LO 0, 6A IY7 1qqy-9S Drivers License Issuing Facilities Atlanta, Headquarters, Driver Services...................404-657-9300 Post 40, Albany .............. 912-430-4251 Post 37, Lawrenceville ............ 404-995-6896 Post 10, Americus .......... 912-928-2288 Post 53, Macon ....................... 912-751-6031 Post 32, Athens .............. 404-542-9928 Post 08, Madison .................... 706-342-1515 Post 51, Augusta ............ 706-737-1917 Post 34, Manchester ............... 706-846-3106 Post 27, Blue Ridge ....... 706-632-2216 Post 56, Marietta ..................... 404-528-3251 Post 23, Brunswick ......... 912-264-7394 Post 33, Milledgeville .............. 912-453-4717 Post 43, Calhoun ............ 706-629-2906 Post 52, Moreland ................... 404-651-9280 Post 28, Canton ............. 404-720-3506 Post 24, Newnan ..................... 404-254-7270 Post 50, Capitol .............. 404-656-2186 Post 15, Perry ......................... 912-987-1100 Post 03, Cartersville ....... 404-387-3703 Post 18, Reidsville ................... 912-557-4314 Post 29, Cedartown ........ 404-749-2203 Post 38, Rome ........................ 706-295-6032 Post 55, Columbus ......... 706-649-7482 Post 58, Sandy Springs ........... 404-551-7373 Post 46, Conyers ............ 404-388-5015 Post 42, Savannah .................. 912-651-3002 Post 30, Cordele ............ 912-276-2332 Post 45, Statesboro ................. 912-764-5090 Post 39, Cuthbert ........... 912-732-2167 Post 19, Swainsboro ............... 912-237-7818 Post 05, Dalton ............... 706-272-2388 Post 21, Sylvania .................... 912-564-2018 Post 14, Donalsonville ... 912-524-2177 Post 26, Thomaston ................ 706-647-7153 Post 36, Douglas ............ 912-384-1600 Post 12, Thomasville ............... 912-225-4000 Post 20, Dublin ............... 912-275-6604 Post 25, Thomson ................... 706-595-2973 Post 63, Evans ............... 706-868-8138 Post 13, Tifton ......................... 912-386-3530 Post 59, Forest Park ...... 404-669-3977 Post 07, Toccoa ...................... 706-886-4949 Post 44, Forsyth ............. 912-994-5159 Post 31, Valdosta .................... 912-333-5217 Post 06, Gainesville ....... 404-532-5051 Post 04, Villa Rica ................... 404-459-3549 Post 01, Griffin ............... 404-227-2121 Post 60, Union City ................. 404-306-3909 Post 16, Helena .............. 912-868-6441 Post 61, Warner Robins .......... 912-929-6774 Post 11, Hinesville ......... 912-369-3080 Post 17, Washington ............... 706-542-2075 Post 41, LaFayette ......... 706-638-5506 Post 22, Waycross .................. 912-285-6296 Post 02, LaGrange ......... 706-845-1421 Commercial Driving Tests Are Available At: Post 5 - Dalton 3580 Corporate Dr. Dalton, GA Post 6 - Gainesville 1010 Aviation Blvd. Gainesville.GA Post 25, Thomson 172 Bob Kirk Rd. Thomson, GA Post 33 - Milledgeville 200 Carl Vinson Rd. Milledgeville.GA License Renewals Are Available At: Post 28S - Woodstock Post 32S - Athens Post 37D - Lilburn Post 37E - Norcross Post 42S - Oglethorpe Mall Post 50S - Kroger Post 52S - Kroger Post 53S - Macon Mall Post 56J - Kroger Post 56S - Kroger Post 58L - Kroger Post 58M - Kroger Post 58S - Kroger Post 60S - Kroger 101 Emma Lane 133 East Washington Street 76 Main Street 5270 Peachtree Parkway 7804 Abercorn Ext. 725 Ponce de Leon Avenue 2685 Stewart Avenue Eisenhower Parkway 4401 Shallowford Road 1803 Roswell Road 3959-A Lavista Road 3479 Memorial Drive 5567C Memorial Drive 564 Crosstown Drive Woodstock, GA Athens, GA Lilburn, GA Norcross, GA Savannah, GA Atlanta, GA Atlanta, GA Macon, GA Roswell, GA Marietta, GA Tucker, GA Decatur, GA Stone Mountain, GA Peachtree City, GA Contents Section I CHAPTER 1 Bicycle Safety and Driver's License and Renewals .................................... 6 CHAPTER2 The Driver Examination: What You Must Know ...................................... 15 CHAPTER3 Signs, Signals and Markings .................................................................... 19 CHAPTER4 Traffic Laws .............................................................................................. 34 CHAPTERS Safety Rules ............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER6 After You Get Your License ...................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 7 Motorcycles .............................................................................................. 62 Section II CHAPTER 1 Class B (Non Commercial) Carrying more than 16 persons including the driver: The Truck Driver's License ....................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 2 Class A (Non Commercial): The TractorTrailer Driver's License .......................................................... 77 CHAPTER3 Supplementary Information for All Classes .............................................. 84 PRINT DATE JULY, 1994 STATE OF GEORGIA OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR ATLANTA 30334-0900 My Fellow Georgians: As Governor of Georgia, I urge you to become thoroughly familiar with the Georgia Drivers' Manual. Not only will it assist you in getting your driver's license, but can help you become one of the safest drivers on our roads. It is important that all drivers be familiar with the traffic laws and safe-driving tips included in this manual. Such knowledge will translate into fewer traffic accidents and deaths. There is one mistake you must always avoid. NEVER DRIVE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS. Drunk drivers kill people. I also cannot stress enough the importance of wearing a seat belt. This is especially important for the driver, front seat passengers, and small children. FurtQermore, its the law in Georgia. We can all help make driving in Georgia safe if we practice safe driving habits. Let's make Georgia's highways the safest in the nation! With kindest regards, I remain Sincerely, ~epnrtment a Juhlir ~afeiij Joo! ffice ~ox 1456 l\tlanbt, ___ GOING 60 _s_s__/,..t... 2_06..__ _..__;....;..,\,..>;;;;;).)...<._.J 272 Feet to Stop J.. GOING 70 _1_1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _3__ 04 _........._;.._..._..;..t..a..... J.,;.e..~......,.o..,;_s_t_o,;_p_].J 50 Force of Impact Force of impact is the force when objects meet. Speed is very important in a collision because if you double the speed of a car, you increase it's force of impact four times. If you triple the speed, the impact is nine times as great. Striking something at these speeds is Iike driving off a one, four or nine story building 60 m.p.h. 40 m.p.h. 20 m.p.h. EXPRESSWAY DRIVING The basic feature of an expressway is that access to it is controlled or "planned". One can only get on or off at specific places known as interchanges. Some multiple-lane roads are free while others require toll, but they all have several important advantages. If you know how to use them properly, you can get to your destination quicker, easier, and safer. Typical Expressway Interchange Design 51 Entering Expressways The entrance ramp is a short one-way road that leads to the expressway. From the entrance ramp, you should move onto the acceleration lane. This is the lane that runs along side the main roadway. On the acceleration lane, you can pace your speed to the speed of the expressway traffic. When you find a large enough gap between vehicles, you should move into the gap as smoothly as possible. Vehicles on the expressway have the right of way, but courteous drivers will permit you to move into the expressway traffic. Signal and Move Carefully into Interstate Lane -- - -e- l---4-------m-er-gi-ng-area-- - -- - -- -- - - - -- - - - - - - - i&l---'"' ...... ,_ ----traffic flow MEDIAN ... ---------~ traffic flow ~ .. ----- deceleration lane Here on Interstate Into Deceleration Lane last minute Turnoff ramp Exiting Expressway Get into the right-hand lane well before reaching an exit on the right, or get into a left-hand lane for an exit on the left. Guide signs will tell you of the approaching exit. At the exit, deceleration lanes are provided for slowing down when leaving the expressway. Posted exit speeds are usually low, due to the design of the roadway. You will find yourself in serious trouble if you enter the ramp from the speed-change lane at the expressway speed. Do not slow down on the expressway itself under normal conditions. 