgia Department could tie up its efforts with existing child welfare agncies A worker highly trained in the childrens field was selected by the Legion to make this study and it was decided to begin the survey early in 1929 placing the worker in the offices of the Department The Department of Public Welfare has advised with other groups in regard to its program of child welfare Talks have been made on childrens work literature has been supplied attendance at conferences secured and other means of effecting a close understanding have been taken The soundness and rapidity with which good standards of childrens work advance are largely in the hands of these public spirited men and women who have social vision and the willingness to organize themselves to serve II WORK WITH HANDICAPPED CHILDREN Crippled Children The Department visits and inspects yearly the Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children at Decatur Additional study has been made in the field of the physically Comment has been made upon this in other parts of this report 77 handicapped child in the state Though no other statewide program has been formulated groups interested in this particular problem of children have been met and encouraged to become better acquainted with the problem and to coordinate their efforts with others The Scottish Rite Hospital is rendering a most important service to the crippled children of Georgia It is recognized by the authorities on the care of the crippled child that probably the greatest needs in this field are better educational facilities for the crippled more extended social service into the home of the child and more available health service to all parts of the state for the correction of orthopedic conditions Psychiatric service for this type of child is often needed to help him overcome his handicap and make the best adjustment possible The physically handicapped child needs specialized care probably more than any other child He needs to be sought out and put in touch with the type of services that he needs The Department has helped this hospital to secure social service which it recognized that it needed Through the influence of the Department a volunteer social worker has given a great deal of service The total number of crippled children 618 years inplusive in the State in 1928 was 1697 according to the records of the State Board of Education During the past two years hospital care was furnished at the Scottish Rite Hospital as follows Children under care January 1st 1927 51 Children readmitted for care during 1927 192 Children admitted for care during 1927 110 Total under care during 1927 353 Total discharged from care during 1927 300 Total remaining January 1st 1928 53 Children under care January 1st 1928 53 Children readmitted for care during 1928 133 78 Children admitted for care during 1928 133 Total under care during 1928 319 Total discharged from care during 1928 286 Total remaining January 1st 1929 33 The total capacity of the hospital is 64 MENTAL HYGIENE Among other supervisory and advisory responsibilities resting upon the Department of Public Welfare is 1 the responsibility of the supervision of the care of the State s mental wards viz of the feeble minded and the insane and 2 through advisory service the coordination of activities along this line into a rounded state program of mental hygiene To have met such responsibility the Department would have had to employ on its staff mental hygiene specialists an impossibility with its small appropriation The result has been that the Department has had to limit its mental hygiene activities to such visitation and advisory services to the school for the feebleminded as could be rendered by the already over burdened staff of the Childrens Division Fortunately the National Committee of Mental Hygiene has been interested enough in mental hygiene development in Georgia to come twice to the assistance of the Department in the last few years and generously donate the service of one of their experts to study the State Sanitarium make recommendations regarding it and suggestions for the development of an adequate state mental hygiene program The first of these studies was made by Dr R H Hutchings a former Georgian and now superintendent of Utica State Hospital in New York The second study was made by Dr William Sandy formerly Superintendent of the State Sanitarium of South Carolina Since these surveys the National Committee has given generously of supplementary advisory service through its executive staff 79 Mental Defectives The Department visits the Georgia Training School for Mental Defectives at Gracewood once a year and advises on general policies in dealing with the feebleminded The School serves only the white group of children During 1928 through an increased appropriation the School at Gracewood was able to provide facilities for increasing the capacity of the School from about 85 to 150 It is now crowded and has a long waiting list Because of lack of equipment and facilities the School is unable to meet adequately the demand As a result institutions for dependent normal children are being pressed to give service to the subnormal groups when they are neither designed nor equipped for this service Private societies are taxed with the problem of supporting whole families of subnormal people too unstable to work roaming around and preyed upon by society diseased and producing more of their kind It might be pointed out here again that the state needs to care for two groups of feebleminded children Those needing permanent custodial care and those trainable who if given an opportunity can be taught to live profitably and harmlessly in the community At this time the School is taking care of both groups Children Under Care at Gracewood Children under care January 1 1927 71 Children admitted during 1927 30 Children discharged during 1927 1 5 Children remaining December 31 1927 96 Children under care January 1 1928 96 Children admitted during 1928 79 Children discharged during 1928 20 Children remaining December 31 1928 i 155 The annual per capita cost in 1927 as reported by the School for an average enrollment of 82 was 41872 while 80 the annual per capita cost in 1928 of an average enrollment of 118 was 30660 The task of adjusting feebleminded children after training to conditions in the local community from which they came and of interpreting childrens disabilities to people who deal with them from day to day is of vital importance The superintendent of the School is a man with heavy executive as well as professional duties He needs the assistance of a social worker trained in psychiatry to help him carry out this important part of continuous care of these children The School has no equipment for social service The 79 children admitted during 1928 came from 31 counties 36 from urban and 43 from rural areas In the rural districts only 10 of the 43 children were from counties where there were social workers Of 20 children dismissed from the School during 1928 they were distributed to 13 different counties Only five of these children went to communities where there were social workers As already pointed out the lack of social service to follow up such children hampers the discharge of these children and makes the superintendent uneasy and very rightfully unwilling to take the risk of placing them out There is no state care for the colored feebleminded The fact that adjustment of feebleminded children depends on intelligent training and adaptation to their environment would indicate that to provide care for colored feebleminded children would be a tremendous opportunity to prevent ultimate delinquency and dependency of negro children Children are in homes where it is necessary for both parents to work and where hours of employment necessitate long absences The danger of feebleminded children to themselves and to other children with whom they associate is increased by such an economic situation and it is hoped that provision will be made for these negro children as early as possible 81 With this increasing pressure it is apparent that there is a great need for more adequate support from the State It is well to point out here that the lack of sufficient support for the feebleminded child reacts badly upon the whole field of child care in the state As has already been stated many of the children are being cared for