'I \ /1 I GEORGIA FOREST RESEARCH PAPER V. "\ 70 May, 1987 V "\ Nursery Seedling Quality Affects Growth And Survival In Outplantings By: S. J. Rowan RESEARCH DIVISION Received MAY 3 1988 DOCUMENTS UGA LIBRARIES GEORGIA FORESTRY COMMISSION j Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/nurseryseedlingq70rowa About The Author S. J. Rowan - was principal Research Forest pathologist, USDA, Forest Service, South- eastern Forest Experiment Station, retired. Presently, Nursery Reforestation Consul- tant, Athens, Georgia. He received B.S.A., M.S., and Ph. D. degrees from the University of Georgia in 1953, 1958 and 1967 respec- tively. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his gratitude to the following industry nurseries: Hiwassee, Great Southern, Continental Forest Industries, Union Camp, Rayonier, Brunswick Pulp & Paper, and Georgia Kraft. Hand lifting at state nursery. Survival and growth of loblolly pine seedlings from nine Georgia nurseries were moni- tored in several plantations established during three consecutive years. Outplanted seedlings were lifted both operationally and with tender loving care (TLC). Rates of survival and growth were correlated with 71 X-variables generated from seedling measurements made at lifting. Incidence of fusiform rust, root rot severity, root and shoot biomass, and other variables were included among the measurements. Anthrone reactive soluble sugars, soluble glucose, and starch concentrations were measured in both small and large roots of seedlings lifted operationally and with TLC from the nine Georgia nurseries. Root starch concentrations (mg/g) in small roots were best correlated with increased growth in outplantings but the total quantity (mg/ tree) of anthrone reactive soluble sugars, soluble glucose, and starch in entire root systems (both large and small roots combined) were also significantly correlated with increased growth. Poor handling and planting techniques by landowners or planting contractors caused more mortality than all other measured causes. Shoot/root ratio was the best predictor of increased survival. Improved survival was correlated with increased growth. Nursery Seedling Quality Affects Growth And Survival In Outplantings By: S. J. Rowan INTRODUCTION Forest land managers are becoming more aware of the financial impact of regeneration practices on the yield of plantations of southern pines. Plantations established on unprepared or poorly prepared sites may have significant numbers of planting spaces that were never planted. The number of such spaces (missed) increases with roughness of the terrain, planting crews, and planting machinery. Certain planting crews-regardless of planting method--and certain planting machines-regardless of planting crew-improperly plant seedlings in rough terrain, resulting in substantial mortality rates. Initial stocking is important to the final yield of a plantation and careful supervision of crews that prepare sites and outplant seedlings can add significant profit to each rotation crop (Godbee et al. 1983). Poor seedling quality (size, disease incidence, genotype, physiology, etc.) is often pointed to in explanation for poor growth and survival of plantations but little information is available correlating measures of quality and performance. Godbee and coworkers (1983) indicated that improper planting accounted for the majority of mortality in their plantings. The work reported in this paper was begun in 1979 in an attempt to determine if the rates of survival and growth of seedlings differed among the nine Georgia nurseries, by methods of lifting, by methods of transportation, handling and planting by landowners, lifting