52 Tips For Expressway Driving Plan Your Trip Carefully: Mark the map to indicate all entrances, service areas, and exits you plan to use. Doing these things will help you to have a safe, fast, and pleasant journey. Check Your Car Before You Start: Since expressways are designed for faster and smoother flowing traffic, there are fewer places to exit. It is very important to check your gasoline gauge and make sure you have enough fuel. Check also the water, oil, and tires of your vehicle. Driver Alert: Use your rearview mirror and side mirror to constantly check the traffic behind you. Always make visual traffic checks before you change lanes. Stay Out of Another Driver's Blind Spot: Traveling in a position where the driver ahead of you cannot observe your vehicle in his rearview mirrors is a dangerous practice; he might pull out in front of you to pass a car. Either stay far enough behind so that he can see you, or pass him. Use Turn Signals: Be sure to flash right or left turn signal whenever you change lanes. Allow Plenty of Room When Passing: Cutting back into the right-hand lane too soon is one of the major causes of expressway collisions. Therefore, be sure to allow enough space when passing. Carefully check the left lane behind you before pulling out to pass. Don't pull back into the right-hand lane until you can see the car that you just passed clearly in your rearview mirror Driving Too Slowly: The slowest speed you may normally travel on an expressway is 40 miles per hour. Sometimes, especially when the weather is good and traffic is light, even this can be too slow. Rush Hour Driving: This is sometimes a very frustrating type of driving. One little ''fender-bender" accident can clog the expressway for miles. When traveling by an accident scene, don't stop or slow down to a crawl to see what is happening. Often, curiosity seekers are the biggest offenders in clogging rush hour traffic. Don't Back Up: Backing up on an expressway is prohibited under any circumstances. Stopping: Stopping on the expressway is prohibited. You will find service areas and rest signs at frequent intervals; use them. Stopping on the roadway shoulder is permitted only in an emergency. If it is necessary to stop, raise the hood to indicate difficulty. Don't walk along the expressway in search of help. Highway Hypnosis and Fatigue: Stop driving when you feel drowsy. Pull off the highway at the first rest stop or service area and take a nap. Drowsiness is one of the greatest dangers in expressway driving. Don't rely on "Stay Awake" drugs. They are likely to make your driving even more hazardous. On long trips it is a good idea to exercise your eyes. Expressway drivers are subject to "highway hypnosis", a condition of drowsiness or unawareness brought on by monotony, the sound of the wind, the tires on the pavement, and the steady hum of the engine. Keep shifting your eyes from one area of the roadway to another and focus on various objects, both near and far, left and right. Reading the highway signs will help you stay awake and drive more safely. 53 Drive Defensively: The key to defensive driving is awareness. You must keep your eyes moving so that you can keep track of what is happening at all times. Avoid staring at the center strip, but rather look well ahead for trouble spots which may endanger you or your passengers. The defensive driver will also frequently check the rearview and side mirrors to keep abreast of the traffic situations to his rear and sides. Never trust another driver to do what you think he's going to do or what he should do in any particular situation. The fact that his left turn signal is not flashing doesn't necessarily mean that he isn't going to make a left turn in front of you. You should constantly be thinking of an "escape route" as you drive. After a little practice this will become second nature. Then if a sudden emergencx arises, you will not be surprised and you will have a plan of action ready. For example, 1f you are coming to a curve, you should be looking closely at the shoulder and nearby area to determine what you would do if a car approaching from the other direction is on your side of the road. The same consideration applies to bridges and hills. If the car approaching you in the distance is starting to pass and you think he may not have enough room, work out your plan for safety measures before you meet head on. If a collision seems unavoidable, don't panic. You should try to steer your way out of it and do anything to keep from hitting head on. If you must strike another car or object, try to do so at a slant. If there is any choice, select softest thing to hit. This might be the ditch instead of another vehicle. Sometimes it is possible to avoid a disaster by deliberately throwing your car into a skid. Keep your car in good mechanical condition. In emergency situations it may suffer considerable strain and stress. If the tires are inflated properly, the shock absorbers and steering related parts are in proper order and free from defects, your chances of survival will be greater. DEER AUTOMOBILE COLLISIONS Each year numerous collisions occur in Georgia due to deer. Although hunting will keep deer herds in check, the potential for an accident always exists. Understanding common habits of deer and knowing what to do when a deer runs out in front of the car can help to avoid serious accidents. Automobile accident statistics from the Georgia State Patrol indicate that though deer -automobile collisions are on the rise, they still account for less than three percent of automobile accidents reported each year. It is important to remember that deer are wild animals and are very unpredictable. The deer you see calmly standing on the side of the road may bolt into the road rather than away from it when startled by a car. In areas with known deer populations, drivers should constantly scan the road and road shoulders for deer movements and sightings. Always slow down when a deer crosses the road in front of you or another car. Deer usually travel in groups and there likely is another one following closely behind. If a deer is spotted on the road or roadside at night, the driver should slow down immediately, blink their headlights and switch to low beam so as not to blind the deer. Also short horn blasts should help scare the deer from the road. Should the deer or other animal run out in front of your car, slow down as much as possible to minimize the damage of a collision. Don't swerve to avoid a deer because you may collide with another car and cause more damage. If you do have an accident, call the police as soon as possible. Most insurance companies will require an accident report from the police before paying claims for those vehicles covered by collision insurance. Deer are usually seen along the roadside during the early morning hours and late evening. Drivers should be alert for deer during these peak hours. Deer are most active in the fall months of October, November and December during the peak breeding season. Also late February and early March are critical months for deer-car collisions. During this period they concentrate along road shoulders to feed on new green food available following a long hard winter. There's little you can do when a deer crashes into your car of its own accord. Fortunately, many collisions are avoidable, if you take precautions, slow down and know something about their habits. 