Publications of the Georgia State Department of Agriculture [1894]

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
GEORGIA STATE
Department of Agriculture
FOR THE ZEAIE 1894
Volume XX
R T NESBITT
COMMISSIONER Or AGRICULTURE
ATLANTA GA
Geo W Harrison State Printer
Franklin Printing and Publishing House
1894
PREFACE
Iq accord with the established custom of the Department of Agriculture
we present this the Twentieth Annual Compilation of the Publications of
the Department We trust it mjrits the consideration of our farmers and
all interested in agricultural pursuits We have endeavored through the
features introduced last year in the monthly itsue and which have been
continued through the present year to embody such scientific and practi
cal information as will be useful on the farm and to those engaged in
Horticulture Dairying etc As a book of reference upon such questions
as are almost diily suggested to the thinking farmer who is seeking
knowledge and improvement we trust it will prove of value
The volume does not include all publications and thereore is not illus
trative of the work accomplished Bulletins which are issued from time
to time and which are included in a final isjue have been omitted thus
avoiding repetition We hope through its contents the volume will be
found worthy of preservation
INDEX
A
Analysis of farm yard manure 28
Analysis of tobaceo stems 28
Alfalfa when to sow 36
Artificial rotation 39
Analysis of swamp litter 43
Agricultural Department work of 54
Agricultural education 56
Acreage in cotton 60
April monthly talk of Commissioner 61
Ammoniacal copper carbonate compound 69
Alfalfa 71
Answers to inquiries 91
A complete fertilizer 103
Answers to inquiries 103
August Mr Xesbitts letter 108
Analyses of commercial fertilizers and chemicals 147
Analyses of complete commercial fertilizers 186
Analyses of cottonseed meal 206
Analysis Florida pebble phosphate 241
Analysis basic slag 245
B
Bone cut as food for stock 27
Bermuda and wiregrass distinction 37
Burr clover when to plant 42
Best varieties Irish potatoes 48
Blight pear kinds causes 68
Bordeaux mixture 69
Burr clover value of 71
Beggar lice 104
Boll worm 141
Barley 141
Burr clover 144
Bulletin No 29 147
Bone meal 157
Brands inspected and analyzed 232
Baking powders 246
119136VI
INDEX
C
Cotton condition in November
Commercial fertilizers percentage of plant food
Cows caked bag
Chickens how to get rid of mites
Compost to prevent fire fang
Cabbage worm remedy
Crabgrass its character
Cattle breeding and feeding
rops needs of each
Clover burr when to plant
Compost formula
Compost when to
Compost formula corn and cotton
Composting when to water
Cultural notes on potatoes
Cotton acreage
Cotton planting shallow and deep planting
Cotton distance to give
Cotton potash for best form
Corn cultivating
Cotton plowing
Comparison stable manure and commercial fertilizers
Cow lost cud remedy
Cottonseed and cottonseed meal nitrogen
Corn distance to plant
Corn culture of
Cotton distance to plant
Cotton remarks for May
Corn remarks for May
Crop leport for May
Corn weevils in remedy
Colorado potato beetles
Cut clover
Colorado beetle
Cow peas turned under
Corn fertilizers percentages of plant food
Cottonseed and its products
Cottonseed meal and food analysis
Commissioner of Agriculture report to iovernor
D
December monthly talk with farmers
Dehorning cattle
Distance to give cotton
Dried blood nitrogen in
Decaying trees
Destroying weevils
1
6
10
10
16
26
28
36
38
42
43
49
47
47
53
60
70
71
72
74
75
76
78
78
7
79
70
80
80
80
81
91
91
129
142
154
158
241
261
15
27
71
78
105
108INDKX
VII
E
Economy necessity of 2
Excessive sweating of horses 28
Experiment farmsbenefits 29
Evils of allcotton policy 51
Eau Celeste 69
Effect of the freeze 72
English rotation 103
Elements from atmosphere 143
Ellington Bill 175
F
Farming speculative system 2
Fall and winter plowing 30
Fruit trees pruning manuring etc 33
Fertilizers removed by crops 34
February monthly talk of Commissioner 38
Fertilizer for peas 44
Fertilizer for sweet potatoes 44
Forage plantsmillo maize kaflir corn 45
Fire fang cause and effect 47
First plowing of corn 65
Forage cropcattail millet etc 65
Fungicides receipts for how to apply 68
Fertility maintained by commercial fertilizers 75
Fertilizer for swampy land 76
Fertilizers what becomes of them 77
Fruit remarks for May SO
Food for stock 105
Food for milch cows etc 113
Fertilizer 142
Formula for watermelons 152
Fertilizer inspection law governing 179
Fertilizer inspectors 263
G
Green crops when to turn under 11
Grass crab 28
Garden auxiliary of the farm 32
Garden calendar for January work 36
Garden planting etc 41
Grasses for general pasture 42
Groundpeas when suitable for planting 42
Grafting on crabapple roots 44
Groundpeas when to plant 66
Groundpeas Spanish tor hogs 73VIII
INDEX
Grafting wax recipe for 78
Grasses remarks for May 80
General remarks for June 89
July 107
August 115
September 133
October 139
General average of all fertilizers 229
H
Horses scratches in 10
Humus how it benefits land 13
Hog products the quantity 20
Hams curing 20
Horses feeding 23
Horses wolfs teeth 26
Horses excessive sweating 28
Hogs breeding age 29
How to compost 42
Harvesting peas proper time 44
Hollowhearted potatoes 45
Hogs increase in 67
Horse windbroken cause remedy 67
Hogs salting 73
Horn Fly 92
Hog mange lice on cattle 118
Hog cholera 129
I
Independence road to 62
Items of local interest 103
Inquiries answered 141
J
January monthly talk with the farmers 29
January work for month 31
June monthly talk of Commissioner 85
July monthly talk with farmers 97
Japan plums 102
L
Leaves dead for manure 14
Lythurgus sylvestris German fiat peu 45
Lost cud remedy 78
Late potatoes 93
Letters from Mr Peacock 119
Litter 143
Limestones found in Georgia 238INDEX
IX
M
Mistakes in agricultural policy
Manure quantity produced by a horse
Manure quantity produced by a cow
Manure average quantity produced per day by animal
Manure value per ton produced by various animals
Manuring experiments in
Meat curing
Manure for the orchard
Manure analysis of
Manure loss by exposure
Manuring for special crops
March monthly talk of Commissioner
May monthly talk of Commissioner
Manure returned by stock
Manure saving stable
Manuring the orchard
Marble
Minerals analyzed
Mucks percentage composition
Muck what it contains
N
November monthly talks by Commissioner
Needs of each crop
Nesbitt R T address before State Agricultural Society
Nitrate of soda nitrogen in
Notes about good roads
Nitrogen
Nitrogen in blood and tankage
3
16
16
17
17
19
25
26
28
33
39
4S
72
75
76
79
145
235
240
71
15
38
53
78
90
105
242
O
Orchard manure for
Oas grass and clover how to prepare for
Oats spring when to sow
Oyster shells elements of
Orchard what to plant in
Oats remarks for May
October Mr Nesbitts talk with farmers
Organic matter
Oyster shells
Oil inspection
26
41
45
77
77
80
135
143
242
265
Pear trees how train
Plowing fall and winter
Potatoes deep and shallow tillage
13
30
37x INDEX
Peas harvesting proper time 44
Pea fertilizer for
4
Potatoes hollowhearted
Peach trees pruning
Peach borer remedy
Phosphates reducing
Policy of Southern farmers 4q
Potatoes cultural notes
Potatoes early crop manuring rfi
Pear blight kinds of causes 6g
Pasture summer grasses for 2
Potash for cotton best form ly
Plowing cotton
Potatoes best sort for Irish and sweet
Peas for hay quality to sow
Potatoes Irish best form of potash for L
Peanuts
Peas o
Pasturage 318
Phosphates determined
Q
Questions answered information etc n
Questions answered
R
Renovating crops
Renovation and rotation
Raw bone and steamed bone difference 34
Rotation artificial
Red top soil for
Rotation principle of
Remedy for peachborer
Reducing phosphates
Root rot in cotton
Red top
144
Report of the State Chemist 73
Report to Governor
S
Speculating system of farming
Stumps how to remove
Stable manure with ashes
Sheepticks a remedy
Study necessity of agricultural 1S
Seed vitality of
Steamed bone and raw bone difference 34INDEX
XI
Swamp litter analysis of 43
Sweet potatoes fertilizer for 44
Seed advantages of select 66
Simple solution of copper sulphate recipe cost 69
Simple iron sulphate solution recipe cost 69
Summer pasture grasses for 72
Swest potato culture 78
Spring information 83
Sheep lice 95
Stringhalt 96
Stop plowing 104
Southdowns 106
Shade for farm animals 106
Soil analysis 118
Spreading manure 142
Smut in wheat 143
Seed cotton 144
Salt 145
Sweet potatoes 146
Soft phosphates from Florida 243
Superintendent of Fisheries report to Commissioner 272
T
Tobacco stems analysis of 28
Teosente as a forage plant 33
Thomas slag as a fertilizer 36
To keep peas 145
To preserve eggs 93
The poultry yard 101
V
Vitality of seed 27
Valuations 149
W
Wheat and oats how to separate 13
Whitewash recipe for 14
Wiregrass and Bermuda distinction 37
When to sow spring oats 45
Work of Department of Agriculture 54
Windbroken horses cause and remedy 67
What becomes of fertilizers 77
Wheat remarks for May 80
Weevils ia corn remedy 81
Worms on melons 119
Watermelon growers a suggestion to 150
Watermelons formula for 152Circular No 1
Sixth Series
Suggestions and Information
FOR THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER 1893
issued by the Department of Agrou2fcure November 1 1893
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga November 1 1893
The past month with local exception has been uniformly favorable for
the sowing of all crops and in this work our farmers have made fine head
way
THE COTTON
crop is virtually gathered and with few exceptions never were its results
more disappointing At one time the crop outlook through the State with
the exception of Northwest Georgia was most encouraging From unpro
pitious seasons in that particular section the crop has been almost uniformly
unpromising and from the time it came out of the ground all through
the growing and making season and until fully matured and gathered of
fered little hope In other sections however the crop at one time promised
well and the general failure in results combined with unfortunately low
prices have brought disappointment and gloom to almost every farmhouse
in Georgia The perplexing and unsatisfactory condition of our monetary
affairs has added its depression of influence and altogether our farmers
as a class are troubled by anxious forebodings More especially is this true
of those who have neglected diversity of crops and ample homeraised
provisions
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ECONOMY
has been the watchword in making the present crop and its principles
have been more generally practiced this year than for several years past
In many instances men have denied themselves and families necessary
comforts But the sacrifice seems unavailing and farmers in common
with workingmen of all classes are suffering though it may be in less de
gree from the designated condition of the times
But while much of the present unrest and dissatisfaction can be traced
to defective financial laws we as farmers must admit that as a class we
have invited disaster by ignoring some of the plainest and simplest busi
ness rules We readily admit that in our efforts to cultivate much of our
land we are yearly taxing it beyond that point where we could expect even
under the most favorable seasons and with the most persistent and faithful
work to realize more than the cost of productionno hope of profit even
under the best seasons and best management With unpropitious seasons
the result is actual loss and oftentimes suffering Will we never learn wis
dom from hard experience or is the absolute loss of our property and total
inability to secure supplies on time the only sure check on our
SPECULATIVE SYSTEM OF FARMING
Our farmers should remember from their past experience that they can
not afford to start a crop in the vain hope that after advancing it to a cer
tain stage some one else will be willing to risk the supplies to keep it going
The merchant like the farmer has drifted along in the same current both
shutting their eyes to the dangerous snags all along their course He like
ourselves has hoped against hope striving each year to recover some part
of the losses which he has borne in the shape of advanced and unpaid for
supplies Our mutual hopes have been built upon sand foundations and
the props seem entirely swept away The lesson for us as farmers to learn
is that under existing circumstances it is worse than folly to attempt to
work our lands under the old methods and with supplies obtained on
credit It must be evident to every thinking farmer in the light of his own
experience and that of hundreds of others who have bravely struggled and
failed that if we continue a course so fraught with danger nothing but a
miracle will save us from ruin Let us arouse ourselves to our true condi
tion and realize at once that if we expect to make our farming successful
and selfsupporting we must follow legitimate and sensible business rules
and not the speculative plan which has characterized our management for
so many years Let us
LOOK CAREFULLY OVER THE GROUND
and determine just how much of our land under favorable or I
should say average seasons with careful management will give us home
supplies home comforts We but invite failure when we attempt to culti
vate land which depleted by a loug and continuous system of cleanly hoed
and exhaustive crops holds out little hope of remunerative returns unless
a different plan is adopted Our towns are today being filled withNOVEMBER CROP REPORT1893
DISAPPOINTED FARMERS
who despairing of success in their chosen calling have been induced to
embark in undertakings in which they have no experience and in many
instances little aptitude They forget that success in any business is usu
ally the crowning result of education study and often years of patient la
bor in that special line We see daily hundreds of cases where farmers
have ventured their all in new and untried business and lost and their con
dition calls for our warmest sympathy
The young man just starting out in life without capital but fitted by
temperament and education for some special work will find it to his in
terest to engage in that work because there his brain and muscle can be
used for his advancement To such the farm cannot hold out inducements
sufficient Other fields are more inviting and offer better pay and one
cannot expect him to forego a favorable opportunity or sacrifice his interest
to a mere sentiment Lifework is too real and we deal with issues too
vital to be trifled with and each one should select the work for which he
is best fitted But in selecting our business not only our fitness but our
individual fancies and prejudices should be considered and in every avo
cation there is one essential without which we can rarely hope to climb
high on the ladder to success that is we must love our work enough to be
willing to devote our time our energies and such talent as we possess to
its advancement
Having chosen our work we must not only love it but hold to it in shadow
as well as sunshine in discouragement as well as when it goes right As
farmers we must allow no opportunity for gaining information for im
proving our methods to escape and once we discover that we are on the
wrong track call a halt consider the situation and having decided on a
different line of action follow it to the finish Heretofore defeat has made
us desperate and in the vain hope of bettering our condition we have
plunged deeper into methods which upon reflection and in our calmer
moments we willingly admit are false in promises and unattainable in ac
complishment We have been working for immediate results without
considering the injury to our lands or our ability to execute the plans
which we have but partially matured Recognizing our mistake the only
sound policy is to
CHANGE OUR PLAN
for the future Permit me to emphasize some of the mistakes and to reiter
ate the warning which I have so often uttered The first and most griev
ous the one which has caused us the greatest number of disappointments
as well as changed the character of our soils is planting the same land
year after year in the same clean hoed and cultivated crops without rest or
change On this subject I quote the following from the American Agri
culturist showing how universal the practice and important to apply the
remedy
The farmer who owns his farm is concerned quite as much for its future
as for its present productiveness He cannot afford even under pressure
of seeming necessity to sell the fertility of his land by the bushel until itsDEPARTMENT Q AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
decreasing productiveness makes longer cultivation impossible Thous
ands have gone this road and have only found their mistake when too
late to retract their steps
However important immediate results may seem the careful farmer
looks to next year and the year after It takes exceptional crops to make
the farmer indifferent to the future of his soil But the true economy con
sists in combining both immediate and future benefit by applying manures
chiefly to clover and other crops which themselves add to soil fertility
and thus make it serve both ends It is here that grain farmers have an
advantage over those who grow hoed crops exclusively The farmer who
grows grain can and should always sow clover with it Then all the ma
nure he applies to the grain crop serves a double purpose The hoed crop
may make the most money per acre but if it is grown year after year it
demands the yearly purchase of a large amount of manure That will
take off the profits The alternation of grain seeded with clover and then
after one or two years growth the clover plowed under as green manure for
some hoed crop secures both the immediate profit and the permanent
benefit to the soil which every good farmer seeks
In the most southern latitudes peas or rye take the place of the clover
A second error is the yearly purchase of large amounts of commercial
fertilizer stock and provisions partly on time in the hope of a few extra
bales forgetting that when the additional labor and various other extra
items are calculated the expense account is largely increased and when
the crops are gathered the additional results are sadly disproportionate
The third mistake is included in the others that is the hazardous exper
iment of planting a short provision crop and trusting to our merchants or
luck to keep us out On a farm where plenty of provisions are planted
there is always ample opportunity for rotation and renovation and
where the farmer raises his own meat and possibly his stock the harmony
of agricultural relations is adjusted and maintained year after year and
the land instead of retrograding is being constantly improved
We have
EXPLODED THE OLD IDEA
that debts can be paid or money made on borrowed capital when cotton b rings
only seven oreight cents In looking atthisquestion from a businessas well as
an agricultural standpoint wecannotafford to ignoresomelunpleasanttruths
The crop producing capacity of our cultivated lands hasalarmingly decreased
the facilities for reaching newer and more productive lands have so greatly
increased as to draw off a large part of our best farming population these
two conditions combined with our unfortunate financial status and the
low prices prevailing for our principal farm products have caused a gener
al agricultural depression and we Southern farmers will be compelled to so
arrange the acreage character and general direction of our crops as to en
able us to run our farms without incurring additional indebtedness Many
are seriously cramped now and with the decline in land production and in
prices their affairs are becoming more and more embarrassed To such
error of attempting to cultivate large areas in cotton on borrowed capital is
painfully apparentNOVEMBER CROP REPORT1893
We should cultivate only such land as experience has taught us will pro
duce well and in such crops as are suited to our soils and the demands
of home and available markets We should resolve not to be swerved
from this position by any favorable or sudden change in the general mar
ket prices for it is the policy sanctioned by experience common sense and
our natural surroundings
At this season when the crops are nearly or about gathered each farmer
should determine upon the
PROPER PI AX
for him to pursue for another season and then direct his energies to their
accomplishment The fall and winter plowing should go on whenever
the land is in proper condition Very liitle attention has heretofore been
given to this work because of the character of our crops they occupying
the land until late in the season because we have never realized the im
portance of a thorough stirring of the subsoil and because we are such
creatures of habit that it is difficult to fall into new lines of thought and
action
In some cases where there is an absence of vegetable matter and the
land is disposed to run together this plowing may have to be repeated
in the spring but in the meantime the land has been put in condition to
yield up additional plant food when needed A sufficient area in small
grain should be put in each year to meet home demands this dressed with
a phosphate and followed by peas to be turned under or cut as the farmer
may decide By this process we will build up our lands and gather a sup
ply of plant food which combined with the prepared fertilizers will pro
duce astonishing results Build up pastures and provide for the comfort
of stock Keep one or two good brood sows and watch and attend to them
carefully Give them the benefits of the slops or surplus milk from the
kitchen and dairy Shelter cattle and stock properly All of these dumb
creatures which contribute so largely to our comfort suffer intensely from
the effects of cold and when unnecessarily exposed require more food to
promote health and growth Humanity and economy both demand that
we look carefully to the comfort of the farm animals Fences and terraces
are to be looked after leaves and litter to be hauled for bedding imple
ments plowgear and wagons overhauled and repaired In these small
matters we are too apt to procrastinate and when too late that is when
the spring work opens in earnest we realize the time we have lost and re
gret our inaction
R T Nksbitt CommissionerCOMMERCIAL FERTILIZ ERS
THEIB PERCENTAGES OF VALUABLE PLANT FOOD
We are often asked by farmers why it is that so much unnecessary ma
terial is found in the ordinary fertilizers on the market A common com
position of these goods is about 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid
about 2 per cent ammonia and about 2 per cent potash This is a total
of 14J per cent of available plant food or 14J pounds in every 100 pounds
of fertilizer
This may appear a small percentage yet when the source of the mate
rials and the urgent demand for lowpriced fertilizers is taken into consid
eration there are excellent reasons for such a condition of affairs
There are certain materials offered upon the market which contain plant
food Some of them are sold at very low prices which make them avail
able as fertilizers Bones phosphate rock cotton seed meal blood tank
age sulphate of ammonia nitrate of soda muriate of potash sulphate of
potash and kainit are such materials
Phosphate rock is our cheapest and most used source of phosphoric acid
cotton seed meal is one of our cheap sources of nitrogen and kainit is
largely used as a source of potash
Now 100 pounds of phosphate rock only contain about 30 pounds of
phosphoric acid and to render this 30 pounds of phosphoric acid available
as plant food requires in round numbers about 100 pounds of sulphuric acid
added to it Then the 200pound mixture will contain the whole of the 30
poundsf phosphoric acid or 15 pounds in 100 or in other words it will
be a 15per cent acid phosphate Phosphate rock is a combination of
lime with phosphoric acid and it also contains some impurities such as
sand etc Sulphuric acid when added to phosphate rock seizes a large por
tion of the lime and forms sulphate of lime leaving the phosphoric acid
available as plant food If it were possible to secure a perfectly pure phos
phate rock we could only make about a 23 percent acid phosphate with
it by this process It is possible to leach out the phosphoric acid from the
acid phosphate and evaporate the solution down and thus produce a
remarkably high grade of acid phosphate This of course increases the
cost of the goods very much It is possible now to buy goods running from
40 to 50iper cent available phosphoric acid but the demand is limited as
everyione wishes cheap fertilizers Such an article is intrinsically worth
three times as much as a 15 per cent acid phosphate With 15 per cent
acid phosphate selling at 13 a ton a 45 per cent one should bring 39
Even at this figure the higher priced article would be the most economical
on account of the freight as it wouid only be onethird of that of the
lowergradegoods Another factor comes however into the matter which
is the additional cost of producing the more concentrated article AdNOVEMBER CROP REPORT189
actual pound of available phosphoric acid sells at a higher and price as it
becomes more and more pure While it is worth 4 cents a pound in an
ordinary acid phosphate it sells for 250 a pound in a perfectly pure
condition as used by chemists
Cotton seed meal is one of the large sources of nitrogen yet as it is put
upon the market it only contains nitrogen equivalent to 8i per cent of am
monia iThe raw cotton seed itself contains a still smaller percentage before
the removal of the hulls and oil This partial concentration of nitrogen
in the cottonseed meal is too expensive to undertake for fertilizing purposes
alone It is the extraction of the valuable cotton seed oil upon which the
industry chiefly depends to make the business remunerative If agricul
turists could afford to use the most concentrated ammoniates which it is
possible to produce such ammoniates could be made far cheaper from other
materials than cotton seed Blood is a byproduct from the slaughter
houses and contains nitrogen equivalent to about 16 per cent of ammonia
and while higher per ton visually costs less per pound for the nitrogen it
contains than the cotton seed meal If cotton seed meal was worth nothing
except as a fertilizing material this might not be the case but cotton seed
is also a valuable cattle food Nitrate of soda is also a very concentrated
form of nitrogen It can be bought containing nitrogen equivalent to over
18 per cent of ammonia Perfectly pure nitrate of soda contains nitrogen
equivalent to only between 19 and 21 per cent of ammonia
Perfectly pure nitrogen and ammonia are both gases and for fertilizing
purposes must be fixed by combination with some other body Ammonia
gas is now sold in a liquid form compressed by heavy pressure into iron
cylinders for the manufacture of ice Such liquified ammonia gas it is of
course impractical to use Sulphate of ammonia is ammonia gas com
bined with sulphuric acid which holds it Pure sulphate of ammonia
contains over 25 per cent of actual ammonia
Kainit is an impure potash mineral only containing about 12 per cent
of potash muriate of potash containing fifty per cent of actual potash
It can be bought at very low figures considering its contents of potash
The sulphate can be bought at a little higher figure containing also about
50 per cent of potash If we consider acid phosphate in an unadulter
ated state asicontaining 15 per cent of available phosphoric acid and cot
ton seed meal as containing nitrogen equivalent to 8J per cent of ammo
monia and kainit as carrying twelve per cent of potash fertilizers cannot
be made to run very high from such materials in their crude form For
instance 00 pounds of 15 per cent acid phosphate contain 9 pound of
available phosphoric acid that is it contains Tff of 15 pounds 25 pounds
of cotton seed imeal contain of the 8J pounds of nitrogen equivalent to
ammonia in 100 pounds of cotton seed meal which will be about 2ry5 per
cent 15 pounds of kainit will contain 1T8 pounds of potashas 15 pounds
is tjV of the 100 pounds of kainit containing 12 pounds of potash per 100
pounds
By using greater or smaller proportions of each ingredient the per
centages can be varied but such formulae cannot be expected to contain
more than 13 or 14 per cent of plant food8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
If 10 per cent blood or 16 per cent nitrate of soda is used all the per
centages can be increased if desired By the use of such material as the
high grade acid phosphates which can be bought running as high as 18
per cent available phosphoric acid sulphate of ammonia containing over
24 per cent of ammonia and of sulphate or muriate of potash running over
50 per cent of potash very much higher grades of fertilizers can be pro
duced than the ordinary average of those on the market Fifty pounds of
an 18 per cent acid phosphate would give 9 per cent available phos
phosphoric acid 25 pounds of 24 per cent sulphate of ammonia would give
6 percent of ammonia and 25 pounds of sulphate or muriate of potash
containg 50 per cent of potash would give 12i per cent of potash The de
