GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Air Protection Branch Ambient Monitoring Program 2008 Ambient Air Surveillance Report This document is published annually by the Ambient Monitoring Program, in the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Date of Initial Publication November 1, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................... vii GLOSSARY........................................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1 CHEMICAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES................................................................................................2 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) ...........................................................................................7 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO, NO2, NOx and NOy)......................................................10 SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)..............................................................................................15 OZONE (O3)..................................................................................................................18 LEAD (Pb).....................................................................................................................28 PARTICULATE MATTER .............................................................................................31 PM10 ..............................................................................................................................32 PM2.5 .............................................................................................................................37 PM2.5 SPECIATION ......................................................................................................47 ACID PRECIPITATION.................................................................................................52 PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS)............................................57 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS .........................................................................................62 AIR TOXICS MONITORING................................................................................................................. 68 METALS .......................................................................................................................70 HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM (Cr6) ................................................................................77 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TO-14/15)........................................................78 SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ................................................................82 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT............................................................................................................ 88 STATE CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY OF 2008.................. 88 SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR 2008.......................... 93 OZONE AND PM2.5 FORECASTING AND DATA ANALYSIS ...................................... 96 SELECT METEOROLOGICAL AND AIR QUALITY STUDIES FOR 2008 .................100 QUALITY ASSURANCE..................................................................................................................... 109 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT ............................................... 110 GASEOUS POLLUTANTS .........................................................................................111 PARTICULATE MATTER ...........................................................................................114 AIR TOXICS ...............................................................................................................119 NATTS ........................................................................................................................123 PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING................................................... 126 METEOROLOGY ........................................................................................................ 130 QUALITY CONTROL REPORTS ...............................................................................131 STANDARDS LABORATORY ....................................................................................131 LABORATORY AND FIELD STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE..................... 131 SITING EVALUATIONS..............................................................................................131 RISK ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................... 133 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................133 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION ..........................................................................133 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................144 OUTREACH AND EDUCATION ........................................................................................................149 MEDIA OUTREACH ...................................................................................................152 OTHER OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES....................................................................152 Appendix A: Additional Criteria Pollutant Data ................................................................................... 155 Carbon Monoxide (CO)...............................................................................................155 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ...............................................................................................155 Nitric Oxide (NO) ........................................................................................................155 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) ...........................................................................................156 Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen (NOy) ............................................................................156 i Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)....................................................................................................157 Ozone (O3)..................................................................................................................158 Lead (Pb) ....................................................................................................................160 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)....................................................................................161 Appendix B: Additional PM2.5 Particle Speciation Data ......................................................................166 Appendix C: Additional PAMS Data ................................................................................................... 171 PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2008)........................................ 171 PAMS 2008 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons .............................................................175 Appendix D: Additional Toxics Data ................................................................................................... 179 2008 Metals ................................................................................................................179 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds .................................................................................183 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds .............................................................................189 2008 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour..........................................................................204 2008 Carbonyl Compounds, 3-hour (June-August) ...................................................205 Appendix E: Monitoring Network Survey............................................................................................ 206 Appendix F: Siting Criteria.................................................................................................................. 211 Appendix G: Instrument and Sensor Control Limits ...........................................................................213 References ......................................................................................................................................... 214 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Georgia Air Monitoring Site Map ............................................................................................. 6 Figure 2: Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in Georgia in 2002...........................................7 Figure 3: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View .....................................7 Figure 4: Carbon Monoxide Site Monitoring Map................................................................................... 9 Figure 5: Typical Diurnal Pattern of Nitrogen Dioxide ..........................................................................10 Figure 6: Common Sources of Nitrogen Oxides in Georgia in 2002 ....................................................11 Figure 7: Nitrogen Oxides Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View...............................................12 Figure 8: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Map ...............................................................................14 Figure 9: Common Sources of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in Georgia in 2002..............................................16 Figure 10: Sulfur Dioxide Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View ................................................16 Figure 11: Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Site Map..................................................................................... 17 Figure 12: Typical Urban 1-Hour Ozone Diurnal Pattern .....................................................................18 Figure 13: Demonstration of Ozone Formation ....................................................................................18 Figure 14: Ozone Formation Process .................................................................................................. 19 Figure 15: Common Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Georgia in 2002 ................. 20 Figure 16: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View............ 20 Figure 17: Ozone Monitoring Site Map................................................................................................. 22 Figure 18: Georgia's 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area Map ............................................................24 Figure 19: Metro Atlanta Ozone- Number of Violation Days per Year .................................................25 Figure 20: Metro Atlanta Ozone Exceedance Map ..............................................................................26 Figure 21: Ozone Concentrations in ppm, 2007 (Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Concentrations) ............................................................................................................................. 27 Figure 22: Common Sources of Lead in Georgia in 2002 ....................................................................28 Figure 23: Lead Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View ..............................................................29 Figure 24: Lead Monitoring Site Map ................................................................................................... 30 Figure 25: Analogy of Particulate Matter Size to Human Hair..............................................................31 Figure 26: PM10 Monitoring Site Map ...................................................................................................33 Figure 27: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart ...................................................................................35 Figure 28: PM10 24-Hour Design Values ..............................................................................................36 Figure 29: PM2.5 Federal Reference Method Monitoring Site Map .......................................................38 Figure 30: PM2.5 Continuous and Speciation Monitoring Site Map....................................................... 39 Figure 31: PM2.5 Three-Year 24-Hour Averages, By Site .....................................................................41 Figure 32: PM2.5 Three-Year Annual Averages, By Site.......................................................................43 Figure 33: Georgia's PM2.5 Nonattainment Area Map ..........................................................................45 Figure 34: PM2.5 Annual and 24-Hour Concentrations across the United States, 2007 ....................... 46 Figure 35: Speciation, by Species, 2003-2008..................................................................................... 48 Figure 36: PM2.5 Speciation, by Site.....................................................................................................50 Figure 37: Process of Acid Rain Deposition......................................................................................... 52 Figure 38: Acid Rain Monitoring Site Map............................................................................................ 53 Figure 39: Acid Rain Trends, Statewide............................................................................................... 54 Figure 40: Acid Rain Trends, by Location ............................................................................................ 54 Figure 41: Comparison of DNR and NADP Annual Acid Rain Averages ............................................. 55 Figure 42: Three-year Average Precipitation of Sulfate Concentrations (SO42-) in 1989-1991 and 2005-2007...................................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 43: PAMS Monitoring Site Map ................................................................................................. 58 Figure 44: Isoprene Yearly Profile, 2003-2008..................................................................................... 59 Figure 45: Toluene Yearly Profile, 2003-2008...................................................................................... 60 Figure 46: Toluene & Isoprene, Typical Urban Daily Profile ................................................................61 Figure 47: Carbonyls Monitoring Site Map ........................................................................................... 63 Figure 48: Average South DeKalb 3-Hour Carbonyls, June-August, 2005-2008 ................................. 64 Figure 49: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration and Number of Detects, by Site, 2005-2008 .. 65 Figure 50: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration vs. Number of Detects, by Species, 2005-2008 ....................................................................................................................................................... 66 Figure 51: Acrolein Concentrations and Percent Detections, 2007 and 2008...................................... 67 iii Figure 52: Metals Monitoring Site Map................................................................................................. 72 Figure 53: Percentage of Metals Detections by Site, 2005-2008 .........................................................73 Figure 54: Average Concentration and Percentage Detections of Metals, by Species, 2005-2008..... 74 Figure 55: Average Concentration Comparison of Zinc, by Site, 2005-2008 .......................................75 Figure 56: Zinc at Utoy Creek, 2005-2008 ........................................................................................... 76 Figure 57: Hexavalent Chromium at South DeKalb .............................................................................77 Figure 58: Total Volatile Organic Compounds Percent Detected per Site, 2005-2008 ........................ 78 Figure 59: Average Concentration and Percent Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (TO-14/15), Common Compounds, 20052008................................................................................................79 Figure 60: Detections of Methyl Chloroform........................................................................................ 80 Figure 61: VOC and SVOC Monitoring Site Map .................................................................................81 Figure 62: Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Percentage of Detections Per Site, 2005-2008........... 82 Figure 63: Total Average Concentration and Percentage Detections of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds by Compound, 2005-2008.........................................................................................83 Figure 64: Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds at South DeKalb, 2007 and 2008................................ 84 Figure 65: Correlation Matrix of Common Compounds Found at South DeKalb ................................. 85 Figure 66: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for December 2007- February 2008 ....................................................................................................................................................... 90 Figure 67: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for March-May 2008 ..................... 91 Figure 68: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for June-August 2008 ................... 91 Figure 69: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for September-November 2008.... 92 Figure 70: Meteorological Site Map...................................................................................................... 95 Figure 71: Monthly Time Series of Ozone Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 Ozone Season (May-July) ............................................................................................................. 97 Figure 72: Monthly Time Series of Ozone Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 Ozone Season (August-September)..............................................................................................98 Figure 73: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (January-March)........................................................................................................ 98 Figure 74: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (April-June)................................................................................................................ 99 Figure 75: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (July-September)....................................................................................................... 99 Figure 76: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (October-December) ...............................................................................................100 Figure 77: Mid-Level Ridge over Southeast, July 20, 2008................................................................101 Figure 78: Mid-Level Ridge over Southeast, July 21, 2008................................................................102 Figure 79: High Pressure Surface Ridge over Southeast, July 20, 2008 ...........................................102 Figure 80: High Pressure Surface Ridge over Southeast, July 21, 2008 ...........................................103 Figure 81: 12z Rawinsonde from Peachtree City, July 21, 2008 .......................................................103 Figure 82: Upper Level 500mb, July 20, 2008 ...................................................................................104 Figure 83: Upper Level 500mb, July 21, 2008 ...................................................................................104 Figure 84: Visible Satellite Imagery, 1800Z, July 20, 2008 ................................................................105 Figure 85: 96-Hour Back Trajectory for Atlanta.................................................................................. 105 Figure 86: 12-Hour Back Trajectories on July 20th and 21st ...............................................................106 Figure 87: Ozone versus Wind Direction at Conyers .........................................................................106 Figure 88: PM2.5 versus Wind Direction at Confederate Avenue........................................................107 Figure 89: GOES Aerosol Optical Depth, 14:45, July 21, 2008 .........................................................107 Figure 90: GOES Aerosol Optical Depth, 21:45, July 21, 2008 .........................................................108 Figure 91: GOES Aerosol Optical Depth, 13:45, July 22, 2008 .........................................................108 Figure 92: Formulas For Calculating Risk and Hazard Quotient........................................................138 Figure 93: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2005-2006 .................................... 142 Figure 94: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2007-2008 .................................... 142 iv Figure 95: Estimated County-Level Cancer Risk From the 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA2002)................................................................................................................................. 148 Figure 96: The AQI............................................................................................................................. 150 Figure 97: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map ...................................................................153 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary ...............................................................................3 Table 2: 2008 Georgia Air Monitoring Network ...................................................................................... 5 Table 3: Common Oxides of Nitrogen Species and Terms ..................................................................11 Table 4: Comparison of Monthly Rainfall Amounts for 2008 and the 30 Year Average for Select Cities in Georgia ...................................................................................................................................... 88 Table 5: Temperature and Rainfall Statistics for Select Georgia Cities in 2008................................... 89 Table 6: Meteorological Parameters Measured, 2008 .........................................................................94 Table 7: Audits Performed for Each Air Monitoring Program in 2008 ................................................110 Table 8: NO Data Quality Assessment............................................................................................... 112 Table 9: NO2 Data Quality Assessment..............................................................................................112 Table 10: NOX Data Quality Assessment ...........................................................................................112 Table 11: CO Data Quality Assessment............................................................................................. 113 Table 12: SO2 Data Quality Assessment............................................................................................113 Table 13: O3 Data Quality Assessment ..............................................................................................114 Table 14: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for FRM Samplers............................................................ 116 Table 15: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for Semi-Continuous Samplers........................................ 117 Table 16: PM10 Data Quality Assessment of 24-Hour Integrated Samplers....................................... 117 Table 17: Summary of Unexposed Filter Mass Replicates ................................................................118 Table 18: Summary of Exposed Filter Mass Replicates.....................................................................119 Table 19: Metals Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek ...............................................................120 Table 20: Semi-VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek.......................................................121 Table 21: VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek ................................................................122 Table 22: NATTS Sites with EPA Region Numbers and AQS Site Codes.........................................124 Table 23: Measurement Quality Objectives for the NATTS Program................................................. 124 Table 24: MQO Data Sources for the Georgia NAATS Program .......................................................125 Table 25: 23 Selected HAPs and Their AQS Parameter Codes ........................................................126 Table 26: Percent Completeness of Georgia's 2008 AQS Data, Selected Compounds .................... 126 Table 27: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for South DeKalb..................... 127 Table 28: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Conyers ............................. 128 Table 29: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Yorkville ............................. 129 Table 30: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Ambient Monitoring Program ..................................................................................................................................................... 130 Table 31: Meteorological Measurements Accuracy Results ..............................................................131 Table 32: Compounds Monitored and Screening Values Used in Initial Assessment........................ 135 Table 33: Summary of Chemicals Analyzed in 2008..........................................................................136 Table 34: Site-Specific Detection Frequency and Mean Chemical Concentration, 2008 ................... 137 Table 35: Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient by Location and Chemical, 2008 ................................. 139 Table 36: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Indices for Each Site, Excluding Carbonyls, 2008.... 141 Table 37: Summary Data for Select VOCs at PAMS Sites, 2008 ......................................................143 Table 38: Summary Observations, Cancer Risk, and Hazard Quotient for Carbonyls, 2008............. 144 Table 39: AQI Summary Data, 2008 .................................................................................................. 151 Table 40: AIRNOW Participation Evaluation Results ........................................................................154 vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Air Protection Branch of the Environmental Protection Division (EPD) has monitored air quality in the State of Georgia for more than thirty years. The list of compounds monitored has grown over the thirty years to more than 200 pollutants using several types of samplers at sites statewide. This monitoring is performed to protect public health and environmental quality. The resulting data is used for a broad range of regulatory and research purposes, as well as to inform the public. This report is the summary of the monitoring data from 2008, and is an assessment of the data in conjunction with previous years' findings. The Chemical Monitoring Activities, Photochemical Assessment Monitoring (PAMS), and Air Toxics Monitoring sections provide an in-depth discussion of the chemicals that are monitored with maps identifying individual monitoring sites. These sections also contain discussions on health effects, measurement techniques, and attainment designations for the chemicals that are monitored. Additionally, these sections discuss trends and common sources for the monitored pollutants. Six (6) pollutants fall within the criteria pollutant list. These pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (now regulated in two size categories). The ambient concentrations of these pollutants must meet a regulatory standard. The regulatory standard is health-based. Concentrations above the standard are considered unhealthy for sensitive groups. Another set of compounds called air toxics are monitored throughout the state in the Air Toxics Network. The sources of these emitted compounds include vehicle emissions, stationary source emissions, and natural sources. These air toxic compounds do not have ambient air regulatory standards. However, the compounds monitored in the Air Toxics Network are analyzed annually for theoretical lifetime cancer risk and potential non-cancer health effects. This analysis is presented in the Risk Assessment section of this report. Estimates of theoretical cancer risk posed by these compounds are primarily driven by a small number of chemicals in the metals, volatile organic compounds, and carbonyls groups of the air toxics. The estimates of theoretical lifetime cancer risk related to air toxic pollutants in the areas monitored across the state ranged from 2 in 100,000 to 1 in 1,000,000. The potential risk of non-cancer health effects from air toxic pollutants is estimated differently, and most chemicals were well below the `acceptable' hazard quotient of 1. The Ambient Monitoring Program also operates an extensive network of meteorological stations. The Meteorological Report section discusses Georgia's climatology based on the meteorological data captured at the PAMS sites and the sites located statewide. The meteorological sites provide, at a minimum, wind speed and wind direction data. Some stations are very sophisticated and provide information on barometric pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation. A discussion of the Georgia ozone and PM2.5 forecasting effort is also included in this section. The Quality Assurance section shows the Ambient Monitoring Program's effort in producing quality data. The data has to be collected and measured in a certain manner to meet requirements that are set forth by the EPA. The requirements for each monitored pollutant is provided, including field and laboratory techniques, as well as results of the quality assurance audits. The Outreach and Education section provides information concerning the efforts of the Clean Air Campaign to change the commuting habits of residents of Atlanta. The voluntary program partners with the public and private sector to reduce vehicle congestion and aid in reducing vehicle emissions. This section includes a description of educational and news media outreach activities, and explains how the Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to offer the public an easy to use indicator of air quality. The appendices of this document contain summary tables for the pollutants measured during 2008. Included in the summary tables is information on where air toxic compounds were detected, the number of samples collected, and average and maximum concentrations. vii Copies of this and previous annual reports are available in Adobe Acrobat format via the Ambient Monitoring Internet website at http://www.georgiaair.org/amp. A limited number of print copies are available and may be requested at 404-363-7006. Real time air monitoring information for the criteria pollutants may be found at the above website by selecting the pollutant of concern. In addition, the website also provides links to the Clean Air Campaign and the smog forecast. viii Aerosols AM APB AQCR Anthropogenic ARITH MEAN By-product BAM CAA CFA CO CV DNR EPA EPD FRM GEO MEAN HAP HI HQ IUR LOD g/m3 m/s MDL Mean MSA NAAQS NAMS NATTS NMHC NO2 NOx NOy NUM OBS NWS ODC O3 PAH PAMS Pb PM2.5 PM10 ppbC ppm Precursor PUF QTR Rawinsonde RfC Screening Value SLAMS SO2 GLOSSARY A gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles Annual Mean Air Protection Branch Air Quality Control Region Resulting from human activity Arithmetic Mean Something produced in making something else; secondary result Beta Attenuation Monitor Clean Air Act Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Coefficient of Variation Department of Natural Resources (state agency) Environmental Protection Agency (federal agency) Environmental Protection Division (state agency) Federal Reference Method- the official measurement technique for a given pollutant Geometric Mean Hazardous Air Pollutant Hazard Index Hazard Quotient Inhalation Unit Risk Limit of Detection Micrograms per cubic meter Meters per second Method Detection Limit Average Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the US Census Bureau National Ambient Air Quality Standard National Ambient Monitoring Site National Air Toxics Trends Station Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen Reactive oxides of Nitrogen Number of Observations National Weather Service Ozone depleting Chemicals Ozone Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station Lead Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less Parts per billion Carbon Parts per million A substance from which another substance is formed Polyurethane Foam Calendar Quarter A source of meteorological data for the upper atmosphere Reference Concentration Initial level of air toxic compounds used in risk assessment State and Local Air Monitoring Site Sulfur Dioxide ix SPMS TEOM TNMOC TRS TSP UV VOC w/m2 Special Purpose Monitoring Site Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Total Non-Methane Organic Compounds Total Reduced Sulfur Total Suspended Particulates Ultraviolet Volatile Organic Compound Watts per square meter x 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Introduction INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the air quality data collected by the State of Georgia during calendar year 2008. The Air Protection Branch is a subdivision of the state's Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Environmental Protection Division (EPD). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates air quality standards nationwide through authority granted by Congress in the Clean Air Act. Few people realize, though, that the air quality monitoring that is required by the Act is performed almost entirely by state and local governments. The Ambient Monitoring Program conducts monitoring in Georgia, both to satisfy Clean Air Act monitoring requirements and to exceed them in cases where additional monitoring proves beneficial to the citizens and industries of the State. Monitoring is performed to facilitate the protection of public health, as well as to protect our natural environment. The data is collected and quality assured using equipment and techniques specified by EPA. Once the data is ready, it is submitted to EPA's national air quality database, where it is available to a broad community of data users. Despite the technical nature of the information collected, every effort has been made to make the data relevant and useful to those who do not routinely study air quality data. To provide additional information for those who have interest in more detailed technical information, extensive Appendices are included. Further information about air quality in Georgia and nationwide is available from EPA. Due to budget constraints and lack of available personnel, the Ambient Air Monitoring Program temporarily discontinued certain samplers in 2008. Much consideration went in to deciding which samplers would be temporarily discontinued. Which pollutants are examined for attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, which pollutants are federally mandated, and the number of pollutants measured at each site are some of the factors that were considered in the decision making process. The samplers that are temporarily discontinued are shown in red in Table 2, on pages 4 and 5. 1 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities CHEMICAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES This section contains a summary of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and the monitoring techniques used to measure ambient air quality for comparison with these standards. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the EPA Administrator to identify pollutants that may endanger public health or welfare. The Administrator is required to issue air quality criteria that reflect current scientific knowledge useful in indicating the type and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare that may be expected from the presence of such pollutant in ambient air. Under the CAA, the EPA Administrator establishes NAAQS for each pollutant for which air quality criteria have been issued. The EPA is to set standards where "the attainment and maintenance are requisite to protect public health" with "an adequate margin of safety." In 1971, the EPA established standards for five "criteria" pollutants as required by the Clean Air Act. The standards and pollutants have changed over time to keep up with improvements in scientific knowledge and now consist of seven pollutants. The current list is summarized in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, there are two categories for ambient air quality standards, primary and secondary. Primary standards are intended to protect the most sensitive individuals in a population. These "sensitive" individuals include children, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses. The secondary standards are designed to protect public welfare or the quality of life. This includes visibility protection, limiting economic damage, damage to wildlife, the climate, or man-made material. The varied averaging times are to address the health impacts of each pollutant. Short-term averages are to protect against acute effects. Long-term averages are to protect against chronic effects. The Georgia ambient air monitoring network provides information on the measured concentrations of criteria and non-criteria pollutants at pre-selected locations. The 2008 Georgia Air Sampling Network collected data at 62 locations in 36 counties, including all sites monitored during segmented sections of the year. Monitoring occurs year-round, with the exception of ozone, which is sampled from March through October, and the continuous (hourly) Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) volatile organic compounds that sample from June through August. Table 2 is a list of sites in the monitoring network along with details of pollutants monitored and their locations. Figure 1, is a spatial display of the air monitoring locations in the state. Please note that not all pollutants are monitored at all sites. Maps of the monitoring locations for individual pollutants are provided in each pollutant's respective section. The number of monitoring sites and their respective locations varies from year to year. This variation depends on the availability of long-term space allocation, regulatory needs, and other factors such the sufficiency of resources. Once a site is established, the most common goal for its use is to monitor for long-term trends. All official monitoring performed in support of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) must use U.S. EPA-defined reference methods described in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A, or equivalent methods designated in accordance with Part 53 of that chapter. All data collected in the networks undergoes an extensive quality assurance review and is then submitted to the Air Quality System (AQS) database that is maintained by the EPA. In general, the basic monitoring objectives that govern the selection of sites are: 1) to measure the highest observable concentration; 2) to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; 3) to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on ambient pollution levels; 4) to determine the general background concentration levels; and 5) to determine the concentration of a number of compounds which contribute to the formation of ground level ozone. Data collected from continuous monitors in Georgia's monitoring network are published on EPD's website at http://www.georgiaair.org/amp. The data is updated hourly. Specific annual summary data for 2008 are available in Appendix A. 2 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities COMPOUND PRIMARY STANDARD SECONDARY STANDARD UNITS TIME INTERVAL 0.5 3 Hour Sulfur Dioxide 0.14 ppm 24 Hour 0.03 Annual Mean Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 15.0 98th percentile: 35.0 Same as Primary Same as Primary g/m3 Annual Arithmetic Mean (3 years) 24 Hour Particulate Matter (PM10) Carbon Monoxide 2nd Maximum: 150 2nd Maximum: 35.0 2nd Maximum: 9.0 Same as Primary g/m3 ppm 24 Hour 1 Hour 8 Hour Average Ozone 4th Maximum: 0.075 Same as Primary ppm 8 Hour Average Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 Same as Primary ppm Annual Mean Lead 0.15* Same as Primary g/m3 Rolling 3-Month Average *The lead standard changed from 1.5g/m3, averaged per calendar quarter. This standard was changed October 15, 2008, becomes effective January 12, 2009, and is to be implemented by January 1, 2010. Table 1: Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary 3 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities SITE ID COMMON NAME COUNTY Rome MSA 131150003 Coosa Elementary Floyd 131150004 Co. Health Dept. Floyd 131150005 Coosa High Floyd Brunswick MSA 131270004 Arco Pump Station Glynn 131270006 Risley Middle Glynn 131273001 Brunswick College Glynn Valdosta MSA 131850003 Mason Elem. Lowndes Warner Robins MSA 131530001 Robins Air Base Houston Dalton MSA 132130003 Fort Mountain Murray Albany MSA 130950007 Turner Elem. Dougherty Gainesville MSA 131390003 Fair St. Elementary Hall Athens-Clark County MSA 130590002 College Station Rd. Clarke Macon MSA 130210007 Allied Chemical Bibb 130210012 Forestry Bibb 130210013 Lake Tobesofkee Bibb Columbus Georgia- Alabama MSA 132150001 Health Dept. Muscogee 132150008 Airport Muscogee 132150011 Cusseta Elementary Muscogee 132151003 Crime Lab Muscogee 132155000 Columbus State Muscogee Savannah MSA 130510014 Shuman Middle School Chatham 130510017 Market St. Chatham 130510021 E. President St. Chatham 130510091 Mercer Middle Chatham 130511002 W. Lathrop & Augusta Ave. Chatham Augusta Georgia-South Carolina MSA 130730001 Riverside Park Columbia 131890001 Fish Hatchery McDuffie 132450005 Med. College GA Richmond 132450091 Bungalow Rd. Richmond 132450092 Clara Jenkins School Richmond PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM10 Acid PAMS Carb- Meteoro- Aethal- O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. NO NOx NO2 NOy SO2 TRS Pb PM10 Cont. Rain VOC VOC SVOC onyls logy ometer S X S S S S S S S S S M NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR S S S S S X S X S S S S S S S S NR NR NR NR NR NR S S S S S X S S S S S S S S S S X S S S S S S S S NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR G NR NR NR Cr6 Metals NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 4 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities SITE ID COMMON NAME PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM10 Acid PAMS Carb- Meteoro- Aethal- COUNTY O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. NO NOx NO2 NOy SO2 TRS Pb PM10 Cont. Rain VOC VOC SVOC onyls logy ometer Cr6 Metals Atlanta MSA 130630091 130670003 Georgia DOT National Guard Clayton S Cobb S S 130670004 Macland Aquatic Center Cobb S 130770002 Univ. of West GA Coweta S S NR 130850001 GA Forestry Dawson S G NR NR NR NR NR 130890002 South DeKalb DeKalb S/P S/P S S T S/P S/P S/P S/P P N N P/N P N N N 130890003 DMRC DeKalb S 130892001 Police Dept. DeKalb S 130893001 Tucker DeKalb S NR 130970003 *Beulah Pump Station Douglas S 130970004 W. Strickland St. Douglas S NR 131130001 Georgia DOT Fayette S NR 131210001 *County Health Dept Fulton S 131210020 Utoy Creek Fulton NR NR NR 131210032 E. Rivers School Fulton S S 131210039 **Fire Station#8 Fulton S 131210048 Georgia Tech Fulton S SS S S S NR 131210055 Confederate Ave. Fulton S S S NR 131210099 Roswell Road Fulton S 131350002 Gwinnett Tech Gwinnett S S S 131510002 County Extension Henry S S 132230003 Yorkville Paulding S/P S/P S S S/P S/P S/P P NR NR P NR 132470001 Monastery Rockdale S/P S/P S/P S/P P P 132550002 *UGA Exp. Station-Griffin Spalding S 132970001 Fish Hatchery Walton S Chattanooga Tennessee-Georgia MSA 132950002 Co. Health Dept. Walker S S X Not In An MSA 130090001 Baldwin Co. Airport Baldwin NR NR NR 130550001 Fish Hatchery Chattooga S S G 130690002 General Coffee State Park Coffee X NR NR NR 132410002 Lake Burton Rabun G 132611001 Union High Sumter S 133030001 Co. Health Dept. Washington S S 133190001 Police Dept. Wilkinson S Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; M=SPM; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; NR=Non-Regulatory; G=General Information Samplers in red are temporarily not operational *Indicates samplers shut down in 2008 **Indicates sampler started in 2008 Table 2: 2008 Georgia Air Monitoring Network 5 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities All Georgia Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 1: Georgia Air Monitoring Site Map 6 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities GENERAL INFORMATION Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, and poisonous gas that is a by-product of the incomplete burning of fossil fuels. In most large metropolitan areas the primary source of CO pollution is engendered from automobile exhaust. The CO emissions from automobiles are responsible for approximately 60% of CO emissions nationwide. Other contributors of CO are fires, industrial processes, cigarettes, and other sources of incomplete burning in the indoor environment. Figure 2 and Figure 3 give a visual representation of the CO emissions in Georgia. These figures are taken from EPA's latest available data on air emission sources, based on 2002 data. Higher concentrations of ambient CO may be present during the colder months of the year. In cool weather, weather patterns called inversion layers occur more frequently. These inversions trap pollutants near the surface. On Road Vehicles Non Road Equipment 720,812 Waste Disposal 175,000 Fossil Fuel Combustion 54,857 Fires 53,412 Industrial Processes 49,802 Residential Wood Combustion 47,461 Electricity Generation 9,824 Miscellaneous 500 Solvent Use 16 0 1000000 2000000 Tons (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) 2,604,609 3000000 Figure 2: Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in Georgia in 2002 (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) Figure 3: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View 7 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires that Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with a population greater than 500,000, as determined by the last census (2000), to have at least two CO State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS). In Georgia, only the Atlanta MSA meets the population requirement. Currently, the SLAMS site is located at Roswell Road (Figure 4). The Roswell Road site was established to monitor for CO at a microscale level. The purpose of microscale measurements is to measure peak concentrations in major urban traffic areas. A microscale site monitors an air mass that covers a distance of several meters to about 100 meters. In substitution for a second SLAMS monitor, high sensitivity CO monitors have been installed at the Yorkville and South DeKalb sites. The purpose of these monitors is to detect very small concentrations of CO in order to gain a more complete understanding of the background levels of CO and its role in atmospheric chemistry. HEALTH IMPACTS Once CO is inhaled, it enters the blood stream, where it binds chemically to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the component of blood that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells. When CO binds to hemoglobin, it reduces the ability of hemoglobin to do its job, and in turn reduces the amount of oxygen delivered throughout the body. The percentage of hemoglobin affected by CO depends on the amount of air inhaled, the concentration of CO in air, and the length of exposure. At the levels usually found in ambient air, CO primarily affects people with cardiovascular disease. Negative health effects of CO include weakening the contractions of the heart that reduces blood flow to various parts of the body. In a healthy person, this effect significantly reduces the ability to perform physical activities. In persons with chronic heart disease, this effect can threaten the overall quality of life, because their systems may be unable to compensate for the decrease in oxygen. CO pollution is also likely to cause such individuals to experience chest pain during activity. Adverse effects have also been observed in individuals with heart conditions who are exposed to CO pollution in heavy freeway traffic for one or more hours. In addition, fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema are likely to be more susceptible to the effects of CO. For these individuals, the effects are more pronounced when exposure takes place at high altitude locations, where oxygen concentration is lower. CO can also affect mental functions, visual acuity, and the alertness of healthy individuals, even at relatively low concentrations. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES CO is monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of CO in ambient air using the non-dispersive infrared analysis and gas filter correlation methods. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the Clean Air Act (CAA) 8-hour and 1-hour standard for CO. This standard requires that, for 8-hour averages, no concentration greater than 9 ppm may be observed more than once per year. For 1-hour averages, no concentration greater than 35 ppm may be observed more than once a year. If the data shows that these criteria are met, then the area is considered to be in attainment of the standard. All of Georgia is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standards for carbon monoxide. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A. 8 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities CO Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 4: Carbon Monoxide Site Monitoring Map 9 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO, NO2, NOx and NOy) GENERAL INFORMATION Oxides of Nitrogen (see Table 3) exist in various forms in the atmosphere. The most common is nitric oxide (NO), but other forms such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid (HNO3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) are also present. The bulk of these compounds in the atmosphere are produced from high temperature combustion and lightning. Nitrogen is a very stable molecule and is essentially inert unless subjected to extreme conditions. The oxides of nitrogen are less stable, however, and are key participants in atmospheric chemistry, converting back and forth between numerous states under different conditions. Many of these reactions involve the conversion of oxygen atoms between their atomic (O2) and ozone (O3) forms. As such oxides of nitrogen are studied more intensely than their direct health impacts would imply; they are precursors of (and alternately by-products of) ozone formation. The many forms of oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere are the reason that they are sometimes referred to using the generic terms NOx or NOy. NO is changed to NO2 in very rapid atmospheric reactions. During daylight hours, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun breaks apart NO2 into NO and free oxygen (O). The free oxygen atom will attach itself to molecular oxygen (O2) creating an ozone (O3) molecule. This is the origin of all ground level ozone. Daytime levels of NO2 and N2O5 are low but their concentration rises rapidly overnight. When the sun rises again in the morning, they are converted back to NO and ozone. Nitric acid (HNO3) is the most oxidized form of nitrogen in the atmosphere. This species is water-soluble and is removed from the atmosphere in the form of acidic raindrops. The following graph, Figure 5, is a representation of this typical diurnal pattern of NO2. Refer to the ozone section and Figure 12 for a comparison of each diurnal pattern. Concentration (ppm) 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 Hour Figure 5: Typical Diurnal Pattern of Nitrogen Dioxide 10 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities ABBREVIATION NO NO2 HNO3 PAN NOx NOy FULL NAME CREATION PROCESSES ELIMINATION PROCESSES Nitrous Oxide Result of ozone photochemistry High-temperature combustion Reacts with ozone to form NO2 and oxygen Nitrogen Dioxide Nitric Acid High-temperature combustion Reaction of NO and ozone NO2 + H2O Reacts with oxygen in strong sun to form ozone plus NO "Washes out" in rain "Washes out" in rain Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Oxidation of hydrocarbons Slow devolution to NO2 in sunlight Name for NO + NO2 Name for all atmospheric oxides of nitrogen- mostly NO, NO2, HNO3, N2O5, and PAN Table 3: Common Oxides of Nitrogen Species and Terms Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the important oxides of nitrogen. It is a light brown gas, and can be an important component of urban haze, depending upon local sources. Nitrogen oxides usually enter the air as the result of high-temperature combustion processes, such as those occurring in automobiles and power plants (Figure 6). Home heaters and gas stoves also produce substantial amounts of NO2. NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO), which has a pungent odor at high concentrations and a bleach smell at lower concentrations. NO2 is a precursor to ozone formation and can be oxidized to form nitric acid (HNO3), one of the compounds that contribute to acid rain. NO2 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can react with other substances in the atmosphere to form acidic products that can be deposited in rain, fog, snow, or as particle pollution. Nitrate particles and NO2 can block the transmission of light, reducing visibility. Figure 7 shows a spatial view of the varying concentrations of nitrogen oxides by county in Georgia during 2002. The following figures are taken from the latest emissions report from EPA, based on 2002 data. On Road Vehicles Electricity Generation 147,602 Non Road Equipment 96,968 Fossil Fuel Combustion 64,720 Industrial Processes 17,824 Waste Disposal 5,707 Residential Wood Combustion 586 Fires 569 Solvent Use 39 Miscellaneous 17 333,009 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 Tons (From EPA`s Air Emissions Sources) Figure 6: Common Sources of Nitrogen Oxides in Georgia in 2002 11 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities (From EPA`s Air Emissions Sources) Figure 7: Nitrogen Oxides Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View HEALTH IMPACTS Exposure to high levels of NO2 for short durations (less than three hours) can lead to respiratory problems. Asthma sufferers, in particular, are sensitive to NO2. This sensitivity was expressed in a study that examined changes in airway responsiveness of exercising asthmatics during exposure to relatively low levels of NO2. Other studies also indicate a relationship between indoor NO2 exposures and increased respiratory illness rates in young children, but definitive results are still lacking. In addition, many animal analyses suggest that NO2 impairs respiratory defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility to infection. Several other observations also show that chronic exposure to relatively low NO2 pollution levels may cause structural changes in the lungs of animals. These studies suggest that chronic exposure to NO2 could lead to adverse health effects in humans, but specific levels and durations likely to cause such effects have not yet been determined. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Oxides of Nitrogen, particularly NO2, are monitored using specialized analyzers that are developed specifically for measuring oxides of nitrogen in ambient air. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in ambient air using the ozone-phase chemiluminescent method. There are two major instrument designs. While they are closely related, they do not monitor the same species. NOx analyzers measure NO, NO2, and NOx. NOy analyzers measure NO and NOy, but cannot measure NO2. The NOy analyzers are also specialized for measuring trace-level concentrations; as such they cannot measure higher concentrations. Because of these tradeoffs, it is necessary to operate a network of both instrument types to get a complete picture of local conditions. Of the oxides of nitrogen, only NO2 is regulated under the NAAQS. As such only the NOx type analyzers produce data directly relevant to the standard. NO2 monitoring is required in urban areas with populations greater than 1,000,000. Atlanta is the only urban area in Georgia that meets that population requirement. Atlanta metro area has four NO2 sites. They are located at the South DeKalb, Georgia Tech, Conyers, and Yorkville sites. The complete oxides of nitrogen monitoring network, including NOx and NOy monitor locations, can be found in Figure 8. 12 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS primary and secondary annual standards for NO2. This standard requires that a site's annual average concentration exceed 0.053 ppm no more than an average of once a year over a three-year period. The Atlanta MSA is in attainment of the NO2 standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A. 13 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities NOx / NOy Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 8: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Map 14 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) GENERAL INFORMATION Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning sulfur-containing material, such as coal, or by processing sulfur-containing ores. Most SO2 emission in Georgia comes from electric generation (Figure 9). SO2 is odorless at low concentrations, but pungent at very high concentrations. It can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid. When sulfur-bearing fuel is burned or ores that contain sulfur are processed, the sulfur is oxidized to form SO2. SO2 then can react with other pollutants to form aerosols. In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles. Both SO2 and NO2 are precursors to the formation of acid rain that leads to acidic deposition. SO2 is also a precursor for sulfate particles. Major sources of SO2 are fossil fuel-burning power plants and industrial boilers (Figure 9). Figure 9 and Figure 10, below, are taken from the latest emissions report from EPA, based on 2002 data. HEALTH IMPACTS Exposure to SO2 can cause impairment of respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also increase mortality, especially if elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) are present. Individuals with hyperactive airways, cardiovascular disease, and asthma are most sensitive to the effects of SO2. In addition, elderly people and children are also likely to be sensitive to SO2. The effects of short-term peak exposures to SO2 have been evaluated in controlled human exposure studies. These studies show that SO2 generally increases airway resistance in the lungs, and can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics. These impacts have been observed in subjects engaged in moderate to heavy exercise while exposed to relatively high peak concentrations. These changes in lung function are accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups. The presence of particle pollution appears to aggravate the impact of SO2 pollution. Several studies of chronic effects have found that people living in areas with high particulate matter and SO2 levels have a higher incidence of respiratory illnesses and symptoms than people living in areas without such a combination of pollutants. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Sulfur dioxide is measured in the ambient air using EPA-approved "equivalent method" instruments as defined in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A. Georgia's network consists of instruments using a pulsed UV fluorescence technique. In Brunswick, a variation of this instrument is configured to monitor for total reduced sulfur (TRS), which monitors for other sulfur-bearing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Figure 11 shows the locations of the Georgia SO2 monitoring stations for 2008. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION To determine if an SO2 monitor is in attainment, the annual, 24-hour average, and 3-hour averages are evaluated. The data collected has to be at least 75 percent complete in each calendar quarter. A 24-hour block average is considered valid if at least 75 percent of the hourly averages for that 24-hour period are available [61 FR 25579, May 22, 1996]. To be considered in attainment, an SO2 site must have an annual mean less than 0.03 parts per million (ppm), no more than one 24-hour average exceeding 0.14 ppm, and no more than one 3-hour average exceeding 0.50 ppm. For 2008, all of Georgia is in attainment of the sulfur dioxide standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A. 15 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Electricity Generation Fossil Fuel Combustion 95,650 Industrial Processes 14,895 On Road Vehicles 12,352 Non Road Equipment 8,755 Fires 811 Waste Disposal 330 Residential Wood Combustion 89 Solvent Use 0 Miscellaneous 0 514,656 0 200000 400000 Tons (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) 600000 Figure 9: Common Sources of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in Georgia in 2002 (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) Figure 10: Sulfur Dioxide Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View 16 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities SO2 Sites Total Reduced Sulfur MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 11: Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Site Map 17 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities OZONE (O3) GENERAL INFORMATION Ground level ozone is not a primary pollutant. Ozone is not directly emitted by any sources such as a mobile or stationary. Ozone formation occurs though a complex series of chemical reactions that take place in the presence of strong sunlight (photochemical reactions). For these reactions to take place, certain ingredients (precursors) must be available. Since the reactions must take place in the presence of strong sunlight, ozone concentrations have a strong diurnal pattern (Figure 12). Concentration (ppm) 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 Hour Figure 12: Typical Urban 1-Hour Ozone Diurnal Pattern The precursors1 to ozone, are oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and reactive organic substances (also known as VOCs or hydrocarbons). Examples of the reactive organic substances that contribute to ozone formation are; hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust (benzene and propane); vapors from cleaning solvents (toluene); and biogenic emissions (isoprene). Sources of VOCs in Georgia are shown in Figure 15, on the following pages, and it is followed by a spatial view of VOC emissions across the state in Figure 16. These figures are taken from the latest emissions report from EPA, based on 2002 data. Ozone is a colorless gas, however, when mixed with particles and other pollutants, such as NO2, the atmospheric reaction forms smog, a brownish, pungent mixture (see Figure 13 and Figure 14). This type of pollution first gained attention in the 1940's as Los Angeles photochemical "smog". Since then, photochemical smog has been observed frequently in many other cities. Figure 13: Demonstration of Ozone Formation As indicated above, ozone is formed when its precursors come together in the presence of strong sunlight. The reaction only occurs when both precursors are present, and the reaction itself consumes the precursors as it produces ozone. The amount of ozone produced, assuming sufficient sunlight, is 1 For a more complete discussion on ozone precursors, please see the NO2 section and the PAMS section of this report. 18 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities controlled by what is known as the "limiting reactant." This limiting reactant can be thought of in terms of household baking. You can only bake cookies until you run out of any one of the ingredients you need. If you run out of flour, it doesn't matter how much milk and sugar you have on hand; you can't make any more cookies without more flour. In the same way, ozone production can only occur until the process has consumed all of any one of the required ingredients. As it turns out, natural background hydrocarbon levels are quite low in Los Angeles, so in that area hydrocarbons are typically the reactant that limits how much ozone can be produced. The control measures that proved effective in reducing smog there involved reducing hydrocarbon emissions. These control measures and the science behind them have become relatively advanced because the Los Angeles ozone problem was so severe and developed so long ago. But many of the fundamental lessons learned about smog formation in Los Angeles over many years of research have proven to not apply in the same way in Georgia. Figure 14: Ozone Formation Process 19 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities On Road Vehicles Solvent Use Non Road Equipment 67,262 Miscellaneous 48,249 Industrial Processes 34,880 Waste Disposal 16,611 Residential Wood Combustion 15,633 Fires 12,104 Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,482 Electricity Generation 1,247 218,729 162,945 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 Tons (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) Figure 15: Common Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Georgia in 2002 (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) Figure 16: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View At the start of air quality control implementation in Georgia, the then-standard assumption was that Georgia was also hydrocarbon limited. However, the initial control measures seemed ineffective in actually reducing ozone levels. In time, researchers discovered that vegetation naturally emits large quantities of hydrocarbons. The solution to ozone control in Georgia, then, would have to focus on a different limiting reactant. Since there will always be strong sunshine in the summer, and there will always be oxygen, the only effective way left to control ozone production is to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen. 20 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Air quality science had not, and still has not, had time to fully catch up with this discovery. The control technologies that reduce hydrocarbon emissions are generally not effective on oxides of nitrogen, so a whole new set of control technologies had to be developed. This area has been in some ways unable to take full advantage of the technologies developed for Los Angeles, then, because those technologies were not suited to local conditions. With respect to reducing emissions from automobile engines, for example, the addition of relatively simple and inexpensive catalytic converters to existing engine designs was a great leap forward in reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Catalytic converters have been used with great success since the early 1970s. Thus far, emissions of oxides of nitrogen have proven more difficult to control than hydrocarbon emissions, especially given that the control measures have not had forty years to mature. Research on the topic continues, and new emissions control equipment is always under development. For example, where catalytic converters could be added to existing engine designs to greatly reduce hydrocarbon emissions, solutions for reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen have generally required far more reengineering of the engines themselves. There is no easy "bolt on" solution. Ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is only monitored during the "summer" months (March through October), according to EPA's 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 58 monitoring requirements. Many urban areas experience high levels of ground level ozone during the summer months. We also see high ozone levels in rural and mountainous areas. This is often caused by ozone and/or its precursors being transported by wind for many hundreds of miles. A final difference between ozone and the other pollutants is that ozone is sometimes good. While ground level ozone is considered a hazardous pollutant, the ozone in the upper atmosphere, approximately 10-22 miles above the earth's surface, protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This ozone is gradually being depleted due to man-made products called ozone depleting chemicals, including chloroflourocarbons (CFC), which when released naturally migrate to the upper atmosphere. Once in the upper atmosphere, the CFCs break down due to the intensity of the sun's UV rays, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms. These atoms react with the ozone and destroy it. Scientists say that one chlorine atom can destroy as many as 100,000 "good" ozone molecules. The destruction of this ozone may lead to more harmful ultraviolet rays reaching the earth's surface, causing increased skin cancer rates. This reduction in the protection provided by ozone in the upper atmosphere is usually referred to as the "ozone hole" and is most pronounced in polar regions. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division monitors ground level ozone at 23 sites throughout the state (Figure 17). 21 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities O3 Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 17: Ozone Monitoring Site Map 22 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities HEALTH IMPACTS Ozone and other photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes are associated with adverse health effects in humans. Peroxyacetyl nitrate and aldehydes cause irritation that is characteristic of photochemical pollution. Ozone has a greater impact on the respiratory system, where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled into the lungs is never exhaled. Symptoms associated with exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation. Ozone can also increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. In addition, ozone impairs normal functioning of the lungs and reduces the ability to perform physical exercise. Recent studies also suggest that even at lower ozone concentrations some healthy individuals engaged in moderate exercise for 6 to 8 hours may experience symptoms. All of these effects are more severe in individuals with sensitive respiratory systems, and studies show that moderate levels may impair the ability of individuals with asthma or respiratory disease to engage in normal daily activities. The potential chronic effects of repeated exposure to ozone are of even greater concern. Laboratory studies show that people exposed over a six to eight hour period to relatively low ozone levels develop lung inflammation. Animal studies suggest that if exposures are repeated over a long period (e.g. months, years, lifetime), inflammation of this type may lead to permanent scarring of lung tissue, loss of lung function, and reduced lung elasticity. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Ozone is monitored using specialized commercial instruments made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of ozone in ambient air using the U.V. photometric method and are EPA-approved for regulatory air monitoring programs. Data gained from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS for ozone. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Ozone monitoring has been in place in the Atlanta area since 1980. The 1980 network consisted of two monitors located in DeKalb and Rockdale Counties. Currently the metro Atlanta ozone network includes eleven monitors located in ten counties. In July 1997 the US EPA issued a new 8-hour ozone standard intended to eventually replace the older 1-hour standard. This 8-hour standard is attained when the average of the fourth highest concentration measured is equal to or below 0.08 ppm (0.085 ppm with the EPA rounding convention) averaged over three years (see Table 1; 62 FR 38894, July 18, 1997). Areas EPA has declared in attainment of 1-hour standard are immediately exempt from that standard, but thereafter are subject to the 8-hour standard. In the summer of 2005, metro Atlanta was declared in attainment of the 1-hour standard. As of the printing of this report, then, only the 8-hour ozone standard is applicable in Georgia. On March 27, 2008 the ozone primary standard level was lowered to 0.075 ppm for the 8hour averaging time, fourth maximum value, averaged over three years (Federal Register, Vol. 63, No.60). The Atlanta ozone nonattainment area currently consists of Bartow, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, Rockdale, Barrow, Carroll, Hall, Newton, Spalding, and Walton Counties. All other MSA's are currently in attainment. Catoosa County is party of the Chattanooga Earl Action Compact area. Figure 18, on the next page, shows the boundaries of these nonattainment areas. The designations process for the 2008 groundlevel ozone standards is ongoing and final designations are scheduled to be determined in the spring of 2009. A number of activities to aid in controlling the precursors to ozone formation have been implemented. As new areas are declared in nonattainment, these control measures may be expanded to include them. These activities could include a strict vehicle inspection program, controls on stationary emission sources, and the establishment of a voluntary mobile emissions reduction program. An 23 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities example of such a program in metro Atlanta is called The Clean Air Campaign (CAC). Activities of The Clean Air Campaign include distributing daily ozone forecasts (as well as PM2.5 forecasts produced by EPD) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category as well as industries to alter activities on days that are forecasted to be conducive to ozone formation. This is also done for the Macon area. In addition to the daily forecasts, citizens have access to forecast and monitoring data on an as needed basis by either calling 1-800-427-9605 or by accessing our website at http://www.georgiaair.org/amp. For a more detailed discussion concerning the CAC, see the section titled "Outreach and Education". Figure 18: Georgia's 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area Map 24 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Figure 19 shows how past air quality would relate to the new standard and how current air quality relates to the old standard. This chart was produced by comparing measurement data against both ambient standards. This demonstrates the relative strictness of each standard and shows how our air quality has changed over time. Despite a great deal of fluctuation, over the course of the past twenty years we have seen a gradual reduction in the number of days exceeding either ozone standard. A trendline, produced by regression analysis, was created for both the 1-hour standard and the 8-hour standard. The 2008 data is compared to the new standard of 0.075 ppm discussed above. The trendline for the 8-hour ozone standard shows that the number of days that exceed the ozone standard has fallen by about a half day each year over this time period. Even with the new, lower 8hour ozone standard, the data shows a decrease in the number of days with exceedances for the metro Atlanta area. 70 60 50 Exceedance Days 40 30 20 10 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 0 Year 1hr 8hr Linear (1hr) Linear (8hr) Figure 19: Metro Atlanta Ozone- Number of Violation Days per Year Figure 20, on the following page, maps each metro Atlanta ozone monitor that exceeded the 8-hour ozone standard in 2008, and also indicates the monthly breakdown of the exceedances. The Conyers site shows the highest number of exceedances, with 14 total for the ozone season. This is not a surprise since the Conyers site is downwind of the metro Atlanta area. 25 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Figure 20: Metro Atlanta Ozone Exceedance Map 26 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities The following map was taken from the EPA document "National Air Quality-Status and Trends through 2007". It shows the fourth maximum reading for the 8-hour ozone readings across the United States. It is interesting to see the correlation of higher readings with the more populated areas across the United States. One can also see how Georgia's ozone readings compare with other states across the country. (From EPA's "National Air Quality-Status and Trends through 2007") Figure 21: Ozone Concentrations in ppm, 2007 (Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Concentrations) 27 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities LEAD (Pb) GENERAL INFORMATION In the past, the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring in order to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, lead concentrations have decreased to nearly zero by the late 1980s. Since then, the concentrations have hovered just above zero. Based on data from EPA's Air Emission Sources for 2002, Georgia's primary source of lead emissions is fossil fuel combustion (Figure 22). Other sources of lead emissions include the combustion of solid waste, oils, and emissions from iron and steel production. Figure 23 shows a spatial view of Georgia's lead emissions, also from EPA's Air Emission Sources, based on 2002 data. Based on EPA guidance and the very small amounts of lead pollution remaining in Georgia, the lead monitoring network shrunk in 2005. Two lead monitoring sites in Columbus were closed. There are now two dedicated lead monitors remaining in Georgia for comparison to the NAAQS lead standard. One is in the Atlanta area for monitoring long-term trends in ambient lead levels. The other is in Columbus for industrial source monitoring, given the historical issues with lead pollution in the area. The current criteria lead monitoring network is as indicated in Figure 24. For more information on criteria lead monitoring, see Appendix A. In addition to the criteria network sites, lead is also being monitored at 15 sites throughout Georgia as a trace metal in the Georgia Air Toxics Monitoring Network. The equipment used at those sites can detect far smaller concentrations. For additional summary data on lead as collected as an Air Toxics trace metal, see Appendix D. Fossil Fuel Combustion Non Road Equipment 14 12 Industrial Processes Electricity Generation Waste Disposal 0 9 6 Solvent Use 0 Miscellaneous 0 0 4 8 12 16 Tons (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) Figure 22: Common Sources of Lead in Georgia in 2002 28 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities (From EPA's Air Emissions Sources) Figure 23: Lead Emission in Georgia in 2002 Spatial View HEALTH IMPACTS Exposure to lead occurs mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. It accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues. Lead can adversely affect the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs. Excessive exposure to lead may cause neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, lead exposure is associated with damage to the nervous systems of fetuses and young children, resulting in learning deficits and lowered IQ. Recent studies also show that lead may be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease. Lead can also be deposited on the leaves of plants, presenting a hazard to grazing animals. Lead deposition in soil puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which may come in contact with the leadcontaining dust and dirt. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Measurement for ambient air lead concentrations is performed using a manual method, unlike measurements for ozone, SO2, NO2 and CO. Samples are collected on 8" x 10" pre-weighed fiberglass filters with a high-volume sampler for 24 hours. The filter sample is shipped to a laboratory for analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (commonly known as ICP-MS). Data gained from the lead sampler is used to determine compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for lead. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION The compliance with the national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds is determined based on the assumption that all lead is elemental lead. In order to comply with both the primary and secondary standard, the concentration of lead in the air must have an arithmetic mean no higher than 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter averaged on a rolling 3-month basis (Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 219, dated November 12, 2008). On October 15, 2008 this standard was changed from the original standard of 1.5 g/m3 averaged per calendar quarter that has been in place since October 5, 1978 (43 FR 46258). This new lead standard is to become effective on January 12, 2009 and implemented by January 1, 2010. All of Georgia is in attainment of the lead standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A. 29 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Lead Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 24: Lead Monitoring Site Map 30 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PARTICULATE MATTER GENERAL INFORMATION Particulate matter is a broad range of material that consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed liquids absorbed onto solid particles. Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants. Primary sources that emit particles include combustion, incineration, construction, mining, metals smelting, metal processing, and grinding. Other sources include motor vehicle exhaust, road dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray, and volcanic activity. There are two ways that particulate matter is formed. Primary particulate is emitted directly from a source, like a vehicle's tailpipe or a factory's smokestack. But a great deal of particulate matter is not directly emitted from such sources. In fact, the vast majority of primary air pollution is in the form of gases. Those gaseous air pollutants readily react in the atmosphere with oxygen and with each other. While many of those reactions produce other gases, they frequently produce particles. Particles formed through this process are known as secondary particulate matter. Examples of secondary particulates include: Atmospheric sulfate particles, formed from the oxidation of gaseous SO2. Atmospheric nitrate particles, such as ammonium nitrate, formed from a complex series of reactions that transform gaseous NOx. Atmospheric calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate particulates formed from a series of atmospheric reactions involving gaseous nitric acid (HNO3) reacting with sodium chloride/calcium carbonate. Particulate pollution may also be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different sizes. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program monitors for two sizes of particles: PM10 (up to 10 microns in diameter) and PM2.5 (up to 2.5 microns in diameter). Both of these particles are very small in size. For example, Figure 25 shows how approximately ten (10) PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and approximately thirty (30) PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross section of a hair. Maps of each of the particulate matter networks (PM10, PM2.5 federal reference method, PM2.5 continuous, and PM2.5 speciation) are included in the following subsections that discuss particulate matter. Figure 25: Analogy of Particulate Matter Size to Human Hair 31 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PM10 Particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter is defined as PM10. These particles can be solid matter or liquid droplets from smoke, dust, fly ash, or condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. PM10 represents part of a broad class of chemically diverse particles that range in size from molecular clusters of 0.005 microns in diameter to coarse particles of 10 microns in diameter (for comparison, an average human hair is 70-100 microns in diameter, as shown in the previous figure). PM results from all types of combustion. The carbonbased particles that result from incomplete burning of diesel fuel in buses, trucks, and cars are of particular concern. Another important combustion source is the burning of wood in stoves and fireplaces in residential settings. Also of concern are the sulfate and nitrate particles that are formed as a by-product of SO2 and NO2 emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-burning power plants and vehicular exhausts. The U.S. national ambient air quality standard was originally based on particles up to 25-45 microns in size, termed "total suspended particles" (TSP). In 1987, EPA replaced TSP with an indicator that includes only those particles smaller than 10 microns, termed PM10. These smaller particles cause adverse health effects because of their ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs. The observed human health effects of PM include breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Groups that appear to be most sensitive to the effects of PM include individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children. For a map of the PM10 network, refer to Figure 26 on the next page. HEALTH IMPACTS Marked increases in daily mortality have been statistically associated with very high 24-hour concentrations of PM10, with some increased risk of mortality at lower concentrations. Small increases in mortality appear to exist at even lower levels. Risks to sensitive individuals increase with consecutive, multi-day exposures to elevated PM10 concentrations. The research also indicates that aggravation of bronchitis occurs with elevated 24-hour PM10 levels, and small decreases in lung function take place when children are exposed to lower 24-hour peak PM10 levels. Lung function impairment lasts for 2-3 weeks following exposure to PM10. 32 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PM10 MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 26: PM10 Monitoring Site Map 33 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES The Georgia PM10 monitoring network consists of two types of monitors. The first is an event monitor in which samples are collected for 24 hours on a quartz microfiber filter. A specialized sample-sorting device is used so that the filter collects only particles 10 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass of PM10 particles collected. That mass, divided by the total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air. Because of the need for manual filter loading and unloading, shipping back to the laboratory, and so forth, there is significant time lag between taking the measurement and obtaining data. The other monitor is fundamentally similar, but has been greatly modernized. It draws particle-laden air through a filter and analyzes how the mass of the filter changes on an hourly or nearly continuous basis. This monitor gives much more information about how PM10 concentrations vary over time, is less labor-intensive, and produces results almost instantly. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION The primary and secondary standards for PM10 are the same. In order for an area to be considered in compliance with the standard, the 99th percentile 24-hour concentration should be less than or equal to 150 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. Therefore, in the instance that 100 PM10 samples were taken over the course of the year and one sample exceeded 150 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), then the area would meet the standard. If two or more samples were over 150 micrograms per cubic meter, then the area would not be in attainment of the standard. There was also an annual average standard for PM10 until December 17, 2006. EPA revoked the standard because of a lack of evidence of chronic health effects resulting from long-term exposure to moderate levels of PM10. 34 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report 40.0 Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities 35.0 30.0 Average Concentration (g/m3)+ 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 2002 Albany Macon Rossville 2003 2004 2005 Year 2006 Augusta Metro Atlanta Sandersville Brunswick Metro Savannah* Summerville + Includes exceptional event data for 2007 * Average includes one site for 2007 and 2008 2007 2008 Columbus Rome Figure 27: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart Figure 27 shows the annual PM10 averages for metro areas in Georgia. On an annual basis, PM10 levels in Georgia are relatively low. However, there was an increase in the annual averages of PM10 for 2007 that is presumed to be a product of the Okefenokee Swamp wildfire. Due to this wildfire, Georgia EPD requested from the U.S. EPA that two PM10 datapoints from the Albany site be taken out of the dataset for regulatory purposes. The U.S. EPA has approved this request. However since the public was exposed to these levels of PM10 data, it is included in Figure 27 and Figure 28, on the following page. In 2008, with the exception of the Brunswick site, there was a noticeable reduction in annual average concentrations of PM10 across the state. Figure 28, below, shows how the same areas compare to the 24-hour standard for PM10, which remains set at 150 g/m3. The standard allows one exceedance per year averaged over a 3-year period, therefore this chart shows the 2nd highest 24-hour average for each site or metro area. Although there is a great deal of variation from year to year at any given site, the statewide 24-hour average is relatively stable. It is believed that concentrations of PM10 in 2007 were above normal due to excessive smoke from the Okefenokee Swamp wildfire. For the 2007 data, the second highest value of 187 g/m3 for the Albany site is one of the two exceptional event datapoints that were taken out of the dataset for attainment purposes. The other datapoint was Albany's highest value of 189 35 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities g/m3. In 2008, almost all the sites show a marked decline in the 2nd highest concentration of PM10, with many sites' concentrations below the level of the 2006 concentrations. Site Statewide Sandersville Rossville* Augusta Columbus Brunswick Rome Albany Metro Atlanta** Summerville Savannah Macon 0 150 g/m3 limit 30 60 90 120 150 180 Second Highest 24-Hour PM10 Concentration (g/m3)+ 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 * 2007 and 2008 no data available ** 2007 and 2008 no data available from FS#8 Figure 28: PM10 24-Hour Design Values 36 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PM2.5 The U.S. EPA defines 2.5 particulate matter as solid particles and liquid droplets present in the air that are less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter. These particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye. However, collectively, they may appear as a fog-like haze or clouds and are often referred to as "fine" particles. Fine particles are produced by various sources, including industrial combustion, residential combustion, and vehicle exhaust. However, fine particles are also formed when combustion gases are chemically transformed. Fine particles can soil and accelerate the deterioration of man-made materials. In addition, fine particles impair visibility and are an important contributor to haze, particularly in humid conditions. The visibility effect is roughly doubled at 85% relative humidity as compared to humidity under 60% (U.S. EPA, 2004a). Considerable effort is being undertaken to analyze the chemical composition of fine particles (PM2.5), so pollution control efforts can be focused in areas that create the greatest hazard reductions. Therefore, Georgia currently monitors fifty-three (53) particle species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon. HEALTH IMPACTS Fine particles can penetrate into the sensitive regions of the respiratory tract, which make them a health concern. Recently published community health studies indicate that significant respiratory and cardiovascular-related problems are associated with exposure to fine particle levels below the existing particulate matter standards. In addition, fine particles are likely to cause the most serious health effects, which include premature death, hospital admissions from respiratory causes, and increased respiratory problems. Long-term exposure to particulate matter may increase the rate of respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and reduce the life span of an individual. Some data also suggests that fine particles can pass through lung tissues and enter the bloodstream. Therefore, children, the elderly, and individuals with cardiovascular disease or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma are especially vulnerable. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES PM2.5 concentrations are measured using very similar techniques utilized for measuring PM10. The official reference method requires that samples are collected on Teflon filters with a PM2.5 sampler for 24 hours. A specialized particle size sorting device is used to filter the air, collecting only particles 2.5 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass weight of PM2.5 particles collected. That mass weight, divided by the total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air for that 24-hour period. The reference method filters are used for attainment determinations. However, due to the delay in collecting each filter, shipping it to the laboratory, and weighing, weeks may pass before the results are known. This method is very accurate, however, it is not useful for real-time determinations of PM2.5 concentrations in ambient air. Real-time data that support programs such as air quality forecasting and public information along with the Air Quality Index (AQI) require continuous samplers. Continuous samplers produce hourly averaged data that is available fifteen minutes after the end of each hour. The immediate availability of this data allows the public to make informed decisions regarding their outdoor physical activities. It is important to note that the EPA does not certify these continuous samplers as being fully equivalent to the reference method when sampling PM2.5. This means that data from these continuous samplers cannot be used for determining if an area is in attainment of the NAAQS; only data from the reference method may be used. However, evaluation of another type of continuous PM2.5 sampler that has federal equivalency method is underway. It is possible that this type of continuous PM2.5 sampler could be used for attainment purposes in the future. Continuous PM2.5 data is reported every hour on the Ambient Air Monitoring web page located at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp. Figure 29 shows 37 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities the location of Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitors and Figure 30, on the following page, shows the location of PM2.5 continuous and speciation monitors. PM2.5 FRM Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 29: PM2.5 Federal Reference Method Monitoring Site Map 38 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PM2.5 Continuous Sites PM2.5 Speciation Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 30: PM2.5 Continuous and Speciation Monitoring Site Map 39 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities In the spring of 2007, the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge and surrounding area (including Ware, Charlton, Clinch, and Echols Counties, Georgia and Columbia, Baker, and Nassau Counties, Florida) had approximately 600,000 acres of land burn during a wildfire (http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/GFCNews/CFI.cfm). Due to the exceptional nature of this event, Georgia EPD requested from the U.S. EPA to have 38 PM2.5 datapoints removed from the dataset of 23 sites across the state for 12 different days in 2007. The U.S. EPA approved this request, and these datapoints were removed for purposes of attainment designation. However, since this data reflects the actual PM2.5 levels to which the public was exposed, Georgia EPD has included the exceptional event data in Figure 31 and Figure 32, on the following pages. 