54 OTHER EMERGENCIES Fire Apply mud, dirt, dust or snow. Check ditch for water. Use hub cap to carry water or wet wearing apparel. Loosen dirt with tire tool. Flooded Engine Press gas pedal to floor. Do not pump gas pedal. Run starter steadily. Let pedal up when engine starts. Accelerator Jammed Slap pedal hard with foot. Turn off ignition (but not to lock position). Use brakes. Shift to neutral. Concentrate on steering. Brakes Fail Use parking brakes. Shift to lower gear. Rub tires on curb. Look for safer area to stop. Wet Brakes Test brakes lightly after driving through deep water. Brakes may pull to one side or may not hold at all. Dry brakes by driving slowly in low gear while applying brakes lightly. Emotions Affect Your Driving If you are emotionally upset, don't take a chance on driving. Persons who have just had violent arguments, or who are angry or in grief, need some time for "cooling-off"ormakingan adjustment beforetheydrivea car. Taking it out behind the wheel on streets and highways is extremely dangerous and can prove an exper::;ive way to expend emotions. Alcohol: Most Abused Drug In America. There are several things you should remember about alcohol: 1. Alcohol is not a stimulant, it is a depressant, it slows normal reactions, interferes with judgement, and reduces alertness. 2. It isa common myth that if you stick to beer or wine, you won't get drunk. It is the amount of alcohol which enters the blood that causes the problem, not the form in which you take it. 3. If you've had too much to drink, coffee, food or milk will not sober you. For the average person, it takes one hour for the effects of one drink to wear off. 55 Probability of Accidents 40% 30% Intoxicated: Irresponsible Drinking particularly when driving 20% 10% Risky when drinking combined with driving Symptomatic of a drinking problem 0.05% 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% Number of 1oz. Drinks of 86 proof whiskey for 160 lb. man within 2 hours of eating Implied Consent Georgia's implied consentlaw, means that a person operating a motor vehicle on a public street or highway is automatically giving his permission for a test of alcoholic or drug content of his blood, breath, or urine, whenever requested to do so by an officer who has grounds to believe the driver is driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 56 Chapter 6 After You Get Your License The State of Georgia considers dangerous, negligent, or incompetent drivers to be a menace to the safety of the general public; therefore, you must not abuse your privilege to drive or you may lose it. As long as you remain a resident of Georgia, your driving record will be on file with the Department of Public Safety. Your license May Be Taken Away There are three ways by which you may lose your driving privileges: Cancellation: The Department of Public Safety is authorized to cancel your license if you fail to give the required or correct information needed in your application or if you are otherwise ineligible. You may reapply once you satisfy the requirements. Revocation: When your license is revoked your driving privileges are terminated and withdrawn until the end of the period of time prescribed by the formal action of the Department. At the expiration of the revocation period, you may apply for a new license. Suspension: When your license is suspended, your driving privilege is temporarily withdrawn for a specific period of time. Inquiries regarding suspension actions and license reinstatement procedures should be directed to address indicated below or your nearest local State Patrol office: Georgia Department of Public Safety Revocation and Suspension Section P. 0. Box 1456 Atlanta, Georgia 30371-2303 (404) 657-9300 Mandatory Suspension The Department shall mandatorily suspend a license for a conviction of any of the following offenses in Georgia or any other state: 1. Homicide by vehicle. 2. A conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. 3. Any felony in the commission of which a motor vehicle is used. 4. Using a motor vehicle in fleeing or attempting to elude an officer. 5. Fraudulent or fictitious use of, or application for a license. 6. Hit and run or leaving the scene of an accident. 7. Racing. 8. Failure to maintain minimum liability insurance coverage (No Fault). 57 9. The Department is authorized to suspend your license if its records or other evidence shows that you have accumulated 15 points within 24 months under the point system, including violations committed out-of-state. Points are accumulated for: a. Reckless Driving ...................................................................... 4 points b. Unlawful passing school bus .................................................... 6 points c. Improper passing on hill or curve ............................................. 4 points d. Speeding 15 mph but less than 19 mph ........................................ 2 points 19 mph but less than 24 mph ........................................ 3 points 24 mph but less than 34 mph ........................................ 4 points 34 mph or more ............................................................. 6 points e. Disobedience of any traffic-control device or traffic officer ....... 3 points f. Possessing an open container of an alcoholic beverage while driving ............................................................................. 2 points g. Failure to adequately secure a load ......................................... 2 points h. All other moving violations ....................................................... 3 points At the time of the suspension, the points shall be reduced to 0 points. 10. If you refuse to take a chemical test for intoxication, then your license will be suspended for 12 months. 11. Your license will be suspended for a failure to maintain minimum liability coverage of any automobile which you may own or operate. 12. Conviction for driving without insurance is a 60/90 day suspension. 13. If convicted for driving while license is suspended, revoked or canceled, your drivers license will be further suspended for six months. 14. If you fail to appear in court or respond to a citation, your license may be suspended indefinately. 15. Your drivers license will be suspended if you are convicted of possession, distribution, manufacture, cultivation, sale ortransferof a controlled substance or marijuana. 58 Mandatory Revocation Your driver's license will be revoked in Georgia, or any other state, if you are convicted of one of the following: 1. For any third conviction of a mandatorily suspendable offense within 5 years. 2. Refusal to submit to a re-examination of driving skill or knowledge of driving rules after receiving notice giving reasonable grounds for such a request. 3. If there is sufficient evidence of incompetence or unfitness to drive, due to incapabilities by reason of disease, mental or physical disability, or by alcohol or drug addiction. You will be declared a habitual violator. This is a five-year revocation. Reporting Convictions After a conviction of a traffic offense, the court will forward notice of that conviction to the Department. Limited Driving Permits If you are suspended for a first mandatory conviction, a first DUI conviction, or a first or second points suspension or insurance suspension, you may be eligible to apply for a limited permit. Limited Driving Permits may be obtained for: 1. Going to your place of employment or performing the normal duties of your occupation. 2. Not having a form of transportation to receive prescribed medical attention or obtaining prescribed drugs. 3. Attending classes at a college or other regularly scheduled school in which you are enrolled. 4. Attending a driver education, or assessment and treatment program court order. 5. To & from Ignition Interlock Centers. The Department may specify specific places you may travel to, specific routes of travel, times of travel, specific vehicles or other restrictions the Department may deem necessary. A limited permit will be non-renewable and will become invalid on the expiration date of permit. 59 ACCIDENTS If You Are Involved In An Accident 1. Stop immediately in a safe place. 2. Warn other traffic. Use flares when they are available. 