mand however is for lowpriced goods and many buyers do not stop to
consider the quantity of plant food in a fertilizer but think the cheaper
they buy a ton the better the bargain If one desires to buy a gold ring of
a certain size he finds they become cheaper and cheaper as they contain
less gold though to the eye they appear equally well at first One has to
take the jewelers word or go to a chemist to decide the matter A farmer
lias to either take the manufacturers word or go to a chemist also Some
may think they can tell the quality by the smell taste or color They are
badly mistaken
A fertilizer running i per cent available phosphoric acid i per cent of
ammonia and 12J per cent of potash costs a manufacturer 720 for the
phosphoric acid 1560 for the ammonia and 10 for the potash and 260
for mixing sacking inspecting etc This will be 3540 Such goods can
be purchased if desired If low percentage goods are not desired one
should not buy them as higher percentage fertilizers can be secured if one
is willing to pay for them Where freights are high considerable money
can be saved by using high grade goods To increase the standard would
be to lessen the use of cotton seed meal and the lower grades of phosphate
rock in manufactured fertilizers This would of course make fertilizers
proportionately somewhat higher in price
Pure phosphoric acid and pure potash quickly take up water from the
air and they would be difficult to manage as fertilizers They could not
be kept pure unless sealed air and water tight Pure ammonia is a gas
under ordinary conditions and of course would be unmanageable in such
form These bodies however can be combined with each other and thus
handled more readily Phosphate of potash can be made from phosphoric
acid and potash and phosphate of ammonia from phosphoric acid and
ammonia These two white substances would look very dissimilar from
the ordinary guanos I blackened with lamblack and even if there was
no increased cost in ridding the crude material of their impurities the
market value would be very high At the low valuation of four cents a
pound for available phosphoric acid a ton of pure phosphoric acid would
be worth 80 A ton of pure potash valued at four cents a pound would be
80 and a ton of pure ammonia at only thirteen cents a pound would be
260 The freight on such chemicals would be proportionately low accord
ing to their concentration but they are of course out of the question asNOVEMBER CROP REPORT1893
9
they cannot at present be manufactured except at considerable additional
cost per pound of plant food
At equal prices per pound for plant food a high grade fertilizer is cheaper
than a low priced one as the freight is less it does not take so much bag
ging and it takes less work to handle it Farmers should buy their goods
on analysis as the manufacturers do theirs No reasonable man should
expect to buy a ferlilizer containing twentyseven per cent of plant food at
the same price as one containing only thirteen per cent
Geoege F PayneINQUIRIES ANSWERED
BY THE GEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATING TO THE FARM GARDEN DAIRY STOCK RAISING ETC
CAKED BAG IN COWS
I want to know how to cure caked bag in cows Will you please give
me the information SBC
Hub the middle well every night with cod liver oil and give the animal
twentyfive grains of iodide of potassium in half a pint of water every
morning before feeding
SCRATCHES IN HORSES
How can I cure my horse of scratches W F F Cass Station
Mix white lead and linseed oil in such proportions as will render the ap
plication convenient Two or three applications should effect a cure
CHICKENS
We are pleased to be able to add the valuable experience of Mrs V
E H of Milledgeville as a further answer to the inquiry as to how to rid
the henhouse and chickens of mites Mrs Hs letter also contains other
valuable suggestions She says
Seeing in the weekly paper here in one of your recent reports an in
quiry for cure of mites and lice on chickens I send the following which I
know to be sure as my chickens have been free from mites for over five
years Two teaspoonfuls of sulphur to a pint of corn meal mixed well
together to every seven fowls given twice a week to get rid of mites
given once every 10 or 12 days to prevent Mites will never get on roosts
made of sassafras poles and they can be used several years Onions cut
fine and baked in dough prepared for biscuit and fed to fowls once
or twice a week when cholera is around is a sure preventive Little
chickens just a few days old can be fed with both preparations Three
drops of sweet oil on the heads of ducks will kill the lice
Respectfully
Mrs W E HNOVEMBER CROP REPORT1803
11
lEA VINES
What is the best way to save pea vines for hay P C Lee County
The vines should be cut just as the pea is developing in the pod
where you can find an occasional fully developed pod Mow or cut
down the vines early in the morning as soon as the dew is oft
Leave vines on the ground until next morning when you scatter the cocks
and leave as before Throw two cocks together in the afternoon and go
on in this way until the vines are dry enough for the barn Do not han
dle the vines in the heat of the day when very dry or the leaves will fall
off The vines should if not prevented by rain be left in the field for
four or five days Place them loosely in the barn and never pack them
away In this way you can secure very fine hay
WEEVTLS IN CORN
Can you give me a remedy or rather a preventive that will keep wee
vils out of corn 1 L H Adel Ga
In answering your question on this subject we reply to several other in
quiries relating to the same matter Experiments with bisulphide of
carbon prove it a most valuable remedy As practical experience is the
best test we give what Mr John W Rice of Suwannee county Florida
says on the subject
Last winter after I had housed my corn I obtained of Evans Broth
ers of Live Oak a few pounds of bisulphide of carbon I took a long
tube and worked it into the corn to bottom of barn on one side and
poured in one pound of the stuff stopped upper end of tube and let it re
main two weeks I then made the same operation on the other side of
the barn The weevils were pretty thick in the corn but they soon dis
appeared and I have them no more My barn is freer from weevils in
August than it has been in March before I must say it is a decided sue
cess I would not be without it though it cost me 5 a pound I have a
supply for the present crop and shall put each bottle in a box slatted on
top to prevent the breaking of the bottle place the box on the floor of the
barn and throw the corn on itthe bottle unstopped of course I
shall use one bottle to one hundred bushels of corn My stock
have eaten both corn and shucks treated with carbon and it had no
injurious effects The stuff is worth millions to the south where the corn
weevil is so destructive and annoying
GREEN CHOIS
I notice that you advise turning under crops just as matured I would
like to know whether the character of the soil should have any influence
in deciding whether the crop should be turned under green or after
matured C C 8 Bartow County
The general deduction that crops benefit the soil most when turned
under just when matured rather than when green is due to the fact that
when plowed under green they produce an acidity in the soil from the
decompositions that is hurtful This being the case it is evident that12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
where the soil abounds in alkaline matter such as potash and lime no
such injury can result On this character of soil it may be advantageous
to turn under the green crop as the acid is then harmless and uniting
with the alkaline may release plant food that otherwise might be useless
to vegetation In the experiments conducted at the State station no
marked results in favor of any particular time of turning under crops was
secured In our previous answer to the question we gave only the
general deductions drawn by experienced and scientific agriculturists
without the qualifications that arise in special instances It is the duty of
every farmer to insure success to study the best methods or rather the
method that will secure the best results on his land This can be done in
all matters especially those involving fertilization by experimental work
IRISH POTATOES
Can you give me a good method to keep Irish potatoes
D G W Cartersville
To keep Irish potatoes through the fall and winter select a cool dry
airy situationa cellar where the atmosphere is not damp and the tem
perature not too low or very high is the best place Mix two bushels of
charcoal with one bushel of air slacked lime for every 50 bushels of pota
toes and sprinkle the mixture through the potatoes immediately after
removing them from the field Hee that your potatoes are well dried be
fore storing away They should be dried in the shade and all cut and
bruised tubers removed
A common method of storing potatoesa ditch cut for the purpose
Where this method is adopted it is best to select a hillside where good
drainage can be secured Place straw in the ditch on which place the po
tatoes and then cover with straw covering the whole with sufficient earth
just to prevent freezing All the potatoes should not be stored together but
separated into lots of about 25 bushels each by earth or straw
Your seed potatoes and others can be excellently preserved by placing
them in a bin in a dry cool place and separating the potatoes by sand so
that they do not come in contact with each other
GRASS SEED
To sow red clover how much seed should I use to the acre also how
much clover and orchard grass mixed
R P 8 Milton County
How much seed to sow depends on the purpose for which you desire to
use the laud For pasture it should be sown thicker than for meadow
Much will also depend on the character of the soil If the soil is very
lumpy and not very fertile twice as much seed will be needed as is neces
sary per acre when the soil is mellow free from lumps and covered with a
fine vegetable mould The following is the quantity for general seeding
which may be varied to suit the soil or for meadows and pastures When
red clover and orchard grass are sowed together four quarters of the for
mer and sixteen of the latter will be sufficient if the soil will produce oneNOVEMBER CROP REPORT1893
13
and a half tons per acre If sowed evenly and nothing but clover is used
six to eight quarts will seed an acre With orchard grass alone use from
two to three bushelsbetter sow three than less than two
PEAB TREES
Which is the best way to train pear trees
L F T Thomaston
It is best to train your trees so that they will branch at a distance of only
a few feet from the ground This method has these advantages The fruit
can be easier gathered and the trees easier trained the fruit does not in
jure so much in falling the branches being sturdy will not be strained by
overbearing or over weight of fruit the soil will be kept shaded and moist
and the trunk protected from the scorching sun
STUMPS
Can you give me a method to destroy stumps
F D U Hancock County
Bore with a twoinch auger to the heart or center Fill the hole with
sulphuric acid or with crude petroleum In the first place the acid destroys
in a few months in the latter when the stump becomes saturated with
the oil it is fired and will burn to the roots Where oil is used two or
more holes will hasten the time for burning Place an iron weight on the
stump when fired and it will render the result more certain The iron re
tains heat and by its weight removes charred portions of the stump
HUMUS
S B N Brooks
How does humus benefit land
Band is benefited by humus principally by its mechanical effects It
stiffens sandy land and loosens clay soil it gives power to the soil to absorb
and retain moisture and its solvent powers renders available mineral sub
stances in the soil When the vegetable matter is from leguminous plants
a considerable contribution of nitrogen is directly made Carbonic acid is
the principal element evolved from hut i us
ASHES AND STABLE MANURE
Will it do to mix ashes and stable manure
F M W
It is injurious to mix ashes with stable manure as they cause the escape
of the ammonia which is the most costly of plant foods If the material
is perfectly dry and you wish to use the compost immediately by the use
of dry earth or plaster you can mix them without loss
WHEAT AND OATS
How can I separate oats from wheat F H E
Oats may be nearly entirely removed from wheat by putting the grain
in a tub of strong brine and skimming The wheat must then be spread
thin and dried quickly and well limed It pays to have pure wheat seed
and you should do this if you wish to sow the wheat14 department OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
WHITEWASH
Ill your next report please tell me how to make a good whitewash
L H T
This is a simple recipe Mix up half a pailful of lime and water take
half a pint of flour and make a starch of it and pour it into the whitewash
while hot stir it well and it is ready for use In suggestions and informa
tion for farmers issued by the department you will find another valuahle
recipe
TICKS ON SHEEP
Please give me a remedy for ticks on sheep H L T
Mix sulphur and salt seven pints of salt to one of sulphur and feed or
salt the sheep with the mixture given to them several times It will drive
the ticks off
DEAD LEAVES
What is the best thing to do with dead leaves so as to use them for ma
nure S S P Hartwell
Throw them in the pig pen or use them as a litter for cows Hogs will
work them into manure in a very short timeSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATION
Georgia Department of Agriculture
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS
FOR MONTH OF DECEMBER
Agricultural Department 1
Atlanta December 1 1893
In this the closing month of the year there is muoh that can be done on the
Southern farm and whenever the weather permits the plows double if possible
should be kept moving This work is important more so than most farmers
realize and it is maintained by the highest scientific authority and proven by
some practical farmers eminent for their success that with deep plowing and
manuring with green crops it is possible to sustain and improve the fertility of
lands without using one pound of commercial fertilizers Be this as it may com
petent chemists assure us that there are bound up in the soil mineral elements
sufficient to supply the crops of thousands of years This being true why should
the farmer hesitate to unlock the6e hidden stores
Put the plow in deep and bring the subsoil to the surface where it can be
directly acted upon by sun air and winter rains and thus undergo the necessary
chemical changes If you are in doubt try a small space as an experiment In
sowing some small grain recently I have had this fact very forcibly illustrated
and as I pass by the spot each morning I have a daily objectlesson of the effects
of deep stirring of the soil and bringing to the surface the organic elements too
far down to be reached by ordinary methods
Last year on the spot mentioned there stood a dead oak tree of considerable
size which instead of being cut down was dug up by the roots much red clay
being brought to the surface in the process The greater part of this was thrown
back in the hole but much remained scattered around causing a spot so unsightly
that I determined ere planting it to haul some woodsearth and spread over the
place But this was delayed and when the grain rye was sown it was plowed in
just here the same as on the other land This sowing was done in September and
until the middle of November not one drop of rain fell on it The rye came up
on the entire planting there was a good stand but owing to the heat and drought
and also to heavy winds the plants except on this spot were parched and seemed
scarcely alive Where the tree had stood was a patch of livid green and strange
to say this was net only where the hole had been deeply dug but as far oit as the6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
clay had been thrown It presented such a striking contrast to the surrounding
color as to attract my attention and set on foot investigations as to the cause with
the result as stated Timely rains revived the drooping grain all is now green
but this one spot can still be distinguished from its surroundings by the markedly
stronger and larger growth
COMPOST
Another important work which should be carried on now is the making of and
protecting compost heaps To prevent the fire fang which so often indicates
that the manure has lost its principal and most valuable elements a good plan is
to mix the manures from cow sheep and hog pens with the horse manure a layer
of each carefully packed They are less heating and if plaster kainit or even
woodsearth can be added the danger of overheating and loss is still further di
minished If the heaps are under shelter so much the better but if that is impos
sible put on top a layer of earth allowing the greatest height in the center that
the pile may slant towards the edge and pack down firmly The situation should
be such that no water will drain on them By using bedding and carefully saving
all the manure it is astonishing how much can be accumulated in a few months
It is our most perfect as well as our safest fertilizer and if our farmers would more
generally turn their attention to stopping this which is both literally and figura
tively one of the biggest leaks on our farms it would not be long before they
would realize how much has been wasted in this one item and themselves become
its warmest advocates
To show the amount and value of the manure produced from different animals I
append the following which has been carefully prepared by Professor Roberts of
Cornell Experiment Station He has given this subject the closest study and at
tention and while as he says the value of the manure depends much on the
character of the food and also the purpose for which the animal is used these
figures will serve as an illustration and will I hope set many a farmer to thinking
and acting who has heretofore been indifferent Once he is convinced that there
is money in it we shall see more attention given to the keeping of live stock
and as a natural sequence to the planting of green crops and then follows the
diversified agriculture which must be our hope for the future
Animals which are not producing anything as milk or young and are not gain
ing in weight return in their voidings all of the manurial value of the food they
consume mature fattening animals about 95 per cent youngish growing animals
90 per cent cows in milk 80 percent while young nursing calves take a very
large amount of the manurial constituents of the milk which sustain them While
the above figures are not absolutely correct they serve to help in determining the
real value of various manures
The quantity of manure produced per year by the various classes of animals was
estimated by Boussiangault as follows
Tons
Lbs per vear
Horse 900 lbsliquids 12000
Horsesohds 3000
150007 12
Cows llauids SO000
clZl solids 814SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
17
In 188384 the animals kept at the University harn were estimated to he equal to
fortyfive mature animals about twothirds of which were cattle and onethird
horses The manure was kept in a covered barnyard and no loss occurred Every
tenth load was weighed and the average was computed from these weighed loads
Seven months feeding produced 466 tons or a trifle over ten tons per animal A
fairly liberal amount of bedding was used and is included in the above In 188485
fortyseven fullgrown animals of 900 pounds each produced within a few pounds
of 200 tons of manure in five months The manure as before was kept in a covered
yard and this time every load was weighed less bedding was used than the pre
vious winter and less cottonseed meal was fed
Three large cows liberally fed when producing 31 pounds of milk per day
produced 89 pounds of manure per cow per day including five pounds of bedding
This is rather above the average amount of manure produced by large cows in
milk This high average was probably due to the consumption of a rather large
amount of warm water
Last year 18 large Jersey and HolsteinFriesian grade cows in milk produced
an 24 hours 14525 pounds of manure
AVERAGE QUANTITY OF MANURE PRODUCED BY VARIOUS KINDS OF ANIMALS
PER DAY
Average
per animal
18 cows three experiments gave exclusive of bedding 82 lbs
10 horses at work 10 hours exclusive of bedding 31 5 lbs
10 horses two determinations 24 hours in the stable safi 1K
Sheep 140 lbsI 75 lbs
Swine 150 lbs nitrogenous fed 5 2 lbs
Swine 150 lbs carbonaceous fed 17 lbs
After many experiments extending through several years the following esti
mates of the value per ton of manures is given I am well aware that wide vari
ations will appear from the figures still I am quite certain that the values stated
are so nearly the average of those on the American farm under ordinary circum
stances that I believe they will not only not lead the reader into serious error but
that they will greatly assist him in his endeavors to understand more clearly one
phase ot the great question How can plants be fed well and cheaply
VALUE PER TON OF MANURE PRODUCED BY VARIOUS CLASSES OF ANIMALS
Horses
Cows
Sheep
Swine
2 80
2 30
4 00
2 25
If we multiply the quantity produced by the value per ton computing as near as
we may the averages of the experiments already given with a few others recently
Added we have the following value per 1000 pounds of live weight of animal per
year computing nitrogen potash and phosphoric acid at commercial values and
ignoring small fractions
Horses
19 00
Cowsmilch 29 25
gheeP 38 00
Swlne 17 00I g DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Since ordinarily this class of animals are in their stables but seven months of
the vear and since potash and nitrogen and phosphoric acid are believed not to be
worth as much in farm manures as in commercial fertilizers because they are less
soluble a considerable allowance must be made in this last table After careful
consideration with opportunity ot wide observation I conclude that we shall ar
rive at very nearly the true values if these figures be divided by three It appears
tome that this is a conservative estimate and applying it to a supposable case as
follow will assist in emphasizing the vale of the manure produced on many a
small farm Four horses of 1000 pounds each 20 cows of 800 pounds each 50
sheer of 100 pounds each and 10 pigs of 75 pounds each would produce according
to the above modified computation fertility worth 24891 in the seven winter
months
REPAIRS
In former articles I have urged the necessity of attending to needed repairs
fences ditches terraces and buildings of righting up matters on the farm
ready for the coming years work of clearing away as it were obstacles which
might hinder our success Let us take fresh courage We have much to be thank
ful for In the almost universal distress we find that the farmer who has his food
supplies and this is true in mch larger proportion than usual though he has
little money is in far better condition than the majority of laboring men Besides
a certainty as to food he has his house his fuel his garden and hope which seems
denied to his less fortunate brother of other avocations
FARMERS MUST STUDY
All that relates to farming We cannot afford longer to waste our capital The
school of experience is valuable but it sometimes takes more than half a lifetime
to get through and we pay a high price for our diploma Subscribe to some good
agricultural paper The low price of subscription is returned over and over again
before the year is out in valuable information
The three great essentials are first the theorytrue planof farming second
the art of controlling labor and of executing all work to the best advantage with
least labor thirdlast and bestsuccess depends on quick perception vse judg
ment that seldom or never errs How is this to be acquired except by the use of
books in conjunction with practice K MBirr
J Commissioner
FORMULAS FOB MANURING
For general purposes J e for use on corn cotton and other summer crops the
following is a good formula
No 1
1300 pounds
Acid phosphate 500 pounds
Cottonseed meal 200 pound
Kainit
2000 pounds
Total vSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
19
If cotton seed be used instead of the meal then the following
No 2
Acid phosphate 865 pounds
Cottonseed 33J bushels 1000 pounds
Kainit 135 pounds
Total2000 pounds
If muriate of potash be substituted for kainit then
No 3
Acid phosphate1 400 pounds
Cottonseed meal 540 pounds
Muriate potash 60 pounds
Total2000 pounds
If cotton seed be substituted in No 3 for cottonseed meal then
No 4
Acid phosphate 900 pounds
Cottonseed 1060 pounds
Muriate of potash 40 pounds
Total2000 pounds
The foregoing formulas comprise the commercial ingredients most generally
used in composting or mixing at home As already indicated these ingredients
when provided in the proportions given may be mixed with stable manure and
other crude or bulky home materials in any convenient proportions of the latter
The larger the proportions of stable manure etc the greater the dilution or
the weaker the resulting mixture and a correspondingly larger quantity should
be applied per acre
EXPERIMENTATIVE FARMING
The above formulas are given for general use They may be varied according
to the particular crop or the character of the land on which the crop is to be pro
duced In reference to the particular crop we are better informed both by the
known analysis of such crop and its power of supplying itself from the plant food
already contained in the soil or in the air than we are in reference to different
soils The same plant corn for instance always contains the same wellknown
elements in substantially the same known proportions and always behaves ex
actly the same under the same conditions But soils differ very widely from each
other not only in their physical condition and analysis but also in their chemical
composition
Even where a chemical analysis and a careful physical examination of a soil
has been made and is before the eye we cannot say in just what proportion the
elements of a fertilizer should be mixed in order to give the best results on a given
crop The only absolutely reliable method of finding out what elements and in
what proportion they should be applied a given soil requires in order to produce
the largest and best results in a given crop is to apply to the soil in competitive20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
plots or test rows the several elements combined in different proportions some
times suppressing one altogether
In this way and in this way alone many a farmer will rind how to fertilize his
land so as to get the best crops and the largest profits It is the plan that has
long been adopted by the experiment stations of this country and Europe and
already much has been learned in regard to the wants of particular crops and the
requirements of different soils Fortunately this method may be adopted by the
careful and intelligent farmer Why write to an agricultural journal a thousand
miles away to ask if potash is required by your soil Only a general answer can
be obtained in a majority of cases
The more obvious resort would be to ask the soil whether it needs the addition
of potash by applying potash in some form to one set of rows and withholding it
from another set alongside of the first the other conditions being as nearly as pos
sible the same The question may also be asked of a particular crop what it most
needs in fact the same experiment will often answer both questions If it be
found that any given element increases the yield of every one of several different
kinds of crops planted on it it may be safely concluded that the soil is essentially
deficient in that element
If it be found that nitrogen increases the yield of cotton but does not affect the
yield of corn then it is at once suggested either that the soil furnishes enough
nitrogen for the corn or that corn does not require so much as cotton The same
is true in regard to any and all of the elements of plant food Indeed the same
principle of experimentation will apply to all the operations on a farm and have
long been applied to many of them All intelligent and progressive farming is
made up largely of experiments
THE HOQ CROP
in Georgia this year will be larger thaji for many years and I regard this as one
of the strongest evidences of our returning prosperity If fields of peas ground
peas and potatoes have bean provided the porkers are in good condition and need
only a little corn to harden the flesh If the weather permit it is always better
to kill if possible before Christmas both on account of the expense of keeping
the hogs up and because the meat except in rarely exceptional cases has a better
chance of curing I have found the best plan to be to kill as early in the morning
as possible in order if there are a considerable number of hogs to get the meat
cut out spread and slightly salted by night After cleaning cut out while the
