BIENNIAL REPORT DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 1937-1938 BY R. F. BURCH, COMMISSIONER INCLUDES REPORTS OF DIRECTORS OF THE DIVISIONS OF PARKS, WILD LIFE, FORESTRY AND MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To His Excellency HONORABLE E. D. RIVERS Governor of State of Georgia January 9, 1939 DEAR GovER~OR RIVERS: Herewith I respectfully transmit to you as Governor of Georgia, the first Bi-ennial Report of the Commissioner of the Department of Natural Resources. The period covered by this report extends from the date this department was established, :\~larch 5, 1937, to January 1, 1939. This report includes a statement by the Commissioner, and reports of the activities of the four divisions of this Department. As Commissioner, I express my sincere appreciation to you for your keen interest and great service in launching and promoting the development of this new Department. Respectfully, R. F. BURCH, Commissioner TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER OF TRA:-IS~IITTAL. 2 Co~nnssiONER's STATE~IENT . . . Introduction ..... ' 5 5 Function of the Divisions .. 6 Natural Resources Reserves. 7 Research in paper making ........... , .. . 9 Cooperation ............... c. ....~..,If.. r . ..., . , . 10 State .\Jatural Resources l\'Iu'!;ellli1"'11ll. : ..,... " .. 11 Personnel of the Commissioner's Office ..... . 12 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR DIVISI0:'-1 OF PARKS .. 13 Purpose of creating Division of State Parks ... 13 General objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ~ . 16 \Vork performed. . 16 Requests for information 18 Publicity and publications .. 18 Public meetings ..... 19 Historic markers. 20 Cooperation with other State agencies. 20 Improvements on State buildings .... . 21 Park program expansions .......... . 21 Recreation in .\Jatural Resources Reserves .. 22 Organization of the Division .... 23 Parks in operation. 23 Financial statement. 25 REPORT DIVISIOX oF FoRESTRY. 27 Fire protection ... 28 Forestation. . . . . . . ................... . 31 l\Ianagement and forestation .. . 34 Demonstration forests. 34 Education ...... . 35 Publications and Exhibits .. 36 In memoriam ........ . 36 Cooperation. . .... 36 Personnel of the Division .. 37 Financial Statement .... 38 REPORT DIVISIO:-.f OF WILD LIFE 41 Introduction ... . 41 Fish hatcheries .. . 41 Expectancy of hatcheries .... 42 Reducing casualties .. . 43 Quail hatchery .... . 43 Dove season ..... . 44 Deer and Bear Survey. . .. 44 Game Ia w changes desired ..... . 45 Records of game taken ... . 46 Coastal Georgia .... . 46 Wild life protection ...... . Education ..... . Cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . 47 so so REPORT DIVISION OF MINES, MIKING AND GEOLOGY. 51 FUNCTJO:-IS OF THE DIVISION OF MI:-ms, MINING AND GEOLOGY .... . 51 PERSONNEL...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 52 Separations. . . . ............. . 54 NATURE OF THE '~'YORK. . . . . . .................. . 54 Studies and Surveys of Mineral Resources. . . . . .......... . 54 Clearing house for mineral information. . . . . . \VoRK Acco~IPLISHED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . 55 . ......... . 55 New business. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . 55 Geologic map of Georgia... . ......... . 56 Chemical and assay work. . . . . . . . ....... . 57 Mineralogical and Petrographical Work ... 58 Industrial development .. 59 Kaolin-New plants .. 59 Fullers Earth .. . 60 Bauxite ............... . 60 Petroleum .................. . 62 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued REPORT DIVISION OF YliNES, MINING AND GEOLOGY-Continued ... , . . . . 61 Industrial development-Cof\tinued Whiteware Industry.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Educational Work........................................... 62 School museums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Capitol displays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Motion pictures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Lectures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Exhibits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Georgia Mineral Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 PUBLICATIONS IssUED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 WORK IN PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Mineral Resources........................................... 69 Kaolin.................................................. 69 Fullers Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Bauxite.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Rock wool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Flagstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 War materials........................................... 72 Reports in Progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Report upon Geology and mineral resources of North west Georgia 73 Reports upon Geology and mineral resources of Middle Georgia 74 Geologic Report on the Coastal Plain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Publications Planned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Gold................................................... 74 Other reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Cooperative Work with the U. S. Geological Survey.............. 75 Underground water survey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Surface water investigators... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Works Progress Administration Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Mineral resources of Georgia counties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Geographical dictionary of Georgia......................... 78 Technical laboratory assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Library program ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Mineral description files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Well logs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Catalog of Museum specimens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Photographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 STATUS OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Barite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Bauxite........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Cement...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Clay products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Flagstone. . . . . . . . . . 81 Fullers Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table-Mineral production of Georgia for 1937. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Gold & Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Granite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Graphite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Ironore...... .......................... 84 Kyanite..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Lime and limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Manganese. . . . . . . . . ......... .................. 84 Marble.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Mica and sericite schist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Ocher..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Sand and gravel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Slate.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Talc............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Water and water power.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 FINANCIAL STATEMENT........................................... 86 HALF A CENTURY OF SERVICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 BI-ENKIAL REPORT, 1937-1938 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES R. F. Burch, Commissioner I~TRODCCTION The Georgia Department of Natural Resources was established March 5, 1937 by an act of the General Assembly. Under this act the office of Commissioner of the Department was created and four integrate divisions of the Department were established as follows: Division of Forestry; Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology; Division of State Parks, Historic Sites, and Monuments; and the Division of \Yild Life. Each of these divisions is headed by a director, and the directors, with the commissioner, comprise the Administrative Staff. The new Department of Natural Resources is the realization of plans to which Governor Rivers gave much thought and effort. To him grateful acknowledgment is made for valuable advice in launching the new organization. The Department immediately created much public interest, evidenced by numerous demands made upon it, indicating a growing appreciation of the importance of the value of Georgia's natural resources, and a realization of the State's increasing dependence on their development. Georgia's wealth in forests, minerals, water power, wild life, and opportunities for recreation are indeed great. This state ranks among the first in variety and abundance of commercially important minerals. No state has a greater number of tree species, nor greater acreage of forest and potential forest land. None holds greater possibilities for developing wild life of fields, forests, streams, and coastal waters. Nowhere are there richer possibilities for recreation than extend from Georgia's mountains to the sea. The full development of these resources presents a great opportunity and involves a great task. Plans have been laid and developments are under way for carrying out a long-time program. The nature of the work varies widely. Not only between the divisions, but within the divisions. Much of the work requires the services of technically trained men. The first step in developing natural resources must be to ascertain their nature and extent. But little progress would result if this Department stopped at that point. Progress must be made to the point 6 Report Department of Natural Resources of revealing the various practical uses to which the natural resources can be put, hence the importance of research even to the extent of showing how production problems can be solved. A notable example of this type of service is the work of Dr. Charles H. Herty in solving production problems of making paper from southern woods. Though all information about the State's natural resources may be ascertained, if the knowledge is not widely disseminated and made available to those who may be interested in their development, the task is incomplete. Education, or dissemination of information is, therefore, essential for the development of resources. The impetus given conservation in the state and nation within the last few years, resulting from a more general realization that conservation is a social as well as economic necessity, necessarily increased the need for adequate public relations and educational efforts. In seriously attempting to meet this obligation the Department encountered a severe tax upon its financial resources which rendered the fulfillment of some essential activities impossible. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIVISIONS The Commissioner has endeavored to coordinate the work of the various divisions of the Department, as required by statute, to enhance their efficiency and has succeeded to the extent that cooperation has been tendered-without cooperation there can be no coordination. Briefly outlined, the Division of Forestry has as its chief objective the growing of wood and the promotion of its various uses. To this end reforestation, forest fire protection, forest management or culture, and marketing, must be promoted. Lands no longer needed or suited to producing agricultural crops should find their chief use in growing timber, and when so employed, much of the state's most destructive soil erosion will be stopped. The Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology has as its chief functions the location of commercial deposits of minerals, their exploration, their adaptation singly or in combination to producing useful products, and developing prospects that are inviting to miners and manufacturers. Georgia's deposits of clay, granite, marble, cement, iron, gold, barite, copper, talc, bauxite, shales, asbestos, coal, graphite, kyanite, manganese, mica, ocher, pyrite, flag stone, marls and other mit;1erals present a great array of useful deposits for development. Of great importance to Georgia is that these minerals be processed as far as possible within the state. It is gratifying to note that one Report Department of Natural Resources 7 of our divisions has been able to convince manufacturing companies of the economy of establishing treating or manufacturing plants in Georgia in preference to shipping ores elsewhere to be treated. The Division of Wild Life carries the responsibility of enforcing laws governing hunting and fishing, and of operating six fish hatcheries, one quail hatchery, and game reserves. The 94 game protectors are undertaking to enforce game and fish laws in Georgia's 159 counties. J\Iore than 100 fish and game clubs have been formed to build up public sentiment favorable to law observance and for increasing the supply of wild life. The essential purpose of the Division of Parks is to provide wholesome, outdoor recreation under pleasant environment, to the end that human values may be enhanced. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in establishing state parks, and judged by the park patronage, these recreation centers are meeting a public need. This Division has also undertaken to survey and designate the many historic sites of Georgia to be suitably marked. Being one of the original colonies, Georgia is rich in history, but it has been slow to mark its many historic sites where treaties have been signed, battles fought, notables have lived, where historic buildings and prehistoric structures, including mounds, are located. Setting apart such sites and making them accessible, will not only develop a greater appreciation of Georgia by Georgians and pride in the state, but will attract many visitors who also will obtain greater appreciation through greater knowledge of the state's historic background. NATURAL RESOURCES RESERVES Early in your administration the Commissioner suggested for your concurrence, state acquisition and ownership of outstanding archaeologic, historic, and scenic beauty spots before they were exploited and completely destroyed, in order that they might not only be enjoyed by present-day Georgians, but also might bless future generations. The Commissioner has met with marked success in this endeavor. Through his efforts more of these sites have been donated the state for restoration and preservation than were acquired for the period from the founding of the State to the advent of your administration. An unusual tract, Kolomoki :\Iound site in Early County, of 1000 acres was donated by public-spirited citizens and municipal and county authorities. Archaeologists tell us this is one of the key sites in the nation, and one of the few that has not been disturbed. 8 Report Department of Natural Resources One thousand acres along historic Shoulder Bone Creek in Hancock County was donated for park purposes, by two philanthropic Georgians, Hon. Wiley l\1oore and Hon. Preston Arkwright. An important adjunct to this park site is the Indian mounds on a tract donated by public-spirited citizens of Sparta, Georgia. An historically important tract of 800 acres was deeded the State by the l\1acon County Commissioners. This is the famous Miona Springs site, consisting of six springs of enormous flow of health giving waters, each containing entirely different minerals. The Sittons Gulch site, a veritable little grand canyon in Dade County was donated the State by Dade County authorities. There are 1500 acres in this tract. Black Rock Mountain site, a scenic masterpiece in Rabun County was donated by county authorities-a 700 acre tract. St. l\Tarys River State Park site \vas donated by county authorities in Charlton County. This tract contains one thousand acres valuable as a state forest, and has great recreational possibilities. Crooked River Park site in Camden County gives the state its only water front park and, as such, possesses unusual recreational facilities. This tract of 600 acres was deeded by county authorities, and as a supplement, we have the old Santa Maria Spanish Mission site deeded the State by Rayonier, Inc., pulp mil!, Fernandina, Fla. This is a dual purpose site-scenic and historic. A thousand acre tract in \Yayne County near Jesup was deeded the State by its county commissioners. This is primarily a state forest and wild life area. A thousand acre state forest tract was donated by the county commissioners of Appling County. This is being developed as a forest demonstration project and is the hub of the Division of Forestry's activities throughout Southeast Georgia, being headquarters for the district forester. A site of historic importance-the Governor Troupe home sitein Treutlen County, was donated the State by Hon. James Fowler of Soperton, 780 acres being in this tract. Deeds to the famous Old Magnolia Springs site in Jenkins County are being held in escrow for the State, pending some compliances by State officials. The magnificent and awe-inspiring erosion canyons in Stewart County are being purchased for donation to the State for park sites. In addition to these, a contest of several months to have the Department of Natural Resources designated as the future manage- Report Department of Natural Resources 9 ment agency of a 40,000-acre Coastal Flatwoods tract near \Vaycross, culminated successfully. The Department has signed a contract for fifty years with the privilege of a forty year renewal, which is tantamount to ownership. This is a fine timbered tract and has unlimited wild life and recreational possibilities. All proceeds from the sale of anything from the tract accrue to the Department without any limitations. This tract will be held inviolate as a wild life refuge until it is thoroughly stocked, then hunting privileges will be granted on a portion of the area. The Commissioner procured five deer of the Virginia White-tail variety, same as our native deer, from the National Forest Service from the Pisgah Forest Reserve, for the purpose of crossing and introduction of new blood on this refuge. Twenty German Fallow deer have also been procured by the Commissioner out of the Little St. Simons herd of Philip Berolzheimer, for release on the Coastal Flatwoods area this spring. The Coastal Flatwoods area and all the smaller state owned areas will be demonstrations of forest multiple use practices, closely linking forestry, game, fish, and outdoor recreational activities, and bringing these several conservation practices close to the home, the school, and the local people. RESEARCH IN PAPER MAKING The General Assembly appropriated $10,000 in the special session of 1938, to the Herty Laboratory and allocated $10,000 of the appropriation to forestry for the laboratory, for furthering the investigations of Dr. Charles H. Herty in making paper from southern woods. The death of Dr. Herty has not stopped this work. Plans which he had made are being carried out. On foundations, which he laid, the project can safely proceed. His great work should be carried on to the ultimate goals he sought. Already many millions of dollars have been invested in Georgia as the result of his work, and this is probably only the beginning. He has established the fact that all species of southern pines, and some of the hardwoods, are adapted to making newsprint, book paper, and rayon. His pulp and paper laboratory at Savannah, now known as the Herty Laboratory, has been the scene of momentous discoveries of new wealth of southern forests. Dr. Herty would want no greater monument than a pulp and paper laboratory dedicated to continuing his research into new uses of southern woods. It is, therefore, to be hoped that appropriations may be made through years to come to materialize all his dreams of forest wealth. 10 Report Department of ~Vatural Resources COOPERATION Grateful acknowledgment is made of the assistance given by the State Department of Education in financing the publication of a booklet entitled "Georgia's Natural Resources", edited by this Department, and subsequently inaugurating a program of Conservation Education in the Public Schools of the State for the first time in its history. This should be supplemented with a visual education program, for it is self-evident that until the public opinion of over three million people comes to parallel the regulations established for proper use of natural resources, and correct conservation practices, these regulations can not serve the full purpose for which they were created. \Vith much gratification, it can be stated that harmonious, and effective cooperation has been maintained with various federal agencies. The united States Forest Service, the National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Biological Survey, and the Soil Conservation Service are among the federal agencies rendering valuable service in numerous ways. State agencies have assisted this Department, which in turn has helped to carry out cooperative programs. The Department of Vocational Education is also cooperating in conducting a forestry project. The Division of Forestry has prepared a bulletin designed for the special teaching this department requires, and rendering technical service in the management of school forests. The Department also cooperates with the State Department of Education in providing the schools with samples of minerals, and in giving moving pictures and lectures covering various subjects in the natural resources' field. The Commissioner has cooperated with the University of Georgia in establishing the Chair of Archaeology at that Institution, by procuring gifts from Hon. wiley ~Ioore and other interested parties to assist in defraying the expense. Cooperation with branches of the University of Georgia in which in many instances federal agencies are also included, is carried on. Information developed by the Planning Board has been quite helpful to this Department, and assistance is received and given whenever needed, by the State Department of Agriculture, the Board of Entomology, the Highway Department, and other state agencies. Numerous communities have aided this Department in developing local enterprises such as parks, recreation centers, monumental sites, natural resources reserves, etc. Nor has cooperation been limited to Report Department of Natural Resources 11 state, federal, and local agencies, but individuals have been quite generous, notably in donating funds for erecting historical markers, and in providing land for various uses, such as forest demonstrations, and wild life propagation. A generous contribution which the Commissioner secured from Hon. Wiley Moore enabled us to inaugurate a program for marking historic sites in Georgia, which had been too long neglected. Through the Commissioner's efforts, Mr. Bell, Commissioner of United States Bureau of Fisheries, was induced to accept a site for a Federal Fish Hatchery, in North Georgia, which will be maintained and operated at Federal expense for the purpose of restocking lak~s and streams of that area. The site for the hatchery was donated by citizens of Rabun and Habersham counties and a gift was obtained from the Georgia Power Company to aid in developing the project. The Department has furnished speakers to the schools of the State, all civic organizations, and other agencies interested, acquainting them with the conservation and development of our natural resources, endeavoring to enlist their aid and at the same time, to make Georgians more conservation-conscious. Innumerable minor services to the Divisions of this Department have been rendered, such as procuring poles and materials for power line from Baxley to Forestry Headquarters two miles from town, also a similar service to Santa Domingo State Park. These services were vital inasmuch as the Divisions did not have money to defray expenses involved. STATE NATURAL RESOURCES MUSEUM The Natural Resources Museum, quartered on the fourth floor of the State Capitol Building, presents specimens of minerals, trees, wild life, artifacts of prehistoric people, agricultural products, entomological life, soil conservation, mineral products, and the Herty products of paper and rayon. The Museum is impressive, educative, and a credit to the State of Georgia. Annually thousands of people from all parts of Georgia, from other states, and from foreign lands visit the Museum. Many reveal keen interest and appreciation, even prolonging their visits to learn more of the natural resources there displayed. Throngs of students and their teachers come from various parts of the state to see the exhibits and learn something of the state's wealth of natural resources. 