3. Help anyone who may be hurt. 4. Notify the nearest law enforcement agency immediately if anyone is injured, killed or if property damage exceeds $500.00. 5. Give your name, address, license plate number, and driver's license number to anyone else who was involved in the accident. Get the same information from the other driver. 6. If you damage an unattended vehicle, you must either locate the owner or leave your name, address, and the name of the owner of vehicle you were driving, in a conspicuous place where the owner will find it. Aiding the Injured Do not assume that a person is not injured simply because he says he is not. Send for professional help as soon as possible. Unskilled handling can do more harm than good. Do not move or lift the victim unless it is absolutely necessary. If he is moved get help and try not to change the position in which he was found. Stop serious bleeding with thick cloth pads, as clean as possible, applied with pressure by hand. Keep the victim warm. Cover him with blankets or coats, if necessary. SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES LAW The purpose of this law is to remove irresponsible drivers from Georgia highways and to protect insured motorists from uninsured motorists. Suspension of License and Registration For Failure To Respond To A Claim For Damage Resulting From An Accident. 1. In the event you should fail to satisfy a claim for damage resulting from a motor vehicle accident, and a claim is filed against you under the Safety Responsibility Law, you will receive an order suspending your license, registration, and plates for one year. To avoid the suspension, you may a. If you were covered by liability insurance, have your carrier file Form SR21 with the Safety Responsibility Unit, or b. File with the Safety Responsibility Unit a release, either general or conditional, signed by the claimant, or 60 c. Post security, which may be cashier's check, certified check, money order, real property bond or surety bond, in addition to posting of financial responsibility, Form SR-22A. d. Any security or bond posted with the Safety Responsibility Unit, will be held for one year and thereafter until proof is furnished to the Department that you have not been sued as a result of the accident. 2. You are entitled to a pre-suspension hearing, if desired, and if requested within ten (10) days of the issue date of the order of suspension. 40-6-275. Duty to remove vehicle from roadway of expressway or multi-lane highway; removal of incapacitated vehicle from state highway. ThisCode section shall apply to motor vehicle traffic accidents which will occur on the expressways and multi-lane highways of this state. When a motor vehicle traffic accident occurs with no personal injury, death, or extensive property damage, it shall be the duty of the drivers of the motor vehicles involved in such traffic accident, or any other occupant of any such motor vehicle who possesses a valid driver's license, to remove said vehicles from the immediate confines of the roadway into a safe refuge on the shoulder, emergency lane, or median, or a place otherwise removed from the roadway whenever such moving of a vehicle can be done safely and the vehicle is capable of being normally and safely driven, does not require towing, and can be operated under its own power in its customary manner without further damage or hazard to itself, to the traffic elements, orto the roadway. The driverof any such motor vehicle may request any such person who possesses a valid driver's license to remove any such motor vehicle as provided in this Code section and any such person so requested shall be authorized to comply with such request. (d) The driver or any other such person who has removed a motor vehicle from the main traveled way of the road as provided in the subsection (c) of this Code section before the arrival of a police officer shall not be considered liable or at fault regarding the cause of the accident solely by reason of moving the vehicle pursuantto this Code section. (e) This Code section shall not abrogate or affect a driver's duty to file the written report required by Code Section 40-9-30, but compliance with the requirements of this Code section shall not allow a driver to be prosecuted for his failure to stop and immediately report a traffic accident. (f) This Code section shall not abrogate or affect a driver's duty to stop and give information in accordance with the law, nor shall it relieve a police officer of his duty to render a report in accordance with the law. 61 Chapter7 MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR LICENSE REQUIREMENTS AClass M license, or a Class M endorsement on another class of license, is required to operate, legally, a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle in Georgia. Every motor vehicle having a saddle for the use of the rider and designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact with the ground, but excluding a tractor and moped, are defined as motorcycles. Georgia law places all types of motorcycles (including scooters, motorbikes and minibikes) into one classification. All are considered motor-driven cycles. CLASS M - LICENSE REQUIREMENTS 1. Must be 16 years of age and have parental consent, if under 18. 2. Must successfully complete a motorcycle examination which includes special road signs test, a special road rules test and an actual driving test on a motorcycle. 3. You must also pass a visual acuity test. If the vision test was administered and passed during the year, the eye test may be waived. 4. If the applicant meets the established requirements for a Class M license, and he also possesses a Class C or combination of other classes of permits, that license must be surrendered and a photographic license containing the Class M endorsement will be issued. The applicant will not be given a refund for the remaining period of validity of the other license, but such endorsements would run concurrently with the Class M endorsement. CLASS M - INSTRUCTIONAL PERMIT All applicants must pass an eye test and an examination of motorcycle knowledge. An issued Class M instruction permit is valid for 6 months, after which time the applicant may return to the issuing station and take a road test. It is not mandatory for a Class M license applicant to obtain a Class M Instructional Permit before taking the Class M examination. Restrictions for a Class M instructional permit are the following: 1. Must be at least 16 years old and have parental consent if under 18. 2. Motorcycle operation in daylight hours only. 3. No passengers allowed. 4. No limited access roadways. 5. Safety equipment as prescribed by law. 62 SHARING THE ROAD WITH MOTORCYCLES 63 SHARING THE ROAD WITH MOTORCYCLES 'rday's motorcycle riders are friends, relatives, and neighbors, but many car drivers still have not adjusted to motorcycles appearing in traffic. Traveling by motorcycle is appealing to some people; they are fuel and space efficient... and can be just plain fun to ride. But there is a flip side: motorcyclists are more vulnerable to injury than a car driver if involved in an accident. Research shows that over two-thirds of the car/motorcycle accidents are the result of a car driver turning in front of the motorcyclist. Motorcycles and cars need to mix in traffic without causing harm to each other. To do so, we need to understand more about motorcycles, and why riders do some of the things they do. 64 SIZE Motorcycles present a narrow silhouette and are usually much shorter in length than an automobile. The small profile ofthe motorcycle may make it appear farther away and traveling slower than it actually is. Because it is difficult to judge the motorcycle's distance and speed, car drivers need to take a second look, and then a third. Its small size also makes it more difficult to spot in traffic than another car. Some motorcyclists take advantage of their small size and maneuverability. They may cut between cars and put themselves in places where drivers cannot see them. Be alert for a motorcycle to appear unexpectedly. f= ft>. ~ l l \~ :- :r@-- ) ~ " /---~.