meat is still warm lay each piece to itself and sprinkle on salt leave until morn
ing when all animal heat will have disappeared then rub thoroughly with salt
and pack in boxes or barrels joints first sides last using plenty of salt cover and
leave until ready to be smoked The following is by all odds the best method in
the many I have seen tried for
CURING HAMS
Trim smoothly avoiding gashes in the flesh take off the feet at the bottom
joint below the knee and also the small bone that connects them treat with salt
the same as directed for the other meat After packing in the salt allow the hams
to stand for a day or two to draw out the blood To each one hundred pounds of
ham use eight or ten pounds of salt two ounces of saltpetre two pounds of brown
sugar one ounce of red pepper dissolved or several dozen broken pods willSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
21
answer To these ingredients add four or five gallons of water mix thoroughly
and pour over the hams which must be previously packed in tight casks or barrels
allowing the brine just to cover the hams well and place a weight on top to keep
them under Before pouring it on to be sure that the brine is strong enough see
if it will float an egg if not add more salt Let the hams remain from four to
six weeks in this brine and then hang by the skin at the end of the leg and smoke
gently for several weeks with green hickory wood until dry and brown In March
before the flies start and choosing a windy day for the work take the hams down
and lest the fly may have deposited eggs scald each ham and place in the wind to
dry then wrap in paper and if hay or straw is convenient as a more perfect
protection wrap this also around tieing into place Then put the hams into bags
pack down tie up and hang in that position until needed Since trying this recipe
I have never used any other and the bacon is fine enough to tempt an epicure
The chines and shoulders may be treated similarly if desired
I trust the day is not far distant when as of old the festive hog killing will
add its pleasure to the Christmas cheer of every farmhouse and the farmer with
his family and friends enjoy the toothsome sparerib and backbone Homeraised
bacon will then perform its rightful part in building up our fallen fortunes
Throughout the State may Christmas bring peace and happiness and may the first
of January dawn on a bright and hopeful New Year
E T Nesbitt
1NQTJIKIES ANSWEEED
We have recently had a number of inquiries in regard to growing onions for
market The following from Mr W F Massey gives a condensed reply to these
inquiries
Formerly it was thought that in the South it was essential to success to treat
the onion as a biennial plant growing small bulbs or sets one season to be planted
for the matured crop the next This notion retarded the cultivation of onions on
a large scale since this expensive mode of culture could not compete with the
growing of the crop direct from the seed as was always practiced at the North
But of late years it has been demonstrated that it is as easy or easier to grow onions
from seed in the South than in the North The only cases in which it may be best
to use sets are when growers are interested in the early crop for shipping green in
bunches early in the spring For this purpose the sets are rather more certain for
fall planting as our autumn weather is apt to be dry and interfere with the proper
germination of seed But if the seed can be gotten up well in early October we
would prefer seed sown to planting of sets even for the early bunching crop For
the main crop of ripe onions seed are greatly to be preferred to sets as we pro
duce in this way a much more handsome bulb and a better keeper There are two
methods of growing the crop one by sowing the seed directly where the crop is to
be grown the other by sowing in a frame under glass and transplanting later to
the open ground Good crops can be grown by both methods but usually the
transplanting method will give larger onions but this will not be the case with
all varieties The transplanting method is particularly adapted to the Spanish
and Italian sorts When it is intended to transplant the onions we sow the seed22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
in a cold frame in January By the middle of February these will be large enough
to transplant which is done quite rapidly by making very shallow furrows with a
marker on well prepared soil and placing the little plants all along on one side of
the furrow raking the soil from the opposite side on their roots and pressing it
with the foot It is important that they should be et quite shallow only barely
covering the white end of the nascent bulb When the seed are sown where the
crop is to be grown we defer until the ground can be put in good order in February
or March or in the mountain country in early April The value of the crop de
pends upon the rapidity with which it is grown Therefore we must not be at all
chary with fertilizers Mellow sandy loam of a level character is best and we
would use a complete fertilizer with not less than four per cent nitrogen at the
rate of 1500 to 2000 pounds per acre onehalf to be put in broadcast and one
half in furrows under the rows We would lay out the rows with a onehorse
turning plow as closely as can be worked by a mule In these furrows scatter the
remainder of the fertilizer and plow a furrow from each side over the first one
thus making a ridge or bed Flatten down the centre of the beds with a garden
drill When the crop is to be cultivated by hand we would sow all the fertilizer
broadcast mark out the rows with a garden marker about twelve to fifteen inches
apart and run thedrill on those lines When labor is plentiful it will pay with this
heavy manuring to plant close and cultivate by hand Land for onions should
not be changed so often as for other crops better crops being secured after the
land has been in onions several years But there must be no letup in the heavy
manuring and it is a good plan to sow peas to die down on the land as soon as
the onions are pulled The Italian onions grow quickly and to a large size but
are nearly all of them poor keepers Therefore when the crop is to be kept for
winter use or late sales the northern sorts should be grown We have found the
best varieties of the Italian sorts to be the Queen Mammoth Pompeii and Giant
Bocca Of the Northern sorts the Southport White Globe and Yellow Globe
Denvers are best The Prize Taker onion is particularly adapted to the trans
planting method and makes the big yellow onions like the Spanish onions often
seen here in crates The White Southport Globe is our favorite for a keeping
onion To grow sets for fall planting select a piece of land of a sandy character
and of only medium fertility Do not sow the seed until late in April Then
sow in shallow furrows at the rate of twenty to twentyfive pounds of seed per
acre Sow in broad rather than narrow furrows making the row as broad as your
hand and the seed as thick as they can lie Keep clean with hoe rake
and fingers and when ripe take up in dry weather sifting the soil away but leav
ing the dead tops attached until planting time The White Pearl or the Queen
is the best for this crop The smaller the sets the higher prices they will briiii
To keep onions pull them as soon as they are ripe Sun them or a day but
do not allow any rain to fall upon them Cure them in the hottest place you can
find under cover I usually spread mine in a loft under the roof After two weeks
they should be put in a cooler and dark place A dark room with slatted shelving
is the best so that they need not be piled deeply Keep the room as cool as pos
sible Even if they get frozen in winter it will do no harm provided they are
not handled while frozen But onions should only be kept here for the home
market since we can always realize better prices by anticipating the Northern
crop and selling in June and July Potato onions make no seed and of courseSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
23
are always thrown from sets planted in fall These come in as the earliest ripe
onions in the market and must be sold at once as they are bad keepers Tree
onions or top onions form a bunch of small bulbs on top of the stem by the
abortion of the flowers These bulblets separated make sets for planting They
make a rank strong onion not very saleable
FEEDING HORSES
The large number of work animals that die annually from the result of im
proper food or food improperly administered makes the study of proper methods
of the greatest importance to the painstaking farmer
The following from a bulletin of the Louisiana Experiment Station contains
interesting information and sound advice on this subject
The stomach of the horse is very small in comparison to the size of the animal
and the digestion very rapid and effective The horse having such a small stomach
requires to be fed frequently in order to supply the demands of the system not be
ing constructed for long fasting when the stomach is overdistended and its
powers overtaxedit is quite incapable of performing the functions of digestion
This theory accounts for the greater mortality amongst horses and mules from
flatulent colic and inflammation of the bowels than any other class of disease
The most important consideration then for all owners of working stock is How
to feed them to the best advantage and to get them to perform the largest amount
of work at the least possible cost
It is difficult to say what is a fair days work for a horse or a mule it depends on
circumstances such as the distance to travel weight to draw condition of the roads
and the disposition of the driver It is of the utmost importance however that
the condition of working animals should be watched very closely for if they lose
condition they must be either overworked or underfed or have a bad horse
keeper They must have suitable work and suitable food to keep them in proper
condition which is only produced by hard work and high feeding which gives
tone and hardness to the muscles a state in which they are capable of performing
the greatest amount of work and possess the greatest power of endurance
If a horse is overworked or overfed or the feed is insufficient in muscle produc
ing matter loss of condition inevitably follows
There is no economy in overworking animals as the gradually lose tone and
strength the general condition is injured they become poor wear out very quickly
their value is considerably lessened disease is very prevalent amongst them and
the owners hand is constantly in his pocket buying fresh supplies In large es
tablishments it is true economy to keep a few animals extra in case of sickness or
lameness
Very frequently the loss of condition is the fault of the horsekeeper It is of
the highest importance that the services of a trustworthy intelligent man should
be procured who will efficiently carry out instructions and take an interest in the
appearance and welldoing of the animals under his care A bad horsekeeper
will upset the system of management and the whole of the arrangements in the
feeding
Regularity in feeding is very essential A horse should be fed at least three
times per day for the reason previously stated his digestive organs are not con
structed for long fasts I dont mean that he should be allowed that feed extra in24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
amount of food than if he were only fed twice or twothirds more than if he were
only fed once a day but that the necessary total amount for the day should be di
vided into at least three times
Many large establishments owning some thousands of horses divide their days
rations in four and all that the better It diminishes the interval of fasting the
animals never become ravenous but merely appetized they get a sufficiency all
of which in a very large percentage of cases is properly masticated digested and
assimilated and the waste reduced to a minimum
The question may naturally arise here How are we to feed our mules so often
in the course of the day during the busy season when they are in the harness from
morning till night Ill tell you how it is done in other places under similar con
ditions and it was the grave results and heavy losses from long fasting that im
pressed upon some one the necessity of instituting some plan to obviate it The
plan is the nose bag which can be made of some porous material with a strong
bottom in it and a strap from the upper border that can be hung over the animals
head The driver can take his mules feed in this and when he has an oppor
tunity such as taking his own lunch he can slip the feed bag on to his mules head
and allow him to eat if only a few monthf uls it will satisfy the cravings of hunger
at all events to that extent
This large amount which is fed by many stock owners at night should be re
duced at least one half for two reasons It is excessive and as before stated the
time occupied in eating it must deprive the animals of so much time for well
earned rest which with a sufficiency of food they could enjoy but with engorged
stomachs of unmasticated food they cannot possibly be benefited to any appre
ciable extent by natures calm restorersleep to say nothing of the disease such
a system engenders These are no empty theories they are established facts
based upon actual experience which have been proven after close observation and
repeated experiments by most practical and capable men who have the interests
of the stock owning public at heart Endless experiences could be enumerated of
men who have the responsibility of large numbers of hard working animals and
whose positions so to speak depend upon the condition of their horses and the
eondition of the feed bills
Suffice it to say however that the secret of success lies in the system of feeding
small quantities at a time and often of food containing the different elements nec
essary for the requirements of the animal economy
I do not propose to enter upon the subject of the composition of food here my
object being more especially to direct attention to systematic feeding how food
should be given rather than what should be given Most people know that all an
imals require for their nourishment food containing the proximate principles
nitogenous nonnitrogenous and mineral and it has been proven that the absence of
any one of them induces starvation and death What is necessary then in all
nutritive food is that it contains these three principles in proper proportion so
that all the tissues of the animal body maybe sufficently nourished
In all animals water is also necessary not only as a diluent but as forming a
component part of the blood and tissues
There are differences of opinion as to whether horses should be watered before
or after feeding One eminent veterinary authority recommends it before feeding
and gives his reasons thus The water passes directly through the stomach intoSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER
25
the intestines in a few minutes which he proved by giving colored water to ai
horse a few minutes before slaughtering it when he found it in the intestines r
and he argues if you give the water after feeding it does not leave the stomach
but dilutes the gastric juice and instead of the stomach performing its proper func
tions of digestion partial decomposition of the food takes place then follow the
consequences of indigestion
As a rule pure water may be allowed with benefit and advantage in such quan
tities as the animal seems to require provided he be not heated or exhausted by
work when it should bo judiciously supplied in moderate and repeated quantities
until his thirst is satisfied
It is sometimes difficult to arrive at what may be considered the best feed for
work stock Full rations of corn by itself is fattening for a time but too laxative
in its action and should be mixed with other food materials having the opposite
tendency to counteract it Now beans or peas are especially valuable as their
physiological action is opposite to that of corn Given alone beans and peas are
too heating and binding but when mixed they counteract the effect of each other
I have here noted down a scale of feed for work horses or mules weighing about
1000 pounds which can be increased proportionately containing all the require
ments necessary to form a good ration viz Shelled corn seven pounds oats
three pounds peas three pounds hay chopped thirteen pounds
The ingredients of this ration are mixed together making a total of twentysix
pounds and dividing into at least three feeds Of course the preparation of this
scale of feeding would necessitate the use of a little machinery in the form of a
hay chopper corn crusher etc and all this chopping and mixing may seem very
unnecessary and expensive but depend upon it on a large plantation or in fact
on any place where a number of work stock are to be fed the first cost would be
the greatest because I have no hesitancy in saying that what would be saved in
feed and the reduction of mortality amongst work animals would more than
doubly repay for any extra trouble and outlay
TO CURB HOGS
A hog must be slaughtered suddenly and with as little damage as possible to
such portions as are useful Bleeding being of special importance should be
thoroughly and well done have the water in the scalding vat nearly 118 degrees
Fahrenheit When the hair slips off quite easily it is an evidence that the parts
are well scalded Hairs should be removed entirely from head ears feet snout
etc Other parts are more easily cleaned than these Swing the carcass up re
moving the offal and washing within and without it is best to leave it hanging
all night if possible Afterward take off the head just behind the ears and at the
threejoints the feet Sever the ribs on either side of the backbone and take out
the last avoiding removing much fat with it Next split the carcass in halves
down the middle of the back and cut off the hams in oval shape and the shoulders
square do not remove much meat with them from the sides Trim the hams and
shoulders neatly putting the trimmings in the lard tub the tenderloin from the
sides should be placed with the sausage the solid fat with the lard stock This is
because the tenderloin and solid fat above it are net satisfactory for bacon Take
off the leaf fat and ribs smoothly and then prepare for salting Of good coarse
salt take six pounds sugar two pounds saltpetre one teaspoonful tor each one26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
hundred pounds of meat Mix together these ingredients and proceed to rub
every piece well with the mixture Should the bladebone not have been taken
from the shoulder plunge a knife into the joint and fill the cavity with salt Take
the chinebone from the hams cut down to the point and fill with salt the same
as shoulders Put the meat to stock with the skin side down sides first hams and
shoulders on top Be careful that every piece is separated from the other by salt
and all portions that are exposed are also covered with salt If the weather
should be warm and damp it might be necessary to spread the meat to cool over
night repacking early the succeeding morning in plenty of salt When the meat
has absorbed salt it should be well scalded for about three minutes owing to size
of piece more or less and then hung up to smoke The smokehouse must be very
dark and hard wood sawdust used to make the smoke After it is sufficiently
smoked rescald to destroy any insect eggs that may have been deposited and
when perfectly dry pack in boxes with sweet welldried and clean hay covering
with same material This method of curing meat has been pronounced an
effectual and excellent one with most satisfactory and permanent results
MANURE FOR THE ORCHARD
Is stable manure valuable to use on the orchard or would you advise the use of
something else S B N Douglasville Ga
In first establishing a vineyard or orchard the use of stable manure may be
found beneficial to promote a sufficient growth of wood and vine but it is better
still to locate your orchard on land containing sufficient organic matter and nitro
gen to promote this growth without any additional application of nitrogenous
matter As a rule highly nitrogenous manures are injurious rather than benefi
cial to the orchard As stated in the last report from this department there is
nothing better for the orchard than wood ashes though it is well also to use fer
tilizer material that will supply phosphoric acid The best source for this supply
is pure rawbone which will give all the nitrogen required by the trees or vines
and in such form as will not form a small rank growth upon which the fruit will
poorly ripen and render the trees liable to sutfer in winter
CABBAGE WORM
I have seen the essence of pennyroyal recommended as a remedy for cabbage
worms Can you give me the recipe H I L Canton Ga
The recipe is to mix one teaspoonful of the essence in a gallon of water and
spray the plants It is said to be an unfailing cure though nothing is said of it
as a remedy in the elaborate report of the government on this subject
wolfs teeth
Are blind teeth injurious to the eyes of colts and should they be removed and
how A N H
Diseases of the eyes are not infrequently attributed to the presence of these
teeth but this is an error
The socalled wolf tooth or blind tooth is the indimentary tooth located in front
of the molar teeth and on a line with them As a rule it is shed simultaneously
with the milk teeth but is sometimes retained longer When they are thus re
tained should they change from their usual straight position it would inconSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONDECEMBER 27
venience the animal and where the point of the tooth is sharp may cause sore
ness of the tongue or cheek In such eases we advise their removal though they
would hy natural action hecome quite absorbed In removing them use a pair oi
small forceps and do not punch them out with a chisel and hammer as it causes
the animal unnecessary pain and is apt to injure the gums and neighboring teeth
CUT BONE
Feeders of poultry and hogs are beginning to appreciate the value of cut raw
bones in feeding their stock In the cool weather of winter and spring this article
is of great value for feeding growing pigs and chickens and any farmer who is
feeding much of this kind of stock will do well to buy a bonecutter and attach it
to his windmill or other power if he has any
Cut bones are well worth what they cost for manure They contain nitrogen
and phosphoric acid and are more valuable by far than bone ash or the ground
steamed bones sold by dealers in fertilizers There is no reason why this material
should be gathered by the bone dealers and after steaming to extract the glue
ground and sold as fertilizer It can be bought at the meat markets for about
threefourths of a cent per pound and will pay well for cutting aad feeding The
poultry and pigs will grind it for you and their manure will be enough richer to
repay the cost beside whatever profit there may be in feeding it It is not pleas
ant stuff to handle in warm weather unless cut and fed immediately
DEHORNING
I notice that a bulletin from the Experiment Station gives the method of de
horning What do you consider the best recipe to prevent the horn from coming
in order to avoiddehorning later
J L H Walnut Grove
The following formula is said to be a good one and to have been used with great
success Take 50 parts of caustic soda 25 parts of kerosene and 25 parts of water
Heat the kerosene and sod together stirring vigorously and then add the water
Take the calf at from one to three weeks old trim away the hair around the base
of the horns then with a few drops of the mixture on the cork which should be
of rubber rub on the first one horn and then the other repeating until three or
four applications are made Be careful not to allow the fluid to run down upon
the face
VITALITY OF SEED
Please tell me how long you may keep different garden seed and they will come
Up H I S Oak Grove
If kept in a cold place and not exposed to either too dry or too damp an
atmosphere nearly all seed will germinate as freely the second as the first year the
exceptions being onions leeks and parsnips With other seed the limit to this
vitality varies levy much with the different species
Those safe only for two years are peas and beans peppers okra sage rhubarb
carrot and eggplant
These safe for three yearslittua asparagus radish parsley and spinach
Safe for four yearscabbage celery cauliflower and turnip
Those possessing the longest vitality and that will last from five to ten years awe
melon pumpkin squash and tomato28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
FARM YARD MANURE
Can you give me an analysis of farm yard manure
J B T Jonesboro
No two samples of farm yard manure are exactly of the same composition the
manure value depending very much on the feed used For example where cotton
seed meal has been used the manure will run very high in nitrogen or ammonia
The following analysis by Dr Yoelcker may be considered as representing a fair
average
Pounds
soluble sehcia sehcic acid 24
Ammonia actual or potential 15 25
Phosphate of lime 13 yio
Lime 23 710
Magnesia 3 110
Potash 13 i2
Soda 1 25
Common salt g10
Sulphuric acid 2 13
Water1323 25
Wood fiber etc 579
TOBACCO STEMS
Will you please give me the analysis of tobacco stems and how to use them as
a manure H E I Savannah Ga
Tobacco stems will be found excellent as a fertilizer especially on soils deficient
in potash and under plants such as potatoes and other vegetables requiring an
abundance of potash An average analysis of the stems would run two per cent
nitrogen onehalf per cent phosphoric acid and six to seven per cent potash
As they can often be purchased very cheaply as a source of plant food they should
Teceive the consideration of every farmer and especially truckers near towns and
cities from which they can be secured They can be rendered more quickly avail
aisle and effective by composting them with fermenting horse manure
CRAB GRASS
Is crab grass an annual or perennial and at what time should it be sown
L M P Locust Grove
Crab grass is an annual We have never known it sown as there is no need of
this On plowed land there is always enough seed in the land to produce a good
rop If the land is poor it should be manured Should a crop of weeds come up
give it a second or even a third plowing If the summer is wet a crop can be
secured after small grain
This grass i3 very nutritious and admits of several cuttings on good land
EXCESSIVE SWEATING OF HORSES
I have a horse that sweats very much under the least exertion Can you give
ane a remedy M R V
Clipping has been recommended There is no drug that would be of any benefitSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY
29
What is the breeding age of pigs
H 8S Mt Vernon
The breeding age is from seven to eight months in sows and from six to eight
in boars
The grub worm the larva of the common May beetle lives in the ground three
years feeding on the roots of grasses and of course those of cereal crops The
third year they issue as perfect beetles and lay their eggs in meadows and also in
lands containing cereals Plowing the soil and turning in hogs is one remedy It
i3 said a thorough summer fallow will destroy them You can neither trap nor
poison them It is impossible to grow a crop of strawberries where these grubs
abound
WHAT COMMISSIONER NESBITT HAS TO SAY TO GEORGIA FARM
ERS FOR THE MONTH OF JANUARY 1894
PLANS FOR THE COMING YEAR EXPERIMENTS IN FARMING RENOVATION AND RO
TATION SUCCESS IN COTTON PLANTING FERTILIZERS
ORCHARD AND GARDEN
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta January 1 1894
The year 1893 now numbered among the things of the past was ushered in
with many hopeful and encouraging signs Southern farmers had more home
raised supplies their indebtedness had been reduced cotton their main money
crop commanded a fairly good price average grain crops had been made
throughout the length and breadth of the land the farmers were at last aroused to
the importance of supplying humus to the worn fields acres upon acres of starved
land were absorbing the renovating crops more especially of peas often of clover
and grasses
Other hopeful factions were the reduction of the cotton acreage and the wide
spread sentiment in favor of home raised supplies of meat and bread Encouraged
and hopeful our people entered on the work before them believing that with
proper and well directed energy and economy success would crown their labors
But unpropitious seasons short crops the low price of cotton and other reasons
difficult of explanation here have precipitated a period of dispondency and dis
couragement from which we find it difficult to rise
Let us look these conditions squarely in the face Let us frankly admit any
errors we may have made and take steps to avoid such future mistakes Let us
also mark our successes and build upon them for future prosperity Every farm
is or should be
AN EXPERIMENT FARM
A knowledge of the results from the State Experiment Farm at Griffin is of