12 Report Department of Natural Resources PERSONNEL OF THE COJ\ll\IISSIONER'S OFFICE The personnel of the Commissioner's office consists of six employees: The Commissioner; a publicity director who serves all four divisions as well as the Commissioner's office; attorney; an educational manager \Yho handles school projects and publications of the Department; a curator of the Natural Resources l\1 useum, and a secretary. From April 1, 1937 until the end of the fiscal year June 30, 1938, the expense of the Commissioner's office was $14,878.55. This covers salaries, traveling expenses, office equipment and supplies. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF PARKS Charles N. Elliott, Director The Division of State Parks has the responsibility of administering state parks, developing the recreational possibilities of the State, marking historic sites and creating wide appreciation of these attractions to the end that Georgians may enjoy them, and people of other states and nations may be attracted to them. This Division was created by legislative act effective l\Iarch 5, 1937, and began operation April 1, 1937. Previously the state parks were administered by the State Forest Service. Except for one park at Indian Springs, the state park movement is of recent origin, and coincident with the formation of the Civilian Conservation Corps which provided assistance much needed by the State in developing a park program. PURPOSES IN CREATING THE DIVISION OF STATE PARKS The creation of the Division of State Parks is primarily due to Governor E. D. Rivers. The reasons actuating the existence of this division as one of those comprising the Department of Natural Resources are best given in an address of Governor Rivers to the 1939 session of the General Assembly from which the following is quoted. "\Vhen the Division of State Parks was created in l\Iarch, 1937, and made a part of the Department of Natural Resources, the Governor and General Assembly had several purposes in view. "One of those was the establishment of some branch of State Government which could fully cooperate with the National Park Service, Civilian Conservation Corps, and other agencies toward the development of an adequate park and recreation system for the State of Georgia. At that time the number of State Park CCC Camps in Georgia was being decreased for the simple reason that in this State no agency had been created to assume responsibility for the development, maintenance, and operation of State Parks, and for the expenditure of federal funds on those parks. Up to that time the development of parks had received supervision of a State Department whose many other duties prevented it from devoting much attention to park development. Consequently, the National Park Service had at its own expense maintained an office in the State Capitol for the supervision of Georgia's state parks. Fortunately, the National Park Service had been able to assume this expense but with the decrease of its personnel this burden fell upon the shoulders of the State. 14 Report Department of J.Vatural Resources "Because there was no state parks department, state park CCC camps were being taken away from this state and placed in adjoining states where the National Park Service was receiving proper and adequate cooperation. Georgia was in danger of losing its state park camps, each of which, in dollars and cents, \\as \\"Orth approximately a quarter of a million dollars each year to the State, and of sustaining the greater loss of its state park program, the value of which to the future welfare of Georgia could not be estimated in any terms. "Another important reason involved in creating the Division of State Parks was to provide the State \Yith authority and power to set aside and preserve its areas of scenic splendor. \\'hile not deploring a wise use of our natural resources, some beauty spots of Georgia should be preserved. Eventually they may mean more to our people than the small amount of commercial products which could be derived from them. These beauty spots will not only provide some place for our own people to visit and enjoy, but it has been proved that they will bring large numbers of visitors from other states and other nations, and will mean financial gain to the State. "Another purpose for establishing the Division of State Parks was to provide an organization authorized to locate and properly mark historic sites of this State. There had never been any organized effort to do this. l\Iany markers of various kinds and descriptions, sponsored by various organizations, had been erected in Georgia, but there was not even a complete list of the marked historic sites of this state. Nor did the markers have any uniformity or conventional design. There was definite need for uniform markers along our highways for designating or directing travelers to historic or scenic sites. The roadside markers erected by some of the states had brought an influx of tourists which meant millions of dollars. As an example, the United States Tourist Bureau recently published figures showing that the tourist industry in Georgia in 1937 was \YOrth approximately 58 millions of dollars to the State. In such states as Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts, where the principle attractions are the historic sites, the tourist trade in 193 7 amounted respectively to 327 millions, 846 millions and 204 millions. Even New Jersey, a state far below Georgia in scenic values and in size, had a tourist year valued close to 183 millions of dollars. "One of the most serious considerations in the establishing of a parks division of State government was to provide adequate recreational facilities for our people. Year by year, as highway and transportation facilities improved, more and more people sought some place Report of the Division of Parks 15 to go, some pleasant and beautiful spot where family and friends could enjoy their outings without trespassing or being disturbed. The Legislature realized too, that many of the larger towns and cities in Georgia had no way of providing adequate recreation for their people. Some parks and playgrounds were provided, but there was definite need for some place where children could be taken and kept for a week or two weeks, where they could be taught organized work and organized play; taught the value of clean minds and bodies. All children who are a part of future Georgia are entitled to these privileges, just as much as those \\ho have the financial resources to enable them to enjoy a private summer camp. l\Iany civic organizations in many of the larger cities are attempting to do for the boys and girls of their cities \Yhat we want to do for the state as a whole. vYe felt that if we could aid in some small way by giving some boy or girl inspiration to make of himself or herself a successful citizen, or to keep boys or girls out of our prisons or eleemosynary institutions, then the creation of any division of state government would be justified. "\Yith those purposes and ideals in mind, we wrote the Division of Parks into the law creating the Department of Natural Resources. "l\Iany of you know already that when the parks division was created, only one state park legally belonged to the State. That was Indian Springs State Park, of twelve acres, which, in 1825, had been ceded directly from the Creek Indians to the people of Georgia, and which had been later placed by the Legislature under the supervision of the Department of Forestry, at the time the Department most closely related to recreation. "With the advent of the CCC, when the National Park Service was making an effort to distribute their allotted quota of camps geographically and equally among the states, the Forestry and Geological Commission began to accept land for recreational purposes. Some of these lands, all in small tracts, were outstanding in scenic attractions; others were important historically. The movement was a favored one. "Although deeds were accepted and Civilian Conservation Corps Camps were established, the State could not legally accept the land. There was no provision in the law to allow the forestry department to take land for any purpose other than for forestry, Therefore, the deeds could not be accepted by the attorney general's office. They had not even been recorded in the counties where the land was donated. 16 Report Department of Nat ural Resources "Therefore one of the first jobs of the newly created Division of Parks was to rewrite all deeds in a form approved by the attorney general's office, have them signed again and recorded. The total acreage of these lands for which new deeds were drawn was 4,973Yz acres." GENERAL OBJECTIVES The general objectives of this Division are defined in the act creating the Department of Natural Resources, approved March 5, 1937, and found on Page 264 et seq. of the Georgia Laws of 193 7. Briefly stated, they are as follows: (1) To control and manage all parks and recreational areas acquired by the State. (2) To survey, in cooperation with other agencies, the State's present park and recreational resources and facilities, the need for them, to what extent the need is being met, and to determine lands suitable for inclusion in the state park system. (3) To acquire by purchase, lease, agreement, or condemnation such land as it deems necessary for proper inclusion in the system. (4) To accept gifts of land, money, or other property to be used in extending, improving, or maintaining the state park system. (5) To make expenditures for the care, supervision, improvement, and development of the state park system. (6) To cooperate with other agencies in matters relating to acquiring, planning, establishing, developing, improving, or maintaining any park, parkway, or recreational area. (7) To contract and cooperate with other groups or agencies to protect, restore, preserve, mark, maintain, or operate any historic, scientific, or archaeologic site. (8) To construct and operate suitable public service facilities in the areas in the system. (9) To provide and maintain recreational facilities and conduct programs in connection therewith. (10) To appoint local or regional councils to advise with the division upon certain areas. (11) To establish and enforce rules for protection of peace and property in areas in the system. (12) To plan and conduct a program of information and publicity as to scenic, recreational, historical, archaeological, or scientific places within the State. (13) To cooperate with the State Highway Department in the establishment and maintenance of roadside parks and development for enjoyment of the travelling public. \YORK PERFORMED \Vork performed and results obtained during the 21 months since the creation of the Division of State Parks is presented briefly. To go into details of organization and operation is unnecessary, except Report of the Division of Parks 17 to say that the operation and maintenance funds from the State have been very limited, being only a portion of the $50,000 set up in the 1937 appropriation bill. This, together with the income from the various parks has been used for personnel, purchase of necessary equipment for 20 cabins, three inns, bath houses, boathouses, necessary swimming and safety equipment for lakes, for publication of booklets and pamphlets to acquaint Georgians with their scenic, historic and recreational areas and to bring visitors from other statesall too inadequate to accomplish results in proportion to the real merit of the plans outlined by the last regular session of the State Legislature. Within twenty-one months, five parks, scattered throughout the State, have been opened to the public. These parks, which offer a fine cross section of the scenic, historic, and recreational advantages of Georgia, in two summer seasons attracted well over a million visitors from Georgia, from every state in the Union, and from some foreign nations. The facilities offered were far from being adequate to meet the demands made upon them. \Yithin two weeks after Vogel Park, in the Blue Ridge, was opened for the summer, every one of the seven cabins available had been reserved until the middle of September. This was in spite of the fact that no cabin was reserved for longer than two weeks or a shorter time than one week during the summer months. The picnic tables and benches at Indian Springs State Park, with enough space to accommodate one thousand picnickers, were usually completely occupied on Sunday afternoon and people stood in line waiting for tables on which to spread their lunches. Liberty Hall, the home of Alexander H. Stephens, had registration from surprisingly distant points, and the tavern on the crest of Pine Mountain had gratifying success in the number of visitors. Santo Domingo State Park on the coastal highway was a stopping point for many of the travelers who came through from north to south. By dint of borrowing equipment and supplies from other state agencies and government agencies, and buying much bargain and second hand equipment, which was entirely good, the cost of equipping the five state parks was approximately $20,000. The gross returns from the operations of two seasons of four parks during the summer of 193 7 and five parks during the summer of 1938, was approximately $33,000. Santo Domingo State Park produced less than $20.00 of this amount, due to lack of adequate facilities. This gross income went into the purchase of supplies, maintenance of buildings and other park equipment, payment of salaries for nee- 18 Report Department of Natural Resources essary seasonal personnel and other expenditures to make the parks operate smoothly, safely, and for the pleasure and convenience of those who sought recreation. REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION In 1937 the United States Tourist Bureau designated the Division of State Parks as the official Information Bureau for the State of Georgia. All requests for information about Georgia which came in to the Tourist Bureau, were fonYarded to the Division of State Parks. All letters and cards addressed to the State Tourist Bureau, State Publicity Department, and all other official designations which most states maintain to promote travel, are referred to this Division. Most of the other southern states make large appropriations for promoting tourist business. The State of Tennessee, for instance, spends $50,000 each year in the preparation and circulation of state publicity and promotion of tourist travel. Requests for information about the scenic and historic interests of the State also come to this Division. The Division received letters from persons wishing to buy old colonial homes, or plantations. Such letters were mimeographed and sent out to all Chambers of Commerce and Boards of Trade in the State, with the request that information be supplied to the interested parties. Requests for data on agricultural problems, the number of rooms in the State Capitol, Georgia species of snakes, sites for camping and health resorts-all were handled directly or referred to the proper agencies for answer. PUBLICITY AND PUBLICATIONS To meet the demand for literature about Georgia's historic and beauty spots, thirteen publications were prepared for distribution. Many requests for literature came from such far away places as Honolulu, London, England, and Sidney, Australia. The Atlanta Journal Rotogravure Section ran a full page of pictures of Georgia Parks each week for eight weeks and carried additional pictures from time to time. A thousand extra copies were given to the Division of Parks, and were mailed over the United States. The Atlanta Journal magazine section carried a number of stories on the parks of the State. The Atlanta Constitution carried several feature articles on the parks, one series of stories by Elmer Ransom, well known author, and a number of pictures in its rotogravure section. The Atlanta Georgian promoted a contest in naming the Vogel State Park Lake, besides providing additional features dealing with the Report of the Division of Parks 19 State's beauty spots. Other papers of the State carried feature articles of historic and scenic interest, prepared by the Division. Among the articles appearing in magazines of national circulation and describing Georgia's state parks, were "Liberty Hall", published in "Tours and Detours", the Standard Oil Company l\1agazine; "Home of Nunehi", a story of Vogel State Park, published in "American Forests"; an article on Santo Domingo State Park, in "Architectural Concrete", published by Portland Cement Corporation; "Georgia State Parks" published in "Builder", issued by the Junior Chamber of Commerce of Georgia, and a story of the state's parks, which appeared in "Behind the \\"heel", an American Automobile Association publication. Seven radio programs were prepared and given by the Division of State Parks. Outstanding among these, and ones \Yhich brought letters from listeners in many parts of the nation were the Easter Sunrise Service, a devotional from a mountain top in northern Georgia; a dramatic sketch of the life of Alexander H. Stephens: and an international broadcast in three languages, given from New York. A colored film of the state parks and other scenic areas, was made and distributed to many of the schools of the State, and used in connection \vith lectures by members of the Division. A contest for amateur photographers was sponsored by the Division for the three best photographs of scenes in state parks submitted, and prizes were given. The pictures were published. Auto bumper strips advertising parks were donated by interested citizens for Indian Springs and Alexander H. Stephens parks. Appropriate highway signs were erected at advantageous points, including approach, directional, and entrance signs Splendid cooperation of the State Department of Education has enabled this division not only to contribute to a bulletin entitled "Georgia Natural Resources", but to reprint separately that portion contributed by this Division, into an attractive pamphlet profusely illustrated and entitled "Thy Woods and Temple Hills". PUBLIC ?viEETINGS Every invitation to appear before a civic club, garden club, school, or other organization, to tell the story of Georgia's park system has been accepted. Some seventy-five such engagements have been filled. Several annual banquets and meetings of such organizations as the Georgia Federation of \\'oman's Clubs and the Georgia Park and Recreation Association have been held in one of the state parks. 20 Report Department of Natural Resources T,,.o organizations have been effected as a result of the efforts of the Division of State Parks. The Butt's County Historical and Archaeological Society was organized in -:\lay, 193 7, to cooperate \ with this Division in operating the museum at Indian Springs State Park. The Georgia Park and Recreation Association to bring to the people of Georgia a truer appreciation of the beauties of their state, was organized in February, 1938. Close cooperation has been maintained \Yith governmental agencies and societies in the promotion of recreational work. In June, 1938, the Director of the Division was elected to the Board of Directors of the National Conference of State Parks. HISTORIC -;\IARKERS The historic marker program is well under way. To meet the need of a complete inventory of the state's historic sites, both those which had been marked as well as those unmarked, the Division secured a \VPA project to study the historic sites, select the most important ones in each county, and prepare inscription for a series of markers which would be comparable to those of some of the well marked states. Sufficient \YPA personnel was assigned to this work and placed under the division historian. \Vel! over t\\o thousand sites have been studied and the ground work is being laid for a real svstem of markers for Georgia. Since each marker will be lettered for the highway, and numbered on that highway, a comprehensive plan is being worked out whereby each marker will fit into a related system. The cost of these markers would ordinarily be around $50.00 each. The Division of State Parks has worked out an arrangement whereby Georgia Tech will furnish its own foundry, the \\'PA, skilled labor, and the State Highway Department, transportation, which reduces the cost to be borne by the sponsoring organizations and counties to less than $7.00 per marker. Several counties and organizations have already agreed to donate sufficient funds to provide materials for the portion of the marker system in their counties. J\1assachusetts, New York, and Virginia have appropriated several hundred thousands of dollars for their historic marker systems, but by this arrangement Georgia can have an equally fine system without great cost to the State. COOPERATION WITH OTHER :sTATE AGENCIES The Division has cooperated \\ith the Vocational Department of the State Department of Education in erecting a camp in Newton County for the Future Farmer's organization in Georgia. Three or Report of the Division of Parks 21 four thousand boys will use this camp each summer, after the completion of adequate buildings. Services of the Division have been offered to help teach these farm boys about the natural resources and natural advantages of the State. The Division collaborated with the State Highway Department in the preparation of the new colored scenic and pictorial maps of the State of Georgia. STATE BPILDING IMPRO\'E:\IENTS The State Capitol and Governor's :\Iansion were turned over to the Division of Parks for operation and renovation. Two special appropriations \Yere provided by the General Assembly for this purpose. The mansion, \Yhich \\as in a condition both disreputable and a discredit to the State of Georgia, and also dangerous because of faulty gas furnace connections and rotting timbers and beams, was repaired and painted. A "'PA project \\"as secured and the Capitol painted inside. Upon examination, the Capitol roof was found to have three layers of roofing material and the accumulated weight was so much that it \\as breaking the timbers \Yhich held it up. This was removed and a ne\Y roof put on. The House and Senate chambers \Yere renovated and adequate light and ventilation systems installed. A ne\\ project has been submitted for the painting of all office space in the Capitol. PARK PROGRA:\I EXPANSION In addition, the parks prog-ram is expanding. In 1937, when the Division of State Parks was created, the State owned eight parks, containing less than five thousand acres of land. Today the Division of Parks owns, is operating, seeking to develop, or is collaborating with the other state and government agencies, in the development of eighteen state park and recreational areas with a total acreage of 32,000 acres. Negotiations are under way at the present time for eight additional areas, having a total of some 31,000 acres more. All state park land has been, and will continue to be donated to the State. As fast as possible, the Division is developing recreational facilities which are so much in demand by our people. Development work has been slow because of lack of funds with "hich to purchase materials to go into the construction of cabins, bathhouses, lakes, picnic tables, benches, outdoor fireplaces and shelters, as well as to provide water, sewerage and lights. Progress is being made, but not to the extent demanded by our people. 