~.o \ ,: , MAKE SURE YOU SEE THE MOTORCYCLE AND KNOW ITS SPEED BEFORE YOU START TO TURN OR ENTER AN INTERSECTION. 65 LANE POSITION Because ofa motorcycle's size, its position within a lane oftraffic will change as traffic conditions change. The motorcyclist will position himself in the lane to see and be seen. Often, this means riding in the left portion of the traffic lane to allow a better view of some traffic and road situations. It also makes the motorcycle more visible to other traffic. However, as traffic and road conditions change, the rider may move. This move could be to the center of the lane or even to the right side to avoid traffic or to be seen by others on the road. Most drivers take for granted the ability oftheir automobile to handle minor road hazards such as potholes or railroad tracks. Minor problems for the four-wheeled vehicle can be major problems for motorcycles. The cyclist will change position within the lane to increase the distance from potential hazards. These lateral movements sometimes occur suddenly. Motorists need to be alert for these sudden changes in position and direction, and drive accordingly. Respect the vehicle space of a motorcycle and its position in traffic. Motorcycles are allowed the full width of a lane in which to maneuver. Refrain from sharing a lane with a motorcyclist. It restricts the rider's ability to avoid hazardous situations. 66 INTERSECTIONS Intersections are the most likely places for car/motorcycle collisions to occur. As stated earlier, this usually is the result of a car driver NOT SEEING the motorcycle and turning into the motorcycle's path. Misinterpreting a rider's intentions can also lead to problems. A cyclist will change lane position to prepare for upcoming traffic conditions. The rider will move to one side of the lane in preparation for a turn or possibly to move away from a hazard unseen by other motorists. Do not assume the rider's intention until the maneuver is unmistakably started, such as a turn into an intersection or driveway. Also, turn signals do not automatically shut off on a motorcycle and riders occasionally forget to cancel them after a turn is completed. Make sure you know what the rider is going to do BEFORE you move into the motorcycle's path. 67 FOLLOWING DISTANCE /7 When driving behind a motorcycle, allow at least a 2-second following distance. This provides the cyclist enough room to maneuver or stop in an emergency. Due to itsvulnerable nature and the difficulty motorists have injudginga motorcycle's speed and distance, space between the two vehicles should be increased to avoid sudden braking. Both riders and drivers are more likely to make incorrect decisions ifthere is not enough stopping distance or ability to see and react to conditions. This leads to accidents. A rider's chances of injury is greater ifforced to avoid obstacles ahead, as well as a driver following too closely. 68 PASSING AND BEING PASSED ------- ~ ~ I , I .,.-- . _, ~/ ~- ~\ The rules for passing other vehicles are similar for motorcycles. The motorist being overtaken by a cycle should maintain lane position and speed. Allow the cyclist to complete the pass and assume proper lane position as quickly as possible. When passing a motorcycle, allow a full lane to the motorcycle. Never crowd into the same lane as the cycle. Returning to the original lane too soon can force a rider to swerve to the right into traffic or off the road. OPERATORS LICENSE Motorcycles are different to operate than an automobile; they require special knowledge and skills. It only makes sense that a motorcycle operator license be required. Most states now have a separate knowledge and skill test that must be completed for motorcycle operation. Passing both tests qualifies the rider for an additional endorsement to their license allowing motorcycle operation. Also, motorcycles must be registered and insured to the same standards as an automobile. What all this means is, motorcycles are a full partner in the traffic mix and must be treated with the same courtesies. Watch for the unexpected and give them their share of the road; a rider may be the neighbor next door. This section is provided through the oourtesy of the Motorcycle Safety Foundation. The information generally relates to many d~fering vehicles, riding styles and environments. The Motorcycle Safety Foundation disclaims any liabilny for the applicabilny in specific situations. 69 There's only one license for people who carry a lot of weight! The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 (CMVSA) A NEW LAW FOR TRUCK AND BUS DRIVERS. Who is Considered a "Commercial Driver"? The new law affects anyone who drives a vehicle that: weighs 26,001 pounds or more (gross vehicle weight rating); is designed to carry 16 or more passengers (including the driver) in any weight class; or transports hazardous materials (requiring a placard, as defined by DOT regula tions) in any weight class. Passed by the 99th Congress, the President signed the CMVSA on October 27, 1986. This new law has three principal goals: 1. To improve driver quality. 2. To remove problem drivers from the highways. 3. To establish a system that will prevent commercial motor vehicle drivers from having more than one license. TheActrecognizesthatdrivingcertaintypesofvehiclescallsforspecialskills, knowledge and physical characteristics. It also addresses a serious problem involving multiple drivers licenses. By securing licenses from more than one jurisdiction, some commercial drivers have previously avoided suspensions and penalties for driving violations. By hiding convictions among licensing records of several states, their 'complete' driving record had never surfaced and they stayed on the roads. What does this new law mean to ME? Beginning July 1, 1987: The CMVSA/86 makes it iIlegal for a commercial driver to have more than one driver license. There are a few temporary exceptions (several states have laws requiring special non-resident licenses for some commercial drivers. Although those laws will be changing in the next several years, commercial drivers should keep the licenses which are excepted from: Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, New Hampshire, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). Drivers who hold extra licenses issued to them by states other than their home state MUST surrender these extra licenses to the state(s) that issued them or they will be in violation of federal law and could be fined up to $2500.00. 70 Commercial drivers MUST report any convictions of moving violations in a commercial motor vehicle to their home state of licensing and to their employer. Commercial drivers MUST notify their employer if their driver license has been suspended, revoked, cancelled or if they are disqualified under the CMVSA/86. When applying for a new driving job, commercial drivers must provide an employment history of the prior ten years. An employer MAY NOT ALLOW an employee to operate a commercial motor vehicle if the employer knows the employee's driver license is suspended, revoked, cancelled, if the employee has been disqualified under the CMVSA/86 or if the employee has more than one driver license (except in those cases where temporary exceptions are allowed.) FEDERAL DISQUALIFICATION - A new 'federal disqualification' will begin (Federal Disqualification are in regard to the commercial driving privilege). A commercial driver will be disqualified by the U.S. Department of Transportation for a specific period of time, depending on the violation: Disqualification of 60 davs -Any commercial driver who, in a three year period, commits two serious traffic violations in a commercial motor vehicle. Disqualification ofnot less than 120 davs - Any commercial driver who, in a three year period, commits three serious traffic violations in a commercial motor vehicle. NOTE: Georgia's serious traffic violations are: reckless driving, any traffic control violation in connection with a fatal accident, excessive speeding and other violations which may be later defined by the Department of Transportation. Disqualification of one (1 Jvear- If a commercial driver is found to have been convicted for the first time of any of the following violations: - driving a commercial motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or other drugs; - leaving the scene of any accident while driving a commercial motor vehicle; or - operating a commercial motor vehicle while committing a felony. Disqualification of three (3) vears - If a commercial driver is found to have been conviction of any of the above three violations while carrying hazardous materials. 