AIR PROTECTION BRANCH 2017 Air Quality Report 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Last updated: 12/10/18 Ambient Monitoring Program Informational Publication This document is published annually by the Ambient Monitoring Program, in the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. DISCLAIMER: Any reference to specific brand names is not an endorsement of that brand by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Air Protection Branch Ambient Monitoring Program 4244 International Parkway Suite 120 | Atlanta, GA 30354 Web: https://airgeorgia.org/ Phone: 404-363-7000 | 404-363-7100 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 2 Ambient Monitoring Program Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Air Quality in Georgia : 2017 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Air Monitoring FAQs ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Ambient Monitoring Website.................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Site, Laboratory, and Workshop Tours ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Community Involvement ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14 Voluntary Emissions Reductions Programs................................................................................................................................................ 15 Emissions Trends in Georgia....................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring Sites .................................................................................................................................................... 20 Criteria Pollutants ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Carbon Monoxide ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Oxides of Nitrogen....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Sulfur Dioxide .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Ozone .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Lead ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35 Particulate Matter ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Air Quality Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Photochemical Monitoring......................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Carbonyls .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Air Toxics Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Black Carbon ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Risk Assessment.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Meteorological Report ............................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ............................................................................................................................................................ 68 Appendix A: 2017 Ambient Monitoring Network Table ............................................................................................................................ 71 Appendix B: Risk Assessment Screening Values ........................................................................................................................................ 73 Appendix C: Meteorological Instruments Used in 2017 ............................................................................................................................ 74 Appendix D: Pollutant Concentrations....................................................................................................................................................... 75 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 3 Ambient Monitoring Program Page intentionally left blank 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 4 Ambient Monitoring Program Introduction EPD Mission The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) protects and restores Georgia's environment. We take the lead in ensuring clean air, water, and land. With our partners, we pursue a sustainable environment that provides a foundation for a vibrant economy and healthy communities. Who We Are This report is prepared by the Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP), a program of the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD), the State's lead environmental agency and a Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The Air Protection Branch ensures clean air in Georgia in support of Georgia EPD's mission. The environmental professionals (scientists, meteorologists, and engineers) who make this report possible make sure Georgia produces air quality data that is accurate, complete, and readily available for public use. The Air Protection Branch has six programs: 1. Ambient Monitoring 2. Mobile and Area Sources 3. Planning and Support 4. Radioactive Materials 5. Stationary Source Compliance 6. Stationary Source Permitting What We Do Monitor air quality in Georgia Forecast air quality for public use Develop plans to maintain or attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Issue permits to regulated stationary sources (industrial facilities and power plants) Enforce all state and federal requirements through compliance activities (inspections) Oversee federally required emission testing on cars 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 5 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality in Georgia: 2017 The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division's Air Protection Branch has been monitoring air quality in the State of Georgia for more than forty years. During that time, the list of monitored compounds has grown to more than 200 pollutants at 41 sites in 29 counties across the state. This monitoring is performed to protect public health and environmental quality. The resulting data is used for a broad range of regulatory and research purposes, as well as to inform the public. This report includes monitoring data from 2017 and shows that the air quality in Georgia has steadily improved over the last few decades. A lot has changed in 40 years of air quality monitoring. How are we doing as a state? 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 6 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Monitoring FAQs Where are the monitors located? Over 100 air samplers (called monitors) are located throughout Georgia that measure for nearly 200 air pollutants. These pollutants can be gaseous such as ground-level ozone, or can be very fine particles such as particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), also known as particle pollution. How are air samples collected? There are two types of collection methods depending on the pollutant and the monitor: Continuous - The air pollutant is measured continuously and the data is automatically recorded at a centralized location into a database. Non-Continuous A canister or filter is used to collect the air pollutant over a period of time (8-hr, 24-hr). A technician collects the canister or filters over a specified amount of time and takes them to an approved laboratory for analysis. How do we know the air quality data is accurate? Both the continuous and non-continuous data are screened for errors by validation specialists. When the data is certified as valid, it can be reported to the public and used to compare to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, and to previous years' data for trend information. The validated data is also used by scientists and policy makers. Validated data is used to prepare publications such as the Annual Reports and EPD's Annual Network Plan. Non-Validated data includes hourly data from continuous monitors published as the Air Quality Index (AQI) on the Georgia Air Monitoring website (https://airgeorgia.org/) and AirNow, a national air quality database. What is the Air Quality Index (AQI)? The Air Quality Index, or AQI, is a color coded indicator of what the air quality is like taking into consideration measurements of multiple pollutants including ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide. What is the air quality like where I am? Real time, hourly, air quality data for your area is available on the Georgia Air Monitoring Website at https://airgeorgia.org/. Georgia's air quality data is also uploaded to a national air quality information database called AirNow (https://airnow.gov) and available to the public in real time. Why don't we have monitoring everywhere? The number of monitoring sites and their location can vary from year to year depending on the availability of long-term space allocation, regulatory needs, and funding. The cost associated with establishing and running a monitoring station is significant. It involves maintaining equipment and collecting samples to produce quality data for public use. EPD does not own land at any of its ambient air monitoring stations, we are always either a guest or a leaseholder. Each monitoring station must meet federal siting criteria set by EPA and be approved by the landowner. Before deciding to establish a new monitoring station, EPD has to consider regulatory needs, funding limitations, and finding an appropriate location where a long-term arrangement is possible. If EPD determines a change is needed, EPA has to review and approve the changes before the changes can happen. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 7 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality FAQs What are National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)? Under the Clean Air Act, EPA is required to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for air pollutants that may be harmful to public health and the environment. There are two types of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Primary standards protect public health, including protecting populations considered "sensitive," such as children, the elderly, and asthmatics. Secondary standards protect public welfare, including protection against damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings, and decreased visibility in national parks and protected areas. The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six pollutants, called "criteria" air pollutants. These standards are periodically reviewed, as required by the Clean Air Act, and revised, as appropriate. What is `attainment?' With the criteria pollutants, a geographic area that meets or does better than the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) is called an attainment area. An area that does not meet this standard is called a nonattainment area. (www.epa.gov) Where do we get emission inventory? The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) is a detailed estimate of air emissions that include criteria pollutants and hazardous air pollutants. It is released every three years and it is based on data provided by the State, Local and Tribal Agencies. Examples of Air Monitors in Georgia 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 8 Ambient Monitoring Program Communication and Partnerships 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 9 Ambient Monitoring Program Georgia EPD's Ambient Air Monitoring Website Air Quality Forecast Site Information Links to Annual Reports Trends in Georgia's Air Pollutant Information And So Much More... Visit us at https://airgeorgia.org/ 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 10 Ambient Monitoring Program Social Media Georgia Climate Office https://www.facebook.com/georgiaclimate/ https://twitter.com/gaclimateoffice 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 11 Ambient Monitoring Program Working Together Field and laboratory personnel involved in producing ambient air quality data took tours to see how the whole process works together to prepare the data for the public. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 12 Ambient Monitoring Program New Workshop GA AMP has expanded its monitoring program over the years, and it was time for a bigger workshop and training area. Monitoring Equipment The workshop houses spare equipment and provides space to prepare for field collection and to learn new sampling techniques. Workshop Tour Open House and tour of the new workshop. Director's Office and many personnel in the Air Branch came to check it out. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 13 Ambient Monitoring Program Reaching out into the Community Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is an outreach strategy for the GA EPD Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP). AMP staff visit Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting, and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula. Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons and forecasting techniques, among other relevant topics. In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to promote environmental and meteorological careers. GA EPD air quality forecasters presenting information at air quality conferences. AMP hosts an annual Air Quality Seminar and Air Monitoring Station fieldtrip for college interns in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Environmental Health Summer Intern Program, thereby reaching top college students from all over the country. Air Quality specialists from Korea come to learn about GA EPD's Ambient Monitoring Program. GA EPD Ambient Air Monitoring and air quality forecasting highlighted on WABE 90.1 radio. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 14 Ambient Monitoring Program Voluntary Emissions Reductions Programs GA EPD Partners Encouraging fewer vehicles on the road... http://gacommuteoptions.com/ Sponsored by the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC). Distributes daily ozone forecasts (as well as PM2.5 forecasts produced by EPD and Georgia Tech) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category, as well as industries, to alter activities on days that are forecasted to have high ozone levels. Forecasts for the Atlanta metropolitan area. Rewards commuters for trying an alternative to driving alone to and from work (e.g. carpooling or trying transit). With a focus on reducing all sources of diesel emissions in Georgia, the GADER program not only encompasses the Georgia School Bus Retrofit initiative, but also assists with funding, and education assistance and outreach for voluntary measures such as idling reduction, Truck Stop Electrification, the use of cleaner fuels, and diesel emissions controls to rail yards, long haul and delivery truck fleets, construction equipment, and more. Helping schools afford cleaner school buses... Older diesel school buses are replaced early, and the newer buses come equipped with an emissions control device to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX). Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is an emissions reduction technology used in diesel engines to convert NOX pollution into harmless atmospheric nitrogen and water. The technology is enhanced when the engines run on low sulfur diesel fuel, the dominant fuel today. Diesel powered commercial trucks can add particulate trap filters to capture particulate matter pollution exhausted from their engines. Encouraging the use of alternative fuels... 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 15 Ambient Monitoring Program Helping promote Truck Stop Electrification Stations... Diesel powered commercial trucks can produce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) due to idling. Truck drivers are typically required to rest 8 hours for every 10 hours of travel time and their diesel engines are often idled during rest times to power air conditioning and heating systems. Truck stop electrification allows truck drivers to run their air conditioning, heating, electronic devices without having to run their diesel powered engines. Cool and warm air can be pumped into the trucks via a hose hookup at the electrified truck stops. Working to reduce locomotive and rail yard emissions... Locomotives can be retrofitted with cleaner engines and technology that helps improve air quality. Smaller, more efficient modular diesel engines reduce emissions. 1 "genset" conversion was completed. The genset with Tier 4 engines utilize two or more smaller engines that can combine to equal the horsepower of the older engine. Automatic engine start/stop technology reduces idling. 