40 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Site Gordon Sandersville Rossville Augusta Bungalow Rd. Augusta Med. Col. Yorkville Columbus Cussetta Rd. Columbus Airport** Columbus H.D. Valdosta Warner Robins Gainesville Gwinnett Brunswick GA Tech*** Atl. F.S. # 8* Atl. E. Rivers Sch. Rome Albany Doraville South DeKalb Powder Springs Kennesaw Forest Park Athens College Station Rd.** Sav. Mercer Sav. Market St. Macon Forestry Macon Allied Chem. 0 35 g/m3 limit 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 98th Percentile Concentration (g/m3)+ 06-08 05-07 04-06 + Includes all data from 2007 that was excluded for exceptional events * Site was shut down from 9/06 to 12/08; 2004-2006 and 2005-2007 average not complete 3 years ** Sites established in 2005; only 2005-2008 data used for graph *** Site established in 9/06; averages not complete 3 years Figure 31: PM2.5 Three-Year 24-Hour Averages, By Site 41 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities As can be seen in Figure 31 on the previous page, the three-year averages of PM2.5 24-hour data are compared to the 24-hour standard of 35 g/m3. For the 2003-2006 data, there were no exceptional events to consider. The 2007 data was affected by the Okefenokee Swamp wildfire. To show the complete data set that was collected, the 2007 data includes the exceptional event data that was taken out for regulatory purposes. Therefore, in Figure 31 the 2005-2007 and 2006-2008 averages are not a regulatory comparison to the standard. For the 2006-2008 timeframe, the 24-hour averages show lower overall design values than were calculated for the two previous three-year averages. Figure 32, on the next page, shows a comparison of three-year averages of annual PM2.5 data to the annual standard of 15.0 g/m3. This graph also includes the PM2.5 exceptional event data for 2007 to show the complete data set that was collected. Therefore, in Figure 32 the 2005-2007 and 2006-2008 annual averages are not a regulatory comparison to the standard. A few monitoring sites across Georgia have 2006-2008 averages above the PM2.5 annual standard, but the majority of sites are below the annual standard for the 2006-2008 average. All of the three-year averages are lower for the 2006-2008 timeframe. The sites with the higher averages are generally in north and central Georgia, and the sites with lower averages are generally in the south and coastal areas. 42 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Site Gordon Sandersville Rossville Augusta Bungalow Rd. Augusta Medical Col. Yorkville Columbus Cusseta Rd. Columbus Airport Columbus Health Dept. Valdosta Warner Robins Gainesville Gwinnett Brunswick GA Tech*** Atlanta Fire Station # 8** Atlanta E. Rivers School Rome Albany Doraville South DeKalb Powder Springs Kennesaw Forest Park Athens College Station Rd.* Savannah Mercer Savannah Market St. Macon Forestry Macon Allied Chem. 15.0 g/m3 limit 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 Concentration (g/m3)+ 06-08 05-07 04-06 + Includes all data for 2007 that was excluded for exceptional events * Site established 2005; only 2005-2008 data used for graph ** Site was shut down 9/06 to 12/08; 2004-2006 and 2005-2007 average does not include three full years *** Site established in 9/06; only 2007 and 2008 data used for graph Figure 32: PM2.5 Three-Year Annual Averages, By Site 43 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION In order for an area to be in attainment of the national primary and secondary annual ambient air PM2.5 standard, the area must have an annual arithmetic mean concentration less than or equal to 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. In addition, there is a 24-hour primary and secondary standard that requires that the three year average of the 98th percentile of the 24-hour concentration be less than or equal to 35 micrograms per cubic meter [71 FR 61144, October 17, 2006]. All sample analyses used for determining compliance with the standards must use a reference method based on information present in 40 CFR Appendix L or an equivalent method as designated in accordance with Part 53. The PM2.5 annual standard attainment and nonattainment designations require three years of monitoring data. Therefore, Georgia's initial attainment status was not determined until late 2004. Based on the three years of data (2001-2003), EPA officially declared several areas of Georgia in nonattainment of the annual standard. Nonattainment areas included Walker and Catoosa Counties, which are a part of the metro Chattanooga nonattainment area. All of Bibb County and portions of Monroe County have been included in the Macon nonattainment area. Floyd County itself has been declared a nonattainment area. Finally, the metro Atlanta nonattainment area has been also declared. This includes Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton Counties, along with portions of Heard and Putnam Counties. Figure 33, on the next page, illustrates the boundaries of Georgia's PM2.5 annual standard nonattainment areas. For the PM2.5 24-hour standard, the entire state of Georgia is classified as in attainment. The 24-hour standard is also based on three years of monitoring data, and this attainment status is based on the 2005-2007 data. 44 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Figure 33: Georgia's PM2.5 Nonattainment Area Map Figure 34, on the next page, shows maps that were taken from the EPA document "National Air Quality-Status and Trends through 2007". The first map shows PM2.5 annual average concentrations across the United States for 2007, and the second map shows the 24-hour average concentrations. It appears that for Georgia, the annual average concentrations were in the 3.4-12.0 g/m3 range up to the 15.1-18.0 g/m3 range. The 24-hour average concentrations were primarily in the 16-35 g/m3 range across Georgia. 45 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Annual Concentrations Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Daily Concentrations (From EPA's "National Air Quality-Status and Trends through 2007") Figure 34: PM2.5 Annual and 24-Hour Concentrations across the United States, 2007 46 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PM2.5 SPECIATION As required by the National PM2.5 Speciation program (40 CFR 58), EPD monitors the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (in micrograms per cubic meter of air) along with the chemical composition of those particles. Refer to Figure 30 for a map of Georgia's PM2.5 Speciation monitors. Attempts to control the concentration of fine particulate matter are now a national priority through listings in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Therefore, regulations intended to reduce levels of fine particulate matter are now being implemented on a widespread basis. The desired reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations is expected to produce benefits in human health and assist in the improvement of visibility by reducing the presence of haze. It is known that particlulate matter has varying health effects depending of their size and chemical composition. The particles that compose fine particulate matter are not uniform. While they are all smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, their size varies. Some fine particles are emitted into the air directly from engine exhaust, fossil fuel combustion, unpaved roads, and the tilling of fields; others are formed in the atmosphere through reactions between gaseous pollutants. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition. The overall composition of all particles that make up the fine particulate matter in a given volume of air may also vary, depending on local sources and a variety of other factors. Georgia currently monitors fifty-three (53) species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon. However, there are only approximately six (6) chemicals that are detected frequently (the chemical elements typical of the Earth's crust are grouped together as "crustal"). Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations, with magnitudes of up to five to nine times greater than the other major species. Figure 35 illustrates the average concentrations of these six chemicals from 2003 to 2008. All of the sites are shown for one bar, showing how each site makes up the total of each of the major constituents of the speciation data. Below the figures is a listing of the most significant chemical constituents of fine particulate matter. 47 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Other Crustal Nitrate Species Sulfate 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Concentration (ug/m3) Macon Savannah* Athens Douglas Atlanta Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville** *Savannah ended 2004 **Rossvile started 2005 Ammonium Ion Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Figure 35: Speciation, by Species, 2003-2008 48 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities PREDOMINANT SPECIES FOUND IN PM2.5 Ammonium Ion: commonly released by fertilizer production, livestock production, coke production, and some large refrigeration systems. Ironically, it can be emitted by NOx control systems installed on large fossil fuel combustion systems, which use ammonia or urea as a reactant. Sulfate products: formed during the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. SO2 is primarily produced by coal burning boilers. Nitrate products: formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates. Vehicle emissions and fossil fuel burning produce NOx. Crustal products: are components that are the result from the weathering of Earth's crust. They may include ocean salt and volcanic discharges. Crustal products include aluminum, calcium, iron, titanium, and silicon. These components are released by metals production, and can be resuspended in the atmosphere by mechanisms that stir up fine dust, such as mining, agricultural processes, and vehicle traffic. Elemental carbon: carbon in the form of soot. Sources of elemental carbon include diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and forest fires. Organic carbon: consist of hundreds of organic compounds that contain more than 20 carbon atoms. These particles may be released directly, but are also formed through a series of chemical reactions in the air, mostly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and wood. Data on the composition of fine particulate matter is a useful input to scientific models of air quality. Ultimately, it will help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of newly implemented pollution controls. The data will also improve scientific understanding of the relationship between particle composition, visibility impairment, and adverse human health effects. Monitoring for the chemical speciation of fine particulate matter began late in 2001, therefore, limited data is available. As the data set becomes more robust, other conclusions may be drawn. However, some general observations can already be made. The concentrations of sulfate and organic carbon are less at the Douglas-General Coffee site than at the remaining seven (7) sites. This is expected since the sulfate and organic carbon fractions are mainly caused by human activities. The DouglasGeneral Coffee site is considered a rural background site and will be used in future comparisons between rural and urban areas. Figure 36 presents a different view of the same data to facilitate visualization of trends. Each site is shown with all species making up the composition of each bar. Each year is shown separately. 49 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Rossville** Augusta Columbus Rome Species Atlanta 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 0 2 4 Ammonium Ion 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Concentration (ug/m3) Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Sulfate Nitrate Crustal Other *Savannah ended 2004 **Rossville started 2005 Douglas Athens Savannah* Macon Figure 36: PM2.5 Speciation, by Site In 2008, the total make up of the speciation parameters show lower concentrations for all the sites. The Columbus and Macon sites seem to show the biggest drop in total concentration, with almost 6 g/m3 less than 2007 concentrations. 50 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Ammonium ion concentrations are relatively even statewide, with concentrations lowest at the Douglas site. Ammonium ion is the third largest single contributor to the total speciation make up. The Atlanta and Macon areas have the highest elemental carbon concentrations, which is no surprise given their location on major Interstate trucking corridors. Cities with less heavy vehicle traffic have lower concentrations, and the rural site (Douglas) has the least elemental carbon. Organic carbon concentrations are also relatively consistent throughout the state, although rural areas like Douglas are slightly lower. Organic carbon concentrations are much higher than typical ammonium ion or elemental carbon concentrations, having one of the largest contributions to the total PM2.5 mass concentrations. Sulfate concentrations can be described much the same as organic carbon concentrations. They are relatively consistent statewide, though somewhat lower in rural areas, and their relatively large observed mass means that they are also a major contributor to overall PM2.5 mass concentrations. Nitrate concentrations are relatively small, but are less consistent from site to site. However, there seems to be higher concentrations consistently at the Athens site. Atmospheric forms of nitrate can be formed from the conversion of NOx. Other forms of nitrate can be found in fertilizers, animal and human organic waste, medications, and used in welding. Crustal matter concentrations are relatively low and consistent in most areas. Rome and Macon have in some years recorded unexpectedly high crustal matter concentrations. This may be a sign of poor dust control at agricultural, construction, or mining operations in those areas. The section labeled `Other' is a make up of all the rest of the compounds not included in the five major contributors or crustal make up. This is a total of the remaining 43 compounds in the speciation sample. For additional PM2.5 speciation data, see Appendix B. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Particle speciation measurements require the use of a wide variety of analytical techniques, but all generally use filter media to collect the particles to be analyzed. Laboratory techniques currently in use are gravimetric (microweighing); X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; ion chromatography for anions and selected cations; controlled combustion for carbon; and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semi-volatile organic particles. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Particle speciation measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. There are no ambient air quality standards regarding the speciation of particles. 51 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities ACID PRECIPITATION In 2008, acid precipitation was monitored in four counties. The samples were collected weekly and were weighed and analyzed for acidity, conductivity, and selected compounds. There are no national or state standards for acid precipitation, but it is generally desirable for rain to have a relatively neutral pH. However, in many regions of industrialized nations, rainfall absorbs air emissions that make it acidic, with lower pH numbers. Most of the culprits of this acidification are sulfur and nitrogen compounds, and the result is rain that contains excess acidity from sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The excess acidity in the rain causes damage to buildings and vehicles, and can acidify ponds and small lakes to the point of killing off all life in them. Figure 37 shows a diagram of the acid rain deposition process. Figure 37: Process of Acid Rain Deposition Georgia's Acid Rain monitoring network is shown in Figure 38, on the following page. 52 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Acid Rain MSAs Shown as Solid colors Figure 38: Acid Rain Monitoring Site Map 53 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Figure 39 shows an analysis of the statewide average data back to 1982. It indicates a small but significant trend toward pH neutrality. The rate of this increase is a pH gain of 0.007 per year over the period shown. Average pH 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Monitoring Year pH of Pristine Rain Figure 39: Acid Rain Trends, Statewide 5.2 Statewide Avg. Trendline 5 4.8 pH 4.6 4.4 4.2 4 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year Dawsonville Hiawassee Figure 40: Acid Rain Trends, by Location McDuffie Summerville 54 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Analysis of the same data set for individual areas (Figure 40) shows that through the 1990s Summerville was the most acidic and McDuffie the most neutral. In recent years, the difference between these areas has diminished and all of the sites have rainfall with roughly the same pH. For the past two years, there appears to be an improvement in the acidity levels across the state, with a trend towards a neutral pH. Figure 41 depicts a comparison between GA DNR acid rain monitoring sites and the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP) annual average pH readings for 2005 through 2008. As discussed above, Dawsonville, Hiawassee, McDuffie, and Summerville are in the DNR network. The sites that are in the NADP network are the Bellville, Chula, Okefenokee, Sapelo Island, and Georgia Stations. It appears that the annual averages for the NADP sites are slightly less acidic. These NADP sites are south of the Fall Line. The less acidic rain in the NADP monitoring areas may be related to South Georgia's greater proximity to sea breezes, which carry sodium ions that could affect the pH of rain in those areas. Average pH Level 5.2 5.1 5 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 Dawsonville (DNR)Hiawassee (DNR) McDuffie (DNRS)ummerville (DNR) Bellville (NADP)* Chula (NADOPk)efenokee (NADP) Sapelo Island (NADP) Georgia Station (NADP)* Site 2005 2006 2007 2008 *Did not meet NADP/NTN completeness criteria Figure 41: Comparison of DNR and NADP Annual Acid Rain Averages 55 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities Dots show monitoring locations. (Data source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program, http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/) From EPA's "National Air Quality-Status and Trends through 2007" Figure 42: Three-year Average Precipitation of Sulfate Concentrations (SO42-) in 1989-1991 and 2005-2007 Figure 42 shows the different levels of sulfate found in precipitation across the United States from a period of 1989 to 1991 compared to a period of 2005 to 2007. Sulfate is a contributor to acid rain levels. The levels of sulfate appear to have dropped from the first timeframe to the next timeframe by about 30% in most areas of the East. This reduction is more than likely due to a reduction in SO2 and NOX emissions from electric utilities and industrial boilers. 56 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS) GENERAL INFORMATION Ozone is the most prevalent photochemical oxidant and an important contributor to smog. The understanding of the chemical processes in ozone formation and the specific understanding of the atmospheric mixture in nonattainment areas nationwide became apparently essential to EPA. To better understand the chemical processes and develop a strategy for solving those problems, EPA revised the ambient air quality surveillance regulations. In February 1993, Title 40, Part 58 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 58) was developed to include provisions for enhanced monitoring of ozone, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), selected carbonyl compounds, and monitoring of meteorological parameters. These chemicals would be monitored at Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS). According to EPA, PAMS monitoring was to be implemented in cities that were classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone nonattainment. The classifications were based on the number of exceedances of the ozone standard, and the severity of those exceedances. Nineteen areas nationwide were required to implement a PAMS network. In the Atlanta metropolitan area, a network of four sites was established beginning in 1993. The monitoring sites were selected depending on the pollutants monitored in relation to the prevailing winds in the area. The Yorkville site serves as a rural background site, upwind of the city, which aids in determining the role of transport of pollutants into the Atlanta area. The South DeKalb and Tucker sites were the primary and secondary wind directions for an urban core-type site. These sites are expected to measure the highest precursor concentrations of NOx and VOCs in the Atlanta area. The Conyers site is the downwind site where titration of the precursors has occurred and the ozone concentrations should be at their highest. Until the end of 2006, this was the set up of the PAMS network. At the end of 2006, the Tucker site was shut down. From that point, South DeKalb has served as the urban core-type site. The PAMS network as it was set up for the 2008 monitoring year can be seen in Figure 43. 57 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations PAMS MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 43: PAMS Monitoring Site Map 58 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations An analysis of the PAMS data finds that the top ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for all sites contained the following species consistently across the years: isoprene, m/p xylene, toluene, propane, ethane, isopentane or isopentane/cyclopentane, n-butane and n-pentane. Propane, ethane, isopentane, n-butane, and n-pentane have a limited reactivity for ozone formation and therefore were the most prevalent of the volatile organic compounds measured. However, when the characterization of the top ten species is based upon contributions to ozone formation potential, we find that the list is slightly different. Isoprene, the tracer for VOC emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at every site. The anthropogenic compounds detected at all sites with the highest ozone formation potential were toluene, m/p xylene, propylene, ethylene, and isopentane. The sources for these five compounds are varied. All five compounds are emitted by mobile sources, with ethylene being an important tracer for vehicle emissions. Toluene, the most abundant species in urban air, m/p xylene, and isopentane also are emitted by solvent use and refinery activities. Isoprene is a 5 carbon organic compound naturally released in large quantities by conifer trees. These trees are very abundant in the Southeastern United States contributing a significant portion to the overall carbon loading of the atmosphere in this region. Isoprene's chemical structure makes it a highly reactive substance with a short atmospheric lifetime and large ozone forming potential. Toluene reaches the air from a variety of sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and evaporative emissions. It has a substituted benzene ring possessing modest atmospheric reactivity. This hydrocarbon is in motor vehicle fuel and is also used as a common solvent in many products such as paint. 35 30 25 Concentration (ppbC) 20 15 10 5 0 JanuarMy-a0r3ch-M03aSye-J0pu3telyNm-o0bv3eerm-0Jb3aenr-u0a3rMy-a0r4ch-M04aSye-J0pu4telyNm-o0bv4eerm-0Jb4aenr-u0a4rMy-a0r5ch-M05aSye-J0pu5telyNm-o0bv5eerm-0Jb5aenr-u0a5rMy-a0r6ch-M06aSye-J0pu6telyNm-o0bv6eerm-0Jb6aenr-u0a6rMy-a0r7ch-M07aSye-J0pu7telyNm-o0bv7eerm-0Jb7aenr-u0a7rMy-a0r8ch-M08aSye-J0pu8telyNm-o0bv8eerm-0b8er-08 Date South DeKalb Yorkville Conyers Figure 44: Isoprene Yearly Profile, 2003-2008 Figure 44 and Figure 45 compare the seasonal occurrence of these two compounds from 2003 to 2008. They are a combination of the 6-day, 24-hour data from the three PAMS sites, and concentrations are given in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC). Evidence of isoprene's natural origin is 59 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations shown in Figure 44, where the ambient concentration is essentially non-existent from November to May. All three sites exhibit the seasonal cycle, with an occasional spike outside the consistent cycle. The site with the highest concentration of isoprene appears to vary year to year. With the Yorkville and Conyers sites being in a rural area, or semi-rural area, one would expect to see higher levels of isoprene. This has been true for most years. As part of the seasonal cycle, in 2003, Conyers had the highest concentration with 16 ppbC, in 2004 Yorkville had the highest with 17 ppbC, in 2005, South DeKalb had the highest with 18 ppbC, in 2006, Conyers had the highest concentration with 22 ppbC, and in 2007 Yorkville had the highest concentration with 35 ppbC. With the 2008 data added, Yorkville had the highest concentration again, with a spike outside of the normal season, with a reading of 44 ppbC. There appears to be a slight downward turn in the highest seasonal levels of isoprene data. 50 45 40 35 Concentration (ppbC) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 JanuarMy-a0r3ch-M03aSye-J0pu3tleyNm-0obv3eerm-0Jb3aenr-u0a3rMy-a0r4ch-M04aSye-J0pu4tleyNm-0obv4eerm-0bJ4aenr-u0a4rMy-a0r5ch-M05aSye-J0pu5tleyNm-0obv5eerm-0bJ5aenr-u0a5rMy-a0r6ch-M06aSye-J0pu6tleyNm-0ob6veerm-0Jb6aenr-u0a6rMy-a0r7ch-M07aSye-J0pu7tleyNm-o0b7veerm-0bJ7aenr-u0a7rMy-a0r8ch-M08aSye-J0pu8tleyNm-0obv8eerm-0b8er-08 Date South DeKalb Yorkville Conyers Figure 45: Toluene Yearly Profile, 2003-2008 The atmospheric levels of toluene are relatively constant throughout the year, suggesting a steady level of emissions year-round (Figure 45). There is an occasional spike in concentration, but no evident high or low pattern for the past six years. Overall, the PAMS site that is situated in the urban area (South DeKalb) has slightly higher levels of toluene, while the sites located on the outskirts of the Atlanta metropolitan area (Yorkville and Conyers) show lower levels of toluene. Yorkville appears to have an upward swing throughout 2006, but the levels decline through 2007 and 2008 for all three sites. As data is collected in the future, this site can be examined for a possible trend. The jaggedness of these graphs is an artifact of the sampling frequency. 60 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations The daily profile plots for toluene and isoprene are found in Figure 46. This graph uses data gathered in the summer, and shows a constant background of toluene emissions with higher levels resulting from morning and evening rush hour traffic. The graph shows the typical diurnal, or daily, profile for a typical urban area. During morning hours, when the nocturnal inversion has not yet broken, emissions become trapped within the boundary layer, resulting in a temporary increase in atmospheric concentration. Nighttime toluene levels are constant from midnight to 5:00 am. From 6:00 am to 7:00 am, increased vehicular activity releasing emissions into an atmosphere with limited dispersing ability produces an increase in the ambient concentration. This behavior is typical of area source anthropogenic emissions with modest to long atmospheric lifetimes. Isoprene, on the other hand, exhibits very different behavior. At night, emission levels are at zero as photosynthesis ceases. At sunrise (about 6:00 am) concentrations begin to rise and continue to do so throughout the daylight hours. The vertical flux, or mass input per unit area, in the atmosphere of this substance is massive, being only slightly influenced by the enhanced mid-morning mixing. This effect can be seen at 9:00 am when slight drop in concentration occurs followed by a quick resumption in rise. Concentration (ppbC) 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Time of Day Toluene Isoprene Figure 46: Toluene & Isoprene, Typical Urban Daily Profile 61 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report CARBONYL COMPOUNDS Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations Carbonyl compounds define a large group of substances, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. These compounds can act as precursors to ozone formation. The majority of carbonyl compounds come from vehicle exhaust or the combustion of wood. Depending on the amount inhaled, exposure to these compounds can cause irritation to the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, dizziness, and damage to the lungs. Each of the seven carbonyls compounds that Georgia EPD monitors is discussed further in the following paragraphs. The South DeKalb site is part of both the PAMS network and the National Air Toxics Trends Stations (NATTS) network, and samples every six days throughout the year and every three hours throughout the summer. Savannah, Dawsonville, and Brunswick are part of the Air Toxics Network and sample every twelve days. For a map of monitoring locations, see Figure 47. Acrolein is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of acrylic acid. It can be formed from the breakdown of certain organic pollutants in outdoor air, from forest fires and wildfires, as well as from vehicle exhaust. It is also found in cigarette smoke. Acetaldehyde is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Acetaldehyde is formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion (in fireplaces and woodstoves, forest fires, and wildfires), pulp and paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, vehicle exhaust, and wastewater processing. Formaldehyde is used mainly to produce resins used in particleboard products and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. The major sources of emissions to the air are forest fires and wildfires, marshes, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, pulp and paper plants, petroleum refineries, power plants, manufacturing facilities, incinerators, cigarette smoke, and vehicle exhaust. Acetone is used industrially as a reactant with phenol to produce bisphenol A, which is an important component of polymers. It is used in nail polish removers, superglue removers, and as a drying agent. It is also used to dissolve plastic. Acetone is highly volatile and evaporates quickly. Inhalation of acetone can lead to liver damage. Benzaldehyde is the simplest form of the aromatic aldehydes. It has an almond scent and is used in the food industry. It is also used as an industrial solvent, and is used in making pharmaceuticals, plastic additives, and aniline dyes. Liquid phase oxidation or chlorination of toluene can form benzaldehyde; so can a reaction between benzene and carbon monoxide. The combustion of gasoline, diesel fuel, wood burning, and incinerators emit benzaldehyde into the atmosphere. Butyraldehyde is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, solvents, and plasticizers. It is emitted into the air by combustion of gasoline, diesel fuel, and wood. Propionaldehyde is a highly volatile compound that is produced or used in the making of propionic acid, plastics, rubber chemicals, alkyd resins, and is also used as a disinfectant and preservative. It is released into the atmosphere by combustion of gasoline, diesel fuel, wood, and polyethylene. 62 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations Carbonyls Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 47: Carbonyls Monitoring Site Map 63 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations The 2008 average concentration (shown in micrograms per cubic meter) of all 3-hour samples of carbonyls collected during the summer months (June, July, and August) has been combined for a given hour and is shown in Figure 48 for the South DeKalb site. The early morning ambient concentrations are generally lower for all constituents. The concentrations appear to peak at the 12:00 hour for all the carbonyls components except benzaldehyde, which tends to peak at the 15:00 hour. There are a few noticeable changes when comparing the 2005 data through 2008. All of the concentrations seem to gradually increase year to year from 2005 to 2007 and then decrease with the 2008 concentrations. Acetaldehyde, acetone, and formaldehyde continue to be the biggest contributors, following the same pattern of the averages increasing from the 6:00 to 9:00, and again from the 9:00 to 12:00 hours, then decreasing at the 15:00 hour. 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 2005 2006 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 2007 2008 ButyrPalrdoephiBoynedanelzdAaelcdheeytdhaAelycddeeethoFynoderemaldehyde Figure 48: Average South DeKalb 3-Hour Carbonyls, June-August, 2005-2008 64 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations The next two graphs address the carbonyls data without the acrolein compound. Due to the method and sites included in sampling acrolein, it is discussed separately, in the later paragraphs. As can be seen in Figure 49, when the average concentration of the remaining carbonyls is compared with the total number of detections at each of the sampling sites, the carbonyl detections and concentrations tend to track each other directly. Because the South DeKalb site collects data every six days with the PAMS network, while Savannah, Dawsonville, and Brunswick collect data every twelve days with the Air Toxics Network (discussed in next section), the detections are shown as a percentage of the overall samples taken. A detection of any given pollutant is counted as any number that is above half the limit of detection. To compare the data collected from 2005 to 2008, there are some noticeable changes. The Dawsonville site had a visible increase in concentration from 2006 to 2007, almost tripling from 7.7 g/m3 to 21.3 g/m3. Then in 2008, the Dawsonville concentration drops back down to 6.3 g/m3. The Brunswick site shows a lower average concentration from 2005 to 2006 (18.4 g/m3 to 10.5 g/m3), remained the same from 2006 to 2007, and then dropped again from 2007 to 2008 (10.6 g/m3 to 6.6 g/m3). The South DeKalb site has consistently had the highest concentrations of all four sites. Overall, the number of detections above detection limit, and average concentrations are lower in 2008. Total Average Concentration (ug/m3) Percent Detections 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Savannah 2005 Dawsonville S. DeKalb Name of Site 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 Brunswick 2008 100.0 75.0 50.0 25.0 0.0 Figure 49: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration and Number of Detects, by Site, 20052008 Figure 50 shows the six of the seven species in the analyte group according to their statewide annual abundance, based on number of detections and average concentration. A graph of the seventh carbonyl, acrolein, is shown separately, as it is collected with the canister method and involves all the Air Toxics sites (discussed below). A gradient is evident from this graph below, with formaldehyde as the most abundant carbonyl. For the most part, it appears that the number of detections track the average concentration. Acetaldehyde does not follow this pattern, however, having more detections compared to the concentration. For all the compounds, there appears to be a slight decrease from the 2005 to 2006 data, and then an increase from the 2006 to 2007 data. With the 2008 data added, there seems to be a decrease in both concentrations and detections. The proportion of each compound remained about the same throughout all four years of data, with the biggest contributors (formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde) remaining the same. 65 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report 25.0 Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations 100.0 Total Average Concentration (g/m3) Percentage of Detections 20.0 75.0 15.0 50.0 10.0 25.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde Name of Carbonyl Species Acetone Benzaldehyde Concentration Detects 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 50: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration vs. Number of Detects, by Species, 20052008 Due to EPA research to improve acrolein sampling and analysis, a new method was developed and implemented in Georgia in July of 2007. The sampling method uses the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) canister collection method, and the analysis method uses gas chromatograph and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Georgia EPD began using the new method for the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) at South DeKalb and at the other 14 Air Toxics sites (discussed in the next section). In previous years, acrolein was sampled, along with the six other carbonyls, with the method of a dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge and analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at select sites across the state. The DNPH sampling and HPLC analysis method was used on the data that is displayed in the three previous carbonyls graphs. Since acrolein is no longer collected with DNPH and analyzed with HPLC, it is not shown in the previous carbonyls graphs. In 2005, there was a total of 4 detections above detection limit, in 2006 there was zero, and in 2007 there was one detection above the detection limit. With the canister collection and GC/MS analysis method and additional sampling locations, the number of acrolein detections above detection limit drastically increased in 2007. Several sites had 100% detection, and all sites were above 80% (Figure 51, on the next page). There appears to be variation in concentrations across the state. The average concentrations for the six month period from July through December in 2007 ranged from 0.399 g/m3 at the Savannah site to 1.04 g/m3 at the Brunswick site (using half the detection limit for non-detected samples). This is over two times the difference between the lowest concentration to the highest. In 2008, there is also a large difference between the lowest and highest concentrations. The Macon site had a concentration of 0.25 g/m3 and the Milledgeville site had 1.46 g/m3, which is almost six times the difference. It appears that most sites had a decrease in concentration from 2007, except the Milledgeville site, which had double the concentration in 2008. The percent detections above detection limit decreased from 80% to 100% in 2007 to 52% to 100% in 2008. Acrolein may enter the environment as a result of combustion of trees and other plants, tobacco, gasoline, and oil. Additionally, it has a number of industrial uses as a chemical intermediate (ATSDR, 2005c). The potential for acrolein to cause health effects is not well understood. At very low concentrations, it is an upper respiratory irritant. At very high concentrations it may produce more serious damage to the lining of the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ATSDR, 2005c; U.S. EPA, 2003). 66 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations Average Concentration (g/m3) Percent Detections 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 AugustaBrunsGweicnkeral CoffeeColumbuDsawsonvilleGainesville MacoMnilledgeville Rome SavannSaohuth DeKalbUtoy Creek ValdWosatarner Robins Yorkville Site Concentration Detects 2007 2008 2007 2008 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% Figure 51: Acrolein Concentrations and Percent Detections, 2007 and 2008 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES A number of methods are used to conduct the PAMS hydrocarbon portion of the analyses. Throughout the year, 24-hour integrated hydrocarbon samples are taken and analyzed in the EPD laboratory for 56 hydrocarbon compounds. A 24-hour integrated carbonyl sample is taken once every sixth day throughout the year and analyzed. During June, July, and August, four integrated threehour carbonyl samples are taken every third day. All analyses are conducted at the EPD Laboratory. During June, July, and August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly on-site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The gas chromatograph produces analyses of the ambient air for the same 56 hydrocarbons. Specific annual summaries for 2008 may be found in Appendix C. The carbonyls are sampled with two types of methods. One type is an absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated silica that is attached to a pump to allow approximately 180 L of air to be sampled. The cartridge is analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The other method is the canister sampler that is used for sampling volatile organic compounds. Acrolein is analyzed using this method. A SUMMA polished canister is evacuated to a near-perfect vacuum and attached to a sampler with a pump controlled by a timer. The canister is filled to greater than 10 psig. The canister is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION There are no specific ambient air standards for the hydrocarbon and aldehyde species measured. PAMS measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. By performing these measurements, GA EPD can better serve two major goals. First, by studying local atmospheric chemistry, it improves the ability to control the formation of secondary pollutants like ozone and particulate matter. Second, GA EPD is monitoring the concentration of pollutants (aside from the defined criteria air pollutants) expected to be harmful to human health, but are not well enough understood to be regulated. By making such data available, scientists who study human health as it relates to air quality can study how these pollutants may affect human health. When this understanding is further refined, their data can serve to guide policymakers toward making decisions that protect public health. 67 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report AIR TOXICS MONITORING Section: Air Toxics Monitoring GENERAL INFORMATION The citizens of Georgia have demonstrated a long-term interest in the quality of Georgia's air. Since the 1970's, ambient ozone concentrations have been monitored in several communities throughout the state. As the state's population grew, more compounds have been monitored in ambient air as required by the Federal Clean Air Act. In 1993, the EPD began to monitor a number of compounds that have no established ambient air standard. The monitoring has been conducted under two efforts, the first being the previously discussed Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) project, a federally mandated program for areas in serious, severe, or extreme non-attainment of the ozone standard. The second effort is the EPD-sponsored monitoring activities for ambient concentration of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). That effort was undertaken since monitoring only criteria pollutants would not provide an adequate understanding of the quality of Georgia's air. In 1994, the EPD conducted an intensive air quality study in Savannah (GADNR, 1996a). In 1996, the EPD conducted an intensive study in Glynn County as part of a multimedia event with EPA (GADNR, 1996b). These studies provided detailed pictures of the air quality in the communities, but the studies were not long-term studies and could not provide information on seasonal variation or trends. A reassessment of the toxic monitoring program occurred, and in 1996 the EPD embarked on establishing a statewide hazardous air pollutant-monitoring network. The network was not designed to monitor any one particular industry, but to provide information concerning trends, seasonal variations, and rural versus urban ambient concentrations of air toxics. In order to evaluate the rural air quality, two background sites were proposed: one in North Georgia and one in South Georgia. The majority of the other sites were located in areas with documented emissions to the atmosphere of HAPs exceeding one million (1,000,000) pounds per year as indicated by the 1991 Toxic Release Inventory (GADNR, 1993). After six years, by 2002, the Air Toxics Network (ATN) consisted of fourteen (14) sites statewide, including a collocated (where two sets of monitors sample side by side) site at Utoy Creek, monitoring for a common set of toxic compounds. From the list of 188 compounds identified by EPA as being HAPs, the toxic compounds include metals, volatile organic compounds, and semi-volatile organic compounds. In addition, three of the ATN sites (Brunswick, Dawsonville, and Savannah) monitor carbonyl compounds (as seen in the previous section). In 2003, a National Air Toxics Trends site was added to the network at the South DeKalb site, bringing the total to fifteen (15) air toxics sites. The National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network was established in 2003 and is intended for long-term operation for the purpose of discerning national trends. The NATTS Network consisted of 23 sites, 18 urban and 7 rural, with two of the urban sites added in 2007. At the South DeKalb site, the same compounds are monitored as at the other air toxics sites, as well as hexavalent chromium, black carbon, and carbonyls. All of these air toxic pollutants can have negative effects on human health, ranging from causing headaches, nausea, dizziness, cancer, birth defects, problems breathing, and other serious illnesses. These effects can vary depending on frequency, length of time, health of the person that is exposed, along with the toxicity of the compound. These air pollutants also affect the environment. Wildlife experiences symptoms similar to those in humans. Pollutants accumulate in the food chain. Many air pollutants can also be absorbed into waterways and have toxic effects on aquatic wildlife. Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several. Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure or many years after being exposed. Exposure is not only through direct inhalation of the pollutant, but also through the consumption of organisms such as fish that have absorbed the pollutant. Air toxic compounds are released from many different sources, including mobile sources (such as vehicles), stationary industrial sources, small area sources, indoor sources (such as cleaning 68 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring materials), and other environmental sources (such as wildfires). The lifetime, transportation, and make-up of these pollutants are affected by both weather (rain and wind) and landscape (mountains and valleys). They can be transported far away from the original source, or be caught in rain and brought down to waterways or land. The following section discusses air toxic compounds, possible sources, monitoring techniques, findings for 2008 and a comparison of 2008 data to previous years. In 2004, the Air Toxics Network underwent changes to the detection limits and reporting limits of the chemicals in this network. Lowering the limit of detection helps the data better represent reality. Instead of only seeing the higher numbers that were detected and using those numbers for average concentrations, one is able to see both sides of the spectrum and have a truer average for each chemical. Also, including the lower concentrations for each chemical allows for a better understanding of what levels can cause chronic health problems. Seeing only the higher levels of concentration, or possibly spikes, only yields data useful for identifying acute health effects. However, with the lower concentration levels included in the data, there can be further assessment of potential chronic health effects. With the lower limits included in the data, one is able to see all possible effects of the chemicals analyzed. 