and planting dates, root starch, root glucose, root soluble sugars, and by outplanting sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rates of seedling survival obtained by the average land- owner were determined among 49 random landowners in 1979-1980 (Table 1) and among 35 random landowners in 1980-1981 (Table 2). Dates of lifting, storage at nursery, storage at Georgia Forestry Commission county offices, storage on landowner's property, outplanting, and quality of the outplanting job were recorded. Weather records during the time intervals were obtained from weather bureau records nearest the site or sites involved. Effects of lifting methods (operational versus TLC), meth- od of shipping (operational versus hand delivered), and out- planting crew (author's careful hand planting versus random landowners' machine planting) on outplanting survival were tested on six random sites in 1979-1980 and on five random sites in 1980-1981 (Tables 3 and 4). Seedlings were hand planted in randomized complete block design with four blocks and 25 seedlings per treatment row. Survival and growth were monitored in plantations estab- lished with loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally and with TLC from each nursery in Georgia during 1980, 1981, 1982. The seedlings were lifted and outplanted during Jan- uary, February, and March in 1980 and 1981 and during February of 1982. The outplantings were machine planted (Whitfield chain driven finger planter) in randomized complete block design with 4 blocks and 50 seedlings per treatment row. Seedlings were lifted, refrigerator-stored, and outplanted during a two to three week period. Quantities of root starch, anthrone reactive soluble sugars, and soluble glucose were determined in small and large roots from 25 random seedlings lifted from each nursery in Georgia in February 1982. The root samples were collected on the day before the seedlings were outplanted, placed in a forced draft oven at 65 degrees C. for 48 hours to stop enzyme activity and carbohydrate conversions (Ebell, 1969). Large and small roots were separated after drying by gentle hand mm stripping followed by sieving through a 5 sieve. Large and small roots were easily separated from each other in this fashion, ground in a Wiley mill to pass a 40 mesh sieve, and placed in a freezer until carbohydrates were extracted and measured. Table 1. First-year survival of pine seedlings produced in Georgia Forestry Commission nurseries and planted by landowners or contractors on 49 random sites in 46 Georgia counties during 1979-1980 planting season. County Appling Baldwin Bartow Brantley Bulloch Burke Butts Clarke Clayton Columbia Coweta Dooly Emanuel Evans Fayette Glascock Gordon Hancock Harris Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Lincoln Macon Percent 46.2 60.7 82.0 53.0 55.0 17.3 77.3 62.0 54.0 0.0 77.0 71.0 67.0 56.5 76.0 88.6 76.0 88.5 81.9 86.2 42.0 69.0 71.0 44.5 0.0 County Morgan Muscogee Putnam Randolph Richmond Schley Screven Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Toombs Twiggs Warren Warren Washington Washington Washington Wayne Webster Wilkes Wilkinson Percent 5.0 79.0 79.7 62.0 70.4 76.9 68.0 91.1 30.4 77.3 71.6 58.9 78.3 37.0 28.8 6.0 68.3 16.0 66.0 0.0 87.3 74.9 47.0 0.0 Table 2. F irst-year survival of pine seedlings produced in Georgia Forestry Commissiori nurseries and planted by landowners or contractors on 35 random sites in 30 Georgia counties during 1980-1981 planting season. County Percent County Percent Baker Baldwin Ben Hill Brooks Calhoun Chattooga Chattooga Clay Clinch Colquitt Coweta Decatur Early Elbert Grady Greene Haralson Haralson 53.4 77.0 73.0 65.7 