great value to the body of farmers But soils and conditions on different farms30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and in different localities vary greatly and even on the same farm different fields
require different treatment
On all farms of waning fertilityand what Georgia farm is not more or less de
pletedit is important to know in what the deficiency consists and each farmer
should make as it were his own soil tests Study the requirements of each crop
and then carefully note the effect of each applied fertilizer It is true that in
commercial fertilizers there is what is termed the perfect fertilizer containing
all three elements of nitrogen acid and potash
But suppose we have discovered that there is enough of even one of these ele
ments in certain soil or that by certain process we can draw them to the surface
what is the use of paying a high price for material already within our reach Ex
perimental plats need not be troublesome or expensive and they may be made to
tell us more certainly than any general soil test no matter how scientifically made
of what plant element the land stands most in need
For instance one plant may be fertilized with nitrogen alone another with
phosphoric acid another with potash a fourth with nothing Then combine these
elements two of each then try all three
These experiments bear directly on the economical side of farming besides be
ing full of interest and pleasure To one who has been accustomed to look upon
the soil as simply inert matter they open the door for a fuller and broader view
and lead to a more careful study of and more extended interest in the beautiful yet
simple laws of nature To those who have never given this subject much thought
the statement that twelve inches below the surface of each average acre of land in
Georgia there lie at least two tons of phosphoric acid three times as much potash
and even more than that amount of lime is almost beyond belief and at once the
inquiry is suggested
Why buy these elements at all Why not plow deep bring them to the sur
face and add only nitrogen The reply is these elements are not in soluble form
the ordinary crops cannot appropriate them because plants do not eat they drink
Therefore knowing these two facts i e that the elements can be placed in reach
and yet the plants be unable to appropriate them it follows that our chief study
should be how to put these important elements in soluble form that they may
enter into the structure of our growing crops And here we have the broad
field of
RENOVATING CROPS
opened for our inspection and thoughtful study
Our ordinary crops of corn and cotton and small grain cannot appropriate these
locked up stores but luguminous plants can In this class are peas and clover
When the roots and stems of either of these are left to decay in the soil the lab
oratory of nature begins at once silently but surely to convert the stores of phos
phoric acid potash and nitrogen which have been gathered by these plants from
the earth and atmosphere into available plant food that is a large per cent of
the original insoluble elements are put in soluble form and made fit for plant
food
KALI ASD WINTER PLOWING
In former talks I have urged the importance of deep fall and winter plowing on
stubble land or on land where there was an accumulation of vegetable matter toSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 3 I
be turned under Recently there has come under my observation an illustration
so pertinent that I give it for the benefit of those who are still disposed to question
the wisdom of this plan In a certain locality in north Georgia and I may as
well mention situated in the heart of the drought stricken region a farmer began
last January to turn under a broomsedge field He was a new comer in that sec
tion and when his neighbors saw him burying deeply with a two horse plow the
heavy mat of sedge roots and tops they assured him that he was ruining his
land
But when they discovered that he intended to plant corn on the land thus pre
pared their incredulity reached its height and various were the prophecies of fail
ure In the spring the rains were heavy and long continued but in June the
drought began and tor weeks not one drop of rain fell on the parching plants The
surrounding crops almost dried up but on this deeply plowed land the corn re
mained green and vigorous yielding thirty bushels to the acre while the average
yield on adjoining farms was scarcely more than eight bushels Bear in mind
that there was an ample supply of moisture absorbing vegetable matter which was
thoroughly buried and not left on the surface in tufts to dry out rapidly after
each rain
The weight of the deeply turned furrow held it firmly and evenly in place and
the vegetable matter absorbed and retained the moisture ready for future drafts
from the crop Of course he placed fertilizer in reach of the growing plants The
failure ot such ventures is too often due to the fact that the turning is improperly
and hastily done or that the land is destitute of vegetable matter There could
not be equal benefit in thus turning under a perfectly clean field having only a
thin layer of top soil
JANUARY
In farming is essentially a month of preparation and planning The beginning of
the year finds more of other occupations resuming their regular duties and it is a
mistake for a farmer to allow one day to follow another and each to continue to
find his plans unsettled and immature He should decide clearly what he intends
to do realize the difficulties to be met and select the best means of overcoming
them Let him keep steadily in mind these facts that future success in cotton
planting depends on reducing the cost of production and on raising home supplies
The first requires sound judgment a knowledge of the laws of preparation and
cultivation and a study of the capacity of his land and the effect of fertilization
During the past year many a farmer cultivated land which under most favorable
conditions was incapable of returning the cost of preparation fertilization and
cultivation If the actual cost of production for an acre of cotton is less than the
yield of that acre onethird of a bale which is a full average for the State of Geor
gia it requires only a glance to see that the result is on the losing side for the
farmer
Fertilizers and labor are too costly to be expended on land which will produce
only a bale to three acres If the farmer is convinced of this let him resolve to
leave his poorest lands to the kindly offices of Mother Nature Give them an
absolute and entire rest and begin the renovation process on the more responsive
soils Concentrate on these labor and fertilizers and manures study plans of32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
RENOVATION AND ROTATION
If necessary terrace the uplands and ditch the low wet spots An eminently
successful Georgia farmer advocates the following
Sow in small grain grasses and clover onefourth of all arable land on the farm
rest onefourth pasture onefourth and cultivate in summer crops onefourth
Alternate these annually
Another says
Let the oldest and poorest and most gullied lands He out for the present until
we can get to them in regular order On the best acres plant corn oats and cot
ton follow the oats with peas and save the vines for hay follow the peas with
cotton using the most prolific varieties and fertilize liberally follow the cotton
with corn add more manure and then oats again Every year a little more of the
outlying or poorer lands may be taken into the system of renovation and improve
ment thus inaugurated Let these additions be sown in small grain and then peas
then cotton then corn as before
The question of suitable fertilizers should now be decided Numerous inquiries
have been received at this department and there seems some dissatisfaction and
some complaint as to the grade of goods sold in this State
THE PRESENT STANDARD
of 10 per cent of available material was settled upon after careful study and ma
ture deliberation as the proportion best suited to the generality of our lands It is
an axiom in agriculture that the richer the land the more fertilizer it will bear
On our worn fields exhausted of humus it is a hazardous undertaking to apply
large quantities of highly concentrated fertilizers
But this is a point each person must decide for himself keeping in view the
fact stated above If he wishes the essential elements of potash phosphoric acid
and nitrogen combined in different proportionshe can have it done at the factory
Or better still a number of farmers can combine purchase a car load of material
and themselves mix in the proportions which after careful study they decide that
their lands most need These ingredients are guaranteed and the farmer with his
scales and rich scrapings from lot and fence corners can save the cost of both
freight and manipulation and then knows exactly what he is using
In the more southern portion of Georgia it is well to sow oats in January I
have seen very fine crops raised from such sowings In view of the fact that a
large portion of the corn crop was cut off by drought it would be advisable where
practicable to sow largely of small grain and later of millet and such other food
crops as will supplement this deficiency
A GOOD GARDEN
Is an important auxiliary in the economical management of the farm Those who
would enjoy its benefits during the coming year must begin to prepare for it now
If the manure has not already been distributed and plowed under no time is to
be lost in doing this remembering that a garden can scarcely be too rich If
the manure is coarse cover deeply if well decomposed shallow covering is best
High culture is the only system to be pursued in the culture of vegetables GoodSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY
33
seed deep and thorough breaking plenty of manure and rapid cultivation are
essentials The plots for Irish potatoes buds early corn and cabbage should be
put in condition for planting so that when the proper time in February arrives
there will be no delay
PRUNING
of trees and vines and shrubs if not already accomplished should be finished this
month Cut out all dead wood take out unnecessary stems and shorten branches
that are too long Dont prune too severely as this will diminish the yield of fruit
but cut with judgment and care
FRUIT TREE
should have suitable quantities of potash supplied to the soil in which they grow
if not already there A good plan with young trees is to draw the soil away from
the upper roots until they are nearly exposed scraping away any borers that may
be found This however should be done in November In January bank fresh
wood ashes around the stems and later draw the soil back to the tree In supply
ing potash spread around the tree for some distance the rains will carry it to the
roots
INQUIRIES ANSWERED
TEOSINTE
Can you give me any information in regard to teosinte as a forage plant
J L Z Conyers Ga
Teosinte is a tropical plant closely resembling corn It suckers or tillers to a
remarkable degree and is a rapidly growing plant with fifty suckers sometimes
springing from a single plant and in warm climates attaining a height of from
ten to fifteen feet In this country except in the extreme southern portion the
seasons are not long or hot enough to permit it to seed While not seeding in
Georgia it will do well as a forage plant It stands drought well much better than
corn and the yield is enormous in this State about nineteen tons to the acre
stock like it and there is little waste as the stalks are very tender
It will require one pound of seed to plant an acre and it should be planted in
rows three feet apart and thin seed until the plants are about a foot apart
It is said to have been introduced in this country from South America where it
is perennial but in this country while permitting more than one cutting it must
be treated as an annual
MANURE
How much does manure lose by being exposed H T L Barnesville
We have endeavored a number of times to call the attention of our farmers to
the great loss they suffer from not taking proper care of their barnyard manure
Your question brings this loss pointedly to mind Experiments on a large scale
demonstrated that under ordinary conditions of piling and exposure durino the
course of the summer manure loses of its fertilizing constituents about fifty per
cent of its original value34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
A comparative test of the value of leached and unleached manure conducted at
the Ohio experiment on corn and wheat and mixtures of clover and timothy
showed a very wide difference and indicated that the margin of profit on open
yard manure is extremely small In experiments at the New York station it was
demonstrated that cow manure exposed to the weather lost siztyfive per cent of
its weight There was a loss in percentages of each fertilizing constituent ex
cept phosphoric acid amounting in the aggregate to 250 per cord
A large number of other experiments might he mentioned showing the great
loss incurred by improper exposure
It has been well said that the true foundation of all successful agriculture is un
doubtedly the manure pile and when assisted by clover and commercial fertilizers
roses can be made to bloom in the place of thorns hay can be made to grow in
stead of briars and thistles grain instead of weeds and wealth instead of
poverty
Let us resolve at the beginning of the year more to husband our resources and
by the use of cowpens manure and a proper appreciation of commercial fertilizers
bring our lands to a higher state of cultivation
RAWBONE AND STEAMED BONE
We have previously been called upon to give the difference in the value to the
farmer of pure rawbone and steamed bone
The Southern Planter thus answers a similar question
This inquiry from a subscriber is a very pertinent one at this season of the
year when farmers are ordering their fertilizers for the wheat crop which usually
largely consist of bone or acid phosphate If our subscribers will refer to the
January 1893 number of The Plantar they will there find an article from Dr
DeChalmot the assistant chemist of the department of agriculture fully explain
ing the different kinds of bone meal fertilizers and their component parts which
will supply a complete answor to this inquiry For the benefit of those of our
present readers who may not have the January number we would say that there
is practically no difference in the percentage of phosphoric acid in raw and
steamed bone meal
The steam bones however have lost the larger proportion of their nitrogen
This loss however is attended with a gain in the availability of the phosphoric
acid and as the phorphoric acid is the principal object for which bones are applied
the steamed ones are more valuable for this purpose than the raw ones The loss
of the small percentage of nitrogen is more than counterbalanced by the gain in
availability of the phosphoric acid at least we think this to be so when used for
a fall dressing for wheat
FERTILIZERS REMOVED BY CROPS
I note in your reports where you give the amount of the elements of plant food
removed by several crops In order to practically apply your answer 1 would be
glad if you would give in dollars and cents the amount removed by wheat or some
other crop D A L Woodlawn
In a report of the Pennsylvania State Experiment Station the amount of fertil
izing materials carried away by ordinary farm products is given in tabulated
form And from these tables the answer to your question is thus given
We learn from the above table that the farmer who sells a ton of hay forSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY 35
example sells in this ton of hay fertilizing ingredients which if purchased in
the form of commercial fertilizers would cost him about 510 that is if he sells
2000 pounds of wheat he sells an amount of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash
which it would cost him 775 to replace in his soil in the form of commercial fer
tilizers Or looking at it from a somewhat different standpoint a farmer who
sells for example 10 worth of wheat sells with it about 258 worth of fertility of
his soil In other words when he receives his 10 this amount does not represent
the net receipts of the transactionfor he has parted with 258 worth of his capital
that is of the stored up fertility of his soiland if he does not take this into the
account he makes the same mistake a merchant would should he estimate his
profits by the amount of cash which he receives and neglects to take account of
stock
The doctrine of compensating and restoring to our soil what has been removed
is here strikingly illustrated The farmer like the merchant cannot encroach on
his capital each year and expect the same profit from the next years labors His
soil stored with the elements of plant food constitute his wealth and if he succeeds
he must see that his soil is not depleted of these elements
SOIL ANALYSIS
In view of the many questions relative to the value of soil analysis in addition
to what we have said on this subject we quote the following from G E Morrow
of the Illinois Experiment Station
An examination of a soil by a chemist will show with great exactness of what
it is composed and the relative proportions of the elements It may show that
there is evidently a too small supply of some essential ingredient or it may show
that some substance or some combination present which will be injurious to plants
In these ways such an examination may give most valuable suggestions as to
manuring the soil or other methods of improving its fertility A chemical analy
sis however will not show with certainty whether the substances of which the
soil is composed are in condition to be available as plant food Often it gives very
little help to an understanding of whether or not the soil is in good physical con
dition The chemist is able to state not only the actual and relative quantity
of each element found in the soil but also the percentage of this which is soluble
in water and soluble in acids This information helps greatly in estimating the
quality of each which is probably in suitable condition to be taken up and used
by plants
After thirtyfive years study of this question on a great variety of soils Pro
fessor Hilliard Gal K 1889 p 163 concludes that in no case has any natural
virgin soil showing high plant food percentages been found otherwise than highly
productive under favorable physical conditions but the reverse is not
true viz that low plant food percentages necessarily indicate low productiveness
Improved physical conditions in the latter case may more than make up for the
deficiency of plant food It is then absolutely indispensable that both the physi
cal character as to penetrability absorptive power etc of a soil should be known
as Well as its depth above bedrock hardpan or water before a judgment of its
quality productiveness and durability can be found from its chemical composi
tion One kind of examination is the necessary complement of the other
The processes by which soils are formed and plant food rendered available are36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
constantly going on in the soil so that both the chemical and physical conditions
of soils are constantly changing and frequent examinations are necessary if we
are to be accurately informed as to the chemical and physical properties of any
soil at any given time
In actual chemical analysis only the fine earth never larger than one mm in
diameter preferably onehalf mm according to Hilgard is examined it being
assumed that this fine earth contains all the plant food readily or immediately
available to plants
This fine earth is submitted to digestion with acids which separate it into two
partsan insoluble residue which affords an approximate measure of the sandiness
of the soil and a soluble portion which is further examined
THE GARDEN
The Secretary of the North Carolina State Horticultural Society gives the fol
lowing calendar for January work in the garden
Clean up the garden prune all woody plants burn all primings and trash
repair fences and tools provide poles and brush for running plants overhaul hot
bed and coldframe send for the seedmens catalogues but beware of their
novelties procure the latest bulletins of the State Experiment Station relating
to horticulture noxious insects fungi and weeds order your seeds and test them
get your seeds directly from a reliable seedsman and not at the nearest grocery or
drugstore consider well what particular varieties seem best suited for your par
ticular purpose and order these
In the southern portion of Georgia work can progress much more rapidly than
is here indicated For economy on the farm if not for profit there is nothing
better than a good garden supplying as it does an abundance of healthful food
ALFALFA
What is the proper time to sow alfalfa What character of soil does it require
Does it make as good hay for horses as for cattle G T W Whitfield
Alfalfa or lucern should be sown in the spring It requires a deep rich soil
which should be naturally well drained If cut at the right time and well cured
it will make good food for horses but is not so satisfactory as well cured clover
THOMAS SLAG
What is Thomas Slag and what is your opinion of it as a fertilizer
H I L Blakely
Thomas Slag is a biproduct of the Bessemer steel process It contains from ten
to fourteen per cent of phosphoric acid but is so affected by the iron with which
it is combined as not to be readily available At the Georgia station it is reported
next in effectiveness to acid phosphate
CATTLE liREEDIXG AND FEEDING
The Southern Planter gives some interesting information on this subject which
will be read and appreciated by farmers
Tor several years past there has been going on a gradual but nevertheless cer
tain and sure diminution in the number of range cattle and an absorption of the
ranges into enclosed farms As this has progressed the value of the beef hasSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJANUARY
37
risen until now it stands on the average more than one dollar a hundred higher
than a year ago and nearly two dollars per hundred higher than two years ago
and yet at this advance there is no oversupply of the hest animals We see no
reason to suppose that this oversupply is likely to be forthcoming for sometime
on account of the fact that for many years past owing to low prices and the com
petition of range stock the farmers throughout the country have neglected to keep
up the quality of their herds by breeding to purebred bulls
In addition to this local scarcity there is now superadded the certainty that
there will be a large export demand for Europe Owing to the failure of the hay
and fodder crops on that continent thousands of cattle and even horses are being
slaughtered to save them from starvation In England halffed beasts are being
rushed into the market and sold for what they will fetch With such a prospect
why should not our Southern farmers give attention to this business of breeding
and feeding We have the grain the cotton seed and the fodder to bring up and
feed the stock and it is certain that these can be fed to pay a better price than to
sell them on the market Besides all these advantages we are close to the great
markets of the East and the North and near to the points of export Another
advantage to be gained and that not the least is the improvement to be made on
our iarms by the manure which is made by feeding stock Thousands of dollars
now spent in buying fertilizers can be saved and yet the fertility of the farms be
not only conserved but increased Recently a farmer from Piedmont Va came
into this city on his way home from Philadelphia
He called to pay for some farm supplies and pulled out a pocketbook wadded
to repletion with currency containing many hundred dollars The merchant had
the curiosity to ask him how he came to be earning about so much money He
replied I am just on my way home from Philadelphia where 1 have been to sell
the cattle I fed last winter and spring and this money is the proceeds of my sales
Tn addition to this he said I have sold a heavy crop of lambs this spring at
four dollars and a half per head in the field and have a rich farm upon which I
have just harvested the largest wheat crop I ever grew and I have not paid and
do not owe a dollar for fertilizers I make mine at home by my cattle and other
stock Now why cannot this be the position of more of our farmers It can
and we urge that it shall be
BERMUDA AND WIREGRAS
There is a radient difference between Burmuda and wire grass which Southern
Cultivator thus explains Bermuda is a low creeping grass rooting at the joints
of the genus cynodon Wiregrass belongs to the genus aristeda of which there
are nine varieties It is a dry harsh perennial grass with narrow leaves
FROM THE EXPERIMENT STATIONS
In an experiment continued through three seasons at the Utah station a com
parison is made of deep and shallow tillage and no tillage for potatoes The
average of duplicate plats for three years gives the yield of large and small potatoes
on shallow tilled plats as 20638 bushels per acre on the deeper tilled plats 20587
bushels and on the untilled plats 1867 bushels
J W Sanborn director of the Utah station reports that two years experi
ments in sowing oats at different dates showed a marked advantage in early sow38 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
W H Caldwell of the Pennsylvania station recommends as of most promise
the following potatoes Freeman Green Mountain Burpee Superior Ben Harri
son and Monroe County Seedling
L KJones of the Vermont station advises the hot water method of treating
datsseed not only for the immediate benefit but for the eradication of smut from
future crops
Experiments bearing on the two methods of tilling and check rowing corn were
made in 189192 at the Utah station Corn cheeked tilled both ways and not
hilled yielded 3964 bushels per acre checked and hilled both ways 36 bushels
checked then tilled and hilled one way 4284 and 435 bushels drilled and tilled
one way 435
COMMISSIONERS TALK FOR FEBRUARY
experiments ix farming renovation and rotation success in cotton
planting fertilizers orchard and cardex
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga February 1 1894
In January the careful farmer has carefully mapped out his plans for the
ensuing year and having begun promptly to execute them the present
month should find him well advanced in his preparations for planting The
exceptionally dry fall and early part of the winter have been favorable to the
deep plowing so important at this season Where the stubble from peas
roots and stems grass sod clover or the natural growth on the land has
been turned under a supply of available plant food is now by natural pro
cesses being manufactured for the coming years crops more or less valuable
as the growth turned under is rich in the necessary elements and easy of de
composition
Let it be borne in mind that the peas and clover are the only agents among
those mentioned which have the power of appropriating and depositing the
free nitrogen of the atmosphere which fact should be remembered in select
ing supplementary fertilizers for each crop
THE NEEDS OF EACH CROP
should also bear an important place in our calculations We know that cer
tain plants do well on certain kinds of soil and that on special artificial foods
they also thrive and that on others they do not reach the full measures of
their powers of growth or yield The soil if deficient must therefore be
prepared for their growth by supplying what is lacking We also know that
judicious and abundant manuring will enable the soil to grow almost anv
crop and that this soil will in succession yield fuller crops if these crops
be so varied as to extract from the soil one after another the several different
elements it is known to contain
THE LAND CROWS SICK
of one crop but in the hands of the skillful farmer it can be made to yield
successive crops and at the same time its deficiencies be so supplied that it
will be kept up to a high degree of productiveness In establishingSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY
39
AN ARTIFICIAL ROTATION
of crops we but follow the precedent which nature has set for us How often
do we notice that where an oak forest once stood the pine saplings take its
place All over Georgia the pine thickets attest the localities where ma
jestic oaks once reared their heads By following these signs which nature
sets up for us we ma in
MANURING FOE SPECIAL CROPS
attain a certain degree of success without the aid of science but if we would
learn the shortest most simple most economical and at the same time the
most perfect processes we must accept the help which scientific principles
offer us With this end in view we should lose no opportunity of studying
the agricultural laws of cause and effect and of making practical application
of the knowledge thus gained The experiments at the various experiment
stations bear directly on these problems and are of inestimable value to the
thinking farmer They throw light on questions as to feeding fertilization
composting rotation renovation which he being often hampered by unfavor