71 Longer disgualifications - Second violations of any of the above three violations can lead to a longer disqualification, up to a lifetime disqualification. NOTE: These federal disqualifications are the minimum established by the CMVSA/86. It is possible that individual states may include violations that would disqualify and further penalize commercial motor vehicle drivers. Chapter 1 - 3, SECTION II These sections apply only to drivers who are exempted from the commercial drivers license. EXEMPTIONS ARE: FARM VEHICLES (controlled and operated by a farmer within 150 miles of the farm) MILITARY (military personnel driving military machines) AREFIGHTING EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT There is a separate manual available for Commercial drivers. These may be obtained at your local drivers license examining stations. 72 SECTION II - CLASSIFIED LICENSES A and B Chapter 1 Class B - Non - Commercial Failure to Qualify If the applicant for a Class B license fails to qualify on the eye test, a license will not be issued. a. If the applicant passes vision, knowledge and road signs test, but fails to provide an affidavit (DPS-36), he may be issued a Class B instructional permit for a 6 month period. b. If, at the time of qualifying, 3.n affidavit (DPS36) of driving skill is furnished, a photographic license with a Class B endorsement will be provided. Safety Practice for Truck Drivers 1. A cautious driver approaches intersections with his foot resting on the brake pedal, ready to stop if necessary. 2. If intending to turn right, you must signal your intention for an adequate distance to alert all following or approaching motorists. 3. If intending to turn left on a one-way street, the driver pulls into the left lane as soon as practical. He must signal for an adequate distance to alert all motorists before making the turn. 4. On a two-way street, he places his truck so that the left wheels are to the right of the center of the road and must signal for an adequate distance to alert other motorists of his intention to turn. 5; If pulling into a loading zone, a truck driver approaches the curb at a speed which will allow a slow smooth stop. He angles the bus toward a corner after the rear door of the truck is beyond parked vehicles along the curb. He applies brakes smoothly and steadily, instead of "fanning". 6. Before starting, the driver makes certain the doors are closed. If he is at an intersection, he makes sure he has a "go" signal, and that no pedestrian or vehicles are in the way. He does not attempt to pass a moving vehicle in or at an intersection. He makes a smooth start and picks up speed gradually. 7. If he is moving straight ahead, he moves slowly and parallel with the curb until he is in the center of the intersection, constantly checking the vehicular and pedestrian traffic situation both ahead and to the rear. 73 8. If making a right turn, he checks to the rear, alongside, and straight ahead, and angles the truck at about a 30 degree angle toward the center of the street until the front end of the truck is about 10feetfromthe curb. He begins the turning movement when the front wheels are pastthe curbline or objects which must be cleared. He turns the steering wheel evenly and checks with vehicles or other objects on the left. He gradually straightens out the truck. In turning and receiving the steering wheel he may use the "hand-over-hand" or the "push-pull" technique. Most experts recommend the latter. 9. When turning and changing lanes, he must be especially careful to check and make sure no motorists are traveling in his blind spots. 10. In a backing truck, the driver should use all mirrors and a reliable person to observe for other traffic and pedestrians. 74 Maneuvering Your Truck - -- .- -- 1/ - - - - - - - - >~ / I. . I - t" ~ ~A STANCH,ON The above diagram illustrates the proper maneuver for backing into a designated space which is required when making certain types of deliveries. STANCHION t FORWARD - ~ -:..-_-_- ~ - - - --:> BACKWARD The above diagram illustrates the proper procedure for maneuvering a vehicle into an alley on a narrow street and a stop so that the rear of the vehicle is in a squared position against a platform. 75 The above diagram illustrates the proper procedure for maneuvering a vehicle in a straight line forward and backward in a limited area and how to properly judge side, front and rear clearance. 76 Chapter 2 Class A - The Tractor-Trailer Drivers License Non-Commercial Failure to Qualify If the applicant for a Class A license fails to qualify on the eye test, a license will not be issued. a. If the applicant passes the vision, knowledge and road signs tests, but fails to provide an affidavit (DPS-36), he may be issued a Class A instructional permit for a 6 month period. b. if at the time of qualifying an affidavit (DPS-36) of driving skill is furnished, a photographic license with your Class A endorsement will be provided. Curves Curves must always be taken at a reduced speed consistent with the available sight distance, the sharpness oft he curve and other prevailing road and traffic conditions. When rounding a curve, the rear of any vehicle follows a substantially shorter path than the front. This is true with any type of four-wheeled vehicle from a coaster-wagon to the largesttractor-semitrailercombination. In trucker's language, this is called "off-track."The greater the distance between the front and rear wheels and the sharper the turn, the greater the off-track. Th us, the path taken by the rear of the vehicle becomes almost as important as that taken by the front. On a left curve, tractor must keep close to the outside shoulder. 77 On a right curve, tractor must keep close to center of road. On the open highway, the driver must be trained to keep the front of the vehicle toward the center of the road on a right curve sothatthe rear will nottravel off the pavement. On a left curve, the front of the vehicle must be held toward the outside of the curve so that the rear will not cut short into a lane of opposing traffic. Tums Turning a large vehicle requires more care and specialized knowledge than turning a passenger car. Operators of large vehicles have certain factors to bear in mind. You must be especially careful to watch the "off-track" of your back wheels. For a given turn of the steering wheel, the rear wheels follow a shorter path than the front wheels. Allow for this on all turns so that your vehicle does not strike another vehicle or object causing an accident. Be careful to avoid swinging wide when making a right turn. Otherwise, there is the danger that some other driver will try to pass on your right. It is safestto swing wide into the street you are entering as you make the turn. When the traffic light is green and you are waiting to make a left turn, move your tractor to the center of the intersection before making the turn so that the rear of the vehicle will follow a proper path without cutting too short. Backing The control of a single-unit truck while backing is the same as for a passenger car. The steering wheel is turned in the same direction in which it is desired to move the back end of the vehicle. In backing a tractor-trailer, the steering wheel must be turned in a direction opposite to that in which it is desired to move the rear of the trailer. When backing a vehicle, both rearview mirrors should be used. 78 SPECIAL RULES Straight truck or bus turning a corner, showing minimum swing-out possible without cutting the curb. A vehicle should be backed slowly because, even with two mirrors, vision 1s limited. There is always a "blind spot" to the rear which a mirror cannot reflect. When no observer is present, you should leave your "rig" and personally check the path it will take you when you back it up. The tractor must follow an S-shaped course to bring the trailer around smoothly. 