69 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report METALS Section: Air Toxics Monitoring The metals subcategory includes antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Antimony is used as a hardener in lead for storage batteries, in matches, as an alloy in internal combustion engines, and in linotype printing machines. Antimony compounds are used in making materials flame-retardant, and in making glass, ceramic enamels, and paints. Forms of the antimony metal are also used in medicines, and can be found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. Arsenic occurs naturally at trace levels in soil and water. Most people are not exposed to arsenic through air pollution, but it can be found in food. The arsenic found in air comes mainly from the burning of coal or fuel oil, from metal smelters or iron foundries, and from the burning of waste. Beryllium is a lightweight and rigid metal and used in watch springs, computer equipment, and used in the production of beryllium-copper as an alloying agent. This strong alloy is used to conduct heat and electricity, in spot welding, electrical contacts, and high-speed aircraft. Until 1949, beryllium was used in fluorescent lighting, until it was determined to have caused berylliosis, a disease that primarily affects the respiratory system and skin. Beryllium in ambient air is mainly a result of the burning of coal or fuel oil. Cadmium emissions, like beryllium and arsenic, are mainly from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil. The incineration of municipal waste and the operation of zinc, lead, or copper smelters also release cadmium to the air. For nonsmokers, food is generally the largest source of cadmium exposure. Chromium sources include the combustion of coal and oil, electroplating, vehicle exhaust, iron and steel plants, and metal smelters. The emissions from these sources are a combination of elemental chromium and compounds including chromium ions. The most toxic form is hexavalent chromium. Cobalt is used as a pigment (blue and green coloring agent), as a drying agent for paints, inks and varnishes, and as a catalyst for the petroleum and chemical industries. It is used as an alloy for parts in turbine aircraft engines, corrosion-resistant alloys, magnets, battery electrodes, and steel-belted tires. Cobalt also has a medicinal use as a radioactive metal in radiotherapy. It is also found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. Cobalt is actually necessary to many forms of life, when ingested through the digestive tract, in small amounts, as a micronutrient. It is a central component of vitamin B-12. As with most micronutrients, however, human activity can cause it to accumulate in unnatural locations or in unnatural concentrations. In those cases, it may be harmful and is considered a pollutant. Lead is used in the manufacturing of batteries. The largest source of lead in the atmosphere used to be from the combustion of leaded gasoline. With the elimination of lead from gasoline, lead levels in the air have decreased considerably. Other sources of lead emissions include combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, emissions from iron and steel production, and lead smelters. Exposure to lead can also occur from food and soil. Children are at particular risk to lead exposure, because they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths that may come in contact with leadcontaining dust and dirt. Lead-based paints were commonly used for many years. Flaking paint, paint chips, and weathered paint powder may be a major source of lead exposure, particularly for children. Manganese is a naturally occurring substance found in many types of rock and soil; it is ubiquitous in the environment and found in low levels in water, air, soil, and food. Manganese can also be released into the air by combustion of coal, oil, wood, the operation of iron and steel production plants. 70 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Nickel is found in the air as a result of oil and coal combustion, residential heating, nickel metal refining, lead smelting, sewage sludge incineration, manufacturing facilities, mobile sources, and other sources. Selenium is a by-product of mining and smelting sulfide ores, such as silver, copper, and pyrite. It is found in soils, and can also be released by burning coal. Selenium has photovoltaic and photoconductive properties and is therefore used in photocells and solar panels. It is used as a pigment (red coloring agent) in enamels and glass. It is also used as a toner in photographs and in photocopying. Selenium is also found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. Selenium is a micronutrient, needed at very low levels for the health of all living creatures. It is normally absorbed through the digestive tract, though, and is not desirable in the air. Zinc is found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. It is used to prevent corrosion of galvanized steel. It is also used in diecasting, and as part of battery containers. Zinc has been used as the primary metal in making the U.S. penny since 1982. Zinc compounds are used in making white pigment, sunscreen, deodorant, calamine lotions, and pigments for glow in the dark items. It is also used in the rubber industry. Like selenium, zinc is also a micronutrient needed for the health of living beings when consumed through the digestive system. When found in the air, though, it may be considered a pollutant. See Figure 52 for a map of monitoring locations for metals. 71 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring out of TSP out of PM10 Cr6+ MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 52: Metals Monitoring Site Map 72 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Percentage Detections 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonville Gainesville MaconMilledgeville Rome SavannSaohuth DeKalb* Utoy Creek ValdoWstaarner Robins Yorkville Site *From PM10 Fraction 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 53: Percentage of Metals Detections by Site, 2005-2008 Figure 53 shows the percentage of metal species detected above the detection limit at each site for the years 2005 to 2008. A detection of any given pollutant is counted as any number that is above half the limit of detection. Unlike the rest of the network measuring metals, the equipment at South DeKalb collects only the PM10 fraction of the total suspended solids. The distribution across the sites is relatively similar. Lower limits of detection (LOD) were introduced in September of 2004, therefore to be consistent, the data represented in these figures starts with the 2005 data. There have been only four full years of data collected at the lower limits, therefore true trends may not be discernible at this time. The 2008 percentages of metals detections appear to have increased from the 2007 detection percentages, but in most cases the percentages are still below the 2006 levels. With Figure 53, the distribution of metals at the various locations across the state can be examined as well as any changes in the past four years. The variability across the various sampling locations is modest, considering the vast geographic distribution of the sites, and climatological and anthropogenic influences from nearby urban development. 73 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Figure 54 shows the network's percent of detections above detection limit and total average concentrations by metallic species at all Air Toxics sites during 2005 through 2008. The detection of any given pollutant is counted as any number that is above half the limit of detection. One point of interest when looking at data is to track the percentage of detections along with the concentration. When examining this aspect, it appears that most metals had several detections, almost consistently up to 100%. Therefore, each metal detection contributes little concentration to the overall total concentration. This does not seem to be the case for zinc. While its detection frequency was almost the same as the other metals, zinc had the highest average concentration for all three years. This would indicate that for each zinc detection, there was a higher concentration of that metal. Some metals including zinc, nickel, antimony, lead, chromium, and cadmium have been associated with emissions from tires and brake linings. The use of vehicles on Georgia's roads could be a reason for higher levels associated with some of these metals. With the concentrations of zinc being much higher than the other metals, zinc is explored further in Figure 55, which examines the concentrations of zinc by site. Average Concentration (g/m3) Percent Detections 0.45 100.0 0.4 90.0 0.35 80.0 0.3 70.0 60.0 0.25 50.0 0.2 40.0 0.15 30.0 0.1 20.0 0.05 10.0 0 0.0 Antimony Arsenic Berrylium Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Lead Manganese Nickel Selenium Zinc Name of Metal Concentration Detects 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 54: Average Concentration and Percentage Detections of Metals, by Species, 2005-2008 74 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring With Figure 55, the total average concentrations of zinc are investigated more closely, divided by site, for 2005 through 2008. Several sites had a consistent level of zinc through the four years of data, and a few sites even had a decrease in zinc levels. The General Coffee, Columbus, Gainesville, and Valdosta sites, however, had a noticeable increase in zinc levels from 2005 to 2006. With the 2007 and 2008 data, all the four sites except the Valdosta site showed a slight decrease in concentration from the 2006 zinc levels. Another change to take note of is the increase of zinc at the Brunswick site from 2006 to 2007. In 2007, there was an increase of over two times the 2006 level of zinc at the Brunswick site. In 2008, the zinc levels at the Brunswick site are lower than the 2007 level, but remain higher than the 2006 level. To look at the overall levels of zinc, the Utoy Creek site has consistently had the highest average concentration from 2005 to 2008, with levels almost nine times as high as the lowest concentrations, which were at the South DeKalb site. With the zinc samples taken at the Utoy Creek site, several samples were at least a magnitude higher than most other zinc samples collected at the other sites. It is surprising to see the South DeKalb site, which is situated in the metro Atlanta area, display consistently lower concentrations. The Utoy Creek site is situated at the Utoy Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility. Zinc can be used to help keep galvanized steel from corroding, and is possibly used for this reason on the pipes at the wastewater treatment facility. There are industries in the area that discharge their wastewater into the Utoy Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility. Also, the sludge that is produced at the wastewater treatment facility is incinerated. These circumstances provide more possibilities for seeing higher levels of zinc at the Utoy Creek site. Average Concentration (g/m3) 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonville Gainesville MaconMilledgeville Rome South DeKalb SavannahUtoy Creek Site 2005 2006 2007 2008 ValdoWstaarner Robins Yorkville Figure 55: Average Concentration Comparison of Zinc, by Site, 2005-2008 75 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Concentration (g/m3) Utoy Creek's higher zinc levels, as well as the increase in concentration from 2006 to 2008, are further investigated in Figure 56, using a line graph to display the monthly data for the four years from 2005 to 2008. The points represent data values, and the green line represents the moving average. The data was fairly consistent, with no apparent pattern, until zinc levels tripled during the months of September and October in 2007. With the 2008 data added, the pattern appears to continue, with higher levels of zinc in September. As more data is collected, hopefully a trend can be discernible to help determine the cause of the higher zinc levels at the Utoy Creek site. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 January-0M5arch-05May-05JSuelyp-t0e5mbNeor-v0e5mberJ-a0n5uary-0M6arch-06May-06JSuelyp-t0e6mbNeor-v0e6mberJ-a0n6uary-0M7arch-07May-07JSuelyp-t0e7mbNeorv-0e7mberJ-a0n7uary-0M8arch-08May-08JSuelyp-t0e8mber-08 Date Figure 56: Zinc at Utoy Creek, 2005-2008 76 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM (Cr6) Hexavalent chromium (chromium in its +6 oxidation state) in the environment is almost always related to human activity. Hexavalent chromium can be released into the atmosphere through the production of stainless steel, chrome plating, coating processes, and painting. It is also found in vehicle engines. The presence of chromium compounds is common at hazardous waste sites. From locations such as these, exposure of populations residing or working nearby can occur through exposure to air containing particulates or mists of chromium compounds. These particles can also find their way into drinking water if soluble forms of chromium leach into groundwater. Human exposure can also occur through skin contact with soil at hazardous waste sites. Hexavalent chromium is absorbed most readily through the lungs or digestive tract. Other forms of the metal, such as chromium in the +3 oxidation state, occur naturally in the environment and are not as efficient at entering the body. In general, hexavalent chromium compounds are more toxic than other chromium compounds. The toxicity of hexavalent chromium is in part due to the generation of free radicals formed when biological systems reduce hexavalent chromium to the +3 oxidation state. Effects in humans exposed occupationally to high levels of chromium or its compounds, primarily hexavalent chromium, by inhalation may include nasal septum ulceration and perforation, and other irritating respiratory effects. Cardiovascular effects, gastrointestinal and hematological effects, liver and kidney effects, and increased risks of death from lung cancer may also result from such exposure. In addition to the respiratory effects, exposure to chromium compounds can be associated with allergic responses (e.g., asthma and dermatitis) in sensitized individuals. Hexavalent chromium dioxide is a tetravalent chromium compound with limited industrial application. It is used to make magnetic tape, as a catalyst in chemical reactions, and in ceramics. Because of its limited industrial uses, the potential for human exposure is less for chromium dioxide than for the more industrially important hexavalent chromium and chromium +3 compounds. This is the third year hexavalent chromium has been monitored at the South DeKalb site. The data for 2005 through 2008 is presented in Figure 57. The sampler did not operate the last quarter of 2007 through part of May 2008. Observed concentrations range over an order of magnitude, from 0.01 to 0.3 ng/m3 (nanograms per cubic meter). The graph is shown up to 0.12 ng/m3 in order to observe the lower data points. The observed concentrations are represented with the points, while the black line represents a moving average across the data set. At this point, true trends are hard to define, but there may be a suggestion of a seasonal trend with lower concentrations in the winter months. As the data set grows, possible seasonal variation in its concentration, the magnitude of its health risk, and which wind directions are most associated with elevated concentrations will be investigated. 0.12 0.10 Concentration (ng/m3) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 February-05April-05June-A0u5gusOt-0ct5oDbeerc-e0m5 beFre-b0r5uary-06April-06JuneA-0u6gusOt-0ct6oDbeerc-e0m6 ber-0M6arch-07May-07SJuelpyt-e0m7 Nbeorv-e0m7 beJr-a0n7uary-M08arch-08May-08JSuelpy-te0m8 Nbeorv-e0m8 ber-08 Date Figure 57: Hexavalent Chromium at South DeKalb 77 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TO-14/15) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) make up a group of chemicals from various industrial, stationary, and mobile sources. Chlorinated compounds are very stable in the atmosphere, with lifetimes of several years. Dichlorodifluoromethane, a chlorinated compound, was the refrigerant of choice for automotive cooling. This material has not been manufactured since the mid-1990s (cars now use R-134a), yet it remains prevalent in the environment. Chloromethane is a volatile industrial solvent. Toluene is a major component of paints, solvents and is also present in gasoline. It reaches the atmosphere by way of evaporative emissions as well as incomplete combustion processes. Benzene is found with burning coal and oil, gasoline service stations, and vehicle emissions. Carbon tetrachloride and the Freons are generally used as refrigerants, industrial solvents, and as fire suppressants (though generally known as Halon in that application). The atmospheric reactivity of aromatic compounds is relatively high, with lifetimes in the weeks to months range. Figure 58 shows the statewide detection distribution of air toxic (TO-14/15) type volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 2005 to 2008 across the state's Air Toxics Network. The detection of any given pollutant is counted as any number that is above half the limit of detection. Again, the South DeKalb site has samples collected every six days, and Gainesville has an extra monthly sampling, compared to the other sites which have samples collected every twelve days. Therefore, the detections are shown in percentage of number of samples taken. The distribution is relatively even across the state, with the more urban or industrial sites near the upper extreme and the more rural sites near the lower extreme. In 2008, most sites showed a drop in the percentage of detections above the detection limit. The exceptions to this drop in detections were the Brunswick and Milledgeville sites. When each of these two site's data was examined more closely, the Brunswick site had higher percentages of chlorobenzene, styrene, and toluene detections in 2008. The Milledgeville site had higher percentage detections of cyclohexane and methyl chloroform in 2008. To note, the Augusta site had higher percentages of detections in 2006, which were attributed to methyl chloroform. This compound, methyl chloroform, is examined more closely in Figure 60, where the higher percentages of detection at the Augusta site can be seen in 2006 and at the Milledgeville site in 2008. The predominant volatile organic compounds that are detected above the detection limit are explored further in the following graph, Figure 59. Precent Detections 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Augusta BrunswGieckneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonvilleGainesville MaconMilledgeville Site Rome SavannSaohuth DeKalbUtoy Creek Valdostaarner Robins W Yorkville 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 58: Total Volatile Organic Compounds Percent Detected per Site, 2005-2008 78 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Total Average Concentration (g/m3) Percent Detections 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 TDrCicichhhlloolorrrooomfldueioflturhooamrnoeemtheathnaen(mFe/rMpeeoXtnhyyl1el1nc)eTh(lomolru/opef-noDerBmime(ne1zt,h1ey,n1lbe-Tenrizcehnloer)oe1t,oh2C-a,4Xyn-ceyTll)oreNihmneeaex(mtoah-nyeDelbiomefnezCtheoynlmebepnEzoetuThnenyetld)braecnhzleonroeethylCeanrebSotnyrteentreachlorCidheloCrohfloorrmobenzene Concentration Detects 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Figure 59: Average Concentration and Percent Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (TO14/15), Common Compounds, 20052008 Figure 59 compares the relationship between the concentrations observed and percent detections above detection limit, showing the top sixteen compounds of the VOCs group that were detected for 2005-2008. Although there are 42 species in this analyte group, only a relatively smaller subset is typically detected with any regularity. The percentage of detections was derived using any detection that was above half of the method detection limit. To obtain the average concentration for compounds with at least one detection, the half method detection limit for that compound was substituted for any number lower than that compound's half method detection limit. Chloromethane and trichlorofluoromethane consistently had the same pattern of the highest detection rates, but the total average concentrations were the third or fourth highest over the three years. This would indicate that the concentrations of chloromethane and trichlorofluoromethane are relatively low per detection. Conversely, toluene had the fourth or fifth highest detection rate, but one of the top average concentrations for 2005 through 2008. This would indicate that each detection of toluene has a relatively high concentration compared to the other VOCs. However, there was an obvious decrease in the overall toluene levels from 2007 to 2008 (33.6 g/m3 to 12.7 g/m3). Dichlorodifluoromethane had one of the highest levels of concentration and one of the highest detection rates consistently for the four years of data. This would indicate that for each detection the concentration had a consistent, average weight. 79 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring When examining the volatile organic compounds more closely, it was discovered that methyl chloroform was almost exclusively detected above detection limit at only two Air Toxics sites for the past four years. The Augusta and Milledgeville sites have consistently had concentrations of methyl chloroform well above the detection limit since 2005, with levels as high as 13 g/m3 in 2006. The South DeKalb site had one detection above the detection limit in 2005. Figure 60 illustrates the concentrations of methyl chloroform from 2005-2008. Methyl chloroform, also known as 1,1,1trichloroethane, has been banned from domestic production since January 1, 2002 due its harmful affects on the ozone layer. It is used as a solvent to dissolve substances such as glue and paint, as an ingredient in household products such as glues, spot cleaners and aerosol sprays, and as a degreaser for manufactured metal parts. Breathing methyl chloroform for a short period of time can cause dizziness and loss of coordination. Breathing larger amounts can cause unconsciousness, decreased blood pressure, and the heart to stop beating. Methyl chloroform can last in the atmosphere for up to six years. Average Concentration (g/m3) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Augusta Brunswick ColumbusDawsonville GainesvGileleneral Coffee MaconMilledgeville Site Rome SavannaShouth DeKalb Utoy Creek Valdostaarner Robins W Yorkville 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 60: Detections of Methyl Chloroform For a map of VOC and SVOC monitoring locations, see Figure 61 on the next page. 80 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring VOC/SVOC Site MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 61: VOC and SVOC Monitoring Site Map 81 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also called semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) are chemical compounds that consist of fused, six-carbon aromatic rings. They are formed by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels such as wood, coal, diesel fuel, fat or tobacco. Over 100 different chemicals are comprised within this designation. Many of them are known or suspected carcinogens. Some environmental facts about this class of compounds are mentioned below. PAHs enter the air mostly as releases from volcanoes, forest fires, burning coal, and automobile exhaust. PAHs can occur in air attached to dust particles. Some PAH particles can readily evaporate into the air from soil or surface waters. PAHs can break down by reacting with sunlight and other chemicals in the air over a period of days to weeks. PAHs can enter water through discharges from industrial and wastewater treatment plants. Most PAHs do not dissolve easily in water. They stick to solid particles and settle to the bottoms of lakes or rivers. Microorganisms can break down PAHs in the soil or water after a period of weeks to months. In soils, PAHs are most likely to stick tightly to particles. Certain PAHs move through soil to contaminate groundwater. PAH content of plants and animals may be much higher than the PAH content of the soil or water in which they live. For a map of SVOC monitoring locations, see Figure 61. Percentage Detections 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee Columbus Dawsonville Gainesville MaconMilledgeville Site Rome Savannah Utoy Creek ValdosWtaarner Robins Yorkville 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 62: Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Percentage of Detections Per Site, 2005-2008 Figure 62 displays the percentage of detections according to site for 2005 through 2008 for all semivolatile organic compounds combined in the Air Toxics Network, except the South DeKalb site (discussed below). Detections were counted as any number that was above half of the method detection limit. As can be seen from this graph, the semi-volatile organic compounds are detected much less frequently than the other groups of compounds in the Air Toxics Network. Of the four years represented in this graph, 2005 had the highest number of detections. 82 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Figure 63 shows the percentage of detections for each semi-volatile organic compound compared to the total average concentration of those compounds across the statewide network of sites from 2005 through 2008. The percentage detections were derived using any detection that was above half of the method detection limit. To obtain the average concentration for compounds with at least one detection, the half method detection limit for that compound was substituted for any number lower than that compound's half method detection limit. Even with the few detections and low concentrations, the relationship between these two measures can still be examined. With the 2005 data, the compound with the highest number of detections was benzo(g,h,i)perylene, but this compound had one of the lowest detectable concentrations of the group. This would show that each detection of benzo(g,h,i)perylene had a low concentration. The compound with the highest average concentration was phenanthrene, but this compound had one of the lowest detection rates. In 2006, phenanthrene again had the highest average concentration, though at about half the 2005 concentration level, and had the fewest detections of the compounds detected. This would mean that for the each detection of phenanthrene, there was a higher concentration. In 2007, no detections occurred for phenanthrene above the detection limit for these sites. Overall, detections ceased for all but one of the semi-volatile compounds, leaving fluoranthene as the only compound that was found to be present above the detection limit at these sites in 2007. With the 2008 data, the only compound detected above the detection limit was Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, with an average concentration of 0.0008 g/m3. Average Concentration (g/m3) Percentage Detections 0.007 4.5 0.006 4.0 3.5 0.005 3.0 0.004 2.5 0.003 2.0 1.5 0.002 1.0 0.001 0.5 0 0.0 Phenanthrene FluoranBtheennzoe(a)anthBreancezon(eb)fluoraBnethneznoe(k)fluoranthenBeenzo(e)pByerneznoe(g,h,i)perylenBeenzo(Ian)dpeynroe(n1e,2,3-cd)pyrene Name of Compound Concentration Detects 2005 2006 2007 2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 Figure 63: Total Average Concentration and Percentage Detections of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds by Compound, 2005-2008 In April of 2007, South DeKalb added the semi-volatile organic compounds to its list of compounds to sample. Instead of the EPD laboratory analyzing this data as it does with the other Air Toxics sites, the South DeKalb site is part of the National Air Toxics Trends Sites (NATTS) Network, which uses The Eastern Research Group (ERG) to analyze this data. ERG is a multidisciplinary consulting firm, and in the laboratory at ERG, gas chromatography is used to separate and measure a number of pollutants detected in the troposphere. This differs drastically from the EPD's laboratory methods, in which liquid chromatography is instead used to sort out the compounds of interest. As a result of the dilution of pollutants necessary for liquid chromatography, several of the compounds analyzed by the ERG laboratory are not detected by the EPD laboratory. Furthermore, the detection limits used vary quite a bit from one laboratory medium to the other. 83 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Figure 64 is produced from the results of semi-volatile organic compounds at the South DeKalb monitor that were analyzed at ERG. The average concentrations and number of detections are shown. The detections were derived using any detection that was above half of the method detection limit. The concentrations of naphthalene in 2007 and 2008 were 0.083 g/m3 and 0.085 g/m3. These concentrations are an order of magnitude higher than the next highest concentrations of 0.0049 g/m3and 0.0047 g/m3 for phenanthrene. Therefore, the y-axis is formatted in order to show the other concentrations and detections in more detail. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as these are found in the air from the burning of coal, oil, gas, and garbage, and are found in dyes, cigarette smoke, coal tar, plastics, and pesticides. They have been found to bother the skin and mucous membranes and have even been linked to cancer. According to ERG's results, naphthalene appears to be the largest threat of the semi-volatile organic compounds, and more than half the compounds have averages less than 0.0005 g/m3. Average Concentration (g/m3) Detections 0.005 70 0.0045 60 0.004 0.0035 50 0.003 40 0.0025 0.002 30 0.0015 20 0.001 10 0.0005 0 0 NaphtAhcaelennaAepchetnhaepnhethylenFeluPohreennaentFhlrueonreanthAenntehracenCBehernyzsoe[nAe]PyrenePyreneCRye9ct-lefolnupeoernetnao(cnde)pyreCneoroBneennzPeoeB(raey)nlaeznnoteh(bBra)efclnuezonorea(kn)tfhlueoDnrBeiabenentnhzzeoon(e(ea)Bp,hey)rnaeznnoItneh(gdra,ehcn,ehon)(p1ee,2r,y3le-cnde)pyrene Compound Concentration Detects 2007 2008 2007 2008 Figure 64: Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds at South DeKalb, 2007 and 2008 As part of the NATTS program, the South DeKalb site collects black carbon data. One source of black carbon is diesel exhaust. To give a comparison of a few other compounds that are also commonly seen at the South DeKalb site, correlations were performed and a correlation matrix was produced on the 2008 data. With this, an attempt was made to see what other compounds are found along with black carbon. The resulting data can be seen in Figure 65, below. The correlation values are given, as well as colors to show how well the compounds correlated. The red shows a perfect positive correlation of 1.0, while dark blue shows a perfect negative correlation of 1.0. The scale with colors is shown to the right of the correlation matrix. It should be noted that the aethalometer, the sampler of black carbon, did not run the complete year. Therefore, data was compared when a sample day had a pair of data. As can be seen in the correlation matrix, toluene and m/p-xylene have the strongest relationship, with 0.903. Black carbon correlated well with toluene and m/p-xylene, with 0.764 and 0.779 respectively. This could indicate that these compounds could be found in diesel exhaust, or they could be found in conjunction with diesel exhaust, in other vehicle exhaust. Chloromethane and benzene have the weakest relationship, with a correlation of 0.433. The majority of correlations fall within the range of 0.000 and 0.599. 84 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring Black Carbon Black Form- NaphCarbon aldehyde thalene Acrolein Zinc Benzene Toluene Trichlorofluoro- methane Dichlorodifluoromethane Chloromethane M/P Xylene Chrome +6 PM2.5 1.000 -0.186 0.303 -0.187 0.481 0.546 0.764 -0.123 -0.180 -0.336 0.779 -0.187 0.447 Formaldehyde -0.186 1.000 -0.071 0.445 -0.207 -0.166 0.063 0.257 0.039 0.399 0.203 0.176 0.259 Naphthalene 0.303 -0.071 1.000 -0.100 0.295 0.324 0.392 0.049 -0.078 -0.269 0.431 -0.188 0.124 Acrolein -0.187 0.445 -0.100 1.000 -0.049 0.027 0.125 0.404 0.197 0.431 0.195 0.207 0.439 Zinc 0.481 -0.207 0.295 -0.049 1.000 0.426 0.358 -0.006 -0.035 -0.359 0.397 0.186 0.163 Benzene 0.546 -0.166 0.324 0.027 0.426 1.000 0.776 0.119 0.217 -0.433 0.608 -0.315 0.068 Toluene 0.764 0.063 0.392 0.125 0.358 0.776 1.000 0.301 0.010 -0.236 0.903 -0.232 0.434 Trichlorofluoro- methane Dichlorodifluoro- methane -0.123 -0.180 Chloromethane -0.336 0.257 0.039 0.399 0.049 -0.078 -0.269 0.404 0.197 0.431 -0.006 0.119 0.301 -0.035 0.217 0.010 -0.359 -0.433 -0.236 1.000 0.466 0.354 0.466 1.000 0.306 0.354 0.336 0.275 0.277 0.306 0.035 -0.141 -0.186 1.000 -0.159 0.288 0.116 M/P Xylene 0.779 0.203 0.431 0.195 0.397 0.608 0.903 0.336 0.035 -0.159 1.000 -0.227 0.430 1.00 0.80 0.600 0.400 0.200 0.000 -0.200 0.400 -0.600 -0.800 -1.000 Chrome +6 -0.187 0.176 -0.188 0.207 0.186 -0.315 -0.232 0.275 -0.141 0.288 -0.227 1.000 0.262 PM2.5 0.447 0.259 0.124 0.439 0.163 0.068 0.434 0.277 -0.186 0.116 0.430 0.262 1.000 Figure 65: Correlation Matrix of Common Compounds Found at South DeKalb MONITORING TECHNIQUES In 2008 samples were collected from a total of fifteen (15) sites, including a collocated site (a site that has two monitors of each type and acts as a quality assurance site for precision and accuracy calculations), a NATTS site, and two background (rural) sites. The compounds sampled at the ATN sites are shown in Appendix D. The list was derived from the 188 compounds EPA has designated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Many of the HAPS do not have standardized ambient air sampling and analytical methods. In order to collect the compounds of interest for the Georgia network, three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister. Also, carbonyls are monitored at three of the air toxics sites (as well as one PAMS site). This equipment samples for metals, semi-volatile organic compounds, and volatile organic compounds once every twelve days following a pre-established schedule that corresponds to a nationwide sampling schedule. The South DeKalb site collects samples every six days, as part of the National Air Toxics Trends (NATTS) network. On the run day, the sampler runs midnight to midnight and takes a 24-hour composite sample. 85 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring The HIVOL sampler used for sampling metals is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 1300 to 2000 liters of air per minute. Particulate material is trapped on an 8.5" x 11" quartz fiber filter. The particulates include dust, pollen, diesel fuel by-products, particulate metal, etc. The filters are pre-weighed at a remote laboratory prior to use and weighed again after sampling. The filters are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The PUF (polyurethane foam) sampler used for sampling semi-volatile organic compounds is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 198 to 242 liters (L) of air per minute. A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds. The plug, filter and absorbent are extracted at a remote laboratory and analyzed using a gas chromatograph with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The canister sampler used for sampling volatile organic compounds is a timed sampler. A SUMMA polished canister is evacuated to a near-perfect vacuum and attached to a sampler with a pump controlled by a timer. The canister is filled to greater than 10 psig. The canister is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). The carbonyl sampler at both PAMS and ATN sites is also a timed sampler. An absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated silica is attached to a pump to allow approximately 180 L of air to be sampled. The cartridge is analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. As part of the National Air Toxics Trends network, South DeKalb monitors the above listed compounds, as well as hexavalent chromium and black carbon. The South DeKalb metals are sampled on a PM10 sampler. The hexavalent chromium sampler used for sampling Cr+6 is a timed sampler. Samples are collected at a flow rate of 15 liters of air per minute using a 37 mm diameter substrate of bicarbonate impregnated cellulose. The filter is controlled by an auto cover remains closed until sampling and fully exposes the filter when the sampler is running. The sample is analyzed using the modified California Air Resources Board (CARB) SOP 039. The filters are extracted in deionized water via sonication, which is analzyed by ion chromatography. Cr+6 is separated through a column, forming a complex with diphenylcarbohydrazide. Dianex Peaknet chromatography software is used to determine the peak analysis. The aethalometer is a continuous sampler used for sampling black and organic carbon. Operating at 60 watts / 110V AC, the aethalometer uses quartz tape to perform an optical analysis to determine the concentration of carbon particles passing through an air stream. The analysis is conducted using spectrophotometry, measuring the wavelength of the light energy absorbed and plotting the results on the site computer. The PM10 sampler used for sampling toxic metal particles less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter is a timed sampler. Collecting 1020 to 1240 liters of air per minute, the sampler uses a 8.5" x 11" quartz glass fiber filter to trap particulate matter. The sample is analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In ICP-MS, an argon gas is used to atomize and ionize the elements in a sample. The resulting ions are used to identify the isotopes of the elements and a mass spectrum is used to identify the element proportional to a specific peak formed from an isotope. ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Currently, there are no attainment standards for the air toxics compounds, with the exception of lead, which has its designation as a criteria pollutant. Air toxics measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. While it is understood that these compounds are toxic, it is not well understood what airborne concentrations of each compound 86 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Air Toxics Monitoring may be harmful. By collecting data about their current concentrations, researchers can later compare our data with health data to determine what levels of each compound may be safe. 87 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report METEOROLOGICAL REPORT STATE CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY OF 2008 The climate of north and central Georgia, which includes the metropolitan areas of Atlanta, Columbus and Macon, involves summers of warm, humid weather, and variable temperatures during the winter months. The climate across Northern Georgia is largely a function of terrain. Average amounts of rainfall reach between 45-50", with September and October averaging as the driest months and the wettest being March. Although drought continued for a third consecutive year, the National Weather Service (NWS) Forecast Office in Peachtree City, Georgia reports that 2008 also experienced several key wet months that lessened the drought's intensity (Table 4 and Table 5). Near normal precipitation from February through April contributed to a significant recharge for many area lakes and reservoirs, while a cooler than normal May, August, October, and November aided in the recovery. J F M A M J J A S O N D Yearly +/- Atlanta 2008 2.85 4.61 5.17 3.22 2.80 0.58 7.17 3.77 0.75 3.48 2.64 4.39 -8.77 1971-2000 30 yr avg 5.0 4.68 5.38 3.62 3.95 3.63 5.12 3.67 4.09 3.11 4.10 3.82 Athens 2008 2.60 3.56 3.48 3.00 2.23 1.22 3.95 2.79 2.13 5.12 2.63 3.66 -11.46 1971-2000 30 yr avg 4.6 4.39 4.99 3.35 3.86 3.94 4.41 3.78 3.53 3.47 3.71 3.71 Macon 2008 3.80 5.77 2.41 3.08 1.04 4.72 5.08 6.82 0.32 4.84 4.92 5.32 +3.12 1971-2000 30 yr avg 5.0 4.55 4.90 3.14 2.98 3.54 4.32 3.79 3.26 2.37 3.22 3.93 Columbus 2008 5.09 6.26 3.62 2.68 5.49 1.72 3.45 8.26 0.52 5.48 3.79 4.40 +2.19 1971-2000 30 yr avg 4.7 4.48 5.75 3.84 3.62 3.51 5.04 3.78 3.07 2.33 3.97 4.40 (Data compiled by National Weather Service Office in Peachtree City) Table 4: Comparison of Monthly Rainfall Amounts for 2008 and the 30 Year Average for Select Cities in Georgia 88 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report City Atlanta Athens Macon Columbus Mean Temperature for 2008 Normal Mean Temperature Mean Temperature Departure from Normal Total Rainfall for 2008 Normal Total Rainfall 62.4 62.1 +0.3 41.43" 50.20" 62.4 61.5 +0.9 36.37" 47.83" 64.4 63.7 +0.7 48.12" 45.00" 64.8 65.1 -0.3 50.76" 48.57" (Data compiled by National Weather Service Office in Peachtree City) Total Rainfall Departure from Normal -8.77" -11.46 +3.12" +2.19" Table 5: Temperature and Rainfall Statistics for Select Georgia Cities in 2008 The National Weather Service reports that the year began with a dry start, as Atlanta, Athens, and Macon all posted rainfall deficits of 1 - 2+ inches in January. Columbus however, received 5.09", which was nearly a third of an inch above their average. Temperatures were mostly cooler than average with Atlanta, Columbus, and Macon recording monthly departures of -0.4 F or more. It was the coldest January in the capital city since 2003, and the snowiest since 2002 with 1.4" of snowfall. Both Columbus and Macon recorded monthly surpluses of more than an inch with Columbus recording their 12th wettest February on record at 6.26". March followed with near average rainfall in Atlanta with 5.17", but Athens and Macon fell short by amounts ranging from 1.51 to 2.49". With regard to temperatures, readings returned to near seasonal averages as departures ranged from -0.6 F in Columbus to +0.7 F in Athens. Monthly average temperatures remained very close to normal in April, as all four cities fell within 0.4 F of their expected value. In May, Macon recorded a rainfall deficit of 1.94", while Atlanta was more than an inch short of normal. Columbus, however, received 5.49", which was 1.87" above average. In contrast, all of these cities posted monthly average temperatures within a half of a degree of normal. This 3-month trend of near normal temperatures quickly reversed itself in June, as daily high temperatures early in the month soared to their highest readings for the entire year. Unfortunately, this oppressive heat also accompanied very dry conditions for Atlanta, Athens, and Columbus. Atlanta led the rainfall deficits with -3.05", while witnessing its 3rd driest June with only 0.58" recorded. The dryness soon eased, however, as Atlanta posted a surplus of 2.05" in July while Macon was 0.76" above normal. Temperatures too contributed to the relief, as both Atlanta and Columbus posted monthly departures of -0.7 and -1.2 F, respectively. More relief from the drought arrived with record rainfall from the remnants of Tropical Storm Fay. Both Columbus and Macon set record rainfalls as Fay moved through on the 23rd and 24th. This rainfall surplus came to an end in September, though, as all four cities recorded significant deficits. Atlanta, Columbus, and Macon all failed to receive an inch of rain for the month. Recording just 0.32", Macon experienced their 3rd driest September on record, while Columbus with 0.52" recorded their 5th driest. These drought-strengthening trends were dramatically reversed in October as beneficial rain events occurred at all four cities. The cool second half of October lead to below average monthly temperatures, ranging from -0.8 deg F in Atlanta to -1.9 F in Columbus. A continued series of polar air masses in mid to late November kept monthly temperatures again on the cool side. While Columbus and Macon received normal to above normal precipitation during November, both Atlanta and Athens fell short of average. The year ended on a positive note when December rainfall exceeded the average in both Atlanta and Macon by 0.57 and 1.40", respectively. This was mainly attributed to an intense low pressure system tapping ample Gulf moisture on the 10th and 11th. While some localized flooding was reported, the 2-day rainfall totals were generally a welcome relief from past deficits. 89 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Seasonal composite means across the southeast for 2008 are seen in the four following figures. The images depict NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the following surface meteorological parameters: air temperature, relative humidity, accumulated precipitation, wind speed and wind direction. The averages are in agreement with the climatological assessment for 2008 from the National Weather Service at Peachtree City. Figure 66: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for December 2007- February 2008 90 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 67: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for March-May 2008 Figure 68: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for June-August 2008 91 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 69: NCEP/NCAR Composite Means for Surface a) Air Temperature, b) Relative Humidity, c) Accumulated Precipitation, and d) Wind Speed and Direction for September-November 2008 92 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR 2008 A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan Atlanta. The basic surface meteorological parameters measured at the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Sites (PAMS) are shown in Table 6. The PAMS sites are Conyers, South DeKalb, Tucker, and Yorkville. South DeKalb is considered an NCORE site as well. The Tucker site primarily records meteorological data for possible future modeling or comparative purposes. All PAMS sensors measure hourly-averaged scalar wind speed and vector-averaged wind direction at the 10-meter level, and hourly-averaged surface temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure at the 2-meter level. Several sites include instruments to record hourly-averaged precipitation, global solar radiation and total ultraviolet radiation. The standard deviation of the wind direction is also computed at the NCORE site (South DeKalb). Other surface meteorological measurements were made across the state in 2008 and are also shown in Table 6. All the meteorological sites are mapped in Figure 70. Upper air meteorological observations (primarily wind speed and direction) are made at Peachtree City using a PA5-LR SODAR system. 