9 conversion were completed that use in-cylinder strategies including better fuel injection timing, and better rings and oil separators. `Mother'-`Slug' sets operate in tandem. A Mother is diesel powered and provides excess electrical power to drive a Slug's traction motors, saving fuel and reducing air pollution. 26 locomotives have been converted to 13 MotherSlug sets in Georgia as of July 2017. Electric plugin stations allow the diesel engine to be shut down when temperatures drop below freezing by maintaining the water temperature above freezing. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 16 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality in Georgia 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 17 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutants of Concern and Their Sources in Georgia The list below shows the most common air pollutants in Georgia and their source by percentage. Mobile sources, including on-road vehicles, construction equipment and aircraft, contribute greatly to pollution in Georgia, especially around densely populated cities like in the Atlanta Metro area. Particulate matter 2.5 PM2.5 47% Particulate matter 10 PM10 79% Volatile organic compounds VOCs 84% Sulfur dioxide SO2 33% 12% 3% 3% 2% 1% 12% 5% 2% 1% 1% 4% 4% 2% 2% 1% 1% Nitrogen oxides NOx 64% 27% 4% 2% 1% 1% Carbon monoxide CO 49% 16% 14% 10% 5% 4% 2% Lead Pb 39% 19% 17% 11% 9% 4% 69% 23% 4% 4% *CO is more of a concern for indoor air quality than it is for outdoor air quality. Key: On-road Mobile Non-road Mobile Stationary/ Fuel Prescribed Other Combustion (EGU) Fire Wildfires Miscellaneous Biogenics Solvent Figure 1: Pollutants of Concern and Their Sources in Georgia Source: 2014v2 National Emissions Inventory 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 18 Ambient Monitoring Program Emissions Trends in Georgia The sources of pollutants seen on the previous page were assembled into seven categories for the following graphs. The major contributors for CO and NOx are highway vehicles, while the largest contributors of SO2 are electric utilities. Wildland and prescribed fires can have a large impact on PM2.5 emissions, and VOCs come from a variety of stationary sources. There is a downward trend shown here for all emissions from 2010 through 2017. In 2011, there was a wildfire in the Okefenokee Swamp area that showed an uptick in the data for that year. Georgia's air quality is improving... 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 2: Emissions Trends in Georgia 19 Ambient Monitoring Program Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring Sites Figure 3. Georgia's ambient air monitoring sites For more detailed site information, see page 71. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 20 Ambient Monitoring Program Criteria Pollutants (six most common regulated pollutants) The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to identify pollutants that may endanger public health or welfare. Under the CAA, the EPA sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six common air pollutants, also referred to as "criteria" pollutants based on the current science regarding their known health effects. The NAAQS are divided into primary standards that protect public health and secondary standards that protect the public welfare and environment. EPA reviews the NAAQS periodically, based on new findings about the health effects of air pollution. For more information about the NAAQS, please refer to EPA's website (https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table). NAAQS have been established for six common air pollutants called criteria pollutants: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Ozone (O3) Lead (Pb) Particulate Matter (PM) We monitor for these criteria pollutants and much more. Our monitoring network takes the guess work out of knowing what pollutants are in the air you breathe. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 21 Ambient Monitoring Program Carbon Monoxide (CO) What is it? Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas that is a by-product of incomplete burning. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/co-pollution Where does it come from? Carbon and oxygen can combine to form two different gases. When combustion of carbon is complete, in the presence of plenty of air, the product is mainly carbon dioxide (CO2). Sources of carbon include; coal, coke, charcoal. When combustion of carbon is incomplete, i.e. there is a limited supply of air, only half as much oxygen adds to the carbon, and instead you form carbon monoxide (CO). In Georgia, 56% of the carbon monoxide comes from mobile sources including cars, construction equipment, aircraft, locomotives, and on the coast commercial marine vessels. Health Impacts Increased risk of lower blood flow, anemia, and reduced heart activity. Sensitive groups include fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema. Georgia Monitoring Information for CO Measurement Technique Measured continuously with infrared light1 Figure 4. Georgia carbon monoxide monitoring sites More information about measurement technique 1 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/48I 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 22 Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: 8-hour average not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year 1-hour average not to exceed 35 ppm more than once per year None Attainment Designation All of Georgia is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standards for carbon monoxide. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show how Georgia's CO compares to the two NAAQS. Figure 5. Carbon monoxide annual maximum 1-hour average compared to the 1-hour standard Figure 6. Carbon monoxide annual 8-hour average compared to the 8-hour standard 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 23 Ambient Monitoring Program Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO2, NOx and NOY) What is it? Oxides of nitrogen are a mixture of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen and primarily produced during combustion. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution Where does it come from? Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are usually products of combustion from mobile sources such as vehicle engines and construction equipment engines. They also come from large industrial boilers, turbines, and kilns, as well as fires. In Georgia, 49% of NOx comes from vehicles. NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO). NOY consists of all atmospheric reactive nitrogen oxide compounds. Health Impacts Increases risk of respiratory infections, respiratory diseases and asthma Source: http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/09/30/vehicle-emissions/ Georgia Monitoring Information for Oxides of Nitrogen Measurement Techniques Mmeetahsoudre2dancdonatipnhuootuoslylytiwc mithetahocdhe3 miluminescent Figure 7. Georgia's NO/NO2/NOx monitoring sites (green circles) and NOY site (red square) more information about measurement technique 2 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/42I 3 http://www.teledyne-api.com/products/nitrogen-compound -instruments/t200up?SortField=Title&SortDir=Desc&View=% 7B42F03482-B71F-4F84-BDA7-DE93805FDA4B%7D 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 24 Ambient Monitoring Program NOx Daily Cycle NOx reacts with volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight to form ground level ozone (O3) pollution which causes NOx levels to drop in the middle of a sunny day and increase at night on a daily basis. (Courtesy of Jamie Smith) Because this pattern typically reoccurs each day within a 24-hour period, this is known as a diurnal cycle. The following graph shows a comparison of the daily average of hourly NO2 data at the near-road sites, NR-285 and NR-Georgia Tech, compared to the South DeKalb NO2 site. The two near-road sites (shown in green and red) display the highest daily averages. The cyclical diurnal pattern of lower concentrations mid-day and higher concentrations in evening is shown below. South DeKalb NR-285 NR-GA Tech 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 8. Diurnal Pattern of NO2 25 Ambient Monitoring Program Reducing NOx Emissions in Georgia Ozone formation in the southeastern United States is driven by emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in large urban areas with high vehicle traffic. Therefore, Georgia has focused efforts on reducing the emissions of NOx, particularly in the Atlanta ozone nonattainment area. Our vehicle emissions inspection program, also known as Georgia's Clean Air Force, which covers the counties of Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, and Rockdale, helps reduce NOx, the main precursor to ozone. A series of Georgia air quality rules were implemented in 1999 through 2014 specifically targeting NOx emissions from combustion sources such as industrial boilers and electric steam generating units at power plants, especially large coal-fired units. Figure 9 shows how NOX pollution in Georgia declined as NOx controls were implemented at large stationary sources from 1999 through 2014. The Georgia multi-pollutant rule, implemented 2008-2014, required additional NOx reductions at power plants in addition to reductions in mercury and sulfur dioxide emissions. During the same time, national manufacturing standards required greater efficiency and performance from engines in vehicles, construction equipment, and generators which also helped reduce NOX emissions nationwide, including Georgia. Figure 9. Implementation of NOx Controls 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 26 *Multi-pollutant Rule is discussed on page 27. Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide Primary NAAQS: Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb 3-year average of the 98th percentile of daily maximum one-hour averages must not exceed 100 ppb Secondary NAAQS: Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb Attainment Designation NO2 monitoring is required in urban areas with populations exceeding one million. The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) is the only urban area in Georgia required to perform NO2 monitoring. Figure 10 shows Georgia's annual average NO2 concentrations from 2000 to 2017. Annual average concentrations are well below the standard of 53 ppb. EPD operates two near-road monitoring sites (Georgia Tech and NR-285) to study the effects of traffic pollution. Figure 11 indicates that Georgia's 1-hour design values are well below the 100 ppb national standard. Figure 10. Nitrogen dioxide annual averages compared to the annual standard Figure 11. Nitrogen dioxide 1-hour design values compared to the 1-hour standard 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 27 Ambient Monitoring Program Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) What is it? Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning sulfur-containing material, such as coal or diesel fuel, or by processing sulfur-containing clays. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution Where does it come from? 64% of SO2 emissions in Georgia come from electric generation and large industrial boilers. SO2 can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid, and form acid rain. Sulfur is oxidized to form SO2 during combustion. SO2 then can react with other pollutants to form aerosols, which are solid or liquid particles in a gas. SO2 can also form sulfate particles, that contribute to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles. Environmental Impacts Both SO2 and NO2 can form acid rain that lead to acidic deposition3. Health Impacts SO2 can impair respiratory function, increase respiratory disease, and reduce lung's ability to clear foreign particles especially in sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with asthma, hyperactive airways, and cardiovascular disease. Short-term peak exposures can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups, and affect ability to perform exercise. Georgia Monitoring Information for Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Measurement Technique Continuous ultraviolet fluorescence4 more information about measurement technique 4 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ product/43I Figure 12. Georgia's sulfur dioxide monitoring sites 3Acid deposition causes damage to forests, man-made structures, and streams and lakes, which can be deadly for aquatic wildlife. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 28 Ambient Monitoring Program Reducing SO2 in Georgia Georgia's Multi-Pollutant Rule In 2007, Georgia implemented State Rule 391-3-1-.02(2)(sss), which affects the 13-county Atlanta nonattainment area plus surrounding counties. This multi-pollutant control measure for electric steam generating units at electric utilities required coal fired power plants to install controls to reduce three criteria pollutants, PM, NOx, and SO2, and had rolling start dates between 2008 and 2014. The controls are called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 and PM. Figure 13 shows the decrease in SO2 concentrations as these controls have been implemented across the state. Figure 13. Implementation of SO2 Controls SO2 and PM Figure 14. Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD Statewide SO2 Concentration Comparison from 2005 to 2014 Figure 15 compares the concentrations of sulfur dioxide from 2005-2007 and 2011-2014 in Georgia on a scale of 0 to 1 in Dobson units (DU)5. These maps were created by NASA using satellite data and depict multi-year averages of sulfur dioxide concentrations over the eastern United States. According to analyses of satellite data, in the eastern U.S., levels of sulfur dioxide have dropped by about 80 percent between 2005 and 2014. 2005-2007 2011-2014 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87182 5A Dobson unit (DU) is a measurement of density of a gas in a column of the Earth's atmosphere. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 29 Figure 15. Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Sulfur Dioxide Primary NAAQS: 3-year average of 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to exceed 75 ppb Secondary NAAQS: 3-hour concentrations not to exceed 0.5 ppm (500 ppb) more than once per year Attainment Designation EPA strengthened the SO2 primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in 2010 and has developed a 4-phase process for designations. Please refer to EPA's information on the SO2 data requirement rules for more details6. All the SO2 design7 values, for 2015-2017 in Georgia, were below the 1-hour standard, with the highest design value occurring at the Augusta site (52 ppb). *combined sites Figure 16. SO2 three-year averages of the 99th percentile of annual daily max 1-hour averages 6https://www.epa.gov/so2-pollution/final-data-requirements-rule-2010-1-hour-sulfur-dioxide-so2-primary-national-ambient 7Three-year average of the 99th percentile of annual daily maximum 1-hour averages 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 30 Ambient Monitoring Program Ozone (O3) What is it? Ozone is a form of oxygen. But unlike oxygen (O2), ozone (O3) is not a stable gas. Ozone is highly reactive and unstable corrosive and capable of damaging living cells. Ground-level ozone can be harmful at high concentrations and is a regulated pollutant. NOTE: Ozone occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (stratosphere) where it protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This is the good ozone. "Good Up High, Bad Nearby." Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution Where does it come from? Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Major sources of NOx include emissions from industrial facilities, electric utilities and motor vehicle exhaust. In Georgia, the major sources of VOC are natural sources such as trees and vegetation. Other VOC sources include gasoline vapors and chemical solvents. (Courtesy of Jamie Smith) Figure 17. Ozone formation process Health Impacts Ozone can irritate the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and airways which can lead to coughing and chest pain. It can increase risk of respiratory infections in people with asthma and respiratory disease. Ozone reduces the ability to perform physical exercise by impairing normal lung function. Repeated exposure may cause permanent scarring of lung tissue. Georgia Monitoring Information for Ozone 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Measurement Technique Continuous ultraviolet photometric method8 More information about measurement technique 8 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/49I Figure 18. Georgia's ozone monitoring sites 31 Ambient Monitoring Program EPA's CASTNET Site As part of the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), EPA established a monitoring site in Pike County, Georgia in 1988. The CASTNET site is part of a national air quality monitoring network put in place to assess long-term trends in atmospheric deposition and ecological effects of air pollutants. The CASTNET site is one of 95 regional sites across rural areas of the United States and Canada measuring nitrogen, sulfur, and ozone concentrations, and deposition of sulfur and nitrogen. Like the South DeKalb ozone monitor, the CASTNET ozone monitor also collects data year-round. https://www.epa.gov/castnet More Information about Ground Level Ozone Ground level ozone formation occurs through a complex series of photochemical reactions that take place in the presence of sunlight, causing a diurnal pattern (high ozone during the day, low ozone at night, see Figure 19). Figure 19. Typical urban 1-hour ozone diurnal pattern The photochemical reactions require a reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Since there will always be strong sunshine in the summer, and the naturally-occurring (or biogenic) levels of VOCs in Georgia are high, the most effective way to control ozone production in Georgia is to reduce emissions of NOx in the summer. Examples of the most common reactive VOCs that contribute to ozone formation are: hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust (benzene, propane, toluene); vapors from cleaning solvents (toluene); and biogenic emissions from plants and trees (isoprene). In Georgia, biogenic emissions account for 84% VOCs. With the exception of the South DeKalb and CASTNET sites, ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is monitored March through October, complying with federal monitoring regulations (in 40CFR Part 58). Ozone is prevalent in urban areas in the summer but can appear in other areas due to weather patterns that can move air or many hundreds of miles. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 32 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 3-year average of 4th highest daily maximum 8-hr concentration not to exceed 0.070 ppm Same as the Primary Standards Attainment Designation Ozone monitoring has been in place in the Atlanta area since the 1970's. Currently the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA ozone network includes ten monitors located in ten counties. On March 27, 2008 the ozone primary standard level was lowered to 0.075 ppm for the 8hour averaging time, fourth maximum value, averaged over three years (Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 60, page 16436). With the implementation of this ozone standard, the boundary of the Atlanta nonattainment area was defined as a 15-county area. With the 2013-2015 ozone data, the entire state of Georgia (including Atlanta) met the 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm for ozone. Figure 20. Georgia's 8-hour ozone nonattainment area (NAA) map for the 2015 standard Georgia was redesignated to attainment of the 2008 standard on May 22, 2017. On October 1, 2015, EPA lowered the ozone standard to 0.070 ppm9. Then for this 2015 standard, and with the 2014-2016 data, the Atlanta area was redesignated to include only a 7 -county area for the nonattainment area (Figure 20) (Federal Register, Vol. 83, No. 107, page 25776). A violation of the standard is determined by using an 8-hour average of the fourth maximum daily value, averaged over three years. There has been a gradual reduction in the number of days exceeding the ozone standards (Figure 21). Figure 21. Ozone design values for Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA 9https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution/2015-revision-2008-ozone-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-supporting 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 33 Ambient Monitoring Program 8-hour ozone exceedances in Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA In 2017, the Atlanta-Sandy SpringsRoswell MSA area had a total of 11 days that exceeded the current (0.070 ppm) 8-hour standard. This was a significant decrease from 2016, which had 29 days. 2016 was one of the hottest and driest summers on record for Georgia. The term `exceedance' is defined as a daily maximum 8-hour average greater than the standard. The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA ozone monitors which exceeded the 8-hour ozone standard (0.070 ppm) in 2017 are mapped in Figure 22. National 8-hour ozone concentrations Figure 23 was taken from EPA's "Our Nation's Air- Status and Trends through 2015" (https://gispub.epa.gov/air/ trendsreport/2016/). It shows the fourth maximum reading for the 8-hour ozone readings across the United States. Georgia's fourth maximum ozone readings in 2015 were in the 0.055-0.07 ppm (light blue) and 0.07-0.085 ppm (green) ranges. Figure 22. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 23. 34 Ambient Monitoring Program Lead (Pb) What is it? Lead is a naturally occurring element found in small amounts in the earth's crust. While it has some beneficial uses, it can be toxic to humans and animals causing detrimental health effects. Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/lead Where does it come from? In the past, the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, lead concentrations decreased drastically by the late 1980s. Figure 24 shows the drop in annual averages from 1990 through 2017. A major source of lead is acid battery plants. Lead can also come from the dust of vehicle traffic, construction activities, and agricultural activities and deposit on leaves and plants. Figure 24. Health Impacts Exposure mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. Puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which may come in contact with lead-containing dust and dirt. Bioaccumulates in blood, bones, and tissues. Can damage kidneys, liver, and nervous system. Excessive and repeated exposure leads to neurological impairments that can cause seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders especially in children, infants, and fetuses. Lead toxicity is rarely attributed to a single exposure or digestive event, it is the product of chronic exposure over time. May be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease. Georgia Monitoring Information for Lead Figure 25. Georgia's lead monitoring sites 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 35 Measurement Technique 24-hour total suspended particulate (100 microns or less) on 8"x10" pre-weighed fiberglass filter10 more information about measurement technique 10 https://tisch-env.com/high-volume-air-samplers/ Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead Primary NAAQS: Rolling 3-month average, not to exceed 0.15 ug/m3 Secondary NAAQS: Same as the Primary Standards Attainment Designation Figure 26 shows how Georgia's lead data compares to the rolling three-month average standard for 2012 through 2017. The last of the three months used for each average is indicated on the graph. The monitors in the Columbus GA-AL MSA are located near a lead battery manufacturer, and in November 2016, there was a violation of the lead standard in Columbus due to a malfunction on a silo control and is reflected in the graph below. Figure 26. Georgia's three-month rolling averages, 2012-2017 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 36 Ambient Monitoring Program Particulate Matter PM10 and PM2.5 Learn more: https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution Particulate matter includes a broad range of material that Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is one fuel that emits less sulfur consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed dioxide, a source of particulate matter formation. liquids absorbed onto solid particles. Biodiesel fuel emits less particulate matter, carbon Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics. for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants. Also, emulsified diesel emits less nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. There are two ways that particulate known as primary and secondary. matter is formed, Particulate pollution may be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different Primary sources that emit particles directly include sizes of particulate matter. combustion, incineration, construction, mining, smelting, metal processing, and grinding sources. metals We currently monitor for three sizes of particles: PM10 (up to 10 microns in diameter), PM2.5 (up to 2.5 microns in Other primary sources include diesel engine exhaust, road diameter) and PMcoarse (PM10 minus PM2.5). To illustrate the dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of size differences, Figure 27 shows how approximately ten vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray, PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and and volcanic activity. approximately thirty PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross A great deal of particulate matter is in form of gaseous air section of a hair. pollutants that readily react with oxygen and each other. These particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye, While many of those reactions produce other gases, they and composition and sources can vary greatly by region. frequently produce particles. Particles formed through this process are known as secondary particulate matter such as sulfate particles, nitrate particles, and calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate particulates. Regional relative humidity can affect the level of water present within the particles and affect how much dissolved gases or reactive species enter the lungs when particles are inhaled. Alternative diesel fuels are available that emit less particulate matter, as well as other pollutants. Figure 27. Comparison of particulate matter size to human hair 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 37 Ambient Monitoring Program PM10 What is it? PM10 are dust particles that are up to 10 micrometers in diameter. Where does it come from? Sources include crushing or grinding operations and dust stirred up by vehicles on roads. Health Impacts Penetrate deeply into the lungs. Breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children are most effected. Georgia Monitoring Information for PM10 Figure 28. Georgia's PM10 and PMcoarse (red square) monitoring sites Measurement Techniques Four types of EPA-approved reference or equivalent monitors used to determine attainment with the PM10 standard: Integrated low-volume monitor that collects a 24-hour sample through an impaction inlet device that only allows particles with 10 microns or less in size to reach the filter media.11 Continuous beta ray attenuation monitor, Teledyne T640X monitor, tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) method with an inlets designed to cut out particles larger than 10 microns in size.12,13,14 more information about measurement techniques 11 https://tisch-env.com/low-volume-air-sampler/ 12 http://metone.com/air-quality-particulate-monitors/regulatory/bam-1020/ 13 http://www.teledyne-api.com/products/particulate-instruments/t640 14 https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/1400AB 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 38 Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM10 Primary NAAQS: Number of days with a maximum of 24-hour concentration of 150 g/m3 must not exceed more than once per year on average over 3 years Secondary NAAQS: Same as the Primary Standards Attainment Designation Figure 29 shows how Georgia compares to the 24-hour standard for PM10, which is 150 g/m3. The standard allows one exceedance per year, averaged over a 3-year period; therefore, this chart shows the second highest 24-hour average for each site. All three samplers collected data well below the standard. Note: A house fire nearby the Augusta site caused values to be higher than normal. In addition, the sampler at this site began collecting hourly data. Figure 29. PM10 annual second maximum 24-hour concentrations 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 39 Ambient Monitoring Program PM2.5 What is it? PM2.5 are particles that are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller, and can only be seen with an electron microscope. Most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reactions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Where does it come from? Fine particles are produced from dust and all types of combustion, including motor vehicles, power plants, residential wood burning, forest fires, agricultural burning, and some industrial processes. Health Impacts Can penetrate deep into lung tissue and even enter the bloodstream. This may cause significant respiratory or cardiovascular problems that can shorten an individual's lifespan. High risk groups include children, the elderly, and people with cardiovascular or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma. Georgia Monitoring Information for PM2.5 Measurement Techniques Two types of methods: integrated and continuous. The integrated samplers are the official reference method (FRM) used for determining which areas in Georgia are attainment (meeting the national standard). Integrated samplers collect samples on Teflon filters for 24 hours, using a 2.5 microns particle size sorting device.15 The continuous method consists of three types of instruments. The beta attenuation method (BAM) is designed for the inlet to cut out particles larger than 2.5 microns in size. EPD has two sites where BAM samplers are running as Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) samplers that can be used for attainment determinations as well: South DeKalb and Albany.16 The tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) method is used to support the development of air quality models and forecasts, including the Air Quality Index (AQI), and provide the public with information about pollutant concentrations in real time. As set up at EPD's sites, these samplers cannot be used for making attainment determinations.17 The Teledyne T640 is an optical aerosol spectrometer that converts optical measurements to mass measurements by determining sampled particle size via scattered light using 90 white-light scattering with polychromatic LED.18 These samplers are also FEMs and collect data that can be used for attainment determinations. Continuous PM2.5 data is reported every hour on Georgia's Ambient Air Monitoring web page located at https:// airgeorgia.org/. The immediate availability of this data allows the public to make informed decisions regarding their outdoor activities. more information about measurement techniques 15https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/2025I 16http://www.metone.com/products/air-quality-monitors/ 17https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/ 18http://www.teledyne-api.com/products/particulateinstruments/t640 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 40 Ambient Monitoring Program Figure 30 shows the location of Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitors and Figure 31 shows the location of PM2.5 continuous and speciation monitors. Figure 30. Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitoring sites Figure 31. Georgia's PM2.5 continuous (green circles) and PM2.5 speciation (red squares) monitoring sites 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 41 Ambient Monitoring Program Reducing PM2.5 Emissions in Georgia PM Controls Georgia's Multi-Pollutant Rule In 2007, Georgia implemented State Rule 391-3-1-.02(2)(sss), which affects the 13-county Atlanta nonattainment areas plus surrounding counties. This multi-pollutant control measure that affected electric steam generating units at electric utilities required coal fired power plants to install controls to reduce three criteria pollutants, PM, NOx, and SO2, and had rolling start dates between 2008 and 2014. The controls that were added are called Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) for NOx and Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) for SO2 and PM. Figure 32 shows the decrease in PM2.5 concentrations as these controls were implemented across the state. SO2 and PM Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD Figure 32: Implementation of PM Controls 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 42 Ambient Monitoring Program National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 Primary NAAQS: 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0 g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35 g/m3 Secondary NAAQS: 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0 g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35 g/m3 Attainment Designation For an area to concentrations be in has to attainment of the annual ambient air be less than or equal to 12.0 g/m3. PM2.5 standard, the three-year average of the annual average In addition, the 24-hour primary and secondary standard requires that the three-year average of the 98th percentile of the 24hour concentrations be less than or equal to 35 micrograms per cubic meter. Currently all areas of Georgia are designated unclassifiable/attainment for the 2012 annual PM2.5 standard because they are meeting the national standard. Figure 33. Comparison of the threeyear averages of the 98th percentile of PM2.5 24-hour data Note: Wildfires and prescribed fires in the Columbus, GA-AL MSA caused values to be higher than normally observed in this area. Figure 34. Comparison of the PM2.5 threeyear annual averages to the annual standard 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 43 Ambient Monitoring Program PM2.5 Speciation Particle speciation measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. These measurements help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of newly implemented pollution controls. The data also improves scientific understanding of the relationship between particle composition, visibility impairment, and adverse human health effects. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition which depends on local sources and a variety of other factors. Each has varying health effects based on its size and chemical composition. Georgia currently monitors fifty-three species in particulate matter. Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations, with magnitudes of up to five to nine times greater than the other major species. Refer to Figure 31 for a map of Georgia's PM2.5 Speciation monitors. Figure 38 compares the percent composition of PM2.5 for each site based on 2017 annual averages. Organic carbon makes up 4457% of PM2.5 for all sites with Columbus having the largest percentage. Sulfate is the second largest portion of PM2.5 for all sites and ranges from 16-23%. Nitrate, crustal, elemental carbon, and ammonium ion make up no more than 13% of PM2.5 for all sites. The chemical elements typical of the Earth's crust are grouped together as "crustal". Figure 38. Percentages of 2017 Speciation Data Measurement Techniques19,20 Filter media with laboratory techniques using gravimetric (microweighing) analysis X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; Ion chromatography for anions and selected cations Controlled combustion for carbon Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semi- volatile organic particles more information about measurement techniques 19http://www.urgcorp.com/index.php/systems/manual-sampling-systems/urg3000n-carbon-sampler 20http://www.metone.com/?wpfb_dl=228 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 44 Ambient Monitoring Program Rossville PREDOMINANT SPECIES FOUND IN PM2.5 Rome South DeKalb Columbus Macon Augusta General Coffee Figure 39 presents each site with all species making up the composition at each location. Ammonium Ion Sulfate Products Nitrate Products Crustal Products Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Figure 39. Annual averages of PM2.5 composition data in Georgia Ammonium Ion: commonly released by fertilizer production, livestock production, coke production, and some large refrigeration systems. Ironically, it can be emitted by NOx control systems installed on large fossil fuel combustion systems, which use ammonia or urea as a reactant. Sulfate Products: formed during the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. Nitrate Products: formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates - vehicle emissions and fossil fuel burning. Crustal Products: components that are the result from the weathering of Earth's crust--ocean salt and volcanic discharges-- aluminum, calcium, iron, titanium, and silicon--released by metals production, and can be resuspended in the atmosphere by mechanisms that stir up fine dust, such as mining, agricultural processes, and vehicle traffic. Elemental Carbon: carbon in the form of soot- diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and forest fires. Organic Carbon: may be released directly, but are also formed through a series of chemical reactions in the air, mostly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and wood. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 45 Ambient Monitoring Program The Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a national air standard rating system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The AQI is used statewide to provide the public, on a daily basis, with an analysis of air pollution levels and possible related health risks. Generally, an index scale of 0 to 500 is used to assess the quality of air, and these numbers are synchronized with a corresponding descriptor word such as: Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, and Very Unhealthy. To protect public health the EPA has set an AQI value of 100 to correspond to the NAAQS for the following criteria pollutants: Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The AQI for a reporting region equates to the highest rating recorded for any pollutant within that region. Therefore, the larger the AQI value, the greater level of air pollution present, and the greater expectation of potential health concerns. However, this system only addresses air pollution in terms of acute health effects over time periods of 24 hours or less and does not provide an indication of chronic pollution exposure over months or years. Figure 40 shows how the recorded concentrations correspond to the AQI values, descriptors and health advisories. Each day the AQI values are available to the public through Georgia EPD's Ambient Air Monitoring website at https://airgeorgia.org/. Maximum Pollutant Concentration PM2.5 PM10 SO2 O3 O3 CO NO2 (24hr) g/m3 (24hr) g/m3 (1hr)* ppm (8hr)^ ppm (1hr) ppm (8hr) (1hr) ppm ppm AQI Value Descriptor EPA Health Advisory 0.0 0 54 0 0.035 0.000 None 0.0 0 0 to 50 Good (green) Air quality is considered satisfactory, 12.0 0.054 4.4 0.053 and air pollution poses little or no risk. 12.1 35.4 Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moder- ate health concern for a very small 55 0.036 0.055 None 4.5 0.054- 51 to Moderate number of people. For example, people 154 0.075 0.070 9.4 0.100 100 (yellow) who are unusually sensitive to the con- dition of the air may experience respira- tory symptoms. 35.5 55.4 55.5 150.4 155 254 255 354 0.076 0.185 0.186 0.304* 0.071 0.085 0.086 0.105 0.125 0.164 0.165 0.204 9.5 12.4 12.5 15.4 0.1010.360 0.3610.649 101 to 150 151 to 200 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Unhealthy (red) Members of sensitive groups (people with lung or heart disease) are at greater risk from exposure to particle pollution. Those with lung disease are at risk from exposure to ozone. The general public is not likely to be affected in this range. Everyone may begin to experience health effects in this range. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. 150.5 250.4 355 424 0.305 0.604* 0.106 0.2 0.205 0.404 15.5 30.4 0.650 1.249 201 to 300 Very Unhealthy (purple) AQI values in this range trigger a health alert. Everyone may experience more serious health effects. When the AQI is in this range because of ozone, most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours to avoid high ozone exposures. 250.5 350.4 350.5 500 425 504 505 604 0.605 0.804* 0.805 1.004* None^ None^ 0.405 0.504 0.505 0.604 30.5 40.4 40.5 50.4 1.250 1.649 1.650 2.049 301 to 400 401 to 500 Hazardous (maroon) AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Figure 40. The AQI, *AQI values of 200 or greater are calculated with 24-hr SO2 concentrations, ^AQI values of 301 or greater are calculated with 1-hr O3 concentrations. **AQI numbers above 100 may not be equivalent to a violation of the standard 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 46 . Ambient Monitoring Program 2017 AQI Values Summary for Georgia Air Quality Index Summary by CBSA Number of Days Pollutants Monitored in 2017 Good (0-50) Moderate (51-100) Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups (101-150)** Unhealthy (151-200)** Very Unheathy (201-300)** Hazardous (>300)** Albany PM2.5 Americus 272 83 - O3 Athens-Clark County 229 12 - O3, PM2.5 314 46 - Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell O3, NO2, PM2.5, CO, SO2, PM10 174 180 11 Augusta-Richmond County, GA-SC O3, PM2.5, PM10 260 103 1 Brunswick O3, PM2.5 Chattanooga, TN-GA 257 19 - O3, PM2.5 Columbus, GA-AL 237 123 2 Dalton O3, PM2.5 249 113 - O3 General Coffee 207 34 - PM2.5 Gainesville 98 9 - Macon PM2.5 206 48 - O3, SO2, PM2.5 284 81 - Rome SO2, PM2.5 Savannah 249 116 - O3, SO2, PM2.5 289 76 - Summerville O3 Valdosta 232 8 - PM2.5 Warner Robins 241 89 - PM2.5 263 64 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - Table 1. 2017 AQI summary data, most days had an AQI value in the `Good' (0-50) category for all the sites. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 47 Ambient Monitoring Program Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA Figure 41 shows in more detail the AQI values for the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. There were 11 days with an AQI value above 100 in 2017. Ozone is a major driver of an elevated AQI and can be higher in the summer months due to increased sunlight. Higher ozone and PM2.5 concentrations are the primary sources of AQI values in the "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" category in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. Figure 41. 2017 AQI Values for the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 48 Ambient Monitoring Program PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS) To better understand ozone formation, EPD monitors oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyl compounds, and meteorological parameters at the PAMS site. Isoprene, the tracer for VOCs emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at the PAMS site. It is naturally released in large quantities by conifer trees, which are very abundant in the Southeastern United States. Georgia Monitoring Information Figure 42. Georgia's PAMS monitoring site Measurement Techniques Throughout the year, 24-hour integrated volatile organic compounds samples are taken with a canister every sixth day and analyzed in the EPD laboratory for 56 hydrocarbon compounds using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). more information about measurement technique 21https://www.perkinelmer.com/labsolutions/resources/docs/APP_Analysis-of -VOCs-in-Air-Using-EPA-Method-TO-17011909_01.pdf Additionally, from June through August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly at the South DeKalb PAMS site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). 21 The amount of isoprene emissions from conifers varies seasonally, with emissions increasing as length of daylight and temperature increases (Figure 43). Figure 43. Average yearly profile of isoprene Toluene (generally the most abundant anthropogenic species in urban air) reaches the air from a variety of sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and evaporative emissions, motor vehicle fuel and is also used as a common solvent in many products such as paint. It is relatively constant throughout the year, suggesting a steady level of emissions year-round (Figure 44). 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 44. Toluene average annual occurrence 49 Ambient Monitoring Program Carbonyl Compounds Carbonyl compounds define a large group of organic compounds, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. These compounds can lead to ozone formation. Sources of carbonyl compounds include vehicle exhaust, cigarette smoke, paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, solvents, polymers, plastics, and the combustion of wood. Depending on the amount inhaled, exposure to these compounds can cause irritation to the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, dizziness, and damage to the lungs. Figure 45. Georgia's carbonyls monitoring sites Figure 46. Total Average 24-hour carbonyl concentrations by Measurement Techniques The carbonyls are sampled with two types of methods. One method includes an absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), using High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis. 22 Another collection method is the canister sampler that is used for sampling volatile organic compounds at the Air Toxics sites. Acrolein is analyzed using this method. The graph to the right shows this data. Figure 47. Acrolein concentrations, 2015- 2017 more information about measurement techniques 22http://www.atec-online.com/ 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 50 Ambient Monitoring Program AIR TOXICS MONITORING In order for EPD to expand the understanding of the quality of Georgia's air regarding ambient concentrations of hazardous air pollutants, EPD began state-sponsored air toxics monitoring activities. Air Toxics are those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects. Air toxic pollutants, or hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), are a group of air pollutants that have a wide variety of sources-- mobile sources (such as vehicles), stationary industrial sources, small area sources, indoor sources (such as cleaning materials), and other environmental sources (such as volcanoes and wildfires). The lifetime, transportation, and make-up of these pollutants are affected by both weather (rain and wind) and landscape (mountains and valleys). In addition, some HAPs that are no longer used, but were commonly used in the past, can still be found in the environment today. Negative effects on human health range from headaches, nausea, and dizziness to cancer, birth defects, problems breathing, and other serious illnesses. These effects can vary depending on frequency of exposure, length of exposure time, health of the person that is exposed, along with the toxicity of the compound. People can be exposed to HAPs by breathing contaminated air, consuming food or water contaminated by air pollutants, or touching contaminated water or soil. Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several. Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure, or many years after being exposed. These air pollutants also affect the environment. Wildlife experience symptoms similar to those in humans and pollutants accumulate in the food chain. Many air pollutants can also be absorbed into waterways and have toxic effects on aquatic wildlife. From the list of 187 HAPs compounds identified by EPA, toxic compounds monitored include metals, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and carbonyl compounds. Monitoring Techniques Three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister. 