43.5 99.0 75.0 28.2 66.0 60.3 86.7 95.0 90.0 65.9 71.0 38.5 31.0 95.0 Irwin Madison Mitchell Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Paulding Polk Polk Pierce Seminole Tift Walker Walton Warren Worth Worth 59.5 39.9 73.9 46.3 37.8 49.0 39.0 47.0 40.0 54.0 68.0 91.8 68.0 85.9 27.0 88.1 52.4 Table 3. First-year survival of pine seedlings produced in Georgia Forestry 'Commission nurseries lifted ciperationally by | nursery personnel (Reg) and by thi3 author with tender lov ing care (TLC), transported to the landowner by state truck delive ry (State) and by the author (Hand), and outplanted on the landowner's site by landowner (LO) or by the author in randomized complete block design during 1979-1980. Lift method Transport method Site 1 (Morgan) Site 2 (Warren) Site 3 (Clarke) Site 4 (Washington) Site 5 (Washington) Site 6 (Brantley) Avg. Reg Reg TLC TLC Reg Hand State Hand State State (LO) 85.0 a 74.0 b 83.0 a 82.0 a 5.0 c . . . .Percent . . 12.1 b 11.2b 24.0 a 28.6 a 6.0 b 62.6 b 57.5 b 76.3 a 64.0 b 62.0 b 82.1 b 83.0 b 92.7 a 92.0 a 66.0 c 1.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 a 1.0 a 0.0 a 82.0 b 51.0 c 99.0 a 91.2 a 53.0 c 54.1 46.1 a 62.5 59.8 32.0 b Avg Reg lift Avg TLC lift 79.5 a 82.5 a 11.6b 26.3 a 60.0 b 70.1 a 82.5 a 92.3 a 0.5 a 0.5 a 66.5 b 95.1 a 50.1 b 61.1 a Avg Hand transport Avg State transport 84.0 a 78.0 a 18.0 a 19.9 a 69.4 a 60.7 b 87.4 a 87.5 a 0.5 a 0.5 a 90.5 a 71.1 b 58.3 a 52.9 b Column means followed by a common letter do not differ sigrlificantly (P=0.05) according to Duncan's muiltiple range test. Paired mean averages sh*ould not be compared \a'ith other means. Table 4. F irst-year survival of pine seedlings prod uced in Georgia Forestry Commission nurseries lifted operationally by nursery personnel (Reg) and by th e author with tender lo ving care (TLC) , transported to the landowner by state truck delivery (State) and by the author (Hand), and outplanted on the landowner's site by landowner (LO) or by the author in rando mized complete block desig n during 1980-1981. Lift method Transport method Site 1 (Baldwin) Site 2 (Warren) Site 3 (Greene) Site 4 (Clinch) Site 5 (Pierce) Avg. Reg Reg TLC TLC Reg Hand State Hand State State (LO) 99.1 a 98.0 a 95.0 a 99.1 a 77.0 b 98.0 a 97.0 a 95.0 a 99.0 a 27.0 b . .Percent . 93.2 a 74.2 a 93.0 a 92.1 a 38.5 b 84.0 b 88.0 b 98.0 a 97.0 a 66.0 c 88.0 c 79.0 d 100.0 a 91.2 b 54.0 e 92.5 87.2 a 96.2 95.7 52.5 b Avg Reg lift Avg TLC lift 98.6 a 97.1 a 97.5 a 97.0 a 83.7 a 92.6 a 86.0 b 97.5 a 83.5 b 95.6 a 89.9 b 96.0 a Avg Hand transport Avg State transport 97.1 a 98.6 a 96.5 a 98.0 a 93.1 a 83.2 a 91.0 a 92.5 a 94.0 a 85.1 b 94.3 a 91.5 a Column means followed by a common letter do not differ significantly (P=0.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test. Paired mean averages should not be compared with other means. 09 c CO --> Oc) <-> x O a> O "O "*-coa)C0)0)coo iridtn^couodcoiri *k- QC 8.E 3 D .55 '5> i o ua> Locq^cnppcniocN ddco'iri^cocbdiri (/J k_ co --- ^rCOCOCDCOP-lOCO > 0) CM 1-; p' r-.' oo d ** CM CM CM CO O) CO I I I c .uc CO Oa X a> r^oitncqcocMq^co CO CO O CO CO (D E ^ eg cNCO^p-'co^Ttpx'co in^-wco'*'*co*a-Ln cm p*.' 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Soluble glucose was measured by use of both ASTRA and KDA instrumentation (Anony. 