22 Report Department of Natural Resources The National Park Service advises that new CCC camps may be secured if the State will furnish the money \Yith which to supply sufficient materials to keep the CCC enrollees busy. If Georgia can not furnish the money for materials, then those camps will be placed in states which do have enough interest to furnish materials to match CCC labor. The Division is informed that \Yith each $10,000 per year that the State appropriates for construction material that the federal government \Yill give us a National Park Service CCC Camp, worth exactly $250,000 per year to the state. In other words, our share in all projects of this kind would amount to 4 per cent of the total cost. To date, the State has not contributed that much, or even a fraction of that much. The State must do its share if it expects to continue to participate in the program of providing recreation for our people. The surface is barely scratched in establishing public parks and playgrounds in Georgia. It must be realized that there is a big job ahead in teaching Georgians more about the history of their own state, more about the background of their heritage. If the job of providing sufficient clean recreation for our children as well as our adults is properly done then \\e will develop clean bodies and clean minds in the generation now on its way to maturity, and in so doing, jails and asylums will be depleted and the charity wards of our hospitals less needed. RECREATION IN NATURAL RESOURCE RESERVATIONS Land is now being accepted from some counties of the State as Natural Resource Reservations. On this land three purposes are to be served. (1) Forestry demonstration, to show the landowner of the section how trees may be planted, the species \Vhich should be used, and hm\ they may be managed after being planted to produce the greatest profit. (2) Protection of the game of the reservation, in order that it may multiply and overflow into the county and into adjoining counties, and always afford an abundance of game in those areas in which the reservations are located. (3) The reservation of the most attractive spots on the areas for recreational facilities, for the use of those \\ho come for an outing, and for those who come to see the forestry demonstration work or the game management activity. Revenue taken in from the recreational features will partially pay for the upkeep of the reservation. Report of the Division of Parks 23 ORGANIZATION OF THE DIVISION The Division commenced active operation on April 1, 1937. In assuming control of the areas already acquired and partially developed as state parks many problems were met. First, it was found that the state's title to many of the areas was unsatisfactory, inasmuch as land had previously been acquired under an act authorizing the state to accept land for forestry purposes only. Ne\Y deeds were taken in some cases and in other the original deeds revised. Each park was found in great need of improvement and additional facilities before it could be opened to general public use. The cabins and inns \Yere incomplete and unfurnished; water, light, fire protection, and se\\erage facilities were inadequate. The parks had depended for maintenance upon the efforts of park caretakers and concessionaires. Consequently, the developed areas had suffered and required much renovation to be brought into attractive condition. Under the Director were formed t\\o branches; one, the branch of plans and designs, responsible for planning all construction work and for preparation and submission of the plans to the National Park Service for park development to be carried out by the Civilian Conservation Corps and Emergency Relief Administration. The other, the branch of operations, consists of a chief under whom work park superintendents and rangers in the parks ready for operation. Four parks were opened to the public for the summer of 1937. These were Indian Springs State Park, near Jackson; Vogel State Park, near Blairsville; Alexander H. Stephens Memorial State Park, at Crawfordville; and Santo Domingo State Park, on the coastal highway near Darien. Pine Mountain State Park, near Chipley, was opened for the summer of 1938, and its inn, as well as the inn at Vogel were opened to the public for the first time. PARKS IN OPERATION, THEIR FACILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS Vogel State Park is located on U. S. Highway 129 and Georgia 11, approximately one hundred miles from Atlanta. It lies within the boundaries of the Chattahoochee National Forest, in the heart of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and contains approximately three hundred acres of wooded mountain slopes and valleys. The park has a forty acre lake, with swimming, boating, and fishing facilities; cabins available for renting; a boathouse with concession facilities; an inn affording hotel accommodations; picnicking facilities; several miles of trails; and many points of scenic and historic interest. 24 Report Department of Natural Resources At the present time, there is an outstanding need for the following additions to the park: Staff quarters, servants quarters, superintendent's residence and office; twelve additional cabins and a telephone system. Indian Springs State Park is located on U. S. Highway 42, approximately sixty miles south of Atlanta. It contains the site of the famous health-giving mineral spring, known as Indian Springs, and covers an area of approximately one hundred and sixty acres. At the present time the park is equipped with a museum for Indian relics, a casino, facilities for medicinal baths, a playground for children, picnicking facilities, and several miles of attractive trails. Hotel accommodations adjoin the park. The present needs include a swimming pool, a water and sewage system, superintendent's residence, and additional picnicking facilities. Alexander H. Stephens Memorial State Park is located on the Augusta Highway, Ga. 12, approximately one hundred miles from Atlanta. The park area includes around two hundred and seventy-five acres and contains the home of Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy. The park facilities include a three-acre lake for swimming and boating, tennis courts, children's wading pool, lookout tower, baseball diamond, picnicking facilities, several miles of trails for hiking, and convenient hotel accommodations. In order to advantageously operate this area, there is a need for rest rooms at Liberty Hall, a pavilion, a superintendent's residence and a telephone system. Santo Domingo State Park is located on U. S. Highway 341, approximately three hundred miles from Atlanta, near Brunswick. The area of the park is approximately three hundred and fifty acres. The site of famous disputed ruins, the origin of which has not yet been determined, is located in the park. Facilities include a Spanish inn, picnicking accommodations, several miles of trails for hiking, and wide opportunities for nature study and for the study of Georgia's early history. Needed facilities at this area include a superintendent's residence, extension of the water system, a telephone system, and four cabins of slave quarter design. Pine Mountain State Park is located on Georgia Highway No.lS, near Chipley, approximately seventy-eight miles from Atlanta. A park tavern and four stone cabins are located at the top of the mountain, affording hotel accommodations to tourists. In the valley is a twenty-acre lake with fishing, swimming and boating facilities. A group of log cabins is located around the lake. These are available Report of the Division of Parks 25 to vacationists. Several miles of mountain trails are available for hiking. Lying on the crest of the mountain range is the famous Pine Mountain parkway, affording extensive views of the surrounding country. At the present time, there is a great demand for a swimming pool; a day use area with picnicking facilities, bathhouse, comfort stations; a boat dock, and additions to the tavern. Chehaw State Park lies on Georgia Highway 3, near Albany, and approximately one hundred and fifty miles from Atlanta. This park is a day use area with facilities for picnicking and hiking. A superintendent's residence has been erected and comfort stations are available. In an attractively landscaped area is located a large lagoon with rustic bridge and trails on the several small islands. This park requires a museum, a boathouse and dock, a swimming pool and a casino for adequate service to the public. FINANCIAL STATMENT FOR PERIOD OF JULY 1, 1937-JUNE 30, 1938. RECEIPTS Income Transfers from State Treasury Appropriation ___________________________________ $37, 000. 00 Emergency Fund________________________________ 4, 000. 00 $41, 000.00 Rents and Concession and Sales Indian Springs_ VogeL ______ _ Pine Mountain __ Santo Domingo_ ______________ _ A. H. Stephens_____ ------------------ Capitol Square Soda Company_ Telephone (U. S. Gov't) ___________________ _ 7,480.18 3,977.72 210.00 9.61 576.97 1,243.37 98.00 13,195.85* Donations Indian Springs _________________________________ - Pine Mountain __________________________ -- _-- _- 42.00 200.00 242.00 Total Income Receipts _______________________ _ Non-Income Transfer from Forestry Division ___________________ _ $54,437.85 195. 12 Total Receipts_ $54,632.97 26 Report Department of Natural Resources PAYMENTS Governmental Cost Personal Services___________________________________ _ Travel Expense_------------------ __________________ _ Supplies ____________________________________________ _ Communication____________________________________ _ Heat, Light, Power, Water_ _______________________ _ Printing____________________________________________ _ ~epairs _____________________________________________ _ ~entals _____________________________________________ _ Insurance __________________________________________ _ Equipment _________________________________________ _ Miscellaneous ______________________________________ _ Subscriptions and dues ________________________ _ Laundry ________________________________________ _ Total Governmental Cost Payments _________ _ Non-Governmental Cost Transfers to Commissioner's Office _______________ _ Total payments ______________________________ _ BALANCE, JUNE 30, 1938 __________________________ _ Total _________________________________________ _ 30,720.28 3,698.18 7,216.82" 735.94 428. 17 721. 38 506.41 300.04 131.70 3,950.83'"' 29.60 165.39 194.99 $48,604.74 2,503.50 51,108.24 3,524.73 54,632.97 *Net earnings-much needed equipment and supplies were purchased by the park concessionaires from maintenance and operation funds at the park. '"'These figures do not include the purchase of equipment and supplies by the park concessionaires. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY Frank Hey\vard, Director On March 5, 193i, the bill creating the Department of Natural Resources in which the Division of Forestry was included, was signed by the Governor and became a law. State Forester Elmer Dyal resigned and was succeeded on March 22, by Frank Heyward, Jr. In order to increase the efficiency of the field personnel a radical change was effected by closing or relocating several of the district offices. Formerly, dis1rict offices were located at Rome, Gainesville, Augusta, Columbus, Macon, Albany, \\"aycross, and Savannah. According to the new organization plan the state was divided into four districts thereby reducing bv half the former number. District offices were retained in Gainesville, Maron, and Albany and a new office was opened at Baxley. Instead of being located at one extreme or another of its specific district, under the reorganization each district office was located as nearly :cs possible at the geographical center of the district. A district forester, who under the new law creating a Department of Natural Resources, must hold a college degree in forestry, was placed in charge of each district, and depending upon the amount of work centering in that district, assistant district foresters were appointed. Thus, the present field personnel consists of the following: Gainesville-District forester and one assistant; Macon-District forester and one assistant; Albany-District forester; Baxley-District forester and two assistants. The four districts into which the State is divided are approximately delimited by a line separating Carroll and Heard, Newton and Jasper, and Lincoln and Columbia Counties; another line separating Chattahoochee and Stewart, Bleckley and Dodge, and Burke and Screven Counties; and finally by a north and south line between Pulaski and Dodge, Irwin and Coffee, and Lowndes and Echols Counties. Thus the Gainesville and Macon Districts roughly include the Piedmont and mountainous portions of the State whereas the Albany and Baxley districts include the Coastal Plain. Although each district is not in itself a homogenous unit from the standpoint of topographical and forest conditions, these and other conditions determining the problems of the technical staff assigned to the district are not so diversified as to warrant subdividing the districts into smaller units. From the standpoint of supervision from the Atlanta office having only four districts headquarters is ideal. As the Division of Forestry increases in size it is proposed to subdivide each district into units each under the supervision of an assist- 28 Report Department of Natural Resources ant district forester. The number of district foresters, each directly accountable to the Atlanta office, would, however, be unchanged. FIRE PROTECTION In spite of the fact that Georgia's forests constitute one of her most valuable resources the wanton destruction by fires each year continues to run into millions of dollars. However, increased interest of the public in fire protection is evident each year. Unquestionably the most far reaching event in the history of Georgia's forestry development \Yas the ratification by a majority of 4 to 1 in the November general election, of a Constitutional Amendment giving to the individual counties the right to appropriate funds for forest fire protection. At least 10 counties are no\\ planning to avail themselves of the provisions of this amendment in a determined effort to prevent further destruction by forest fires. Another event of much importance to the fire program in southeastern Georgia was the completion of the district headquarters on the Baxley Demonstration Forest. A residence, office building, warehouse, and machine shop were erected \Yith CCC funds. Coming into the telephone exchange in the office are trunk lines connecting the Baxley office \Yith the majority of the fire protection organizations \videly distributed over about 5 million acres of land. The district forester is, therefore, able to contact over the state's own metallic circuit telephone lines the various fire organizations throughout the district. A probable development in the near future, pending only the construction of one additional line, will be the distribution over telephone to all fire organizations daily weather reports received from the U. S. \\'eather Bureau at Jacksonville. The Coastal Plains TPO with headquarters at Brunswick, installed during 1938 a 500 watt radio transmitter for the purpose of contacting all fire trucks in Glynn, l\Iclntosh, Brantley, and Camden Counties. The transmitter is controlled by a licensed radio operator \vho is on duty or available for call, 24 hours out of the day. Test calls are broadcast to all trucks at 30 minute intervals throughout the day and fire calls at any time a fire occurs. The Camden Protection Unit with headquarters at Colesburg, broadcasts fire calls to its trucks through the transmitter at Brunswick by remote control. The two headquarters are connected by a metallic telephone line and a microphone is attached to the telephone switchboard at Colesburg. \\'hen a fire occurs, the dispatcher at Colesburg rings the dispatcher or radio operator at Brunswick and Report of the Division of Forestry 29 the Brunswick operator plugs Colesburg into the radio transmitter through the telephone switchboard. The fire call is then broadcast directly from Colesburg through Brunswick and to the trucks back in Camden County. Including the Coastal Plains TPO there are now three radio broadcasting stations in South Georgia whose sole function is forest fire control. Of further significance in the State's fire control program is the purchase of six firebreak units. Each unit consists of a crawler type tractor and two plows, one for constructing new breaks and one for renewing old breaks. These units which have plowed 5,175 miles of new firebreaks to date, are financed by charging the landowners on a mileage basis the actual cost of construction which amounts to approximately $2.00 per mile. These units, being self liquidating, will cost the State nothing. In north Georgia outstanding progress has been made in organizing protection units on a county-wide basis. Five of these counties were the first in the State to attempt fire control on a county-wide basis. The number and size of fires have been materially reduced in the protected areas and plans are now being completed for operation of these county units on a more adequate budget, inasmuch as the units have been poorly financed in the past. At the present time there are 18 fire protection units in the State representing 3,363,441 acres. This comprises only about one-sixth of Georgia's total forest land. Nine of these units consist of counties protected on a county wide basis. This is important inasmuch as it is generally recognized that an entire county can be more economically and effectively protected from fire than groups of individual properties distributed over one or more counties as is the case with the Timber Protective Organizations. Now that counties have the legal right to appropriate funds for fire protection, there is a general movement in most of the Timber Protective Organizations to reorganize on a county basis. This movement will without doubt greatly increase the area under protection in the State and will also increase the effectiveness of fire protection. In December, 1937 the State assumed its first full responsibility in fire protection on any specific area. In Camden County the old TPO requested the State to assume responsibility for detecting and suppressing all fires on about 17 5,000 acres. The Camden Protection Unit is now functioning smoothly and is on a par with any other organization in the State. The organization functions on a 12 month basis and is well equipped with an excellent telephone and tower 30 Report Department of "Natural Resources system as well as fire trucks with short wave radio. At the present time there are 9 fully equipped fire trucks in this unit. Four of these are owned by the State and the remainder by private landowners. In addition to the Camden unit the State is nmY responsible for the fire-organizations in Emanuel, Jeff Davis, and Appling counties and the portions of Bacon and Pierce formerly comprising the Hurricane Creek TPO, a grand total of slightly less than 1,000,000 acres. In all counties operating under the state's supervision on a countywide basis there exists an advisory board consisting of representatives from the Board of County Commissioners, the landowners, and the Division of Forestry. Another development forming an important step in fire control during the past two years, has been the construction of fire organization headquarters for the Grand Bay TPO at Lakeland, the \Yayne County TPO at Jesup, Coastal Plains TPO at Brunswick, and the Camden Protection Cnit at Colesburg. In addition to the six firebreak units mentioned above the Division of Forestry has purchased 16 fully equipped fire trucks. Each truck is equipped with a pressure pump and water tank, back pumps, in addition to rakes, fire flaps, axes, and other hand tools. These trucks are operated in the fire protection units under state supervision. Second only to passage of the Constitutional Amendment permitting counties to participate in fire control, 'vas the sustained drive participated in by every agency and individual interested in forestry to have Congress increase, the federal appropriation for fire control from $1,655,000.00 to ~2,500,000.00 for the country as a whole, the amount authorized by the existing law but never appropriated. The State of Georgia played an important part in the movement which resulted in the Congress appropriating $2,000,000 of the :u;2,500,000 requested. It is fully expected that the 1939 Congress will appropriate the full amount authorized by law and take further action by increasing the authorization to S9,000,000. Undoubtedly the greatest need in connection with Georgia's fight against fires is a substantial state appropriation earmarked for use in counties who wish to organize on a county-wide basis. A sum of at least ~100,000 to be used at a rate of 1 cent per acre for each acre of forest land in the county would enable dozens of counties not now able to finance fire protection to organize immediately. A sum of 5 cents per acre would be needed for counties in the Coastal Plain and lesser amounts for counties further north. At 5 cents per acre, the county would raise 2 cents, the federal government 2 cents cents and the state 1 cent. Report of the Division of Forestry 31 The backbone of Georgia's fire protection activities is still the Civilian Conservation Corps. During the past bi-ennial period two camps have been removed leaving a total of 6 camps whose activities are confined to fire control on privately owned forest lands. These camps, supported with federal funds, have completed the following activities since January 1, 1937. Bridges constructed ............................. . 266 Lookout towers constructed .... . 21 Other buildings constructed ... 9 Miles telephone lines constructed (metallic trunk circuit). . . . . . ................. . 228 Miles telephone lines constructed grounded circuit .. 340 Rod fence ... 2,600 Miles foot trails constructed .......... . 17 Miles truck trails constructed .................... . 724 Acres planted in trees ........................... . 400 Acres of forest stand improvement (thinning) ..... . 385 Pounds tree seed collected. . . . . . . . . ........... . 10,205 Mandays on nursery work.......... . ......... . 580 Mandays fighting fires. . ........... . 16,864 Miles of firebreaks constructed ................... . 1,268 Acres of carpet grass planted ..................... . 4,210 Mandays searching for missing persons ............ . 150 Mandays drafting timber type maps .............. . 1,687 Acres timber type survey ........................ . 3,802,306 Acres general cleanup . . . . . . . . ........ . 860 Of outstanding importance are the fire organization and district headquarters already mentioned. These buildings are evaluated at approximately $22,000.00, and would have been impossible without CCC funds Fire control improvements, particularly headquarters buildings, towers, and telephone lines resulting from CCC activities have advanced the state's program in fire protection into a far more efficient organization than would have been possible for many years had the State atone been compelled to finance this work. FORESTATION One of the most important activities of the Division of Forestry is producing tree seedlings and distributing these to landowners throughout the_ State. In 1937-38, 15,000,000 seedlings were distributed. 32 Report Department of Natural Resources With the creation of the new Division of Forestry, immediate plans were made for a great increase in nursery production. Through the . \ fine cooperation of the citizens of Albany, Dougherty County turned over to the Division of Forestry 65 acres of land, under long term lease, to be used in increasing the size of the Albany nursery now called the Herty Nursery. New overhead 1rngation equipment costing approximately $6,000.00 was installed placing a total of 25 acres under irrigation. As a result of this expansion, the nursery output of 3,225,000 for 1937-38 was increased to 13,000,000 seedlings for the planting season of 1938-39. At the end of the 1937-38 planting season, the small nursery at Neel's Gap in north Georgia was permanently abandoned and a new site was selected at FlO\Yery Branch, Hall County. The town of Flowery Branch and the officials of Hall County turned over to the State on long term lease basis 75 acres of fine land to be developed as a nursery. During this, the first year of operation, the output was 1, 750,000 seedlings. At the Flowery Branch Nursery the following species of trees are grown: Loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, slash pine, black locust, and black walnut. These species, with the exception of slash pine are native to north Georgia. At the Herty Nursery slash and longleaf pines are the only species grown. Interest in slash pine has increased tremendously following the late Dr. Herty's experiments showing the suitability of this tree for the production of white paper. Slash pine is a hardy tree which has proved to be adaptable to all sections of the State with the possible exception of high mountains. Plantations of slash pine from five to seven years old are growing well in many sections of north Georgia. After giving the matter much study the Division of Forestry has decided upon a policy of recommending the planting of slash pine in many portions of the State; provision is made, however, for the planting of this tree in admixture with loblolly pine in the northern sections. Thus, in those portions of the State considerably north of a line approximately through Augusta, i\Iacon and Columbus, the Division recommends that slash and loblolly pines be planted on the same area in alternate rows. \Vhen the seedlings have developed into trees large enough to be thinned, which they will in 12 to 18 years after the establishment of the plantation, the species which has de- veloped the better will be left to compose the residual stand and the inferior of the two will be removed in the thinning. This policy has several advantages because loblolly pine, although native to north Report of the Division of Forestry 33 Georgia, is frequently attacked by a tip moth, whereas slash pine has so far proved to be immune to this insect. On the other hand, slash pine with its heavy foliage would appear to be in some danger from sleet storms which occassionally visit north Georgia. Thus, if the tip moth materially damages the loblolly pine the entire stand is not impaired; similarly if sleet materially damages the slash pine, the loblolly pine \Yill probably remain to form the residual stand. At the present time there is a tremendous state-wide interest in the planting of pine trees. The Division of Forestry has records of at least one pine plantation having been established in each county in the State with the exception of Lincoln County, since 1933. As further evidence of the great interest in tree planting although the State increased its last year production of tree seedlings from 3,225,000 to approximately 15,000,000, the present supply has been found to be entirely inadequate to supply all of the demands within the State. Further large expansion is planned. An interesting fact pertaining to Georgia's forest tree nurseries is that after the present year the nurseries will be entirely self-sustaining, and no funds from the regular Division of Forestry appropriation will be used for developing nursery facilities. The trees are sold to the public at cost of production. This year the price is $2.00 per thousand trees delivered to the nearest shipping point. This very low cost is possible on account of large scale production and the use of mechanized equipment. All operations from bed forming to lifting the seedlings are carried out by means of equipment motivated by tractor. After the beds are formed, a mechanical seeder plants the seed in drills which run lengthwise of t_he beds. After the seedlings have attained the height of a few inches, the beds are weeded by a gang plow having seven small plow blades each about 3 inches wide and each of which passes between the rows of seedlings. The use of mechanized equipment has effected a tremendous saving in labor and has meant the saving of thousands of dollars to the landowners in the cost of seedlings they buy. Plans are now being formulated for the development of the Flowery Branch nursery through the cooperation of the Soil Conservation Service CCC Camp at Buford and by means of a \VPA project. After its completion, this development will be one of the most aesthetic in the State. Winding trails and picnic grounds will be provided in the ravine and among the hills which adjoin the actual nursery site, on which a b~autiful forest growth is already present. 