inadequately in institutions not equipped for this service They are crowding and monopolizing service needed for the more normal child and for whom those institutions are primarily obligated to care Ill WORK WITH DELINQUENT CHILDREN Service to delinquent children in the state is given by state and county supported training schools the juvenile courts and other courts handling childrens cases The State Department of Public Welfare has endeavored to emphasize preventive measures of delinquency among children as well as to encourage better standards of care by institutions and agencies serving the child after he has become delinquent The County Organization Division of the Department is primarily devoted to developing case working agencies in the counties A good social worker can detect early signs of family disintegration She can plan constructives rehabilitation and in the final analysis if it is necessary for the child to be taken into court for delinquency the social worker can follow his case through as a probation officer interpreting conditions and conduct to the court Later if he is committed to a training school and returned on parole she can assist the school officials in helping the child to adjust It is important that children on the borderline of delinquency be served with as much diligence as those already under the protection of the court 82 AN ANALYSIS APPROXIMATING THE CARE PROVIDED BY THE WHOLE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS CARING FOR DELINQUENT CHILDREN IN 1927 Capacity Average Under Care Total Under Care Admission Discharge Maintenance Cost W c W C w 1 C W C W C Georgia Training School for Boys 72 30 75 35 170 72 88 34 73 j 30 3696518 Georgia Training School for Girls 125 105 161 47 42 m 3828829 Chatham County Industrial Farm for Boys H ioo 70 99 27 61 3344782 Chatham County Protective Home for Girls 24 iJI 23 fP 41 1 22 25 511500 hulton County Industrial Farm for Boys 80 80 1 He 1 He 2543404 Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys Ill 125 147 315 157 1 150 2182755 Richmond County Reformatory for Boys I 15 29 37 6 I 8 633801 AN ANALYSIS APPROXIMATING THE CARE PROVIDED BY THE WHOLE GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS CARING FOR DELINQUENT CHILDREN IN 1928 Capacity Average Under Care Total Under Care Admission Discharge Maintenance Cost W C W C W C W C W 1 C Georgia Training School for Boys 120 37 101 35 179 85 112 38 94 1 31 4096845 Georgia Training School for Girls 125 125 175 54 35 m 5238434 Chatham County Industrial Farm for Boys 100 j 69 HI 124 1 51 66 2313479 Chatham County Protective Home for Girls I 24 I 20 29 1 13 13 Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys Qfi 80 j 1 130 110 l Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys 125 124 i 307 1 i m 149 146 Richmond County Reformatory for Boys 1 15 29 I 46 B 16 f 11 598027 No Report A GEORGIA TRAINING SCHOOL FOR BOYS The following is an analysis of the social status of children and the service rendered both before and after this commitment to the Georgia Training School for Boys The group includes 170 white boys and 72 colored hoys under care during 1927 Social Statistics Parental Status of Children White Colored Father dead 43 17 Mother dead A 20 11 Both dead7 2 7 Both living 83 22 Separated 11 8 Divorced 5 3 Deserted 1 0 Foster parents 1 1 Information lacking 4 3 Total 4 170 72 An examination of these figures shows that more than 50 per cent of the white boys in these institutions have one or both parents dead and more than 66 23 per cent of the colored boys are deprived by death of one or both parents It can be seen from the table that a large number of the living parents are deserted divorced or separated Can these children be rightfully called delinquent when they have not had the natural protection to which they were entitled It would seem that the delinquency is in the community that failed to protect these children through social service and permitted them to progress so far toward criminal tendencies Age The ages of this group cannot be accurately given The ages vary all the way from 10 years to 20 years The highest peak of children committed is reached at 15 years of age 84 School Grade White Colored Total Children in 1st grade 15 11 26 Children in 2nd grade 14 15 29 Children in 3rd grade 29 11 40 Children in 4th grade 26 11 37 Children in 5th grade B 28 5 33 Children in 6th grade 25 4 29 Children in 7th grade 10 3 13 Children in 8th grade 6 1 7 Children in 9th grade 4 1 5 Information lacking 13 10 23 Total 170 72 242 About one half of the white group is under the fifth grade and two thirds of the colored group likewise More children 15 years old are committed to the School than children of any other age Normally children of this age have spent at least two years in high school If these children are normal and have been denied the opportunity of attending school it is all the more important that they should have the advantage of the best possible facilities for education at the training school to which they have been committed If the above supposition is not correct and these children have not sufficient intellectual ability to enable them to take advantage of the opportunities given by the community from which they have come the question is raised as to why they have been placed in a school devoted primarily to the training of delinquent children rather than in the school for mental defectives which is obligated to the training of only subnormal children Previous Court Record White Colored Total Children having no previous record 100 48 148 Children having no previous record 37 12 49 Children having two previous records 85 11 8 19 Children having three previous records 8 0 8 Children having four previous records 1 0 1 Children having five previous records 3 0 3 Children having six previous records 2 0 2 Children having seven previous records 1 0 1 Children having information lacking 7 4 11 TOTAL 170 72 242 About 58 per cent of the white boys and 66 23 per cent of the colored group were first offenders The inference is that they were committed to the School without the benefit of probation in their own communities These children came through the courts of 54 different counties Of these counties 36 had no social worker to assist and 6 of the counties had not even a juvenile court Times Children Were Received White Colored Total Committed for first time 138 67 206 Second Commitment 25 4 29 Third Commitment I 3 0 3 Fourth Commitment 3 0 3 Fifth Commitment 1 0 1 Information lacking 0 1 1 Total 170 72 242 Since the School has no parole officer it is interesting to see the small number of the children who returned to the School after having been paroled With few social workers in the counties who could give parole service no parole officer on the staff of the School and a busy executive it is questionable as to whether this was due to satisfactory adjustments at time of parole or to lack of information as to where the children were or what they were doing after discharge from the School 86 Length of Time Children Were Held from Time of Apprehension Until Received at the School and the Number of Children Involved Children Held Children Held Total before hearing after hearing No Wht Col Total Wht Col Total Held Not any days 52 11 63 46 16 62 125 Within 1 Week 52 23 75 54 11 65 140 Within 2 Weeks 11 7 18 17 15 32 50 Within 3 Weeks 13 7 20 8 3 11 31 Within 1 Month 12 7 19 15 8 23 42 Within 2 Months 12 4 16 12 8 20 36 Within 3 Months 4 2 6 3 6 9 15 Within 354 Months 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Within 4 Months 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 Within 5 Months 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Within 6 Months 1 2 3 0 0 0 3 Information lacking 11 6 17 15 5 20 37 The reason given for detention in 104 cases 70 whites and 34 colored is that they were waiting admission to the School One was held as a witness for the court In 75 cases information was lacking In order to present this picture more fully the following is given to show where they were detained Before Hearing After Hearing W C Total W C Total Jail 95 55 150 96 50 146 Juvenile Detention Home 11 0 11 13 1 14 City Stockade 1 0 1 0 0 0 State Farm 0 0 0 1 0 1 Boarding Home 0 0 0 1 0 1 On Bond 0 0 0 1 0 1 Orphanage 1 0 0 1 0 1 Information lacking 11 6 17 11 5 16 Total 119 61 179 124 56 180 Geographic Distribution