23 The HIVOL sampler collects quartz fiber filters that are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. PUF (polyurethane foam) sampler is used for sampling semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) --A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds, analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The canister sampler for VOCs is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). more information about measurement techniques 23https://tisch-env.com/high-volume-air-samplers/ 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report Figure 48. Air Toxics monitoring sites 51 Ambient Monitoring Program METALS Sources include: gasoline and diesel exhaust batteries soil and water burning coal emissions from iron and steel production lead smelters operation of iron and steel production plants by-product of mining and smelting sulfide ores used in industrial processes tires radioactive metal in radiotherapy photocells and solar panels Sources include: various industrial, stationary and mobile sources VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Sources include: burning of coal, oil, gas, and garbage found in dyes, cigarette smoke, coal tar, plastics, and pesticides Figure 49. Air Toxics data NATTS The National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network was established in 2003 at the South DeKalb site and is intended for long-term operation for the purpose of discerning national trends. The NATTS Network consists of 27 sites nationwide, 20 urban and 7 rural. The South DeKalb site monitors the same compounds as other air toxics sites, as well as black carbon, and carbonyls. As part of the NATTS network, metals are monitored on a PM10 sampler at the South DeKalb site. The sample is analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 52 Ambient Monitoring Program Near-Road VOCs The NR-285 site is set up as part of the Near-Road Monitoring Network and is located within 40 meters of I285, a heavily traveled interstate. The South DeKalb site is approximately a mile away from the NR-285 site and is located 580 meters from the same interstate. NR-285 site South DeKalb site The following scatterplots and correlations were created to compare select VOCs that had several pollutant detections at both the South DeKalb and NR-285 sites. VOC Toluene M/P Xylene Chloromethane Trichlorofluoromethane Dicholrodifluoromethane Benzene Correlation Coefficient (r) 0.704 0.612 0.493 0.501 0.697 0.590 Figure 50. Comparison of select VOCs at the South DeKalb and NR-285 sites 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report A few of the VOCs at the South DeKalb and NR-285 sites have relatively low to moderate correlations (values below and around 0.50). Stronger correlations would be values above 0.70. This suggests that some VOCs found in vehicle exhaust dissipate quickly in the air. 53 Ambient Monitoring Program Black Carbon Figure 51. Black carbon monitoring sites Near-Road 285 Monitoring Near-Road GA Tech Monitoring Figure 52. Comparison of black carbon at the NR-Georgia Tech and NR-285 sites The black carbon scatterplots show a relatively high correlation (R2=0.5546) between the South DeKalb and NR-285 sites. The scatterplots that include GA Tech have less correlation, (R2=0.0835 and 0.1739) which could be an indication of less truck die- sel traffic (black carbon) in the downtown corridor versus the I-285 perimeter. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 54 Ambient Monitoring Program RISK ASSESSMENT The following risk assessment reflects data collected at the Air Toxics Network (ATN) sites (MaconForestry, General Coffee, SavannahE. President St.) and the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) (South DeKalb). Some of the chemicals monitored at the ATN sites are also monitored at Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) (South DeKalb) and at a Near-road Monitoring Network site (NR-285); therefore, those chemicals were evaluated and compared to concentrations measured at nearby ATN sites for this report. To put into perspective the risks from environmental hazards, the continuum below presents risk statistics for some familiar events. Risk analysts describe cancer risks numerically in scientific notation, for example 1 x 10[-5], 1 x 10-5 or 1.00E-05, which means that there is one chance in 100,000 of an event occurring. It is important to note that these risk statistics are population averages, while risk analysts usually estimate risk to the maximum exposed individual. Additionally, it should be noted that these risk values are considered additional risk. That is, risk above the normal background risk from exposure in everyday life. Putting Risks in Perspective Methods The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using procedures recommended in EPA's latest guidance on risk assessment for air toxics, `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets' (https://archive.org/details/ APreliminaryRisk-basedScreeningApproachForAirToxicsMonitoringDataSets). Briefly, EPA's prioritized chronic doseresponse (toxicity) values for both non-cancer (reference concentrations, RfC) and cancer (inhalation unit risks, IUR) effects were used to generate screening air concentrations. To screen for non-cancer effects, the reference concentration was used as a starting point. However, to account for possible exposure to multiple contaminants acting on the same target organ or body system, the screening air concentration was obtained by dividing the RfC by a factor of 10. Screening values for the cancer endpoint were determined by calculating air concentrations equivalent to a risk level of one in one million. Most screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix A of the above mentioned guidance document and updated "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (6/18/2018)" (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/ documents/table1.pdf). The screening values are derived from the dose-response values: cancer-based air screening values=1E-06/IUR and non-cancer based air screening values=RfC x 0.1 x 1000. For a limited number of chemicals, other resources such as toxicity values from the Regional Screening Table (https://semspub.epa.gov/ work/HQ/197233.pdf) were used to calculate conservative screening values protective of a worse-case residential exposure scenario. Assumptions were made that accounted for the potential for continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 70 years. The conservative screening process was utilized so that the chance of underestimating the potential for health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis. The following figure shows the formulas used to calculate cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals that were carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 55 Ambient Monitoring Program Formula for Calculating Risk Using IUR for Carcinogens: Risk IUR*Conc Formula for Calculating Hazard Quotient Using RfC for Noncarcinogens: HQ Conc RfC Equation Parameters: Risk: Theoretical lifetime cancer risk (unitless probability) HQ: Hazard quotient (unitless ratio) Conc: Measured ambient air concentration in g/m3 IUR: Inhalation unit risk (1/(g/m3)) RfC: Reference concentration (g/m3) Results and Interpretation Seventy-one air toxic chemicals were assessed at four sites, and 42 volatile organic compounds were assessed at one site (NR-285) in Georgia. Out of these air toxic chemicals, ten were found to be above the screening values. Table 2 shows the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for 70 years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower. Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values exceeded 1 x 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceed 2 x 10-5 or two in one-hundred thousand. This risk estimate falls within EPA's acceptable cancer risk range of 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-4 commonly used for regulatory decision making. In contrast to cancer risks, non-cancer hazards are not expressed as a probability of an individual suffering an adverse effect. Instead, the non-cancer hazard to individuals is expressed in terms of a ratio defined as the hazard quotient (HQ). These HQ values relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing deleterious non-cancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population. HQ values less than 1.0 indicate the air "dose" is less than the threshold dose required to cause toxic effects other than cancer. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 56 Ambient Monitoring Program Site Chemical Arsenic Benzene Ethylene dichloride Macon-Forestry Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene dibromide 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane Acrolein Arsenic Benzene Savannah-E. Pres. Ethylene dichloride St. Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene dibromide Acrolein Arsenic Benzene General Coffee Ethylene dichloride Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene dibromide Arsenic Benzene Ethylene dichloride South DeKalb Carbon tetrachloride Ethylene dibromide 1,4-dichlorobenzene Acrolein Benzene Ethylene dichloride NR-285 Carbon Tetrachloride Ethylene dibromide Acrolein CAS # 7440-38-2 71-43-2 107-06-2 56-23-5 106-93-4 79-34-5 107-02-8 7440-38-2 71-43-2 107-06-2 56-23-5 106-93-4 107-02-8 7440-38-2 71-43-2 107-06-2 56-23-5 106-93-4 7440-38-2 71-43-2 107-06-2 56-23-5 106-93-4 106-46-7 107-02-8 71-43-2 107-06-2 56-23-5 106-93-4 107-02-8 Annual Average (g/m3) 7.0E-04 2.9E-01 8.2E-02 4.1E-01 1.5E-02 1.8E-02 6.1E-01 8.0E-04 3.6E-01 4.8E-02 4.1E-01 9.9E-03 3.7E-01 5.0E-04 2.9E-01 4.1E-02 4.0E-01 1.1E-02 7.0E-04 5.7E-01 6.4E-02 3.8E-01 1.0E-02 9.7E-02 4.0E-01 5.5E-01 5.4E-02 4.0E-01 1.3E-02 3.5E-01 Cancer Risk Hazard Quotient 3.E-06 0.05 2.E-06 0.01 1.E-07 0.0002 2.E-06 0.004 9.E-06 0.002 1.E-06 N/A N/A 2 3.E-06 0.05 3.E-06 0.01 8.E-08 0.0001 2.E-06 0.004 6.E-06 0.001 N/A 1 2.E-06 0.03 2.E-06 0.01 7.E-08 0.00008 2.E-06 0.004 7.E-06 0.001 3.E-06 0.05 4.E-06 0.02 1.E-07 0.0001 2.E-06 0.004 6.E-06 0.001 1.E-06 0.0001 N/A 1 4.E-06 0.02 9.E-08 0.0001 2.E-06 0.004 8.E-06 0.001 N/A 1 CAS # is Chemical Abstracts Services number for each compound, which is a specific way to identify each compound. Table 2. Site-specific mean concentration, cancer risk, and hazard quotient by location for chemicals that exceeded their screening values in 2017 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 57 Ambient Monitoring Program The following table and graph show the aggregate, or sum, of all the theoretical cancer risk and hazard quotients at each site. Site Aggregate Cancer Risk Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. General Coffee South DeKalb NR-285 2.E-05 1.E-05 1.E-05 2.E-05 1.E-05 Table 3. Aggregate cancer risk and hazard index by site for 2017 Hazard Index 2 1 0.05 1 1 Figure 53 is a graphical representation of each site's theoretical hazard index and respective cancer risks shown in Table 3. The screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix B. *VOCs only at NR-285 Figure 53. Aggregate cancer risk and hazard index by site for 2017 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 58 Ambient Monitoring Program The following table shows the summary information for the PAMS site. Of the chemicals that are evaluated in conjunction with the Air Toxics data, benzene, ethylbenzene, and 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene were three chemicals found above the screening value at this site. Site Chemical CAS # Annual Average (g/m3) Cancer Risk Hazard Quotient Benzene South DeKalb Ethylbenzene 71-43-2 5.5 100-41-4 2.3 4.E-05 6.E-06 0.2 0.002 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 94.4 N/A 2 Table 4. Mean, cancer risks, and hazard quotients for VOCs from the PAMs site which exceeded their screening levels in 2017 There are two air monitoring sites in Georgia that collect carbonyls data in 2017, as discussed earlier. The risk assessment for this data is summarized in the following table. Site Chemical Savannah Formaldehyde Formaldehyde South DeKalb Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde CAS # 50-00-0 50-00-0 75-07-0 123-83-6 Annual Average (g/m3) 3.7E-01 1.7E+00 2.1E+00 2.8E+00 Cancer Risk 5.E-06 2.E-05 5.E-06 N/A Hazard Quotient 0.04 0.2 0.2 0.3 Table 5. Mean, cancer risks, and hazard quotients for carbonyls which exceeded their screening levels in 2017 This report summarizes the concentrations measured and associated cancer risk and hazard quotient as detailed above. For specific questions regarding public health, please contact: Franklin Sanchez, REHS Director Chemical Hazards Program Environmental Health Georgia Department of Public Health 2 Peachtree Street NW, 13th Floor Atlanta, GA 30303-3142 404.657.6534 Fax: 404.657.6516 Franklin.Sanchez@dph.ga.gov 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 59 Ambient Monitoring Program The maps below show the estimated rate of lung related diseases per county in Georgia. This is based on data obtained from the American Lung Association's 'Estimated Prevalence and Incidence of Lung Disease' (https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/research/ monitoring-trends-in-lung-disease/estimated-prevalence-and-incidence-of-lung-disease/). These rates are mapped as the number of estimated lung related disease cases per 1000 or 100 people in each county, based on 2016 data. Adult Asthma Rate Per 1000 Pediatric Asthma Rate Per 1000 Lung Cancer Rate Per 100 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Rate Per 1000 Figure 54. Estimated incidence of lung related diseases in Georgia 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 60 Ambient Monitoring Program METEOROLOGICAL REPORT State Climatology and Meteorological Summary of 2017 The climate across North and Central Georgia varies based on a variety of factors, the most prominent of which is terrain. The Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean are the two nearby maritime bodies that exert an important influence on the North Georgia climate, acting as major sources of moisture support. A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan Atlanta. See Appendix C for details. Figure 55. Meteorological Site Map Figure 56. Sample meteorological instrumentation at EPD sites: a) ceilometer, b) sonic anemometer, c) Temperature probe and relative humidity monitor, d) tipping bucket 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 61 Ambient Monitoring Program 2017 Climate Highlights Hurricane Irma Hurricane Irma made landfall in southwest Florida on September 10, 2017. By the morning of Monday, September 11th, then-Tropical Storm Irma moved into Georgia with a very large wind field containing at least tropical storm force wind gusts (39+mph). The heaviest rainfall totals were confined to far southeast Georgia Widespread sustained winds of 30-45 mph with gusts in the 50-65 mph range downed numerous trees and power lines across the area Figure 57. Rainfall in Georgia during Hurricane Irma (images and information courtesy of National Weather Service Peachtree City) For more information regarding the Georgia Climate Office, see https://epd.georgia.gov/office-state-climatologist. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 62 Ambient Monitoring Program North Georgia Winter Storm A winter weather event unfolded across most of north Georgia beginning the evening of Friday, January 6, 2017 and lasted through the morning hours on Saturday, January 7, 2017. The result was several inches of snow across much of north Georgia, with significant freezing rain accumulations up to a quarter of an inch across much of the Atlanta metropolitan area. Figure 59. Snowfall in Georgia, January 6-7 (National Weather Service at Peachtree City) Solar Eclipse A total solar eclipse of the sun was visible within a narrow pathway across the U.S. on August 21st. Parts of North Georgia were within the path of the shadow. There was a noticeable decrease in photochemically-produced ozone detected during the eclipse, as seen in hourly ozone and solar radiation data below. Figure 60. Solar Eclipse Event/Ozone Comparison 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 63 Ambient Monitoring Program 2017 Drought Conditions for Georgia From January through March, drought conditions were mostly confined to north Georgia with D3 drought conditions present in north Georgia Drought conditions migrated southward through mid-June with D3 conditions observed in south Georgia All drought conditions were eliminated by July 25th By mid-November, much of south Georgia and the Atlanta metro area either showed D0 or D1 drought conditions D1 conditions across south Georgia continued to expand through the end of the year Figure 61. Drought Conditions in Georgia Agricultural Impacts Most of the agricultural impacts were felt in northeast and far south Georgia where drought conditions were most extreme Much of the peach crop (around 80%) was devastated by a combinations of the warm winter, a late frost, and lingering stress from the La Nina 2016 drought Critical hay shortage during peak drought conditions with no hay to harvest, farmers had to import scarce, smaller, and more expensive hay with poorer quality Numerous reports of reduced amounts of beef and milk produced by livestock, ponds and creeks that were dried up completely, and brush fires 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 64 Ambient Monitoring Program Air Quality Forecasting Statistics Table 6: Observed Air Quality in 2017 Observed # of Days in AQI Category Metro Area and Pollutant Atlanta Ozone Macon Ozone Atlanta PM2.5 Columbus PM2.5 Total # of days in record 214 214 365 342 Good 137 193 217 286 Moderate 67 21 148 56 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 11 0 0 0 Note: Total number of days in record based on AirNow data for observed measurements. Unhealthy 0 0 0 0 Table 7: Predicted Air Quality in 2017 Hits Atlanta Ozone 1 Macon Ozone 0 Atlanta PM2.5 0 Columbus PM2.5 0 Misses 9 0 0 0 False Alarms 4 0 0 0 Bias 2.7 ppbv Gross Error 7.2 ppbv 4.0 ppbv 7.3 ppbv 0.2 g/m3 2.7 g/m3 0.5 g/m3 2.5 g/m3 Correlation (-1 to +1) 0.76 0.68 0.65 0.61 % Accurate 2 categories 94 100 100 100 % Accurate 5 categories 79 90 78 84 Notes: Hits are the number of days on which an observed exceedance of the daily NAAQS was correctly predicted. Misses are the number of days on which an observed exceedance of the daily NAAQS was not predicted. False Alarms are the number of days on which an exceedance of the daily NAAQS was predicted, but was not later observed. Bias is the average tendency to over-predict (positive bias) or under-predict (negative bias) the observed pollutant concentration. Gross Error is the average absolute error of the predictions relative to the observations. Correlation is a measure of the ability to predict the relative change in observed concentrations. Higher positive correlation implies that the predictions are accurately anticipating changes in the observed concentrations. % Accurate 2 categories is the percentage of days when the forecast prediction correctly matched the observation for the "no smog alert" / "smog alert" condition (i.e. 2 categories). % Accurate 5 categories is the percentage of days when the forecast prediction correctly matched the observation for five categories of the Air Quality Index (Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, and Very Unhealthy). 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 65 Ambient Monitoring Program Observed and Predicted Air Quality: Figure 62. Atlanta observed and predicted ozone, 2017 Figure 63. Atlanta observed and predicted PM2.5, 2017 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 66 Ambient Monitoring Program Observed and Predicted Air Quality: Figure 64. Macon observed and predicted ozone, 2017 Figure 65. Columbus observed and predicted PM2.5, 2017 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 67 Ambient Monitoring Program Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program The purpose of the QA/QC Program is to assure the quality of data from EPD's air monitoring network. The GA EPD meets or exceeds the QA requirements defined in 40 CFR 58 and all applicable appendices. With the QA Program, GA EPD independently challenges the ambient air monitors to ensure they meet the requirements of 40 CFR 58. The QA/QC program includes but is not limited to the following activities: Instrument performance audits Monitor siting evaluations Precision and span checks Bias determinations Flow rate determinations Leak checks Data validation For additional independent quality assurance activities, the EPD participates in EPA's National Performance Audit Program (NPAP) and Performance Evaluation Program (PEP) for criteria pollutants. EPD's samplers are compared on a national basis through these independent audits. As the Primary Quality Assurance Organization (PQAO) for ambient air monitoring activities in Georgia, the Ambient Monitoring Program operates under an EPA approved Quality Management Plan and utilizes Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs) for each state wide monitoring network. The primary purpose of the QAPP is to provide an overview of the project, describe the need for the measurements and define QA/QC activities to be applied to the project. All other ambient air monitoring initiatives, including state and industrial projects, must have an approved monitoring plan for each specific project. Accuracy Levels 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 68 Ambient Monitoring Program Accuracy Levels 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 69 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix Section 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 70 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix A: Georgia Air Monitoring Network Black PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM PM10 PAMS Carb- Car- Met SITE ID Site Name COUNTY O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. Coarse NOx NO2 NOy SO2 Pb PM10 Cont. VOC VOC SVOC onyls Met bon als Rome MSA 131150003 Rome Floyd S X 131150005 Kraftsman Floyd S NR Brunswick MSA 131270006 Brunswick Glynn S S NR Valdosta MSA 131850003 Valdosta Lowndes S S Warner Robins MSA Warner Rob- 131530001 ins Houston S S Dalton MSA Fort Moun- 132130003 tain Murray S NR Albany MSA 130950007 Albany Dougherty S S Gainesville MSA 131390003 Gainesville Hall S S Athens-Clark County MSA 130590002 Athens Clarke S SS X Macon MSA 130210007 Macon-Allied Bibb Macon- 130210012 Forestry Bibb S Columbus Georgia- Alabama MSA Columbus- 132150001 Health Dept. Muscogee Columbus- 132150008 Airport Muscogee S Columbus- 132150009 Allied Muscogee Columbus- 132150010 Joy Rd Muscogee Columbus- 132150011 Cusseta Muscogee Columbus- 132151003 Crime Lab Muscogee Savannah MSA S X S S S S S S X S S S S NR NR NR NR NR Savannah-E. 130510021 President St. Chatham S Savannah- 130510091 Mercer Chatham Savannah- 130511002 L&A Chatham Augusta Georgia-South Carolina MSA 130730001 Evans Columbia S 132450091 Augusta Richmond S S S SS X S NR NR NR NR NR S NR NR S S S NR Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; C=NCore; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; R=Near-Road; NR=Non-Regulatory; A=CASTNET 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 71 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix A: Georgia Air Monitoring Network (continued) SITE ID Site Name COUNTY Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM NO/ PM10 PAMS Carb- O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. Coarse NOx NO2 NOy SO2 Pb PM10 Cont VOC VOC SVOC onyls Black Car- Met Met bon als 130630091 Forest Park Clayton S 130670003 Kennesaw Cobb S S 130770002 Newnan* Coweta S S NR 130850001 Dawsonville Dawson S South DeK- S/ C S/P/ 130890002 alb DeKalb S/ P/C S/C S/C T/C S/P S/P C C NR C P N N P/N P N N 130890003 NR-285 DeKalb R R S R R 130970004 Douglasville Douglas S NR 131210039 Fire Station Fulton S S 131210055 Confederate Fulton S S S NR 131210056 NR-GA Tech Fulton R R 131350002 Gwinnett Gwinnett S 131510002 McDonough Henry S S S S 132319991 EPA CAST- Pike A 132470001 Conyers Rockdale S/P Chattanooga Tennessee-Georgia MSA 132950002 Rossville Not In An MSA Walker 130550001 Summerville Chattooga S S S X 130690002 General Coffee S X 132611001 Leslie Sumter S Washing- 133030001 Sandersville ton S R R R R P NR NR NR *closed in 2017 Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; C=NCore; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; R=Near-Road; NR=Non-Regulatory; A=CASTNET 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 72 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix B: Air Toxics Compounds Monitored and Risk Assessment Screening Values used in Initial Assessment CAS # Chemical 7440-36-0 7440-38-2 7440-41-7 7440-43-9 18540-29-9 Metals Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium** 83-32-9 208-96-8 120-12-7 56-55-3 205-99-2 207-08-9 191-24-2 50-32-8 192-97-2 218-01-9 71-43-2 100-52-7 100-44-7 74-83-9 106-99-0 123-72-8 108-90-7 75-00-3 75-01-4 74-87-3 110-82-7 106-93-4 95-50-1 541-73-1 106-46-7 75-71-8 75-34-3 107-06-2 156-59-2 75-35-4 75-09-2 78-87-5 10061-01-5 10061-02-6 76-14-2 95-47-6 Semi-Volatiles Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(e)pyrene Chrysene Volatile Organic Compounds Benzene Benzenecarbonal (Benzaldehyde) Benzyl chloride Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) 1,3-Butadiene Butanal (Butyraldehyde) Chlorobenzene (Phenyl chloride) Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) Chloroethene (Vinyl chloride) Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) Cyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene dibromide) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene chloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-Dichloroethylene) Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride) cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(Freon114) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) Screen Value (g/m3) CAS # Chemical 0.02 0.00023 0.00042 0.00056 N/A 7440-48-4 7439-92-1 7439-96-5 7440-02-0 7782-49-2 7440-66-6 Cobalt Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.017 0.017 0.17 0.3 0.0017 0.3 0.091 27208-37-3 53-70-3 206-44-0 86-73-7 193-39-5 91-20-3 85-01-8 198-55-0 129-00-0 Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene Naphthalene Phenanthrene Perylene Pyrene 0.13 N/A 0.02 0.5 0.03 N/A 100 1000 0.11 9.0 6300* 0.002 210* N/A 0.091 100* 0.63 0.038 N/A 210* 100 0.76* N/A N/A N/A 10 108-38-3/106-42-3 1,3 and 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (m/p-Xylene) 75-07-0 Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) 100-41-4 Ethylbenzene 100-42-5 Ethenylbenzene (Styrene) 622-97-9 Benzene,1-ethenyl-4-methyl (p-Ethyltoluene) 76-13-1 Freon 113 87-68-3 Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene(Hexachlorobutadiene) 110-54-3 50-00-0 n-Hexane Methanal (Formaldehyde) 108-88-3 Methylbenzene/Phenylmethane (Toluene) 123-38-6 67-64-1 Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 2-Propanone (Acetone) 107-02-8 Propenal (Acrolein) 79-34-5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 127-18-4 Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethylene) 56-23-5 Tetrachlormethane (Carbon tetrachloride) 120-82-1 526-73-8 95-63-6 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 71-55-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) 79-00-5 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-01-6 Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene) 75-69-4 Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) 67-66-3 Trichloromethane (Chloroform) Screen Value (g/m3) 0.01 0.15 0.3 0.0021 2 N/A N/A 0.0017 0.3 0.3 0.017 0.3*** 0.3 N/A 0.3 10 0.45 0.4 100 N/A N/A 0.045 70 0.0769 40 0.8 32000* 0.35 0.017 3.846 0.17 20 63* 63* N/A 5000 0.063 0.244 N/A* 9.8 Sources: `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets' (U.S. EPA, 2010)(https://archive.org/details/ APreliminaryRisk-basedScreeningApproachForAirToxicsMonitoringDataSets), "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (6/18/2018)(https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/table1.pdf)." *Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-06. HQ=1) May 2018 (https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/197233.pdf) **After discussing with GA EPD Laboratory, the chromium sample was clarified to be chromium+3, which does not have a screening value. Therefore, chromium was not assessed. ***Naphthalene: 1 in 10,000 uncertainty in IUR; therefore IUR not used in developing screening value. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 73 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix C: Meteorological Instruments used in 2017 PARAMETER Wind Speed/Wind Direction Ambient Temperature/ Relative Hu- midity LOCATION D COMPANY INSTRUMENT A B r C o C o C D a S . S a o Mu N S MODEL u g u u n l C n f o n y w s o D e v . a c o g l a eFE w t. v Ma N R - a v s s r A e n K P n s n t L nG t a wL ic a v e r s vi ll a l r e S E v il a n n s T & A kb . e b s l e R.M. Young R.M. Young R.M. Young Ultrasonic Anemometer Ultrasonic Anemometer TEMP/RH Probe 81000 X X X X X X X X X X X 85000 41375V C X X X X X X X R.M. TEMP/RH SENSOR, 41382V X X X X Young DEG C C R.M. Barometric Pres- 61201 X X Young sure Sensor Barometric Pressure R.M. Barometric Pres- Young sure Sensor 61302V X X X Precipitation No- Tipping Bucket 260- X X X X valynx Rain Gauge 2501 Solar Radiation Eppley Standard Precision PSP/ X Lab Pyronometer SPP Total Ultraviolet Radiation Data Logger Towers Eppley Lab ESC ESC Aluma Tower Inc. Aluma Tower Inc. Total Ultraviolet Radiometer Data System Controller Data System Controller Crank-Up Tower Fold-Over Tower TUVR X 8832 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8816 X T-135 X X X X X X X X X X X X FOT-10 X X X 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 74 Ambient Monitoring Program Appendix D: Pollutant Concentrations Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide 8-hour average not to exceed 9 ppm more than once per year None Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID 130890002 131210056 Carbon Monoxide Hourly City County Decatur DeKalb Atlanta Fulton Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Site Name South DeKalb NR-GA Tech Hours Measured 7349 8460 Units: Parts per million (ppm) Max 1 - Hour 1st 2nd Obs. > Max 8 - Hour Obs. 35 > 9 1st 2nd 2.853 2.292 0 1.4 1.3 0 2.4 2.3 0 2.1 1.8 0 Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb 3-year average of the 98th percentile of daily maximum one-hour averages must not exceed 100 ppb Annual mean must not exceed 53 ppb Pollutant: Data Interval: Nitrogen Dioxide Hourly Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Site ID City County Site Name Hours Measured 98th% Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd Annual Arithmetic Mean 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 74 44.9 51.9 51.6 8.72 130890003 Atlanta DeKalb NR-285 200 52.5 61.2 58.1 14.91 131210056 Atlanta Fulton NR-GA Tech 74 47.2 58.7 52.3 17.93 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 75 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: NOx Hourly Site ID City 130890002 130890003 131210056 Decatur Atlanta Atlanta Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 County Site Name Hours Measured DeKalb South DeKalb 8011 DeKalb NR-285 8504 Fulton NR-GA Tech 8361 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 361.6 328 398.5 385.5 292.4 251.9 Annual Arithmetic Mean 20.36 36.79 41.96 Pollutant: Data Interval: NOy Hourly Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Site ID 130890002 City Decatur County DeKalb Site Name South DeKalb Hours Measured 8063 Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 216.0 214.0 Annual Arithmetic Mean 21.24 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 76 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: Pollutant: Data Interval: Ozone Hourly National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 3-year average of 4th highest daily maximum 8-hr concentration not to exceed 0.070 ppm Same as the Primary Standards Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 8-Hour Averages Units: Parts per million (ppm) Site ID City County Site Name Days Measured 1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4thMax Number of Days >0.070 130210012 Macon Bibb Macon- 245 .068 .067 .065 .063 0 Forestry Savannah-E. 130510021 Savannah Chatham 220 .063 .058 .058 .057 0 Pres. St. 130550001 Summerville Chattooga Summerville 240 .059 .059 .057 .057 0 130590002 Athens Clarke Athens 244 .069 .066 .063 .063 0 130670003 Kennesaw Cobb Kennesaw 245 .069 .067 .065 .065 0 130730001 Evans Columbia Evans 245 .072 .061 .059 .058 1 130770002 Newnan Coweta Newnan 242 .062 .062 .058 .057 0 130850001 Dawsonville Dawson Dawsonville 242 .074 .071 .068 .065 2 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 352 .083 .069 .069 .068 1 130970004 Douglasville Douglas Douglasville 225 .085 .068 .067 .066 1 131210055 Atlanta Fulton Confederate 235 .081 .077 .076 .074 6 Ave. 131270006 Brunswick Glynn Brunswick 241 .063 .058 .057 .056 0 131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech 234 .069 .067 .067 .065 0 131510002 McDonough Henry McDonough 237 .079 .076 .073 .065 3 132130003 Chatsworth Murray Fort Mountain 209 .070 .068 .067 .066 0 Columbus- 132150008 Columbus Muscogee Airport 244 .065 .064 .063 .058 0 132319991 Williamson Pike CASTNET 236 .076 .066 .064 .062 1 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 240 .061 .059 .058 .058 0 132470001 Conyers Rockdale Conyers 239 .078 .069 .067 .065 1 132611001 Leslie Sumter Leslie 240 .060 .059 .059 .058 0 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 77 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: Ozone Hourly Site ID City 130210012 Macon 130510021 Savannah 130550001 Summerville 130590002 Athens 130670003 130730001 130770002 Kennesaw Evans Newnan 130850001 130890002 130970004 131210055 Dawsonville Decatur Douglasville Atlanta 131270006 Brunswick 131350002 Lawrenceville 131510002 132130003 132150008 132319991 132450091 132470001 132611001 McDonough Chatsworth Columbus Williamson Augusta Conyers Leslie Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 County Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Pike Richmond Rockdale Sumter 1-Hour Averages Site Name Macon-Forestry Savannah-E. Pres. St. Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan Dawsonville South DeKalb Douglasville Confederate Ave. Brunswick Gwinnett Tech McDonough Fort Mountain Columbus- Airport CASTNET Augusta Conyers Leslie Units: Parts per million (ppm) Days Measured 245 223 240 244 245 245 243 244 354 239 238 241 234 239 223 245 238 243 243 241 1st Max .078 .070 .072 .084 .077 .077 .073 .099 .099 .097 .090 .072 .087 .092 .084 .073 .088 .073 .094 .067 2nd Max .076 .069 .064 .073 .076 .073 .072 .079 .086 .078 .086 .067 .079 .090 .075 .071 .080 .072 .082 .066 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 78 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Sulfur Dioxide 3-year average of 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour concentration not to exceed 75 ppb 3-hour concentrations not to exceed 0.5 ppm (500 ppb) more than once per year Pollutant: Data Interval: Sulfur Dioxide Hourly Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Units: Parts per billion (ppb) Site ID 130210012 City Macon County Site Name Hours Measured Macon- Bibb Forestry 8467 Max 24 Hour 1st 2nd 1.5 1.3 Max 3 Hour 1st 2nd Max 1-Hour 1st 2nd 99th Pctl 1- Hr Maximum 5Minute Average Annual Arithmetic Mean 2.2 1.8 8.4 2.3 2.2 5.0 0.60 130510021 Savan- Chat- Savannah- 8318 10.4 9.6 23.1 22.5 40.8 38.8 35.8 73.4 1.04 nah ham E. Pres. St Savan- Chat- Savannah- 130511002 nah ham L&A 8581 12.7 11.6 44.9 41 62.1 59.9 53.2 133.8 1.47 South 130890002 Decatur DeKalb DeKalb 8174 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.9 1.6 3.4 0.16 131150006 Rome Floyd Kraftsman 8508 6.8 5.5 21 14 33.1 23.6 21.6 85.6 0.91 131210055 Atlanta Fulton Confeder- 8500 2.9 2.5 6.1 5.6 8.5 8.3 7.4 35.5 1.18 ate Ave. 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 8553 8.3 8.1 26.5 25.3 68.3 49.8 34.8 114.3 0.98 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 79 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID 130210007 Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) 98th% and Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method Values Annual City County Site Name Days Measured 98th Percentile Exceeding Applicable Daily Standard Arithmetic Mean Macon Bibb Macon-Allied 117 18.4 0 9.61 130210012 Macon Bibb Macon-Forestry 118 15.1 130510091 Savannah Chatham Savannah- 111 16.4 Mercer 130590002 Athens Clarke Athens 119 15.7 0 7.11 0 8.14 0 7.79 130630091 Forest Park Clayton Forest Park 115 19.1 0 9.67 130670003 Kennesaw Cobb Kennesaw 119 17.8 0 8.78 130690002 General Coffee Douglas General Coffee 96 17.2 0 7.40 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 122 20.9 0 8.98 130950007 Albany Dougherty Albany 122 25.4 1 9.43 131150003 Rome Floyd Rome 3 9.7 0 7.23 131210039 Atlanta Fulton Fire Station #8 118 18.3 0 9.77 131210056 Atlanta Fulton NR-GA Tech 114 21.6 0 10.38 131270006 Brunswick Glynn Brunswick 107 17.1 0 7.46 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 80 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM2.5 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 12.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 3-year average of the annual weighted mean not to exceed 15.0g/m3 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentration not to exceed 35g/m3 Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Particulate Matter PM2.5 24-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) 98th% and Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method Values City County Site Name Days Measured 98th Percentile Exceeding Applicable Annual Arithmetic Daily Stand- Mean ard 131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech 109 15.9 0 8.50 131390003 Gainesville Hall Gainesville 121 15.2 0 7.47 131530001 Warner Robins Houston Warner Robins 115 15.8 0 8.26 131850003 Valdosta Lowndes Valdosta 118 20.7 1 8.18 Columbus- 132150001 Columbus Muscogee Health Dept. 117 20.0 0 9.30 Columbus 132150008 Columbus Muscogee Airport 121 20.5 0 9.00 Columbus- 132150011 Columbus Muscogee Cusseta 122 34.0 0 9.70 132230003 Yorkville Paulding Yorkville 11 12.6 0 5.55 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 120 20.6 0 9.07 132950002 Rossville Walker Rossville 109 18.9 0 8.51 133030001 Sandersville Washing- Sandersville 122 24.0 0 8.59 ton 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 81 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Particulate Matter PM2.5 1-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) Hourly Averages of PM2.5 with Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) Hours Meas- Site ID City County Site Name 1st Max ured 130210012* Macon Bibb Macon-Forestry 130511002* Savannah Chatham Savannah-L&A 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 130950007 Albany Dougherty Albany 131350002* Lawrenceville Gwinnett Gwinnett Tech 2192 1215 8185 6978 1469 131390003* Gainesville 132450091* Augusta 132950002* Rossville Hall Richmond Walker Gainesville Augusta Rossville 2114 2112 2094 54.1 71.6 46.6 132.0 45.3 31.4 62.0 47.7 2nd Max Annual Arithmetic Mean 53.2 50.9 45.3 107.0 44.1 29.2 59.2 43.9 9.41 10.93 8.41 9.56 12.62 8.76 11.21 10.69 *partial year of data, as method changed 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 82 Ambient Monitoring Program Pollutant: Data Interval: Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Particulate Matter PM2.5 1-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) Hourly Averages of PM2.5with Non-FEM Method Site ID Hours Meas- City County Site Name 1st Max ured 130210012* Macon Bibb Macon-Forestry 5879 130511002* Savannah Chatham Savannah-L&A 130590002 Athens 131210055 Atlanta 131350002* Lawrenceville Clarke Fulton Gwinnett Athens Confederate Avenue Gwinnett Tech 7092 8597 8487 6862 131390003* Gainesville Hall Gainesville 3018 131510002 McDonough Henry McDonough 7498 131530001 Warner Robins Houston Warner Robins 7143 131850003 Valdosta 132150008 Columbus 132450091* Augusta Lowndes Muscogee Richmond Valdosta ColumbusAirport Augusta 7643 8490 5998 132950002* Rossville Walker Rossville 5085 45.2 129.8 177.0 298.1 103.3 124.0 122.6 82.0 166.0 87.5 143.0 320.0 2nd Max Annual Arithmetic Mean 41.6 77.4 172.2 88.7 84.1 84.0 52.1 72.0 134.0 80.0 110.1 239.0 7.18 7.92 7.79 11.25 7.38 9.75 7.97 9.19 10.51 8.38 7.62 9.48 *partial year of data, as method changed 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 83 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter PM10 Number of days with a maximum of 24-hour concentration of 150g/m3 must not exceed more than once per year on average over 3 years Same as the Primary Standards Pollutant: Data Interval: Site ID Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Particulate Matter PM10 24-Hour Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) 24-Hour Integrated Measurements Annual City County Site Name Days Measured 1st Max Number Values >150 Arithmetic Mean 131210039 Atlanta Fulton Fire Station #8 56 33 0 15.6 132450091 Augusta Richmond Augusta 58 475* 1 23.3 *house fire nearby site, causing unusually high value Site ID 130890002 Hourly Continuous Measurements City Decatur County DeKalb Site Name South DeKalb Hours Measured 8002 1st Max 47 Annual Arithmetic Mean 16.9 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 84 Ambient Monitoring Program Primary NAAQS: Secondary NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead Rolling 3-month average not to exceed 0.15 g/m3 Same as the Primary Standard Pollutant: Data Interval: Lead 24-Hour Criteria Pollutant Summary Report - 2017 Units: Micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3 ) Site ID City County Site Name Number of Obs. Nov 2016-Jan 2017 Dec 2016-Feb 2017 Jan 2017-Mar 2017 Feb 2017-Apr 2017 Mar 2017-May 2017 Apr 2017-Jun 2017 May 2017-Jul 2017 Jun 2017-Aug 2017 Jul 2017-Sep 2017 Aug 2017-Oct 2017 Sep 2017-Nov 2017 Oct 2017-Dec 2017 # of Values > 0.15 132150009 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Allied 71 0.3592 0.0178 0.0221 0.0399 0.0443 0.0376 0.0155 0.0158 0.0371 0.0389 0.0426 0.0287 1 132150010 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Joy Road 71 0.0228 0.0121 0.0119 0.0145 0.0151 0.0160 0.0107 0.0109 0.0163 0.0229 0.0258 0.0221 0 132150011 Columbus Muscogee Columbus-Cusseta 68 0.0669 0.0052 0.0036 0.0034 0.0036 0.0028 0.0023 0.0020 0.0043 0.0055 0.0072 0.0062 0 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 85 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMSHC TNMOC Ethane Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane Isobutane trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene n-Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentene trans-2-Pentene cis-2-Pentene 3-Methylpentane n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2017) (concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC)) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max S. DeKalb 1194 45.14 182.50 S. DeKalb 1198 52.41 210.30 S. DeKalb 1198 4.675 17.71 S. DeKalb 1198 1.768 10.03 S. DeKalb 1198 3.908 54.20 S. DeKalb 1198 0.923 3.85 S. DeKalb 1198 0.490 7.30 S. DeKalb 1198 1.707 8.41 S. DeKalb 1198 0.854 5.11 S. DeKalb 1198 0.092 17.21 S. DeKalb 1198 0.054 0.34 S. DeKalb 1198 2.277 17.59 S. DeKalb 1198 3.480 18.43 S. DeKalb 1198 0.098 0.40 S. DeKalb 1198 0.091 1.94 S. DeKalb 1198 0.041 0.30 S. DeKalb 1198 0.463 2.94 S. DeKalb 1198 0.859 4.79 S. DeKalb 1198 0.374 1.85 S. DeKalb 1198 0.098 0.60 2nd Max 176.80 209.50 16.45 9.01 21.29 3.10 5.20 8.37 4.95 8.79 0.32 15.32 18.04 0.40 0.67 0.29 2.94 4.67 1.77 0.58 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 86 Ambient Monitoring Program Name n-Nonane n-Decane PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2017)(continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max S. DeKalb 1198 0.090 0.58 S. DeKalb 1198 0.115 1.19 Cyclopentane Isoprene 2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,4-Dimethylpentane Cyclohexane 3-Methylhexane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb S. DeKalb 1198 1198 1198 1198 1198 1198 1198 0.326 5.344 0.069 0.177 0.154 0.531 0.876 7.08 31.19 1.01 1.35 3.10 2.98 5.45 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1198 0.242 1.55 3-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 1198 0.138 0.85 Methylcyclohexane S. DeKalb 1198 0.283 1.63 Methylcyclopentane S. DeKalb 1198 0.412 7.39 2-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 1198 0.376 2.68 1-Butene S. DeKalb 1198 0.327 1.03 2,3-Dimethylbutane S. DeKalb 1198 0.133 1.00 2-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 1198 0.573 3.37 2,3-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1198 0.277 1.51 n-Undecane S. DeKalb 1198 0.153 5.69 2-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 1940 0.122 0.97 2nd Max 0.39 1.08 6.92 29.18 0.42 1.14 0.97 2.91 5.03 1.53 0.83 1.61 2.44 2.03 0.83 0.85 3.30 1.47 2.04 0.90 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 87 Ambient Monitoring Program PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2017) (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Name Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max m & p Xylenes S. DeKalb 1198 1.046 6.99 Benzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.773 4.61 Toluene S. DeKalb 1198 2.589 17.40 Ethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.349 2.35 o-Xylene S. DeKalb 1198 0.407 2.76 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.183 2.76 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.405 2.42 n-Propylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.078 1.13 Isopropylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.038 0.31 o-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1198 0.135 0.68 m-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1198 2.141 25.23 m-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.151 1.69 p-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 0.126 0.84 Styrene S. DeKalb 1198 0.248 1.59 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1198 3.276 13.82 p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1198 0.220 5.50 2nd Max 6.98 3.60 15.95 2.12 2.51 1.00 2.41 0.80 0.31 0.66 16.29 1.51 0.76 1.50 13.59 4.22 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 88 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMSHC TNMOC Ethane Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane Isobutane trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene n-Pentane Isopentane 1-Pentene PAMS 2017 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC)) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max S. DeKalb 56 S. DeKalb 54 90.02 320.37 260.0 4300.0 S. DeKalb 56 7.18 21.0 S. DeKalb 56 0.0 0.0 S. DeKalb 56 6.21 17.0 S. DeKalb 56 0.87 2.3 S. DeKalb 56 1.80 4.9 S. DeKalb 56 5.98 25.0 S. DeKalb 56 1.58 5.8 S. DeKalb 56 0.06 0.6 S. DeKalb 56 0.02 0.4 S. DeKalb 56 7.63 120.0 S. DeKalb 56 4.90 15.0 S. DeKalb 56 0.25 1.1 2nd Max 240.0 1900.0 19.0 0.0 15.0 2.2 4.3 16.0 5.3 0.4 0.3 70.0 14.0 1.1 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 89 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMS 2017 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max trans-2-Pentene S. DeKalb 56 cis-2-Pentene S. DeKalb 56 3-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 56 n-Hexane S. DeKalb 56 n-Heptane S. DeKalb 56 n-Octane S. DeKalb 56 n-Nonane S. DeKalb 56 n-Decane S. DeKalb 56 Cyclopentane S. DeKalb 56 Isoprene S. DeKalb 56 2,2-Dimethylbutane S. DeKalb 56 2,4-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 56 Cyclohexane S. DeKalb 56 3-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 56 0.17 1.7 0.13 2.7 1.12 4.2 1.24 7.9 0.53 1.5 0.16 0.6 0.15 0.6 0.26 5.3 0.20 1.3 3.44 13.0 0.35 2.2 0.22 0.9 0.34 4.7 0.71 1.9 2nd Max 0.8 1.6 3.4 3.3 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 12.0 2.1 0.9 1.1 1.8 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 90 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMS 2017 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 56 1.50 6.2 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 56 0.28 1.0 3-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 56 0.09 0.6 Methylcyclohexane S. DeKalb 56 0.38 1.0 Methylcyclopentane S. DeKalb 56 0.59 3.1 2-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 56 0.48 1.5 1-Butene S. DeKalb 56 0.30 1.1 2,3-Dimenthylbutane S. DeKalb 55 0.38 1.2 