79 Loading and Unloading 1. Plan your route to keep backing at a minimum. Never back into traffic if you can avoid it as many commercial vehicle accidents occur when a vehicle is being backed. 2. Be sure to inspect your line of travel before backing by walking around your vehicle. 3. Even when a helper is directing you, you are responsible for safe backing. Be sure your helper is in a position where he has a clear view and where his signals can be seen and heard by you and other users of the highway. 4. When body door must be opened prior to backing up to a dock, be sure they are properly fastened in position so that they will not swing or strike an object. 5. When spotting trucks or trailers at a platform, precautions should be taken to guard against rollaways. Always block the trailer wheels when leaving a trailer spotted alone. Proper Brake Use 1. Brakes should be applied with steady pressure at the beginning of a stop and then eased off as the vehicle slows down. Just before the vehicle comes to a complete stop, brakes should be released to avoid jerk and rebound, and then applied again to hold vehicle while it is stopped. 2. Brakes should not be fanned (alternately applied and released) except on slippery pavement where this type of braking gives a shorter stop. Fanning brakes serves no useful purpose on dry pavement. This practice causes rapid overheating of the brakes and wastes air pressure. It can leave you without effective brakes when you need them most. 3. Great care must be taken to avoid excessive use of brakes on a long downgrade. Drivers should use engine compression as the principal means of controlling speed on long grades and in mountainous terrain. They should use the same gear in descending a long grade as they would in climbing it. 4. If the low-air pressure warning activates at anytime, the driver must stop immediately in the safest available place and correct the loss of pressure before preceeding. 5. The trailer hand valve (trolly brake) has a limited purpose. It may be used as a hill-holder or to prevent jack-knifing. It is also used in testing a hookup, but it should not be used for any other purpose. 6. If your brakes should fail on a level road you should downshift and use engine compression to slow down your vehicle. 80 Parking To insure that a unit will stay in position when parked, the following precauti9-ns must be observed to prevent a runaway vehicle: 1. Set parking brakes in power unit. 2. Place transmission in lowest forward gear or reverse. 3. If vehicle is equipped with two-speed axle, the axle must be in low range when the vehicle is parked. 4. If vehicle is equipped with auxiliary transmission, the transmission must be in low range when the vehicle is parked. 5. Block the unit. 6. Under no circumstances may a driver use the trailer hand valve to hold a parked unit. Coupling and Uncoupling Tractor-Trailers A. Coupling 1. Back the tractor so that the 5th wheel opening is in a direct line with the trailer kingpin. 2. Back slowly and stop just before the 5th wheel makes contact with the trailer apron plate. Secure tractor. 3. Check to see if 5th wheel coupler is open. Check the height of 5th wheel with the trailer apron. If the trailer is too high or too low, make the proper adjustment by raising or lowering landing supports. 4. Connect air lines and electrical cord socket to trailer. Apply and release trailer brakes several times to determine if air is reaching trailer brakes. Air lines are connected incorrectly if the air is not escaping from the exhaust valve at the rear of the trailer. 5. Re-apply trailer brakes to lock trailer wheels. Back under trailer until 5th wheel coupler engages with the trailer kingpin, locking it automatically. 6. Check the coupling by gently pulling the tractor forward with the trailer brakes locked. 7. Secure the tractor and trailer and check under the trailer to see if the 5th wheel coupler is locked around the kingpin. 8. Raise landing wheels or supports. 81 B. Uncoupling ,1. Line up tractor and trailer in straight line. 2. Lower landing wheels and block the trailer wheels. Make sure landing wheels are lowered on solid level ground. Place planks or similar material under landing wheels if necessary to prevent them from sinking into soft ground. 3. Uncouple brake hoses and light cords and make sure they are clear. 4. Pull coupler release lever to disengage 5th wheel jaws from trailer kingpin. 5. Pull out from under the trailer slowly to permit landing gear to take up the load gradually. Lighting and Reflector Requirements For Tractor-Trailers Three Amber Two Amber Clearance Lamps REAR HEAD LAMPS Two Red Tail Lamps-One Each Side Two Red Stop Lamps-One Each Side Two Red Reflectors-One Each Side (Lamps and/or reflectors may be incorporated) Note: The clearance and identification lamp requirements apply only to common and contract carriers. 82 Three Amber Identification Lamps FRONT Two Amber Clearance Lamps REAR Three Red Identification Lamps Two Red Clearance Lamps One White License Plate Lamp Amber Side Marker Lamp Two Red Tail Lamps - One Each Side Two Red Stop Lamps - One Each Side Two Red Reflectors - One Each Side ( Lamps and/or reflectors may be incorporated) ON EACH SIDE Amber Side Marker Lamp Red Side Marker Lamp Amber Intermediate side marker lamp and reflector required only on trailers measuring 30 feet or n1ore in length. 83 Chapter 3 Supplementary Information For All Class Applicants Special Equipment Requirements for Common or Contract Carriers 1. Flares, Fuses, or Reflectors: It is unlawful to operate a truck, bus or truck tractor licensed and registered with the Interstate Commerce Commission unless the vehicle is carrying the following: At least three flares, or three red electric lanterns, or three portable red emergency reflectors. In daylight hours two red flags must be carried and used in place of flare, lights, or reflectors, however, it is recommended that three flares always be carried. Motor vehicles transporting explosives, flammable liquids, flammable gases, or any motor vehicle using compressed gas as fuel must not use flares, fuses, or any signals produced by flame. The first thing the driver of a disabled vehicle must do is flash the front and rear signals simultaneously as a hazardous warning and allow them to flash until flares, lanterns, or reflectors have been stationed. (See diagrams) f-JCXJ-t e DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS FLAGS t')'}{?Jt){)t)')f.6iVi DE b HIGHWAY i?'?{t{)J?t{){t? .ONE WAY + 84 ONE WAY. 200' _ __, )< /: - --- /> ____- e -----... ,s--lQQ-~ NOT LESS THAN 100' OR MORE THAN 500' : 2. Fire Extinguisher: a. All school buses, and trucks must carry a chemical type fire extinguisher of at least one quart capacity. b. Tractor-trailers or vehicles hauling explosives must carry not less than one fire extinguisher of at least one quart capacity. 3. Turn Signal Indicators: All motor vehicles, trailers, semi-trailers, or pole trailers (except motorcycles, mopeds and certain trailers) must be equipped with electrical turn signals when the body or load of the vehicle or combination of vehicles extend more than 24 inches from the center of the steering wheel, or the rear limit of the body or load exceeds more than 14 feet from the center of the top of the steering wheel. 