Geographic distribution of the total number of children admitted in 1927 was not obtainable The distribution for the 1928 admissions group numbering about 150 was as follows Five counties with large urban areas committed 36 Fortynine rural counties committed 114 Total 54 counties committed1 150 Of the 49 rural counties committing the 114 children 13 counties had social workers acting as probation officers and committed 51 children while the remaining 36 counties having no social worker or probation officer committed 63 Improvements at the School The Training School for Boys is struggling with a small appropriation to meet a condition which is almost overwhelming The 1927 Legislature however increased the appropriation 11000 for maintenance Yet in spite of its small budget the School has made recently some marked improvements in the plant by renewing and replacing some old worn out material These improvements have increased the capacity for white boys by 50 that for colored boys is unchanged and far below the demand An increased capacity for the care of colored boys is a recognized need and according to report will be supplied as soon as possible It is endeavored to make the farm gradually more productive The School is fortunate in having management sympathetic to the problems of these children and which has a vision of adequately training them to become useful citizens in the community and state Thorough physical examinations are given to each boy on admission Isolation facilities for new children are needed This separation of new children is effective now as far as the present equipment will allow Educational facilities are the best that can be secured under the present conditions By referring to the table showing the school grades of children at the time they were admitted it can be seen how comparatively little education they had received previously This lack cou 88 pled with poor social conditions emphasizes even more than nsnal the responsibility of the School to secure the best educational advantages possible to a group of children who will return to the community facing conditions of living below that of the average At present the children have one teacher only for each race and attend alternate days It is planned to secure as soon as possible an additional teacher Vocational training has been greatly improved by additions to the staff Boys are taught farming shop work and manual training The superintendent is concerned because he has no parole officer This officer could help make investigations and adjustments at time of commitment especially in those counties where children have not had the benefit of probation service Children paroled from the institution in order to continue the benefit of training received at the School need particularly careful placement and continuous supervision B GEORGIA TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS No attempt has been made to analyze the group of children under care in the State Training School for Girls Many of the conditions and facilities touched upon in the above analyses are felt to be equally applicable to the Training School for Girls Because of an increased appropriation in 1927 the School has been enabled to enlarge its capacity for girls In addition to this it has made some very important improvements in equipment including an overhauling of water facilities The splendid condition in which all parts of the buildings and grounds are kept is not surpassed anywhere in the state It needs the same cooperative service from institutions and agencies over the State as the Boys School Training Facilities for Colored Girls It is a matter of great concern to the Department as well as to other interested people over the state that Georgia provides no facilities for the training of delin 89 quent colored girls It is hoped that soon the Legislature will see fit to make provision for this group of its citizens so badly in need of the States protection C COUNTY SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENT CHILDREN The State Department of Public Welfare stands firmly in the opinion that delinquent children of the state who need special training should receive it in state schools It is opposed to the development of county industrial schools Support of these schools is expensive far beyond the power or ability of any one county to support adequately Improvement in service and equipment can be better concentrated in state schools and supervision of methods better effected and the Department has so recommended to counties contemplating building county institutions IV JUVENILE COURTS The program of the Department for Juvenile Courts logically divides itself into three sections as follows 1 The extension of the Juvenile Court System 2 Advising with courts established and concerning those to be established and the education of the community in the value of the court 3 The collection of statistics and the study of the problem of preventing delinquency and dependency and the ways in which these problems are being met in Georgia The Juvenile Court Act was passed in 1915 In 1920 when this Department was first organized there were only eight Juvenile courts designated in the state There are reported now 127 Juvenile Courts in the state The classification of courts designated is as follows Courts of Ordinaries designated as Juvenile Courts 92 90 City or County Courts designated as Juvenile Courts 30 Special Juvenile Courts designated 5 Total Juvenile Courts designated 127 Not all of the Superior Court Judges in the state have designated Juvenile Courts in all of the counties in their circuit The status of action taken by Superior Court Judges in designating Juvenile Courts is as follows Superior Court Circuits having complete designation in all counties in the circuit 21 Superior Court Circuits having some but not complete designation for all counties in their circuit 10 Superior Court Circuits having no counties designated 2 Total Superior Court Circuits 33 There were approxixmately 1244 children committed or admitted to the various institutions and agencies authorized to care for dependent neglected and delinquent children during the year 1928 and about the same number in 1927 The five largest counties having a total population of 550000 with regularly constituted juvenile courts committed 841 children as follows 62 to the State institutions for delinquent boys and girls 33 to the State institutions for mental defectives 405 to County institutions for dependent neglected and delinquent children 341 to Private institutions and agencies for dependent and neglected children Twelve counties having a total population of 355000 with juvenile courts and paid probation officers committed 79 children as follows 34 to the State institutions for delinquent boys and girls 7 to the State institutions for mental defectives 38 to Private institutions and agencies for dependent and neglected children Seventy additional counties committed no children during 1928 MAP SHOWING NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN JAIL IN 1928 In 1928 there were 652 children in the jails of Georgia and in 1927 there were 937 children in the jails a decrease of 295 per cent 92 The records of the additional hundreds of children brought before the Juvenile Courts of the state who were given other forms of treatment are too incomplete for effective tabulation but the fact that more than twelve hundred Georgia children every year are being committed to a form of custodial care that may last from a month to the time that a child reaches his majority deserves thoughtful consideration Social Service in the Juvenile Courts The Department emphasized good case work as one of the requirements of the proper function of the Juvenile Court As already noted elsewhere County Welfare Workers and other private agencies are making a large contribution to the prevention of delinquency A considerable amount of probation work is done by the workers in fifteen rural counties organized for social work Probation officers in the state are as follows County social workers acting as Juvenile Probation Officers 13 Juvenile Probation Officers in five large cities in the state 16 Total paid Juvenile Probation Officers in the state 29 Since 1926 there has been an increase of four counties having Probation Officers and an increase of nine in the total number of