1979a and 1979b). Both instruments utilize the glucose oxidase enzyme reaction but the KDA uses a chromogen reaction to indicate glucose concentration and the ASTRA uses an oxygen electrode to measure oxygen depletion and, consequently, glucose concentration. Starch was extracted in perchloric acid and iodine-potassium-iodine reagent (Ebell, 1969). The extracted starch was hydrolyzed in boiling hydrochloric acid (Hassid and Neufeld, 1964; Pulcher et. al., 1948) and the resultant glucose concentrations measured with both the KDA and ASTRA. Because the dry weights of small and large roots of 25 random seedlings were known, starch, glucose, and anthrone reactive soluble sugars were calculated as concentration per gram of root tissue and concentration per root system (per tree). At each lifting date and before seedlings were outplanted during the three-year period, 25 random seedlings were collected from each nursery source and each lifting method for measurements. The following were recorded: shoot height; shoot diameter; shoot fresh weight; shoot dry weight; root rot index (percent root length with lesions); fusiform rust incidence (based on 500 seedling count); number of first order roots; root fresh weight; root dry weight; mycorrhizal index (percent feeder roots mychorrhizal); weight and percentage of small roots lost at lifting (TLC root weight less operational root weight); dry weights of roots after stripping and separation by sieving and resieving into size classes-^5. 6mm, <5.6 - * 4.0 mm, < 4.0- ^ 2.0 mm; and < 2.0 mm, shoot/ root ratio (based on fresh weights); sturdiness index (shoot height/shoot dry weight); sturdiness index (shoot height/ root fresh weight); sturdiness index (shoot height/root dry weight); sturdiness index (shoot height/total seedling fresh weight); sturdiness index (shoot height/total seedling dry weight); shoot/root ratio (based on dry weights of each root size class and in all possible combinations of shoot weight and root size classes); and the reciprocals (1/X) of root fresh and dry weights in each size class and in all possible combinations. After including survival and growth in regression equations a total of 71 X-variables were used for growth and survival predictions. The MAX-R procedure was used in order to determine which X-variables were contributing most to the prediction of survival and growth (anomy. 1952). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rates of seedling survival obtained by the average landowner were determined among 49 random landowners in 1979-1980 (Table 1) and among 35 landowners in 19801981 (Table 2). Survival ranged from to 89 percent (average 60%) in 1979-1980 plantings and ranged from 27 to 99 percent (average 62%) in 1980-1981 illustrating large variation in rates of survival of seedlings from Georgia Forestry Commission nurseries. Method of lifting was shown to significantly affect rates of survival (Tables 3 and 4) but lifting seedlings with tender loving care (TLC) only improved survival by 11.0% in 19791980 and 6.1% in 1980-1981 (average 8.6%). Method of transport affected the rate of survival in only 1 of 2 years (Tables 3 and 4) and average improvement for the 2 years was 4.1% if extra care was taken during transport of seedlings from nursery to planting site. Although seedlings from the nine Georgia nurseries differed in size, weight, disease incidence, and other measurements at lifting (Table 5), their rates of survival did not differ significantly due to nursery source (Tables 6,7, and 8). Outplanting site did significantly affect rates of survival (Tables 6 and 7). Although lifting seedlings with TLC was shown to improve survival by 8.6 percent during the 2-year period (Tables 3 8 and 4), only 2200 TLC seedlings were outplanted. Survival was also shown to be improved by TLC lifting from all nur- series and outplanted on five sites during the same 2-year period (Table 9). The average improvement due to TLC lifting was 7.3 percent among these 25,200 outplanted seedlings. Outplanting date also