2-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 56 1.51 4.0 2,3-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 56 0.41 1.0 n-Undecane S. DeKalb 56 0.61 16.0 2-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 56 m & p Xylenes S. DeKalb 56 Benzene S. DeKalb 56 0.09 0.6 1.55 4.7 1.73 12.0 2ndMax 5.8 1.0 0.4 0.9 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.2 3.9 1.0 3.0 0.5 4.6 3.7 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 91 Ambient Monitoring Program Name PAMS 2017 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max Toluene S. DeKalb 56 3.43 10.0 Ethylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 0.54 1.5 o-Xylene S. DeKalb 56 0.68 2.0 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 0.23 0.9 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 19.20 71.0 n-Propylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 Isopropylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 o-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 56 m-Ethyltoluene p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 56 S. DeKalb 56 m-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 p-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 Styrene S. DeKalb 56 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 56 0.03 0.4 0.00 0.2 0.32 1.3 0.47 1.5 0.56 1.6 0.56 2.2 0.09 0.7 2.45 12.0 0.23 2.0 2ndMax 9.5 1.4 1.9 0.8 64.0 0.4 0.0 1.0 1.5 1.4 2.0 0.5 10.0 0.7 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 92 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt 2017 Metals (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3)) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max Macon-Forestry 29 0.0008 0.002 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 27 0.0013 0.006 General Coffee 23 0.0003 0.001 South DeKalb* 61 0.0026 0.013 Macon-Forestry 29 0.0007 0.003 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.0008 0.005 General Coffee 23 South DeKalb* 61 Macon-Forestry 29 0.0005 0.0007 0.0000 0.001 0.002 0.000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 27 0.0000 0.000 General Coffee 22 South DeKalb* 61 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.000 Macon-Forestry 29 0.0000 0.000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 27 0.0001 0.001 General Coffee 23 0.0000 0.000 South DeKalb* 61 0.0001 0.000 Macon-Forestry 23 0.0091 0.056 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 18 0.0045 0.034 General Coffee 22 0.0125 0.047 South DeKalb* 45 0.0120 0.050 Macon-Forestry 29 0.0000 0.000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 27 0.0000 0.000 General Coffee 23 0.0000 0.001 South DeKalb* 61 0.0001 0.000 2nd Max 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.011 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.045 0.004 0.041 0.046 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 93 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc 2017 Metals (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.0021 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 General Coffee 23 South DeKalb* 61 0.0032 0.0012 0.0020 Macon-Forestry 29 0.0089 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 27 General Coffee 23 South DeKalb* 61 Macon-Forestry 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 27 General Coffee 23 South DeKalb* 61 0.0109 0.0040 0.0041 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0007 Macon-Forestry 29 0.0003 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.0001 General Coffee 23 0.0000 South DeKalb* 61 0.0001 Macon-Forestry 9 0.0204 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 5 General Coffee 5 0.0264 0.0102 South DeKalb* 21 0.0117 *Sample collected every 6 days. 1st Max 0.006 0.014 0.006 0.012 0.042 0.051 0.010 0.017 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.046 0.062 0.015 0.043 2nd Max 0.006 0.010 0.002 0.007 0.016 0.021 0.009 0.013 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.040 0.027 0.012 0.023 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 94 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(e)pyrene 2017 Semi-Volatile Compounds (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples Avg.** Macon-Forestry 24 0.0040 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0022 General Coffee 19 0.0096 South DeKalb* 59 0.0015 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0001 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 19 0.0003 General Coffee South DeKalb* 19 0.0005 56 0.0002 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0001 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0000 General Coffee 19 0.0000 South DeKalb* 59 0.0001 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0000 General Coffee 19 0.0002 South DeKalb* 59 0.0000 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0000 General Coffee 19 0.0000 South DeKalb* 59 0.0000 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0001 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0002 General Coffee 19 0.0000 South DeKalb* 59 0.0001 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0001 General Coffee 19 0.0000 South DeKalb* 59 0.0001 1st Max 0.010 0.005 0.004 0.010 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 2nd Max 0.009 0.004 0.003 0.006 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 95 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Chrysene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2017 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples Avg.** Macon-Forestry 24 0.0000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0001 General Coffee 19 South DeKalb* 59 Macon-Forestry 24 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 General Coffee 19 0.0000 South DeKalb* 59 0.0000 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0001 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0001 General Coffee 19 0.0006 South DeKalb* 59 0.0000 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0000 General Coffee South DeKalb* Macon-Forestry 19 0.0000 59 0.0000 24 0.0013 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 General Coffee 19 0.0009 0.0021 South DeKalb* 59 0.0006 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0029 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0002 General Coffee 19 0.0019 South DeKalb* 59 0.0004 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0000 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0001 General Coffee 19 0.0000 South DeKalb* 59 0.0001 1st Max 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 2nd Max 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 96 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Naphthalene Phenanthrene Pyrene Perylene 2017 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples Avg.** Macon-Forestry 24 0.0283 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0250 General Coffee 19 0.0096 South DeKalb* 58 0.0437 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0065 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0004 General Coffee 19 0.0049 South DeKalb* 59 0.0003 Macon-Forestry 24 0.0005 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 21 0.0004 General Coffee 19 0.0026 South DeKalb* South DeKalb* 59 0.0004 59 0.0000 1st Max 0.054 0.056 0.023 0.130 0.018 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.002 0.001 0.009 0.001 0.000 2nd Max 0.045 0.046 0.020 0.120 0.018 0.008 0.010 0.008 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.000 *Sample collected every 6 days. 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 97 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Freon 113 Freon 114 1,3-Butadiene Cyclohexane Chloromethane Dichloromethane 2017 Volatile Organic Compounds (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.12 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.12 General Coffee 30 0.12 South DeKalb* 58 0.12 NR-285 28 0.12 Macon-Forestry 29 0.02 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.01 NR-285 28 0.02 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.18 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.11 General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.07 NR-285 28 0.10 Macon-Forestry 29 0.53 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.69 General Coffee 30 0.61 South DeKalb* 58 0.51 NR-285 28 0.54 Macon-Forestry 29 0.13 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.13 General Coffee 30 0.11 South DeKalb* 58 0.13 NR-285 28 0.13 1st Max 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 2nd Max 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 98 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Trichlorofluoromethane Chloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane Methyl chloroform 2017 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 General Coffee 30 South DeKalb* 58 NR-285 28 Macon-Forestry 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 General Coffee 30 South DeKalb* 58 NR-285 28 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.10 Macon-Forestry 29 0.21 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.20 General Coffee South DeKalb* NR-285 30 0.20 58 0.22 28 0.20 Macon-Forestry 29 0.01 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.05 South DeKalb* 58 0.01 NR-285 28 0.01 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* NR-285 58 0.00 28 0.00 1st Max 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2nd Max 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 99 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Ethylene dichloride Tetrachloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromomethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Dichlorodifluoromethane 0.02017 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.03 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.02 NR-285 28 0.02 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.01 NR-285 28 0.01 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee South DeKalb* NR-285 30 0.00 58 0.00 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.42 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.46 General Coffee 30 0.43 South DeKalb* 58 0.44 NR-285 28 0.44 1st Max 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 2nd Max 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 100 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Trichloroethylene 2017 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.08 1,1-Dichloroethylene General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.01 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 1,2-Dichloropropane General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.01 NR-285 28 0.01 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 trans-1,3-Dichloropropene General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 cis-1,3-Dichloropropene General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 cis-1,2-Dichloroethene General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 1st Max 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2nd Max 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 101 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Ethylene dibromide Hexachlorobutadiene Vinyl chloride m/p Xylene Benzene Toluene 2017 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee South DeKalb* NR-285 30 0.00 58 0.00 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee South DeKalb* NR-285 Macon-Forestry 30 0.01 58 0.00 28 0.00 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.00 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.34 General Coffee 30 0.02 South DeKalb* 58 0.54 NR-285 28 0.51 Macon-Forestry 29 0.56 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.69 General Coffee 30 0.54 South DeKalb* 58 1.07 NR-285 28 1.05 Macon-Forestry 29 0.90 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.88 General Coffee 30 0.17 South DeKalb* 58 1.50 NR-285 28 1.92 1st Max 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.4 0.2 2.7 1.4 1.5 2.4 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.6 7.7 0.4 7.0 16.8 2nd Max 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.1 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.9 2.0 2.2 2.1 0.3 6.4 3.7 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 102 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Ethylbenzene o- Xylene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Styrene Benzene,1-ethenyl-4- methyl 2017 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.17 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.09 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.16 NR-285 28 0.15 Macon-Forestry 29 0.16 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.11 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.22 NR-285 28 0.18 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.02 NR-285 28 0.01 Macon-Forestry 29 0.06 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.08 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.21 NR-285 28 0.17 Macon-Forestry 29 0.80 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.66 NR-285 28 0.03 Macon-Forestry 29 0.00 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.00 General Coffee 30 0.00 South DeKalb* 58 0.03 NR-285 28 0.01 1st Max 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.1 0.5 2.6 0.1 0.1 5.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 2nd Max 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.1 0.0 5.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 103 Ambient Monitoring Program Name Chlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Benzyl chloride 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2017 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. Macon-Forestry 29 0.03 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.03 General Coffee 30 0.05 South DeKalb* 58 0.03 NR-285 28 0.02 Macon-Forestry 29 0.02 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.01 NR-285 28 0.01 Macon-Forestry 29 0.06 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.02 NR-285 28 0.01 Macon-Forestry 29 0.04 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 General Coffee 30 South DeKalb* 58 NR-285 28 Macon-Forestry 29 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.08 0.01 0.01 General Coffee 30 0.01 South DeKalb* 58 0.01 NR-285 28 0.00 Macon-Forestry 29 0.05 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.05 General Coffee 30 0.08 South DeKalb* 58 0.04 NR-285 28 0.04 *Sample collected every 6 days 1st Max 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 2nd Max 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 104 Ambient Monitoring Program Site ID City 130890003 131210056 Decatur Atlanta 2017 Black Carbon (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter) County Site Name Hours Measured Annual Mean DeKalb NR-285 8704 2.225 Fulton NR-GA Tech 8715 2.146 1st Max 2nd Max 249.78 16.88 249.78 13.45 Name Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Butyraldehyde 2017 Carbonyl Compounds, 8-hour (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. South DeKalb 81 2.09 South DeKalb 81 1.01 South DeKalb 81 0.5017 1st Max 6.7 2.5 2.481 2nd Max 6.0 2.5 2.140 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 105 Ambient Monitoring Program 2017 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour (concentrations in ppbC) Name Site #Samples Avg. Formaldehyde Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.30 South DeKalb* 57 1.39 Acetaldehyde Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.15 South DeKalb* 57 1.14 Propionaldehyde Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.01 South DeKalb* 57 1.17 Butyraldehyde Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 South DeKalb* 57 0.0119 0.3157 Acetone Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.60 South DeKalb* 57 1.23 Benzaldehyde Savannah-E. Pres. St. 26 0.03 South DeKalb* 57 0.11 Savannah-E. Pres. St. 28 0.44 NR-285 28 0.46 Acrolein (with canister method) Macon 29 0.80 General Coffee 30 0.37 South DeKalb* 58 0.53 1st Max 0.7 3.9 0.3 2.7 0.1 7.4 0.060 1.975 1.5 5.4 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.8 0.9 1.5 2nd Max 0.5 3.0 0.3 2.2 0.1 6.2 0.048 1.888 1.5 5.3 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 0.7 1.1 * Sample collected every 6 days 2017 Ambient Air Surveillance Report 106 Ambient Monitoring Program