Probation Officers in the state Other counties have Volunteer Probation Officers Approximately 31 courts are served in this manner In those juvenile courts which are equipped with a skilled and competent probation staff the judge has an opportunity to secure adequate information before entering a decree that will have such a farreaching influence on the life of the child before him He needs to know the facts about the family the relations between the parents the individual capacities interests and atti 93 tudes of the father the mother and the other children the possibilities of securing effective help from relatives or neighbors in improving home conditions He should also know about the childs own development his capacities and interests his attitude toward his home the influences which have contributed to his personal problems and the possibilities for bringing him into a better adjustment with his particular environment If after due consideration of such information as he can secure along these lines the judge decides that the welfare of the child requires some form of foster care the particular type of treatment that is best adapted to the childs individual needs and capacities must be carefully considered All too often the determining factor is which of the forty or more child caring institutions and agencies in the state will take the child but we have no right to subject him to such a hit or miss sytem of selection in a matter of such vital importance to the community as well as himself On the side of expense alone we are burdening the people of the state with the cost of his maintenance for an indefinite period that may last several years This is true whether he goes to a public institution or to one supported by private funds and there should be a proper concern for the use of our limited resources in the most effective way The more information the judge has of the essential factors affecting the children before him the more frequently will he find opportunities for dealing with the child by some method other than the easy way of committing him to an institution for custodial care In getting the facts about the children he will at the same time be accumulating a fund of information about the potential resources of his own community in human fellowship kindliness and zeal that may add tremendously to what is now made available through our organized institutions and agencies for child care 94 SERVICES OF THIS DEPARTMENT TO DEPENDENT NEGLECTED DELINQUENT AND DEFECTIVE CHILDREN SERRVICES RENDERED TO INSTITUTIONS Inspection Visits 2 Year Period To institutions for dependents 75 To day nurseries for dependents 19 To institutions for delinquents 20 To maternity homes 5 To Scottish Rite Hospital i To Georgia Training School for Mental Defectives 2 Total inspections122 Special Studies The Department makes special studies of institutions and other agencies when complaints are made hy interested individuals or officials as to existing conditions and when requests come from board members who wish to improve conditions Reports with recommendations are submitted to those who have requested the studies The Department also offers assistance in effecting the changes recommended During 1927 and 1928 five such studies were made Conditions and methods of care were carefully studied in these institutions The time involved in each instance covered a period from a few weeks to two months Carefully detailed written reports were made of the Departments findings Registration Approximately 3500 children have been registered in the Departments office and the information tabulated The institutions have been most cooperative in giving this service From these sources statistical information has been compiled for the use of institutions lay groups and other organizations as well as for the Departments own use Commercial Boarding Homes Six of these homes have had an initial investigation where referred to the Department on complaint Records Blanks have been furnished small institutions for investigation on admission and discharge of children Advice The Department has served on request individualinstitutions aiding them constantly in matters relating to trained personnel building plans dietary special cases and organization matters This was done in addition to routine inspections and special studies of other institutons Studies for ChildPlacing Licenses Ten studies or reports to Superior Courts have been made annually on new applications for and renewal of licenses These studies are required by statute Adoption Cases The Department distributed the copies of the Amended Act to judges in the state and offered to be of any possible assistance in handling cases We have assisted in this way on a number of cases Special Service to Juvenile Courts Juvenile Court judges have been contacted throughout the state and advice given each as they requested it Blanks for recording and investigating cases 96 have been furnished the courts on request We have advised the Atlanta Juvenile Court on personnel for a trained probation officer and have conferred with the judge on other matters relating to the court During 1927 the Chatham County Juvenile Court was studied in conjunction with the Chatham County Juvenile Detention Home A preliminary study of conditions relating to Juvenile Court work in Augusta was made in 1928 GENERAL SERVICES The American Legion the Kiwanis groups Parent Teachers Associatons Womens Clubs League of Women Voters Church groups Chambers of Commerce and others have been advised on making programs relating to child welfare and on means of carrying them out Community Chests In Atlanta Macon and Savannah the Department has kept in close touch with Chest executives In Atlanta the Department has been represented in case committees and other conferences planning for more adequate service to children through its member agencies Educational Work The Department has distributed literature to all classes of agencies and institutions dealing with children It has been represented on the program committee of the State Conference each year Executives of institutions and agencies were encouraged to take part in and attend the Conferences The Department assisted in making successful the TriState Conference of Institutional Executives which met in Macon in 1928 The Department has encouraged the institutions and agencies to meet the standards set by the Child Welfare League of America and the Federal Childrens Bureau 97 SPECIAL STUDIES Made under Rosenwald Fund In 1926 Mr Julius Rosenwald offered a gift of 500Q each year for five years provided this amount was matched and would be used for a study of conditions affecting Negro children in Georgia This money was matched by private donations The study was begun in 1926 with the collection of information concerning the available resources already organized to serve Negro children in the state This was followed by an intensive case work study of the background of a group of children who had already become dependent or delinquent In April 1927 the demonstration units were begun with case work seeking to discover the best methods of care for dependent and neglected Negro children The first unit was started in Atlanta and offered this service to orphanages caring for dependent children The applications for admission to these institutions were referred to the Study for investigation and case work service Out of this unit has grown what has become known as the Childs United Social Service Committee This committee is composed of executives and board members of an interested group of agencies The Study worker has worked with and through this committee In March 1928 the second unit was started after careful consideration of various localities in Georgia Being rural and in the heart of the state Peach and Houston Counties were selected Headquarters were offered by the Fort Valley High and Industrial School Because the attendance problem was looming so large in the social work there it was decided that a study of a cross section of children who were irregular in attendance in school would reveal some of the causes for these irregularities and that it would also give contacts with a group of families which had not been broken This cross section study would give an insight into the living conditions of a more normal section of the group 98 The counties of Peach and Houston have a