93 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Statewide Monitoring Sites Wind Speed (m/s) Wind Direction (deg) Sigth (deg) Relative Humidity (%) Solar Radiation (W/m2) Total Ultraviolet Radiation (W/m2) Barometric Pressure (mb) Precip. (in) Temp. (C) Conyers a a a a a South Dekalb a a a a Tucker a a a a a Yorkville a a a a a Fort a a a Mountain Brunswick a a Confederate a a Avenue Dawsonville a a Savannah a a E. President Macon SE a a Douglasville a a Fayetteville* a a Newnan a a Savannah a a L&A Augusta a a a Macon West* a a a Columbus a a a Evans* a a a *Temporarily discontinued Table 6: Meteorological Parameters Measured, 2008 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 94 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Meteorological Sites MSAs Shown as Solid Colors Figure 70: Meteorological Site Map 95 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report OZONE AND PM2.5 FORECASTING AND DATA ANALYSIS Each day a team of meteorologists from Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (EPD) and Georgia Tech scientists meet at 1:30 EST to issue an air quality forecast for the Atlanta, Macon, Columbus, and Augusta metropolitan areas. The forecasts are determined based upon several meteorological factors, such as the synoptic regime, surface and upper air meteorology, satellite imagery, as well as the ambient concentration of pollutant. Multiple 2D and 3D forecasting models generated by Georgia Tech are utilized in addition to National Weather Service (NWS) synoptic forecasting models. These synoptic models consist of the North American Model (NAM), the Global Forecasting System (GFS), the European, and the Canadian models to name a few. The air quality forecast is then relayed to the Clean Air Campaign and EPA, which disseminate the forecast to important national outlets, such as NWS, USA Today, and The Weather Channel. Air quality forecasting proved particularly useful and critical in warning the public of health risks during the fire/smoke episodes in southeast Georgia and northern Florida during spring 2007, and aided the Emergency Response Team (ERT) of EPD in making critical decisions concerning evacuations. Metropolitan Atlanta had 29 ozone violations during ozone season (May through September) in 2008. Athens recorded 5 violations during the season, while Augusta had 4 violations; Columbus had 1 violation, Macon had 6 violations, and north Georgia (Fort Mountain/Dawsonville) had 6 ozone violations in 2008. This was considered to be a slightly more atypical ozone season for Metro Atlanta, since the ozone standard was lowered to 76 ppbv for code orange (unhealthy for sensitive groups). Although Metro Atlanta had 29 ozone violations in 2007 as well, these violations occurred under the old standard (breakpoint of 85 ppbv for code orange). Monthly time series plots of ozone predictions and observations for Metro Atlanta during 2008 ozone season are shown in Figure 71 and Figure 72. The dark squares shown in the figure indicate days where an ozone violation occurred, but was not forecasted, or did not occur and was forecasted. Most violations occurred during the middle of June, middle to end of July, and early August. There were three code reds (breakpoint of 96 ppbv) observed in 2008. These occurred on June 20th, July 21st, and July 28th, with the highest value (109 ppbv) occurring on June 20th. Oddly enough, there was no code red recorded during the month of August, which is typically the hottest month for Georgia. As shown in Figure 71 and Figure 72, there were no major ozone episodes during the months of May, August, and September for Metro Atlanta. This could be partly attributed to extended periods of afternoon convection during the summer, along with persistent moist and unstable conditions for much of the summer season. Another factor that could have played a role in less multi-day ozone episodes is the role that emission reductions may have had on pollutant concentrations. Both of these possible factors are still under investigation. Overall team forecasting performance for the 2008 ozone season was 82.4% on an event to a non-event basis (binary error) and 58.2% on an AQI basis (color category). The synoptic regime for summer 2008 was somewhat abnormal. Other than the mini-summer heat wave episode between July 14th and July 20th, the strong Atlantic (Bermuda) ridge was only semipermanent across the Atlantic and southeastern US. Furthermore, the Gulf ridge was positioned further west, which aided in giving the south Central Plains an extreme heat wave outbreak. The positioning of the mid-western anticyclone allowed short wave activity to ride along the eastern periphery of the High and skirt across north GA giving brief periods of heavy convection. The summer heat wave case was particularly interesting because PM2.5 was elevated, in concurrence with ozone, with PM2.5 violations occurring on July 17th, 20th, and 21st. This enhancement of PM2.5 (24-hour averaged) is shown in Figure 76. During this period, tropical storm Cristobal was able to draw up some of the elevated PM2.5 over the Southeast into the tropical system (as verified by GASP optical depth imagery), as it tracked northward up the Atlantic seaboard. Overall performance for PM2.5 forecasting in 2008 for Metro Atlanta was 78.9% on an AQI basis. A total of six PM2.5 violations were observed in Metro Atlanta in 2008, Columbus exceeded the PM2.5 96 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report standard on two days, and Macon had one PM2.5 violation in 2008. Monthly time series plots of PM2.5 predictions and observations for Metro Atlanta during 2008 (24-hour averages) are given in Figure 73 through Figure 76. Some seasonal variability in PM2.5 does exist, as shown in the figure; however, June, July and August show several periods of elevated PM2.5, relative to other seasons. This enhancement can most likely be attributed to possible local sources or fire activity, and to limited early morning mixing depth along the moist and unstable conditions. Isolated afternoon and evening convection was common around Metro Atlanta in the tropical air mass residing over the southeast during this period, as previously mentioned. Maximun O concentrations (ppbv) 3 2008 90 80 O3 observed O3 predicted MAY 70 60 50 40 30 120 110 100 JUN 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 110 100 JUL 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Day of the month (Data compiled by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 71: Monthly Time Series of Ozone Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 Ozone Season (May-July) 97 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Maximun 8-hrs O3 concentrations (ppbv) 2008 100 80 60 40 AUG 20 O3 observed O3 predicted 100 80 60 40 SEP 20 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Day of the month (Data compiled by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 72: Monthly Time Series of Ozone Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 Ozone Season (August-September) PM2.5 (ug/m3) PM2.5 (ug/m3) JANUARY 2008 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 FEBRUARY 2008 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 MARCH 2008 40 Observed 30 Predicted 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PM2.5 (ug/m3) (Data compiled by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 73: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (January-March) 98 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report PM 2.5 (ug/m 3) PM 2.5 (ug/m3) APRIL 2008 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 MAY 2008 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 JUNE 2008 40 Observed Predicted 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PM 2.5 (ug/m3) (Data compiled by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 74: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (April-June) PM2.5 (ug/m3) PM2.5 (ug/m3) JULY 2008 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 AUGUST 2008 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 SEPTEMBER 2008 40 Observed 30 Predicted 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PM2.5 (ug/m3) (Data compiled by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 75: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (July-September) 99 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report PM2.5 (ug/m3) PM2.5 (ug/m3) OCTOBER 2008 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 NOVEMBER 2008 30 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 DECEMBER 2008 30 Observed Predicted 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 PM2.5 (ug/m3) (Data compiled by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 76: Monthly Times Series Plots of PM2.5 Predictions and Observations for Metro Atlanta During 2008 (October-December) SELECT METEOROLOGICAL AND AIR QUALITY STUDIES FOR 2008 Case Study (July 20-21, 2008) On July 20th, the McDonough monitoring station (southeast of Atlanta) recorded a maximum 8-hour averaged ozone value of 86 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). The Ft. Mountain station, located northwest of Atlanta, recorded 76 ppbv while values of 85 ppbv and 84 ppbv were recorded at Macon SE and Macon West, respectively. On this same day, Atlanta recorded a 24-hour averaged Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) value of 44.7 g/m3 at the Confederate Avenue monitoring station. The Columbus Airport also recorded a relatively high value of 45.2 g/m3, while Macon SE recorded a value of 36.1 g/m3. The next day (July 21st), Atlanta recorded a maximum 8-hr averaged ozone value of 80 ppbv at the Conyers station and 24-hr PM2.5 average of 49.4 g/m3 at the Newnan station. Both Macon stations recorded maximum 8-hr average ozone values of 80 ppbv and Columbus Airport station recorded a 24-hr PM2.5 average of 35.4 g/m3. These values had accumulated over several days as a mid-level ridge moved over the Southeast (Figure 77 and Figure 78), bringing with it light winds and greater stability. A high-pressure surface ridge was positioned over the southeastern US as well (see Figure 79 and Figure 80). The 12z rawinsonde data for Peachtree City (Figure 81) shows the light NW winds aloft and light N winds at the surface. A slight surface inversion was evident as well, along with multiple mid-to-upper level inversions. Upper level 500mb charts show a very weak upper level trough, with zonal flow over Georgia (Figure 82 and Figure 83). Visible satellite imagery at 1800Z on the 20th (Figure 84) show mainly clear conditions over the southeast, which is supported by the dry air mass and surface inversion reflected in 12z rawinsonde data for FFC. Back trajectory 96-hr analysis for Atlanta for July 21st (Figure 85) shows the recirculation that occurred in the days leading up to the weekend. Ozone, PM2.5 and their precursors were pushed from sources in Alabama and Georgia up to the northwest, 100 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report and then looped around with the winds back to the south a few days later. The 12-hr back trajectories on both the 20th and 21st (Figure 86) demonstrate the consistency of the wind flow. They also reflect that Ft. Mountain, Atlanta and Macon had a direct pathway at all levels for this recirculation. Graphs of Ozone vs. Wind Direction for Conyers, and PM2.5 vs. Wind Direction at Confederate Avenue, show how the values increased as the winds became more from the northwest (Figure 87 and Figure 88). Thus, residual ozone in addition to recirculation, in conjunction with the dry stable conditions, allowed for the code orange in Atlanta, Columbus, and Macon. One large influence on the weather patterns during this episode was Tropical Storm Cristobal, which formed off the coast of Georgia on July 18th. The tropical system moved slowly up the coast on the 19th thru the 22nd, while gathering a significant amount of the pollution that had looped around in the large-scale circulation. This gathering and concentrating of the pollution is shown in GOES Aerosol Optical Depth images from the 21st and 22nd (Figure 89 through Figure 91). Figure 77: Mid-Level Ridge over Southeast, July 20, 2008 101 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 78: Mid-Level Ridge over Southeast, July 21, 2008 Figure 79: High Pressure Surface Ridge over Southeast, July 20, 2008 102 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 80: High Pressure Surface Ridge over Southeast, July 21, 2008 Figure 81: 12z Rawinsonde from Peachtree City, July 21, 2008 103 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 82: Upper Level 500mb, July 20, 2008 Figure 83: Upper Level 500mb, July 21, 2008 104 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 84: Visible Satellite Imagery, 1800Z, July 20, 2008 Figure 85: 96-Hour Back Trajectory for Atlanta 105 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 86: 12-Hour Back Trajectories on July 20th and 21st Figure 87: Ozone versus Wind Direction at Conyers 106 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 88: PM2.5 versus Wind Direction at Confederate Avenue Figure 89: GOES Aerosol Optical Depth, 14:45, July 21, 2008 107 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Meteorological Report Figure 90: GOES Aerosol Optical Depth, 21:45, July 21, 2008 Figure 91: GOES Aerosol Optical Depth, 13:45, July 22, 2008 108 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance QUALITY ASSURANCE The purpose of this report is to provide ambient air quality users and the general public with a summary of the quality of the 2008 ambient air monitoring data in quantifiable terms. It presents an overview of various quality assurance and quality control activities. The tables included in this report provide summary data for ambient air monitoring stations in the statewide network. The Georgia Air Protection Branch mission is to promote and protect public health, welfare, and ecological resources through effective and efficient reduction of air pollutants while recognizing and considering the effects on the economy of the state. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program provides a key element of that mission through collecting and reporting on quality information on a large number of pollutants and for a vast air monitoring network. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program, directed by state law, conducts various monitoring projects in support of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GA DNR), Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GA EPD), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The monitoring projects include gaseous criteria and non-criteria pollutants, particulate matter, air toxics, non-methane hydrocarbons, and meteorological parameters. Data from these monitoring sources provide the means to determine the nature of the pollution problem and assess the effectiveness of the control measures and programs. It is the goal of the Ambient Monitoring Program to provide accurate, relevant, and timely measurements of air pollutants and their precursors associated with the corresponding meteorological data to support Georgia's Air Protection Branch for the protection of environment and public health. The Quality Assurance Unit conducts various quality assurance activities to ensure that data collected comply with procedures and regulations set forth by the U.S. EPA and can be considered good quality data and data for record. What is quality assurance? Quality assurance is an integrated system of management activities that involves planning, implementing, assessing, and assuring data quality through a process, item, or service that meets users needs for quality, completeness, representativeness and usefulness. Known data quality enables users to make judgment about compliance with quality standards, air quality trends and health effects based on sound data with a known level of confidence. The objective of quality assurance is to provide accurate and precise data, minimize data loss due to malfunctions, and to assess the validity of the air monitoring data to provide representative and comparable data of known precision and accuracy. Quality assurance (QA) is composed of two activities: quality control and quality assessment. Quality control (QC) is composed of a set of internal tasks performed routinely at the instrument level that ensures accurate and precise measured ambient air quality data. Quality control tasks address sample collection, handling, analysis, and reporting. Examples include calibrations, routine service checks, chain-of-custody documentation, duplicate analysis, development and maintenance of standard operating procedures, and routine preparation of quality control reports. Quality assessment is a set of external, quantitative tasks that provide certainty that the quality control system is satisfactory and that the stated quantitative programmatic objectives for air quality data are indeed met. Staff independent of those generating data perform these external tasks. Tasks include conducting regular performance audits, on site system audits; inter-laboratory comparisons, and periodic evaluations of internal quality control data. Table 7 illustrates the types of performance audits currently performed by the QA program in 2008. Field and laboratory performance audits are the most common. System audits are performed on an as needed basis or by request. Whole air sample comparisons are conducted for the toxic air contaminants and non-methane hydrocarbons. 109 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Air Monitoring Program Gaseous Pollutants Field Laboratory Performance Performance Audit Audit X X Particulate Matter X X Air Toxic Contaminants X X Non-Methane Hydrocarbons X X Meteorology X Section: Quality Assurance System Audit X X X X Whole Air Audit X X Table 7: Audits Performed for Each Air Monitoring Program in 2008 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT The Quality Assurance Program supports all ambient monitoring programs undertaken by Georgia EPD, which in 2008 includes gaseous pollutants, particulate pollutants, air toxics contaminants, nonmethane hydrocarbons and meteorological sensors run by the Ambient Monitoring Program. There are 62 air monitoring sites operating in Georgia. Appendix E provides information about the airmonitoring network (i.e., sampling schedules, number of instruments, collection/analysis method, etc.). The air quality monitors collect data in both real-time and on a time integrated basis. The data is used to define the nature, extent, and trends of air quality in the state; to support programs required by state and federal laws; and to track progress in attaining air quality standards. The precision and accuracy necessary depends on how the data will be used. Data that must meet specific requirements (i.e., criteria pollutants) are referred to as controlled data sets. Criteria for the accuracy, precision, completeness, and sensitivity of the measurement in controlled data sets must be met and documented. The process by which one determines the quality of data needed to meet the monitoring objective is sometimes referred to as the Data Quality Objectives Process. Data quality indicators associated with measurement uncertainty include: Precision. A measurement of mutual agreement among individual measurements of the same property usually under prescribed similar conditions, expressed generally in terms of the standard deviation. Bias. The systematic or persistent distortion of a measurement process, which causes errors in one direction. Accuracy. The degree of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value. Accuracy includes a combination of random error (imprecision) and systematic error (bias) components that are due to sampling and analytical operations. Completeness. A measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a measurement system compared to the amount that is expected to be obtained under correct, normal conditions. Detectability. The low critical range value of a characteristic that a method specific procedure can reliably discern. 110 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Data without formal data quality objectives (i.e., toxics) are called descriptive data sets. The data quality measurements are made as accurately as possible in consideration of how the data are being used. Quantified quality assessment results describe the measurement variability in standard terminology, but no effort is made to confine the data set to values within a predetermined quality limit. The Georgia Air Sampling Network's (GASN) Quality Assurance Program is outlined in a five-volume Quality Assurance Manual. The volumes, listed below, guide the operation of the quality assurance programs used by the GASN. Volume I: Quality Assurance Plan Volume II: Standard Operating Procedures for Air Quality Monitoring Volume III: Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures Volume IV: Monitoring Methods for the State Ambient Air Quality standards Volume V: Audit Procedures for Air Quality Monitoring Volume I lists the data quality objectives and describes quality control and quality assessment activities used to ensure that the data quality objectives are met. GASEOUS POLLUTANTS Sampling Cone Ambient concentrations of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are continuously monitored by an automated network of stations run by the Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program. Exposure to these pollutants may cause adverse health effects such as: respiratory impairment, fatigue, permanent lung damage, and increased susceptibility to infection in the general population. Gaseous criteria and non-criteria pollutant data are a controlled data set and are subject to meeting mandatory regulations. Accuracy: Annually, EPA conducts field through-the probe (TTP) performance audits for gaseous pollutants to verify the system accuracy of the automated methods and to ensure the integrity of the sampling system. Accuracy is represented as an average percent difference. The average percent difference is the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected accuracy of 95 percent of all the single analyzer's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site. Bias is the systematic or persistent distortion of a measurement process, which causes errors in one direction. Overall, the responses of the individual analyzers indicate that as a whole, the network is providing accurate data. Ninety-five percent of the gaseous pollutant instruments audited in 2008 were found to be operating within the Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring control limits (15%). The tables below summarize the 2008 performance audit results for each criteria pollutant. Precision: On a weekly basis, site operators confirm the linear response of the instrument by performing zero, precision and span checks. The zero precision check confirms the instrument's ability to maintain a stable reading. The span precision check confirms the instrument's ability to respond to a known concentration of gas. The degree of variability in each of these weekly measurements is computed as the precision of that instrument's measurements. Annually, the Quality Assurance Unit conducts a precision data analysis as an overall indicator of data quality. The analysis addresses three parameters: precision data submission, precision data validity, and a combination of the two referred to as data usability rates. The precision performance goal for all three parameters is 85%. The submission rate is the number of precision points submitted for a pollutant divided by the expected number of bi-weekly submissions. Data validity is the percent difference of the actual and indicated values of each precision check. These differences should not exceed 15% for gaseous analyzers. Usable data rates are determined by multiplying the data submission and data validity rates that indicate the completeness of verifiable air quality data on the 111 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Official database. The tables below show the Georgia annual Data Quality Assessment summary for the gaseous pollutants (NO, NO2, NOX, CO, SO2, O3). NO Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary Site Code Site Name Validation of Bias Annual Performance Evaluation Bias No. of Precision Absolute Bias Obs. CV (%) Estimate (%) Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL No. of Avg (%) (%) (%) Obs. (%) Completeness 95% LPL 95% UPL (%) (%) (%) 13-089-0002 Decatur - S. Dekalb 52 5.79 7.50 -5.81 -15.68 4.05 8 -0.87 -6.40 4.66 93 13-121-0048 Atlanta - Georgia Tech 45 5.69 6.71 -5.09 -14.67 4.49 8 -1.48 -12.41 9.46 94 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm 51 3.11 7.67 -7.04 -12.33 -1.74 4 -2.51 -11.07 6.05 95 13-247-0001 Conyers - Monastery 54 3.55 3.86 -2.83 -8.89 3.24 4 5.14 3.22 7.06 94 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 202 4.49 6.39 -5.16 -13.06 2.74 24 -0.34 -8.35 7.66 94 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 8: NO Data Quality Assessment NO2 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary Site Code Site Name No. of Obs. Precision CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Annual Performance Evaluation Bias No. of Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL Obs. (%) (%) (%) Completeness (%) 13-089-0002 Decatur - S. Dekalb 52 5.80 4.85 0.96 -8.93 10.85 7 -0.30 -6.72 6.12 90 13-121-0048 Atlanta - Georgia Tech 44 5.35 2.98 2.16 -6.83 11.14 8 4.88 -8.52 18.29 89 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm 51 3.34 2.98 -1.39 -7.08 4.29 4 -2.07 -4.41 0.28 95 13-247-0001 Conyers - Monastery 54 5.58 4.23 -1.70 -11.24 7.85 4 -0.94 -1.91 0.03 95 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 201 5.02 3.80 -0.09 -8.79 8.61 23 1.08 -7.87 10.04 93 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 9: NO2 Data Quality Assessment NOx Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary Site Code Site Name No. of Precision Obs. CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Annual Performance Evaluation Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL 95% UPL Completeness (%) (%) (%) 13-089-0002 Decatur - S. Dekalb 52 5.87 6.87 -4.80 -14.81 5.20 7 -1.43 -7.26 4.40 92 13-121-0048 Atlanta - Georgia Tech 45 5.34 5.14 -2.87 -11.86 6.11 8 -0.68 -10.45 9.10 93 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm 51 3.73 6.07 -5.29 -11.63 1.06 4 -3.16 -11.56 5.24 98 13-247-0001 Conyers - Monastery 54 3.95 3.24 -1.01 -7.76 5.73 4 5.10 3.55 6.65 92 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 202 4.70 5.31 -3.48 -11.61 4.65 23 -0.33 -7.91 7.25 95 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 10: NOX Data Quality Assessment 112 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance CO Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary Site Code Site Name 13-089-0002 Decatur - S. Dekalb 13-121-0099 Atlanta - Roswell Rd. 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit No. of Precision CV Obs. (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Annual Performance Evaluation Bias Complete No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL ness (%) (%) 37 4.51 3.40 0.93 -6.54 8.39 3 6.26 3.85 8.66 98 51 7.14 6.17 2.07 -10.08 14.21 12 0.24 -9.54 10.02 90 54 3.11 2.78 0.68 -3.93 6.70 3 -7.53 -9.54 -5.52 94 142 4.92 4.16 1.24 -7.61 10.09 18 -0.05 -8.51 8.40 94 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 11: CO Data Quality Assessment SO2 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary Site Code Site Name No. of Obs. Precision CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Annual Performance Evaluation Validation of Bias Bias Complete Avg (%) 95% LPL 95% UPL No. of (%) (%) Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) ness (%) 13-021-0012 Macon - Forestry 40 4.99 4.33 -1.83 13-051-0021 Savannah - East President St. 58 5.69 4.39 -0.56 13-051-1002 Savannah - L & A 54 1.78 7.69 -7.34 13-215-0008 Columbus Airport 42 5.79 6.83 -5.29 13-115-0003 Rome - Coosa Elementary 27 0.98 2.32 -2.06 13-121-0048 Atlanta - Georgia Tech 57 1.55 2.16 -1.83 13-121-0055 Atlanta - Confederate Ave. 55 2.15 4.10 -3.64 13-127-0006 Brunswick - Risley School 47 1.99 2.07 -1.58 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 380 3.15 4.31 -3.05 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit -10.15 -10.88 -10.37 -14.98 -3.62 -4.49 -7.32 -4.94 -10.14 6.49 6 -3.86 -13.92 6.20 91 8.67 3 7.83 6.46 9.21 98 -4.30 3 -6.08 -10.79 -1.37 98 4.40 3 -6.78 -7.41 -6.14 92 -0.49 6 0.29 -1.97 2.55 98 0.84 3 -7.30 -9.67 -4.93 98 0.05 3 -0.71 -2.11 0.69 98 1.78 3 -0.76 -2.51 0.98 98 4.04 30 -2.09 -7.32 3.13 98 Table 12: SO2 Data Quality Assessment 113 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance O3 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary Site Code Site Name No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Annual Performance Evaluation Bias No. of Avg Obs. (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Completeness (%) 13-021-0012 Macon - Forestry 31 2.14 1.73 0.79 -2.69 4.26 6 0.25 -1.57 2.07 99 13-021-0013 Macon - Lake Tobesofkee (West) 35 1.72 2.41 2.00 -0.84 4.83 3 -1.03 -2.85 0.78 99 13-051-0021 Savannah - East President St. 35 3.16 2.35 -0.26 -5.45 4.94 3 -2.87 -6.17 0.43 97 13-055-0001 Summerville - DNR Fish Hatchery 36 1.31 1.99 -1.66 -3.83 0.47 3 1.57 0.62 2.53 99 13-059-0002 Athens - Fire Station 7 36 1.22 1.01 0.43 -1.59 2.44 3 0.56 -0.93 2.05 97 13-067-0003 Kennesaw - Georgia National Guard 36 1.13 1.21 -0.85 -2.72 1.01 3 0.68 -0.75 2.11 99 13-073-0001 Evans - Riverside Park 35 1.13 1.69 1.39 -0.46 3.24 3 3.02 2.45 3.59 95 13-077-0002 Newnan - University of West Georgia 37 1.03 0.99 0.75 -0.96 2.46 3 1.69 -0.29 3.67 99 13-085-0001 Dawsonville - Georgia Forestry 35 2.09 2.14 1.29 -2.14 4.73 3 0.87 -0.63 2.36 99 13-089-0002 Decatur - South Dekalb 38 0.99 3.64 3.41 1.77 5.06 3 -0.95 -4.19 2.28 95 13-097-0004 Douglasville - West Strictland Street 36 1.18 1.79 1.48 -0.47 3.43 6 0.93 -0.15 2.01 99 13-113-0001 Fayetteville - Georgia DOT 36 2.74 2.42 0.88 -3.65 5.40 3 -0.83 -2.25 0.59 99 13-121-0055 Atlanta - Confederate Ave. 37 4.04 3.47 -1.38 -8.06 5.31 3 -2.74 -4.72 -0.77 95 13-127-0006 Brunswick - Risley School 36 2.49 1.85 -0.19 -4.30 3.93 3 1.33 0.18 2.49 99 13-135-0002 Lawrenceville - Gwinnett Tech 40 3.67 3.09 -0.19 -6.31 5.93 3 4.03 1.13 6.93 97 13-151-0002 McDonough - County Extension Office 36 0.80 0.86 0.58 -0.74 1.91 3 0.55 -0.48 1.58 99 13-213-0003 Chatsworth - Fort Mountain 34 0.70 2.01 1.84 0.69 2.99 3 -0.66 -1.83 0.52 99 13-215-0008 Columbus - Airport 35 1.97 1.58 0.44 -2.79 3.68 3 0.76 -0.42 1.94 99 13-215-1003 Columbus - Crime Lab. 40 4.29 3.42 -0.89 -8.03 6.28 3 -0.41 -2.61 1.79 98 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm 36 0.68 3.72 3.56 2.44 4.67 3 0.59 -1.09 2.27 97 13-245-0091 Augusta - Bungalow Rd. 37 0.72 1.55 1.40 0.19 2.57 3 0.07 -0.07 0.21 99 13-247-0001 Conyers - Monatery 35 1.16 2.40 2.20 0.19 4.02 3 3.20 1.27 5.13 98 13-261-1001 Laslie - Union High School 46 6.51 5.27 -0.89 -11.40 10.57 3 12.40 8.85 15.95 97 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 838 2.11 2.34 0.67 -3.67 5.00 75 0.97 -0.90 2.84 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 13: O3 Data Quality Assessment PARTICULATE MATTER Particulate matter is a mixture of substances that include elements such as carbon, metals, nitrates, organic compounds and sulfates; complex mixtures such as diesel exhaust and soil. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or smaller pose an increased health risk because they can deposit deep in the lung and contain substances that are particularly harmful to human health. Respirable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increase the chance of respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, and premature death. Particulate matter monitoring is conducted using both manual and continuous type samplers. Manual samplers are operated on a six-day sampling schedule for PM10, and a similar, or more frequent schedule, for PM2.5. The Georgia Ambient Monitoring particulate program also includes total suspended particulates (TSP) sulfate, mass and lead monitoring. 114 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Particulate matter is a controlled data set, and as such is subject to formal data quality objectives and federal and state regulations. Accuracy (field): The accuracy of particulate samplers is determined by comparing the instrument's flow rate to a certified variable orifice (PM10 and TSP), or a calibrated mass flow meter (TEOM, BAM, and PM2.5 samplers) that is certified against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable flow device or calibrator. Since an accurate measurement of particulate matter is dependent upon flow rate, the Ambient Monitoring Program conducts annual flow rate audits at each site. The average percent difference between the sampler flow rates and the audit flow rates represents the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points for each sampler. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected flow rate accuracy for 95 percent of all the single analyzer's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site. Overall, the 2008 flow audit results indicate that the flow rates of samplers in the network are almost all within bounds. Approximately ninety-eight percent of the instruments audited in 2008 operated within the Georgia Ambient Monitoring Program's control limits. The 2008 PM2.5 yearly data quality assessment summary of integrated and analyzation using federal reference method, the PM2.5 yearly data quality assessment summary semi-continuous measurements, and the PM10 yearly data quality assessment summary of 24-hour integrated measurements are shown in the tables below. 115 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance PM2.5 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary of Integrated Sampling and Analyzation Using Federal Reference Method Site Code Site Name Collocated (g/m3) One-Point Flow Rate Check (L/min) No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) No. of Obs. Avg (%) Absolute Signed Bias (%) Bias (%) Semi-Annual Flow Check (L/min) (Bias %) No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) rfse Completeness (%) 13-021-0007 Macon - Allied Chemical 51 7.78 12 -0.26 0.49 -0.49 6 -0.25 -3.02 2.52 90 13-021-0012 Macon - Macon SE NA NA 13 -0.51 0.91 -0.91 3 -2.13 -4.33 0.07 90 13-051-0017 Savannah - Market Street (Scott) 78 10.49 4 -0.82 2.17 +/-2.17 4 -0.82 -3.17 1.52 98 13-051-0091 Savannah - Mercer Jr. High School NA NA 12 0.04 0.30 +/-0.3 2 -0.38 -2.28 1.52 89 13-059-0001 Athens - Fire Station 7 NA NA 11 -0.61 0.77 -0.77 4 0.77 -5.63 7.18 73 13-063-0091 Forest Park - D.O.T. NA NA 14 -0.26 0.87 0.00 2 -0.40 -3.70 2.89 94 13-067-0003 Kennesaw - National Guard NA NA 12 0.43 1.95 0.00 2 -0.55 -4.08 2.98 97 Powder Springs - Macland Aquatic 13-067-0004 Center NA NA 15 0.47 1.07 0.00 2 -1.54 -5.97 2.89 95 13-089-0002 Decatur - South DeKalb NA NA 14 0.46 1.90 0.00 2 -0.42 -5.12 4.28 90 13-089-2001 Doraville - Health Department 43 20.49 13 -0.17 0.42 0.00 5 -1.71 -11.64 8.21 85 13-095-0007 Albany - Turner Elem. School NA NA 15 -0.47 1.36 +/-1.36 2 -2.04 -5.39 1.31 87 13-115-0005 Rome - Coosa High School NA NA 12 -0.18 0.94 0.00 2 -1.04 -1.93 -0.14 83 13-121-0032 Atlanta - E. Rivers School 59 9.15 12 -0.31 0.48 0.00 4 -1.27 -2.00 -0.54 100 13-121-0048 Atlanta - Georgia Tech NA NA 12 -0.45 0.74 0.00 2 -1.04 -1.28 -0.80 98 13-127-0006 Brunswick - Risley Middle Sch. NA NA 14 -1.04 2.21 +/-2.21 2 -0.57 -5.34 4.20 75 13-135-0002 Lawrenceville - Gwinnett Tech NA NA 13 -0.37 0.60 -0.6 2 -3.10 -11.18 4.99 78 13-139-0003 Gainesville - Fair St. Elem. Sch. NA NA 12 -0.32 0.46 -0.46 3 -1.08 -3.43 1.27 85 13-153-0001 Warner Robins - Warner Robins NA NA 14 -0.22 0.90 -0.9 2 -1.12 -4.04 1.81 93 13-185-0003 Valdosta - S. L. Mason School NA NA 12 -0.13 1.01 +/-1.01 2 -0.95 -2.25 0.36 75 13-215-0001 Columbus - Health Department NA NA 18 0.27 1.94 +/-1.94 2 -0.95 -1.77 -0.13 89 13-215-0008 Columbus - Airport NA NA 12 -0.04 0.54 +/-0.54 2 -1.85 -2.74 -0.97 92 13-215-0011 Columbus - Cussetta Rd. Sch. NA NA 13 0.00 1.45 +/-1.45 2 -0.24 -0.41 -0.07 95 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm NA NA 13 -0.06 0.49 +/-0.49 2 -0.86 -2.58 0.86 95 13-245-0005 Augusta - Med. Col. Of GA 58 5.04 12 -0.02 0.60 +/-0.6 4 -1.76 -3.74 0.22 95 13-245-0091 Augusta - Bungalow Rd. Sch. NA NA 12 -0.13 0.59 +/-0.59 2 -1.24 -3.19 0.71 83 13-295-0002 Rossville - Health Department NA NA 12 -1.36 1.84 -1.84 2 -1.88 NA NA 89 13-303-0001 Sandersville - Health Department NA NA 13 0.51 0.94 +/-0.94 2 -1.92 -5.76 1.92 87 13-319-0001 Gordon - Police Dept NA NA 11 -0.70 2.50 +/-2.5 2 -1.56 -4.38 1.27 70 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 289 10.13 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 352 -0.19 1.08 73 -1.09 -2.76 1.88 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 14: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for FRM Samplers 116 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance PM2.5 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary of Semi-Continuous Measurements Site Code Site Name One-Point Flow Rate Check Semi-Annual Flow Check (L/min) (Bias (L/min) %) Completeness No. of Avg Absolute Signed No. of Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL (%) Obs. (%) Bias (%) Bias (%) Obs. (%) (%) (%) 13-021-0012 Macon - Macon SE 13 -0.53 0.85 -0.85 2 1.55 -0.43 3.53 80 13-051-1002 Savannah - W. Lathrop & Augusta Ave. 12 -0.80 0.97 -0.97 2 -3.25 -13.42 6.93 77 13-059-0002 Athens - Fire Station 7 12 -0.24 0.30 -0.3 2 0.88 -0.39 2.15 73 13-077-0002 Newnan - University of West Georgia 11 1.23 1.96 +1.96 2 0.67 -1.18 2.52 95 13-089-0002 Decatur - South DeKalb 14 -0.12 1.07 +/-1.07 2 -0.03 -0.11 0.05 90 13-121-0055 Atlanta - Confederate Ave. 12 0.24 0.50 +0.5 2 -1.45 -1.85 -1.04 95 13-135-0002 Lawrenceville - Gwinnett Tech 12 -0.19 0.25 -0.25 2 0.79 -0.39 1.97 85 13-151-0002 McDonough - County Extension Office 12 -0.58 1.24 +/-1.24 2 0.24 -0.26 0.74 92 13-215-0008 Columbus - Airport 12 4.52 5.64 +5.64 2 3.64 2.66 4.62 92 13-223-0003 Yorkville - King's Farm 13 0.50 0.82 +0.82 2 1.40 1.23 1.57 95 13-245-0091 Augusta - Bungalow Rd. Sch. 9 0.04 0.76 +/-0.76 2 0.27 -4.24 4.77 83 13-297-0001 Social Circle - DNR Fish Hatchery 10 0.61 1.20 +/-1.2 2 0.76 -2.02 3.55 93 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program 142 0.38 1.30 24 0.46 -3.59 4.50 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 15: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for Semi-Continuous Samplers PM10 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary of 24-Hour Integrated Measurements Site Code Site Name Collocated (g/m3) One-Point Flow Rate Check (L/min) Semi-Annual Flow Check (L/min) Completeness No. of Obs. Precision No. Estimate of CV (%) Obs. Avg (%) Absolute Bias (%) Signed Bias (%) No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) (%) 13-021-0007 Macon - Allied Chemical 52 9.52 27 0.90 2.15 +/-2.15 2 0.82 0.06 1.57 93 13-051-0014 Savannah - Shuman School NA NA 11 2.07 3.62 +3.62 1 -2.53 NA NA 97 13-055-0001 Summerville - DNR Fish Hatchery NA NA 13 1.35 3.31 +/-3.31 2 -1.81 -4.85 1.23 98 13-089-2001 Doraville - Police Department NA NA 25 -0.29 1.70 +/-1.7 1 -1.45 NA NA 88 13-095-0007 Albany - Turner Elem. School NA NA 18 2.33 4.12 +/-4.12 1 -2.35 NA NA 95 13-097-0003 Douglasville - Beulah Pump Station 36 7.48 14 -0.49 1.67 +/-1.67 2 0.01 -2.98 3.01 90 13-115-0005 Rome - Coosa High School NA NA 17 3.50 4.15 +4.15 1 -0.60 NA NA 98 13-121-0001 Atlanta - Fulton County Health Dept. NA NA 11 0.79 2.02 +/-2.02 2 0.42 -0.42 1.26 90 13-121-0032 Atlanta - E. Rivers School NA NA 15 0.25 3.78 +/-3.78 2 -1.61 -5.07 1.85 90 13-115-0005 Brunswick - Arco Pump Station NA NA 12 0.91 1.99 +1.99 1 0.54 NA NA 98 Columbus - Cussetta Rd. Element 13-121-0039 School NA NA 18 2.26 3.11 +3.11 2 -0.44 -2.65 1.78 97 Augusta - Bungalow Rd. Elem. 13-245-0091 School NA NA 15 0.24 2.06 +/-2.06 1 0.60 NA NA 83 Griffin - U. of W. GA Experiment 13-255-0002 Station NA NA 12 1.08 2.17 +/-2.17 2 0.52 -1.58 2.62 90 13-303-0001 Sandersville - Health Department NA NA 19 0.68 2.36 +/-2.36 1 0.67 NA NA 90 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program: 88 5.63 227 1.08 2.70 21 -0.44 -3.40 2.18 95 NA: Not Applicable 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 16: PM10 Data Quality Assessment of 24-Hour Integrated Samplers 117 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Precision (field): Precision data for non-continuous particulate samplers is obtained through collocated sampling whereby two identical samplers are operated side-by-side and the same laboratory conducts filter analyses. Collocated samplers are located at selected sites and are intended to represent overall network precision. Validity of the data is based on the percent difference of the mass concentrations of the two samplers. In 2008 collocated PM2.5 samplers were operated at Augusta Medical College, Atlanta E. Rivers, Columbus Health Department, Atlanta Doraville Health Department, Savannah Scott School and Macon Allied. Collocated PM10 samplers were operated at Atlanta Fire Station #8 and Macon Allied. Collocated TSP samplers were operated at Atlanta Utoy Creek and Atlanta DMRC. Particulate samplers (collocated PM10 and TSP) must have mass concentrations greater than or equal to 20 g/m3 to be used in data validity calculations. The difference between the mass concentrations must be no greater than 5 g/m3. If the mass concentrations are greater than 80 g/m3, the difference must be within 7% of each other. TSP (lead) samplers must have both mass concentrations greater than or equal to 0.15 g/m3 to be used in data validity calculations. For collocated PM2.5 samplers, data probability limits validity is based on the sampler's coefficient of variation, which cannot exceed 10%. Both sample masses must also be greater than 6 g/m3. Precision for continuous PM2.5 monitors is based on the comparison of the sampler's/analyzer's indicated and actual flow rates. The differences between the flow rates must be within 15. Accuracy (lab): Annual performance audits for PM10 and PM2.5 mass analysis programs include an onsite check and assessment of the filter weighing balance, relative humidity and temperature sensors, and their documentation. The performance audits conducted in 2008 found that the Ambient Monitoring Program was operating in accordance with U.S. EPA guidelines and that the data were of good quality and should be considered data-for-record. Precision (lab): Laboratories perform various quality control tasks to ensure that quality data are produced. Tasks include duplicate weighing on exposed and unexposed filters, replicate analysis on every tenth filter, and a calibration of the balance before each weighing session. After samples are collected in the field, laboratory staff has up to 30 days to analyze the PM2.5 samples. Filters are visually inspected for pinholes, loose material, poor workmanship, discoloration, non-uniformity, and irregularities, and are equilibrated in a controlled environment for a minimum of 24 hours prior to the filters being weighed. If room conditions are not within the established U.S. EPA control limits, weighing is done only after the proper environment is re-established and maintained for 24 hours. In 2008, when samples were analyzed, there were no occurrences in which the Georgia's Ambient Monitoring laboratory balance room was outside of control limits. The analytical precision results indicate that the Ambient Monitoring Program is providing precise particulate matter data. The tables below show the unexposed and exposed filter replicate results for the Air Protection Branch's (APB) laboratory in 2008. QC Checks for Pre-weighed Filters PM10 PM2.5 Total # of sample analyzed 1,112 5,961 Total # of replicates 59 406 Total % replicated 5.3% 5.6% Total # out-of-range 0 0 Source: Laboratory Section, Quality Control Report Table 17: Summary of Unexposed Filter Mass Replicates 118 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance QC Checks for Post-weighed Filters PM10 Total # of samples analyzed 1,047 Total # of replicates 86 Total % replicated 8.2% Total # out-of-range 0 Source: Laboratory Section, Quality Control Report PM2.5 5,144 347 6.9% 0 Table 18: Summary of Exposed Filter Mass Replicates AIR TOXICS In 1996, the Air Protection Branch established an Air Toxics Network in major urban areas of the state to determine the average annual concentrations of air toxics. The program was established to assess the effectiveness of control measures in reducing air toxics exposures. Compounds identified as air toxics vaporize at ambient temperatures, play a critical role in the formation of ozone, and have adverse chronic and acute health effects. Sources of air toxics include motor vehicle exhaust, waste burning, gasoline marketing, industrial and consumer products, pesticides, industrial processes, degreasing operations, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and dry cleaning operations. Under the current air toxic sampling schedule, ambient air is collected in a stainless steel canister (or cartridge) every 12 days over a 24-hour sampling period at each of the network stations. Toxic particulate samples are also collected and analyzed for air toxic contaminants to support the Georgia Air Toxic Network. By using a low-flow multi-channel sampler capable of sampling onto filters or cartridges, ambient air is collected and analyzed for carbonyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds (also called semi-volatile organic compounds) and toxic metals. The quality of the air toxic data set is governed by a series of quality assurance activities, including audits. The laboratory and monitoring staff are made aware of any exceedance found during an audit, and every effort is made to ensure that the data collected is as accurate as possible. Flow audits of the toxic metal, VOCs, semi-VOCs and carbonyl samplers are typically conducted annually at each site to ensure the accuracy of measuring toxic metals and carbonyl compounds. Flow rates are a determining factor in calculating concentration and are included as part of the Quality Assurance Program. Overall, the 2008 results indicate that the samplers maintained stable flows. Although toxics data are a descriptive data set, completeness is issued based on the operating parameters of the sampler. Corrections are made to the data if an audit is found to be outside the Air Toxic Program control limits. Precision (field and lab): As part of the Air Toxic Program laboratory analyses, internal QC techniques such as blanks, control samples, and duplicate samples are applied to ensure the precision of the analytical methods and that the toxics data are within statistical control. Precision data for noncontinuous toxics particulate samplers are obtained through collocated sampling whereby two identical samplers operate side-by side simultaneously and the same laboratory conducts filter analyses. The collocated toxic sampler located at Utoy Creek is intended to represent overall network precision. In 2008, all compounds analyzed were within their respective control limits and results for blanks, spikes, and duplicate samples as established in the Laboratory QC Manual. Duplicate analyses were performed on 10% of the toxic samples. In 2008, all duplicate results (concentrations must be greater than five times the published limit of detection) were within the established limits for all target analytes. Data exceeding duplicate criteria of three times the assigned percent relative standard deviation (from control samples collected during the control limit evaluation) are deleted from the toxics database and samples reanalyzed. The table below shows the yearly data quality total assessment summary for Metals at the Atlanta- Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site. 119 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Metals Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary (Atlanta - Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site) AQS Parameter Code Parameter Name Collocated Check (g/m3) No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Completeness (%) 12102 Antimony 21 34.93 91.01 37.01 145.02 93 12103 Arsenic 12 34.82 22.69 -25.91 71.28 93 12105 Berrylium 0 NA NA NA NA NA 12110 Cadmium 20 82.85 -25.60 -152.76 101.56 93 12112 Chromium 21 43.95 16.67 -51.27 84.61 93 12113 Cobalt 8 59.11 29.72 -43.99 103.43 93 10128 Lead 21 39.00 41.01 -19.28 101.31 93 13132 Manganese 21 36.02 47.24 -8.44 102.93 93 13136 Nickel 21 50.59 -2.00 -80.21 76.21 93 12154 Selenium 20 45.64 57.32 -12.73 127.37 93 12167 Zinc 21 56.59 108.86 21.37 196.35 93 NA: Not Applicable 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 19: Metals Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek Stainless steel canisters used to collect ambient air samples are also checked for contamination. Canisters are analyzed for aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. One canister per batch of eight is assayed to ensure individual compound measurements fall below the limit of detection. In the event a compound exceeds canister cleanliness criteria, the canister and all other canisters represented in the batch are re-cleaned until compounds meet the cleanliness criteria. In addition, Xontech 910A air samplers are checked for cleanliness. Failed air collection media are re-cleaned and re-tested until they pass Xontech 910A cleanliness criteria. Overall, the network is providing precise air toxic contaminants data. Accuracy (field): The accuracy of air toxic samples is determined by comparing the instrument's flow rate to a certified variable orifice (PM10 and TSP), or a calibrated mass flow meter (PM2.5 samplers) that is certified against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable flow device or calibrator. Since an accurate measurement of particulate matter is dependent upon flow rate, the Ambient Monitoring Program conducts annual flow rate audits at each site. The average percent difference between the sampler flow rates and the audit flow rates represents the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points for each sampler. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected flow rate accuracy for 95 percent of all the single analyzer's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site. Overall, the 2008 flow audit results indicate that the flow rates of samplers in the network are almost all within bounds. Approximately ninety-eight percent of the instruments audited in 2008 operated within the Georgia Air Toxics Network control limits. The tables below show the yearly data quality measurements summary for the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the Atlanta-Utoy Creek Air Toxic Site. 120 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Yearly Data Quality Measurements Summary (Atlanta Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site) AQS Parameter Code Parameter Name Collocated Check (g/m3) No. of Run *No. of Precision Avg Obs. Estimate CV (%) (%) 95% LPL (%) Completeness 95% (%) UPL (%) 17141 Naphthalene 28 0 17147 Acenaphthene 28 0 17149 Fluorene 28 0 17150 Phenanthrene 28 0 17151 Anthracene 27 0 17201 Fluoranthene 27 0 17204 Pyrene 28 0 17208 Chrysene 28 0 17215 Benzo(a)Anthracene 28 0 17220 Benzo(b)Fluoranthene 28 0 17223 Benzo(k)Fluoranthene 28 0 17224 Benzo(e)Pyrene 28 0 17231 Benzo(a-h)Anthracene 28 0 17237 Benzo(g,h,I)Perylene 28 0 17242 Benzo(a)Pyrene 28 0 17243 Indeno(1-2-3-cd)Pyrene 28 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA *: Concentrations Below Method Detection Limits NA: Not Applicable 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 20: Semi-VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek 121 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary (Atlanta-Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site) AQS Collocated Check (g/m3) Parameter Parameter Name No. of No. of Precision Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL Completeness (%) Code Run Obs. Estimate CV (%) (%) (%) (%) 43207 Freon 113 27 25 15.41 -2.96 -27.36 21.44 85 43208 Freon 114 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43248 Cyclohexane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43801 Chloromethane 27 25 7.67 -1.94 -14.09 10.21 85 43802 DiChloromethane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43803 Chloroform 27 18 19.10 1.57 -27.26 30.40 85 43804 Carbon Tetrachloride 27 24 14.36 -3.91 -26.52 18.71 85 43811 Trichlofuromethane 27 25 9.95 -3.88 -19.63 11.87 85 43812 Chloroethane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43813 1,1-Dichloroethane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43814 Methyl Chloroform 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43815 Ethylene Dichloride 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43817 Tetrachloroethylene 27 5 11.15 -3.64 -14.91 7.63 85 43818 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43819 Bromomethane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43820 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43823 Dichlorodifluromethane 27 25 7.7 -1.72 -13.90 10.47 85 43824 Trichloroethylene 27 1 NA NA NA NA NA 43826 1,1-Dichloroethylene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43829 1,2-Dichloropropane 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43830 Trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43831 Cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43843 Ethylene Dibromide 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43844 Hexachlorobutadiene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 43860 Vinyl Chloride 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45109 M/p Xylene 27 8 15.65 2.68 -16.84 22.19 85 45201 Benzene 27 20 17 3.17 -22.92 29.25 85 45202 Toluene 27 25 13.03 0.03 -20.60 20.65 85 45203 Ethylbenzene 27 5 23 -2.08 -25.32 21.17 81.6 45204 O-Xylene 27 5 24.74 1.27 -23.74 26.28 81.6 45207 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45208 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 27 10 9.42 -6.49 -19.06 6.07 81.6 45220 Styrene 27 6 24.54 7.29 -20.01 34.58 81.6 45228 1-Ethenyl-4-Methyl-Benzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45801 Chlorobenzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45805 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45806 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45807 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45809 Benzyl Chloride 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA 45810 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 27 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA: Not Applicable 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Table 21: VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek 122 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance NATTS There are currently 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or air toxics, regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA). These compounds have been associated with a wide variety of adverse human health and ecological effects, including cancer, neurological effects, reproductive effects, and developmental effects. According to the Government Performance Results Act (GPRA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is committed to reducing air toxics emissions by 75 percent from 1993 levels in order to significantly reduce Americans' risk of cancer and of other serious health effects caused by airborne toxic chemicals. Early efforts toward this end have focused on emissions reductions through the assessment of technical feasibility. However, as new assessment tools are developed, more attention is being placed on the goal of risk reduction associated with exposure to air toxics. To meet the GPRA goals, the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network has been established, consisting of 23 stations in the contiguous 48 states, with one in Georgia. Having data of sufficient quality is paramount for a network such as the NATTS. As such, Georgia has closely followed the Quality System (QS) for the NATTS, established by U.S. EPA, two aspects of which are Technical Systems Audits (TSAs) and Instrument Performance Audits (IPAs) of each network station and its affiliated sample analysis laboratory. Another integral part of the QS is the quarterly analysis of performance evaluation (PE) samples. Furthermore, the sampling and analytical techniques selected to collect and quantify the air toxics of concern must demonstrate acceptable analytical and overall sampling precision as well as suitable overall method detection limits that are compatible with expected ambient air toxics concentrations. There are 23 sites in the NATTS network. Georgia joined the network with one site established in Decatur at the South DeKalb Monitoring Station. The EPA Region in which the sites are located, the location of the sites (site identifier), whether the site is located in an urban or rural area, and the unique AQS identification code (site code) for all the sites are given in Table 22. 123 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Region I I I II II III IV IV IV IV IV V V V VI VI VII VIII VIII IX IX X X Site Identifier Boston-Roxbury, MA Chittenden City, VT Providence, RI Bronx, NY Rochester, NY Washington, DC Chesterfield, SC Decatur, GA Hazard, KY Hillsborough City, Tampa, FL Pinellas City, Tampa, FL Dearborn, MI Mayville, WI Northbrook, IL Deer Park, TX Harrison County, TX St. Louis, MO Bountiful, UT Grand Junction, CO Phoenix, AZ San Jose, CA La Grande, OR Seattle, WA Type Urban Rural Urban Urban Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Urban Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Urban AQS Site Code 25-025-0042 50-007-0007 44-007-0022 36-005-0110 36-055-1001 11-001-0043 45-025-0001 13-089-0002 21-193-0003 12-057-3002 12-103-0026 26-163-0033 55-027-0007 17-031-4201 48-201-1039 48-203-0002 29-510-0085 49-011-0004 08-077-0017, -0018 04-013-9997 06-085-0005 41-061-0119 53-033-0080 Table 22: NATTS Sites with EPA Region Numbers and AQS Site Codes Several Measurement Quality Objectives (MQOs) have been established for the NATTS network in order to ensure that only data of the highest quality are collected by the NATTS network, and to meet the NATTS Data Quality Objective (DQO): "to be able to detect a 15 percent difference (trend) between two consecutive 3-year annual mean concentrations within acceptable levels of decision error"2. Initially, the four compounds of primary importance to the NATTS program were benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and PM10 arsenic. The Data Quality Objective MQOs for these four compounds are summarized in Table 23 below. Compound Completeness Precision (Coefficient of Variation) Laboratory Bias Method Detection Limit (MDL) Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Formaldehyde Arsenic > 85 % > 85 % > 85 % > 85 % < 15 % < 15 % < 15 % < 15 % < 25 % < 25 % < 25 % < 25 % 0.044 g/m3 0.020 g/m3 0.014 g/m3 0.046 ng/m3 Table 23: Measurement Quality Objectives for the NATTS Program Other compounds have been added to the list of compounds, including hexavalent chromium, acrolein, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). GA EPD collects data to monitor for these compounds as part of the NATTS program, as well as organic carbon, additional carbonyls, and additional volatile organic compounds. 2 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement System. Volume 1. Principles. EPA-600/R94/038A, January 1994. 124 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance The MQOs require that (1) sampling occurs every sixth day and is successful 85 percent of the time; (2) precision as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) be controlled to less than 15 percent; and (3) that laboratory (measurement) bias be less than 25 percent. Data acquired to assess compliance with the above stated MQOs are derived from a variety of sources. These sources are given in Table 24. Criteria Completeness Precision Bias - Laboratory Bias - Field MDL Data Source Air Quality System (AQS) AQS and Proficiency Testing Proficiency Testing Audits of Sampler Flowrates Laboratories MQO Limit < 15 % < 15 % < 25 % < 10 % 0.046 ng/m3 to 0.044 g/m3 Table 24: MQO Data Sources for the Georgia NAATS Program The Air Quality System (AQS) database contains raw data that is used to assess data completeness, and to estimate precision from results of replicate analyses and collocated sampling. In addition, results from the analysis of proficiency testing samples allow one to calculate laboratory precision and bias. Completeness (of NATTS Data): The AQS database was accessed and the raw data records analyzed 23 compounds having the AQS codes given in Table 25. The completeness of the 2008 AQS dataset was assessed for four compounds: benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and arsenic. The results are shown in Table 26. The presence of 61 concentration values in the database indicates 100 percent completeness, since sampling is to occur every sixth day. Furthermore, the completeness data presented here are composite values for both the primary and collocated sampler at the South DeKalb site. Primary and collocated data are differentiated in AQS by use of parameter occurrence codes (POCs). 125 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Compound Name Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroform 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Vinyl Chloride Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel AQS Code 45201 43218 43804 43803 43843 43829 43815 43802 43818 43817 43824 43860 43831 43830 43502 43503 82103 82105 82110 82128 82132 82142 82136 Table 25: 23 Selected HAPs and Their AQS Parameter Codes Site Decatur, GA Completeness of Compound by AQS Number and by Name 45201 43218 43502 82103 benzene 1,3-butadiene formaldehyde arsenic 96% 90% 90% 93% Table 26: Percent Completeness of Georgia's 2008 AQS Data, Selected Compounds PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING In 1996, the Air Protection Branch began a routine seasonal sampling program to gather information about non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) species that were precursors to ozone formation in high ozone areas. In 1994, Federal regulations required states to establish photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS) as part of their State Implementation Plan monitoring networks in areas designated as serious or higher for ozone. Monitoring is to continue until the ozone standard is reached. The PAMS program is intended to supplement ozone monitoring and add detailed sampling for its precursors. PAMS sites collect data on real-time total NMHC, PAMS speciated VOCs, carbonyls, and various meteorological parameters at ground level and aloft. As this is a descriptive data set, there are currently no mandatory data quality objectives or regulations for the data. However, efforts are made to ensure that accurate data are collected and that the analyzers are operating within PAMS audit standards. Accuracy (field and lab): Laboratory performance audits are conducted annually to assess the laboratory's ability to measure ambient levels of hydrocarbons. Through the probe sampler 126 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance performance audits are typically conducted annually at each monitoring site to assess the integrity of the sampling, analysis, and transport system. The 2008 PAMS speciated VOCs yearly data quality assessment summary for the thre PAMS sites on the tables below show that the results were within the PAM's control limits of 20%. PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for Decatur - South DeKalb Site Parameter Code Parameter Name 2-Comp. Std. Weekly Check No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Annual Perform, Evaluation Bias No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) 43202 Ethane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 7.36 2.47 12.25 43204 Propane* 9 9.51 8.63 4.36 -7.95 16.68 6 1.75 -1.78 5.27 43214 Isobutane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 9.68 3.05 16.30 43216 Trans-2-Butene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -0.56 -6.34 5.21 43220 N-Pentane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 4.70 -4.50 13.90 43285 2-Methylpentane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 4.45 -14.80 23.69 43243 Isoprene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -17.29 -25.88 -8.70 43231 N-Hexane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 23.73 16.99 30.47 45201 Benzene* 9 4.18 7.06 5.35 -0.06 10.76 9 8.76 5.36 12.17 43232 N-Heptane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 17.01 13.34 20.67 45202 Toluene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 10.96 -2.51 24.42 45203 Ethylbenzene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 1.07 -6.53 8.66 43238 N-Decane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -11.44 -17.86 -5.02 45225 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+ NA NA 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization * NIST traceable + Only NIST traceable by weight NA NA NA NA 6 -7.10 -38.01 23.81 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Completeness (%) 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 94.00 Table 27: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for South DeKalb 127 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for Conyers-Monastery Site Parameter Code Parameter Name 2-Comp. Std. Weekly Check No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Annual Perform, Evaluation Bias No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) 43202 Ethane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 9.86 4.76 14.97 43204 Propane* 8 11.96 16.54 11.40 -4.08 26.89 6 7.79 4.11 11.47 43214 Isobutane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 3.09 -0.61 6.80 43216 Trans-2-Butene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -6.15 -6.34 -3.28 43220 N-Pentane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -7.90 -14.77 -1.03 43285 2-Methylpentane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -41.74 -55.27 -28.20 43243 Isoprene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -42.21 -54.62 -29.81 43231 N-Hexane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 12.03 6.00 18.05 45201 Benzene* 9 11.58 9.7 -4.18 -19.18 10.81 6 4.86 -0.25 9.97 43232 N-Heptane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 5.61 -2.33 13.55 45202 Toluene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 0.38 -5.94 6.70 45203 Ethylbenzene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -7.42 -16.01 1.17 43238 N-Decane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -15.60 -26.45 -4.76 45225 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+ NA NA 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization * NIST traceable + Only NIST traceable by weight NA NA NA NA 6 -15.60 -0.99 14.33 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Completeness (%) 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 93.00 Table 28: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Conyers 128 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for Yorkville - King's Farm Site Parameter Code Parameter Name 2-Comp. Std. Weekly Check No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) Annual Perform, Evaluation Bias No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) 43202 Ethane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 6.67 -0.99 14.33 43204 Propane* 13 4.90 3.95 0.40 -6.59 7.34 6 7.62 -1.93 17.18 43214 Isobutane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 11.24 4.43 18.05 43216 Trans-2-Butene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 5.03 1.35 8.71 43220 N-Pentane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 3.59 -0.95 8.13 43285 2-Methylpentane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 2.76 -0.36 5.89 43243 Isoprene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -18.13 -26.63 -9.64 43231 N-Hexane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 17.11 9.50 24.72 45201 Benzene* 13 7.16 5.5 0.71 -9.46 10.88 6 10.93 0.42 21.43 43232 N-Heptane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 16.25 5.16 27.34 45202 Toluene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 13.03 4.38 21.69 45203 Ethylbenzene+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 5.28 -0.06 10.62 43238 N-Decane+ NA NA NA NA NA NA 6 -2.94 -10.6 4.72 45225 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+ NA NA 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization * NIST traceable + Only NIST traceable by weight NA NA NA NA 6 1.95 -7.74 11.65 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Completeness (%) 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 Table 29: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Yorkville 129 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for GA EPD Ambient Air Monitoring Program (as a PQAO) Parameter Code Parameter Name No. of Obs. Precision Estimate CV (%) Absolute Bias Estimate (%) Validation of Bias Annual Performance Evaluation Bias Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) No. of Obs. Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% Completeness (%) UPL (%) 43202 Ethane+ NA NA 43204 Propane* 30 8.17 43214 Isobutane+ NA NA 43216 Trans-2-Butene+ NA NA 43220 N-Pentane+ NA NA 43285 2-Methylpentane+ NA NA 43243 Isoprene+ NA NA 43231 N-Hexane+ NA NA 45201 Benzene* 31 7.58 43232 N-Heptane+ NA NA 45202 Toluene+ NA NA 45203 Ethylbenzene+ NA NA 43238 N-Decane+ NA NA 1,2,3- 45225 Trimethylbenzene+ NA NA 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization * NIST traceable + Only NIST traceable by weight NA NA NA NA 18 7.96 1.94 13.98 8.71 4.53 -7.29 16.34 18 5.72 -0.53 11.97 NA NA NA NA 18 8.00 2.12 13.89 NA NA NA NA 18 -0.56 -4.84 3.72 NA NA NA NA 18 0.13 -7.00 7.26 NA NA NA NA 18 -11.51 -25.21 2.20 NA NA NA NA 18 -25.88 -35.88 -15.88 NA NA NA NA 18 17.62 10.80 24.45 7.17 0.64 -10.18 11.449 21 8.26 1.70 14.83 NA NA NA NA 18 12.95 4.80 21.11 NA NA NA NA 18 8.12 -1.81 18.06 NA NA NA NA 18 -0.36 -7.66 6.95 NA NA NA NA 18 -9.99 -18.51 -1.48 NA NA NA NA 18 -6.92 -26.13 12.30 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 95.00 Table 30: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Ambient Monitoring Program METEOROLOGY The Ambient Monitoring Program monitors meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, total ultra violet radiation, precipitation and total solar radiation. Real-time meteorological data are generated to characterize meteorological processes such as transport and diffusion, and to make air quality forecasts and burn day decisions. The data are also used for control strategy modeling, case study analysis, and urban airshed modeling. A state/local meteorology subcommittee of the Air Monitoring Technical Advisory Commission (AMTAC) agreed to define the level of acceptability for meteorological data as those used by the U.S. EPA for both the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) programs. The Quality Assurance Unit audits to those levels. The data variability collected by this element of the monitoring program is generally described as meeting or not meeting the PSD requirements. Station operators are notified if an exceedance is found during an audit, and every effort is made to enusre that the data meets the audit standards. The wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature and relative humidity data sets are controlled data sets, and subject to meeting PAMS objectives. Since the inception of the meteorological audit program, the data quality has improved significantly. 130 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance Accuracy (field): The accuracy of meteorological sensors is checked by annual performance audits. Table 31 summarizes the 2008 data quality assessment results. The average difference (average degree difference with respect to ambient temperature) represents the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points for each sensor. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected accuracy of 95 percent of all the single sensor's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site. Meteorological Measurements Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for GA EPD Ambient Air Monitoring Program (as a PQAO) Parameter Code Parameter Name Annual Audit (Bias %) No. of Obs. No. of Site Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%) 61101 Wind Speed 48 61102 Wind Direction 49 62101 Ambient Temperature 9 64101 Baromatric Pressure 7 62201 Relative Humidity 10 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization 13 0.91 -0.78 2.61 13 0.02 -0.88 0.93 9 -1.77 -4.70 1.16 6 0.13 -0.48 0.74 9 1.36 -2.71 5.43 95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit Completeness (%) 98 97 99 100 100 Table 31: Meteorological Measurements Accuracy Results QUALITY CONTROL REPORTS Quality Control (QC) reports are summaries of the quality control activities conducted by the laboratory to support accurate and precise measurements. These activities include: blanks, duplicates, controls, spiked samples, limits of detection, calibrations, and audit results. STANDARDS LABORATORY The U.S. EPA Region IV Standards Laboratory yearly performs technical support and certification services for Georgia's ozone primary standard. Flow rate transfer standards and certification of compressed gas cylinders are sent to the manufactures for re-certification to ensure that all are traceable to standards of the NIST. A calibration establishes a correction factor to adjust or correct the output of an instrument; a certification establishes traceability of a transfer standard to a NISTtraceable standard; and verification establishes comparability of a standard to a NIST-traceable standard of equal rank. LABORATORY AND FIELD STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are guidance documents for the operation of quality assurance programs used by the Georgia Ambient Monitoring Program. The SOPs are intended for field operators and supervisors; laboratory, data processing and engineering personnel; and program managers responsible for implementing, designing, and coordinating air quality monitoring projects. Each SOP has a specific method that must be followed to produce data-for-record. The SOPs are developed and published to ensure that, regardless of the person performing the operation, the results will be consistent. SITING EVALUATIONS To generate accurate and representative data, ambient monitoring stations should meet specific siting requirements and conditions. It is assumed that the stations meet the siting criteria in place at the 131 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Quality Assurance time initial operation began. The siting requirements of the AMP Quality Assurance Manual Volume II; 40 CFR 58, Appendix E; U.S. EPA's Quality Assurance Handbook Volume IV: U.S. EPA's Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); and U.S. EPA's PAMS guidelines, present siting criteria to ensure the collection of accurate and representative data. The siting criterion for each pollutant varies depending on the pollutant's properties, monitoring objective and intended spatial scale. The U.S. EPA's siting criteria are stated as either "must meet" or "should meet". According to 40 CFR 58, Appendix E, the "must meet" requirements are necessary for high quality data. Any exception from the "must meet" requirements must be formally approved through the Appendix E waiver provision. The "should meet" criteria establish a goal for data consistency. Siting criteria are requirements for locating and establishing stations and samplers to meet selected monitoring objectives, and to help ensure that the data from each site are collected uniformly. There are four main monitoring objectives: to determine highest concentrations expected to occur in the area covered by the network; to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; to determine the impact on ambient pollution levels of significant sources or source categories; and to determine general background concentration levels. Typical siting designations are: micro, middle, neighborhood, and regional. These designations represent the size of the area surrounding the monitoring site which experiences relatively uniform pollutant concentrations. Typical considerations for each of these site designations are, for example, the terrain, climate, population, existing emission sources, and distances from trees and roadways. The Quality Assurance Unit conducts siting evaluations annually. Physical measurements and observations include probe/sensor height above ground level, distance from trees, type of ground cover, residence time, obstructions to air flow, and distance to local sources. These measurements and observations are taken to determine compliance with 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix E requirements. 132 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment RISK ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION In 2008, Air Toxic Network (ATN) samples were collected from a total of fifteen sites, including a collocated site (a site that has two monitors of each type and acts as a quality assurance site for precision and accuracy calculations), and two background (rural) sites. The compounds sampled at the ATN sites are shown in Table 32. The list was derived from the 188 compounds EPA has designated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Many of the HAPS do not have standardized ambient air sampling and analytical methods. In order to collect the compounds of interest for the Georgia network, at least three types of samplers are used at all locations: HIVOL, PUF, and canister. A carbonyls sampler is located at the Brunswick, Dawsonville, Savannah, South DeKalb (NATTS and PAMS) sites. This equipment samples for metals, semi-volatile organic compounds, volatile organic compounds, and carbonyls once every twelve days following a pre-established schedule that corresponds to a nationwide sampling schedule. On the twelfth day the sampler runs midnight to midnight and takes a 24-hour composite sample. Exceptions to this sampling schedule are the South DeKalb and Gainesville sites. The South DeKalb site samples every 6 days as part of the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) and PAMS network. The Gainesville site has an extra sample once a month. Some of the chemicals monitored in the Air Toxics Network (ATN) are also monitored at sites in the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) network. While the monitoring schedule and some analysis methods are different at the PAMS sites and ATN sites, several of the compounds from the PAMS sites were also evaluated and compared to concentrations measured at nearby ATN sites for this report. To provide an idea of the size of risks from environmental hazards as risk analysts will describe them, the continuum below presents risk statistics for some familiar events. Risk analysts describe risks numerically in scientific notation, for example 1 x 10[-5] or 1 x 10-5 or 1.00E-05, which means that there is one chance in 100,000 of an event occurring. It is important to note that these risk statistics are population averages, while risk analysts usually estimate risk to the maximum exposed individual. Putting Risks in Perspective RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION The air toxic data [(volatile organic compounds (VOC), semi-volatile organic compounds, and metals)] collected during 2008 from the Air Toxics Network was evaluated to assess the potential for health concerns. The data collected for the group of chemicals known as carbonyls were assessed separately from the other air toxics, with the exception of acrolein, because those chemicals were only monitored at three of the ATN sites and one of the PAMS locations. The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using procedures recommended in EPA's latest guidance on risk assessment for air toxics, `A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics 133 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Monitoring Data Sets' (U.S. EPA, 2006). Briefly, EPA's prioritized chronic dose-response values for both noncancer (reference concentrations, RfC) and cancer (inhalation unit risks, IUR) were used to generate screening air concentrations. To screen for noncancer effects, the reference concentration was used as a starting point. However, to account for possible exposure to multiple contaminants, the screening air concentration was obtained by dividing the RfC by 10. Screening values for the cancer endpoint were determined by calculating air concentrations equivalent to a risk level of one in one million. Most screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix A of the previously mentioned guidance document (U.S. EPA, 2006) and updated "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic DoseResponse Values for Screening Risk Assessments (612/2007)" (U.S. EPA, 2007a). These screening values and the chemicals monitored are displayed in Table 32. For a limited number of chemicals, other resources such as toxicity values from the Regional Screening Table (http://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/ots/) were used to calculate conservative screening values. These compounds are indicated with an asterisk. When available, both the names derived from the International Union of Chemistry (IUC) and the common names are given. It is important to emphasize that the screening values were calculated in a very conservative manner. Assumptions were made that accounted for the potential for continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 70 years. The conservative screening process was utilized so that the chance of underestimating the potential for health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis. Because results for many of the chemicals assessed were routinely below detection limits of the analytical methods available, the initial review of the data was based on an assessment of the number of chemicals detected and the frequency with which they were detected. The process included determining how often (if at all) a chemical was detected (present), if it was present above detection limits, and if those concentrations were above screening values of concern. 134 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Chemical Screen Value Chemical (g/m3) Screen Value (g/m3) Metals Antimony 0.02 Cobalt 0.01 Arsenic 0.00023 Lead 0.15 Beryllium 0.00042 Manganese 0.005 Cadmium 0.00056 Nickel 0.0021 Chromium 0.000083 Selenium 2 Chromium VI 0.000083 Zinc N/A Semi-Volatiles Acenaphthene 0.3 Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene N/A Acenaphthylene 0.3 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.00083 Anthracene 0.3 Fluoranthene 0.3 Benzo(a)anthracene 0.0091 Fluorene 0.3 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0091 9-Fluorenone N/A Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.0091 Ideno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 0.0091 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0.3 Naphthalene 0.029 Benzo(a)pyrene 0.00091 Phenanthrene 0.3 Benzo(e)pyrene 0.3 Perylene N/A Chrysene 0.091 Pyrene 0.3 Coronene N/A Retene N/A Volatile Organic Compounds Benzene 0.13 1,3 and 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (m/p-Xylene) 10 Benzenecarbonal (Benzaldehyde) Benzyl chloride Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) 1,3-Butadiene Butanal (Butyraldehyde) Chlorobenzene (Phenyl chloride) Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride) Chloroethene (Vinyl chloride) Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) Cyclohexane 1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene bromide) 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene chloride) cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-Dichloroethylene) Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene chloride) cis-1,3-Dichloropropene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(Freon114) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) N/A 0.02 0.5 0.03 N/A 100 1000 0.11 9.0 6300* 0.002 0.091 N/A 0.091 210* 0.63 370 210* 2.10 0.3 N/A N/A N/A 10 Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) Ethylbenzene Ethenylbenzene (Styrene) 1-Ethyl,4-methyl benzene (4-Ethyltoluene) Freon 113 Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene(Hexachlorobutadiene) n-Hexane Methanal (Formaldehyde) Methylbenzene/Phenylmethane (Toluene) Propanal (Propionaldehyde) 2-Propanone (Acetone) Propenal (Acrolein) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethylene) Tetrachlormethane (Carbon tetrachloride) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene) Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) 0.45 100 100 N/A 31000* 0.045 20 0.98 5000 N/A 32000* 0.002 0.017 0.17 0.067 20 7.3* N/A 100 0.063 0.5 730* 9.8 *From Regional Screening Table (http://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/ots/) Table 32: Compounds Monitored and Screening Values Used in Initial Assessment 135 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Table 33 summarizes the total number of chemicals monitored at each site (excluding all carbonyls except acrolein), the number of chemicals detected, and the number of chemicals detected above the health based screening values for 2008. Seventy-one chemicals were monitored at all the ATN sites, except the South DeKalb site, where 76 air toxic chemicals were monitored. In 2008, twenty-six of the 71 sampled compounds were not detected at the sites, and an additional 26 compounds had 3 or fewer sites with detections. The number of chemicals that were detected at concentrations above the screening levels was even less, with a mean value of 4.9. Of the three categories of chemicals measured at all sites (VOC, semi-VOC, metals), most of the chemicals that were detected above screening values belonged to the metals group. Location County Number of Compounds Monitored Number of Compounds Detected Number Greater than Screening Value Augusta Richmond 71 20 5 Brunswick Glynn 71* 17 6 Columbus Muscogee 71 15 4 Dawsonville Dawson 71* 16 4 Douglas Coffee 71 14 4 Gainesville Hall 71 21 6 Macon Bibb 71 15 5 Milledgeville Baldwin 71 16 3 Rome Floyd 71 22 6 Savannah Chatham 71* 17 5 South DeKalb DeKalb 76* 41 5 Utoy Creek Fulton 71 18 7 Valdosta Lowndes 71 15 5 Warner Robins Houston 71 16 5 Yorkville Paulding 71 15 4 * 6 additional chemicals were monitored at these locations, but that information is summarized in Table 38. Table 33: Summary of Chemicals Analyzed in 2008 Table 34, on the following pages, show only the chemicals that were detected above screening values at each ATN site in 2008. They also provide detailed information on how often they were detected (frequency), and the overall average (mean) in micrograms per cubic meter. The number of detects were counted as any number that was above half the method detection limit. The average was computed using the sample concentration when it was above half the method detection limit and substituting half the method detection limit if the sample concentration was below this limit. 136 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville Macon Milledgeville Rome Savannah Chemical Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Carbon Tetrachloride Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Tetrachloroethylene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Nickel Benzene Acrolein Mean (g/m3) 8.9 x 10-4 1.78 x 10-3 1.3 x 10-2 6.35 x 10-1 3.96 x 10-1 4.9 x 10-4 1.64 x 10-3 5.26 x 10-3 3.5 x 10-3 4.53 x 10-1 5.08 x 10-1 6.6 x 10-4 1.77 x 10-3 1.09 x 10-2 4.18 x 10-1 6.7 x 10-4 1.57 x 10-3 4.07 x 10-1 3.46 x 10-1 1.3 x 10-3 1.59 x 10-3 4.06 x 10-1 4.26 x 10-1 6.5 x 10-4 1.53 x 10-3 5.84 x 10-3 7.87 x 10-1 1.77 4.43 x 10-1 5.2 x 10-4 1.91 x 10-3 7.71 x 10-3 4.27 x 10-1 2.49 x 10-1 6 x 10-4 1.91 x 10-3 1.48 8.7 x 10-4 1.6 x 10-3 7.37 x 10-3 6.1 x 10-1 8.91 x 10-1 5.31 x 10-1 7.6 x 10-4 1.79 x 10-3 2.11 x 10-3 4.46 x 10-1 3.14 x 10-1 Detection Frequency 19/21 21/21 21/21 9/22 16/22 10/18 18/18 18/18 18/18 1/14 14/14 17/24 24/24 24/24 18/22 19/24 24/24 2/28 15/28 20/24 24/24 2/29 26/29 19/29 29/29 29/29 1/31 11/31 21/31 8/13 13/13 13/13 1/11 10/11 14/22 22/22 24/24 23/23 23/23 23/23 6/25 4/25 22/25 21/30 30/30 30/30 5/27 16/27 Table 34: Site-Specific Detection Frequency and Mean Chemical Concentration, 2008 137 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment South DeKalb Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins Yorkville Arsenic Chromium Naphthalene Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Nickel Benzene Trichloroethylene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein 4.8 x 10-4 1.3 x 10-3 8.49 x 10-2 7.33 x 10-1 4.12 x 10-1 7.4 x 10-4 2.83 x 10-3 7.98 x 10-3 2.23 x 10-3 5.23 x 10-1 6.79 x 10-1 3.53 x 10-1 6.3 x 10-4 1.71 x 10-3 5.26 x 10-3 4.68 x 10-1 3.46 x 10-1 5.8 x 10-4 1.83 x 10-3 6.36 x 10-3 5.13 x 10-1 3.87 x 10-1 8.5 x 10-4 1.65 x 10-3 4.77 x 10-1 3.21 x 10-1 28/52 52/52 60/60 41/56 47/56 19/23 23/23 23/23 23/23 11/25 1/25 16/25 17/25 25/25 25/25 8/22 18/22 13/24 24/24 24/24 6/20 16/20 24/28 28/28 10/27 14/27 Table 34: Site-Specific Detection Frequency and Mean Chemical Concentration, 2008 (continued) Formula For Calculating Risk Using IUR For Carcinogens Risk = IUR*Conc Formula For Calculating Hazard Quotient Using RfC For Noncarcinogens HQ = Conc RfC Equation Parameters Risk Theoretical lifetime cancer risk (unitless probability) HQ Hazard quotient (unitless ratio) Conc Measured ambient air concentration in g/m3 IUR Inhalation unit risk (1/(g/m3)) RfC Reference concentration (g/m3) Figure 92: Formulas For Calculating Risk and Hazard Quotient 138 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Figure 92 shows the formulas used to calculate cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals that were carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment. On the following pages, Table 35 shows the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for seventy years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower. Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values (and excluding that from carbonyls) exceeded 1 x 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceed 1 x 10-4 or one in ten thousand. This value is generally taken as a crude upper limit for "allowable" risk in many regulatory contexts. Individual hazard quotients (HQs) are ratios that relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing deleterious non-cancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population. HQ values less than 1.0 indicate the air "dose" is less than the amount required to cause toxic effects other than cancer. In July of 2007, Georgia EPD changed the analysis method for acrolein. The sampling method changed from a dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to the VOCs canister collection with gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. With this GC/MS analysis method, there were several more detections of acrolein than has been seen in previous years, with the HPLC cartridge method. These results are shown along with the other hazard quotients for the ATN sites. The HQ numbers for acrolein are much higher than for the other air toxic compounds. This may be due to methodological changes. Potential reasons for differences are still being investigated. Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Chemical Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Cancer Risk 4 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 5 x 10-6 2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 2 x 10-6 4 x 10-6 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 6 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 Hazard Quotient 0.03 0.02 0.3 0.02 20 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.02 25 0.02 0.02 0.2 21 0.02 0.02 0.01 17 0.04 0.02 0.01 21 Table 35: Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient by Location and Chemical, 2008 139 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Gainesville Arsenic Chromium 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 0.02 0.02 Macon Milledgeville Manganese Carbon Tetrachloride Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-5 2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 0.1 0.004 0.06 22 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.01 12 0.02 0.02 Rome Acrolein Arsenic Chromium 4 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 74 0.03 0.02 Savannah South DeKalb Manganese Benzene Tetrachloroethylene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Naphthalene Benzene 5 x 10-6 5 x 10-6 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 1 x 10-6 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 6 x 10-6 0.1 0.02 0.003 27 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 16 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 Utoy Creek Acrolein Arsenic Chromium 3 x 10-6 3 x 10-5 21 0.02 0.03 Manganese Nickel Benzene Trichloroethylene 1 x 10-6 4 x 10-6 1 x 10-6 0.2 0.02 0.02 0.001 Valdosta Acrolein Arsenic Chromium 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 18 0.02 0.02 Manganese Benzene 4 x 10-6 0.1 0.02 Warner Robins Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene 3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 4 x 10-6 17 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.02 Yorkville Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene 4 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 4 x 10-6 19 0.03 0.02 0.02 Acrolein 16 Table 35: Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient by Location and Chemical, 2008 (continued) 140 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Table 36 shows total or aggregate theoretical cancer risk and hazard indices (added hazard quotients) for the chemicals (VOCs, semi-VOCS, and metals) carried through the quantitative assessment. It is considered appropriate to treat the potential for effects in an additive manner and to sum cancer risk and hazard quotients. For example, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 x 10-4 and 2 x 10-4, then the sum or aggregate cancer risk would equal 3 x 10-4. Likewise, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 x 10-4 and 1 x 10-5, then total cancer risk for the two would equal 1.1 x 10-4, or rounded to 1 x 10-4. Similarly, if hazard quotients were 0.6 and 0.5 for two different chemicals it would indicate that each chemical alone is not likely to result in detrimental effects. However, summing the two would yield a Hazard Index (HI) of 1.1 or rounded to 1. Comparing this value to the threshold value of 1.0, this HI suggests at least the potential for detrimental effects from the combination of the two chemicals. In 2008, the aggregate theoretical cancer risk (excluding carbonyls) for all ATN sites exceeded 1 x 10-6, with risks ranging from 2 x 10-5 to 4 x 10-5. Both the Hazard Indices (HIs) calculated without the acrolein data and calculated with the acrolein data are shown. The HIs ranged from 0.06 to 0.3 without the acrolein data, and the HIs ranged from 13 to 74 with the acrolein data. Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville Macon Milledgeville Rome Savannah South DeKalb Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins Yorkville Cancer Risk 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 2 x 10-5 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 5 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 4 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 Hazard Index without Acrolein 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.08 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.06 Hazard Index with Acrolein 20 26 21 17 21 22 13 74 27 16 21 18 17 20 16 Table 36: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Indices for Each Site, Excluding Carbonyls, 2008 The information from Table 36 is summarized in Figure 94. Figure 93 is shown as a comparison, with the different methods of collection and analysis for acrolein. It shows the combined or aggregate hazard index and theoretical cancer risk for each site from 2005 to 2006, and Figure 94 shows the data from 2007 and 2008. Note the hazard index in Figure 93 shows values up to 0.5 and in Figure 94, the values are up to 74. With the GC/MS analysis used for the acrolein compound, the hazard indices significantly increased with the 2007 and 2008 data. The lowest hazard index was 20, at the Savannah site, and the highest was 52, at the Brunswick site in 2007. In 2008, the lowest hazard index was 13 at the Macon site, and the highest was at the Milledgeville site with 74. These numbers increased from a range of 0.04 to 0.3 before the acrolein data was added to the hazard index. There seems to be more variation for cancer risk from site to site for 2005 and 2006, but for 2007 the cancer risk numbers appear to be almost identical from site to site across the state. In 2008, the theoretical cancer risk seems to vary across the state a bit more than in 2007. Overall, the theoretical cancer risk appears lower in 2007 and 2008, compared to the 2005 and 2006 data. 141 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Cancer Risk Hazard Index 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 AugustaBrunswickColumbuDsawsonville DouglaGs ainesville MacMonilledgevilSleiteRomeSavanSnoauhth DeKalUbtoy Creek ValdWoasrtnaer Robins Yorkville Hazard Index Cancer Risk 2005 2006 2005 2006 9.00E-05 8.00E-05 7.00E-05 6.00E-05 5.00E-05 4.00E-05 3.00E-05 2.00E-05 1.00E-05 0.00E+00 Cancer Risk Figure 93: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2005-2006 Hazard Index 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Augusta Brunswick ColumbuDs awsonville DouglasGainesville MacoMnilledgeville Site Rome SavannSaohuth DeKalbUtoy Creek Valdosatarner Robins W Yorkville Hazard Index Cancer Risk 2007 2008 2007 2008 5.00E-05 4.50E-05 4.00E-05 3.50E-05 3.00E-05 2.50E-05 2.00E-05 1.50E-05 1.00E-05 5.00E-06 0.00E+00 Figure 94: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2007-2008 Some data collected from the PAMS network was evaluated in conjunction with the ATN data. The PAMS network is a federally mandated network required to monitor for ozone precursors in those areas classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone non-attainment. Fifty-four (54) chemicals are monitored on six-day intervals at these sites. In Georgia, as of 2007, PAMS sites are located in Conyers, South DeKalb, and Yorkville. Of the 54 chemicals monitored at these sites, many are ozone precursors, and are not truly comparable to the chemicals monitored at the ATN sites, or appropriate to evaluate as air toxics. Therefore, for this study, only twelve chemicals were assessed for their 142 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment potential to have detrimental effects on human health if present in ambient air. Those twelve chemicals were benzene, cyclohexane, ethyl benzene, p-ethyltoluene, n-hexane, 1,2,3trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene. Of those twelve chemicals evaluated from the PAMS network, only benzene and 1,2,4- trimethylbenzene were found in concentrations above the screening values in 2008. Table 37 shows the number of samples collected, first and second highest sample concentrations (1st and 2nd Max), averages (means) in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), hazard quotients (HQ) and cancer risk (CR) for chemicals evaluated in the quantitative assessment at each of the three PAMS sites for 2008. Benzene was detected consistently and when evaluated as a potential carcinogen, produced theoretical cancer risks as great as 4 x 10-5 and hazard quotient of 0.2 at the South DeKalb site. The lowest theoretical cancer risk was at the Yorkville site with 2 x 10-5 and hazard quotient of 0.08. 