affected survival on some but not all sites in each of the two years (Table 9). The greatest improvement in rate of survival resulted from extra care during outplanting on 11 random Georgia sites (Tables 3 and 4). Survival was improved by 14 percent in 1979-1980 and by 35 percent in 1980-1981 --an average of 24 percent improvement for both years. It can, therefore, be concluded that some improvement in seedling quality can be realized from greater care during transportation of seedlings from nursery to outplanting site, during lifting of seedlings from nursery beds and during packing of seedlings in the nursery shed, but care during transplanting by outplanting crews can provide more improvement in seedling survival than can improved lifting and packing methods or improved care during transportation. Disease incidence (fusiform rust, root rot) and other differences in seeding quality (71 X-variables measured and listed above) among seedlings lifted from the nine Georgia nurseries during the 3 years of this study did not cause survival rates to dif- fer significantly among nurseries. Top/root ratio was the best predictor of survival, and those seedlings that survived best also grew best. Weight of large roots was more important to seedling growth than was the weight of small roots (including feeder roots and mycorrhizae). Larger lateral and larger feeder roots were more important to seedling survival than were smaller feeder roots. The following prediction equa- tions generated by use of the MAX-R statistical procedure illustrate the importance of shoot/root ratio and large roots to seedling survival. Weather was not one of the measured variables. SURVIVAL= 9 R= TOP/ROOT RATIO + ROOT/TREE RATIO + 4mm ROOT WEIGHT + 5.6 mm ROOT WEIGHT. Y (.272) = .429 + .351 + .332 + .328 GROWTH= ,,2 SURVIVAL + INVERSE ROOT WEIGHT + INVERSE LARGE ROOT WEIGHT + FEEDER ROOTBIOMASS Y (.409) = .579 + .317 + .322 + .319 Root carbohydrate concentrations varied significantly by method of lifting and by nursery source (Tables 10, 11 and 12). Starch concentrations in small roots expressed as mg/g of root tissue was best correlated with seedling growth in outplantings (Table 13). Survival in the plantation was too good to allow calculating correlation coefficients between root carbohydrates and survival. Root starch concentrations in large roots were correlated with growth when expressed as mg/ tree but not significant when expressed as mg/g of root tissue (Table 13). Root starch concentrations in large and small roots combined (total root system) were correlated with growth whether expressed as mg/g or mg/tree (Table 13). Soluble glucose in large roots and in both large and small roots combined (total root system) was significantly correlated with growth when expressed as mg/tree but not when expressed as mg/g of root tissue (Table 13). Soluble sugars (total) in total root system were significantly correlated with growth only when expressed as mg/tree but their concentrations in small or large roots were not correlated with growth (Table 13). Second year heights of seedlings were significantly affected by method of lifting, datesof planting, site, and nursery source (Tables 14, 15 and 16). The earlier the outplanting date, the larger were seedlings two years later. The TLC lifted trees were also taller than operationally lifted ones after the second year. The obvious conclusion from this data is that the better the quality of seedlings outplanted and the better the handling and care, the higher the yield and profits by rotations end. Table 6. First-year survival of loblolly pine seedlings lifted from each nursery in Georgia and ou tplanted on each of three