large Negro population The Fort Valley High and Industrial School has on its staff a Farm Agent and Home Demonstration Agent a ShepardTowner Nurse and a Jeanes Supervisor These agencies cooperating enabled the case worker to make under favorable conditions a study which is being completed in June 1929 and the report of which will be made as soon thereafter as possible In October 1928 the third unit was started in Richmond County with Augusta as headquarters Here the worker has acted as probation officer of the Juvenile Court and has functioned under the supervision of a local committee of interested citizens who have had experience in Augusta as members of boards of social work organizations and who are interested in promoting the work for Negro children This selection of probation work gave an opportunity for obtaining a oross section of the children who were coming to the attention of the Juvenile Court either by reason of dependency or neglect Richmond County has helped to support this service andis deeply interested in promoting the welfare of the children who are coming to the attention of the court This Study of conditions affecting Negro children has been done under the auspices of the State Department of Public Welfre The costs of the study have been borne by Mr Rosenwald and by donations from private sources The communities in which these studies have been made feel that the service performed has been of great value Other communities are urging that a similar study be made for them This expansion of service cannot be made however until more funds are provided DIVISION OF EDUCATION AND STATISTICS In the Act Creating the Department of Public Welfare the following provision was included That with a view of increasing the efficiency of public and private officials and beneficiary institutions for the care and custody of the dependent defective and delinquent classes up to a high and modern standard the Board shall cause to be distributed among such officials literature bearing upon subjects embraced under the Act Therefore the State Board of Public Welfare fulfilled this obligation by creating a Division of Education and Statistics The work of this Division is to assist in pointing out a social menace uncovering a human need finding the cause of the distress and how it might be removed and to promote a higher standard of service and aid in its achievement This division in cooperation with the other Divisions of the Department of Public Welfare is charged with special investigations with the classification of facts and statistics in the various fields of social service and the proper presentation of this matter for use in all phases of social work In addition to the service of editing publishing and distributing of material for the Department contacts will be sought with such organizations as will further the work of social service and provide openings for the services of the other Divisions of the Department This Division is thus working on the one hand as a laboratory of social service information a coordinating agency for the work of the various other Divisions and on the other hand as a publicity medium for all the work and interests of the Department 100 CO SOME OF THE MAIN SERVICES PERFORMED BY THE DIVISION OF EDUCATION AND STATISTICS THESE ARE IN COOPERATION WITH THE OTHER DIVISIONS Educational Work 1 Prepares pamphlets containing information of the States social problems with a discussion of approved methods plans and policies for their solution 2 Provides speakers and educational material on wel fare subjects for community meetings civic clubs radio talks special groups colleges and schools Establishes cooperation with other agencies Issues Public Welfare the official monthly publication of the Department 5 Prepares educational newspaper and magazine ar ticles and works in cooperation with the newspapers of the State in promoting welfare work in Georgia 6 Directs and compiles other publicity material 7 Furnishes information on Social Welfare training to prospective workers Statistical Work 1 Prepares standard record forms and uniform statis tical reporting systems for agencies and organizations reporting to the Department 2 Supplies statistical information on welfare work in answer to requests 3 Furnishes data for social and economic surveys 4 Coordinates statistical data which comes to the De partment 5 Directs and compiles statistical studies 6 Analyzes tabulates and coordinates official reports for the Department PUBLICATIONS The Department issues publications as its resources permit and as the most important needs demand In addition to onr own publications pamphlets and publications for free use have been secured and distributed from various sources state and national PUBLIC WELFARE One of the official publications of the Department is the periodical Public Welfare It is issued monthly and carries important material on all phases of social welfare work Its articles and notices call attention to the best sources of information and the best achievements in the field of social work It builds interest in conferences on social work It promotes cooperation among social workers agencies and institutions It keeps the public informed concerning the activities of the State Department of Public Welfare The bulletin reaches many who are not on the mailing list For instance it reaches college and high school libraries to which all the teachers and students have access civic clubs having a large membership church organizations and other groups The newspapers aid in transmitting to the public the contents of the bulletin This is done by a summary as a forerunner and the reproduction of certain articles after they are released With the wide circulation of the daily and weekly newspapers the contents of the bulletin reach an extensive reading public An appreciation of the public for the Public Welfare periodical is indicated in the following editorial from the Atlanta Journal November 9 1928 Public Welfare the Human Side of Our Government Small in body but great in mind and heart Public Welfare is one of Georgias distinctive periodicals It is issued by the State Department whose name it bears for the purpose of acquainting the people with their governments most human side Here are some meaty sentences from its current number A state exists only as its men women and children See Appendix for list of publications 102 exist They are the state and society functions only as each member thereof functions The state is richer in the ratio that the number of its productive citizens increases and it is turning liabilities into assets as the poor man is put on his feet as the orphan is reared into selfsupport as the feebleminded is trained to use his weak mind to the best advantage as the insane is cured as the criminal is reformed and above all as the conditions which make for poverty insanity and delinquency are removed Endeavors toward these ends are as properly a function of government as are police and fire protection and are as truly an obligation of democracy as the guarantee of free speech or the right of peaceful assembly Government if it is efficient and if it is democratic must be for the people as well as by the people and of the people and it must be for all the people the weak as well as the strong if it is duly to serve any of the people Hence the importance of that department of our state whose duty it is to grapple with problems of dependency defectiveness and delinquency by raising the standards of care given these classes by supervision of the institutions and agencies caring for them by correlating the efforts in their behalf by stimulating needed activities and by acting in an advisory capacity to local communities Such service makes for public welfare It makes for better business better homes better morals better people Decreasing the number of the socially unfit it saves the taxpayer money increasing the ranks of the productive it adds to the common stream of prosperity Long ago we learned the practical wisdom of appropriations to stop the spread of the cattle tick and hog cholera and to carry on research work in the interest of agriculture Now we are beginning to learn the yet greater worth of appropriationslo deal with social maladies at their points of origin and to study them in the interest of humanity Georgians who have concern for this side of their