able surroundings has not the time or the means to investigate for himself
For instance careful experiment has demonstrated that in six months horse
manure thrown into a loose pile and exposed to the weather will lose one
half of its fertilizing qualities Cow manure thus exposed lost twothirds
mixed with other ingredients of which muck was the leading constituent
the loss was not quite onethird I refer to these facts again because the
present imperative need on most farms is more care in gathering and con
serving these precious elements of fertility which through carelessness and
improper methods are allowed to waste
Experiment has also shown that the value of barnyard manure depends
not so much upon its actual elements of plant food these having been shown
by analysis to be comparatively small as upon its effect upon the physical
condition of the soil It improves the mechanical condition of soils both
light and heavy and induces fermentative changes by which latent plant food
is utilized It also draws the water in the soil towards the surface thus ad
ding to the supply both of water and food to the growing plants
At the New Hampshire station the following experiment was tried Three
acres were set aside On one the lot manure was spread and plowed under
in the fall On another it was spread in the fall and allowed to lie on the
surface undisturbed On the third it was spread in the spring In summing
up results it was found that the largest yield was from the acre on which the
manure was allowed to remain on the surface during the winter Again
some interesting experiments at our Georgia Experiment Station go to prove
that the time and the labor expended in mixing and fermenting cotton seed
and other materials before applying to the soil could be better employed as
this plan causes no increase in yield over that in which cotton seed and other
materials were applied to the soil separately
But conditions vary and while these experiments are valuable in a general
sense their promulgation should not prevent individual experiment if pos
sible Neither are these experiment stations to be considered ironbound40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
rules but as furnishing data as it were by and from which each man can
work out his own conclusions
As evidence of what pluck and energy combined with careful observation
and experimentation can accomplish the success of Mr George W Truitt
of LaGrange furnishes an illustrious example He has been phenomenally
and preeminently successful He says I have raised one hundred bushels
of oats on one acre one hundred and twentyeight bushels of corn on one
acre four bales of cotton 450 pounds each on one acre In regard to his
methods he says There are many who believe that in clay there is no fer
tility I would ask them why such luxuriant vegetation on railroad em
bankments from dirt originally twenty feet under the surface My convic
tion is lucerne rooted that just as deep as deep as you turn your land just
that deep will your land grow rich
Surely if one man can by industry and system bring up one rundown
Georgia farm to this high degree of productiveness others seeing his suc
cess can grasp the same means and push forward to independence
One advantage the farmer has the present season of which he has been
deprived for several years is more easily obtained and more steadily settled
labor This is one result of the general hard times high meat and low cot
ton Where indifference as to hiring once reigned we now find anxiety even
eagerness for employment This is no small advantage for with our class
of field laborers it is not an unusual occurrence for the Christmas jollifications
to extend far into January and to obtain regular or steady work becomes a
difficult undertaking until the last of the month or the first of February I
believe it is my first experience since the war in which the plows were all
ready man mule and implements for a start the first day of January Since
that time we have had much bad weather often
TOO WET TO PLOW
Plowing when the land is too wet is a mistake to be carefnlly guarded
against One error in judgment here will cause trouble through the entire
crop season A rule familiar to most experienced farmers is not to plow land
when a handful of the soil pressed together remains a compact mass When
too wet for the plow to be at work there is always something to be done in the
way of repairsfences ditches terraces fence corners and spots overgrown
with briars and bushes ali to be put in order compost to be hauled and
spread and when the rains are too heavy for outdoor work tools to be over
hauled and put in working order plows made ready in order that no time
may be lost when the sun is shining and work in preparation or cultivation is
pressing In this matter of farm implements farmers should be on the alert
and as far as able invest in well tested and improved plows harrows and
necessary farm machinery In the one item of feeding a good feed cutter
will more than pay for its price in one season and by its use much valuable
material which is otherwise wasted can be utilized for food and consequently
for manure A reliable cutaway harrow besides putting the land in better
order for the plow is the agent by which every particle of vegetable matter
left in the soil can be made to do duty in producing another crop It is these
lessons of economy in small things in learning to judiciously invest in orderSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 41
to reap larger profits that we all need to study On the subject of economy
our farmers could learn a most valuable lesson from our fertilizer industries
On almost all ordinary farms the most valuable manurial elements are allowed
to waste Much that could be saved and applied with profit becomes valueless
from neglect On the other hand the fertilizer factory gathers refuse appa
rently worthless material and converts it into valuable manurial agents
OATS AND CRASS AND CLOVER
Now is the time for sowing the spring oats better than in January as there
is less risk of killing The land should be well prepared and liberally ma
nured Sow an early variety of seed and dont stint the quantity Remem
ber that the spring crop has only a short time to mature and should be given
every opportunity in preparation manuring in quality and quantity of seed
to produce a heavy crop
Grass seed and clover also should be sown now Orchard tall oat rescue
red top and Bermuda all suit our climate and soil Plow and harrow then
sow the seed and roll Do not plow or harrow after the seed are sown sim
ply pass a heavy roller over the surface It is best to prepare the land for
this purpese but if preferred the seed can be sown on growing grain crops
If the latter plan is chosen run a light harrow over the grain sow the clover
or grass seed and roll Where the seed is sown with a grain crop the better
plan however is to sow in the fall after the oats or wheat is put in sow the
grass seed on the freshly harrowed surface By this plan with favorable
seasons the oat crop and two heavy cuttings of native grasses have been
taken from the land during the summer or fall before leaving it in the per
manent possession of the sown grass
IN THE GARDEN
Seeds of nearly every plant grown in our climate may be sown this month
either in the open ground or in cold frames but it is not desirable that the
more tender varieties should be sown unless one has well constructed cold
frames or other ample means of protection in case of sudden cold In the
latitude of Middle Georgia Irish potatoes beets cabbage lettuce carrots
leeks onions English peas turnips spinach salsify and corn can all be
planted In selecting your seed potatoes get the very best and use only
those which you have found adapted to your soil If your own seed from the fall
crop do well use them of course otherwise the Eastern seed are the best
In closing I wish to mention that among the hundreds of letters received at
the department the most cheerful and hopeful are those written by farmers who
raise their own supplies and diversify their crops The tone of these letters
is in marked contrast to others breathing dissatisfaction and distrust because
of the high price of provisions and the general unprofitableness of farming
In both I find strong proof of my oftrepeated assertion that the bedrock of
successful farming is raising home supplies and rotating and therefore diver
sifying Crops ESBITT
The French farmer has learned that raising sugar beets increases the yield
of the land The process is an indirect one The refuse from the beet roots
enables him to keep more stock and their manure improves the soil42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
OTHER INQUIRIES
WHICH ARE ANSWERED BY SOME OF OUR EXCHANGES
The following inquiries and answers are taken from the Southern Cultivator
and Dixie Farmer
GKOUNDPEAS
I have a barrel of groundpeas left over from last years seed Would they
do well for planting this year Will be thankful for an answer as soon as
possible
It is not likely that the peas are suitable for planting this year They
easily become rancid which condition can only be detected by inspection
If not rancid they will answer
1 Please tell me all about burr clover when and how to plant it I want
it for grazing My soil is shallow with stiff clay subsoil
2 What grasses would you sow for a general pasture How would the
clover do to mix with some of the grasses in Panola county
1 Burr clover medicago denticulatamedicago maculata is a native of
the Mediterranean region which has been naturalized in most warm climates
It is widely distributed in California where it is considered of great value It
was first introduced into the Southern States by the late Bishop George F
Pierce in 1867 and planted at his home in Hancock county Georgia In
Mississippi it has been grown by Mr Edwin C Reed of Meridian who
states that it is all that could be desired as a winter and spring pasture
With stock it is an acquired taste and they will not eat it when more
palatable plants are offered It is a good renovator and while an annual
reseeds itself if not pastured too late and too close The burrs make it very
objectionable as a pasture for sheep To sow prepare as for common clover
and sow twenty pounds of clover seed to the acre early in the autumn
2 It will be difficult to get a pasture that will answer for both winter and
summer For summer pasture Bermuda and crab grass are the best Red
clover is valuable in early spring and autumn On northern hillsides herds
grass will give a fine summer pasture White clover is exceedingly valuable
for certain kinds of stock but like red clover after the maturity of the seed it
salivates horses
For winter pasture meadow oat grass orchard blue and fennel grass or
wild rye and rye and white clover One bushel of orchard meadow oat and
wild rye each four quarts of blue grass red and white clover This is the
compound given by Howard in his Manual of Grasses Meadow oat and
orchard thus will do well if latitude of Panola county is high enough but
we are not familiar enough with the soil to say whether clover will do well
or not
IMPROVING IAMI
Please let me know how cornstalks compare with pine straw for a stable
also which will be the better fertilizer I can fill my stable with cornstalks
about as quickly as straw and it makes a good bed after a few days I am
after something to improve the landSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY
43
The value of either pine straw or cornstalks as a fertilizer is more in better
ing the mechanical condition of the soil by the organic matter supplied than
as a direct source of the elements of plant food Where used in the stable
the readiness with which they absorb the liquid manure must be considered
While not making so gbod a bed the stalks decompose more rapidly and
therefore produce a better mechanical effect and we regard them as a better
absorbent and for this reason would improve your land more rapidly
HOW TO COMPOST
Kindly answer the following in your next issue
1 Dont yon think the following fprmula a good fertilizer for cotton when
composed in the order named 900 pounds of stable manure or 900 pounds
of swamp litter 200 pounds acid phosphate 100 pounds kainit 900 pounds
green cotton seed 200 pounds acid phosphate 100 pounds kainit
2 Dont you think there is too much potash and not enough nitrogen How
may I lessen amount of potash and increase nitrogen
3 Is 500 pounds to the acre on poor land the first year a sufficient amount
4 Can you give me the chemical elements in well rotted swamp litter
1 If we are to understand that the applications of material are to be made
in bulk in the order named we do not consider it a proper method of com
posting In making a compost the material should be distributed in layers
through the pile As a compost your manure on this formula does not con
tain a sufficient amount of phosphoric acid and the amount of this element
should be increased by an additional amount of acid phosphate For ordi
nary worn land we do not consider that the formula gives an extra amount of
potash The amount of nitrogen if you wish to increase it is added by
putting in more cotton seed or cotton seed meal
2 To reduce the potash use less kainit
3 We consider 500 pounds a sufficient quantity on poor land much more
fertilizer can be successfully used on poor land than on rich land
4 Swamp litter contains phosphoric acid nitrogen and potash in small per
centages with a large per cent of organic matter All analyses vary very
greatly
The French wine crop the past year was better than it has been in many
years The yield the present year is estimated at 1225000000 gallons
against 650000000 last year44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES BY THE GEORGIA DEPART
MENT OF AGRICULTURE
RELATING TO THE FARM GARDEN DAIRY STOCK RAISING Etc
HARVESTING PEAS
While I know that this is hardly a proper time for the question still I de
sire to know what you regard as the proper time to harvest peas and whether
any analysis of their food value at different times of growth has ever been
made P C Lee County
We have previously stated in these reports that as soon as the peas came
to maturity was the proper time This is when the harvesting includes vines
leaves and pods Analysis of the whippoorwill cow pea at five different
stages of growth verifies the correctness As illustrative of practical and
scientific study it will be noted that our farmers have almost been universally
correct in their idea as to the proper time to harvest
What is a good fertilizer for peas rj
The pea is a legume and therefore does not require a nitrogenous fertil
izer The mineral elements of plant food should be supplied These consist
of phosphoric acid and potash all other mineral elements being found in suf
ficient quantities in ordinary soil On most soils acid phosphate should be
dominant only a small quantity of kainit being required
RED TOP
What kind of soil is required for red top Will it grow on land too wet for
corn When is the proper time to sow T A B Bartow County
Red top is especially adapted to low bottoms and will thrive where the
land is much too wet for corn In seeding use two bushels to the acre It is
not too late for you to sow now for spring mowing that is you can sow in
February or March When sown in the fall September or October are the
proper months
GRAFTING
How would crab apple roots do for grafting apples and pears Would
quinces grow and do well on them H I L Hancock County
If the crab apples have sufficient suitable roots they could be used We
would advise you too btain seedlings for grafting as they are of more value
and answer the purpose much better A quince and apple graft will unite
but it is not permanent as when growth progresses it will come apart
SWEET POTATOES
Please furnish me with a formula for a sweet potato fertilizer
P A J Burke County
The following would make a good fertilizer for sweet potatoes 200
pounds of acid phosphate 200 pounds of cottonseed meal and 50 ofSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY
45
imuriate of potash with the usual percentages which these ingredients run
This would give you a fertilizer running 4 per cent ammonia 7 per cent
phosphoric acid and 10 per cent potash Like the Irish potato the sweet
ipotato requires a great deal of potash
lITURGUS SYLVESTRIS
Can you tell me anything in regard to liturgus sylvestris
J C M Hampton
Sylvestris is a perennial forage plant the value of which wras first ascer
tained in Germany It is a legume that sends its roots deep down into the
earth and it is said will enrich land more than any other crop It has great
ability to withstand severe drouths The growth is slow for the first two
years but afterward it has produced as high as eight tons of good hay to the
acre in a single season If it is all that is claimed for it it will be found of
the greatest value in reclaiming worn lands in the South and at the same
time providing permanent meadow and pasture
HOLLOWHEARTED POTATOES
What is the cause of hollowhearted potatoes A S Y Talbotton Ga
The cause of hollowhearted potatoes is rich moist ground When soil of
this character is dry early in the season the later abundant rains cause it to
produce a very rapid growth of the potato resulting in its being hollow
OATS
What do you regard as the best time to sow spring oats
B C L Baldwin County
The spring oat crop is very uncertain and fall is by far the best time to sow
in the South We regard the middle of February as the best time to sow
spring oats
FORAGE PLANTS
Which will generally yield the most forage per acre millo maize or kaffir
corn H M T Madison County
While we have made no accurate experiments on this subject yet the ex
perience of others is that millo maize will make about double the quantity of
kaffir corn At the State Experiment Station the Yield of millo maize of dry
hay was 14092 pounds that of kaffir corn 6864 These figures may be re
garded as large and above an average yield per acre
PRUNING PEACH TREES
In my peach orchard I have frequently suffered great loss by overbearing
and would be glad if you would suggest a remedy If I can prevent this by
proper pruning please give me the best method
L J T Spalding County
To prevent overbearing by pruning peach trees the cardinal principle to be
remembered is that the tree bears its fruit on the wood of the preceding
summers growth In addition a compact round head is desired as giving
symmetry to the tree strength for the future and therefore more fruitbearing46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
capacity without danger To secure this result the young wood should be
evenly distributed for if the ends of the branches contain all the bearing
wood the weight of the fruit has a great leverage and either breaks the tree
down or necessitates the propping up of the limbs Every winter onethird
to onehalf of the young growth on the long and stronger branches should be
removed and the shoots through the tree thinned so as not to interfere with
each other If this method is pursued in there is little danger of the trees
breaking with an overload of fruit
ROTATION OF CROPS
The value of the rotation of crops I fully recognize but would like to know
the general rules or principle upon which rotation rests
H A P Sumter County
Nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash are the important elements of plant
food They are all taken from the soil in varied quantities and proportions
One crop will demand large quantities of nitrogen of another phosphoric
acid is the dominant while a third demands more potash Again there are
crops such as the legumin which restore nitrogen while supplying the soil
with organic matter so necessary to a high state of fertility and fertilization
While the general rule is applicable that crops demanding the same plant
food should not follow still other considerations enter into the rotation
We find for example that parasites living on certain plants will be in
creased by a rotation of these crops necessitating a change to such a crop as
upon which they will not feed Again the consideration of a clean culture
crop as preventing the land from becoming foul with grass seed and render
ing proper cultivation more difficult must be borne in mind The method by
which the roots feed also has an important bearing upon all questions of ro
tation
From the varied matters presenting themselves it is easily seen that even
general principles may be varied such as while one crop may consume the
same elements in about the same proportion it may be in much less quantity
and by roots of so different a character as to render the rotation eminently
proper A single system of rotation is not adapted to or the best for every
locality and experiment should demonstrate the most successful in this im
portant study as well as in other questions which present themselves to the
farmer
In planning judicious rotation it is well to follow or alternate broadleaved
plants such as clover and peas with narrowleaved cereals such as wheat
rye and oats to let perpendicular root plants and horizontal root plants suc
ceed each other to follow exhaustive plants with those that are least ex
haustive A good three years rotation is corn wheat clover or with cotton
clover or peas cotton wheat Wheat will however make an excellent crop
after clover or peas
PEACHBORER
Please inform me how to rid my peach trees of borers I am aware of the
method of removing them with the knife but I want to know if there is any
application I can apply this spring and when to apply it
L N T Fort ValleySUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONFEBRUARY 47
The winged insect that deposits the eggs from which the borer comes usu
ally appear in the orchard soon after the leaves begin to put forth The fe
male deposits from 30 to 100 eggs One or two on each tree on the base of
the trunk and as the grub of last year is the moth of this the borers rapidly
increase The following liquid preparations have been found very effective
They should be applied with a stiff brush thoroughly from 18 inches above
the ground to four below the surface Soft soap 10 gallons corrosive subli
mate 1 114 ounces alcohol 1 pint Dissolve the sublimate in the alcohol
and mix thoroughly with the soap The sublimate should not be used in a
quantity large enough to injure the tree It is very poisonous and care
should be taken in having it in the house The mixture should be applied
immediately after the first fly appears and every two weeks thereafter until
they disappear The weak grub is killed at the first mouthful of the mixture
by the sublimate and the remedy is excellent
The other application is to mix 10 gallons of sour milk and 10 pounds of
Portland cement The cement forms a coating through which the grubs can
not penetrate It should be applied every two or three weeks otherwise it
will crack from the growth of the tree and the grubs may enter
FORMULA FOR COMPOST
When is good time to compost Please give me a formula for corn and
cotton A L C Warren County
December and January are good months to compost though you can com
post later The following formula will answer for both corn and cotton
stable manure 650 pounds cotton seed 650 pounds acid phosphate 700
pounds
In mixing I have the ingredients well watered and worked with hoes in
small piles and then thrown on the main pile which I fix up in conical shape
and then put on a layer of dirt from four to six inches completing the work
COMPOSTING
I thank you for the valued information so kindly given Permit me to
trouble you this once more for it is a question in which I am vitally inter
ested I have about 1500 bushels of cotton seed and some good stable ma
nure which I am anxious to so mix with acid phosphate as to get the best
possible results I was anxious to mix at the proper time to allow sufficient
decomposition but I see from your advice that I am a little late for January
is gone so I will go at the work immediately Now I would like to know
whether the heap should have water poured in when the heat caused by de
composition and fermentation becomes too great and how am I to judge when
heat is great enough to produce injury or firefang Some say insert a rod
and by drawing it out judge by the heat of the rod but how warm should it
be to water A L C Warrenton
We do not think that you will be too late with your compost and that suffi
cient decomposition will take place to obtain good results Firefang only
results when the heap or any part of it becomes perfectly dry Its effect is
to permit the escape of the ammonia and while we are unable to give you
any certain rule as to the temperature can safely say that moist heat will48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
not have an injurious effect and if the pile is kept damp no ammonia will
escape A simple chemical test to ascertain whether any loss is taking
place is to hold near the manure a small rod that has been touched or
dipped in nitrate acid If a white vapor arises the ammonia is escaping
No loss of other elements of plant food takes place except by leaching
REDUCING PHOSPHATES
I note in report of United States Department of Agriculture Vol V No 2
pages 228 and 229 a method for the reduction of phosphates and for the
preparation of commercial fertilizers from the same which is represented as
being simple and cheaper than by the plan now in use of reduction of sul
phuric acid This new reduction is by carbonic acid I am not able to
understand how the carbonic acid is generated and controlled neither do I
understand the characters used in showing what it produced in the different
stages of reduction
This process seems to be applicable to phosphates rich in lime or carbon
ate of lime You are aware that Southwest Georgia contains a great deal of
this lime phosphate rock Here on my farm are large quantities also on
adjoining farms This new method is also recommended for the preparation
of nitrogenous fertilizers such as hair hoofs horns leather wood slaughter
house etc
Now this strikes me as being something of vast importance to farmers a
plan perhaps that they can put into operation have a mill or buy the floats
and a plant with but little cost in every neighborhood Of course at first
a chemist would have to be employed until a foreman of the works becomes
posted
I would be glad of any information from you on the subject at any time
J W B Leslie Ga
The department is now investigating the process named and we would
prefer to give no p6sifive information on its merits without thorough study
Our casual opinion is that it will prove of great economic value and espe
cially so to Southern Georgia where such large deposits of carbonate of lime
are to be found
IRISH POTATOES
We have about twelve acres of new land being planted to grape vines and
other fruit at Tallapoosa We are thinking of a spring crop to plant between
the rowsperhaps potatoes Will you please inform us as to the variety
mode of shipping market prospect of profits etc And can you let us know
where we can get bags or sacks suitable to ship potatoes in etc
We would suggest Early Rose and Beauty of Hebron Your location is
such that you will not be able to secure the large profits of the early market
gardener and you would be compelled to rely largely on home consumption
and the Atlanta and Birmingham markets Shipments can be made in bags
or barrels You can purchase them in Atlanta
POLICY OF SOUTHERN FARMERS
The business policy of Southern farmers is changing according to a large
number of letters from bankers in all parts of the South recently publishedSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
49
in the Manufacturers Record The farmers are growing more diversified
crops producing more of the needed and heretofore largely purchased food
supplies thus saving some of the money formerly paid for the latter These
letters also show that farmers are doing more of a cash and less of a credit
business The farmers are paying off their debts and spending at home
the money that formerly went to the North and West to buy provisions
These letters say that the South is less in debt than at any other time
since the war
AGRICULTURAL NEWS AND NOTES
The poultry buildings on the farm of Hon Levi P Morton recently
burned down are almost rebuilt and it is estimated will cost about 10000
The incubators and brooders will be run by electricity while a number of
other features will be introduced which have heretofore been unknown in
poultry fixings
For the best show pea English gardeners recommend President Garfield
We want a good table pea and as early as it can be had Sow any of the
first earlies as early as you can prepare the ground in spring on heavily
manured land and you will get peas good enough and early enough
The London Times estimates the wheat area in Great Britain at 1798869
acres and the crop at 46429407 bushels More land is devoted to barley
than to wheat or 2257293 acres and still more to oats 4435944
The peanut crop is reported light
WHAT COMMISSIONER NESBITT HAS TO SAY EOR MARCH
monthly talk with the georgia farmers on subjects of general interest
pertaining to the farm and gardengood advice