34 Report Department of Natural Resources The Division of Forestry has received excellent cooperation in the distribution of planting stock from the State Agricultural Extension . ' Service. Both of the extension foresters and many county agents have been instrumental in selling millions of trees throughout the State. MANAGEMENT AND FORESTATION In 1938 a technically trained forester was employed full time for the purpose of working with landowners and giving them specific information regarding the management and utilization of their forests. This forester has made suggestions to a large number of land owners regarding thinning, methods of cutting, and the most remunerative methods of harvesting their forest crops. Although these services are frequently afforded by district foresters, this is the first time that the State has employed a full time man for this particular field of work. Another important activity in the field of forest management has been the inspection throughout the State of various pulpwood cuttings. The Division keeps in close contact with the woods operations of various pulp mills drawing upon Georgia's foreRt resources. The increase in the standards of cutting practices employed by pulpmills during the past year has been highly encouraging, although there still remains much to be desired in this respect regarding not only pulpwood cuttings but cuttings of sawmills and of landowners themselves. DEMONSTRATION FORESTS Of much importance to the Division of Forestry was the acquiring of 980 acres of high quality forest land in Appling County for the establishment of a demonstration forest. The City of Baxley and Appling County donated to the State in fee simple this fine acreage of land. This property, on which is located the office of the District Forester already described, is to be used as a demonstration ground of various forest practices including firebreak construction, methods of planting, thinning, and timber stand improvement. More recently the Division of Forestry was authorized to assume responsibility of the development and management of the 33,000acre resettlement area tract which was turned over to the Department of Natural Resources. This large area will also be used fot demonstration purposes. The main activity, however, to be conducted on this property for a number of years will be fire protection in order to build up the growing stock. Most of this area is devoid of growing Report of the Division of Forestry 35 stock and a number of years must pass before the trees will be old enough to be used for demonstration purposes. EDUCATION For ten years the Division of Forestry has cooperated \vith the State Department of Vocational Education in conducting a forestry project with schools having teachers of vocational agriculture, of which there are now 380 located in 142 of the 159 counties, and 275 of which are white and 105 negro schools. School forests are required for the project. The Division of Forestry advises vocational teachers in the selection of woodland for school forests and makes management plans to be followed for their development. Ten-acre tracts are obtained for school forests usually with a ten-year lease. As a result of this forestry project, thousands of rural boys annually learn to identify trees; the various uses of their woods; how to collect and care for tree seed; how to operate a tree seed bed to produce planting stock; how to plant tree seedlings; methods to use in fire control; principles of thinning and pruning; how to estimate the volume of standing timber, and how to harvest and market timber. As a means of intensifying and broadening student knowledge of forestry, this division conducts an annual forestry camp, allowing one student to attend from each school carrying on the forestry project. The camp has proven very popular and rivalry among students for camp scholarship is keen. Valuable assistance in promoting school forestry has been rendered by the Georgia Forestry Association. Each year this citizens organization awards cash prizes to both white and colored vocational teachers for doing the best work in forestry. The Georgia Forestry Association has also sponsored an essay contest in both high and elementary public schools of Georgia, the subject of which was "Why Georgia Counties Should Support Forest Fire Protection". In this contest, the Division of Forestry participated by deciding the winners. The service rendered by the Division of Forestry to vocational schools, constituted practically the only public school forestry activity until 1938 when the State Department of Education took steps to provide teaching material for a required course in natural resources for all public high schools of the State. To this end a bulletin entitled "Natural Resources of Georgia", treating of forestry, minerals, wild life, and parks, was issued by the State Department of Edu- 36 Report Department of Natural Resources cation. The Division of Forestry prepared material on forestry for this publication. As a result of this forward step by the State Department of Education all high schools in the state are now in position to give instruction in the elements of forestry. PUBLICATIONS AND EXHIBITS Because of the limited funds available, few publications have been printed. An urgent need for teaching material for use of teachers of vocational agriculture has been met by issuing a bulletin entitled "Vocational Forestry", a publication designed primarily for teaching forestry jobs. A bulletin entitled "Georgia's Forests and Their Resources" was issued as a reprint from the bulletin "Georgia's Natural Resources". Manuscripts for other bulletins have been prepared but for lack of funds have not yet been printed. Timely information has been issued as mimeographed circulars dealing with pulpwood cutting and small sawmill operations. Many requests for forestry exhibits have been received, but in only a few instances was the division able to comply, usually cooperating with the U. S. Forest Service in setting up joint exhibits. IN MEMORIAM Forestry in Georgia suffered a tremendous loss by the death of Dr. Charles H. Berty. Dr. Berty's inspiring leadership in the field of fire protection and reforestation was to a great extent responsible for the increase in public interest in forestry throughout not only Georgia but the entire South. It was largely through Dr. Berty's efforts that the Constitutional Amendment pertaining to county-wide participation in fire protection received such universal support by the public. The Division of Forestry feels that it has lost its best friend by the passing of Dr. Berty. This Division also suffered the loss of Joel Rice, an efficient district forester at Baxley, by auto accident. His untimely death deprived the Division of the benefits of a capable and conscientious forester. COOPERATION One of the high lights of the work of the Division of Forestry has been the close cooperation with the various forestry organizations throughout the State particularly the Regional Office of the United Report of the Division of Forestry 37 States Forest Service, the Extension Service in Athens, the Georgia School of Forestry, Georgia Forestry Association, and the Slash Pine Forestry Association. The Division of Forestry is glad to acknowledge the great help which it has received on various technical matters particularly fire control, nursery production, and forest management from the Regional Office of the United States Forest Service. The close cooperation with the U. S. Forest Service has enabled the Division of Forestry to broaden the scope of its work materially. PERSONNEL OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY Technical January 1, 1939 FRANK HEYWARD, JR ........ Director R. D. FRA!\KLIK ............ Assistant Director 111 charge of Fire Protection H. D. STORY, ]R ........... .Assistant Director 1n charge of For- estation H. C. CARRUTH. . .......... Assistant Director in charge of Forest Products and Management T. P. HuRSEY..... . ....... District Forester, Gainesville \V. D. YouNG........ . .... Senior Asst. District Forester, Gaines- ville \V. G. \VALLACE. . ..... District Forester, Macon L. C. HART, ]R ............ .Asst. District Forester, Macon J. S. CRoss ................. District Forester, Albany G. M. MosELY .............. District Forester, Baxley J. E. PurLLIPS .............. Asst. District Forester, Baxley \V. \V. HooD ............... Asst. District Forester, Baxley Non-Technical C. A. \VHITTLE..... . ... Educational Manager M. E. MuRPHY ............. Nurseryman, Albany A. D. KING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nurseryman, Flowery Branch D. H. HAMMOND ............ Mechanic Miss HAZEL E. NICHOLAS . . . . Secretary to Director MRs. MILDRED MANHECK .... Clerk LISTER \V. HARRELL ......... Bookkeeper Miss FANNIE LEE KENIMER .. Stenographer, Gainesville MRs. VIRGINIA PIRKLE . . . . . . . Stenographer, Macon MRs. FRANKLIN ]EFFERSO:-f ... Stenographer, Albany Mrss MADELINE CuLBRETH .. Stenographer, Baxley 38 Report Department of Natural Resources FINANCIAL STATE:i\IENT, JAN. 1-JUNE 30, 1937 Balance on hand January 1, 1937 ......... . $23,058.65 Receipts: From Federal Government Section 2 .. 42,585.39 From Federal Government Section 4 .. 1,128.73 From Sale of Seedlings .............. . 5.442.68 From Miscellaneous ................ . 185. 10 From State Appropriation ........... . 7,307.83 56,649.73 Disbursements for Jan. 1 thru June 30, 1937 79,708.38 58,444.39 Balance on Hand July 1, 1937 ....... . 21,263.99 DETAIL OF DISBURSEMENTS JA::-.1. 1- Jmm 30, 1937 Personal Service ........................ . 13,990.88 Travel ................................ . 4,219.40 Supplies............................... . 254.94 Communications ....................... . 809.14 Printing............................... . 388.43 Freight and Express .................... . 7.58 Ice ............................... . 4.00 Miscellaneous .......................... . 255.99 Exhibit Material Expense ............... . 50.00 T. P. 0. Refunds ....................... . 34,315.75 Refunded to State Treasury ............. . 265.59 54,561.70 NURSERIES Personal Service: Salaries .......................... . Unskilled labor ..................... . Power, Light, etc ....................... . Supplies ............................... . Miscellaneous .......................... . Refunds on seedling orders .............. . 1,047.33 1,960.59 75.88 355.42 172.57 270.90 3,882.69 58,444.39 Report of the Division of Forestry 39 RECEIPTS Grants from U. S. Go\rernment .......... . Transfers from State Treasury ........... . Earnings of Agency: Sale of Nursery Stock............... . Plowing Service (Fire Breaks) ........ . 6,82-1.34 8,604. 77 75,898.28 91,522.00 15,429 0 11 Total Income Receipts .................. . Balance, July 1, 1937 ................... . Total ........................... . 182,849.39 21,263.99 204,113.38 PAYMEl\TS Personal Service ........................ . 41,98.1.37 Travel Expense ........................ . 14,919.09 Supplies............................... . 2,894.80 Communication ........................ . 1,830.66 Heat, Light, Power, \Yater .............. . 17.63 Printing ............................... . 529.46 Repairs ............................... . 2,311.21 Rents ................................. . 164.50 Insurance ............................. . 45.45 T. P. 0. Refunds (Timber Protective Or- ganizations) ....................... . 61,488.48 Equipment ............................ . 15,706.32 Miscellaneous: Freight, express, drayage, subscriptions, dues, etc .............. . 442.94 Transfers to: Herty Foundation ........ . 27,400.00 Parks Division ........... . 195.12 Geology Division ......... . 2,178.90 Commissioner's Office ..... . 5,186.66 34,960.68 177 '294.59 40 Report Department of Natural Resources NuRSERIEs Personal Service........................ . Travel Expense ........................ . Supplies ............................ . Communications ....................... . Light, Heat, Power and Water ....... . Printing............................... . Rent .................................. . Repairs ............................ . Insurance ............................. . Equipment. ........................... . Miscellaneous .......................... . 7,893.10 146.96 1,217.08 93.87 258.26 60.92 59.40 278.05 71.01 9,946.08 209. 12 Total. ................................ . 20,233.84 Balance, June 30, 1938 .................. . 197,528.43 6,584.95 Total. ................................ . 204,113.38 REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF WILD LIFE Joe D. Mitchell, Director INTRODuCTION The duties of the present Director of the Division of Wild Life of the Department of Natural Resources began March 5, 1937 and this report covers that part of the biennial period ending with December 31,1938, which I respectfully submit. This Division is endeavoring to conduct its affairs on sound principles, applying the same economy practiced by any well regulated business. \\'hen entering on the duties of Director of this Division, it was found that there was an indebtedness of approximately $42,000, and in order to function in any manner it was necessary to obtain a loan of $30,000. Available funds for the purchase of equipment for introducing higher standards of efficiency were, therefore, very limited and many improvements and plans for enlarging the service have had to wait for financial assistance. The Division of Wild Life has the responsibility of developing the State's game and fish resources, and to this end, it is empowered to enforce the laws designed to protect and regulate the take of wild life. Georgia has very favorable natural conditions for developing wild life of the forest, fields, streams, lakes, and coastal waters. The public attitude is becoming increasingly favorable to conserving and developing the State's wild life. Only adequate funds are needed to make rapid progress. FISH HATCHERIES This Division has six fish hatcheries located at the following places: Magnolia Springs Hatchery, Millen; BowPn Mill Hatchery, Fitzgerald; Tufts Spring Hatchery, Macon; \Vays Hatchery, \Vays Station; King's Ferry Hatchery, King's Ferry; Summerville Hatchery, Summerville. The hatchery at Summerville is devoted to the propagation of speckled and rainbow trout and is a cold water hatchery, while the others are warm water hatcheries. The Division's records for 1938 reveal that 1,014,460 fish were released in streams of Georgia. These were obtained from state and federal hatcheries and from inactive waters. In addition, 700,000 shad were hatched by the joint activity of the Division and the U.S. 42 Report Department of Natural Resource:v Bureau of Fisheries at a newly established hatchery on the Ogeechee river. At the outset the Director considered it necessary to know the condition of the several hatcheries and the possibilities of incrPasing their production. Through the cooperation of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Mr. C. B. Grater made a study of the plants at \\'ays, Millen and Fitzgerald. His suggestions were very helpful. From these and other studies it developed that there is much room for improvement at many of the hatcheries and there is doubt of the economy of undertaking to continue some of them. Through the period of present operations with little funds available, attention has been given to the hatcheries in the following manner: Henry Ford Hatchery, Ways-Three rearing pools have been completed at an approximate cost of :111500. Each is about one-half acre in size. It was found that the depth of the water in the larger ponds was only 12 to 18 inches, and that they had a rank growth peculiar to the section. It was found that this vegetation had no food value and that thick scum formed in the shallow water killed fish when it was lowered. To meet this situation in both of the large ponds, Mr. Henry Ford gave assistance. It is estimated that at an expenditure of not over $1,000 this condition can be corrected. Magnolia Springs Hatchery, Millen-A spillway has been built, following which rearing pools should have been constructed, but the work is being deferred awaiting developments of a proposed transfer of adjoining lands to the Department of Natural Resources. Bowen Mill Hatchery, Fitzgerald-Improvements consisting of a better distribution of the water to the rearing pools and other recommended improvements have been made through the cooperation and assistance of the Ben Hill County Commissioners. Summerville Hatchery, Summerville-\\'ith little other than maintenance cost this hatchery with splendid cooperation of the Bureau of Fisheries allotting 250,000 rainbow and brook trout, successful production was obtained. EXPECTANCY OF \\'ARM WATER HATCHERIES In order that those interested in propagating large-mouth bass may have an authoritative statement on the possible yield of a hatchery, the following statement by C. F. Culler, District Supervisor, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Lacross, \Visconsin, if given: Report of the Division of Wild Life 43 "It is beliewd that if some of the infor.eation coufa''-b.P l;r~d, the average production of black bass per acrw, wh1ch is now approximately 6,500, could be increased to double this m_mber." The warm water hatchery acrea~;c in Georgia is approximately as follows: \YaYs Hatchery, 25 \\ater acres; Bowen Mill Hatchery, 30 water acres :\Iagnolia Springs Hatchery, 35 water acres, a total of 90 \\'al.m water acres. According w .\Ir. Culler's estimate of expectancy there should be 1,170,000 fish produced under favorable conditions in Georgia's 90 warm water acres, but under normal conditions there would be 585,000. REDtTING CASUALTIES Believing that the casualties can be materially reduced, which in the end results in increased production, the direction of this Division is encouraging the community wild life clubs to construct small rearing pools about 50 by 120 feet in size, at an estimated cost of $150 each. Properly fertilized, the pools will produce enough food to bring the small fry, during the period of four or five months, to 5 or 6 inches in length, and be in better shape to protect themselves from their natural enemies when released into the streams. It is advised that the pools be constructed as close to a stream as possible thereby lessening the cost of transportation. In addition to reducing casualties, this method has another distinct advantage. \Vhen transporting the fry to the rearing pools, from ten to twelve thousand can be handled, while if held in the hatchery until 5 to 6 inches long the average load would be only nine to twelve hundred, so that it is apparent that a short haul from pool to stream is an economical measure. Unsolicited letters from different sections of the state give encouragement to this Division by their reports of increase of fish population. QUAIL HATCHERY At the quail farm at Doraville, a modernly equipped quail hatchery is operated. During the period of the present supervision, 10,705 birds have been distributed from the hatchery over the State. From figures assembled for 1937, it \\as revealed that casualties at the hatchery ran about 30 per cent and the cost per bird distributed was about $1.25. Operation of a quail farm is, therefore, a somewhat expensive method of restocking and is adopted by some states only as a necessity. 44 Report Department of Natural Resources ~;;, ra;;~~ made by the -ffi,rmer Game and Fish Department, in locating a hatchery buildin~ '-vn land not obtained for the purpose. The land-owner has agreed to sell the land occupied by the building, but lack of funds has thus far prevented the consummation of the deal which involves $500. DOVE SEASON At a meeting of the Chief of the Bureau of th-e Biological Survey, and wild life officials of the southern state:-, held at Jacksonville, Florida in March of 1938, a discussion centered around a question of changing the open season for the mourning dove. The Director of this Division presented the viewpoint of local sportsmen who had requested an extension of the season. It was held by Dr. Pearson of the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey that the season from November 20 to January 31 would interfere less with early breeding, and at the same time insure the taking of birds of desirable size than would any other period of similar duration. In substance he stated that from the biological point of view it would not be advisable to open the season on mourning doves during the month of February, and recommended the most nearly ideal season from the standpoint of the birds themselves to be December 15 to January 15. DEER AND BEAR SURVEY An effort has been made by the field men of this Division to obtain the approximate deer and bear population of the State. The number of each animal shown by counties is as follows: Deer and Bear Population for 1937: CouNTY D~ER_I~~AR DF.ER ~~AR IIII___CouN~~-- --------- Baldwin ... . . . . . ..... I 21 Burke ........... 1 ...... Banks .... .. 0 3 . . . . . . Butts ........... 2 .. .. Ben Hill ..... . . . . 10 . . . .. Calhoun ....... . . 125 . . . . Bibb ..... ... . . . . Brantley ....... . . 6 8 Camden ... . . 300 . . . . so . . . .. Charlton. .. . . . 250 38 Bryan . . . . . .. . . . 2000 . . . . . Chattahoo~;:hee ... 10 . .. . . Bulloch. , ... 500 25 Clinch. . .. . . . . 25 .. . . Report of the Division of Wild Life 45 Deer and Bear Population for 1937, Cont'd. --~o~NT~-- DEER_ _IlEAR __ Co~JN~':___ D~ER~_Il~AR_ Columbia. . . . . . . . Dawson ........ . Decatur ........ . Early .......... . Echols ........ . Fannin ......... . Gilmer ......... . Grady .......... . Houston ........ . Irwin .......... . Jasper .......... . Jeff Davis ...... . Jenkins ......... . Liberty. . .... . Long ........... . Lumpkin ....... . Mcintosh ....... . Marion ......... . Miller .......... . 3S so so 2S 20 20 200 12 1SO s 2SO 2S 2SOO 2000 2S 2SOO 2S 100 1 Monroe. . . . . . . . . 5 Montgomery .... . 10 Pickens ........ . 2S Quitman ........ . 8 Richmond ...... . 1 Screven ........ . soo 2S so . . . . I Seminole ....... . Stewart ........ . 12 20 Telfair ......... . 2SO Towns ........ . 30 3 Twiggs ......... . 8 10 Union .......... . 30 3 Ware ......... . 14S 3S Webster ........ . 10 10 Wheeler ......... : 12 White .......... . 2S 25 ;, Wilcox ......... . 20 Wilkinson ....... i 21 ..... . 1---~--- Total. ........ 112, 4S21 208 This information was assembled for use of the U. S. Biological Survey. In the absence of data prior to 1937 no comparison can be made with previous years. GAME LAW CHANGES DESIRED Numerous sportsmen and others interested, desire certain changes or amendments to existing laws which would provide that the turkey and deer season open the same date, to wit, November 15. Another suggested change is that the open season for taking shad be advanced to January 1 or 15th. This would more nearly conform to the season now in effect in Florida and South Carolina, where by reason of early catches they are able to obtain top prices not possible in Georgia. As Director, I concur in both the suggested changes. 