4. Mud Flaps: All buses, trucks, full trailers, semi-trailers, and pole trailers must be equipped with safety guards or mud flaps behind the rear wheels which are at least as wide as the tires. These flaps must have a ground clearance of not more than one-half of the distance from the center of the rear most axle to the center of the flaps and are for the purpose of preventing the slinging of mud, slush, and gravel. 5. Lamp or Flag on Projecting Load: Whenever the load upon any vehicle extends to the rear 4 feet or more beyond the bed or body of such vehicle, there must be displayed at the extreme rear end of the load, at anytime lights are required, a red light or lantern plainly visible from a distance of at least 500 feet to the sides and rear. The red light or lantern will be in addition to a red flag or cloth not less than 12 inches square and must be displayed at the extreme rear end of any such load in a mannerthat makes the entire area visible to the driver of the vehicle approaching from the rear. 85 6. Rear Vision Mirrors: Every bus, truck and truck-trailer must be equipped with two rear vision mirrors, one at each side firmly attached to the outside of the vehicle and located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway to the rear along both sides of the vehicle. Only one outside mirror is required, at the driver's side, on trucks which are so constructed that the driver has a view to the rear with an interior mirror. 7. Brake Warning Device: Buses, trucks, and truck-trailers must be equipped with a signal that provides a warning to the driver when a failure occurs in the vehicle's service brake system. 8. Unlawful Tires: It is unlawful to operate on a highway any vehicle with wheels having cleats, lugs, flanges, spikes or other extensions on the rim which would damage the road. This does not prevent the use of tire chains in snow or ice. Size Limitations 1. Height: No vehicle, including the load it is hauling, may be more than 13 feet and 6 inches in height from ground to the top of load. The driver is responsible for determining that his load will safely pass under any bridge or overpass on his route. 2. Width: Vehicles, including the load it is hauling, may not be more than 8 feet wide without a permit. 3. Length: The maximum length allowed for a single motor vehicle or combination of vehicles is 55 feet. (Exceptions: Pole trailers and other trailers of a similar type may not exceed 75 feet in length and automobile carriers may not exceed 60 feet in length). 4. Weight Limits: The maximum weight allowed for any vehicle or combination of vehicles.including the load is 80,000 pounds. Vehicle Equipped With: High Pressure, pneumatic, solid rubber or cushion tires Low pressure pneumatic tires Maximum Weight Per Wheel 8,000 lb+ 13 % 9,000 lb+ 13% Maximum Weight Per Axle 16,000 lb+ 13% 18,000 lb+ 13% 5. Unloading: If the gross weight of your vehicle is found to exceed the maximum gross weight allowed by law plus a tolerance of 13%, you may be required to unload down to the limit provided by law plus the tolerance, or if the axle weight is found to exceed the maximum allowed, the driver may be required to rearrange the cargo or unload the vehicle to the limits provided. 6. Special Permits: Anyone wishing to operate a vehicle whose length, width, height, or weight is in excess of the limitations, must obtain a special permit from the State Department of Transportation, prior to operating the vehicle upon the streets and highways of Georgia. 86 Operating Rules 1. Coasting: The driver of a truck, tractor-trailer, or bus when traveling upon a downgrade must not coast with the clutch disengaged. 2. Fol/owing:When one truck is following another truck or vehicle it must keep far enough back to allow another vehicle to overtake and enter the space between them safely. (This does not prevent a truck from overtaking and passing another vehicle.) 3. Improper Signaling: Under no circumstances, even when traveling on a level highway, should a driver use turn signals to indicate that it is safe to pass. Such use only tends to confuse other drivers since the basic meaning of a signal is to indicate a turn into an intersection, road, or that the driver is pulling into another lane or pass a slow-moving vehicle. 4. Railroad Grade Crossing: a. Any school bus carrying a school child and all other buses carrying passengers for hire must stop at all railroad grade crossings unless a traffic signal or police officer directs traffic to proceed. b. All super-heavy equipment such as caterpillar tractors, steam shovels, derricks, rollers, etc., must notify the proper railroad authorities prior to making a crossing so that the necessary precautions may be taken. c. Any vehicle carrying explosives or flammable liquids must stop within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of the railroad.The shifting of gears on railroad crossings must be avoided because of the danger of stalling on the tracks. Safety Practices 1. Clearances: Drivers of larger vehicles must know their vehicles weight and width and watch for clearance signs on bridges and underpasses. They should plan their proposed routes before hand to take into consideration such potential hazards as steep and winding hills, low clearance of overhead structures and low weight limits on bridges. They can avoid dangerous situations by changing their route. They must remember that road repairs, rough roads, ice, floods, or empty equipment may cause difficulty where clearance normally Is adequate. If no alternate route is possible, the safe driver makes certain he follows instructions contained in danger signs posted where perilous conditions exist. 2. Improper Passing: Some truck and bus drivers have the bad habit of switching on their signals and immediately puliing into traffic when the vehicles following are too close for safety. Another bad habit is the practice of pulling out to pass another large vehicle on a multiple-lane highway when the difference in speed is so small that the maneuver obstructs following traffic for an unreasonable period of time. 87 3. Speed: A truck or bus always seems to be going faster than it really is because of its size and louder noise. Therefore, a good driver always keeps the speed of his vehicle under control. 4. Going Up Hills: Obstructing traffic while going up hills is a common complaint against truckers. Reduced speed on hills is often unavoidable, but a good driver can reduce the delay to faster traffic behind him. He can do this by keeping to the right (using 4-ways if going real slow) and allowing the faster traffic to pass. LITTER CONTROL LAW Each year City, County and State Governments spend thousands of dollars to clean up litter from streets and highways of our State. The individual who litters causes harm to the beauty of the State and affects the health, welfare and safety of others. It is the intention of the General Assembly to provide for uniform prohibition throughout the State of any and all littering on public and private property. Definitions: (a) Unless otherwise stated the word "littering"means all sand, gravel, slag, brick bats, rubbish, waste material, tin can, refuse, garbage, trash, dead animals or discarded materials of every kind and description, (b) the phrase "public or private property" means the right-of-way of any road or highway, any body of water or watercourse of the shores or beaches thereof, any park, playground, building refuge or conservation or recreation area and residential or farm properties, timberlands or forest. It is unlawful to dump, deposit, throw or leave litter on any public or private property in this State, or any waters in this State. Whenever litter is thrown, deposited, or dropped from any motor vehicle the operator of the vehicle shall have violated the Litter Control Law. All State law enforcement agencies are authorized to enforce compliance of the Litter Control Law. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction, be punished by a fine or a court may order the violator to pick up the litter from a specified area of roadway. 88