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta GaMarch 1 1894
The first of March finds the farmers in a most backward state of prepara
tion The weather has been such first freezing and then raining that it has
been impossible to plow the red lands and even on the gray lands very little
has been accomplished There are drawbacks and hindrances to every occu
pation and these are but the disappointments incident to our avocation but
when difficulties confront us
WE SHOULD SUMMON OUR BEST ENERGIES
to meet and combat them Trials and difficulties develop and make the
strong man they paralyze and destroy the weak We still have much to be
thankful for the unerring return of the seasons the blessings of the early
and later rain the perennial hope which springs in the farmers breast as he
goes out to begin his years work and sees all nature donning her fresh spring
robe the pleasure of witnessing the soil respond to our efforts and the
gradual development of the different crops from seedtime to harvest Surely
the farmer in his work comes nearest to God and takes its results more50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
directly from the hand of the great ruler of the universe How important
then that he study to make no mistake in executing his part of the contract
I hope my farmer friends have utilized these muggy days in
EEP AIRING
as far as possible the farm buildings and fences and in making compost the
latter a most important factor in the farm economy Every moment when
the land is to wet to plow can be utilized to the best advantage in giving your
farms a more homelike appearance and even when the rain keeps the
farmer indoors there are many jobs in the way of mending and preparing
implements wagons plowstocks harness etc for the coming strain which
should not be neglected and always there are stables and yards to be cleaned
out and attended to leaves to be hauled and cattle and stock comfortably
bedded On a stranger the impression of a wellkept farm is beyond estimat
ing Even
ONE THOROUGHLYCULTIVATED WELLKEPT FARM
in a neighborhood is an object lesson to be seen and appreciated not only by
farmers but by every passing traveler At first it may not seem to exert
any sensible influence but gradually adjoining places begin to touch up the
lands are better prepared more manure and of better quality is made more
progressive methods are undertaken a spirit of emulation is aroused
evidences of thrift are seen on every side and ere long the improved condi
tion of the neighborhood is the subject of favorable comment throughout the
county
OURS IS A POSITION OF HONOR AND RESPONSIRILITV
and if we expect to fill it with credit to ourselves and families we must fit
ourselves for it as do successful men in other avocations by careful study and
by welldirected energy and diligence Every moment every hour is worth
so much to us they are not to be wasted if we expect success to crown our
efforts The slothful indolent man no matter in what occupation he may be
engaged has no reasonable hope for even moderate prosperity Let us
observe the methodical systematic energy of the successful merchant the
snap and vim which characterize the successful lawyer or banker No
idling in the hours devoted to business no putting off until tomorrow the
work which demands attention today
THE FARMER MORE THAN ANY OF THESE
comes directly in contact with nature and has the better opportunity of
studying her in her various moods Why should not he draw inspiration
from her perfect woik lying all around him and portrayed in the smallest
plant the minutest blade of grassno detail lacking each complete of its
kind I understand that there can be
NO ARBITRARY RULE
laid down by which each individual farmer is to be governed but in these
monthly talks I wish to make suggestions which will not only arrest the
attention of farmers but which will provoke discussion on the lines I advo
cate On one pointSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 5 I
WE ARE ALL AGREED
and that is that we have to build up our lands or stop cultivating them and
that we must make our farms selfsupporting But when we begin to discuss
the plans for accomplishing these muchtobedesired ends we differ because
our circumstances and conditions individual climatic and otherwise are
such as to preclude the possibility of all working by the same rule For
instance one farmsr has a large family many of the members are old enough
to help him in his work and he owns a piece of good bottom land Such a
man can make his home supplies on a few acres and then devote the rest of
his farm to the preduction of cotton or some other money crop which can be
worked successfully and cheaply by his immediate family Another man
owns a farm the larger part of which is so poor that until the land is improved
there is no hope for him to succeed Common sense teaches him to try and
build up a few acres each year and cultivate only such spots as will yield
some return for the time and labor bestowed upon them Again take the
weather which has prevailed during January and February In North and
Middle Georgia the lands for the most part being stiff and adhesive the con
tinued rains have prevented any progress in plowing In Southern and
more especially Eastern Georgia rain has been needed for the small grain
crops and plowing is well advanced and preparations for planting move on
apace
It is most gratifying to find from all the information obtainable at this de
partment from reports of correspondents and from other sources that in
nearly every county and in particular sections of some counties there has
been a marked improvement in the production of home supplies that there is
now on hand a larger per cent than is usual at this season and that there is
evident determination on the part of farmers to pursue such a sensible farm
policy as will not only bridge over our present unfortunate condition but
gives us an assurance of future success The blind worship of cotton is I
trust becoming a thing of the past for the selfinflicted punishment which
the farmers have had to suffer has taught them a salutary lesson Wherever
the farmers are studying their surrounding and conditions with an eye to
ultimate results where they are giving more thoughtful consideration to the
reasons which should control them in the direction of their affairs good
results are beginning to be seen They realize their past mistakes and are
applying themselves to the task of correcting them
TO THOSE FARMERS
who are still considering the advisability of an allcotton policy I would
utter a word of warning It is the farmer who has not thought to provide for
his corncrib or smokehouse until the past two months who is suffering most
today Meat at 12 cents with the lard pressed out is not a very pleasant
subject for the allcotton farmer to consider except as it may release him
from the thraldom of mistaken methods and policies And the man who
expects to buy his lard and sells his cotton seed to the oil mills under the
mistaken idea that he is making a good trade pays two or three times its
value when it comes back to him in the lard at fifteen cents a pound The
selling of the cotton seed to the merchant is all right for in each ton of raw52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
cotton seed applied to the land there is 20 worth of oil which is absolutely
wasted as the oil possesses no manurial value and cotton seed meal is the
better fertilizer but the farmer who buys his meat and lard is playing a los
ing game
IT I CAN INDUCE MY FELLOW FARMERS
to read and discuss these ideas even if they fail to agree with me I will feel
that one important step has been gained i e that these discussions will
bring to the front new ideas and stronger reasons for the abandonment of our
ruinously false system and the substitution of better and more remunerative
methods Of course my opinions are not invulnerable Already I have had
farmers dissent from them and my suggestions do not always receive the cor
dial support of my thinking friends but I do not object to fair criticism and the
good results of such discussions will be seen later on If every neighbor
hood throughout the State would reorganize their alliance clubs with the dis
tinct understanding that their object is to foster and build up an interest on
everything pertaining to agriculture and to permanently advance every in
terest connected with the farm and permit only such questions to be dis
cussed in their meetings much light could be thrown on these questions
fraught with such deep interest to every struggling farmer and there would
soon be a revival of that love for our country homes once so general among
our people The friction produced by the ideas brought out in these meet
ings when intelligently discussed would have a most salutary effect upon
our entire farm economy
The fruit men the truck men have gained valuable aid and information
from an exchange of ideas If they can perfect an organization to protect
and advertise and advance their interest why cannot the general farmer
I hope the farmer will study the results of the experiments made at the
Experiment Station in crops and fertilizers for the past season
I WISH ALSO TO CALL THEIR ATTENTION
to the paper read before the Agricultural Convention during its recent meet
ing in Augusta which is published in this report From this can be learned
the nature of some of the duties devolving upon me as Commissioner of Agri
culture Acquaint yourselves with these duties and find out if they are
being faithfully executed and if your interest is being protected and ad
vanced The latter part of this paper is devoted to the advisability of teaching
agriculture in our public schools Read it carefully and I think you will agree
with me that there are very strong reasons why it should be taught
I cannot close this article without making
AN APPEAL
for broad acres of oats corn millet potatoes cane and only so much cotton
as you can produce at a profit Ordinarily land which produces only a bale
to three acres is worked at a dead loss Think seriously before you embark
in such a ruinous undertaking
Elsewhere in this report I publish a letter from a prominent farmer which
puts this question in such a strong light that nothing more need be said
R T Xesbitt
Commissioner of AgricultureSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH S3
CULTURAL NOTES ON POTATOES
Here is a summary of the results of experiments extending over a period
of three years at the Michigan Station
FirstIt was found that the seed end was as good if not better than any
other part of the potato for planting and as a rule produces fewer small
tubers
SecondAs a rule medium sized potatoes cut into halves lengthwise using
at the rate of thirteen to fifteen bushels of seed to the acre will produce
the best net results planted one and onehalf or two feet apart
ThirdIf smaller seed is used the eyes should be fifteen inches apart and
pieces containing two or three eyes about eighteen inches At distances over
two and onehalf feet the number of hills is so much decreased that the yield
is lessened
FourthWhen potatoes are cheap it does not pay to use small potatoes as
seed but when seed potatoes are high tubers the size of hens eggs may be
used for one year without greatly decreasing the yield
FifthEven on fairly rich soil manure or fertilizers can be used with profit
AVhen manure cannot be obtained without hauling two or three miles five
hundred pounds of mixed chemicals or some good brand of commercial fer
tilizer will be cheaper to use and will be a profitable investment
Other items are that as the best depth for planting the result seemed to
favor covering the seed about three inches This seemed to be right for dry
seasons The highest yield was obained when manure was used as a mulch
between the rows While it can readily be shown that the fertilizers were
used with profit it is difficult to say which of the chemicals was most neces
sary It is to be observed that the land on which the experiments were
made is represented as being in excellent tilth and of more than average fer
tility
HON E T NESBITTS ADDRESS BEFORE THE STATE AGRICUL
TURAL SOCIETY
WORK OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENTNECESSITY OF AGRICULTURAL
EDUCATION
The following address which was delivered before the State Agricultural
iSociety treats of two important subjects The Department of Agriculture
and its relations to the farmers and the necessity of particular education re
lating to agriculture The object and aims of the department are set out
and the Commissioner is anxious that those who desire to render the depart
ment more useful may be able to cooperate with him in the work The
introduction into our school system of studies that would be of particular
advantage to those who intend to engage in farming and which would invite
others to investigate and induce them to make the farm their home and up
build our agricnlture is a subject of great interest and which has been but
little agitated in the State Few men can succeed at an occupation without
possessing natural qualification or being fitted by education Complete sue54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
cess on the farm is no exception to the rule embodying as it does in its
entirety a large and varied knowledge of scientific and business affairs The
farmer of the future with increasing population will have to ask and require
more of the soil and must be fitted to obtain these results The question
involves the place our children raised on the farm who shall become farmers
shall take in the advancement of agriculture in the future We trust that all
who see these reports will read with care and thought what is said on this
subject
THE WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT
Mr President and Gentlemen of the Agricultural Convention
In making this my yearly report before your society there are two sub
jucts of utmost importance to which I would like to call your attention and
I wifi do so as briefly as possible The first is The Relations of the Agri
cultural department and the importance of its work to the People of Geor
gia and the second is The Relations of Agriculture to the Youth of our
Land and the Importance of its Being Taught in Our Public Schools
In order to arrive at a better understanding of the first I will outline the
principal work of the Department since its organization seventeen years ago
leaving it to the minds of my hearers to feed on the details and then explain
its present management and the benefits which our State agriculture receives
from its work Before opening this subject I will state that there is a wide
spead prejudice in the minds of average farmers against the department
arising most often from want of information as to the aims and the manner
in which those aims are carried outand it is in part to combat these preju
dices and give the needed information that the present paper has been
prepared
About seventeen years ago owing the rapidly increasing use of commercial
fertilizers there was a popular demand for some more thorough and effective
means of protecting the consumer against fraud in the purchase of these
goods and at the same time promoting the sale of goods suitable to our lands
and to the needs of the crops under cultivation We all remember the beau
tifully prepared Peruvian guano costing from 90 to 100 per ton according
to the distance from market the tremendous lifegiving principles it pos
sessed causing our crops to spring forward as if by magic but we also re
member that at gathering time the results were most disappointing After
this came the era of cheaper goods which in many cases possessed no merit
and were prepared often with no other object that to swindle the purchaser
The results from their use were not as represented Or expected and the
farmers were naturally disappointed and disgusted Then followed garbled
reports of these results made by designing salesmen to mislead and entrap
unsuspecting farmers As a sequel suspicion crystallized into certainty of
fralid and caused our courts to be crowded with litigation the duped buyers
seeking by law to right their wrongs
Our lands were deteriorating and exhausting from years of mistaken agri
cultural treatment and with the consequent spiiit of unrest and dissatisfac
tion arose the demand for an agricultural department whose duties were
defined as protective and educational In all countries as the population beSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 55
comes more dense and the natural products of the farm fail to meet the
increasing demands commercial fertilizers play their part in solving the
problem and with their aid comes the demand for more enlightened agricul
tural methods and thus follow agricultural schools agricultural colleges and
departments of agriculture
It was under this pressure and to throw around the farmer the protection
of which he stood so much in need that our legislature in 1876 established
our Department of Agriculture New and untried it met with much adverse
criticism even from those for whose benefit and promotion it was created
All through its history it has had to combat prejudice sometimes denunci
ation and often its life has trembled in the balance Doubtless there have
been mistakes but these are so far outnumbered by its advantages that we
should pardon them for the sake of the great work it has accomplished in
securing the farmers against fraud if nothing else
The most important protective duties with which the department is charged
are the inspection and analysis of the tremendous amount of commercial fer
tilizers which annually cover hundreds of thousands of tons and the sampling
and testing of the enormous bulk of illuminating oils offered for sale in this
State Millions are annually spent for these two articles needed and used on
nearly every farm and in nearly every farmhouse in Georgia
The old system of each fertilizer inspector being a chemist and conducting
his own analysis which was practiced during the early days when the amount
of commercial fertilizers used was by comparison merely nominal and the
latter system of inspecting in bulk have both been abolished and our sys
tem is at present regulated on a different basis and in its provisions for pro
tecting the farmer at the same time dealing fairly with the manufacturers
is considered nearly perfect The analyses of the different fertilizers are pub
lished to the world but any individual farmer wishing an analysis of any
brand of goods sold in this State has only to drop me a line and the knowl
edge will be forthcoming
In the sampling and testing of illuminating oils a much simpler and less
difficult test is made Under the present law the inspector is only required to
make a fire or explosive test It is not allowed to be stored or offered for
sale in this State unless it is demonstrated by the test that it will not explode
at 120 degrees Fahrenheit The department has no power to apply an illumi
nating test and repeated complaints have reached us as to the inferior illu
minating qualities of much of the oil which has passed the fire test The
defect in many cases probably arises from the pressure of foreign matter in the
oil notably sulphuric acid which is largely used in refining the crude oil
To meet this difficulty will require a special act of the legislature During
the last session of that body I called attention to this defect in the law but
in the pressure of other matters this was passed over Until we have further
legislation on this subject the remedy must be with the people themselves
When inferior oil is put upon you write to the merchant from whom you
purchased and ascertain the name of the company manufacturing it and also
the inspectors name which should be branded in plain letters on the barrel
As soon as you ascertain these facts notify me at the department In this
way we have been able to have several lots shipped back to the manufacturers56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
and we can thus create a decided demand for further legislation on this im
portant matter
In its educational capacity the department is further charged with the duty
of collecting such farm statistics and information as when properly presented
will aid the farmers in the intelligent management of their affairs To say
that this information will not be of value to our farmers is to assert that no
agricultural education is necessary and to set at naught the painstaking and
successful investigations of such eminent men as DeSaussure Sir Humphrey
Liebig and others But for the patient and scientific researches of these men
we would be today groping in darkness not only as to the necessary elements
of plant food but as to the best methods of their application to the growing
crops It was only after years of perplexing experiment that Liebig discov
ered that these elements to be effective must be in soluble form and that the
very means he had taken to hold them in the soil was the causebfvsrrccessive
disappointing crop results Thanks to him we now know that we might
apply ton after ton of high grade fertilizers and unless the elements of growth
were in soluble form or if there was not sufficient moisture in the soil to ren
der them soluble the plants would actually starve to death the elements of
life within their reach but entirely unavailable
The department has used every means in its power through the press and
through its monthly seports to disseminate such information as would benefit
the farmers but until the interest in these questions is more widespread I
feel that much of the labor is lost The department has also contributed
somewhere near threefourths of a million of dollars to the public school fund
of the State and this brings me to the second branch of my subject viz
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
The Relations of Agriculture to the youth of our land and the importance
of its being taught in our public schools
For my treatment of this subject I am indebted to a recent very interesting
bulletin from the Canada Department of Agriculture and from this I have
taken the liberty of quoting at length The comparative statements I have
collected most carefully and their evidence is to my mind a very strong
argument on the affirmative side of this most important and farreaching
question In discussing the subject it naturally resolves itself into three
heads
Should agriculture be taught in our public schools
Can it be taught
How can it be taught
1st Should it be taught
Among the foremost of the reasons for an affirmative answer and view of
this question is that the large per cent of 6ur people who are engaged in
agriculture are dependent upon it either directly or indirectly Nearly 80
per cent of the people of Georgia are farmers or are obtaining their living
either directly or indirectly from the soil and fourfifths of the public school
population belong to the farms and villages
In studying this phase of the subject we must note one fact that is the
movement citywards of our rural population The farmers sons and dauhSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH 57
ters are each year being drawn towards the towns and as time moves on the
changes produced by this tendency are becoming more and more marked
and if not checked will seriously affect our prosperity Various reasons
have been adduced to account for this fact which is also true of nearly every
other country except perhaps France but among the most plausible is this
that the fault lies in the defective systems of education The systems of edu
cation may not be the direct cause but perhaps through them something may
be done to check the exodus from the country to the towns This tendency
must eventually affect our social and political life because as a rule it is
taking from the country its best elementthose from twenty to forty years of
ageand leaving on the farms the old and infirm and the young and immature
In the United States the rural population which was in 1790 9565 per
cent of the whole was in 1890only 7088 percent In Georgia from 1880
to 1890 the increase in cities of over 8000 inhabitants amounted to over 3 per
cent of the whole population and if we include towns of 500 inhabitants and
upwards the increase in urban population amounts to over 10J per cent with
an almost corresponding decrease in rural population We can thus realize
the loss to our rural districts which becomes a subject for serious considera
tion when one remembers that we have lands to which we wish to direct im
migration and that ours is first and foremost an agricultural country
Again instruction in agriculture should be given because of the large
amount of capital invested in it and because other industries are largely de
pendent on it both for a market and for sources of supply The more care
fully we study this question the more will we be convinced that success
in agriculture underlies success in manufacture in trade and in commerce
that according to the number of persons engaged in and directly dependent on
agriculture the capital invested in it and the wealth which it adds to the
country every year agriculture stands way above any otherindustry in im
portance and that anything done to develop agriculture to help those now
engaged in it or who are soon to engage in it should receive every encourage
ment That there is certainly a possibility of enormous improvement in crop
production in Georgia comparison with many of the other countries such as
England France and Germany will prove
From the foregoing it will be seen 1st that the large majority of our
people are intimately associated with farm work 2d that the tendency is for
the best element to remove from this work and 3d that the wealth and
commerce of the country are greatly dependent on agriculture three strong
reasons why agriculture should be taught if it can To answer the second
question viz Can agriculture be taught in our public schools we have
only to point to France as the most progressive and advanced of all civilized
nations in the matter of agricultural education France has a population of
38095156 her farms are the best cultivated in Europe and her produce per
head has increased by onehalf in the last quarter of a century Let it be
noted that it is within that period that agricultural education has become
compulsory in the her public schools
There are also in each of the eightysix departments of France besides
the public schools farm schools apprentice schools agricultural orphanages
and other institutions devoted to agriculture alone and in this number I
58
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
we do not include the Agricultural University at Paris famous the world
over for its investigations nor the three national schools of agriculture one
of horticulture one of dairying three of veterinary science two of forestry
and two shepherds schools
It was in 1879 that in France a law was passed compelling every normal
school within six years to provide agricultural instructions for the teachers in
training and requiring the primary schools within three years to make agri
culture a compulsory subject of study
The work it will be seen began with the training of teachers a step
certainly in the right direction This instruction is given by professors of
agriculture whose duties are threefold to instruct teachers in training to
hold conferences with the farmers and to carry out investigations suggested
by the government
Let us examine some of the results of this system In an interesting
article on Village Life in France and England Rev W Tuckwell an
Englishman says In these small farms as in all the other holdings we
had seen the farming was extraordinarily skillful Not only was the land
far cleaner than most farms in England but we were arrested by
the dextrous economy in laying out crops the unexpected rotation the use
of chemical manures Thus was due we are told to the government agricul
tural college
He concludes with the following remarkable statement showing some of
the results of the French system In England the owners of estates above
one acre in size are about 300000 In France they are 7000000 In England
the average extent of a single farm is 390 acres In France ten acres
4000000 owners holding properties of two acres while farms of 200 acres are
so few that they can be counted on the fingers In 1890 France ex
ported about 120000000 worth of food England imported 360000000 In
sixty years 8500000 emigrants have left England less than 500000 have left
France In England the rural population is 33 per cent of the whole in
France upwards of 75 per cent In England finally the peasant is misera
bly housed underpaid servile despairing in France he is decent well to do
independent hopeful
In the French Postoffice Savings Bank there are 600000000 in 6500000
deposits an average of less than 100 for each depositor The conclusions
to be derived from a study of this question are
1 France has found it advisable to supplement the work of her agricultural
colleges by introducing agriculture as a special study into her general school