46 Report Department of Natural Resourres RECORDS OF GAME TAKEN Based on the records of the field men of this Division, the animals on which the law requires reports, the number of deers killed during the season of 1937-38 was 71. The number of marsh hens killed during the season of 1937 was 38,230 and for the year of 1938 up to and including September 27, the number was 33,304. While no records of the total number of quail killed are kept, based on estimates of field men, the quail population has increased to a very noticeable extent, this being in part attributed to better control of forest fires. COASTAL GEORGIA It will he noted from the auditor's report that during the twelve months ending December 31, 1936, as compared with the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938, there was a slight decrease in coastal fisheries revenue, of less than $500. The coastal section offers wonderful opportunities from the standpoint of commercial fisheries. \Vith our limited equipment consisting of two motor-driven boats, the problem of patrolling Georgia's 100 miles of coast line and 1000 miles of sounds, tidal rivers and creeks, is difficult. To properly patrol these waters the Division should have at least four crafts such as the smaller of the present type, one to be stationed at each of the following points: Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. Marys. To acquire such a fleet would mean an outlay of some $4,800. The Director has no doubt that it would be a profitable investment. Negotiations are in progress, looking to assistance from the Department of Commerce in supplying necessary equipment. Should this fail the State it will be proposed that the State supply the same as a necessity. Our coastal area has great possibilities for oyster production. A start has been made toward establishing new oyster beds and in restoring old ones to productivity. This has not progressed rapidly. Investigations of probable cost and method of financing have not been completed. In June of 1938 the matter of restoration of oyster beds was taken up with the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Commerce and a preliminary survey was released through the bureau's publication "Oyster Investigations of Georgia". According to the publication the following localities were designated as particularly suitable for oyster culture: Oyster Creek, Tybee Island, Black River, Burnside Island, Neville Creek, Ossahaw Island, Report of the Division of Wild Life 47 Sunberry Creek, Midway River, Blackshear River, Sapalo Island, Dead River, Folly River, and surrounding marshes, and Doboy Island and vicinity. The East Georgia Planning Council mapped poluted areas as lying north of Tybee, around Savannah, Thunderbolt, and an area between Jekyll and Saint Simons Islands, and up Turtle River above Brunswick. With limited equipment, the first step toward oyster bed restoration being taken is to enforce the provisions of the leases which require the lessee to deposit each year the number of bushels of shells equal to 25% of the number of bushels of oysters taken from the leased ground. The report of the Bureau of Fisheries states that if this provision is reasonably enforced it will be of great benefit in maintaining the natural beds and preventing their depletion. With the proposed additional equipment this division will be in better position to enforce the provision. Improved methods of oyster culture require setting aside sufficiently large areas suitable for cultivation of oysters; improving the bottoms by dredging out the accumulated debris and reinforcing them where necessary, by planting shells and gravel; establishment of spawning grounds; collection of seed oysters on suitable bottoms below low water marks, and protecting the beds from attacks of oyster enemies. Having looked into the probable cost, the conclusion has been reached that at this time the funds of the Division will not permit it to qualify for an allotment which federal authorities are willing to grant. Relative to the needs of coastal waters, the following is taken from the report of the East Georgia Planning Council: "1. Regulation of seasons for commercial catch with the object of reducing the drain on the supply. "2. Systematic replanting of oysters, restoration of depleted beds, and establishment of new beds in suitable localities. "3. Thorough patrol of all fishing waters in order to rigidly enforce conservation laws and regulations, and that adequate funds be provided therefor." In concluding this discussion of coastal fisheries, it is gratifying to report every indication of increased poundage of shrimp this season compared to the previous one. WILD LIFE PROTECTION Georgia's 159 counties are patrolled by 94 protectors, or field men, at a cost of $8,586 per month. These men have been selected 48 Report Department of Natural Resources not only because of their qualifications as protectors, but because of their love of nature and their desire to be helpful in protecting Georgia's wild life. As a result of their efforts, the number of prosecutions is 620, listed by counties, as follows: COUNTY Appling. .. . . . . . 4 Atkinson. . . . . . . 0 Bacon. ... 0 0 Baker .... . . . . . . 0 Baldwin .... . . . . . . 0 Banks. . . . . . . 8 Barrow. .. .. 0 Bartow. . . . . 10 Ben Hill. .. 4 Berrien. ..... 0 Bibb. ..... 0 Bleckley. ... . . 0 Brantley. . . . . 6 Brooks ..... . . . 0 Bryan. . . . . . 27 Bulloch. . . . . . . . . 10 Burke. ... 4 Butts ... . . . . . 4 Calhoun ..... . . . 1 Camden ...... . . 3 Candler ... . . . . 1 Carroll ... . . . . . 1 Catoosa .. . . . . . 0 Charlton. . . . . . . 4 Chatham ... . . . . . . 5 Chattahoochee 0 Chattooga ... . . . . . 0 Cherokee ... . . . . . 0 Clarke. . . . . . . . . . 8 Clay ... . . . . . . . . . . 0 Clayton . . . . . . 2 Clinch. . . . . . 0 Cobb. . . . ..... 0 Coffee. . . . . . . 4 Colquitt. .... 5 COUNTY Columbia. . . . . 0 Cook. . .. ... 0 Coweta. ... . . . 0 Crawford ... ... 0 Crisp. . . ... . . . . 3 Dade. . . .. . . 0 Dawson .... ... 6 Decatur ... . . .. 4 DeKalb. . . .. . . . 14 Dodge. . . . .... . . 0 Dooly. ... 0 Dougherty. .. 0 Douglas ..... . . .. 1 Early. . . . . .... 0 Echols. . . .. . . . 0 Effingham .... .. . . 9 Elbert. . . . . 1 Emanuel. . .. . . . . . 7 Evans. .... . . 1 Fannin. ... 0 Fayette. . . ... . . 6 Floyd ... .. .. 0 1 Forsyth. . . .. . . . 0 Franklin. ... 0 Fulton ... . . . ... 20 Gilmer .. . . . . ... 0 Glascock. . . . .. 0 Glynn. . . .. . . 0 Gordon. . . . . .. 0 Grady. . . . .. 2 Greene ..... ... . . 14 Gwinnett .. .... . . 10 Habersham ..... 0 Hall. . . . . . . . . . 2 Hancock. . . . .. 0 Report of the Division of Wild Life 49 COUNTY Haralson... . . . . . 0 Harris. . . . . . 1 Hart...... . . . . . 2 Heard.. .. 1 Henry. . . . . . 12 Houston. . . . . . 5 Irwin. . . . . . ... 11 Jackson... . . . . . 7 Jasper. . . . . . . 0 Jeff Davis....... 0 Jefferson . . . . . . 11 Jenkins. . . . . 11 Johnson ......... 0 Jones....... . . 0 Lamar......... 1 Lanier. . . . . . . 0 Laurens........ 12 Lee..... . . . . . . 0 Liberty.. . . . . . . . 12 Lincoln. . . . . . . 0 Long. . . . . 77 Lowndes. . . . . . . 1 Lumpkin ........ 14 McDuffie. . . . 0 Mcintosh. . ... 4 Macon.... . . . . . . 0 Madison. . . . . . 3 Marion. ... 4 Meriwether. . . . . . . 6 Miller. . . . . . . . . . . 0 Mitchell.. . . . . . . 0 Monroe. . . . . . . 0 Montgomery..... 4 Morgan... . . . . . 23 Murray. . . . . . 0 Muscogee. . . 0 Newton. . . . . . . 11 Oconee ....... . Oglethorpe . . . . . 2 Paulding.... . . . . 2 Peach ............ 0 COUNTY Pickens. . . . . . . 0 Pierce....... . . . . . 2 Pike. . . . . . . . . 5 Polk.... . . . . . . . . 6 Pulaski......... 0 Putnam....... 0 Quitman. . . . . . 0 Rabun...... . . 3 Randolph. . .... Richmond. . . . . . . 11 Rockdale ....... . Schley. . . . . . 0 Screven.... . . . 25 Seminole.... . . 0 Spalding . . . . 10 Stephens....... 0 Stewart. . . . . . . . . 0 Sumter......... 6 Talbot. . . . . . . 0 Taliaferro. . . . . . 0 Tattnall........ 12 Taylor...... . . . . 4 Telfair........... 0 Terrell. . . . . . . . . . 0 Thomas...... . . . 0 Tift. . ....... 19 Toombs.... . . . . . 1 Towns........... 1 Treutlen....... . . 0 Troup. . . . . . 4 Turner..... . . . 0 Twiggs......... 0 Union....... . . . 3 Upson............ 1 Walker........... 0 Walton......... 0 Ware. . . . . . . . . 0 \Varren.. . . . 0 Washington . 5 Wayne..... . . . . 4 \Vebster.......... 0 so Report Department of Natural Resources COUNTY Wheeler.......... 0 White ........... 10 Whitfield....... . . 1 Wilcox . . . . . . . . . . . 10 COUNTY Wilkes........... 0 Wilkinson. . . . . . . . 3 \Vorth ........... 22 TOTAL ........ 620 EDUCATION Every agency at our command for disseminating information on wild life is being employed. Through the splendid cooperation of Mr. C. A. Whittle, Educational Manager of the Department of Natural Resources, the Division is distributing his excellent booklet dealing with Georgia's wild life. It is also gratifying to report that the State Department of Education is using the publication as teaching material in the public schools. This Division has displayed exhibits at fairs, winning several blue ribbons, and as often as possible lectures have been delivered and motion pictures shown on wild life over the State. COOPERATION This Division gratefully acknowledges cordial cooperation with other state agencies and the many courtesies shown. The Director of this Division gladly offers each state agency his full support and cooperation. This Division is grateful to the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, the United States Forest Service, and the Bureau of Biological Survey for their friendly and cooperative attitude. This Division expends approximately $7,000 in connection with cooperative agreements between this Division and federal agencies in promoting wild life. In fact there is assurance of cooperation in every activity related to the welfare of wild life in field and stream. REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY Captain Garland Peyton, Director FUNCTIONS OF THE DIVISION OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY The following principal functions of the Division of :\lines, Mining and Geology are based on an interpretation of the wording and spirit of the Act creating the Department of Natural Resources of which this Division is a component: 1. To initiate and conduct studies and surveys of the mineral resources of the State and their commercial utility. To conduct a mineral survey of the State and to catalog each and every mineral occurrence and deposit, together with its location, production, method of working, name of owner and agent, and other detailed information capable of being tabulated and published for the use, guidance, and benefit of the mineral industry of the State and the people in general and deemed necessary in compiling mineral statistics of the State. 2. To conduct as a continuing project, a geological survey of Georgia, either as a department undertaking or in cooperation with other designated agencies. 3. To cooperate with Federal or other agencies for the performance of such work in Georgia as shall be deemed of value to the State of Georgia and of advantage to the people of Georgia and under such rules, terms and conditions as shall be arranged between the Commissioner of the Department of Natural Resources and these agencies. 4. To serve as a bureau of information concerning Georgia geology, minerals, and mineral industries. To encourage and actively cooperate in educational programs which have bearing upon the character and importance of the natural resources of the State. 5. To collect specimens and samples for deposition in the State Museum or for exhibition elsewhere; to collect photographs, models, drawings of appliances in the mines, mills and metallurgical plants of the State, and to file in such a manner as to be readily viewed or used by the people of Georgia. 6 To maintain a library of literature describing the geology and mineral deposits of Georgia. 7. To make qualitative examinations of rocks, specimens, and mineral samples. 8. To make quantitative determinations of ores and minerals, when submitted for the purpose by citizens of the State. 52 Report Department of Natural Resources 9. To study minerals and ores, additional uses for the State's minerals to meet the ever-changing and increasing demands of modern industry, to explore the possibilities for their beneficiation, and for improved treatment and processes so that otherwise low-grade ores may become of commercial value; and to devise new, different, or more appropriate mining procedures. PERSONNEL The personnel of the Division is composed of the following groups or classifications: Regular technical staff, regular office staff, special part-time employees, who render services common to all divisions, W. P. A. personnel assigned to the Division and U.S. G. S. personnel participating in the cooperative water investigation in Georgia, and a prorata share of whose salaries and expenses is paid through the Division. REGULAR PERSONNEL The regular personnel of the Division consists of the Director, three Geologists, one Assayer-Chemist, a Secretary, a Librarian and a Porter as follows: CAPTAIN GARLAND PEYTON ....... Director CAPTAIN J. THOMAS ADAIR ....... Assayer-Chemist DocToR A. S. FURCRON .......... Geologist-Mineralogist MR. A. C. MuNYAN ............. Geologist-Stratigrapher MR. RICHARD W. SMITH .......... Economic Geologist Miss MARGARET GANN . . . . . . . . . . Secretary MRs. ELLA J. WATKINS . . . . . . . . . . Librarian WILLIE CLIETT,(colored) ......... Porter The individuals composing the technical staff of the Division are professional men of the highest type and with many years of diversified training and experience in the arts and sciences-especially in the fields of chemistry, minerals, metallurgy, and geology. Their versatility and adaptability are attested by the unusually varied list of activities participated in successfully by them. They, individually and collectively, possess imagination and perspective necessary to the proper appreciation and understanding of the broad economic picture of the practically unlimited possibilities of Georgia's mineral resources, and to encourage and facilitate their development and exploitation along lines consistent with good business practices. Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 53 DEPARTMENTAL PERSONNEL The following persons render valuable services common to all divisions: MR. C. A. WHITTLE ............. Educational Director MR. JERE N. MooRE ............ Public Relations Counsel Miss ANNETTE McLEAN ......... Curator of the Museum U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PERSONNEL The following technical personnel of the U. S. G. S. are engaged in the surface ground water investigation now in progress in Georgia and financed cooperatively by the State of Georgia and the Federal Government. MR. FRANCIS M. BELL ........... District Hyd. Engineer MR. MELVIN R. WILLIAMS ....... Assoc. Engineer MR. RAYMOND F. CoNARD . . . . . . . . Jr. Engineer MR. joHN L. FRENCH ............ Jr. Engineer MR. jACK M. CARNS ............ Jr. Engineer MRs. EFFIE T. WoRKMAN ........ Sr. Clerk MR. THERON Z. CHASTAIN . . . . . . . . Recorder MR. J. EDWIN HEATHERLY ....... Recorder FEDERAL w. P. A. PERSONNEL The following persons who are paid by the \Vorks Progress Administration have been assigned by that Agency to the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology to carry on a most worth while and somewhat varied project in connection with minerals and mineral statistics. Miss WILLIE P. HARDY .......... Stenographer Miss OPAL A. McCLAIN ......... Clerk Miss RUTH RocKMORE ........... Jr. Clerk MRs. ISLA PHILEN ............... Sr. Stenographer MRs. KATE jARRELL ............. Typist MRs. RUTH KIRBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Research Assistant MR. LEONARD LoYD ............. Research Assistant MR. RoscoE E. BACHELLOR ...... Research Assistant MR. H. H. McHAN .............. Supervisor MR. BYRON CLOUGH ............. Draftsman MR. JACOB GoLDSTEIN . . . . . . . . . . . Research Assistant MR. LEE O'BANNON ............. Research Assistant 54 Report Department of Natural Resources SEPARATIONS Dr. G. W. Crickmay, formerly Assistant State Geologist with the Division resigned September 1, 1937, to accept the position of Associate Professor of Geology at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Mr. Lane Mitchell, formerly Assistant State Geologist, who was granted a year's leave of absence in September, 1936, resigned during the interim to accept a position as Assistant Professor of Ceramics at Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. NATURE OF THE WORK Studies and Surveys of the Mineral Resources of the State. The major work of the Division of l\Iines, Mining and Geology is the investigation of the mineral resources of the State. It is considered both desirable and well worth while to keep in touch with the mines and mineral industries, to learn what they have been doing, and to see if they can be assisted in any way to increase their out-put and markets and lower their costs, as well as to examine new mineral discoveries with view to determining their commercial availability. Unquestionably thousands of dollars have been made or saved by investors who have sought and acted on our advice in this connection. In the past, too many commercial operators failed to keep records of their operations, with the result that much valuable information and data are not available. One of the aims of this Division is to coopera"te with mineral producers with a view to obtaining such records and data and preserving them for future reference in the files of this Division. Technical reports and popular articles should be prepared, published, and distributed. One mineral at a time, or a group of related minerals, is selected for intensive investigation of the deposits throughout the State. The resulting report describes the geology and occurrence of the deposits, gives individual property descriptions, including thickness of deposits and overburden, and makes recommendations as to the best means for developing the deposits. General reports on the geology and physiography of the State and geologic maps, the basic information necessary for an intelligent search for undiscovered mineral deposits, should be published. The series of 47 such reports o bulletins of uniformly high standard that have already been published has done much to stimulate interest in the development of Georgia's mineral industry. A monthly paper, formerly published by the Department of Forestry and Geological Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 55 Development and which usually contained timely popular articles on Georgia's mineral resources, was discontinued in March, 1937. A number of such articles have been reprinted from time to time to meet the popular demand for them. Special scientific papers on different phases of Georgia's geology and minerals have been prepared and presented at various scientific societies. Clearing House for Mineral Information. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology serves as a clearing house for geological and mineralogical information. People within the State write, call or phone for advice in developing their mineral deposits, digging or boring water wells, or investing in mining companies. The producers ask for help in developing new mining or treatment methods and finding new markets for their products or new deposits of the minerals in which they are interested. The Georgia Securities Commission often consults the Director on the advisability of allowing mining companies to sell stock within the State. Municipalities ask advice on possible sources of a city water supply. Thousands of letters are received from all over the country asking for information on Georgia's mineral resources. Some of these can be answered by sending the printed reports, others by personal letters based on the experience of the Division's personnel. Literally hundreds of rocks and minerals from all parts of the State are sent in by property owners for identification, analyses and/ or advice. For a number of years past it was found impracticable to maintain a laboratory and to employ a chemist to make assays and chemical analyses on samples of rocks, minerals and metals sent in by the citizens of the State or collected by the members of the staff of the Division. We are pleased to announce that this service has now been resumed. The Division has a laboratory fairly adequately equipped and an assayer-chemist to make quantitative analyses. Supplementing this with additional equipment, a research technologist, or one or two assistant chemists would enlarge the scope of our services to the public. WORK ACCOMPLISHED NEW BUSINESS During the biennium 1937-1938 the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology aided in the establishment of six new manufacturing plants, at least forty-one new mining operations, and in the attraction of an estimated total of $10,115,000 in new investments to Georgia. It is 56 Report Department of Natural Resources not our desire to detract or in any sense to depreciate the cooperation and efforts exerted by other organizations or individuals toward the accomplishment and realization of these new industries. It is believed, however, that we might be justified in making a comparison between the value of this new business and the total net appropriation made available to this Division during the period in which this new money was brought into Georgia. Such a comparison indicates that for each dollar of appropriation spent by this Division $179.00 of new investment accrued to the State. It is certain, in this connection, that the foundation and groundwork for an appreciable amount of additional money has been laid and that much of it is bound to be realized sometime in the near future. GEOLOGIC MAP OF GEORGIA Mining men have long been asking for a detailed large-scale geologic map of Georgia showing the various types of rocks that underlie the State, together with a report describing the rocks, their structural relations, and their relation to the commercial minerals. This geological map of Georgia was completed in 1938. The map, when published, will be the first modern geological map of the State. At present the map is being drafted for publication in the offices of the U. S. Geological Survey in Washington. The new map will portray, for the first time, the geological features of middle and northwestern Georgia. The geology of the Coastal Plain has been revised and the formations mapped. The map is to be published on a scale of 8 miles to the inch; its dimensions will be approximately 42 by 36 inches. All formations will be printed in . color. A total of 69 formations have been recognized for the State, each of which will be portrayed on the map by a separate color and name. Twenty-six formations are mapped in the Coastal Plain, twenty-five in the middle and northern section, and eighteen in northwest Georgia. These figures may be compared with those of the old geologic map of the State published in 1908. On this map nine formations were recognized: five from the Coastal Plain, one in the middle and mountain section, and three in northwest Georgia. It is obvious that the old map has long since been useless. The large amount of geological work necessary to the completion of this map was done by members of this staff in cooperation with members of the United States Geological Survey. The geological work upon the Crystalline Area of middle Georgia and a part of the work upon northwest Georgia was completed by Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 57 this Division. A member of this staff spent three months in the fall of 1937 and one month in the spring of 1938 working in cooperation with a geologist from the Federal Bureau upon the geology of the Coastal Plain. In middle and north Georgia, rock types, such as granites, gneisses, marble, quartzite, and other rocks are portrayed; their distribution, locality, geologic age, and other features are shown. In northwest Georgia, the folded sedimentary rocks, such as limestones, shales, sandstones, and other rocks, useful in the manufacture of Portland cement, bricks and tiles, glass, and other products, are described and accurately portrayed on the map. The geology of the Coastal Plain has been revised and the formations remapped in greater detail. The map for that area will show the positions of each rock type such as limestone, sand and gravel, kaolin, fullers earth, and marls which can be utilized for commercial purposes. It will provide a means for the future prospecting of the above minerals in a more intelligent manner. Then, too, it also furnishes a basis for subsurface geology in the search for oil and gas and in the investigation of the underground water resources. The new map of the State of Georgia will serve as a base for wide varieties of detailed studies. It will be of particular value to those engaged in the development of our mineral resources and