government whether as official or as teachers or as newspaper men or simply as good citizens will find Public 103 Welfare altogether readable Every member of the legislature would benefit from its pages and so would every county and municipal officer It should be on the reading table of every college library it should have a welcome in every womans club The Journal admiringly salutes this Good Samaritan of the Fourth Estate PUBLIC WELFARE Published by Georgia State Department of Public Welfare WlTuT STATE CAPITOL ATLANTA GEORGIA OCTOBER 1928 NO 1 Social Work Classes at Emory University Answers Great Need in Georgia One of the greatest needs in the State is training for social workers and in this connection it will be of interest to the State to know that a step in this difection was made last summer when Emory University put on two six weeks courses one in Advanced Principles of Case Work adapted for social workers already on the job and one in Elementary Principles of Case Work intended as an informational course for lay people intending to go forward and take up further training in social work as a profession With the cooperation of the State Board of Public Welfare a member of the staff of the Welfare Department was secured by the University to give these courses Other allied courses offered by the University were The Family a study of the maladjusted family with special reference to the factors involved in the causation and treatment of problem cases by Professor C M Woodward and Social Pathology a study of the socially maladjusted extent causes methods of treatment and prevention by Professor C M Woodward Requests for similar epurses have been so numerous since that the Department ishoping Emory will repeat them next summer In giving these courses Emory hjs rendered the State a real service Church Groups Discuss Welfare Work During the past month the Ministerial Association of LaGrange Georgia through Rev falter P Bin ns the president of the Association invited Miss fthoda Kaufman to address a mass meeting on Welfare Work This is one of four church groups which have requested speakers from the State Department to come to their sheetings within the last few weeks Among the othef meetings on Social Work were the combined protestati church Sunday evenings at Griffin and Gainesville The State Department of Public Welfare welcomes this cooperation f the churches in Welfare Work Regional Child Welfare Conference Southern Regional Child Welfare Conference under auspices of The Child Welfare League of America will meet in Atlanta December 3rd and 4th Georgia State Department of Public Welfare wH have charge of the local arrangements The November issue of the bulletin will carry full information regarding the meeting EDITORS OF GEORGIA TOLD OF STATE WELFARE WORK Deeply impressed by the quality of an adaress delivered before it by Miss Rhoda Kaufman of the Georgia Department of Public Welfare the Georgia Press Association expressed appreciation to the speaker and by resolution requested that excerpts of her treatment of her subject be furnished the newspapers of the StateSavannah Press Beginning with this issue the Bulletin will carry excerpts from this address in a series of articles under the title of Public Welfare Roundabout Georgia 4iss Opal Futch to Take Charge of Spalding County Welfare Work The Griffin Relief Association and Spalding County have secured Miss Opal Futch as a welfare worker for the city and county Miss Futch received her theoretical training at the University of Florida and her practical training in family case work with Duval County Welfare Board in Jacksonville She has entered mto her new position with great enthusiasm showing much ability in handling cases Before reporting to Griffin Miss Futch came by the State Department of Public Welfare office for a conference Miss Wilma Van Dusscidocp of the State Department of Public Welfare who will be remembered as a member of the faculty at Emory University Social School last summer has just returned from an extensive held trip of visiting the counties of Muscogee Colquitt Spalding and Dougherty Each of these counties is organized for welfare work under the direction of a trained worker Continued on Page t Whos Who in Jail The Delinquency Division of the Department of Welfare has gathered and compiled valuable jail statistics for the State of Georgia These statistics show the trend of the number and the rate per thousand of prisoners in the Georgia jails for the years 19211927 inclusive Ir showing the trends for the number and rate per thousand of the prisoners the White and Negro statistics have been compiled separately it is significant to note that there has been an upward trend for the number and the rate per thousand of the White prisoners and that there has been a downward trend for the Negro prisoners White Prisoners The following table shows the estimated number and the rate per thousand of White prisoners reci ived by county jails of Georgia during the years 1921 1927 indu Rate per 1000 No of Population Year Prisoners 1920 Census 1921 14294 845 1922 14552 861 1923 15823 938 1924 13999 830 1925 17922 1060 1926 18157 1075 1927 20157 1190 The increase in number of white prisoners for the years is shown to be 5863 and that there has been an increase of 245 per thousand Continued on Page 4 Board Meeting Members of the State Board of Public Welfare were in conference at the State Capitol Wednesday September 19 to consider among other business means of meeting the growing demands for service A review of the activities by the Sec ret ary showed that as the work of the Department hasbecome better known the demands for service have grown beyond the present staffs ability to fulfill During the past year requests for assistance on special welfare problems connected with existing or contemplated institutions and agencies have come in suchincreasing numbers from county commissioners civic groups grand juries boards of trusMCf and individuals that it has been Continued on Page 4 104 SPECIAL TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICE Stereopticon Slides Georgia social problems and actual conditions in institutions agencies and communities are presented in the stereopticon slides Lectures are given at the time the pictures are shown These stereopticonlecture combinations are most frequently given at State Conferences of Social Workers colleges high schools church organizations and other such groups Exhibits To meet the many requests for information the Department has prepared a set of exhibits illustrating social service needs in Georgia Lectures There has been a great demand for speakers on welfare work during the past two years The Department has taken advantage of this demand to carry the message of the What How When Where and Why of Public Welfare The Department has been represented at numerous community state regional and national meetings on Public Welfare Many talks have been made throughout the State before various groups such as Kiwanis clubs Chambers of Commerce Press Associations ParentTeachers luncheon clubs League of Women Voters Legionnaires Schools Colleges Conventions and over the Radio Many of these talks on Public Welfare have been reproduced by the newspapers and carried through their columns The Georgia Press The editors of the Georgia Press are making a valuable contribution to the better understanding of Public Welfare in Georgia As interpreters and advocates they are helping the people to understand as the people under 105 stand they will discover their resources and will use them The Georgia Press has done much to assist the State Department of Public Welfare in making its services more effective The attitude of the Press is further seen by the 1928 Georgia Press Association resolution regarding the Department Whejeas the Georgia Press Association is in hearty sympathy with the work of the Department of Public Welfare and Whereas many of us listened with profound interest to the informing speech made by Miss Rhoda Kaufman of this Department before this body Tuesday morning Therefore BE IT RESOLVED that we extend Miss Kaufman assurances of our deepest appreciation and trust that as many of the papers as possible will publish her splendid address CONFERENCES ON SOCIAL WORK The Department has given much time in promoting conferences on social work in cooperation with other agencies These