system
2 The work has been begun by training the teachers first and while general
methods have been prescribed the system is sufficiently elastic to meet the
varying abilities of teachers and pupils
3 The work is as yet in only the first stage of development and although
all the rural children of France have not yet been reached and the end
aimed at has not yet been attained the success achieved is very encouraging
and worthy the imitation of other nations
C C James Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario Canada to whoseSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMARCH
59
valuable paper I am indebted for much of the information on the subject
says
It may not be advisable to follow the lead of France in all particulars
but her experience certainly warrants the conclusion that the educa
tion of the rural classes in their own work is very beneficial The impart
ing of a little agricultural information in public schools would doubtless have
a good effect upon the attendance of our agricultural colleges and possibly
create a necessity for increasing such facilities
The agricultural colleges have in all countries to do too much begging for
for students while at the same time schools of law medicine dentistry
pharmacy technology have been soon crowded The United States schools
of agriculture are also schools for training teachers and for giving instruc
tions in manual arts and in commercial courses Many of these institutions
to obtain students for their agricultural departments have been compelled to
rely almost entirely upon short courses of six months
In proof of this last I have only to mention the winters course of two
months now being taught in our State College of Agriculture at Athens And
now we come to the third question
How can agriculture be taught in our public schools Upon this question
hangs the whole difficulty and here I borrow again language from Mr
Jamess paper
All are now agreed that agriculture should be taught if it can and many
who have studied this question are quite satisfied that it can be taught in
some form but when we come to the question of how it is to be taught much
difficulty arises from the variety of conflicts of opinion But one or two con
clusions are indispensable and first and foremost is this that all or nearly
all depends upon the teacher Second that too much should not be attempted
at first The work should be introduced gradually and the understanding at
the outset should be very definite that by teaching agriculture in the public
schools it is not intended to teach how to plow how to harvest or how to feed
stock but rather the why and wherefore and to arouse an interest in agri
cultural operations Third that the principal aim and object of this instruc
tion in our public schools should be the creation of a sentiment in favor of
agricultural work the arousing of a noble ambition in 3oung minds to be
come progressive and successful agriculturists the spreading abroad of the
idea that the industrious thoughtful honest farmer is the most valuable citi
zen in this land of oursa man to be respected appreciated and honored by
every member of the community
Professor Calvin Thomas says Very little can be done by common shools to
check the drift toward the cities Whatever tends to improve the
economic status of the farm industry and to elevate the plane of the farmers
life will tend to correct this evil
In other words let us insist on showing the farmer boy a world at home
full of interest of beauty of thought of study of doing It may be that
the condition of the rural school has been a repelling force in sending many
a boy to the town and city
In arithmetic in reading in drawing in history subjects now included in
our public school curriculum a turn could be given toward and applications6o
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
made to agriculture If the purpose of such instruction be carefully kept in
mind viz to interest the pupils in matters pertaining to agriculture and to
instruct them in the use of their eyes to see what lies on all sides of them
and to see correctly it matters little what part of the immense field of agri
culture be selected the roads upon which they come to school or which so
often keep them from school the weeds by the roadside and in the fence
corners the flowers shrubs and trees beyond the fences the soil of the fields
and the different crops growing upon that soil the insects and the birds
which are in some cases so necessary in others so destructive to the crops
the fruits and vegetables These and other subjects will suggest that the
instruction must be confined to but a small part of what is probably the
widest and most comprehensive science known to manthe science of agri
culture
Professor Huxley says The farmer mwst be made by thorough farm work
Nevertheless I believe that practical people would be all the better
for scientific knowledge It would keep them from hopeless experiments and
enable them to take advantage of the innumerable hints which Dame Nature
gives to those who live in direct contact with things If I were
called upon to frame a course of elementary instruction preparatory to agri
culture I am not sure that I would adopt chemistry or botany or physiology
or geology as such The history of a bean of a grain of wheat of
a turnip of a sheep of a pig of a cow properly treated with the introduc
tion of the elements of chemistry physiology and so on as they come in
would give all the elementery science which is needed for the comprehension
of the processes of agriculture and in a form easily assimilated by the youth
ful mind
Again I quote from Mr James In conclusion I would say that these sug
gestions do not involve any upsetting or overturning of the present system
of education butrather an adaptation to agriculture as far as possible of sub
jects now upon the curriculum If nothing more be done than to start our
rural pupils to thinking to give them an impetus or a turn in the right direc
tion to develop in them a taste for agricultural study and investigation to
arouse in them a desire to know more and read more about agricultural affairs
and especially to increase in them a respect for their work and a pride in
their calling then the most important end of their education will have been
attained
COTTON ACREAGE
The monthly talk of the Commissioner closes with an appeal for selfsus
taining farms and a reduction of the cotton acreage Through all the publi
cations of this department we have endeavored to emphasize this appeal
From the Commissioner of Texas comes a circular fetter setting forth our
former disaster and the loss that will again attend overproduction also a
private letter requesting the cooperation of this department The Commis
sioner stands ready to do all in his power to prevent an increase in acreage
Will our farmers not heed any of these warnings with a disastrous experi
ence yet fresh in their minds We have confidence in the good sense of our
agricultural classes and trust that they willSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
61
The following extracts from a letter of a leading and successful farmer pre
sents in a concise way the benefits that will accrue from a small crop and the
low price and loss that comes from productions beyond the demands of con
sumption
It is generally admitted that with meat at eight cents per pound and corn
at seventyfive cents per bushel the average price of producing a pound of
cotton is eight cents With those admitted facts before the cotton growers
their policy should be to still further reduce the acreage and plant the Ameri
can crop as near as possible to a 7000000 bale basis thus insuring ten cents
a pound for cotton or a profit to the farmer of at least two cents on the pound
but if to the contrary they return to an increased acreage and an increased
use of fertilizers and produce a 9000000 or 10000000 bale crop values will
be reduced below seven cents and every pound of cotton will be sold at a
net loss of one cent or mbre per pound Which Will the farmer choose a
decrease of labor and plenty of home supplies at a handsome profit or an
increase of labor with smokehouses and corncribs in the West and ruinous
loss on the production of their cotton crop Can any sane man hesitate
A 7000000 bale crop will bring ten cents or in round numbers 350000000
while a 9000000 bale crop will bring not over seven cents or say 315000000
a loss of revenue of 35000000 and how about the cost of production To
raise a 7000000 bale crop at eight cents per pound will cost 280000000
which if sold at ten cents will net the farmer a profit over and above cost of
production of 70000000 on the other hand to raise a 9000000 bale crop
at eight cents per pound will cost 360000000 which if sold at as much as
seven cents a pound would only bring 31500000 or a net loss to the pro
ducers of 45000000 showing a difference in favor of the lesser crop of
115000000 and that with plenty of home supplies for the next crop
THOUGHTS OF COMMISSIONER NESBITT FOR APRIL
experiments in farming renovation and rotation success in cotton plant
ing fertilizers orchard and garden
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 1 1894
The absorbing work for this month is the preparation for and planting of
the cotton crop This work is doubly important because of the skill and judg
ment involved and because now one must come to the final decision as to
what part of our lands shall be devoted to this crop It is well for the farmer
to pause and carefully ponder over this important subject in all its bearings
To aid such reflection and to suggest several points which he might otherwise
overlook I have prepared an article for the Southern Cultivator for April apart
of which I repeat here that it may be if possible more widely circulated and
thus reach many who might otherwise give these points little thought
It has been conclusively shown that outside the cotton grown and consumed
in other countries that is in Asia Africa South America and Mexico the62
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
United States furnishes seventyfive per cent of the cotton of commerce In
other words the world is dependent on the Southern farmers for threefourths
of the cotton which it uses and which cannot be produced elsewhere From
this simple statement it will be seen what a power we hold among the nations
of the world and wdiata lever to lift ourselves and our section into prosperity
But without home supplies of food and forage we lose the immense advantage
which this monopoly gives us Abundant home raised provisions must be the
fulcrum on which our lever rests
When our cotton crop is made we can neither eatit nor wear it until it
passes into other hands and if our necessities in these points are such that we
are obliged to part with it we are compelled to take whatever price thejdealer
offers Hence the crowding of the cotton crop to market as soon as it is gath
ered though the price be below the cost of production and though the new
year finds us with only the paper receipts to show for our twelve months
labor If a man has plenty of home supplies he can afford to wait The
world is obliged to have his cotton During the civil war the enforced suspen
sion of cotton production caused the price to reach the fabulous figure of 285
per pound
THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE
Knowing these facts if the farmers generally are fortified with ample pro
visions for family and stock they can quietly await a remunerative price for
their cotton It will not do for a man here and there to adopt this policyit
must be universal and when our barns and cribs and smokehouses are full we
can afford to look calmly on while the dealer endeavors to secure our cotton
for less than it cost us to produce it Is not this the situation in a nutshell
Does it not comprehend reduction of the acreage lessening the cost of produc
tion the prosperity of our agriculture the very existence of our state and sec
tion as a healthy portion of the body politic What more powerful appeal can
be made to the interest the common sense the patriotism of our Southern
farmers And the decision rests with them Unlike the agriculturists of
many other countries there is no power which can dictate their course They
must decide whether they will still further risk the bondage of a large cotton
crop and possible nay probable debt or less cotton ample provisions and
certain independence
These thoughts are suggested and emphasized by the fact that the final
decision must now be reached as to what portion of our crops shall be planted
in cotton
In deciding this question let us remember that it isnotthe number of bales
but the profit in these bales which most nearly concerns our welfare Let us
also keep in mind that with the same labor we can by judicious selection of
land and manuring nearly double the yield while all other expenses except
picking and ginning remain about the same Eemember too that the better
the land the more manure it will bear hence it follows that we can in a
measure substitute fertilization for labor We can manure good land with less
risk and by employing as far as possible improved and laborsaving imple
ments of that most uncertain factor in the farm problem Again let it be
repeated dont waste labor and manure on dead poor land Where thereSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
63
is so much to choose from we can concentrate both on the best spots
Leave the rest either to be reclaimed by judicious treatment or by kindly
mother nature
It is indeed a ruinous system which spends large sums to make an expen
sive crop and then uses this to buy others that can just as easily be raised at
home and paying for them much more than they would cost us if produced on
our own farms
The raising of corn oats hogs mules horses and cows belongs to the duties
of the Southern farmer and with our soil and climate can be accomplished just
as easily and at as little cost as in sections of the Northwest where each year
there has been a steady flow of money from the South to purchase these sup
plies Let us rather appropriate the amount of capital which we have thus
been expending to building up these industries at home The man who has
no back debts hanging over him and raises his own stock and provisions is
indeed an autocrat Lord of all he surveyssupremely indifferent to money
panics and independent of the fluctuations of the markets
In selecting the cotton land leave all bottom or low damp land for the corn
Again let me call attention to the fact that in our climate the tendency is to
too much stalk and foliage Bottom lands encourage this tendency the bolls
open later do not develop well and the general results are unsatisfactory
THE TIME FOR PLANTING
must be decided by several different circumstanceselevation above the sea
level character of the land exposure etc But take Middle Georgia as the
basis where killing frosts rarely occur later than the middle of April and al
lowing from ten days to two weeks for the seed to come up we consider from
the tenth to the fifteenth of April as perhaps the best timeearlier in the
southern later tin the northern portion of the State If the weather and
other conditions encourage the plant to grow off rapidly and stretch up a long
shank the first working can be accomplished much more rapidly and suc
cessfully To promote this condition a good plan is to mix a highly ammoni
ated fertilizer with seed in the drill about fifty pounds to the acre
Some of the advantages gained by early planting and pushing the crop for
ward are the early matured cotton as a rule fruits better in the more south
ern portions of the State a part at least of the bolls mature before the cater
pillar can destroy them the dreaded drouth of July and August can work
less injury in the more northern pertion of the State the major part of the
crop escapes the early frosts
The most serious objection to late planting is that dry weather often pre
vents a perfect stand It is well however not to put all the eggs in one
basket Where it is possible two plantings one early the other later give
the farmer an additional chance and then the whole crop will not be pressing
for work at the same time
PLANTING
If a man has been able to put out the manure and list on it two furrows
now will put the bed in condition for planting If the continued bad weather
has so delayed work that nothing has been done in the cotton land there is
now no time to lose every moment must be made to count64
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Four furrows thrown on the opening furrow will in the absence of the bet
ter plan answer for the present and the small middle left can be plowed out
after the cotton is planted Or list on the opening furrow and complete the
toed just ahead of the planter
A good plan is to put a part say one hundred pounds of the fertilizer in with
the seed and the rest can be put in the siding furrows or if a larger quantity
is applied it can be broadcast before the plows between the rows But this
should be done early enough for its effects to be felt on the roots in time
to influence the fruiting Tt is now generally conceded that the best use of
fertilizers is by broadcasting as much as one can afford using only a small
quantity in the drill We soon reach the danger line when we put fertilizers
in the drill for if we use a large amount here unless we have rains just at the
time and inthe quantity that we wish our crops are inevitably ruined In
view of thecontinued drawback of heavy rains I would suggest that on light
lands where nothing has been done towards cotton preparation one might open
on the old furrow put in a little fertilizer with the seed and the rest can be
put in as above In pursuing this plan remember that even if heavy applica
tions were made the previous year the ammonia has all been exhausted only
part of the phosphate remains and in fertilizing for the present season we
should supply more ammonia in proportion to the phosphate used If the
planting is greatly delayed several days may be gained by soaking the seed
until they are nearly ready to sprout They may be rolled or not as circum
stances dictate and if the ground be dry plant deep and knock off after
wards If guano is used in the rolling do not risk high grade acid phosphate
as it injures the germ
Select large well matured seed the larger the seed the more food for the
getm in the earlier growth for inclosed in each little shell is a store of the
three necessary elements nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash on which the
tender plant feeds until able to take hold of what it finds in the soil If
tthe seed have been well ginned rolling is not necessary If a planting machine
iis to be used and operated by an ordinary farm hand I prefer one without the
covering attachment In the hands of the owner or of a careful laborer it is
very desirable but otherwise too risky I have seen repeated gaps of several
yards left by a careless shiftless hand and of course undiscovered untilthe
entire crop was up and then causing no end of trouble and vexation If
high priced seed are used rolling is advisable as a saving of nearly onehalf
can thus be effected Most planters have a wheel in front of the seed dropper
tout I think one following and pressing the seed into the ground is even more
desirable this is especially the case where the beds have not had time to be
come firm The opening furrow should be broad and flat rather than deep
and the seed covered about one inch
The double foot for covering is perhaps best as leaving a little ridge over
the seed which is less apt to break after a rain than a flat surface and leaves
land in condition for the use ot the harrow just as the cotton is growing up
This harrowing is almost equal to a workingit kills any grass which may
have sprouted does not materially injure the cotton breaks any crust which
may have formed and puts the land in beautiful condition for the subsequent
heavier business of cultivation After the planting of the crop comes then
SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL 65
FIRST PLOWING OF CORN
but before we begin this it is important to replant and thin out where neces
sary If the planting has been carefully done and good seed used there should
not be much replanting Soaking the seed in water for twentyfour hours
will cause quicker germination The stalks should be thinned leaving one to
every three feet If the ground is soft and mellow and the crop was planted
in the water furrow the sweep will do beautiful work it will throw just
enough dirt to the young plants and leave the roots undisturbed If the land
1S rough or badly prepared or has become packed by the heavy rains it will
be necessary to run two deep furrows one on each side close to the plant
While no amount of subsequent cultivation can entirely atone for careless or
insufficient preparation we must conduct the cultivation in such a manner as
to remedy the defect as far as possible After the corn attains any size the
little feeding roots will be found within four inches of the surfaceand it has
been repeatedly demonstrated that these roots will extend over a circle the
dtameter of which is twelve feet It is important then that any deep plowing
should be done in the first stages of the crop before there is danger of cutting
these roots and now is the time to do it later the plowing must be shallow if
we would getany adequate return in well formed full ears of rain On
rough land as mentioned plow out the beds close and deep and as soon as the
plants have attained sufficient size As a rule if the ground is clean nothing
is gained by plowing corn too early and care should be exercised in not
throwing too much dirt to the young plants and by all means do not prac
tice the old mistaken method of hilling up the corn If the plowing is prop
erly conducted the hoelcan be entirely discarded in the cultivation of the corn
crop Corn unlike cotton is a rapidly maturing crop We have just so much
time and that not any too long to do the necessary cultivationwhich should
be trequent and thoroughnot more than two weeks being allowed to inter
vene between each working When the cultivator can be used it greatly fa
cilitates the work and can be so managed that two trips to each corn row and
one in a fourfoot cotton row will be sufficient
FORAGE CROP
Cattail millet is an excellent crop for early use and very easy of growth
Planted on rich or well manured land it matures rapidly and while not so
nutritious as sorghum is valuable because it comes easily and quickly
It can also be planted for syrup or feed If for syrup it is advisable to select
a late maturmg variety orange or red top that the work of gathering Grind
ing etc may not conflict with other pressing work of the busy season If for
feed the early amber Northern grown seed are best This will come on in
July and mixed with some dry feed is excellent for mules It is much re
ished by all stock which will readily eat stem leaves and seed and it will give
the hogs a fine start It is hardy does not require very rich land though it
should not be planted on the poorest as it withstands drouth in a remarka
ble degree is considered almost a certain crop The evaporators have im
proved the syrup so markedly that it has become quite an addition to our farm
supplies and many farm laborers prefer it to the best quality of refined olden
anpsorghum 66
DEPATMENT OF AGRRICULTUREGEORGIA
MIILO MAIZE KAFFIR AND FORAGE CORN
can all be planted on the same plan That is lay off the rows three or four
feet apart and drop from four to six grains to the foot Or they can be drilled
and afterwards chopped out Kaffir corn if planted early will mature one
crop of grain and develop another from the shoots that spring out at the joints
Millo maize matures only from early plantings and therefore should be sown
as soon as practicable
When properly managed furnishes a most nutritious and excellent quality
of food It comes next to oats in value It should be cut just after it has
parsed the bloom and cured well The latter part of April or first ot May is
the proper time to sow The land should be well prepared Sow two or three
pecks per acre harrow or brush in and then roll
POTATOES
For early potatoes set out a few slips this month but the main crop should
be planted in May or June because the early plantings make no more potatoes
and require more work The land should be thoroughly prepared and worked
line Barnyard manure has been found best suited to potatoes but if com
mercial fertilizers are used select that on which phosphoric acid and potash
predominate Though some growers still prefer the hills in the vanous ex
periments with potatoes flat culture has been found most profitable A
farmer can scarcely have too many potatoes for if he does not cave to dig and
bank them all be has only to turn the hogs in and they will not only gather
the crop but thoroughly work over the land The number of bushels which
can be raised on an acre has scarcely yet been tested but I know a man who
has just sold eight hundred bushels the product of four acres at one dollar a
bushel and be says the unfavorable seasons last year considerably cut off the
Heplants no cotton and every year his potatoes command the top of the
market They are carefully selected and handled beautifully preserved and
without a speck or blemish As a general thing the great drawback to keep
in this crop through the winter is careless handling and insufficient or mis
taken methods of housing or protecting Most farmers can make potatoes but
comparatively few save them in good order
GROUNDPEAS
Vpril is perhaps the best month in which to plant the groundpea crop As
a rule land which will produce well in potatoes will also bring groundpeas
Thev require however a calcareous soil to produce best results It this condi
iton is lacking apply fifty bushels of lime or one hundred and fifty bushels of
marl with whatever fertilizer is used The Spanish variety is very productive
and easilv handled can be planted after wheat or oats and as late as July All
these forage crops as well as potatoes and groundpeas will add that much to
the bacon and lard productive power of the South Our Southern farmers
shouldappropriate the privilege of raising food for our section to themselves
and not allow one pound of either to be bought outside our own boundaries
On the question of
SELECTING SEED
there has been a too general indifference To keep up his seed eachSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
67
farmer should himself pick out the best bolls from the most desirable stalks of
cotton and the largest heaviest ears from the most prolific and best de
veloped stalks of corn This will make the beginning for a seed patch from
which again only the best should be saved If each year this is scrupulously
attended to though we plant not an additional acre of land nor add one dollar
to our fertilizer bills we will see the yield gradually mount higher and higher
This involves no increase of our investment for land labor mules or fertili
zers it only helps us to use these to the best advantage and requires in the
beginning perhaps the first cost of the best seed as a start and after that only
careful and skillful selection
Until our summer food crops come on we should see that our
have our most careful attention Every Georgia farmer must rejoice over the
increase in our meat product last year and take encouragement from the fact
that a part of that product was sold to Chicago Cold storage right here in our
midst will furnish the market if the farmers will only raise the hogs They
will And no trouble in disposing of their surplus at remunerative prices
R T Nesbitt
ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES GIVEN BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL
SOMB NEWS RELATING TO FARMING GARDENING DAIRYING STOCKRAISING ETC
WHICH WILL BE INTERESTING TO THE FARMER
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga April 1 1894
WINDBROKEN
Will you give me a remedy for heaves with horses I have a mule that I
think has heaves Only ten days ago I noticed her breathing rather hard in
plowing I have been feeding her on forage corn and it is a little dirty I
think perhaps this is the cause as she has never been driven hard and it only
came on her in the last few days What is the cause of the heaves
W J C Social Circle
The heaves or broken wind consists in the entrance of the air into the natu
ral or dilated cells of the lungs from which it cannot be expelled without
calling into play the muscles of the chest The unchanged air in the lungs
being a constant source of irritation there is a desire to get rid of the surplus
causing two acts of respiration It is produced by a severe gallop after a full
meal suddenly or is of slowr growth in consequence of a neglected chronic
cough Only as an irritant to a cough could the forage have aided the devel
opment of the disease
There is no cure for the disease and the treatment can only be palliative The
animal should be carefully dieted and confined to slow work Bleeding has