1,2,4- trimethylbenzene was detected above the screening value at the South DeKalb and Yorkville sites, and when evaluated as a non-cancer hazard, produced a HQ of 2 at both sites. Location Chemical Conyers South DeKalb Yorkville Benzene Benzene 1,2,4-Trimethybenzene Benzene 1,2,4-Trimethybenzene Detection Frequency 59/59 54/54 39/47 54/56 19/53 1st Max (g/m3) 9.58 14.69 113.07 5.43 88.49 2nd Max (g/m3) 6.07 10.54 93.32 5.43 68.83 Mean (g/m3) 3.23 5.37 15.24 2.33 13.86 HQ 0.1 0.2 2 0.08 2 CR 3 x 10-5 4 x 10-5 2 x 10-5 Table 37: Summary Data for Select VOCs at PAMS Sites, 2008 With the exclusion of acrolein, the carbonyls (acetaldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, formaldehyde, and propionaldehyde) were measured at only three of the ATN sites (Brunswick, Savannah, and Dawsonville) and one PAMS/NATTS site (South DeKalb). For that reason, their results are displayed separately from the rest of the data. Detection frequency, average (mean) concentration in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), cancer risk, and non-cancer HQs for the carbonyls are shown in Table 38. This table also shows the sum of the cancer risk and hazard quotients, which are the aggregate cancer risk and hazard index (HI), per site. Of the six carbonyls sampled, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were detected above the screening value for 2008. All the sites monitoring for acetaldehyde and formaldehyde detected these compounds with a relatively high detection frequency. Acetaldehyde was detected 29% to 93% of the time, with Dawsonville having the lowest detection frequency and South DeKalb having the highest detection frequency. Formaldehyde was detected 88% to 100% of the time, with the Brunswick site having the lowest detection rates and the South DeKalb site having the highest. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde had relatively low theoretical cancer risks, ranging from 9 x 10-9 to 5 x 10-6, and relatively low hazard quotients, ranging from 0.08 to 0.8. 143 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment Location Brunswick Dawsonville Savannah South DeKalb Chemical Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM Detection Frequency 7/17 15/17 8/28 25/28 10/29 26/29 51/55 55/55 Mean (g/m3) 0.93 2.19 0.76 1.72 0.77 1.66 2.45 5.21 Cancer Risk 2 x 10-6 1 x 10-8 2 x 10-6 2 x 10-6 9 x 10-9 2 x 10-6 2 x 10-6 9 x 10-9 2 x 10-6 5 x 10-6 3 x 10-8 5 x 10-6 Hazard Quotient 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.08 0.2 0.3 0.09 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 Table 38: Summary Observations, Cancer Risk, and Hazard Quotient for Carbonyls, 2008 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION In 2008, there were 71 air toxics compounds monitored at the 15 sites across the state, with the exception of the South DeKalb site that monitored 76 air toxic compounds. Of these compounds monitored, 26 were not detected and 26 compounds were detected at three sites or less. 55.6% of the compounds detected above the screening value were in the metals category, 43.1% were in the volatile organic compounds category, and 1.4% was in the semi-volatile organic compounds category. For the 2008 data, there was an average of 4.9 compounds per site that were above the screening value. In 2008, five volatile organic compounds, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethene, trichloroethylene, and acrolein, were evaluated in the quantitative assessment. (Acrolein is discussed along with the carbonyls, as it was previously detected with the carbonyls). Benzene was found above the screening value at thirteen of the fifteen ATN sites. Average benzene concentrations at the ATN sites ranged from 0.41 to 1.77 g/m3. These concentrations correspond to the predicted theoretical lifetime cancer risk in the range of 3 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-5. Average concentrations of benzene measured in the PAMS network ranged from 2.33 to 5.37 g/m3. These concentrations correspond to predicted theoretical lifetime cancer risks in the range of 2 x 10-5 to 4 x 10-5 for the PAMS sites. Major sources of benzene to the environment include automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions (ATSDR, 1997). Most data relating effects of long-term exposure to benzene are from studies of workers employed in industries that make or use benzene, where people were exposed to amounts hundreds or thousands of times greater than those reported herein. Under these circumstances of high exposure, benzene can cause problems in the blood, including anemia, excessive bleeding, and harm to the immune system. Exposure to large amounts of benzene for long periods of time may also cause cancer of the blood-forming organs, or leukemia (ATSDR, 1997). The potential for these types of health effects from exposure to low levels of benzene, as reported in this study, are not well understood. Benzene has been determined to be a known carcinogen (U.S. EPA, 2000) and was evaluated as such in this study. Another volatile organic compound found above the screening value was carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). It was detected above the screening value at only one site (Gainesville) and with a low detection frequency, approximately to 3%. Lifetime theoretical cancer risks calculated from the mean concentration of CCl4 were in the range of 1 x 10-5, with non-cancer hazard quotients of 0.004. CCl4 was used to produce refrigeration fluids, as propellants for aerosol cans, as a pesticide, in fire extinguishers, as a spot cleaner, and as a degreasing agent (ATSDR, 2005a). Because of concerns 144 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment regarding CCl4's toxicity, these uses have been stopped or severely restricted. When exposures to CCl4 are relatively large, it can damage the liver, the kidneys, and the nervous system. U.S. EPA has classified CCl4 as a probable human carcinogen (U.S. EPA, 1991a). Tetrachloroethene, the third volatile organic compound found above screening values, was detected at one of the fifteen sites, with a relatively low frequency. It was found at the Rome site, with a 16% detection frequency. Tetrachloroethene is used for dry cleaning fabrics, where it is often called perchloroethylene, referred to as "perc". It is also used as a metal degreaser. In the body, it acts as a central nervous system depressant. For this study, the chemical was evaluated as a carcinogen. Theoretical cancer risk calculated from the mean ambient air concentrations (accounting for nondetected samples) was 5 x 10-6 for 2008. It should be noted that almost half of these contributions arise from measurements made on one day of sampling. With that in mind, the estimate may not be a reasonable estimate of risk considering the low frequency of detection. The fourth volatile organic compound detected above screening value was trichloroethylene. This compound was found at Utoy Creek with a 4% detection frequency. Trichloroethylene is used as a solvent for cleaning metal parts, and is used as an ingredient in adhesives, paint removers, typewriter correction fluid and spot cleaner. Breathing large amounts can cause nervous system effects, abnormal heartbeat, coma, and possibly death (ATSDR, 2003). The theoretical lifetime cancer risk was 1 x 10-6, and the hazard quotient was 0.001 for the Utoy Creek site for 2008. In 2008, one compound in the semi-volatile organic compound group was found above the screening value. Naphthalene was the only semi-volatile organic compound found above the screening value. It was detected at the South DeKalb site with every sample taken, or 100% detection frequency. The theoretical lifetime cancer risk was approximately 3 x 10-6, which includes adding the half detection limit for the non-detected samples. The non-cancer hazard quotient was 0.03. Naphthalene is found in moth repellents, petroleum, coal, and is used in making polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. Exposure to large amounts can cause hemolytic anemia (ATSDR, 2005e). Four metals, manganese, arsenic, chromium, and nickel, were evaluated in the quantitative assessment. Manganese was detected above the screening value for nine of the fifteen ATN sites. Manganese is a trace element, and small amounts are needed to support good health. However, exposure to very large amounts through inhalation can result in neurological effects (ATSDR, 2000a). Manganese was evaluated as a neurotoxin, but did not contribute significantly in the quantitative assessment with HQs of 0.3 or less. These HQs suggest that there is little potential for neurological effects from ambient air concentrations of manganese. Arsenic was found at all fifteen ATN sites. Arsenic occurs naturally in soil and rocks, and was used extensively in the past as a pesticide on cotton fields and in orchards (ATSDR, 2005b). However, the majority of arsenic found in the atmosphere comes from the burning of coal and oil, incineration, and smelting operations. Arsenic has been recognized as a human poison since ancient times. Inhalation of large quantities of some forms of arsenic may cause irritation of the throat and upper respiratory tract. Long-term exposure either by inhalation or ingestion may result in a unique pattern of skin changes, and circulatory and peripheral nervous disorders (ATSDR, 2005b). Inhalation of some forms of arsenic may also cause cancer, so arsenic was evaluated as a carcinogen in this assessment. The detection frequency was 54% at the South DeKalb site, up to 100% at the Rome site. Theoretical lifetime cancer risks estimated from the data collected in 2008 ranged from 2 x 10-6 to 9 x 10-6. In 2008, total chromium was detected at all fifteen ATN sites, with a detection frequency consistently at 100%. The theoretical cancer risk ranged from 2 x 10-5 to 3 x 10-5. The site with the highest theoretical cancer risk was Utoy Creek, with 3 x 10-5. Chromium is a naturally occurring element and is common in low amounts in foodstuffs (ATSDR, 2000b). Natural processes such as wind generating dust and even volcanoes may release chromium into the atmosphere. However, many human 145 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment activities such as coal and oil combustion, electroplating, smelting, and iron and steel production also release it into the atmosphere. The chemistry of chromium is complex. It may occur in different forms or oxidation states in the environment, having very different degrees of toxicity. Chromium+3 is the form that often predominates in the natural environment, and is also an essential element required for good nutrition. Hexavalent chromium (chromium+6) is the most toxic form of chromium and is often related to releases from industrial activities (ATSDR, 2000b). Inhaling large amounts of chromium+6 may cause upper respiratory track irritation, and chromium+6 has also been shown to be a carcinogen, causing increases in the risk of lung cancer (ATSDR, 2000b). Studies have shown that in ambient air, even near industrial sites, chromium+6 is usually only a small portion of total chromium, with measured concentrations for chromium+6 accounting for a range of values from 1 to 25% of total chromium (ATSDR, 2000b). As part of the NATTS network, sampling for chromium+6 has begun at the South DeKalb site. When the 2008 concentration of chromium+6 is compared to the total chromium concentration (comparing the same timeframe of May to December), it shows that the chromium+6 is 0.07% of the total chromium accounted for at the South DeKalb site. However the concentrations of chromium+6 detected were below the screening value and were not evaluated further as a potential cancer risk. The South DeKalb site is located within and representative of an urban area. Since the chromium+6 concentrations were below the screening value for the South DeKalb site, this could indicate that chromium+6 levels are low throughout the network. The other sites that measure for chromium, measure for the total form. Therefore, the measurements used in this study were for the total form, and distinctions cannot be made as to how much of the different states are present at the other ATN sites. In the interest of conservativeness, chromium was evaluated with the most stringent toxicity index as chromium+6, even though the chromium metal measured was not in this most toxic form. Data collected on the ratio of chromium+6 to total chromium (ATSDR, 2000b) indicates that this process may appreciably overestimate risk. Further work is needed to better understand chemical forms of chromium in Georgia's air, and determine if chromium is an important contributor to risk. In 2008, nickel was detected above the screening value at three of the fifteen ATN sites, with theoretical lifetime cancer risk of 1 x 10-6 to 2 x 10-6 at the sites. When detected, nickel had a high detection frequency, occurring in 100% of the collected samples. Nickel is a naturally occurring element used in many consumer and industrial products such as stainless steel, alloys, and coins, and is also released in the burning of oil and coal. If large amounts are breathed, nickel can cause damage to the lungs and nasal cavities, and can be carcinogenic (ATSDR, 2005d). Carbonyls were monitored at four sites in Georgia in 2008. Three sites, Brunswick, Dawsonville and Savannah are ATN sites, while the other site, South DeKalb, is in the PAMS network. Three carbonyls- formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein- were detected with sufficient frequency, and have sufficient potential for toxicity to be included in the quantitative assessment. Formaldehyde, the simplest of the aldehydes, is produced by natural processes, and from the fertilizer, paper, and manufactured wood products industries (ATSDR, 1999). It is also found in vehicle emissions. Formaldehyde is a health concern because of its respiratory irritancy and potential as a carcinogen. It may cause irritation of the eye, nose, throat, and skin, and has the potential under certain exposure scenarios to cause cancers of the nose and throat (ATSDR, 1999). Acetaldehyde, as an intermediate product of plant respiration and a product of incomplete combustion, is ubiquitous in the environment. Acetaldehyde, like formaldehyde, is also a concern as an upper respiratory irritant, and because of its potential to cause nasal tumors in animal studies. However, research has shown it to be significantly less potent than formaldehyde (U.S. EPA, 1987; U.S. EPA 1991b). In 2008, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were detected at all four locations where carbonyls were assessed. As noted in past studies, concentrations of these aldehydes were higher at the PAMS site 146 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment (South DeKalb) compared to the ATN sites. The South DeKalb site had an average concentration of 5.21 g/m3 for formaldehyde and 2.45 g/m3 for acetaldehyde. The major sources of formaldehyde are forest fires, marshes, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, pulp and paper plants, petroleum refineries, power plants, manufacturing facilities, incinerators, cigarette smoke, and vehicle exhaust. Historically, the PAMS site has had higher levels of concentration possibly related to differences in siting criteria between the two networks. Type II PAMS sites are intentionally located in "urban core" locations to monitor precursors of ozone, but ATN sites are not. Historically, the difference could be that vehicle emissions play a greater role in measurements made at PAMS sites compared to ATN sites. The level at Dawsonville will need to be observed as future samples are collected to see if this is a trend for this site and possible causes for the higher concentrations. When the theoretical cancer risk for formaldehyde was evaluated, the risk ranged from 9 x 10-9 to 6 x 10-8 for 2008. When acetaldehyde was evaluated for theoretical cancer risk, the risk ranged from 2 x 10-6 to 5 x 10-6. It should be noted that the current guidance used by EPD for the air toxics evaluation recommends using a cancer toxicity value for formaldehyde developed by U.S. EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). This value, which takes into account physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for formaldehyde, is less restrictive by a factor of 2400 compared to the cancer toxicity value available in U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). If the more conservative toxicity factor were used, the original theoretical risk found (9 x 10-9 to 3 x 10-8) would result in theoretical formaldehyde risk values in the range of 2 x 10-5 to 7 x 10-5 for 2008, with formaldehyde contributing much more significantly to overall risk. In 2007, acrolein began to be collected with the other VOCs in a canister and analyzed using a GC/MS method. This method was started in July of 2007, drastically changing the number of detections that were found across the state. In previous years, acrolein was analyzed along with the carbonyls, at select sites. With the GC/MS and canister method, this allowed acrolein to be sampled at all of the fifteen air toxics sites. In 2008, it was detected at all the sites, with the detection frequency ranging from 52% to 100% of samples. Acrolein was evaluated as a non-carcinogen, and the hazard quotients ranged from 13 to 74, accounting for the change in the data from Figure 93 to Figure 94, above. The average concentrations ranged from 0.249 g/m3 to 1.476 g/m3 (using half the detection limit for non-detected samples). Acrolein may enter the environment as a result of combustion of trees and other plants, tobacco, gasoline, and oil. Additionally, it has a number of industrial uses as a chemical intermediate (ATSDR, 2005c). The potential for acrolein to cause health effects is not well understood. At very low concentrations, it is an upper respiratory irritant. At very high concentrations it may produce more serious damage to the lining of the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ATSDR, 2005c; U.S. EPA, 2003). At the PAMS sites, benzene was detected above the screening value for all three sites. and 1,2,4trimethylbenzene was detected above the screening value at the South DeKalb and Yorkville sites. When evaluated as a theoretical cancer risk, benzene's levels ranged from 2 x 10-5 at Yorkville to 4 x 10-5 at South DeKalb. As stated earlier, major sources of benzene to the environment include automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions (ATSDR, 1997). 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum crude oil. It is a component of gasoline, and has other uses in industry as an intermediate in the production of dyes, drugs, and coatings. Exposure to very large amounts of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene may cause skin and respiratory irritancy and nervous system depression, fatigue, headache, and drowsiness. However, risks resulting from exposure to low ambient concentrations of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene have not been studied extensively (U.S. EPA, 1994a). For this study, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was evaluated as a non-carcinogen with potential to cause central nervous system and irritant effects (U.S. EPA, 2004b). The 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene HQ was approximately 2 at both the South DeKalb and Yorkville sites. 147 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Risk Assessment In Figure 95 below, a map is shown of the most recent official National Air Toxics Assessment that was done with 2002 data. The estimated risk levels are given per county across the United States. The map indicates that in more populated areas, the estimated cancer risk levels are higher. (From EPA's "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2007") Figure 95: Estimated County-Level Cancer Risk From the 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA2002) As stated previously, the estimates of risk presented herein are likely overestimates due to conservative assumptions used in this exercise. Conservative assumptions were used to estimate the potential for possible exposures (high inhalation rates and long term exposure) and toxicity values. In the absence of good exposure information, this practice is warranted to decrease the potential for underestimating risk. The results presented herein suggest that the majority of calculated risk is due to a small number of chemicals. The risk values presented in this report should not be interpreted as indicators of true or "real" risk, but for relative comparisons of a chemical's contribution to aggregate risk, or for comparisons of risk between locations within the monitoring network or in other areas of the country. 148 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Outreach and Education OUTREACH AND EDUCATION One of the most important tasks of the Ambient Monitoring Program is maintaining effective public outreach and education. The program seeks to address the air quality issues that are most vital to the citizens of Georgia by identifying the pollutants that represent the greatest risks, continually monitoring them, and communicating the monitoring results directly with the public. The goal is to provide an understanding of the presence of air pollution throughout the state and to educate the public on the steps they can take to improve air quality. This is done by issuing smog alerts and information provided in the Air Quality Index (AQI), maintaining a partnership with the Clean Air Campaign in the metro Atlanta nonattainment area, and other outreach strategies aimed at keeping the public up to date on air quality issues. What is the Clean Air Campaign? The Clean Air Campaign (CAC) is a not-for-profit organization that works to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in the metro Atlanta nonattainment area through a variety of voluntary programs and services, including free employer assistance, incentive programs, public information and children's education. EPD is a proud funding sponsor of the CAC. The CAC works with more than 300 public and private sector employers, representing several hundred thousand employees, to reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicle commuters in metro Atlanta year-round. The program has helped reduce emissions and vehicle miles traveled by encouraging people to alter their commuting habits and to reconsider behaviors-driving in particular. In addition to addressing commuters' driving habits, CAC utilizes the Air Quality Index (AQI) to relay air quality information to metro Atlanta residents. The Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a national air standard rating system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The AQI is used state wide to provide the public, on a daily basis, with an analysis of air pollution levels and possible related health risks. Generally, an index scale of 0 to 500 is used to assess the quality of air, and these numbers are synchronized with a corresponding descriptor word such as: Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy and Very Unhealthy. To protect public health the EPA has set an AQI value of 100 to correspond to the NAAQS for the following pollutants: Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The AQI for a reporting region equates to the highest rating recoded for any pollutant within that region. Therefore, the larger the AQI value, the greater level of air pollution present, and the greater expectation of potential health concerns. However, this system only addresses air pollution in terms of acute health effects over time periods of 24 hours or less and does not provide an indication of chronic pollution exposure over months or years. Figure 96 shows how the recorded concentrations correspond to the AQI index values, descriptors and health advisories. 149 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Outreach and Education Maximum Pollutant Concentration PM2.5 PM10 SO2 O3 O3 CO NO2 (24hr) (24hr) (24hr) g/m3 g/m3 ppm (8hr) ppm (1hr) (8hr) (1hr) ppm ppm ppm AQI Value 0 15.4 0 54 0 0.034 0 0.064 None 0 4.4 None 0 to 50 15.5 40.4 55 154 0.035 0.144 0.065 0.084 None 4.5 9.4 None 51 to 100 Descriptor Good (green) Moderate (yellow) EPA Health Advisory Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people. For example, people who are unusually sensitive to the condition of the air may experience respiratory symptoms. 40.5 65.4 155 254 0.145 0.224 0.085 0.104 0.125 0.164 Unhealthy for Members of sensitive groups (people with lung or heart disease) 9.5 12.4 None 101 to 150 Sensitive Groups (orange) are at greater risk from exposure to particle pollution. Those with lung disease are at risk from exposure to ozone. The general public is not likely to be affected in this range. 65.5 150.4 255 354 0.225 0.304 0.105 0.124 0.165 0.204 12.5 15.4 None 151 to 200 Unhealthy (red) Everyone may begin to experience health effects in this range. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. 150.5 250.4 355 424 0.305 0.604 0.125 0.374 0.205 0.404 15.5 30.4 0.65 201 to 1.24 300 Very Unhealthy (purple) AQI values in this range trigger a health alert. Everyone may experience more serious health effects. When the AQI is in this range because of ozone, most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours to avoid high ozone exposures. 250.5 500.4 425 604 0.605 1.004 None 0.405 0.604 30.5 50.4 1.25 301 to 2.04 500 Hazardous (maroon) AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected. Figure 96: The AQI 150 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Outreach and Education Each day the AQI value for metropolitan areas in Georgia are available to the public through the Environmental Protection Division's website http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/. An analysis of AQI values for the 2008 monitoring year is listed in Table 39. Air Quality Index Summary by Region AQI Category Number of Days Unhealthy for Sensitive Very Good Moderate Groups Unhealthy Unhealthy Hazardous (0-50) (51-100) (101-150)** (151-200)** (201-300)** (>300)** Athens Pollutants Monitored in 2008 2008 255 106 5 0 0 0 O3, PM10, PM2.5 Atlanta O3, SO2, CO, 2008 162 175 25 4 0 0 NO2, PM10, PM2.5 Augusta 2008 234 125 6 0 0 0 Chattanooga, TN-GA 2008 204 142 0 0 0 0 Columbus 2008 256 107 2 0 0 0 Macon 2008 209 151 6 0 0 0 Savannah 2008 276 88 2 0 0 0 **AQI numbers above 100 may not be equivalent to a violation of the standard. O3, PM10, PM2.5 O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 O3, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 Table 39: AQI Summary Data, 2008 How does Georgia's Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP) Cooperate with The Clean Air Campaign (CAC)? The Ambient Monitoring Program is responsible for measuring air pollutant levels in metro Atlanta and throughout the state. Equipment at fourteen continuous monitoring stations across metro Atlanta is used for these measurements of particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). This data is reported hourly on a website which is maintained and updated by the Ambient Monitoring Program. Based on these levels, AMP calculates the Air Quality Index (AQI), which represents overall air quality in a way that is quick and easy for the general public to understand. The Ambient Monitoring Program's website is linked to a website maintained by CAC. The AQI is then displayed on The Clean Air Campaign's website. The CAC also distributes AQI information to people who have signed up to receive daily air quality forecasts via e-mail. When a smog alert is forecasted, an automated fax blast informs all local media as well. Through these connections, thousands of metro Atlanta citizens and businesses keep 151 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Outreach and Education abreast of current air quality conditions. The Ambient Monitoring Program also encourages the public to access the CAC's website and become aware of what voluntary measures they can take to improve local air quality. MEDIA OUTREACH The Ambient Monitoring Program is in constant touch with citizens as well as the news media through phone calls, the AMP web site and media interviews. At many times throughout the year, the demand for a story puts AMP in the limelight. The program manager and staff of the Ambient Monitoring Program make themselves available to television and newspaper reporters, thus educating the public about the AQI, the statewide air monitors, and the Clean Air Campaign. OTHER OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES Meteorologists In cooperation with The Clean Air Campaign, forecasters from the ambient monitoring program visit the weather centers of Atlanta's top four commercial television stations. During these visits, the group is briefed on how each station's weather team receives and uses ambient monitoring information in their daily smog forecasts. The EPD/Clean Air Campaign team provides input and direction to the weathercasters as to how they can best use the data to maximize the usefulness of this information for their viewers. Elementary and Middle Schools Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is also an outreach strategy for the Ambient Monitoring Program. AMP staff visits Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting, and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula. Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons, such as weather patterns and conditions, as well as forecasting techniques. In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP Staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to draw excitement into environmental and meteorological careers. Colleges and Universities The Ambient Monitoring Program works with colleges and universities in several capacities. Utilizing a more technical, advanced approach, AMP has participated in several college-level seminars, providing scientific expertise on the subject of meteorology and forecasting. Through this close contact with university staff, AMP staff have co-authored scientific papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals. AMP Staff provide technical data to professors as well as students, thus incorporating realtime data into college courses and projects. Additionally, AMP contracts with Georgia Institute of Technology in a joint forecasting effort. Monitoring Data Requests AMP also regularly receives requests for specific, detailed monitoring data from members of the research community and the broader public. Completely fulfilling the needs of these data users often also requires not just providing such data, but also providing guidance on how the data can be interpreted and what the limitations of the data set may be. We welcome these opportunities to serve the public and the research community and to ensure that the data we collect is put to its fullest and 152 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Outreach and Education most advantageous use is protecting the health and welfare of Georgia's citizens and the state's natural environment. EPA AIRNOW Website Georgia supplies ozone and particulate matter data to the US EPA every hour for pollution mapping activities. AIRNOW is a cooperative effort between EPA, states, and local air pollution control agencies to provide near real-time information on ground level ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. EPA uses the data to produce maps that display ozone and PM2.5 contours covering the Midwest, New England, Mid-Atlantic, southeastern, south central and Pacific coastal regions of the country. Colorcoded, animated concentration gradient ozone maps are created that show daily ozone formation and transport at various spatial scales. The information is available on the EPA's AIRNOW website at: http://www.airnow.gov/. See Figure 97 for a sample map. Figure 97: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map The AIRNOW Data Management Center (DMC) regularly evaluates the performance of monitoring agencies that participate in the AIRNOW project based on three criteria: 1. Percent of hourly data files received 2. Average arrival time (earlier in the hour is better) 3. Percent completeness of the data within the submission files There is a three-tier system set up to evaluate each agency based on these performance criteria. An agency is placed in a tier based on how it performs these three criteria, with respect to all participating agencies. The three tiers are top, middle, and bottom. Georgia's evaluation results are shown in Table 40. 153 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Outreach and Education Evaluation Criteria Percent of Data Files Received Average Data Arrival Time (minutes) Percent Completeness of Files Ozone Season (May 1-Septemeber 30, 2008) Top Tier (97%) Top Tier (11 minutes) Middle Tier (99%) PM2.5 Season (whole year) Top Tier (97%) Top Tier (13 minutes) Middle Tier (99%) Table 40: AIRNOW Participation Evaluation Results GA EPD Website and Call-In System The Ambient Monitoring Program also provides a public-access website with Georgia-specific current and historical air quality data more promptly and with more detail than what is available at the AIRNOW website. AMP's website provides hourly information about current pollutant concentrations from Georgia's continuous and semi-continuous monitoring equipment, and is updated with each hour's data only 15 minutes after the hour ends. The site also offers downloads of bulk data, and electronic copies of archived Annual Reports such as this one, on a self-serve basis to facilitate research projects and satisfy public interest on these topics. Finally, the Ambient Monitoring Program also maintains an automated dial-in system that provides current air quality information for those who may not have ready access to the internet. These resources are listed below. Ambient Monitoring Program Website: http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp Call-In System: (800) 427-9605 (statewide) (404) 362-4909 (metro Atlanta free calling zone) 154 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Appendix A: Additional Criteria Pollutant Data Carbon Monoxide (CO) Units: parts per million Site ID City County Site Name Hours Measured 130890002 Decatur DeKalb 131210099 Atlanta Fulton 132230003 Yorkville Paulding South DeKalb Roswell Road Yorkville 5747 7917 8281 Max 1 - Hour 1st 2nd 2. 759 2.067 Obs. > 35 0 2.2 2.1 0 0.574 0.515 0 Max 8 - Hour 1st 2nd 1.8 1.8 Obs. > 9 0 1.4 1.2 0 0.5 0.5 0 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Units: parts per million Site ID City County Site Name 130890002 131210048 132230003 132470001 Decatur Atlanta Yorkville Conyers DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale South DeKalb Georgia Tech Yorkville Monastery Hours Measured 7990 8224 7880 8519 Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.0130 0.0152 0.0026 0.0051 Obs. > Std. (0.053) 0 0 0 0 Nitric Oxide (NO) Units: parts per million Site ID City 130890002 131210048 132230003 132470001 Decatur Atlanta Yorkville Conyers County Site Name DeKalb South DeKalb Fulton Georgia Tech Paulding Yorkville Rockdale Monastery Hours Measured 7980 8224 7705 8519 1st Max 0.579 0.418 0.022 0.054 Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.0235 0.0096 0.0050 0.0054 155 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Units: parts per million Site ID City County 130890002 131210048 132230003 132470001 Decatur Atlanta Yorkville Conyers DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale Site Name South DeKalb Georgia Tech Yorkville Monastery Section: Appendix A Hours Measured 7990 8224 7880 8519 1st Max 0.503 0.477 0.044 0.079 Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.0335 0.0211 0.0053 0.0070 Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen (NOy) Units: parts per million Site ID City County 130730001 130890002 Evans Decatur Columbia DeKalb Site Name Riverside Park South DeKalb Hours Measured 1st Max 4266 8392 0.0465 0.2007 Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.0052 0.03119 * The NOy instrument is specialized for measurement of trace concentrations, so its range is only 0-0.200 ppm. Actual 1st Max appears to have exceeded the instrument's measurement range. Since all ambient concentrations exceeding the instrument's range are recorded as 0.200 instead of the actual (higher) value, the reported annual arithmetic mean may be biased slightly downward from the true concentration. 156 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3-Hour and 24-Hour Maximum Observations Units: parts per million Site ID City 130210012 Macon 130510021 130511002 131150003 131210048 131210055 131270006 132150008 Savannah Savannah Rome Atlanta Atlanta Brunswick Columbus County Bibb Chatham Chatham Floyd Site Name Georgia Forestry Comm. East President St. W. Lathrop & Augusta Ave. Coosa Elem. School Hours Measured 7966 8574 8637 4461 Max 24 - Hour 1st 2nd 0.007 0.007 0.024 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.021 0.021 Obs. > 0.14 0 0 0 0 Max 3 - Hour 1st 2nd 0.020 0.020 0.061 0.059 0.053 0.052 0.083 0.058 Fulton Georgia Tech 8630 0.019 0.015 0 0.044 0.041 Fulton Confederate Ave. 8619 0.014 0.012 0 0.045 0.037 Glynn Risley Middle School 8606 0.003 0.002 0 0.007 0.006 Muscogee Columbus Airport 7004 0.010 0.010 0 0.028 0.019 Obs. > 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.0016 0.0029 0.0026 0.0030 0.0031 0.0025 0.0011 0.0017 157 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Ozone (O3) 1-Hour Averages Units: parts per million Site ID City County Site Name 130210012 130210013 130510021 130550001 130590002 130670003 130730001 130770002 130850001 130890002 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002 131510002 132130003 132150008 132151003 132230003 132450091 132470001 132611001 Macon Macon Savannah Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan Dawsonville Decatur Douglasville Fayetteville Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville McDonough Chatsworth Columbus Columbus Yorkville Augusta Conyers Leslie Bibb Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Muscogee Paulding Richmond Rockdale Sumter GA Forestry Comm. Lake Tobesofkee E. President Street DNR Fish Hatchery College Station Rd. Georgia National Guard Riverside Park Univ. of West Georgia GA Forestry Comm. South DeKalb W. Strickland St. Georgia DOT Confederate Ave. Risley Middle School Gwinnett Tech. County Extension Office Fort Mountain Columbus Airport Columbus Crime Lab Yorkville Bungalow Road Elementary School Conyers Monastery Leslie Community Center Days Measured 225 232 243 240 240 244 241 244 244 243 237 245 240 240 229 245 243 216 236 244 239 245 231 Section: Appendix A 1st Max 0.103 0.095 0.083 0.081 0.105 0.102 0.085 0.104 0.104 0.120 0.093 0.099 0.111 0.087 0.106 0.110 0.090 0.096 0.091 0.099 0.093 0.133 0.078 2nd Max 0.100 0.092 0.078 0.081 0.094 0.093 0.084 0.089 0.089 0.119 0.091 0.090 0.109 0.075 0.099 0.109 0.088 0.085 0.086 0.085 0.087 0.114 0.078 Number of Days > 0.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 158 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Ozone (O3) 8-Hour Averages Units: parts per million Site ID City County 130210012 130210013 130510021 130550001 130590002 130670003 130730001 130770002 130850001 130890002 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002 131510002 132130003 132150008 132151003 132230003 132450091 132470001 132611001 Macon Macon Savannah Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan Dawsonville Decatur Douglasville Fayetteville Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville McDonough Chatsworth Columbus Columbus Yorkville Augusta Conyers Leslie Bibb Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Muscogee Paulding Richmond Rockdale Sumter Site Name Days Measured GA Forestry Comm. 225 Lake Tobesofkee 231 E. President Street 242 DNR Fish Hatchery 239 College Station Road 240 Georgia National Guard 243 Riverside Park 240 Univ. of West Georgia 244 GA Forestry Comm. 243 South DeKalb 242 W. Strickland St. 237 Georgia DOT 245 Confederate Ave. 236 Risley Middle School 238 Gwinnett Tech. 225 County Extension Office 245 Fort Mountain 243 Columbus Airport 216 Columbus Crime Lab. 228 Yorkville 242 Bungalow Road Elementary School 239 Conyers Monastery 245 Community Center 224 1st Max 0.086 0.084 0.071 0.071 0.082 0.083 0.079 0.091 0.080 0.098 0.085 0.086 0.096 0.071 0.088 0.102 0.080 0.075 0.079 0.084 0.081 0.108 0.072 2nd Max 3rd Max 0.085 0.080 0.069 0.070 0.080 0.079 0.077 0.078 0.079 0.095 0.085 0.081 0.093 0.071 0.084 0.091 0.079 0.074 0.075 0.079 0.078 0.94 0.071 0.080 0.079 0.069 0.069 0.079 0.079 0.076 0.077 0.076 0.091 0.083 0.080 0.087 0.069 0.080 0.090 0.079 0.073 0.074 0.073 0.077 0.093 0.069 4th Max 0.078 0.075 0.067 0.068 0.077 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.087 0.080 0.077 0.084 0.067 0.079 0.086 0.077 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.076 0.089 0.068 Number of Days > 0.075 5 3 0 0 5 3 3 3 3 12 7 4 12 0 5 10 5 0 1 2 4 14 0 4th max used in 3-year average, therefore if number above 0.075 is more than 4 per site, it is shown in bold 159 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Lead (Pb) Quarterly Composite Averages Units: micrograms per cubic meter Site ID City County 130890003 132150011 Atlanta Columbus DeKalb Muscogee Site Name DMRC Cusseta School Number of Observations (months) 12 12 1st Quarter Composite Avg. 0.1000 0.1000 2nd Quarter Composite Avg. 0.1000 0.1000 3rd Quarter Composite Avg. 0.0667 0.1000 4th Quarter Composite Avg. 0.0045 0.0208 Number of Values > 1.5 0 0 Note: The analysis method used for lead cannot reliably distinguish values smaller than 0.20. This is known as the Method Detection Limit (MDL). In cases where the analysis results in a raw data value less than the MDL for that method, EPA requires us to report a concentration of one half the MDL. For many purposes, however, these values could alternatively be interpreted as "Not Detected". As of October 15, 2008, the NAAQS for lead was changed to 0.15 g/m3 on a rolling 3month average. This new lead standard will be effective January 12, 2009 and implemented by January 1, 2010. 160 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method Units: micrograms per cubic meter Site ID City County 130210007 Macon Bibb 130210012 Macon 130510017 Savannah Bibb Chatham Site Name Allied Chemical GA Forestry Comm. Market St. Days Measured 279 98th Percen- tile 29.2 Values Exceeding Applicable Daily Standard 2 98 31.2 0 109 24.5 0 Annual Arithmetic Mean 12.37 12.14 11.90 130510091 Savannah Chatham Mercer School 94 21.2 130590002 Athens Clarke College Station Rd. 89 25.3 130630091 Forest Park Clayton Georgia DOT 115 24.4 130670003 Kennesaw Cobb GA National Guard 225 30.1 130670004 Powder Springs Cobb Macland Aquatic Center 116 28.7 130890002 Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 331 26.9 130892001 Doraville DeKalb Police Dept. 311 26.5 0 11.66 0 12.41 1 13.70 2 13.52 1 13.12 2 12.71 0 13.12 130950007 Albany Dougherty Turner Elem. School 106 32.3 131150005 Rome Floyd Coosa High 304 25.6 131210032 Atlanta Fulton E. Rivers School 297 28.7 2 12.78 0 13.02 1 13.04 131210039 131210048 Atlanta Atlanta Fulton Fire Station #8* 10 14.4 Fulton GA. Tech 119 32.0 0 7.55 2 14.26 *Started December 2008 161 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) (continued) Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method Units: micrograms per cubic meter Site ID City County 131270006 131350002 131390003 131530001 131850003 Brunswick Lawrenceville Gainesville Warner Robins Valdosta Glynn Gwinnett Hall Houston Lowndes 132150001 Columbus Muscogee 132150008 Columbus Muscogee 132150011 Columbus Muscogee 132230003 Yorkville Paulding 132450005 Augusta Richmond 132450091 Augusta Richmond 132950002 Rossville 133030001 Sandersville 133190001 Gordon Walker Washington Wilkinson Site Name Risley Middle School Gwinnett Tech Fair St. Elem. Robins AFB S.L. Mason Elem. Health Dept. Columbus Airport Cusseta Rd. School Yorkville Medical College Bungalow Rd. School Health Dept. Health Dept. Police Dept. Days Measured 92 104 95 114 91 112 56 109 116 116 101 108 74 86 98th Percen- tile 22.6 24.9 32.3 27.0 20.3 30.6 30.0 30.3 29.1 27.4 25.6 29.6 29.3 30.0 Values Exceeding Applicable Daily Standard 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 Annual Arithmetic Mean 9.92 12.41 11.84 11.75 9.71 13.40 12.56 12.94 11.86 13.54 13.54 12.48 11.79 12.81 162 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Annual Arithmetic Mean Semi-Continuous Measurements Units: micrograms per cubic meter Site ID City County 130210012 130511002 Macon Savannah Bibb Chatham Site Name GA Forestry Comm. Market Street Hours Measured 8054 8508 1st Max 85.5 97.4 2nd Max 80.8 Annual Arithmetic Mean 11.70 89.3 11.45 130590002 130770002 130890002 Athens Newnan Decatur Clarke Coweta DeKalb College Station Rd. Univ. of West Georgia South DeKalb 8522 8559 8624 246.5 107.6 75.2 74.1 54.9 53.5 11.06 12.25 13.67 130950007 Albany Dougherty Turner Elem 5158 118.5 97.9 14.27 131150005 Rome Floyd 131210055 Atlanta Fulton 131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett Coosa High Confederate Avenue Gwinnett Tech 8188 8623 8386 89.9 82.1 76.8 68 71.6 63.7 13.09 16.21 12.38 131390003 Gainesville 131510002 McDonough 131530001 131850003 Warner Robins Valdosta Hall Henry Houston Lowndes Gainesville County Extension Office Warner Robins Valdosta 8317 71.5 64.0 14.92 8555 79.9 62.1 12.44 7849 8018 85.2 83.6 149.6 109.3 13.99 14.60 132150008 132230003 132450091 132950002 Columbus Yorkville Augusta Rossville Muscogee Columbus Airport Paulding Richmond Walker Yorkville Bungalow Rd. School Health Department 8034 8601 8565 8100 94.5 83.7 72.2 56.9 172.0 89.1 52.9 52.7 11.59 10.99 12.42 15.11 132970001 Social Circle Walton DNR Fish Hatchery 7231 139.1 93.6 12.25 These semi-continuous methods for measuring PM2.5 are not approved for use in making attainment determinations. 