sites during 1979-1980 planting season. Nursery source Morgan Page-Walker Hiwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union-Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Average Oglethorpe Baldwir Ware Average i 64.6 55.2 39.2 58.2 49.9 64.6 57.1 48.4 54.7 B . . . .Percent 37.5 92.7 38.5 95.8 39.1 92.1 37.8 96.2 29.4 91.0 30.0 92.2 26.2 93.7 34.2 34.1 A 94.6 93.5 C 64.9 a 63.2 a 56.8 a 64.1 a 56.8 a 62.3 a 59.0 a 59.1 a Column means 1Followed by a common lowercase letter or row means followed by a common ijppercase letter do not differ significantly (P=0.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test. Table 7. First-year survival of loblolly pine seedlings lifted from each nursery in Georgia and outplanted on each of two sites during 1980-1981 planting season. Nursery source Baldwin Ware Average Morgan Page-Walker Hiwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union-Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Ga. Kraft Average 71.5 ab 73.1 b 62.4 a 65.7 ab 62.1 a 67.4 ab 65.1 ab 62.1 a 66.5 a 66.2 A . . . . Percent. 88.8 b 88.6 ab 86.0 ab 82.9 ab 84.5 ab 91.9 b 83.2 ab 79.0 a 90.0 b 86.1 B 80.1 be 80.9 c 74.2 abc 74.3 abc 73.3 ab 79.7 be 74.2 abc 70.5 a 78.3 be Column means followed by a common lowercase letter or row means followed by a common uppercase letter do not differ significantly (P=0.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test. Table 8. First-year survival of loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally and with tender loving care (TLC) from each nursery in Georgia and outplanted diiring February 1982. Nursery source Lifting method Operational TLC Average Morgan Page-Walker Hiwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union-Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Ga. Kraft Average 92.0 98.0 100.0 96.4 96.0 99.5 97.5 99.1 98.5 97.4 98.5 99.0 97.2 98.6 99.5 99.0 99.0 97.7 99.0 98.6 95.3a 98.5a 98.6a 97.5a 97.8a 99.3a 98.3a 98.4a 98.8a 98.0 Means followed by a common letter do not differ significantly (P=0.05) according to D uncan's multiple range test. The rate of survival did not differ significantly due to nursery source. Table 9. First-year survival of loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally (Reg) by nursery personnel and with tender loving care (TLC) by the author and outplanted during January, February, and March on three sites in 1979-1980 and on two sites in 1980-1981. Oglethorp e Baldwin Ware Avg. 1979-1980 lifting Reg. TLC 50.9 a 58.5 b 32.2 a 35.9 a 91.5 a 95.6 b 58.0 a 63.3 b 1980-1981 lifting Reg. -- TLC -- 62;0a 70.5 b 81.1 a 91.1 b 71.6 a 80.8 b 1979-1980 lifting Jan. Feb. Mar. 44.2 a 58.1 b 61.7 c 31.9a 29.3 a 41.0 b 87.7 a 96.2 a 96.7 a 54.6 a 61.2a 66.5 a 1980-1981 lifting Jan. -- Feb. -- Mar. -- 63.6 a 72.0 b 63.0 a 90.6 b 87.2 b 80.6 a 77.1 b 79.6 b 71.8a Column means within each year and lifting method or planting date followed by a common letter do not differ sigrlificantly (P=0.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test. Wm>m Care during transplanting by outplanting crews can provide more improvement in seedling survival than can improved lifting, packing or transportation methods. w Table 10. Root starch in random loblolly pine seed ings lifted operationa lly and th tender loving care (TLC) from each nursery in Georgia. Seedli ngs were lifted and outplanted in Ware County Georgia duri ng February 1982 Nursery source Lift method Morgan Page-Walker H iwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Ga. Kraft Average Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Small root (mg/g) (mg/tree) 43.2 61.7 21.6 32.4 58.1 47.8 40.1 35.1 52.7 48.0 58.7 29.7 