industries. Structural interpretation, which may be read from this map, will serve in many ways, particularly in the drilling of wells or in following the distribution of valuable formations. CHEMICAL AND ASSAY WORK A total of 2,031 assays and analyses were made by the Assay Office and Laboratory during the period from its establishment in July, 1937, through December 31, 1938. This period includes the time spent in setting up the necessary apparatus as well as time lost in moving the laboratory to its present location at 196 Central Avenue. During the period from February 1 to December 31, 1938, 1090 assays were made. These assays represent approximately 950 different samples of ore from many different localities upon which the quantity of gold and/or silver in value or amount per ton was determined. There were 941 determinations made upon approximately 265 :c different samples of Georgia minerals and waters from every section of the State. These chemical determinations according to the total of the separate analyses made are as follows: Lime (CaO), 154; Magnesia (MgO), 118; Iron (Fe20a), 105; Alumina (Al20a), 103; 58 Report Department of Natural Resources Titanium (Ti02), 19; lVIoisture (H20), 38; Loss on Ignition, 51; Phosphorous (P205), 9; Free Carbon Dioxide (C02), 3; Sulphur Trioxide (S03), 5; Manganous Oxide (MnO), 14; Ferrous Oxide (FeO), 2; Sodium Oxide (Na20), 6; Potassium Oxide (K20), 8; Lead (Pb), 3; Zinc (Zn), 2; Nickel (Ni), 1; Chromium (Cr), 5; Carbon Dioxide (C02), 12; Silica (Si02), 153; Ferric Oxide and Alumina (Fe203 and AI203), 31; Manganese (Mn), 29; Dissolved Solids, 17; Barium Sulphate (BaS04), 9; Chlorine (CI), 6; Volatile Matter, 2; Ash, 2; Specific Gravity, 4; Copper (Cu), 18; Bromine (Br), 3; Sulphur, 3; Bicarbonate, 12. In addition to the above analytical work the laboratory designed and built the equipment for the experimental production of fused silicates and particularly of the insulating material, rock wool. The laboratory facilities for experimental investigation of our natural resources have been exceedingly meager and it is believed that results of economic importance can be obtained by access to more adequate equipment to carry on the work in progress. From time to time we have been called upon to verify certain phases of new metallurgical and ore dressing processes. In so far as our facilities and equipment would permit we have complied with these requests. MINERALOGICAL AND PETROGRAPHICAL WORK It is estimated that members of the staff have identified, in the field and laboratory, around 10,000 specimens of minerals, ores, and rocks during this period. This work has ranged from routine identification of hand specimens to detailed optical studies carried out in the laboratory. \Vithin the last year the two petrographic microscopes have been supplemented by the addition of a good binocular microscope, and a metallographic microscope. The binocular is of special use in the examination of mineral grains, such as pan sands from gold or other mineral deposits; well log samples, where a study of mineral grains or foraminifera is necessary to identification or correlation of rocks, etc. The metallographic microscope affords opportunity for the study of polished ores under reflected light, which type of study is often a necessary prerequisite to the development of proper methods of flotation or milling of ores. The wide variety of technical problems which are met in the mineralogical laboratory may be illustrated by the following examples: A certain granite had been eliminated in a northern market because it is said that it is a "gneiss." Mineralogical studies and analyses of Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 59 physical properties show that it has all of the properties of a true granite so that the term is a misnomer. This work proved that Georgia granite is equal to any granite from the North. Before testifying in the Governors' Freight Rate Case on talc and soapstone, a member of the technical staff made a detailed petrographic study of the materials. To do this, it was necessary to study rock thin-sections under polarized light. He carried the evidence with him to \Vashington in the form of five small glass thin-sections carefully wrapped in an envelope. Had his testimony been disputed by any other technical witness while on the stand, he was prepared at any moment to pull out the envelope and face them with the source of information. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Examination of Mining Properties. It is estimated that members of the technical staff have examined at least 800 mines, mining prop- erties and prospects within the last two years. This involved work ranging from that of preliminary inspection to thorough geological study of the deposits. It has been necessary to advise methods of prospecting and mining, and to suggest suitable machinery and mill- ing methods. Many specimens of minerals, ores and rocks were col- lected for laboratory study during the course of the work. Kaolin-New Plants. The results of investigations dealing with kaolin have been very gratifying to the Division. Bulletin 44-A, "A Supplement to the Sedimentary Kaolins of Georgia," was welcomed by the Georgia producers and by the kaolin consumers of the United States. Even before its publication, some of the contained recom- mendations were acted upon by out-of-State producers who have now constructed a new kaolin processing plant at Sandersville, Georgia, at a cost of $175,000. This plant will process kaolin so that a finished product will be manufactured in the State instead of in the North as formerly. Another large kaolin refining plant has been erected and a new mine opened just south of Macon since the publication of Bulletin 44-A; they are now in full production. The Division of Mines, Mining and -~: Geology can, therefore, claim exclusive credit for bringing to the State more than $300,000 in new investments in kaolin alone. Innumerable samples of all types of kaolin have been submitted to the Division for examination and testing. The best of these have 60 Report Department of Natural Resources been investigated in the field and recommendations made to the owner or prospective operator for the most economical methods of mining and producing the kaolins. A great deal of money has been saved prospective operators of such deposits by advising against opening them up when the technical staff believed that the value of the material or size of the deposit did not justify the investment. Since new properties are being discovered continually, this service should be extended and enlarged at every opportunity in order to save the citizens of Georgia much money, and to guide them to the best investments. Fullers Earth. The production of bleaching clay, of which fullers earth is the foremost representative in Georgia, has been more or less static for the past few years because of the increased use of a new material for this purpose. However, the newly discovered process does not produce a better bleach than does fullers earth. Recognizing this to be fact, the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology has undertaken to contact the consumers, past, present and potential, in order to show them that Georgia's fullers earth is the equal of any in the world. This activity has been more or less hampered because of a lack of sufficient funds to advertise the value of the mineral. Nevertheless, the Division has aided in obtaining at least $10,000 worth of new business for the producers of the State. Bauxite. Members of the Division's technical staff have prepared a preliminary report on the bauxite reserves of Georgia. Bauxite, from which the metal aluminum is obtained, occurs in the three geologic provinces of the State. A large tonnage of this ore has been produced in GeClrgia in the past, but at present the production is very low. The study of the bauxite reserves was undertaken in order to try to determine why production has fallen off so greatly, and also to determine whether there still existed in the State sufficient amounts of bauxite ore to warrant a renewal of mining operations. This report was a statistical study of bulletins and mining records preserved in the offices of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology. It involved very little new field work, without which complete information cannot be accurately obtained. The result of the investigation demonstrates that there are vast reserves of good bauxite ores still remaining in Georgia, and that it is commercially feasible to mine the material. However, much field work on the actual deposits is necessary before definite recommendations can be made for mining the richest and most extensive propertief:. Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 61 The figures compiled by this study show that there are a minimum of 5,683,912 tons of bauxite containing less than 50 per cent of alu- mina, and that there are a minimum of 2,319,935 tons of bauxite containing more than 50 per cent alumina remaining in Georgia as an untouched reserve. Many properties known to contain high grade ore have not been prospected, thus the number of tons in them would greatly increase the above figures. It can readily be seen that Georgia possesses an extremely valuable mineral which so far has been virtually untouched. A complete in- vestigation of the bauxite deposits of the State is urgently needed so that the State may acquire full value from its mineral resources. Before any industry will consider an investment, as great a knowl- edge as possible of the situation is required beforehand; this service can be rendered by the Division of l\Iines, l\Iining and Geology if funds are provided with which to do the work. Petroleum. The first important and progressive step toward sci- entific and adequately financed oil prospecting took place in 1937 and continued actively until the summer of 1938. One of the major petroleum companies made a detailed geophysical study of the Coastal Plain area, where it obtained results satisfactory enough to justify the drilling of the first deep test well two miles east of Offer- man in Pierce County, Georgia. The officers and technical staff of the company making the survey and drilling the test well requested, and received, the full cooperation of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology. A member of the State's technical staff was on hand during all operations, working with the company officials to obtain the most complete and detailed information possible. \Vhen the well proved to be a dry hole, the company turned over the scientific data secured from it to the State for its files, but has required that this information be kept in confidence until the company gives permission to release it. The fact that the well information cannot yet be published leads to the belief that additional prospecting will be undertaken in the future. It is hoped that several more wells will be drilled for this purpose very soon. The type of rocks found in the Coastal Plain of Georgia are known to contain commercial quantities of oil and gas at other localities where they occur; consequently, there is a possi- :.; bility that similar conditions may be found in Georgia. The information obtained from the recent test well in Pierce County will not only be valuable to future petroleum prospecting but will also be of great use in the underground water survey now being carried on by the Division. The well penetrates all of the formations 62 Report Department of Natural Resources of the Coastal Plain and therefore can be used as a sort of "yardstick" for the correlation of strata occurring in other wells in that area. The Division of -:\lines, J\lining and Geology, therefore, should be given much credit for securing for the State not only many valuable scientific facts but also an enormous investment of new money in Georgia. It is estimated that Georgia has received at least $3,000,000 in outside money brought in to the State by these activities. This figure will be materially increased by the payment of rentals which are being maintained at present. Whiteware Industry. The Division of l\lines, l\lining and Geology has been interested in helping two new whiteware and pottery plants establish themselves in Georgia. The whiteware factory is now being erected in south Georgia, while the pottery plant is already under production in north Georgia. It is estimated that the initial investments required to start these businesses is about $600,000. This figure does not include the overhead expense of purchases, maintenance, or salaries which are necessarily quite large and which would, therefore, increase the sum shown above. Miscellaneous Manufacturing Plants. The Division has been requested to furnish a great deal of information to the managements of two new industries wishing to establish plants in Georgia. One of these, a large insulation concern, asked for and received a preliminary market survey, together with a raw mineral resource report before it would consider the first steps toward building a plant in the State. The other concern, which manufactures a high grade roofing material, has received aid from the Division in locating and testing those minerals required in its manufacturing process. The insulation plant is estimated to represent an investment of $5,000,000, while the roofing plant probably amounts to around $1,000,000. EDUCATIONAL WORK School Museums. The collection of rocks and minerals in the State Museum at the Capitol attracts hundreds of visitors daily, including many school children. The Curator of the Museum reports that between three and four thousand adults and school children per month inspect this exhibit. It is impossible for school children from all over the State to come to Atlanta to see this museum. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology has, therefore, undertaken the tremendous task of collecting a large number of specimens of 75 common rocks and mineral found in Georgia for distribution as local museums in the schools of Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 63 the University System and in high schools throughout the State. Four hundred and forty-six sets have been accepted in 1935-1038. These sets are also available to grammar schools. Some sets have been accepted by Chambers of Commerce, Boy Scout and Girl Scout Camps, libraries, museums and other worthy organizations. The distribution of school museums by years is given below: 1935 1936 1937 1938 49 10.9% 125 28.1% 177 39.8% 95 21.2% The sets were distributed as follows: College and Universities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 High Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Grammar Schools.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Camps, Libraries, etc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Since the needs of the high schools are gradually becoming fulfilled, grammar schools will be encouraged to install this exhibit. The accompanying map illustrates the distribution of museum sets in the State. Each specimen in these school museums is labeled and is displayed on a painted wooden block. The only cost to the school is that of a locked glass case or cases for the display, and transportation charges for shipping. Many enthusiastic letters have been received from school superintendents telling of the value of these school museums in teaching the mineral resources of Georgia. Capitol Displays. The Division has added greatly to its fine museum which is maintained on the fourth floor of the State Capitol building in Atlanta. This museum attracts many thousands of visitors each year, thus is one of the main points of interest to tourists, school children, and citizens of Georgia. The Division desires to express its appreciation for the valuable cooperation it has received from Miss Annette McLean, Curator of the Museum. Her knowledge of minerals and her understanding of the services performed by this Division, together with her keen interest and friendly attitude, have been most helpful in stimulating interest in and promoting greater appreciation for Georgia's mineral resources. 64 Report Department of Natural Resources OUTLINE MAP OF GEORGIA SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOOL MUSEUMS e Grammar and Highschools 0 Colleges and Universities Map showing distribution by the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology of school museums containing 75 common rocks and minerals of Georgia One of the most educational and interesting exhibits is the Fluorescent Display which has been greatly augmented by the addition of more Georgia minerals than formerly. Also new ultra-violet lamps have been installed in the cabinet in order to increase the brilliance of the fluorescent phenomenon. This permanent exhibit has proved to be so successful that a portable display has been constructed for use at Fairs, both State and National, and at other gatherings where such displays can be of educational service to the public, and where Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 65 Georgia mineral products can be advertised to the advantage of the State. Two displays of mineral resources of Georgia were constructed during 1938 for use in the museum and have been received with great interest on the part of the museum visitors. One of these shows the actual mineral mounted on a large board with colored ribbons leading from the specimen to localities spotted on a large outline map of Georgia. The regions possessing commercial quantities of minerals now being mined in the State thus are graphically shown to the observer. The other display has been constructed on a similar board on which a large outline map of Georgia has been painted. l\Iounted on the map are 125 small electric-light bulbs which, in turn, are connected to push-buttons near the base of the board. The electric bulbs are placed on the map to correspond to the State-wide occurrence of the commercial minerals. The 20 push-buttons each have a separate label such as Bauxite, Kaolin, Gold, etc., and when they are pressed, one at a time, light up the bulbs on the map to show the location of the various minerals in Georgia. These two displays are in the office of the Curator of the Museum. A series of colored, transparent photographs depicting the mineral resources and mining operations in Georgia have been mounted in glass cases in the museum for display purposes. These pictures cover a wide variety of operations, and it is planned to change them at intervals in order to keep them always up-to-date. Motion Pictures. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology, following the modern trend of visual education, has begun a collection of a series of motion pictures on the many different types of mining now practiced in Georgia. These pictures show the mining methods used in each industry, as well as the finished products manufactured during the process. It is hoped that the different reels can be employed for a wide variety of purposes, including such items as grammar, high school and college lectures, advertising the advantages of establishing new industrial plants in Georgia, attraction of tourists to the State, and for safety programs for the miners themselves. The pictures have been taken on negative strips so that as many positive prints as necessary can be made from the original, thus permitting a wide distribution of the films through the State and over the Nation. It is believed that this program will emphasize and draw attention to the economic opportunities now existent in Georgia and \vill be a direct cause of materially increasing the wealth of the State as a whole. Additional funds should be added to the appropriation so that this project may be expanded and enlarged. 66 Report Department of Natural Resources Lectures. The Director and members of the technical staff are called upon to make explanatory talks about the mineral resources of Georgia on many occasions. This service is performed willingly because it is felt that such discussions are of educational value to the groups before which the speech is presented. It also affords an opportunity to advertise the mineral resources of the State. During 1937 and 1938, lectures were given before: Radio, Rotary, Kiwanis, Chamber of Commerce, High School, University, Chemical, Engineering, Geological, Mineral, Vocational, Technical, 4-H, and Forestry groups; and the following scientific societies: The American Association for the Advancement of Science, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, The American Institute of J\Ening Engineers, The American Ceramic Society, and The Geological Society of America. Exhibits. The Division of .i\lines, Mining and Geology prepared and built a series of exhibits for the Southeastern Fair, and for the Rural-Urban Convention held in Atlanta. This exhibit consists of a portable fluorescent box, a "Chest of Gold," various mineral specimens, and the two boards now on display in the Capitol Museum showing the state-wide distribution of commercial minerals. There have been many favorable comments on this display and many requests for its use in other places. Using these articles as a nucleus, it is hoped that a larger and better display can be assembled for the New York World's Fair beginning in 1939, because of its great advertising value to the State. Georgia Mineral Society. The staff of the Division has taken pleasure in fostering and helping the organization of the Georgia Mineral Society outside of regular office hours. This society is composed of persons having an interest in the collection and identification of all Georgia minerals; it counts among its members many successful mining operators of the State. There are regularly scheduled meetings once a month at which eminent speakers are presented to talk upon the minerals of the State and mining problems confronting the operators. An all-day field trip is also conducted once a month so that the members will have the opportunity to collect new mineral specimens and observe mining processes all over the State. The technical staff of the Division aids the members in the identification of minerals and in search for new minerals. This activity, while strictly extra-curricular, is believed to aid in the solution of problems faced by the operators of mining properties, and in the mineral development of Georgia. Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 67 PUBLICATIONS ISSUED List of Publications. In December, 1937, the Division printed a revised list of its publications which have been issued during the fifty years of its service to the State. Forty-seven regular bulletins upon the minerals and rocks totaling 11,000 pages have been issued during this period. There have been also nine information circulars, and 61 articles published in the Forestry-Geological Review. This excludes many articles published in scientific journals by members of the technical staff. For the convenience of the public the Division of :V1ines, Mining and Geology keep for sale a stock of topographic maps on sections of Georgia. These maps are published by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U. S. \Var Department, 89 such maps being listed. Directory of Georgia .lvfineral Producers, December, 1937. This mimeographed report lists the names and addresses of the mineral producers in the State, type of minerals produced, and location of the mine or mines operated. It contains outline maps of the State which show the location of mineral properties; it also contains a statistical summary of mineral production which shows tonnage and values. This report at the time of its publication (December, 1937) showed that there were at that time 306 individuals or companies actively engaged in mine development and mineral production. The Division is now engaged in a revision of this report for 1937-38. 1'vfineral Resources of Georgia, 1938. The Department of Natural Resources, in cooperation with the State Department of Education, prepared in 1938 a bulletin on "Natural Resources of Georgia." This publication was published by the State Department of Education as a part of the Georgia program for the improvement of instruction in public schools. A section of this work relating to Georgia's mineral resources (pages 121-222) was prepared by the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology. Two thousand copies of the section on mineral resources were later printed by this Division for free circulation. One of the most useful and popular of the series of technical bulletins issued as a Geological Survey of Georgia has been Bulletin 23. A preliminary Report on the Mineral Resources of Georgia was first issued in 1910 and entirely revised in 1925. This report was supplement by a short Handbook of the Mineral Resources of Georgia. The need has long been felt for a publication on this subject that would be less technical than Bulletin 23 and yet would contain more 68 Report Department of Natural Resources information than was given in the Handbook. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology, therefore, welcomed the opportunity offered by the Department of Education to write the section on the mineral resources for a school text on the Natural Resources of Georgia. The entire staff participated in the writing, each member covering the minerals with which he is most familiar, and freely criticizing and helping with the other sections. This book has proven so popular that the edition may soon become exhausted. Bulletin 44-A, A Supplement to the Sedimentary Kaolins. Kaolin, which is a white clay used for filling and coating high-grade paper, rubber, and linoleum, and which is also used in the manufacture of excellent firebrick and other refractory products, constitutes the largest single mineral industry of Georgia. Since 1929, when the Georgia Geological Survey issued Bulletin 44, complete and detailed information concerning the status of this industry had not been compiled until 1937, when a survey of the business was made by the Division of Mines, !\lining and Geology. The information secured from that investigation was assembled in the form of a bulletin and was issued in September, 1938, as Bulletin 44-A, entitled "A Supplement to the Sedimentary Kaolins of Georgia." Bulletin 44-A, when used in conjunction with Bulletin 44, will serve as an accurate guide to ownership of properties underlain by deposits of kaolin; to companies and individuals mining and processing kaolin; and to the names and types of products manufactured by each. The bulletin also makes recommendations for areas to be prospected. An addenda lists the more recent changes in the production and ownership of bauxite deposits of South Georgia. Bulletin 44-A has been mailed to a large percentage of the libraries of the United States and is in the hands of the present and potential users of kaolin in this country. By this means Georgia kaolin is advertised to the consumers with authentic facts and figures. Recent Petroleum Activities in Coastal Plain of South Georgia. During the year of 1937 and half of 1938 there was a great deal of activity in south Georgia on the oil and gas possibilities of that area. Many of the major petroleum companies sent representatives to the State to investigate the chances of production and, in addition, to lease many thousands of acres. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology can take direct credit for bringing to Georgia many firms and investors dealing in oil properties by means of the paper "Recent Petroleum Activities in Coastal Plain of Georgia." That paper was delivered before the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, annual meeting in the spring of 1938 by one of the Division's staff members. Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 69 The paper includes a discussion of the underground structures of the Coastal Plain and lists possible areas for drilling and geophysical prospecting. Stratigraphy of Coastal Plain of Georgia. The United States Geological Survey and the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology have been cooperating to map the geology of south Georgia. A preliminary paper on the geologic conditions of the area was prepared jointly by the two agencies for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in 19 38. This paper accompanied the one on the petroleum activities in Georgia and was intended to give some of the more important geologic relationships as affecting the search for oil and gas in the State. Tripoli Deposits of Georgia, Information Circular No. 9, January, 1937. This report describes the tripoli deposits of northwest Georgia. This study shows that the current impression that Georgia tripoli is inferior to tripoli from other states is not true. The development of these deposits is suggested. The Warm Springs of Georgia, Their Geologic Relations and Origin: U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 819, by D. F. Hewett and G. W. Crickmay. This study of the several warm springs near \Varm Springs, Georgia, was done in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey. This report, done at the request of President Roosevelt, was published by the U. S. Government. Methods are pointed out whereby the flow of the main spring at Warm Springs could be increased. kfap of the Okefenokee Swamp. A map of the Okefenokee Swamp was published as a special supplement to the Forestry-Geological Review in 1937. This great swamp is one of the most unique natural features of the State. The area has been of special interest since it became a wild life refuge. WORK IN PROGRESS MINERAL RESOURCES Kaolin. The recently completed work on Bulletin 44-A, "A Sup- plement to the Sedimentary Kaolins" brought out the fact that :~ additional research on kaolin was advisable. Consequently the Division has begun a study of methods for improving the quality of kaolin for its present uses in the manufacture of paper, rubber, ceramics, and refractories. This research work includes the bene- 70 Report Department of Natural Resources ficiation of the kaolin, and in addition, the utilization of the waste material for some purpose. Great quantities of stained, or discolored kaolin must be discarded at present because of the lack of suitable means for bringing it up to the required color standards. If the Division can succeed in discovering some method or process for such beneficiation of the waste kaolin, it will have added many thousands of dollars to the State's income. Another project on kaolin is also under way in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines at the Electro-Technical Laboratory of the Tennessee Valley Authority at Norris Dam, Tenn. That laboratory has tested kaolins from several States in the vicinity of Norris Dam. Georgia kaolin, however, has not been used in the investigations until just recently, when an arrangement was made by the Division with the U. S. Bureau of Mines to conduct an exhaustive series of tests on the use of Georgia kaolin for whiteware, and chinaware products. This work, it is hoped, will eventually lead to the establishment of additional whiteware and chinaware plants in Georgia. Fullers Earth. The use of fullers earth for bleaching purposes has long been known. Georgia produces some of this ore for this purpose, but there are vast deposits of high-grade fullers earth which cannot be mined at present chiefly because the market does not exist. Therefore. it is logical to conclude that what is needed is a new type of market, or use for the material. Consequently, the Division has started an investigation to search for absolutely new uses for fullers earth. The most important one, which may prove of considerable value, is the use of the light-weight fullers earth for insulation purposes. The final form of the insulation has not been determined yet, for a great deal of work is required to find the most suitable binders, matrices, and combinations of the fullers earth with other insulating minerals and substances. This research work has a chance to succeed only if sufficient funds are provided to adequately finance it. The results will fully justify any expenditures of this kind. Bauxite. The Division has made a beginning towards the use of bauxite, the ore of aluminum, for other purposes. Large quantities of low-grade ore exists in Georgia but at present it cannot be mined because of economic reasons. Nevertheless, the Division staff believes that there is a cheap method for beneficiating this ore, and raising it to commercial standards. It is also believed that several new uses may be found for the material not heretofore considered. A great deal of careful study is required for this problem which is Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 71 thought to be of prime importance to the economic future of Georgia. Rock Wool. Rock wool is a heat insulator produced from a certain type of impure limestone. It may also be produced from other materials. Actually it is a glass which has been spun into fine threads. The material is prepared by melting a suitable type of rock in a cupola furnace, that is, a type furnace used in ordinary iron manufacture. This material escapes from a small orifice in molten condition where it is blown into a fine wooly product by steam or air. About a year ago, this Division began a study of the rock wool resources of Georgia. No rock wool is at present manufactured in Georgia, although we have large potential markets. This material is imported to Georgia from such states as Ohio and New York, thus adding considerably to its purchase price. It is not manufactured in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, North Carolina or South Carolina. Georgia is the ideal location for such a plant. In our investigation we find that rock wool can be manufactured in northwest Georgia, probably in certain localities in middle Georgia, and most certainly in south Georgia. Northwest Georgia, with its large undeveloped deposits of limestone and shale, close to such markets as Atlanta, Chattanooga and Birmingham, and near our own coal deposits, is an ideal location for such a plant. Certain marble deposits of Piedmont Georgia also afford possible locations, and this Division is considering the possibility of preparing rock wool by combining waste marble with granite waste. South Georgia is an excellent location for such a plant, thus we should have the Florida trade. In this part of the State, it may be prepared from impure limestones and fullers earth. \Ve believe that this industry could have a great future in our State. We, therefore, urge that plants be erected at proper localities for the manufacture of this product. Limestone. The term limestone is a very general one, including, as it does, both consolidated and unconsolidated rocks composed of a greatly varying amount of lime intermixed with sand, clay, and magnesium in various proportions. The material is used for many purposes, among which are: a source of lime, for riprap, railroad ballast, road metal, concrete aggregate, furnace flux, and fertilizer. Some special kinds of limestone will form rock wool (See above). Recently the attention of the members of the technical staff of the Division of J\fines, Mining and Geology has been directed toward the development of the vast limestone deposits which exist in the State for use as fertilizer. Inquiries made of agricultural authorities indicate a rich potential agricultural lime market in Georgia. 72 Report Department of Natural Resources The three main areas of the State are all well supplied with large limestone deposits, yet much lime 1s purchased from without the. State. The northwestern section possesses, perhaps, the most easily accessible and largest limestone deposits. Samples collected from that area indicate the occurrence of many varieties of limestone which can be used for almost any agricultural purpose. Limestones and marbles occur locally in middle Piedmont Georgia. The deposits will grind or burn to good agricultural lime, and this section is in great need of lime for that purpose. The Coastal Plain of Georgia also has large, widespread beds of limestone thought to be suitable for use by the farmer, and for many other purposes. The limestone samples collected so far indicate that the material of this area will probably be easier to grind than that of other areas since it is considerably softer and less consolidated. A great deal of additional field work in locating suitable deposits, and many more chemical analyses are needed before this work can be successfully completed. The Division is collecting all possible information on grinding and pulverizing machinery in order to be able to determine the amount of capital investment required to start such a business, and thus to make such material available to the farmer at lowest cost. Flagstone. The Division is actively engaged in the development of the flagstone industry. This industry has a promising future. There is now considerable demand for flagstone in every city in Georgia. In former years, flagging was used for paving purposes only, but in modern building its principal uses are as stone veneering and as decorative walks in the construction of residences. The use of flagstone as a veneer is increasing rapidly in popularity, thus the demand for this type of stone is now much greater than the supply. The Division is gathering data on quarry locations, quality, and variety of flagstone. Because of cost of transportation, the industry will be a decentralized one; for this reason, many producers will not be in direct competition with each other. War Materials. In the event of war all mineral industries are revived; thus production is greatly increased. Certain minerals known as war minerals are in great demand at such times. Should this country become involved in a war, or should a European war break out, very many minerals present in Georgia would be in great demand. We plan to particularly investigate in 1939 the following minerals in view of the additional demand for them in the event of war: Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 73 Chromite, used to make hard stainless steel for steel plating; manganese, used to manufacture hard steel, batteries, etc.; iron ores; tin used in plating iron, etc. Pyrite, mined during the \Vorld War will be mined again in Georgia if we become involved in war; its particular use will be in sulphuric acid manufacture. Copper, used in the manufacture of shells, detonators, wire for generators and motors, etc.; coal, found in northwest Georgia and used in the manufacture of coke and as steam coal would increase in value; petroleum, used by modern battleships because it has been found to have greater fuel value than coal, thus the cruising area of the ship is increased 40 percent or more; fullers earth, used as a filler in the manufacture of dynamite and explosives; talc and kaolin, used as fillers in the manufacture of rubber; bauxite, a source of aluminum. Aluminum is essential in the manufacture of airplanes, automobiles, shell casings, etc. Japan is now making her shell casings out of aluminum. Mica, barite, asbestos, and other products also have important war uses. Sub-surface Structural Map of South Georgia. The oil and gas activities of 1937 and 1938 have shown the great need for a map of the structural geologic conditions of the Georgia Coastal Plain. The search for petroleum depends, to a large degree, upon the attitudes of the rock formations in which oil and gas are thought to occur. That is, domes, terraces, and stratigraphic traps are likely places for the accumulation of oil and gas. Therefore, a structural map showing these features is very desirable and necessary to intelligent prospecting. Consequently, the technical staff of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology has undertaken to prepare such a map. This work is progressing satisfactorily and should be completed sometime during 1939. The finished map will be of great use not only to future oil and gas operations but also to persons wishing to locate private or public water wells. REPORTS IN PROGRESS Report upon the Geology and Mineral Resources of Northwest Georgia. A geologic report upon the rocks and minerals of Northwest Georgia is being prepared. This area of the State includes the Paleozoic formations of Polk, Bartow, Floyd, Chattooga, Gordon, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, \Valker and Dade counties. These counties contain much of the limestone, shale, and sandstones of North Georgia useful in cement, brick and tile, and lime manufacture; the large ore deposits of Bartow, Polk, and other counties; and the commercial coal deposits of Dade and \Valker counties. This report 74 Report Department of Natural Resources will be particularly useful when used in conjunction with the new geological map of the State. Report upon the Geology and Mineral Resources of Middle Georgia. A report upon the rocks of middle Georgia between the Coastal Plain and the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of northwest Georgia has been prepared and is now in type-written form. This report was prepared by a former member of the technical staff of this Division, who is now at the University of Georgia. It is practically ready for publication, embracing about 150 typewritten pages. The report discusses at length, and for the first time, all of the 25 formations and rock types of the area. These formations include valuable marble deposits, quartzites, granites, and building stones, flagstones, and include a wide variety of ore deposits. This report, when published, accompanied by the new State geological map, will be an important contribution to the geology of Georgia. Geologic Report on the Coastal Plain. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology has been co-operating with the U. S. Geological Survey in the preparation of a geologic map of the Coastal Plain area. This map has now been completed, and a report written in full explanation of the map. The report covers in detail each of the 26 geologic formations. Each formation is discussed concerning the location of its outcrop, its lithology, paleontology, correlation with other formations in the United States, and for the mineral resources which it may contain. There are approximately 250 typewritten pages in the report; there will also be illustrations of the more important subjects. This report has been completed and now awaits funds for its publication. These reports are very important to Georgia because they will act as a good advertising medium for the mineral wealth of the State. It is anticipated that they will be more popular than any others ever issued by the Division. Therefore they should be published as quickly as possible. PUBLICATIONS PLANNED Gold. Bulletin 4-A, on the gold deposits of Georgia, was published in 1896 but is now out of print. A later publication, Bulletin 19 on gold deposits, is likewise out of print. The first gold report proved to be the most popular publication of the survey. Because this publication is no longer available for distribution, and because of the great renewal of interest in our gold deposits, a third report on the gold deposits of Georgia is planned. Considerable work has been done by members of this Division upon the subject, much new Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 75 information having been gathered within the last year. The opening of many new mines has exposed many features of practical and technical interest. The many recent assays of our gold ores also has increased our knowledge of these deposits. The new report will repeat the best features of the publications that are not now available, discuss the many new mining operations, and rediscuss the geology of the gold deposits in light of recent scientific developments. Other Reports. Reports on glass sand, rock wool and ground water also are planned. COOPERATIVE WORK WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Underground Water Survey. The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology inaugurated on July 1, 1938, a program, in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, Water Supply Division, for the joint study of the underground water resources of Georgia. Funds set aside by the State Bureau are matched dollar for dollar by the Federal Bureau; thus making it possible for the State to obtain at least twice as much information per dollar as could be secured otherwise. This survey has been started in two separate critical areas in south Georgia, which are believed to constitute the most pressing need at present. These areas are those along the eastern seaboard and in the west-central portion of the Coastal Plain. Both are regions in which flowing artesian wells occur. They were selected because they act as a focal point for the investigation, and also are the areas in which the major industrial developments are taking place. The study is directed so that complete information will be finally obtained on reserves; and so that quantity, quality, and availability may be predicted with almost positive certainty. The Director has asked for and received complete cooperation from those persons and companies now engaged in drilling water wells or in developing the water resources of the Coastal Plain. These individuals have agreed to furnish complete logs and well samples for investigation. Therefore, much detailed information will materially aid final knowledge of these resources. The cooperation of the Division has been requested in many instances by State agencies, County agencies, and cities of Georgia. The State Board of Health and the Division work hand in hand for the development of better and safer public water supplies. Many new wells have been located at public request and adequate water 76 Report Department of Natural Resources supplies have been obtained in almost every instance. One outstanding example of the services, which have been and are now being rendered to the municipalities, is in the case of Albany, Ga., which has requested the Division to supervise the technical construction of additional wells for its public water supply. The underground water survey in middle and north Georgia represents a new field in water study. Hundreds of towns and small cities in this section of the State must derive their water supply from deep wells or from surface streams. Proper location of wells is necessary in order to reach an abundant supply of pure water. Although many deep wells may cost around $2,000, the proper location of those wells may reduce that figure. Much money is lost where wells are drilled in improper locations and thus turn out to be dry holes. It is believed that this Division has saved local towns, cities and private individuals thousands of dollars within the last year through its assistance in proper well location. This investigation, when completed, will supply the people of Georgia with a report of inestimable value for health and industrial purposes. Surface Water Investigation. The need for intensive study of the water resources of Georgia was apparent many years ago. Georgia was one of the first States to recognize the potential value of her water resources; efforts have been made spasmodically to initiate a comprehensive program for this purpose. It was, however, only within the last five years that the pressing need for such a program became greatly apparent. Information about quantity, quality, use, control, or removal of water for activities related to water power, steam power, navigation, drainage, flood control, bridges, highways, municipal water supplies, sewage systems, soil erosion control, forestation, wild life sanctuaries, flood predictions, and public buildings became more urgently required. All indications point toward a period of great industrial expansion and economic progress for Georgia, consequently basic information of this type is necessary. The General Assembly in 1937, passed a small appropriation for a co-operative water investigation, which, when matched by an equal amount from the U. S. Geological Survey, permitted work to begin March 1, 1937. As it was evident that the funds available were not adequate to undertake all of the broad program outlined above, it was necessary to modify the work to some degree. Therefore it was decided to establish stream gaging stations only on the largest streams, confining the quality of water studies to these same streams. Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 77 Accordingly, 53 river measurement stations have been established and continuous records of stage and discharge are being obtained. As funds permit, staff gages are being replaced by automatic recorders to increase the accuracy of the results, thus reducing the annual operating cost. Discharge records have been computed through the year ending September 30, 1937, and are now being prepared for publication. Records for the year ending September 30, 1938, are now being computed. Provisional records have been furnished to Federal, State, and many private agencies. Complete mineral analyses of the water at each gaging station have been made and are now in course of publication. Daily samples for a one-year period at six gaging stations were collected and analyzed. Sixty-six public water supplies have also been analyzed. The establishment in Atlanta of an office of the Water Resources Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey has brought unexpected, but advantageous, results to the State. For example, the U. S. Army, which is charged with studies for flood protection and navigation on the Coosa, Chattahoochee, and Flint Rivers, has transferred a total of $3,200 to this office for obtaining additional stream flow information. Likewise, the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, realizing the need for such information, and the need for the contruction of permanent recording stations, made an allotment of $21,000 to this office for that purpose. These funds are not available for normal operating expenses, but serve to illustrate the numerous advantages accruing to the State of Georgia even with only the small State appropriation of $15,000 set aside for the water studies. This money would not have been available had not the cooperative program been in effect. WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION PROJECT The Division of Mines, Mining and Geology is cooperating with the Works Progress Administration upon a project organized to collect, develop, and distribute knowledge upon the mineral resources of Georgia. This project, which includes a number of workers, is under the direct supervision of the technical staff of the Division. A great deal of valuable work has been accomplished to date. This work :' has been honored by officials of the Works Progress Administration who have recognized it as a model project. Mineral Resources of Georgia Counties. This work consists of checking the records of the various mineral deposits of the State 78 Report Department of Natural Resources which, when complete, will show the mineral resources of each of the 159 counties in detail, as well as describe such deposits. It is the object of this work to plot these deposits on a map of each county. It is hoped that this data will be fully assembled in book form where it may be either mimeographed or printed. Geographical Dictionary of Georgia. This project involves the compilation of a geographical dictionary, or gazetteer, of the State of Georgia. This work will list and locate all mountains, towns, elevations, creeks, branches, fords, ferries, and other geographic feattires of the State. It will discuss the origin of names, the meaning of Indian names, with such legends relating thereto as will be unearthed. This involves the study of a vast number of maps, reports, and other sources of information in the library of the Division. Although this work is still incomplete, the U. S. Board of Geographical Names has already had occasion to make use of it, accepting information from this work as authentic and as such has entered it in its report. Technical Laboratory Assistance. During the last year, an appreciable amount of assistance has been given to the laboratory of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology by members of the Works Progress Administration staff. This work has enabled us to handle a larger amount of analytical work which has been demanded of us by the public. It has permitted additional surveys of the possibilities for new industries within the State. Initial data has been obtained to substantiate the belief that Georgia offers every opportunity for the manufacture of rock wool. The investigation of every new deposit of both metallic and non-metallic ores was accomplished through the availability of the cooperative assistance. These workers have also assisted in the preparation of school museum sets. They receive bulk samples of Georgia ores and rocks which are collected by the staff geologists from typical occurrences in the State. They break the specimens into convenient sizes, number them, wrap them in mimeographed labels, which correspond with the additional printed labels, and pack them for shipping. One worker is engaged in the correspondence and other technical work necessary for the distribution of these museum sets. Library Program. It is not possible in a small space to completely describe the large amount of additional and valuable work done on this project. Examples would include the copying of old and sometimes rare reports which have not been printed. Sometimes but a single copy of such reports may be in existence. Many operators and other individuals have cooperated with this Division by lending us their copies which may be typed and preserved in files for future Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 79 use. The Division's library of some 15,000 volumes has been catalogued and cross-indexed by the Dewey Decimal system. This includes the reports of the U. S. G. S., the U. S. B. M., the Coast and Geodetic Survey and of the Smithsonian Institute; most of the States' geological publications and miscellaneous geological, and mineralogical works. Duplicate and want lists are mimeographed and sent out to the geological libraries all over the country and some 1, 700 volumes have been added to the library in this manner. At the present time a fourth want list and duplicate list is being prepared to send out for further exchange of books. Many publications vitaJ to the Division are out of print and can be obtained in no other way except through these exchange lists. Mineral Description Files. A card-catalog file, cross-indexed by minerals and by counties, has been made on all recorded mineral deposits in Georgia. Chemical analyses and assays are filed on separate cards. This enables one to locate immediately any known mineral deposit by name or by location. Bibliography. A cross-index file or bibliography has been made of all mineral publications which describe the geology and mineral resources of Georgia. Well Logs. Copies have been made on printed forms of all available logs of deep wells of Georgia. These are filed for information on deep wells; they are available for ground water studies, stratigraphic work, oil prospecting, etc. Catalog of Museum Specimens. A card catalog indexed by minerals and cases has been made for the minerals and rocks exhibited in the State Museum on the fourth floor of the Capitol. Photographs. Members of this project assist in the mounting of our large collection of photographs of mines, mining properties, etc. These mounted photographs are filed under subject and counties. With this system one may now find all the pictures of any subject or from any county. STATUS OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY Introduction. The mineral production of Georgia for 1937, according to incomplete returns made by the producers to the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the U. S. Bureau of Census, and the Georgia Division of Mines, Mining and Geology, was valued at $14,268,281, an increase of about 11.5 per cent over that of 1936. If we add to this the value of the water produced at municipal water plants and of electricity produced by hydro-electric plants we get a total of $29,- 80 Report Department of Natural Resources 871,233. The individual figures, as far as it is possible to reveal them, are shown in the table below. These figures show that Georgia mineral producers are well on the road to recovery from the Depression, during which Georgia's mineral production reached a low of $7,695,583 in 1933. Georgia ranked first among the states in 1937 in the value of its production of raw clay (kaolin) and fullers earth; second in the production of monumental granite and ground mica; and third in the production of barite, bauxite, and marble. The mineral production of North Georgia, although noteworthy for the variety of minerals produced, is exceeded in value by the clays, clay products, fullers earth, and sand and gravel of South Georgia. Barite. Barite is a heavy white mineral used in the manufacture of lithopone for use in paint, blanc fixe for use in paint and as a filler, and barium chemicals. Ground barite is used as an inert filler in many industries and as an ingredient in glazes and enamels; granular barite is used in the manufacture of glass. A comparatively recent and important use is as a heavy medium in mud used in drilling deep oil wells in areas of high gas pressure. All of the 1937 production came from the Cartersville district of Bartow County. Bauxite. Bauxite, the oxide of aluminum, was first discovered in America in 1887 near Rome, in Floyd County, Georgia. Since that time it has been mined in Floyd, Bartow and Polk Counties in northwest Georgia, and in Wilkinson, Macon, Randolph, Schley, and Sumter Counties in middle Georgia. The production in 1937 came from two mines in Macon County and one each in Bartow and Floyd Counties. It was largely used in the manufacture of alum salts for use as a water conditioner. Cement. Portland cement was manufactured from limestone and either shale or clay at two plants, one in Polk County and one in Houston County. Clay (kaolin). Georgia produces over 66 per cent of the kaolin mined in the United States for use as a filling and coating clay in the manufacture of paper; as a filler in the manufacture of rubber, oil cloth, and other products; and for use in the manufacture of china and other white ware. Its use in these products is largely replacing the English clay formerly used. It is also used in the local manufacture of high-grade fire brick and other refractories. This sedimentary kaolin was mined in 1937 in the following counties, named in order of the value of production: Twiggs, Wilkinson, Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 81 Washington, Richmond, Baldwin, Glascock, Houston, Taylor, and Hancock. The 1937 production was the largest in history. Clay Products. The production of brick, sewer pipe, tile, and pottery from Georgia clays showed an increase in 1937 of more than 27 per cent over that of 1936. Common and face brick and structural tile are manufactured from the alluvial clays of middle Georgia. Sewer pipe, structural and roofing tile, and common and face brick are made from the shales of northwest Georgia. Fire brick and other refractories are manufactured from kaolin. Jugs, churns, and art pottery are made at some 16 small potteries scattered throughout Georgia. The State is gradually waking up to the opportunity to manufacture pottery on a large scale in Georgia using Georgia kaolin and other raw materials from the Southeast. A whiteware floor- and wall-tile plant has been in successful operation for several years at Macon. Local capital is being raised for a dinner ware plant at Gordon, and a California pottery has built a branch at Atlanta to manufacture luncheon and kitchen ware, flower pots, and garden pottery. Coal. Only one coal mine is reported in operation in Georgia: that of the Durham Land Company on Lookout Mountain in Walker County. Flagstone. The production of the small but growing flagstone industry, shown in the table as miscellaneous stone, comes mostly from Pickens County, where a thin-bedded quartzite with micaceous partings can be quarried in large thin sheets showing a variation in colors that makes it admirably suited for use as steps and walks in gardens and for paving outdoor terraces and porches. Fullers Earth. Although Georgia is still the largest producer of fullers earth, a variety of bleaching clay used mainly in refining oils, the production has been declining for several years until 1937, when it showed a sizable increase. The production from Decatur and Thomas Counties is used with mineral oils, whereas that mined in Twiggs and Wilkinson Counties is used mainly with vegetable oils. A new use for fullers earth that may develop into considerable importance is for aiding in the clarification of water in municipal and industrial water conditioning plants. 82 Report Department of Natural Resources MINERAL PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA FOR 1937 ==============================-=-=-=-=-~~--==---=---------~-~=== Change Change Average MATERIAL 1937 From 1937 From Value Tonnage 1936 Value 1936 Per Ton ----------- ----- --------------- 1------- 0lay (Kaolin) : I Paper & China Clay, etc_________ 423, 065 + 15. 2% $3, 332, 851 +20.6% $7.88 Refractory uses___ 80, 667 +O. 1% 213, 208 +36. 6% Clay Products ____________________________ 3, 641,371 +27.2% 2.64 Granite: 1 Monumental and building stone___ 64,750 +39. 2% 987, 344 +15.7% 15.25 Other uses________ l, 141, 290 Marble______________ 24,810 +32. 9% l, 015, 787 +10.3% - 63. 4% l, 041, 124 -43. S% 0.89 4.20 j Bauxite*___________ )t [ -2.9%1 -3.5% Fullers Earth*_____ ___________ + 10. 2% f2, 293, 994 +21. 0% 6.80 10.90 Portland Cement*_ 1 +9.8%] +2.4% 1. 51 (per bbl.) Limestone ________ _ +7.1% +11. 2% 1. 07 Lime* _____________ _ 518,974 -3.7% 614,980 +36. So/a 7.80 Miscel. Stone* ____ _ Talc ______________ _ -70.6% +4.5% +63.0% +30.3% 7.90 6.58 Slate* _____________ _ 25,922 (ground) -33.7% 240,562 -31.5% 7.05 Mica and Sericite Schist* _________ _ +83.4% +14. 3% 15.75 (ground) Sand and GraveL __ 540,392 Barite_____________ _ 71,944 +72.1% 295,823 +111.0% +87.2% 404,404 +95.9% 0.55 5.52 Manganese ore: (long tons) +35%Mn_____ _ 689 -81.9% 11,423 -76.9% 16.60 I0%-35%Mn_____ _ 4,045 +48. S% 19,668 +77.4% 4.86 5%-lOo/oMn_____ _ 5,492 +1,187.0% 8,791 +844.5% 1. 60 (long tons) Iron Ore___________ _ 14,593 +154. 5% 19, 130 +66. 6% 1. 31 --------------1 Coal* Ocher*_____________ f j r -55.2%1 r -54.5% 14,470 1 o.o% r 101, 788 +9. 6% 2.32 Kyani te* _ _ _____ __1I I I +2o.o% 1 l +30.0% Gold and Silver: Gold: (fine oz.) Placer ____ _ Lode______ _ Silver: Placer ______ _ Lode____________ _ 521. 43 221. 29 23.00 26. 00 I +71. 3%1t +52. 2% I I t +109. O% +52. 9% I 25,995 38 (per fine oz.) +65. 1% 35.00 +80.9% 0.78 ---------'-----~--------'--- - - - - - - - -- Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 83 Total Value of Mineral Production___________ $14, 268,281 Value of produc. of Municipal Water_________ 1, 725, 102<1l Value of Water Power (hydro-electric)_______ 13,877, 850* +11.5% +7.5% GRAND TOTAL_______________________ $29,871,233 *-Less than three producers so production and value cannot be shown separately. Ell-Valued at $0.065 per thousand gallons at the plants. *-Valued at the source of production at $0.01 per kilowatt-hour. Gold and Silver. The increased interest and activity which was manifest in connection with mining and prospecting for gold and silver, following the increase in the price of gold from $20.00 to $35.00 per troy ounce, continued to gain momentum during 1937-38. This inducement, together with the fact that modern mining and treatment methods, such as drag-line excavators, froth flotation and jigging, has rendered certain previously worked placers and other lowgrade gold deposits valuable commercially which were not commercial prior to the advent of these modern facilities. The production of gold in Georgia in 1937, the last year for which definite figures are available, showed a gain of 65 per cent over that of 1936. It is expected that 1938 will show a corresponding gain over the year 1937. All together a total of more than SO gold mining and prospecting operations were conducted in some 20 counties in Georgia during 1937-38. Of this total approximately 40 were new operations and resulted in the expenditure of approximately $130,000 for labor, machinery, mining rights and materials. The only silver produced was that associated with gold. Granite. Georgia's production of granite continued to increase in 1937. Georgia is second among the states in the production of monumental and building granite, which comes mostly from the Elberton, Stone Mountain, and Lithonia districts. Curbing stone and paving blocks are produced principally in the Lithonia and Stone Mountain districts. The several large, and many small, producers of broken and crushed granite are widely scattered throughout north Georgia. The twenty-four counties producing granite in 1937 were, in order of the value of their production: Elbert, DeKalb, Warren, Madison, Fulton, Habersham, Henry, Dawson, Lumpkin, Oglethorpe, Banks, Union, Towns, Stephens, Coweta, Rabun, Cobb, Dawson, Greene, Columbia, Bartow, Carroll, Morgan, and White. Graphite. No graphite had been produced in Georgia since 1928 until, late in 1937, the Southern Mining and Milling Company, at Clarkesville, Georgia, began to experiment with the recovery of 84 Report Department of Natural Resources graphite from a kyanite-mica-graphite schist from which they had been producing kyanite and mica for several years. They made no commercial production of graphite in 1937 but have produced a considerable amount in 1938. Iron Ore. Georgia was for many years a large producer of iron ore and pig iron, but in recent years has not been able to compete with the Birmingham District in Alabama, where iron ore, coal, and limestone for flux are found in close proximity. Since pig iron ceased to be manufactured in Georgia, a very small amount of iron ore has been mined in northwest Georgia and shipped to Birmingham. The production of iron ore in 1937, most of which contained a small amount of manganese, came from 12 producers in Bartow County and nine producers in Polk County, and showed a considerable increase over that of 1936. Kyanite. Kyanite, an aluminum silicate used in the manufacture of high-grade refractories, was produced in Georgia for the_firs(time in 1933. An investigation in 1934 by the U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Division of Geology, resulted in the discovery of a large U-shaped body of kyanite-mica-graphite schist in Habersham and Rabun Counties. The Southern Mining and Milling Company of Clarkesville is now operating several mills producing kyanite from this schist, with by-products of ground mica and graphite. Lime and Limestone. The only plant reporting a production of lime in 1937 was in Bartow County. The production of limestone (including crushed and ground marble) in 1937 came from the following ten counties, named in order of the value of their production: Houston, Gilmer, Bleckley, Pickens, Fannin, Twiggs, Bartow, Polk, Whitfield, and Catoosa. The larger part of the production was used as a road material, but limestone, both crushed and ground, was used for many other purposes. Manganese. The production of manganese and manganiferous iron ore, used principally in the production of alloy steels, came from 16 producers in the Cartersville District of Bartow County and one producer each in Floyd and Wilkes Counties. The 1937 production of high-grade manganese ore was considerably less than that of 1936, but the production of low-grade manganese ore and manganiferous iron ore showed a large increase over that of the previous year. Marble. The Georgia Marble Company, with quarries in Pickens and Cherokee Counties, was the only producer of marble in 1937. The production included a small amount of serpentine or verde antique. Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 85 Mica and Sericite Schist. Only a very small production of sheet mica was reported from Georgia in 1937, but the production of ground mica recovered as a by-product from the mining of a kyanite-micagraphite schist in Habersham County and of sericite schist from Pickens County showed a considerable increase. These are used principally as a filler and for the manufacture of artificial roofing. Ocher. Ocher, a hydrated iron oxide used in the manufacture of linoleum, oil cloth, and as a coloring for mortars, was produced by three companies in the Cartersville District of Bartow County. Sand and Gravel. Sand and gravel are produced at several large pits in middle and south Georgia and a large number of small pits widely scattered throughout the State. Most of it is used for structural and paving purposes, but blast sand is produced by three companies, molding sand by two companies, filter sand by two companies, and glass sand by one company. The production figures reported in the table are by no means complete because much of the production comes from small pits that are intermittently operated and of which no records are kept. Slate. Slate granules for use in the manufacture of artificial roofing were produced by one company in the northern part of Bartow County. There has been no recorded production of roofing slate in Georgia for several years. Talc. Three companies near Chatsworth in Murray County reported a production of ground talc and talc pencils used for marking iron and steel. The talc pencils from Georgia are said to be the best manufactured in the United States. Water and Water Power. \Vater, although not often thought of as a mineral, is in reality our most important mineral resource, without which our civilization would not be possible. It differs from our other mineral resources in two ways: first, it is liquid at ordinary temperatures; and second, its supply is not exhausted by use, as is the case with all other minerals, but is continually being renewed. Not only is water itself an article of commerce, as domestic and industrial water supplies, but it is a source of energy for the manufacture of electricity (hydro-electric power). The Georgia Department of Public Health estimates that the municipal water systems of the State in 193 7 produced 17,544,63 7,500 gallons of water from surface supplies and 10,533,900,000 gallons of water from deep wells, a total of 28,078,537,500 gallons of water. The average cost of production is probably about six and a half cents per thousand gallons, which would give a total value at the plants of $1,725,102. 86 Report Department of Natural Resources The amount of electricity for public use generated by water power in Georgia in 1937 increased slightly over that reported for 1936. The value was figured at one cent per kilowatt-hour, the approximate value of the electricity at the source of production. DIVISION OF MINES, MINIKG AND GEOLOGY OPERATING ACCOUNT January 1, 1937 to June 30, 1937 Balance on Hand January 1, 1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 860.81 Receipt from State Appropriation ................ . 7,089.15 Total Receipts ............................ $ 7,949.96 Total Disbursements....................... 7,932.41 Balance operating account June 30, 1937 ........... $ 17.55 STREAM GAGING AccouNT: Balance on Hand January 1, 193 7 ................ . None Received from State Appropriation ................ $ 7,500.00 Total Receipts ............................ $ 7,500.00 Total Disbursements....................... 5,338.65 Balance Steam Gaging account June 30, 1937 ....... $ 2,161.35 Disbursements January 1, 1937 to June 30, 1937 GEOLOGY: Personal service ................................. $ Travel and subsis~ce.:.. ......................... . Supplies and materials .......................... . Communication ................................ . Printing ....................................... . Freight and express ............................. . Equipment .................................... . Miscellaneous .................................. . 5,789.70 1,200.94 282.18 194.60 234.40 33.62 21.13 175.84 $ 7,932.41 Report of the Division of Mines, Mining and Geology 87 DIVISION OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY OPERATING ACCOUNT July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938. Balance on hand July 1, 1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ Receipts from State appropriation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refund from Public Service Commission one-half expenses A. S. Furcron.............. 17.55 33,300.00 37.10 ToTAL RECEIPTs .............................. . 33,354.65 Total disbursements ..................... . 31,525.05 Balance operating account July 1, 1938 .......... . 1,829.60 STREAM GAGING AccouNT: Balance on hand July 1, 1937 ................... . Received from State Appropriation (regular) ..... . Special Appropriation .......................... . 2,161.35 12,180.66 2,000.00 Total Receipts .......................... . 16,342.01 Total Disbursements ..................... . 16,297.86 Balance Stream Gaging Account July 1, 1938. . . . . . 44.15 Disbursements July 1, 1937 to June 30, 1938. GEOLOGY: Personal Service ................................ $ Travel and Subsistence ........................ . Supplies ...................................... . Communication ............................... . Printing...................................... . Freight and Express ........................... . Equipment ................................... . Repairs and Alterations ........................ . Miscellaneous ................................. . Commissioners Office .......................... . 18,319.26 3,536.12 2,243.38 356.56 427.44 63.20 1,964.17 1,003.30 386.62 3,225.00 $ 31,525.05 II HALF A CENTURY OF SERVICE 1889-1939 The Geological Survey of Georgia will observe its fiftieth birthday this year. On November 23, 1939, the Survey will have completed fifty years of continuous service. This is indeed an unusual and enviable record-one which surely is deserving of fitting and proper "observance. Such a means of observance is available in the form of the first rea! geologic map of Georgia which has just been completed. The publication of this map with the various geological formations portrayed in colors would be most appropriate as a memorial to half a century of uninterrupted service, as well as filling a long-felt need for geologic information in this form. The map should be accompanied by the report which gives the details of the geology shown on the map. In this connection it might be interesting to point out the fact that many of the functions now performed by other divisions of the present Department of Natural Resources were originally performed by the Division of Geology. In other words, the present Department of Natural Resources has evolved from a nucleus, or beginning, which originally consisted of only one agency-the Geological Survey of Georgia.