163 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Particulate Matter (PM10) 24-Hour Integrated Measurements Units: micrograms per cubic meter Site ID City County 130210007 Macon Bibb 130510014 Savannah Chatham 130550001 Summerville Chattooga Site Name Allied Chemical Shuman School DNR Fish Hatchery Days Measured 1st Max Number Values >150 Annual Arithmetic Mean 57 63 0 26.2 59 115 0 22.2 60 42 0 20.3 130892001 Doraville DeKalb Police Dept. 52 40 0 21.1 130950007 Albany Dougherty Turner Elementary 59 48 0 23.0 130970003 Douglasville* Douglas Beulah Pump Station 41 39 0 19.3 131150005 Rome Floyd Coosa High School 60 44 0 22.5 131210001 Atlanta* Fulton Fulton Co. Health Dept. 39 40 0 22.4 131210032 Atlanta Fulton E. Rivers School 56 42 0 21.7 131270004 Brunswick Glynn Arco Pump Station 53 74 0 26.0 132150011 Columbus Muscogee Cusseta Rd. Elem. School 59 42 0 21.6 132450091 Augusta Richmond Bungalow Rd. Elem. School 56 76 0 26.9 Univ. of GA 132550002 Griffin* Spalding Experiment 38 50 0 19.8 Station 133030001 Sandersville Washington Health Dept. 56 42 0 21.9 *Shut down September 2008 164 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix A Particulate Matter (PM10) Hourly Averages of Semi-Continuous Measurements Units: micrograms per cubic meter Site ID City County Site Name 131210048 Atlanta Fulton Georgia Tech Hours Measured 7798 1st Max 51 Annual Arithmetic Mean 22.6 165 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix B Appendix B: Additional PM2.5 Particle Speciation Data Particle Speciation- 2008 Statewide Average Organic Carbon 39% Sulfate 27% Elemental Carbon 4% Ammonium Ion 9% Other 13% Nitrate 5% Crustal 3% 166 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix B Particle Speciation - Macon 2008 Organic Carbon 34% Sulfate 28% Other 14% Elemental Carbon 4% Ammonium Ion 8% Nitrate 5% Crustal 7% Particle Speciation - Athens 2008 Organic Carbon 41% Sulfate 25% Other 12% Nitrate 7% Elemental Carbon 3% Ammonium Ion 10% Crustal 2% 167 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Particle Speciation - Douglas 2008 Section: Appendix B Organic Carbon 46% Sulfate 24% Other 14% Elemental Carbon 4% Ammonium Ion 7% Nitrate 3% Crustal 2% Particle Speciation- Atlanta 2008 Organic Carbon 38% Sulfate 26% Elemental Carbon 7% Ammonium Ion 9% Other 13% Nitrate 5% Crustal 2% 168 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Particle Speciation - Rome 2008 Section: Appendix B Organic Carbon 38% Sulfate 28% Other 13% Elemental Carbon 4% Ammonium Ion 10% Nitrate 5% Crustal 2% Particle Speciation - Columbus 2008 Organic Carbon 36% Sulfate 29% Elemental Carbon 3% Ammonium Ion 9% Other 16% Nitrate 4% Crustal 3% 169 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Particle Speciation - Augusta 2008 Section: Appendix B Organic Carbon 39% Sulfate 26% Other 13% Elemental Carbon 4% Ammonium Ion 9% Nitrate 6% Crustal 3% Particle Speciation - Rossville 2008 Organic Carbon 37% Sulfate 28% Othe r 13% Elem ental Carbon 4% Am m onium Ion 10% Nitrate 6% Cr us tal 2% 170 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C Appendix C: Additional PAMS Data PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2008) (concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC)) Name Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max PAMSHC S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1874 1832 1979 63.69 35.86 23.11 321.2 160.0 130.3 299.8 148.2 125.0 TNMOC S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1874 1832 1979 74.58 38.64 28.19 367.6 179.2 137.9 350.1 171.5 132.9 Ethane S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1847 1830 1979 3.949 3.010 2.211 13.31 8.33 6.62 12.95 7.83 6.62 Ethylene S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1847 1830 1979 2.095 0.492 0.376 14.28 2.50 4.89 12.45 2.30 4.36 Propane S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1847 1830 1979 5.127 3.133 2.864 53.56 18.80 51.52 43.62 16.39 43.64 Propylene S. DeKalb 1847 1.148 6.04 5.42 Conyers 1830 0.532 3.30 2.01 Yorkville 1979 0.321 1.57 1.45 Acetylene S. DeKalb 1847 1.01 14.7 7.0 Conyers 1830 0.10 1.8 1.1 Yorkville 1979 0.27 9.0 6.8 n-Butane S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1847 1830 1979 2.404 1.060 0.720 15.86 5.70 4.67 15.22 5.49 2.89 Isobutane S. DeKalb 1847 1.390 9.88 9.12 Conyers 1830 0.549 3.14 2.99 Yorkville 1979 1.26 3.24 1.38 trans-2-Butene S. DeKalb 1847 0.307 1.16 1.15 Conyers 1830 0.006 0.30 0.30 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.30 0.23 cis-2-Butene S. DeKalb 1847 0.087 0.77 0.75 Conyers 1830 0.009 0.71 0.50 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.01 0.01 n-Pentane S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1847 1830 1979 3.398 1.335 0.508 19.00 39.91 2.83 18.90 28.64 2.46 Isopentane S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville 1847 1830 1979 4.697 1.926 0.947 41.55 14.23 7.65 28.06 12.93 5.08 1-Pentene S. DeKalb 1763 0.141 0.93 0.92 Conyers 1830 0.014 0.83 0.60 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.22 0.01 171 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2008)(continued) Name (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max trans-2-Pentene S. DeKalb 1846 0.170 2.10 1.93 Conyers 1830 0.007 0.30 0.30 Yorkville 1979 0.006 0.44 0.29 cis-2-Pentene S. DeKalb 1759 0.075 1.00 0.90 Conyers 1829 0.006 1.10 0.30 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.33 0.01 3-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 1530 1.040 6.06 5.82 Conyers 1830 0.179 2.70 2.10 Yorkville 1979 0.074 1.03 0.85 n-Hexane S. DeKalb 1874 1.322 9.78 9.10 Conyers 1608 0.442 4.20 3.10 Yorkville 1979 0.253 1.92 1.56 n-Heptane S. DeKalb 1874 0.659 4.27 3.89 Conyers 1827 0.148 2.40 1.80 Yorkville 1979 0.030 0.68 0.66 n-Octane S. DeKalb 1874 0.232 1.80 1.51 Conyers 1827 0.059 0.70 0.70 Yorkville 1979 0.011 0.44 0.43 n-Nonane S. DeKalb 1873 0.249 2.59 1.78 Conyers 1827 0.084 1.90 1.66 Yorkville 1979 0.032 0.36 0.36 n-Decane S. DeKalb 1873 0.223 6.15 3.49 Conyers 1827 0.134 3.00 2.25 Yorkville 1979 0.015 1.82 1.72 Cyclopentane S. DeKalb 1847 0.198 1.46 1.38 Conyers 1830 0.030 0.89 0.60 Yorkville 1979 0.007 0.26 0.25 Isoprene S. DeKalb 1846 7.769 45.60 38.49 Conyers 1830 7.554 50.39 48.70 Yorkville 1979 8.560 104.62 94.65 2,2-Dimethylbutane S. DeKalb 1782 0.208 2.14 1.95 Conyers 1830 0.018 2.00 1.80 Yorkville 1979 0.006 0.27 0.26 2,4-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1874 0.253 2.11 2.09 Conyers 1827 0.040 1.10 0.90 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.25 0.24 Cyclohexane S. DeKalb 1874 0.194 1.48 1.46 Conyers 1827 0.030 0.80 0.60 Yorkville 1979 0.011 1.16 1.01 3-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 1874 1.090 5.85 5.37 Conyers 1827 0.208 3.20 2.60 Yorkville 1979 0.081 0.97 0.93 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1874 2.006 16.29 15.80 Conyers 1827 0.496 4.90 4.70 Yorkville 1979 0.492 1.96 1.95 172 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2008)(continued) Name (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1874 0.508 4.59 4.58 Conyers 1827 0.099 1.40 1.20 Yorkville 1979 0.011 0.53 0.50 3-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 1874 0.235 1.63 1.61 Conyers 1827 0.035 0.70 0.70 Yorkville 1979 0.007 0.35 0.33 Methylcyclohexane S. DeKalb 1873 0.544 2.93 2.77 Conyers 1827 0.047 1.26 1.10 Yorkville 1979 0.009 0.35 0.33 Methylcyclopentane S. DeKalb 1874 0.638 4.46 4.27 Conyers 1827 0.183 2.10 1.70 Yorkville 1979 0.015 0.52 0.51 2-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 1874 0.634 3.81 3.75 Conyers 1827 0.149 2.70 2.00 Yorkville 1979 0.016 0.70 0.69 1-Butene S. DeKalb 1847 0.322 1.28 1.11 Conyers 1830 0.166 0.80 0.72 Yorkville 1979 0.016 0.36 0.34 2,3-Dimethylbutane S. DeKalb 1548 0.520 3.74 3.11 Conyers 1830 0.052 1.10 0.90 Yorkville 698 0.008 0.54 0.24 2-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 1626 1.540 9.48 8.53 Conyers 1830 0.211 3.30 2.40 Yorkville 1979 0.197 1.47 1.39 2,3-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 1874 0.405 2.86 2.83 Conyers 1827 0.054 1.60 0.80 Yorkville 1979 0.031 0.72 0.68 n-Undecane S. DeKalb 1872 0.272 5.51 3.17 Conyers 1827 0.190 4.64 4.11 Yorkville 1979 0.099 3.93 3.59 2-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 1874 0.154 2.13 1.90 Conyers 1827 0.021 0.50 0.50 Yorkville 1979 0.007 0.37 0.36 m & p Xylenes S. DeKalb 1873 2.141 15.52 12.55 Conyers 1827 0.595 5.22 4.73 Yorkville 1979 0.204 5.08 2.60 Benzene S. DeKalb 1874 1.429 8.71 8.44 Conyers 1827 0.510 2.90 2.64 Yorkville 1979 0.230 1.69 1.64 Toluene S. DeKalb 1874 5.168 29.81 29.13 Conyers 1827 1.644 11.80 10.93 Yorkville 1979 0.788 4.65 4.41 Ethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.709 5.06 4.06 Conyers 1827 0.188 1.72 1.62 Yorkville 1979 0.030 1.58 0.84 173 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2008)(continued) Name (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max o-Xylene S. DeKalb 1873 0.786 5.40 4.71 Conyers 1827 0.270 2.02 1.99 Yorkville 1979 0.032 1.30 0.92 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.351 2.54 2.47 Conyers 1827 0.126 1.15 1.11 Yorkville 1979 0.009 1.52 1.48 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.909 6.06 5.58 Conyers 1827 0.292 2.20 1.90 Yorkville 1979 0.032 1.89 0.78 n-Propylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.169 1.27 1.24 Conyers 1827 0.097 0.80 0.80 Yorkville 1979 0.007 1.03 1.03 Isopropylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.020 0.75 0.48 Conyers 1827 0.006 0.41 0.36 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.41 0.24 o-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1873 0.256 2.24 1.82 Conyers 1827 0.074 0.95 0.93 Yorkville 1979 0.007 1.34 0.62 m-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb N/A Conyers N/A Yorkville 1368 1.053 6.85 6.43 m-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.051 1.53 1.00 Conyers 1827 0.035 0.80 0.64 Yorkville 1979 0.006 0.30 0.029 p-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 1873 0.162 1.31 1.28 Conyers 1827 0.043 2.00 0.73 Yorkville 1979 0.005 0.37 0.22 Styrene S. DeKalb 1873 0.429 2.39 2.22 Conyers 1827 0.164 2.00 1.80 Yorkville 1979 0.156 1.58 1.48 Beta Pinene and 1,2,3- S. DeKalb 1873 2.713 19.13 19.09 Trimethylbenzene Conyers 1827 5.784 44.30 39.40 Yorkville 1979 2.222 20.82 20.70 Pinene and p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb N/A Conyers N/A Yorkville 1368 0.007 1.21 0.69 m and p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 1873 2.282 14.61 14.14 Conyers 1827 3.521 31.80 27.20 Yorkville 611 0.847 8.40 5.71 N/A indicates not applicable 174 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS 2008 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC)) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2nd Max PAMSHC S. DeKalb 55 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 54 54.35 180.0 130.0 59 90.42 340.0 340.0 56 43.80 580.0 140.0 TNMOC S. DeKalb 55 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 54 152.89 300.0 290.0 59 239.44 800.0 570.0 56 163.05 1000.0 680.0 Ethane S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 44 4.34 12.0 12.0 49 3.44 9.5 6.8 56 3.50 13.0 7.0 Ethylene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 8 0.57 6.6 6.0 10 0.24 1.7 1.4 10 0.17 1.0 0.9 Propane S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 54Yorkville 56 54 5.91 17.0 14.0 59 3.87 8.2 8.1 56 3.66 13.0 8.9 Propylene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 48 1.04 3.8 2.7 34 0.30 2.7 0.9 3 0.13 1.3 0.3 Acetylene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 47 1.59 5.2 5.2 48 0.76 1.9 1.7 43 0.62 2.3 1.8 n-Butane S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 53 4.86 24.0 16.0 58 1.99 5.7 4.6 52 1.52 13.0 5.0 Isobutane S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 51 1.390 9.88 9.12 45 0.56 1.7 1.4 25 0.44 7.2 1.4 trans-2-Butene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 53 3 0.42 17.0 0.6 ND 1 1.34 0.64 cis-2-Butene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 3 0.11 0.4 0.3 1 0.12 1.2 3 0.12 0.8 0.4 n-Pentane S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 54 2.58 10.0 7.9 58 1.07 3.3 3.1 47 0.55 2.7 2.0 Isopentane S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 54 5.75 24.0 16.0 58 1.96 4.3 4.3 55 1.54 7.8 7.0 1-Pentene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 17 0.24 1.1 1.0 3 0.12 0.8 0.6 2 0.11 0.4 0.3 trans-2-Pentene S. DeKalb 54 Conyers 59 Yorkville 56 12 0.17 0.8 0.7 ND ND 175 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS 2008 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) (concentrations in ppbC) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2nd Max cis-2-Pentene S. DeKalb 54 ND Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 ND 3-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 54 36 0.75 2.8 2.7 Conyers 59 15 0.23 2.2 1.4 Yorkville 56 9 0.25 1.5 1.4 n-Hexane S. DeKalb 54 44 0.82 3.2 3.1 Conyers 59 30 0.27 1.7 0.9 Yorkville 56 11 0.16 0.9 0.7 n-Heptane S. DeKalb 54 22 0.30 1.4 0.8 Conyers 59 1 0.10 0.2 Yorkville 56 1 0.12 1.3 n-Octane S. DeKalb 54 1 0.10 0.3 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 ND n-Nonane S. DeKalb 54 4 0.12 0.5 0.4 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 1 0.11 0.4 n-Decane S. DeKalb 54 7 0.14 0.9 0.6 Conyers 59 3 0.11 0.7 0.2 Yorkville 56 6 0.13 0.8 0.4 Cyclopentane S. DeKalb 54 2 0.11 0.3 0.2 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 2 0.13 1.3 0.3 Isoprene S. DeKalb 54 27 2.16 12.0 8.7 Conyers 59 30 2.91 16.0 15.0 Yorkville 56 30 3.54 44.0 16.0 2,2-Dimethylbutane S. DeKalb 54 10 0.15 0.8 0.4 Conyers 59 1 0.10 0.3 Yorkville 56 4 0.11 0.3 0.3 2,4-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 54 2 0.11 0.3 0.2 Conyers 59 1 0.10 0.3 Yorkville 56 ND Cyclohexane S. DeKalb 54 6 0.13 0.6 0.4 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 25 2.29 29.0 21.0 3-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 54 42 0.78 2.0 1.9 Conyers 59 29 0.27 0.9 0.8 Yorkville 56 29 0.28 0.9 0.7 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 54 43 1.07 4.9 3.1 Conyers 59 26 0.25 0.8 0.8 Yorkville 56 5 0.12 0.5 0.4 2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb 54 16 0.22 1.0 0.9 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 1 0.12 1.4 176 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS 2008 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) Name (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2ndMax 3-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 54 ND Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 ND Methylcyclohexane S. DeKalb 54 4 0.12 0.5 0.3 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 1 0.10 0.3 Methylcyclopentane S. DeKalb 54 23 0.33 1.7 1.1 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 ND 2-Methylhexane S. DeKalb 54 23 0.36 1.6 1.4 Conyers 59 2 0.11 0.3 0.3 Yorkville 56 7 0.13 0.5 0.4 1-Butene S. DeKalb 54 15 0.21 1.3 0.8 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 3 0.12 0.7 0.4 2,3-Dimenthylbutane S. DeKalb 54 17 0.22 1.2 0.7 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 1 0.10 0.2 2-Methylpentane S. DeKalb 54 44 1.23 4.7 3.3 Conyers 59 32 0.39 2.1 1.9 Yorkville 56 20 0.52 2.7 2.6 2,3-Dimethylpentane S. DeKalb 54 15 0.16 0.6 0.4 Conyers 59 2 0.11 0.4 0.2 Yorkville 56 3 0.11 0.3 0.3 n-Undecane S. DeKalb 54 12 0.19 1.9 0.7 Conyers 59 2 0.18 3.2 1.5 Yorkville 56 5 0.18 2.5 1.1 2-Methylheptane S. DeKalb 54 1 0.10 0.2 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 ND m & p Xylenes S. DeKalb 54 52 1.69 5.9 5.3 Conyers 59 39 0.43 1.3 1.0 Yorkville 56 10 .21 2.7 1.4 Benzene S. DeKalb 54 54 1.68 4.6 3.3 Conyers 59 59 1.01 3.0 1.9 Yorkville 56 54 0.73 1.7 1.7 Toluene S. DeKalb 54 54 3.95 12.0 10.0 Conyers 59 59 1.62 3.4 3.0 Yorkville 56 55 1.06 6.2 3.4 Ethylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 25 0.36 1.4 1.2 Conyers 59 1 0.10 0.3 Yorkville 56 2 0.11 0.5 0.3 o-Xylene S. DeKalb 54 31 0.50 1.9 1.8 Conyers 59 3 0.11 0.3 0.3 Yorkville 56 3 0.12 0.8 0.4 177 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix C PAMS 2008 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued) Name (concentrations in ppbC) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2ndMax 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 9 0.351 2.54 2.47 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 4 0.29 4.7 4.1 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 47 39 3.10 23.0 20.0 Conyers 27 9 0.26 1.5 0.7 Yorkville 53 19 2.82 18.0 14.0 n-Propylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 ND Conyers 59 2 0.15 2.1 1.2 Yorkville 56 1 0.11 0.4 Isopropylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 ND Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 2 0.12 0.7 0.4 o-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 54 13 0.16 0.8 0.5 Conyers 59 5 0.16 2.8 0.5 Yorkville 56 5 0.15 1.3 0.5 m-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 54 26 0.34 1.3 1.2 Conyers 59 1 0.11 0.4 Yorkville 56 2 0.12 0.7 0.4 p-Ethyltoluene S. DeKalb 54 19 0.23 0.8 0.7 Conyers 59 19 0.28 3.7 0.9 Yorkville 56 4 0.12 0.5 0.5 m-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 ND Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 1 0.12 1.3 p-Diethylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 2 0.11 0.3 0.2 Conyers 59 ND Yorkville 56 1 0.11 0.7 Styrene S. DeKalb 54 32 0.55 2.3 1.8 Conyers 59 18 0.21 1.6 1.1 Yorkville 56 41 0.63 4.2 3.5 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb 54 13 0.16 0.7 0.6 Conyers 59 1 0.11 0.4 Yorkville 56 3 0.15 1.6 0.9 ND indicates no detection *When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 178 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Appendix D: Additional Toxics Data 2008 Metals (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3)) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* Milledgeville 22 22 0.00059 Macon 13 12 0.00069 Savannah 30 28 0.00121 General Coffee 24 20 0.00036 Dawsonville 24 23 0.00061 South DeKalb** 52 52 0.00111 Rome 23 23 0.00160 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.00150 Brunswick 18 17 0.00058 Gainesville 29 29 0.00085 Warner Robins 24 24 0.00076 Valdosta 25 25 0.00052 Columbus 24 24 0.00110 Yorkville 28 27 0.00058 Augusta 21 21 0.00173 Milledgeville 22 14 0.00060 Macon 13 8 0.00052 Savannah 30 21 0.00076 General Coffee 24 20 0.00132 Dawsonville 24 19 0.00067 South DeKalb** 52 28 0.00048 Rome 23 23 0.00087 Utoy Creek 23 19 0.00074 Brunswick 18 10 0.00049 Gainesville 29 19 0.00065 Warner Robins 24 13 0.00058 Valdosta 25 17 0.00063 Columbus 24 17 0.00066 Yorkville 28 24 0.00085 Augusta 21 19 0.00089 Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 13 ND Savannah 30 ND General Coffee 24 ND Dawsonville 24 ND South DeKalb** 52 ND Rome 23 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 18 ND Gainesville 29 ND Warner Robins 24 ND 1st Max 0.00179 0.00183 0.01867 0.00184 0.00180 0.00392 0.00629 0.00338 0.00289 0.00291 0.00161 0.00096 0.00301 0.00133 0.0049 0.00305 0.00105 0.00194 0.00464 0.00173 0.00127 0.00208 0.00211 0.00141 0.00154 0.00161 0.00163 0.00151 0.00439 0.00239 2nd Max 0.00116 0.00137 0.00124 0.00062 0.00125 0.00313 0.00255 0.00260 0.00129 0.00173 0.00157 0.00089 0.00179 0.00099 0.00488 0.00118 0.00083 0.00177 0.00383 0.00118 0.00122 0.00160 0.00132 0.00120 0.00149 0.00142 0.00130 0.00122 0.00153 0.00142 179 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name Beryllium (continued) Cadmium Chromium Chromium+6*** Cobalt 2008 Metals (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* Valdosta 25 ND Columbus 24 ND Yorkville 28 ND Augusta 21 ND Milledgeville 22 22 0.00033 Macon 13 11 0.00010 Savannah 30 29 0.00021 General Coffee 24 24 0.00010 Dawsonville 24 24 0.00012 South DeKalb** 52 51 0.00007 Rome 23 19 0.00011 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.00030 Brunswick 18 18 0.00023 Gainesville 29 28 0.00011 Warner Robins 24 24 0.00019 Valdosta 25 22 0.00008 Columbus 24 24 0.00022 Yorkville 28 27 0.00012 Augusta 21 20 0.00017 Milledgeville 22 22 0.00191 Macon 13 13 0.00191 Savannah 30 30 0.00179 General Coffee 24 24 0.00159 Dawsonville 24 24 0.00157 South DeKalb** 52 52 0.00130 Rome 23 23 0.00160 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.00283 Brunswick 18 18 0.00164 Gainesville 29 29 0.00153 Warner Robins 24 24 0.00183 Valdosta 25 25 0.00171 Columbus 24 24 0.00177 Yorkville 28 28 0.00165 Augusta 21 21 0.00178 South DeKalb 29 17 0.000009 Milledgeville 22 8 0.00009 Macon 13 3 0.00007 Savannah 30 9 0.00008 General Coffee 24 6 0.00008 Dawsonville 24 8 0.00008 South DeKalb** 52 4 0.00006 Rome 23 16 0.00012 1st Max 0.00112 0.00020 0.00071 0.00022 0.00032 0.00019 0.00037 0.00190 0.00056 0.00026 0.00067 0.00016 0.00083 0.00027 0.00041 0.00602 0.00273 0.00251 0.00398 0.00236 0.00194 0.00216 0.01449 0.00239 0.00227 0.00261 0.00237 0.00242 0.00231 0.00315 0.00005 0.00031 0.00024 0.00019 0.00025 0.00016 0.00016 0.00022 2nd Max 0.00097 0.00015 0.00039 0.00019 0.00031 0.00014 0.00036 0.00103 0.00051 0.00024 0.00041 0.00015 0.00054 0.00023 0.00033 0.00262 0.00253 0.00222 0.00225 0.00217 0.00193 0.00201 0.00628 0.00224 0.00204 0.00256 0.00236 0.00229 0.00228 0.00244 0.00004 0.00018 0.00014 0.00019 0.00018 0.00015 0.00012 0.00019 180 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name Cobalt (continued) Lead Manganese Nickel 2008 Metals (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* Utoy Creek 23 15 0.00014 Brunswick 18 9 0.00016 Gainesville 29 16 0.00011 Warner Robins 24 5 0.00007 Valdosta 25 6 0.00007 Columbus 24 14 0.00019 Yorkville 27 9 0.00013 Augusta 21 15 0.00013 Milledgeville 22 22 0.00245 Macon 13 13 0.00246 Savannah 30 30 0.00499 General Coffee 24 24 0.00160 Dawsonville 24 24 0.00197 South DeKalb** 52 52 0.00164 Rome 23 23 0.00471 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.00353 Brunswick 18 18 0.00262 Gainesville 29 29 0.00281 Warner Robins 24 24 0.00237 Valdosta 25 25 0.00221 Columbus 24 24 0.00453 Yorkville 28 28 0.00211 Augusta 21 21 0.00404 Milledgeville 22 22 0.00497 Macon 13 13 0.00771 Savannah 30 30 0.00463 General Coffee 24 24 0.00317 Dawsonville 24 24 0.00424 South DeKalb** 52 52 0.00251 Rome 23 23 0.00737 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.00798 Brunswick 18 18 0.00526 Gainesville 29 29 0.00584 Warner Robins 24 24 0.00636 Valdosta 25 25 0.00526 Columbus 24 24 0.01089 Yorkville 28 28 0.00454 Augusta 21 21 0.01295 Milledgeville 22 22 0.00152 Macon 13 13 0.00135 Savannah 30 30 0.00211 General Coffee 24 24 0.00155 1st Max 0.00032 0.00129 0.00027 0.00019 0.00016 0.00065 0.00015 0.00031 0.00579 0.00391 0.0873 0.00363 0.00370 0.00449 0.03632 0.00717 0.00607 0.00780 0.00495 0.00379 0.01581 0.00386 0.01556 0.00966 0.03461 0.01663 0.00982 0.00905 0.00570 0.01211 0.01537 0.01756 0.01480 0.03971 0.01742 0.03461 0.00764 0.04497 0.00460 0.00198 0.00605 0.00254 2nd Max 0.00031 0.00019 0.00021 0.00018 0.00015 0.00059 0.00015 0.00025 0.00566 0.00357 0.00539 0.00320 0.00315 0.00389 0.00561 0.00709 0.00549 0.00582 0.00366 0.00364 0.01356 0.00344 0.00712 0.00937 0.01872 0.01102 0.00558 0.00895 0.00537 0.01145 0.01234 0.01307 0.01198 0.00865 0.00999 0.02866 0.00737 0.03750 0.00299 0.00184 0.00381 0.00250 181 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name 2008 Metals (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2nd Max Nickel Dawsonville 24 24 0.00108 0.00169 0.00156 (continued) South DeKalb** 52 52 0.00086 0.00206 0.00188 Rome 23 23 0.00152 0.00227 0.00222 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.00223 0.01799 0.00579 Brunswick 18 18 0.00350 0.02865 0.00316 Gainesville 29 29 0.00118 0.00297 0.00163 Warner Robins 24 23 0.00116 0.00168 0.00167 Valdosta 25 25 0.00135 0.00329 0.00205 Columbus 24 24 0.00174 0.00330 0.00323 Yorkville 28 28 0.00105 0.00178 0.00154 Augusta 21 21 0.00143 0.00297 0.00202 Selenium Milledgeville 22 21 0.00080 0.00242 0.00242 Macon 13 13 0.00064 0.00209 0.00127 Savannah 30 23 0.00042 0.00124 0.00083 General Coffee 24 18 0.00039 0.00103 0.00075 Dawsonville 24 23 0.00083 0.00236 0.00205 South DeKalb** 52 48 0.00057 0.00168 0.00157 Rome 23 23 0.00131 0.00588 0.00384 Utoy Creek 23 21 0.00138 0.00380 0.00300 Brunswick 18 15 0.00047 0.00136 0.00080 Gainesville 29 28 0.00084 0.00191 0.00173 Warner Robins 24 23 0.00065 0.00176 0.00125 Valdosta 25 18 0.00037 0.00087 0.00080 Columbus 24 22 0.00064 0.00376 0.00100 Yorkville 28 28 0.00087 0.00182 0.00155 Augusta 21 20 0.00093 0.00301 0.00196 Zinc Milledgeville 22 22 0.01296 0.02163 0.01620 Macon 13 13 0.02029 0.06449 0.02697 Savannah 30 30 0.01397 0.02651 0.02499 General Coffee 24 24 0.01644 0.05814 0.04289 Dawsonville 24 24 0.01304 0.03316 0.02264 South DeKalb** 52 52 0.01029 0.01968 0.01777 Rome 23 23 0.02876 0.15048 0.04182 Utoy Creek 23 23 0.09890 0.71737 0.24451 Brunswick 18 18 0.03625 0.10465 0.07375 Gainesville 29 29 0.02006 0.09108 0.03503 Warner Robins 24 24 0.01418 0.02423 0.02105 Valdosta 25 25 0.02381 0.04503 0.03689 Columbus 24 24 0.02713 0.07012 0.06043 Yorkville 28 28 0.01579 0.08824 0.02088 Augusta 21 21 0.01946 0.04200 0.03916 *When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average, ** Selected PM10 Hi-Vol, sample collected every 6 days, *** Hexavalent Chromium, sample collected every 6 days, ND indicates no detection 182 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 60 0.00235 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 40 0.00062 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 15 0.00016 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND 1st Max 0.00750 0.00412 0.00566 2nd Max 0.00674 0.00284 0.00049 183 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max 2nd Max Anthracene (continued) Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Benzo(a)anthracene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 South DeKalb* 60 Rome 24 Utoy Creek 23 Brunswick 16 Gainesville 30 Warner Robins 23 Valdosta 24 Columbus 23 Yorkville 27 Augusta 22 ND 26 0.00006 0.000192 0.000191 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Benzo(b)fluoranthene Milledgeville 22 Macon 11 Savannah 27 General Coffee 25 Dawsonville 27 South DeKalb* 60 Rome 24 Utoy Creek 23 Brunswick 16 Gainesville 30 Warner Robins 23 Valdosta 24 Columbus 23 Yorkville 27 Augusta 22 ND ND ND ND ND 35 0.00012 0.000590 0.000554 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Benzo(k)fluoranthene Milledgeville 22 Macon 11 Savannah 27 General Coffee 25 Dawsonville 27 South DeKalb* 60 Rome 24 Utoy Creek 23 Brunswick 16 Gainesville 30 Warner Robins 23 ND ND ND ND ND 22 0.00005 0.000196 0.000166 ND ND ND ND ND 184 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Benzo(k)fluoranthene Valdosta 24 ND (continued) Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Benzo(a)pyrene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 21 0.00006 0.000249 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Benzo(e)pyrene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 26 0.00010 0.000384 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 24 0.00009 0.000390 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND 2nd Max 0.000224 0.000340 0.000326 185 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Benzo(g,h,i)perylene Columbus 23 ND (continued) Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Chrysene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 55 0.00012 0.000519 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 1 0.00005 0.000073 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Fluoranthene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 60 0.00087 0.00185 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND 2nd Max 0.000437 0.00180 186 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Fluoranthene Columbus 23 ND (continued) Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Fluorene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 60 0.00296 0.00694 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 1 0.00080 0.00105 South DeKalb* 60 20 0.00008 0.000316 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Naphthalene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 60 0.08486 0.318000 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND 2nd Max 0.00611 0.000315 0.271000 187 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name 2008 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Fluoranthene Yorkville 27 ND (continued) Augusta 22 ND Phenanthrene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 60 0.00468 0.011100 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Pyrene Milledgeville 22 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 25 ND Dawsonville 27 ND South DeKalb* 60 60 0.00058 0.00126 Rome 24 ND Utoy Creek 23 ND Brunswick 16 ND Gainesville 30 ND Warner Robins 23 ND Valdosta 24 ND Columbus 23 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Retene South DeKalb* 54 43 0.00026 0.00248 9-fluorenone South DeKalb* 54 45 0.00085 0.00308 Cyclopenta(cd)pyrene South DeKalb* 54 8 0.00008 0.00038 Coronene South DeKalb* 60 10 0.00007 0.00021 Perylene South DeKalb* 60 3 0.00004 0.00022 2nd Max 0.010600 0.00106 0.00119 0.00213 0.00027 0.00016 0.00004 ND indicates no detection *Sample collected every 6 days and analyzed at ERG laboratory with gas chromatography. **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 188 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name Freon 113 Freon 114 1,3-Butadiene 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (concentrations in g/m3) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1st Max 2nd Max 189 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Cyclohexane Milledgeville 24 21 1.6853 3.2718 Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 1 0.4337 0.5166 General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 1 0.4377 0.6543 Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 3 0.5252 1.5841 Chloromethane Milledgeville 24 24 1.0207 1.4252 Macon 11 11 1.0477 1.2806 Savannah 27 27 1.1528 1.5697 General Coffee 29 29 1.2086 1.8589 Dawsonville 28 28 0.9545 1.4045 South DeKalb* 56 56 0.9680 1.4045 Rome 25 25 0.9955 1.3632 Utoy Creek 25 25 1.0212 1.4665 Brunswick 14 14 1.1758 1.4045 Gainesville 31 31 1.0520 1.6524 Warner Robins 20 20 1.0399 1.5491 Valdosta 22 22 1.1069 1.5491 Columbus 22 22 1.0046 1.6110 Yorkville 27 27 0.9914 1.2599 Augusta 22 22 1.1454 1.7350 Dichloromethane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 2nd Max 3.2027 1.1364 1.2393 1.1153 1.4871 1.7350 1.2393 1.3425 1.2599 1.2186 1.4045 1.3838 1.4458 1.3425 1.3012 1.2186 1.6934 190 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Chloroform Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Carbon tetrachloride Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 1 0.7873 0.8178 Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Trichlorofluoromethane Milledgeville 24 23 1.1181 1.4049 Macon 11 11 1.0728 1.3487 Savannah 27 27 1.1551 1.4611 General Coffee 29 29 1.1898 1.5173 Dawsonville 28 28 1.1701 1.5173 South DeKalb* 56 56 1.1721 1.6297 Rome 25 24 1.1543 1.5735 Utoy Creek 25 25 1.2206 1.5735 Brunswick 14 14 1.1159 1.3487 Gainesville 31 31 1.2563 2.1917 Warner Robins 20 20 1.1071 1.5173 Valdosta 22 22 1.1520 1.4611 Columbus 22 22 1.0831 1.4611 Yorkville 27 27 1.1156 1.3487 Augusta 22 22 1.1699 1.6859 2nd Max 1.4049 1.2925 1.4049 1.4611 1.4049 1.5735 1.5173 1.5173 1.2925 1.8545 1.3487 1.4049 1.3487 1.2925 1.5735 191 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Chloroethane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 3 0.3306 0.6135 Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,1-Dichloroethane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Methyl chloroform Milledgeville 24 24 7.1895 14.7313 Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 15 10.4099 34.3730 2nd Max 0.3579 13.6401 26.1890 192 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Ethylene dichloride Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Tetrachloroethylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 4 0.8910 1.4240 Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 2nd Max 1.0850 193 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Bromomethane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Gainesville 14 ND Warner Robins 31 ND Valdosta 20 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 22 ND Augusta 27 ND 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Dichlorodifluoromethane Milledgeville 24 Macon 11 Savannah 27 General Coffee 29 Dawsonville 28 South DeKalb* 56 Rome 25 Utoy Creek 25 Brunswick 14 Gainesville 31 Warner Robins 20 Valdosta 22 Columbus 22 Yorkville 27 Augusta 22 24 1.9965 2.6702 11 2.0274 2.2746 27 2.0237 2.4724 29 2.0990 2.8185 28 2.0627 2.7196 56 2.0494 3.0163 25 1.9463 2.7196 25 2.0096 2.4229 14 1.8366 2.1757 31 1.8551 2.2746 20 1.9235 2.4229 22 2.0004 2.2252 22 1.8880 2.4229 27 1.9907 2.4724 22 2.0139 2.4229 2nd Max 2.4724 2.2746 2.2746 2.5713 2.6207 2.6207 2.4229 2.3240 2.1757 2.2252 2.2746 2.2252 2.1757 2.4229 2.4229 194 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Trichloroethylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 1 0.6793 0.8599 Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,1-Dichloroethylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,2-Dichloropropane Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 2nd Max 195 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max trans-1,3Dichloropropylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 2nd Max 196 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Ethylene dibromide Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Hexachlorobutadiene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Vinyl chloride Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 2nd Max 197 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site Samples Detects Avg.** 1st Max m/p Xylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 1 0.5437 0.5647 General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 10 0.6058 1.7809 Rome 25 3 0.6446 1.9546 Utoy Creek 25 1 0.5438 0.5647 Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 3 0.5492 0.6515 Warner Robins 20 1 0.5462 0.6081 Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 1 0.5755 1.2596 Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 4 0.6792 2.9971 Benzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 1 0.4269 0.7207 Savannah 27 5 0.4460 1.0861 General Coffee 29 2 0.4059 0.5430 Dawsonville 28 2 0.4073 0.5750 South DeKalb* 56 41 0.7333 2.4915 Rome 25 6 0.6101 2.2679 Utoy Creek 25 11 0.5226 1.4374 Brunswick 14 1 0.4528 1.4694 Gainesville 31 11 1.7723 13.4160 Warner Robins 20 6 0.5127 1.7669 Valdosta 22 8 0.4682 0.9583 Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 10 0.4774 1.0541 Augusta 22 9 0.6352 3.1943 Toluene Milledgeville 24 7 0.4952 0.6027 Macon 11 1 0.4897 0.6780 Savannah 27 12 0.7317 3.6162 General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 5 0.5388 1.3184 South DeKalb* 56 35 1.1055 4.1436 Rome 25 17 1.2235 3.7669 Utoy Creek 25 20 2.5170 12.4307 Brunswick 14 14 0.9094 1.3937 Gainesville 31 18 0.8561 2.8628 Warner Robins 20 8 0.5944 2.4861 Valdosta 22 6 0.5376 1.2054 Columbus 22 17 1.2165 4.1436 Yorkville 27 1 0.4827 0.7910 Augusta 22 10 1.0376 6.4037 Ethylbenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND 2nd Max 1.3031 1.4334 0.6081 0.8253 0.7027 0.4472 0.4472 2.1082 1.9804 0.9583 11.8188 0.7666 0.7027 0.7986 1.0541 0.6027 2.3355 1.0171 3.2772 3.5409 7.9104 1.3561 2.3355 0.9040 0.7910 1.9588 2.3731 198 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Ethylbenzene Savannah 27 ND (continuted) General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 1 0.5456 0.6081 Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 1 0.5479 0.6515 o- Xylene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 1 0.5447 0.6515 Rome 25 2 0.5516 0.7384 Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 1 0.6447 1.2782 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND 2nd Max 0.5647 199 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene General Coffee 29 ND (continued) Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 1 0.6175 0.7866 Rome 25 2 0.6283 0.8357 Utoy Creek 25 2 0.7069 2.9005 Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 1 0.6513 0.6391 Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Styrene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 5 1.2819 12.3591 Gainesville 31 1 0.5375 0.6819 Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Benzene, 1-ethenyl-4- methyl Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Chlorobenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND 2nd Max 0.7374 0.6391 5.1141 200 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max Chlorobenzene General Coffee 29 ND (continued) Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 3 0.5821 0.6447 Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 13 1.1201 1.9342 Gainesville 31 8 0.8342 2.3487 Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,3-Dichlorobenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND 2nd Max 0.6447 1.4737 2.2566 201 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued) (concentrations in g/m3) Name Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Dawsonville 28 ND (continued) South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND Benzyl chloride Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Milledgeville 24 ND Macon 11 ND Savannah 27 ND General Coffee 29 ND Dawsonville 28 ND South DeKalb* 56 ND Rome 25 ND Utoy Creek 25 ND Brunswick 14 ND Gainesville 31 ND Warner Robins 20 ND Valdosta 22 ND Columbus 22 ND Yorkville 27 ND Augusta 22 ND 2nd Max ND indicates no detection *sample collected every 6 days **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 202 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Site ID 130890002 2008 Black Carbon (NATTS) (concentration in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3) City County Site Name Hours Measured 1st Max 2nd Max Decatur DeKalb South DeKalb 4432 10.40 10.38 Annual Arithmetic Mean 1.440 203 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D Name Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde Acetone Benzaldehyde Acrolein (with canister method) 2008 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter) Site #Samples #Detects Avg.** Savannah 29 26 1.6622 Dawsonville 28 25 1.7238 S. DeKalb* 55 55 5.2051 Brunswick 17 15 2.1914 Savannah 29 10 0.7737 Dawsonville 28 8 0.7626 S. DeKalb* 55 51 2.4475 Brunswick 17 7 0.9283 Savannah 29 1 0.5951 Dawsonville 28 ND S. DeKalb* 55 1 0.5783 Brunswick 17 ND Savannah Dawsonville S. DeKalb* Brunswick 29 ND 28 ND 55 1 0.5706 17 1 0.6261 Savannah 27 24 2.1136 Dawsonville 28 26 3.0472 S. DeKalb* 55 49 4.8621 Brunswick 17 17 2.8472 Savannah 27 2 0.6164 Dawsonville 28 8 0.7959 S. DeKalb* 54 6 0.6961 Brunswick 17 ND Milledgeville 24 Macon 11 Savannah 27 General Coffee 29 Dawsonville 28 South DeKalb* 56 Rome 25 Utoy Creek 25 Brunswick 14 Gainesville 31 Warner Robins 20 Valdosta 22 Columbus 22 Yorkville 27 Augusta 22 24 1.4758 10 0.2489 16 0.3143 26 0.4260 15 0.3457 47 0.4115 22 0.5308 16 0.3533 14 0.5082 21 0.4426 16 0.3873 18 0.3460 18 0.4178 14 0.3212 16 0.3956 1st Max 3.4056 3.2444 9.7059 5.1684 2.39 1.6222 6.7647 2.6526 1.5222 2nd Max 2.9833 2.8722 8.0000 4.0526 1.5706 1.3889 4.6875 2.3684 1.4588 1.0353 1.8444 5.1222 6.7222 12.125 11.4118 1.6611 2.0111 2.4611 4.3471 5.0500 10.8125 8.5294 1.04 1.5389 2.3765 3.2123 0.5507 0.6883 0.0291 1.6291 0.8719 1.4455 1.6063 0.9866 3.4647 0.8948 0.7113 0.0460 0.0450 0.0610 2.9828 0.4360 0.6195 0.0263 0.8031 0.8490 1.2620 1.2620 0.8948 1.0555 0.8490 0.5277 0.0441 0.0310 0.0422 ND indicates no detection,*sample collected every 6 days,** When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 204 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix D 2008 Carbonyl Compounds, 3-hour (June-August) Name (concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter) Site Time #Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max Formaldehyde S. DeKalb 0600 27 27 3.9680 7.8889 0900 26 26 6.2756 13.5556 1200 27 27 6.3004 12.0000 1500 28 28 6.0181 11.6111 Acetaldehyde S. DeKalb 0600 27 27 2.2479 6.3889 0900 26 26 3.6062 7.6111 1200 26 26 3.7548 7.7278 1500 26 26 3.4241 7.1667 Propionaldehyde S. DeKalb 0600 27 ND 0900 26 2 0.5955 1.1889 1200 27 5 0.6489 1.4111 1500 28 1 0.5798 1.0611 Butyraldehyde S. DeKalb 0600 27 ND 0900 26 6 0.7575 1.8944 1200 27 6 0.7287 1.9000 1500 28 1 0.5963 1.5222 Acetone S. DeKalb 0600 27 27 4.0438 10.2778 0900 26 26 5.1735 12.5000 1200 27 27 5.8037 14.1111 1500 28 28 5.5111 13.5000 Benzaldehyde S. DeKalb 0600 27 10 1.1374 3.8722 0900 26 24 2.1637 4.0722 1200 27 23 2.0475 4.4167 1500 28 22 2.3377 5.1333 2nd Max 7.5000 9.7222 9.7222 10.5556 3.5889 5.8889 7.2222 6.0000 1.0722 1.3778 1.6944 1.5389 9.1111 11.2778 11.3333 11.0556 3.8556 3.8667 3.8722 4.5833 ND indicates no detection, * When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average. 205 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix E Appendix E: Monitoring Network Survey Georgia Gaseous Criteria Pollutant Monitoring as of January 2008 Parameter Measured Sampling Schedule Number of GASN Sites Method Used EPA Reference Method Data Availability Ozone Nitrogen Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Continuous hourly average Sulfur Dioxide 23 4 3 8 Ultraviolet photometry Ultraviolet photometry Ultraviolet photometry Ultraviolet photometry Non-dispersive Infrared photometry Non-dispersive Infrared photometry Ultraviolet fluorescence detector Spectrophotometry (pararosaniline method) Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S. EPA Air Quality System (AQS) 206 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix E Georgia Ambient Air Particulate Matter Monitoring as of January 2008 Parameter Measured PM10 Mass (integrated) Mass (semicontinuous) PM2.5 Mass (integrated) Mass (semicontinuous) Speciated Sampling Schedule Collection Method Sampling Media Every 6 days Continuous hourly averages Varies; every day, every third day, or every sixth day Mass sequential, single channel TEOM; BAM FRM sampler Teflon filter 46.2mm, Proprietary Teflon filter filter; filter tape 46.2mm Continuous hourly averages TEOM Proprietary filter 1 in 6 days; 1 in 3 days for South DeKalb Speciation air sampling system (SASS) Teflon, nylon & quartz filter 46.2mm Number of Sites 14 Analyzed 1 28 18 8 Number of Collocated 3 0 Sites Analysis Method Method 016 Electronic analytical balance Method 079; TEOM gravimetric at 50 degrees C; Method 122 Beta Attenuation Monitor 5 0 0 Method 055 Electronic analytical balance Method 703 R&P TEOM with SCC at 30 degrees C Method 055 Electronic analytical balance Method 014 x-ray fluorescence Method 062 filter preparation Method 064 Ion chromatography Method 065 Thermal/optical carbon Data Availability Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS) 207 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix E Georgia Organic Air Toxic Contaminant Monitoring as of January 2008 Parameter Volatile Organic Measured Compounds (VOCs) Carbonyls Semi - VOCs Metals Method TO-14A/15 TO-11A TO 13A 10-2.I Sampling Schedule Collection Equipment Sampling Media Number of Sites Analyzed Number of Collocated Sites Data Availability Every 12 days, 24-hour; 1 in 6 day schedule for South DeKalb Every 12 days, 24-hour; 1 in 6 day schedule for South DeKalb Every 12 days, 24hour; 1 in 6 day schedule for South DeKalb AVOCS or ATEC2200 Polished stainless steel canister 15** ATEC100 DNPH-coated silica cartridges 3 PUF sampler Polyurethane Foam filter 15** 2 1 2 Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS) Every 12 days, 24hour; 1 in 6 day schedule for South DeKalb* High volume TSP Quartz micro-fiber filter 8 x 10 inch 15** 2 * Sampler at this site is a PM10 Hi-Vol ** 14 GA ATN sites, 1 NATTS (South DeKalb) 208 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report PAMS Monitoring as of January 2008 Section: Appendix E Parameter Sampling Schedule Collection Equipment Sampling Media Number of Sites Analysis Method Data Availability 54 PAMS-Speciated VOCs & Total NMHC Continuous 54PAMS Speciated VOCs & Total NMHC 24-hour 1 in 6 day schedule (all year) ATEC 2200 Continuous hourly average (June-August) Perkin-Elmer HC GC Polished stainless steel canister Direct injection 3 3 Carbonyl Compounds 3-hour sample (June-August); 24-hour, 1 in 6 day (all year) ATEC 8000; PUF Sampler DNPH coated silica gel Cartridge; Polyurethane Foam 1 PAMS GC/FID GC/FID High performance liquid chromatograph/ultraviolet detector Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS) 209 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Georgia Meteorological Monitoring as of January 2008 Section: Appendix E Parameter Measured Sampling Schedule Wind Speed (m/s) Wind Direction (degrees) Ambient Temperature (C) Relative Humidity (%) Atmosphere Pressure (mb) Continuous hourly average Solar Radiation (w/m2) Precip (in) Sig. Theta (deg) Total Ultraviolet Radiation Number of Sites 18 18 Method Used Propeller or cup anemometer Wind vane potentiometer Data Availability 9 9 6 3 6 1 3 Aspirated Thermocouple or thermistor Thin film capacitor Pressure transducer Thermopile or pyranometer Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS) Tipping Wind UV bucket direction radiometer 210 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Appendix F: Siting Criteria Section: Appendix F Instrument PM10, AISI Nephelo- meter Dichot, TEOM, PM2.5 Lead, TSP O3 CO NO2 Height Above Ground Micro Other 2-7m 2-15m 2-7m 2-15m 207m 2-15m 3-15m 3-15m 2.5 3.5m 3-5m 3-15m 3-15m Space Between Samplers 2m 1m 2m 1m Height Above Obstructions 1m 2 times height of obstacle above inlet 1m Distance From Obstacles Distance From Tree Dripline 2 times height or obstacle above inlet 2 times height or obstacles above inlet 2 times height of obstacles above inlet 2 times height of obstacles above inlet Micro: must be no trees between sampler and road Others: must be 10m if trees, 5m above sampler 2 times height of obstacle above inlet Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered an obstruction Micro and middle: no trees between sampler and source Neighborho od: should be 20m, must be 10m if considered an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered an obstruction Micro: must be no trees between sampler and road Others: must be 10m if trees, 5m above sampler Should be 20m, if individual tree 5m above probe, must be 10m from dripline Distance from Walls, Parapets, etc. 2m 2m 2m 1m 1m 1m Airflow Arc 270 270 270 270, or on side of buildin g 180 270, or on side of buildin g 180 270, or on side of buildin g 180 211 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Instrument Height Above Ground Micro Other Space Between Samplers SO2 3-15m 3-15m H2S 3-15m 3-15m CH4, THC, NMHC, PAMS 3-15m 3-15m Toxics: Gaseous 910, 910A, 929, 920 3-15m 3-15m Temperature and Relative Humidity 1.252m 2.252m Wind Speed and 10m 10m Direction Solar Radiation 1.5m 1.5m Height Above Obstructions 1m 1m 1m 2m Section: Appendix F Distance From Obstacles 2 times height of obstacle above inlet 2 times height of obstacle above inlet 2 times height of obstacle above inlet 2 times height of obstacle above inlet 4 times height of obstacle above sensor 1.5 times height of obstacle above sensor Distance From Tree Dripline Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m in direction of urban core 1 tower width from tower side 2 tower widths from tower side, 1 tower width from tower top Distance from Walls, Parapets, etc. 1m 1m 1m 4.5m Airflow Arc 270, or on side of buildin g 180 270, or on side of buildin g 180 270, or on side of buildin g 180 212 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: Appendix G Appendix G: Instrument and Sensor Control Limits ARB'S CONTROL AND WARNING LIMITS LIMITS Control 15% 15% 10% Warning 10% 10% 7% 4% (Flow) None 5% (Design) None 20% None INSTRUMENT All gaseous criteria and non-criteria analyzers Total suspended particulate (TSP) samplers PM10 Dichotomous (Dichot), Lead (Pb), Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalalance (TEOM), Toxic Air Contaminant (XonTech920) Samplers, Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAM), and Carbonyl (XonTech9250) Samplers PM2.5 Laboratory audits (Toxics, PAMS, Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Total Metals) ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR METEOROLOGICAL (MET) SENSORS LIMITS SENSOR 1.0 Celsius (0.5C PAMS only) 2.25 mm of Mercury (Hg) 3% RH for 10-90% RH 5% RH for <10% or >90% RH 5% Watts/m2 Less than or equal to 5 combined accuracy and orientation error 0.25 m/s between 0.5 and 5m/s and less that 5% difference above 5 m/s Less than or equal to 0.5m/s 0.25 m/s between 0.5 and 5 m/s and less than 5% difference above 5 m/s Less than or equal to 0.5 m/s Ambient Temperature Barometric Pressure Relative Humidity Solar Radiation Wind Direction Horizontal Wind Speed Horizontal Wind Speed Starting Threshold Vertical Wind Speed Vertical wind Speed Starting Threshold 213 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report References Section: References http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=static.aqi. 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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. 214 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division 2008 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Section: References ATSDR, 2005e. Toxicological Profile for Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalne. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. ATSDR, 2006a. ToxFAQS for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. ATSDR, 2006b. Toxicological Profile for Dichlorobenzenes. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. ATSDR, 2006c. Medical Mangement Guidelines for Xylenes. 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A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA, 2007a. "Table 1. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments (6/12/2007)". http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/toxsource/summary.html Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards EPA Publication Air Quality Assessment Division Research Triangle Park, NC. U.S. EPA, 2007b. Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006, No. EPA454/R-07-007. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards EPA Publication Air Quality Assessment Division Research Triangle Park, NC. U.S. EPA, 2008. National Air Quality-Status and Trends through 2007, No. EPA-454/R-08-006. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards EPA Publication Air Quality Assessment Division Research Triangle Park, NC. 216 Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division