45.0 59.0 58.0 74.2 76.1 56.3 50.4 49.4 8.9 34.2 2.4 11.3 15.1 16.7 6.2 30.2 7.1 23.5 13.8 8.6 7.9 46.9 7.5 30.4 43.2 39.1 12.5 26.8 Large roots Total roots (mg/g) (mg/tree ) (mg/g) (mg/tree) 95.9 99.5 32.4 58.1 82.5 68.4 60.3 81.5 40.5 35.1 57.6 55.8 78.0 103.5 97.3 99.0 91.2 95.9 70.6 77.4 72.9 204.0 19.9 59.6 117.6 75.2 110.7 56.6 39.9 38.6 25.3 34.6 149.8 147.0 73.0 70.8 179.7 165.4 87.6 94.6 84.8 91.3 30.8 51.6 78.7 63.4 58.7 55.8 42.0 39.1 57.9 47.5 75.3 87.5 91.5 90.0 92.1 84.5 68.0 67.9 81.8 238.2 22.3 70.9 132.7 91.9 116.9 86.8 47.0 62.1 39.1 43.2 157.7 193.9 80.5 101.2 222.9 204.5 100.1 121.4 10 Table 11. Ethanol-soluble, anthrone-reactive sugars in roots of random loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally and with tender loving care (TLC) from each nu rsery in Georgia. Seedl ings were lifted and outplanted in Ware Colmty Georgia during February 1982. Nursery source Lift method Morgan Page-Walker Hiwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Ga. Kraft Average Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Operational TLC Small roots (mg/g) (mg/tree) 40.4 48.4 68.0 23.0 65.0 36.0 37.6 24.0 42.0 27.0 36.0 33.2 77.0 24.0 41.0 25.5 33.8 35.0 49.0 30.7 8.3 26.9 7.5 8.1 16.9 12.6 5.8 20.6 5.7 13.2 8.5 9.6 13.5 19.1 5.3 10.5 15.2 24.3 9.6 16.1 Large roots Total roots (mg/g) (mg/ti ee) (mg/g) (mg/tree) 36.4 39.0 22.9 18.4 22.8 26.6 22.3 16.8 23.3 22.4 23.4 22.8 26.8 25.2 27.0 19.3 22.0 21.8 25.2 23.6 27.7 80.0 14.1 18.9 32.5 29.3 40.9 11.7 23.0 24.6 10.3 14.1 51.5 35.8 20.3 13.8 43.3 37.6 29.3 29.5 37.3 41.0 29.8 19.6 35.9 28.9 23.5 20.8 25.6 23.8 27.9 26.0 31.0 24.8 29.1 21.6 24.2 25.6 29.4 25.8 36.0 106.9 21.6 27.0 49.4 41.9 46.7 32.3 28.7 37.8 18.8 23.7 65.0 54.9 25.6 24.3 58.5 61.9 38.9 45.6 Table 12. Ethanol-soluble glucose in roots of random loblolly pine seedlirigs lifted operationally and with tender loving care (TLC) from each nursery n i Georgia . Seedlings were lifted and outplanted in Ware Couiity Georgia durin g February 1982. Nursery source Lift method Small roots (mg/g) (mg/tree) Large roots (mg/g) (mg/tree ) Total roots (mg/g) (mg/tree) Morgan Operational 12.2 2.5 TLC 14.1 7.8 Page-Walker Operational 13.6 1.5 TLC 14.0 4.9 Hiwassee Operational 11.2 2.9 TLC 11.1 3.9 Great Southern Operational 12.3 1.9 TLC 8.0 6.9 Cont. For. Ind. Operational 14.8 2.0 TLC 14.1 6.9 Union Camp Operational 11.9 2.8 TLC 9.0 2.6 Rayonier Operational 17.7 3.1 TLC 7.0 5.6 Brunswick P&P Operational 8.5 1.1 TLC 8.5 3.5 Ga. Kraft Operational 10.0 4.5 TLC 10.9 7.6 Average Operational 11.2 2.5 TLC 10.7 5.5 7.0 12.0 10.1 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.1 6.0 10.5 5.0 6.0 7.5 6.0 7.1 5.0 6.5 7.0 7.7 8.0 5.3 24.6 6.2 8.2 14.3 11.0 18.4 4.9 5.9 11.6 2.2 3.7 14.4 8.5 5.3 3.6 12.8 12.1 9.4 9.8 8.1 12.4 10.6 9.5 10.2 10.3 10.2 7.6 7.1 11.6 7.4 6.9 8.4 6.4 7.3 6.3 7.1 8.1 8.5 8.8 7.8 32.4 7.7 13.1 17.2 14.9 20.3 11.8 7.9 18.5 5.0 6.3 17.5 14.1 6.4 7.1 17.3 19.7 11.9 15.3 11 . Table 13. Correlation coefficients (r) between root carbohydrates and first-year heights of loblolly pine seed lings lifted operationally and with tender-loving-care from each of the nine nurseries in Georgia. Seedl ings were lifted and outplanted in February 1982. Root class Quantity Anthronesoluble sugars Soluble Starch glucose Small roots Small roots Large roots Large roots Total roots Total roots (mg/g) (mg/tree) (mg/g) (mg/tree) (mg/g) (mg/tree) 0.037 0.422 0.272 0.113 0.250 0.504* -0.126 0.264 0.366 0.472* 0.259 0.477* 0.610** 0.390 0.449 0.487* 0.525* 0.499* Carbohyd rates are significantly correlated with tree heights when coefficients are followed by one (P==.05) or two (P=.01) asterisks. Table 15. SeconcI year