conferences on social work bring the professional workers and the laymen into close contact Expert authorities are secured to lead the discussion and to make addresses In the discussions following these addresses delegates and visitors take an active part Special groups gather at the Conference to work out problems on childrens institutions delinquency county organization family and child welfare Th attendance and the achievements in these conferences justify the time and effort because of the educational value in promoting social service in the state The type of work given at these conferences on social work which are held in cooperation with other agencies is illustrated in the following program of the Georgia State Conference on Social Work 106 PROGRAM OF GEORGIA STATE CONFERENCE ON SOCIAL WORK Mrs Elabel McLemore Davidson Executive Secretary All sessions of the Conference are open to the public and a cordial invitation to attend is extended to every citizen interested in the social welfare of the State Group Conference A group conference on common problems of county welfare workers will be held between 130 and 330 o clock Monday afternoon Monday 400 P M Conference Opening Session Comer M Woodward President State Conference presiding InvocationRev J Randall Farris A Welcome to the ConferenceMayor Gordon Saussy ResponseMiss Ada Woolf oik Secretary Atlanta Family Welfare Society Address What is Social ServiceMiss Gertrude Vaile Past President National Conference of Social Work 800 P M Round Table Discussion of Miss Vailes Address Horace Russell President Board Atlanta Family Welfare Society presiding Miss Ernestine McGill Chairman of Case Work Atlanta School of Social Work Discussion leader Tuesday 900 A M Subject What Constitutes Residence in Georgia Miss Ada Woolf oik presiding Horace Russell Discussion leader 1000 A M Subject Community Organization H T Quillian President Board LaGrange Welfare Association presiding Miss Josephine Brown Associate Field Director American Association for Organizing Family Social Work Discussion leader 100 P M Luncheon Meeting Address Child Welfare Through the Eyes of the American LegionEdward H Cavin Reprsentais 315 P M 800 P M 930 A M 1030 A M 100 P M tive Childrens Welfare Division American Legion Louis S Moore State Commander American Legion presiding John Joe West State Chairman Child Welfare American Legion introducing speaker This meeting is being sponsored by the Savannah Post American Legion Subjects Community Chest Problems Publicity for Social Work Mark Etheridge Editor of the Macon Telegraph presiding Frank Miller Director Atlanta Community Chest John D Kenderdine Business Manager of the Survey Discussion leaders James P Faulkner VicePresident State Conference presiding InvocationRev John Wilder Introduction of speaker by Rt Rev F F Reese AddressThe Church and Its Social Relations Dr Charles N Lathrop Secretary Department of Social Service National Council Episcopal Church Wednesday Conference Business Meeting Round Tables No 1Subject Social Service to the Individual Child by the Institution Miss Charlotte Leeper Case Worker Thornwell Orphanage Discussion leader No 2Subject Community Adjustment for the Offender Rev Harry S Cobey Albany presiding Mr C O Noble Atlanta Mr R A Chappell Macon Mrs W L Hinson Waycross Discussion leaders Luncheon Meeting This meeting is being sponsored by the Savannah Kiwanis Club Address Georgias Children Her Greatest Asset Judge Charles W Hoffman Cincinnati Juvenile Court Judge Garland Watkins Atlanta Juvenile Court presiding Judge Raiford Falligant Savannah Juvenile Court introducing speaker 108 TRAINING FACILITIES FOR GEORGIA WELFARE WORKERS Social welfare in Georgia needs more trained social workers They should come from within the state and should be trained in our own schools as far as possible The Department is encouraging this In the summer of 1928 Emory University provided in its curriculum courses in social work both theory and practice The instruction was given by a member of the staff of this Department Thirtyone Georgia social workers actually on the job took advantage of this training A similar arrangement has been made with Emory University for the summer of 1929 Plans are now pending for a two year undergraduate course for training in social work RESEARCH WORK One of the great needs in the welfare field has been scientific research to give the facts upon which a sound state welfare program can be developed and to interpret Georgias welfare work to the citizens of the State In recognition of this need the Department designated research as one of the duties of the Division of Education and Statistics This research is directed in full cooperation with all the staff members The great extent to which the Department of Public Welfare is called upon to furnish information in social welfare problems for the State as a whole and for local communities indicates clearly that the citizens of Georgia look to it for definite guidance and leadership It is for that reason that the Department of Public Welfare hopes to further develop and expand its work in social research and to continue to give counsel and advice on welfare along sound and scientific lines 109 APPENDIX APPENDIX I COUNTY WELFARE WORKERS December 31 1928 County City Clarke Athens Colquitt Moultrie DeKalb Decatur Dougherty Albany Floyd Rome Glynn Brunswick Hall Gainesville Lowndes Valdosta Spalding H Griffin Thomas Thomasville Troup LaGrange Ware Waycross Wayne Jesup Wilkes Washington Whitfield Dalton Name Miss Vincentia Coppinger Mrs J Garrard Mrs T N Fulton Miss Elizabeth Brown Mrs G A H Harris Mr E C Hardison Mrs Erma Ellis Mrs Rowena C Ward Miss Opal Futch Mrs W T Wilson Miss Viola Burke Mrs A H Ditteau Mrs R S Majette Mrs Susie Wills Mr Charles Johnson APPENDIX II PROBATION OFFICERS December 31 1928 County City Bibb Macon Bryan Clyde Bryan Clyde Bryan Clyde Bryan Clyde Camden Woodbine Chatham Savannah Chatham Savannah Chatham Savannah Charlton Folkston Clarke Athens Clay Fort Gaines Probation Officer John A Davis J P Duke Virgie Futch H H Williams P W Bacon Joe Chaney George Sullivan Charlotte McDonald Frank Callen Colored H G Gibson Vincentia Coppinger E J Hobbs Paid or Volunteer Paid Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Volunteer Paid Paid Paid Volunteer Paid Paid 110 County City Probation Officer Paid or Volunteer Colquitt Moultrie Mrs J Garrard Paid Dawson Dawsonville W L Martin Volunteer DeKalb Decatur Mrs T N Fulton Paid Dougherty Albany Elizabeth Brown Paid Early Blakely S W Howell Volunteer Elbert Elberton W H Irwin Fayette Fayetteville P D McElroy Volunteer Floyd Rome Mrs G A H Harris Jr Paid Forsyth Cumming Franklin Carnesville C F Akin Volunteer Fulton Atlanta Lottie Ramspeck Paid Fulton Atlanta C H Hamby Paid Fulton Atlanta C M Copeland Paid Fulton Atlanta S S Spratlin Paid Fulton Atlanta E M King Paid Fulton Atlanta Mamie Hamilton Colored Paid Glynn Brunswick E C Hardison Paid Grady Cairo J S Weathers Volunteer Greene Greensboro E C Hixon Volunteer Henry McDonough W Ward Volunteer Irwin Ocilla W J Paulk Volunteer Laurens Dublin W F Wood Volunteer Lowndes Valdosta Mrs Rowena Ward Paid McIntosh Darien J A Britt Volunteer Madison Danielsville L Smallwood Volunteer Meriwether Greenville M Z ONeal Miller Colquitt B E Houston Volunteer Mitchell Camilla Mrs M L Cothran Volunteer Murray Chatsworth J B Butler Volunteer Muscogee Columbus Frances Russell Paid Muscogee Columbus Ruth Ballou Paid Muscogee Columbus Hattie Taylor Colored Paid Oglethorpe Lexington John Paul Volunteer Putnam Eatonton Mrs M F Marshall Randolph Cuthbert W E Taylor Volunteer Richmond Augusta H A Woodward Paid Richmond Augusta Harriet Ganahl Paid Richmond Augusta Willie McN Oliver Paid Thomas Thomasville Mrs W T Wilson Paid Troup LaGrange Viola Burks Paid Turner Ashburn J N Raines Volunteer Twiggs Jeffersonville J L Griffin Volunteer Walker LaFayette W D Dunwoody Volunteer Ware Waycross Mrs Anne H Ditteau Paid Ill County City Probation Officer Paid or Volunteer Warren Warrenton G P Hogan Volunteer Wayne Jesup Mrs R S Majette Paid Webster Preston J W Sherman Volunteer Whitfield Dalton Charles Johnson Paid Wilkes Washington Mrs Susie Wills Paid Worth Sylvester Clifford Grubbs APPENDIX Volunteer INSTITUTIONS AND AGENCIES SUPERVISED BY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE Delinquent Children State Georgia Training School for