heights of loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally and with tender loving care (TLC) from each nursery in Georgia and outplanted on each of two sites during January, February and March 1981 Nursery source Ware (cm) Baldwin (cm) Average Morgan Page-Walker H iwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Ga. Kraft Average: Operational TLC Average: January February March 81.6 79.7 69.2 72.7 82.4 80.2 76.3 77.3 79.7 74.1 a 81.2 b 78.4 b 78.3 b 76.4 a 85.4 85.1 77.9 82.3 82.3 84.8 88.5 84.8 87.3 82.4 a 86.2 b 86.9 b 87.9 b 78.0 a 83.5 d 82.4 cd 73.6 a 77.5 b 82.4 cd 82.5 cd 82.4 cd 81.1 c 83.5 d 78.3 a 83.7 b 82.7 b 83.1 b 77.2 a Means among nursery source comparisons, lifting method comparisons, or outplanting date comparisons followed by a common letter do not differ (P=0.05) according to Dun- can's multiple range test (nursery sources a nd planting dates) or Fishers F test (lift methods)i. Table 14. Second year heights of loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally and with tender loving care (TLC) from each nursery in Georgia and outpl;anted on each of three sites during January, February, and March 1980. Nursery source Oglethorpe (cm) Baldwin (cm) Ware (cm) Average Morgan Page-Walker H iwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P 107.6 114.8 97.3 105.1 92.6 100.5 101.1 111.9 101.6 108.4 91.9 99.3 87.6 94.9 95.0 105.7 119.5 127.5 108.1 116.8 102.9 111.7 111.7 124.3 109.6 cde 116.9e 99.1 ab 107.1 cd 94.4 a 102.4 be 102.6 be 114.0de Average: Operational TLC 100.4 a 107.2 b 94.8 a 101.2b 111.5a 119.1 b 102.2 a 109.2 b Average: January February March 101.8 a 109.2 b 100.3 a 96.1 a 103.1 b 94.7 a 113.1 a 121.3b 1 1 1 .4 a 103.7 a 1 1 1 .2 b 102.1 a Means among nursery source comparisons, lifting method comparisons, or outplanting date comparisons followed by a common letter do not differ (P=0.05) according to Duncan's miiltiple range test (nursery sources and planting dates) or Fishers F test (lift methods). 12 Table 16. Second year heights of loblolly pine seedlings lifted operationally and with tender loving care (TLC) from each nursery in Georgia and outplanted on one Georgia site during February 1982. Nursery source Ware (cm) Morgan Page-Walker H iwassee Great Southern Cont. For. Ind. Union Camp Rayonier Brunswick P&P Georgia Kraft 80.9 c 69.4 a 94.1 d 72.2 b 81.5 c 72.4 b 81.3 c 92.3 d 80.6 c Average: Operational TLC 78.6 a 82.5 b Means among comparisons of nursery sources or lifting methods followed by a common letter do not differ (P==0.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test (nursery source) or Fisher's F test (lift method). Packing seedlings at nursery. 13 3 51DA DMSSM E1T1 LITERATURE CITED Anonymous. 1979a. American Monitor Corporation Tech. Pub., Doc. No. 39611. Anonymous. 1979b. Beckman ASTRA Glucose Chemistry Module, Doc. No. 555591. Anonymous. 1982. SAS Users Guide: Statistics 1982 Edition. SAS Institute Inc. Box 8000 Cary, NC. 584 p. Ebell, L. F. 1969. Variation in total soluble sugars of conifer tissues with method of analysis. Phytochemistry 8: 227-233. A Godbee, J. F., Jr., J. L. Rakestraw, and F. S. Broeman. 1983. Pine plantation survival: corporate look at the problem. Proc. 1982 Southern Nursery Conf. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Publ. R8TP4: 21-26. Savannah, Ga. Hassid, W. Z. and E. F. Neufeld. 1964. Quantitative determination of starch in plant tissues. Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry 4: 33-36. Pulcher, G. W., C. S. Leavenworth, and H. B. Vickery. 1948. Determination of starch in plant tissues. Anal. Chem. 20: 850-853. GEORGIA FORESTRY John W. Mixon, Director J. Fred Allen, Chief Of Research