Boys White and Colored Milledgeville Ga Georgia Training School for Girls WhiteAtlanta Ga County Bibb County Detention HomeMacon Ga Chatham County Detention HomeSavannah Ga Chatham County Industrial Farm for Boys Colored Savannah Ga Chatham County Protective Home for Girls Colored lSavannah Ga Fulton County Detention HomeAtlanta Ga Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys White Atlanta Ga Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys Colored Atlanta Ga Richmond County Reformatory for Boys Colored Augusta Ga Dependent Children White Ann Elizabeth Shepherd Orphans HomeColumbus Ga Ansley Memorial CottageAtlanta Ga Anson Dodge Home for Boys St Simons Island Ga Appleton Church Home for GirlsMacon Ga Atlanta Childs HomeIAtlanta Ga 112 Bethesda Home for BoysSavannah Ga Episcopal Orphans HomeSavannah Ga Ethel Harpst HomeCedartown Ga Georgia Baptist Orphans Home Hapeville Ga Georgia Childrens Home Society Receiving Home Atlanta Ga Georgia Industrial HomeMacon Ga Hebrew Orphans Home Atlanta Ga Hebron Home jfflkTallapoosa Ga Hephzibah Orphanage Macon Ga Home for FriendlessAtlanta Ga Kings Daughters Nursery HomeSavannah Ga Masonic Home of GeorgiaMacon Ga North Georgia Conference Methodist Episcopal Orphans HomeDecatur Ga Open Door Rome Ga Robert T Daniel Memorial HomeGriffin Ga St Josephs Home for BoysWashington Ga St Marys Home for GirlsSavannah Ga Savannah Female AsylumSavannah Ga Southern Christian HomeAtlanta Ga So Georgia Conf Methodist Episcopal Orphans Home Macon Ga Sunshine Cottage for GirlsCedartown Ga Toccoa Orphanage Toccoa Ga TuttleNewton Home Augusta Ga Colored Carrie Steele Logan HomeAtlanta Ga Leonard Street Orphanage for GirlsAtlanta Ga Mary Nelson Jones Home CalanthianAugusta Ga Masonic Home SchoolAmericus Ga Reed Home and Industrial SchoolCovington Ga St Francis Orphanage for GirlsSavannah Ga Shiloh Orphanage siAugusta Ga Handicapped Children Georgia Training School for Mental Defectives State Gracewood Ga Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children Private Decatur Ga Industrial Schools Dependent Children Vashti Industrial School for Girls WhiteThomasville Ga Holmes Institute ColoredAtlanta Ga Johnson Home and Industrial School Colored Plains Ga 113 Day Nurseries White Sheltering Arms Day Nursery AssociationAtlanta Ga Osgood Saunders Nursery Cornelia Moore Nursery Gate City Nursery Andrew Stewart Day NurseryAtlanta Ga Stewart Avenue Day NurseryAtlanta Ga Auspices Baptist Womans Missionary Union Atlanta John Barclay Day Nursery Exposition Mills Atlanta Ga Colored Gate City Day Nursery AssociationAtlanta Ga Herndon Day Nursery Courtland Street Day Nursery Hodge Memorial Day Nursery and Kindergarten Savannah Ga Child Placing Agent Private Georgia Childrens Home Society Statewide HeadquartersAtlanta Ga Adult Institutions and Agencies State Institutions Confederate Soldiers Home of GeorgiaAtlanta Ga Georgia State Sanitarium for InsaneMilledgeville Ga Private Institutions and Agencies for Aged Infirm and Widows Abrams Home Old WomenfkSavannah Ga Bethany Home Men and WomenVidalia Ga Home for IncurablesAtlanta Ga Home for Old WomenAtlanta Ga Julia Parkman Jones Home Old WomenMacon Ga Kings Daughters Home for Old WomenMacon Ga Little Sisters of the PoorSavannah Ga Mary Warren Home for the Aged Women Augusta Ga Old Womans HomeColumbus Ga Old Ladies HomeColumbus Ga 114 Order of Railway Conductors HomeSavannah Ga Telfair Home For Dependent Mothers with Children Savannah Ga Tubman Home for the Aged Men and Women Augusta Ga Widows Home Augusta Ga Colored Colored Old Folks HomeWaycross Ga Colored Old Folks HomeAugusta Ga Colored Old Folks HomeAlbany Ga Colored Old Peoples HomeLaGrange Ga Mills Memorial Home Men and WomenSavannah Ga Emergency and Transient Homes American Rescue Workers Women and Children Atlanta Ga Home for Friendless Women and ChildrenMacon Ga Salvation Army Mens HotelAtlanta Ga Salvation Army Industrial Home for MenSavannah Ga Salvation Army Men Women and ChildrenColumbus Ga Salvation Army Women and ChildrenAtlanta Ga Salvation Army Women and ChildrenSavannah Ga Volunteers of AmericaSavannah Ga Hospitals For Unmarried Mothers and Babies Florence Crittenden HomeAtlanta Ga Florence Crittenden HomeSavannah Ga Tabernacle Rescue HomeMacon Ga Family Welfare Agencies Associated Charities Cartersville Ga Associated Charities Americus Ga Family Welfare SocietyAtlanta Ga Family Welfare SocietySavannah Ga Family Welfare BureauColumbus Ga Family Welfare Association PublicAugusta Ga Society for Organized ServiceMacon Ga Jnited Charities wValdosta Ga Federated Jewish Charities and Jewish Educational Alliance Atlanta Ga Jewish Educational AllianceSavannah Ga American Red CrossvAugusta Ga American Red CrossAtlanta Ga 115 American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red American Red Salvation Army Relief CorpsAtlanta Ga Salvation Army Relief CorpsAugusta Ga Salvation Army Relief CorpsColumbus Ga Salvation Army Relief CorpsMacon Ga Salvation Army Relief CorpsRome Ga Salvation Army Relief CorpsSavannah Ga Travelers Aid SocietyftAtlanta Ga Travelers Aid SocietyUColumbus Ga Travelers Aid SocietyMacon Ga Travelers Aid SocietySavannah Ga Miscellaneous Bethlehem House ColoredAugusta Ga Community Home for GirlsAtlanta Ga Juvenile Protective AssociationAtlanta Ga McCarty Settlement Cedartown Ga Neighborhood Union Child Welfare WorkAtlanta Ga Childrens Aid Society of GeorgiaAtlanta Ga CrossAthens Ga CrossDecatur Ga CrossColumbus Ga CrossGriffin Ga Crossr LaGrange Ga CrossMacon Ga CrossMarietta Ga CrossMilledgeville Ga CrossSMoultrie Ga CrossSavannah Ga CrossThomasville Ga CrossWaynesboro Ga APPENDIX IV PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT For Free Distribution Periodicals Public Welfare Published monthly Pamphlets Public Welfare The Human Side of Government County Jail Work in Georgia 1929 Criminal Court Statistics Studies No 27 A statistical survey of 89671 criminal cases in six criminal courts 116 Crime and Georgia Courts Study No 1 A statistical survey of 12000 actual criminal cases Public Welfare in Georgia An Address delivered before the Georgia Press Association The Christmas Giver In Loco Parentis A Handbook for Georgia Juvenile Courts digest of laws for the protection of children Georgia Information Service for Charitable Contributors Humanizing Georgias County Jails A Handbook of standards of equipment discipline and management on county jails Second edition Analysis of 95 Georgia Jails Bulletins The County Government and Family Service Suggestions to the County Commissioners in the handling of county poor relief funds The ParentTeachers Association and Family Service Simple suggestions for the family service committee of the local parentteacher association The Church and Family Service Suggestions for church groups interested in ielief of the distressed The Family Service Association in the Small Community Suggestions for the group usually called Associated Charities which is not financially able to employ its own staff The Georgia Child Placing Law Text and full explanation of act regulating placement of children in foster homes During 1922 277 of Georgias Best Citizens Went to Jail Grandmother Mother Jane and Jim An argument for the organization of the rural county for welfare Why What is to be done with the almshouse The County Jail Extract from Proceedings Delinquency Division State Conference on Social Work 1926 Special Problems of Rural Social Work and Minimum Requirements of Record Keeping with Limited Resources and Help Extracts from Proceedings Community Organization Division State Conference of Social Work 1926 County Jail Standards A symposium of a round table discussion at the State Conference on Social Work 1928 Building Plans The Department has on hand floor plans for childrens institutions county jails old peoples homes which can be made available for organizations planning new buildings Record Forms The Department has prepared and has for free distribution or at small cost record forms For Childrens Institutions Social Sheet for County Workers Medical History Sheet For Juvenile Courts Petition Judgment Investigation Warrant Subpoena Summons Commitment Appearance Bond Application to Institution Medical Examination For Family Service Committees and Associations Family History Sheet Confidential Exchange Forms For County Jails Questionnaire Report for County Visiting Committee Jail Register 118