been found beneficial68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TEAR BLIGHT
Recently the pear trees of Liberty county hitherto free from all characteris
tics of blight were suddenly stricken with the disease In order to secure ac
curate information on the various diseases known as blight and to have a com
petent horticulturist visit the section we requested the opinion of Mr H A
Starnes Horticulturist of the Experiment Station on an inquiry on this sub
ject We give a portion of his reply as it is of interest to all fruitgrowers
It is probable that the pear trees of which Mr N speaks are affected by
blight of some kind His description is meagre however and it is impos
sible without either a personal examination or a fuller description to pro
nounce with any certainty
You know there are three kinds of blight affecting pearsleaf twig
and zymotic The first leaf blight is caused by the puncture of the byllopyri
an insect The second twig blight is also caused by an insectoxylobokus
pyriand like twig blight is not usually fatal There is little however in the
way of remedy for either except annual trimming and destruction of twigs so
pruned The third kind zymotic blight is much more serious and is pro
duced by a bacterium micrococens amylovoiusand being a germ disease is
much more insidious and fatal than either of the other kind
I am rather of the opinion that the Liberty county trees are affected by
twig blight zymotic blight rarely attacking LeContes
FUNGICIDES
The destruction of fruit and fruit trees by fungi and other parasites has not
in our State received the attention it merits The resultant disease and the
cause where trees are attacked or affected is usually by spraying To call the
attention of our farmers to this subject in a recent number of tbe reports we
dealt with the subject gently but as now is the proper time to use many of
the receipts given we give the most valuable as found in the handbook of the
Experiment Station
The various preparations used in the treatment of fungous diseases of
plants are as a rule preventive remedies and their successful use depends
very largely on early and repeated applications No fixed rule can be laid
down as to when and how often fungicides should be used Many diseases are
greatly checked by drenching and washing the trees shrubs or vines before
the buds begin to show with a mixture of greater strength than that given in
ordinary formulas For this purpose formula one and two given below may
be used in double or triple strength In some cases a second spraying should
follow the falling of flowers Rain falling soon after application of fungicides
is likely to wash them off In such cases spray again as soon as possible after
the rain Care must be exercised not to use fungicide solutions which will in
foliage
Tn preparing fungicides it must be remembered that ordinary commercial
chemicals vary in strength For vegetables and animal plants in generalthe
first spraying should be done after the plant is well up and in vigorous growth
The succeeding sprayings should be made at intervals of about two weeks
throughout the season
Particular courses of treatment are required for some diseases The spray
SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
69
ing should be thoroughly done so as to reach the whole plant but care should
be taken not to use too much of the fungicide A small quantity thrown over
a plant in the form of a very fine spray will do more good than a much
greater amount imperfectly applied A gallon or a gallon and a half should
spray a tree of average size The disease must first be determined and the
treatment fitted to the disease The indiscriminate use of fungicides may do
more harm than good
Experience shows that bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbonate of copper
solution may be properly used for numerous diseases An objection to bor
deaux mixture especially on fruits is that it leaves quite a deposit of solid
material This may however be easily washed off from the fruit with a solu
tion of vinegar two quarts to ten gallons of water All fungicides should be
kept in wooden glass or earthenware never in iron vessels Formulse for
more common fungicides with brief directions for their preparations and use
are given below
1 Simple Solution of Copper Sulphate Copper sulphate blue vitriol or
blue stone one pound water soft twentytwo gallons Dissolve the copper
in the water This solution will keep indefinitely It will cost about one
fourth of a cent per gallon Paris green or London purple two ounces to
twentytwo gallons may be added and the mixture may be used as a combined
insecticide and fungicide
2 Simple Iron Sulphate Solution Iron sulphate copperas five pounds soft
water twentytwo gallons Dissolve the copperas and use at once It costs
about onehalf cent per gallon Insecticides may be combined with this fun
gicide
3 Bordeaux Mixture Copper sulphate blue vitriol six pounds unslakel
lime four pounds water twentytwo gallons Dissolve the copper in sixteen
gallons of water and slack the lime in the other six Stir the lime well and
strain the thin whitewash into copper solution stirring it well Always ob
serve this order of preparation as it is said to spoil the mixture if the copper
be poured into the lime Keep well stirred and use at once The tendency
this mixture has to fill up the nozzle of the sprayer is its greatest drawback
Paris green or London purple two ounces to twentytwo gallons may be com
bined with this fungicide It costs about one and onethird cents per gallon
In another formula four instead of six pounds of copper sulphate is used with
about as good results
4 Eau Celeste Copper sulphate one pound ammonia 22 one and
onehalf pints water twentytwo gallons Dissolve the copper in two
gallons of hot water When cool add the ammonia and reduce to twentytwo
gallons This costs about one cent per gallon Insecticides cannot be used
with this
7 Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate compound Copper carbonate three
ounces ammonia carbonate one pound water fifty gallons Dissolve copper
and ammonia carbonate in a half gallon of hot water Dilute to fifty gallons
and use at once Insecticides cannot be used with this Cost of this mixture
about onehalf cent per gallon
Another formula for this solution is as follows Copper carbonate three7o
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
ounces ammonia twentytwo degrees one quart water twentytwo gallons
Dissolve copper in the water add ammonia and use at once
A third formula is copper carbonate one ounce ammonia carbonate six
ounces Powder and mix thoroughly This may be kept in a dry state in air
tight vessels for any length of time When needed for use dissolve in ten
gallons of water and use at once
A fourth formula which is said to be equal to any of the others and a little
cheaper but which has not been tested as much as the others is copper sul
phate onehalf pound ammonia carbonate one pound water sixtytwo gallons
The ammonia carbonate should be hard and transparent otherwise one and a
quarter pounds will be needed Dissolve it in a pail of hot water When
foaming ceases add copper and stir as long as there is any foaming Dilute to
sixtytwo gallons and use at once
These four formulas are practically the same or nearly so and the solution
formed is one of the most valuable with which to combat plant diseases
Without the objectionable feature of the bordeaux mixture it probably ranks
next to that in efficiency However insecticides cannot be used with any of
these as the can with the bordeaux mixture
In none of the solutions containing ammonia or carbonates in any form
should Paris green or London purple ever be used unless a quantity of lime is
added as the chemical compounds then formed are injurious to foliage
COTTON PLANTING
Please give me some of your ideas as to cotton planting How to prepare
how to cultivate whether shallow or deep when to plant etc
I B N Bolingbroke
Deep and thorough preparation of the soil and a thorough pulverization are
the first essentials to successful cotton planting Next in order is putting in
the seed This should be done with a cotton planter to secure uniformity to
facilitate subsequent chopping It also saves waste of seed the value of which
as a fertilizer and a food cannot be too highly appreciated The first plowing
may be as deep and thorough as possible but all subsequent workings should
be as shallow as the character of the land will permit The implements or
dinarily used are the scooter scrape the solid and buzzard wing sweeps the
side harrow and numerous cultivators After heavy rains the soil should be
stirred and during a drouth a shallow implement run just deep enough to
break the continuity of the pores of the soil and to form an upper layer
Grass should never be permitted if possible to prevent to take possession of
the field The use of the hoe is expensive and in cotton culture as well as in
other crops it should be used as little as possible The root system of the
cotton plant as well as experience testifies that shallow cultivation should be
the rule with this plant and through a large series of experiments conducted
at the various experiment farms only on exceptional occasions was deep cul
tivation given as good results as shallow culture The time to plant will de
pend somewhat on the character of the soil which should be warm enough
to germinate the seed usually in April When late planting is necessary the
seed should be covered rather deeply and lightly rolled to secure more rapid
germinationSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAPRIL
71
DISTANCE TO GIVE COTTON
What is the proper distance to give cotton H A M Trickum
Mr David Dickson Georgias great cotton planter was of the opinion that cot
ton needed distance only one way If the rows were wide it could be crowded
in the drill and vice versa No universal rue however can be given and
much depends upon the fertility of the soil and the rain supply Thin plant
ing can better withstand a drought On fairly rich land properly fertilized
rows four feet apart with plants from one to two feet is about the proper dis
tance When great distance is given early planting is desirable as the crop on
account of the large weed will fruit later in the season and therefore be more
subject to damage from frost The distance will also on this account be found to
govern largely the yield from different pickings When the planting is thick
the yield from the first pickings will be heavy and the late light while the
reverse is true when the planting is thin
MUCK
What does muck or swamp litter contain How should it be used
J A B Monroe
Muck contains small percentages of nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash
It varies very greatly but always contains a large per cent of organic matter
It does well composted and alone is a benefit to land
Please tell me how to plant alfalfa or lucern What kind of soil is best
etc Is it a legumini N G F Hartwell
Alfalfa is a leguminous plant and like clover and peas has the power of
collecting nitrogen from the air It has the power of withstanding the droughts
much better than common clover and for that reason is especially adapted to
dry climates It flouishes best on a light sandy or loamy soil with a subsoil
through which its long taproot can penetrate Once a stand is secured the
character of the subsoil is of more importance than the surface soil
Thorough preparation should precede sowing We prefer sowing in the
drill which requires about fifteen pounds of seed sown broadcast twenty
pounds is necessary While in the north spring seeding is advisable in our
climate the fall is preferable though spring sown will under favorable cir
cumstances do well
BLR CLOVER
What is your opinion of burr clover and what is the proper time to plant
H T L Hampton
Individually we have had no experience sufficient to form an accurate judg
ment of the merits of the plant The following from The Southern Cultivator
gives the esteem in which it is held by others
Burr clover is a native of the Mediterranean region which has been natu
ralized in most warm climates It is widely distributed in California where
it is considered of great value It was first introduced into the Southern
States by the late Bishop George F Piecre in 1867 and planted at his home72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
in Hancock county Ga In Mississippi it has been grown by Edwin C
Reed of Meridian who states that it is all that could be desired as a winter
and spring pasture With stock it is an acquired taste and they will not eat
it when more palatable plants are offered It is a good renovator and while
an annual reseeds itself if not pastured too late and too close The burs
make it very objectionable as a pasture for sheep To sow prepare as for
common clover and sow twenty pounds of clover seed to the acre early in the
autumn
GRASS FOR SUMMER PASTURE
What grasses do you consider best for summer pasture
L I N Hamilton county
We consider Bermuda and crab grass the best for summer pasture The
former makes an excellent permanent summer pasture It has been treated
by many as a pest but should not be so regarded and none should be de
barred from planting it for this reason In the Commissioners report for
last month an easy method of destroying it is given
POTASH FOR COTTON
What is the best form of potash to use for cotton A I R Franklin
The work of the Experiment Station and experience shows no superiority
for either of the three forms of potash used sulphate muriate and kainit and
therefore the matter of price should be the governing factor There are those
who contend not without reason that where a small per cent is of potash to
be used kainit is the best form as it conserves moisture and can be more
easily distributed
SUGGESTIONS OF COMMISSIONER FOR MAY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta May 1 1894
THE RECENT HEAVY FREEZE WHICH PARTIALLY DESTROYED THE WHEAT AND
OAT CROPS MEANS HIGHER PRICES FOR FOODPEACH CROP KILLED
Up to the first of the past month no fairer prospect ever cheered the
heart of the anxious farmer The rains it is true had somewhat retarded
work but the genial sunshiny days were atoning for the loss and all nature
was adorning herself in springs own livery The farmer as he prepared for
and planted his crops felt the joyous influence and being in better condition
than usual to bear the strain of the years operations was buoyant with hope
Alas for human calculations One night was sufficient to destroy this bright
prospect and when Georgia farmers awoke on the morning of the heavy freeze
it was to gaze upon blackened ruins where only the day before every tree and
plant pointed to an early spring and a prosperous crop year Though dis
mayed they are not daunted however and the present date finds the crops re
planted and the farmers with fresh courage still looking forward and working
for the fulfillment of their plans The partialSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMAY
DESTRUCTION OF THE WHEAT AND OAT CROPS
73
means higher prices for food Before it is too late let us prepare against this
contingency and by planting the smaller food crops justify ourselves and our
section against the possibility of a shortage We should certainly raise enough
for home consumption with even a little to spare to our less fortunate neigh
bors where in all possibility the short crops will cause a heavy draft on their
sections
As appropriate to this condition and as offering an excellent plan I
would suggest the following We think it would be a good idea for the
farmers to try this plan for raising corn on a small scale this year Subsoil an
acre patch broadcast with stable manure and 200 pounds of commercial fertil
izer then harrow well both ways About the second week in May a spring
tooth harrow will clean the ground of weeds and grass Harrow again a week
later drill the corn in rows four feet apart and then leave it till harvest time
Let me urge again that a full quota of
FORAGE CROPS
of all kinds be planted Corn German and cattail millet milo maize sor
ghum Spanish groundpeas and field peas While the latter must he our de
pendence as a storer of nitrogen it is important to have some rapidly maturing
summer crops to meet the needs of that season These should be planted as
soon as the rye or barley lots are ready for the plow remembering that the
later they are planted the more important is thorough preparation and high
fertilization
When these come off this land as well as the oat and wheat stubble should
certainly be sowed in peas We thus get another crop of hay and the roots
stems and fallen leaves furnish an important foundation for succeeding crops
of grain or cotton In the last months Talk I dwelt at some length on the
methods of preparation for and of planting these forage crops In view of the
probable shortage I feel bound to again direct attention to the importance of
this work Besides the value of
SPANISH GROUNDPEAS
as a root crop the vines make splendid stock feed and the cost is in compari
son with their value nominal A peck at 25 cents will plant an acre The
cost of planting and cultivation will not exceed 3 and after the hogs have
finished up the grain fields if they are turned on the groundpeas and from
there to the field peas returning again to the groundpeas there is no calcu
lating the amount of meat that could be raised In some sections and indeed
in all sections of the State the cotton during unfavorable seasons is liable to
die out in spots In such missing places drop a few of these groundpeas and
after the cotton is gathered the hogs can be turned in In this case the cost of
cultivation is really nothing as the work goes on with that of the main crop
Where the missing spots were filled up the groundpea crop can be counted as
just so much gain Give the
plenty of salt Few farmers appreciate the importance of regular and ample
salting Furnish it to them in their slops and let them have access to char74
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
coal if possiblecertainly to ashes This can be given dry with the salt A
weekly dose of copperas is also most beneficial And see that they are kept
free from vermin by frequent applications of kerosene mixed with lard or oil
To raise hogs successfully one must be on the alert careless and indifferent
methods will not succeed
In view of this present emergency and of the importance of utilizing even
portion of that which is one of our most costly products I copy in another
column a part of an article which 1 prepared for the March number of the
Southern Cultivator in regard to harvesting the corn crop It is a question which
deserves careful study and the man or men who will hit upon the proper plan
of curing and preserving the valuable materials which are now about univer
sally wasted will confer a boon not only on his fellowworkers but on the
country at large
I refer to this question this early in order that farmers may consider discuss
plans and methods before the fodder pulling season with its attendantduties
is upon us
CULTIVATING CORN
One great drawback occasioned by the recent freeze is that where it was
necessary to plow up and replant corn the cultivation of the two crops corn
and cotton is thrown inconveniently near each other and the farmer is com
pelled to exercise the nicest judgment or else find himself overcrowded with
work and in danger of having his crops irredeemably injured Here it is that
the harrow can be used with telling effect and at great saving of time and la
bor Run diagonally across the rows just as the plants are coming up it
breaks any crust that may have formed and kills the young grass
A second later harrowing in an opposite direction leaves the land in splen
did condition and saves at least half in the expensive hoe work
Wide cutting cultivators furnish another means of saving time and labor
and in the present urgent need for rapid and thorough work should be em
ployed wherever possible Under ordinary circumstances the second plowing
of corn occurs in this month and the fact that the plants are unusually small
should not deter us from going forward with the work rapidly and systemati
cally with a view to kill the grass but more important still to keep the surface
pulverizedand the moisture conserved and also to permit the air and sunshine
to do their work
This surface cultivation should by all means be at a depth of less than four
inches It has been conclusively shown that corn roots penetrate the soil to a
distance of several feet in all directions and at a depth of only four inches be
neath the surface Any plow which goes deeper than that must cut these
little feeders and each injury to them reduces in greater or less proportion the
eventual yield of corn At some of the experimental stations care has been
taken to make the exact estimate of this proportionate injury which is found
to decrease rapidlyas the plowing becomes shallower
If we will keep in mind that the main object in plowing at this season is
not so much to kill the grass as important as that is nor to break the ground
deeply as to keep in the moisture which is constantly ascending toward the
surface we will make few mistakes in cultivation In order to hold back thisSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMAY
75
reserve moisture which the winter rains have deposited it is iraporrant to
keep the plows moving Whether there is grass to be killed or not every
time a crust forms it should be broken as soon and as shallow as possible
Once in every two weeks is none two often The mellow soil acts as a mulch
to retain the moisture which is needed for the hungry little roots and which
would otherwise be evaporated from the surface much more rapidly than it is
drawn up from the earth by the force of capillary attraction There may be
long periods between rains this of course is beyond our control but we can
successfully prevent the waste of the water which the earth already holds
and all our plans should look to this important object
PLOWING COTTON
If there is a good stand of cotton and the land is in proper condition the
harrow run obliquely across the rows just as the plants are coming up leaves
them in splendid growing condition and if practicable a second harrowing
in an opposite direction a few days later renders the subsequnt working
cheaper and more satisfactory This plan obviates the necessity of the
blocking out processalways objectionable because the cotton in the
bunches is left too thick and is apt to grow off weak and spindling and if
there is any delay in the second hoeing and the plants are left standing in
this condition for any length of time the crop does not soon recover from the
injurious effects The use of the harrow presupposes the land in good condi
tion deeply prepared and smooth On rough land or where from lack of
humus and from beating rains it has become hard and packed it will be nec
essary to do the first plowing with a scooter or narrow showel The sweep or
scrape which does beautiful work on ordinary land will not answer here A
feeder should be used with the scooter so that it may run close to and yet not
cover up the cotton and by having a wing on the side away from the cotton
the middles can be covered at the same time that the cotton is closely sided
POTATOES
This is the month to plant the main crop of potatoes It is not good policy
to plant immediately after a heavy rain but if this is done the plow or hoe
should follow in a few days The slips grow off better when set out in fresh
beds or lists thrown up as soon after a good rain as the land is dry enoughto
plow The proper fertilizers and method of cultivation were treated in last
months talk Dont lay off too close or crowd in the rows
The month of May not only includes the planting of some of the minor crops
but is perhaps the most important period in the cultivation of the two stand
ard crops of corn and cotton If the last day of the month finds the farmer
with good stands and clean fields he can look forward with confidence be
cause he has fully performed his part of the work
E T Nesbitt
SHEEPSTOCK
What animal returns to the soil in manure the largest percentage of the
manurial value of the food consumed Can I maintain the fertility of my
soil by using commercial fertilizers only R S T Elmore76
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Sheep which according to accurate experiments return 95 per cent of all
the manurial elements of the food consumed in their manure solid and liquid
With a view to the renovation of a worn out farm sheep is the most profltahle
stock that could be kept They pay a large return in mutton or fleece for the
food consumed and the largest in manure
It should be remembered that by simply using commercial fertilizers no
matter how abundanty applied the fertility of the soil cannot be maintained
and exclusive dependence upon commercial fertilizers should never be at
tempted Leguminous crops and stocks are essential to profitable crops
and the latter renders the farmer independent and becomes a source of profit
In England sheep are used as the renovators of worn lands and it is an old
adage No cattle no manure no manure no crops
ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES GIVEN BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE MONTH OF MAY
SOME NEWS RELATING TO FARMING GARDENING DAIRYING STOCK RAISING
ETC WHICH WILL BE INTERESTING TO THE FARMERS
Department ok Agriculture
Atlanta May 1 1894
manure
Which is the best manure stable or commercial fertilizer
H T L Yaldosta
Upon certain kinds of land stable manure has greatly the advantage of com
mercial fertilizers because it improves the physical condition of the soil By
plowing the crops of peas and clover in conjunction with commercial fertil
izers we get the same result as by using stable manure These leguminous
crops gather much nitrogen from the air and some phosphoric acid and pot
ash from below and leave the land in a more friable condition saving manure
as well as labor
SAVING 8TABLE MANURE
What is the best plan to save stable manure and prevent the waste of its
valuable element L M I
A good deal of nitrogen and humus matter is lost when the manure lies in
large piles exposed to the air for any length of time This can be prevented
by spreading gypsum or kainit upon the pile and the manure becomes more
valuable for light soils when potash and a slow working of the manure is
needed Stable manure mixed with superphosphate is better adapted to heavy
soils
fertilizer for swamp
What is the best fertilizer for a swampy peaty soil
This soil contains a great deal of humus and as a rule does not require sta
ble manure or nitrogen It contains but little lime potash or phosphoric acid
and these are the materials to apply for the best resultsI
SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMAY
77
POTATOES
What kind of soil is best for sweet potatoes What for Irish potatoes
When should the former be set out H A L Martins Ga
The sweet potatoe flourishes best in a light sandy or loamy warm soil In
any warm light land with southern exposure it can be cultivated with advan
tage They should be planted as early as frost will permit The Irish potato
does best on a cool northern exposure with a thick mulch and a loamy rather
heavy soil
WHAT BECOMES OF FERTILIZERS
What becomes of fertilizers when applied to land that is will they be
lost if not taken up by plants by leaching or will they remain in the soil
H O P Irwington
Whether a fertilizer will remain in the soil or be leached out by the rains
will depend entirely upon the character of the fertilizers and the material out
of which it is manufactured Phosphoric acid a chief constituent of all fer
tilizers is not lost to any extent by leaching When applied to the soil the
soluble assumes the form of reverted phosphoric acid in which form it cannot
be separated from the soil by the solvent action of water The various forms
of potash are water soluble and subject perhaps to more loss by leaching than
any other fertilizer material except nitrogen when supplied by nitrate of soda
Nitrogen supplied by cottonseed meal is subject to virtually no loss while
ammonia supplied by blood is so much loss
KAINIT
Does kainit contain other ingredients of value to plants besides potash
H A M Adairsville
The only ingredient in kainit of any considerable value as a plant food
is the sulphate of potash
OYSTER SHELLS
Do oyster shells contain any of the valuable elements of plant food and if
ground are they beneficial to the soil and how O G T Howards
Ground oyster shells contain a very small quantity of phosphoric acid about
07 of 1 per cent They are valuable for the carbonate of lime which they
contain it being an important constituent of fertile soils
PEAS FOR HAY
To cut for hay what time and what quantity of peas should be sown on land
that will produce ten bushels of corn to the acre
H F P Plainville
If the land is in good condition and the seed well put in a bushel to the
acre From the middle of May to the first of June is the best time to sow
but it may be done in June Your land should be fertilized if you expect good
results Use some acid phosphate with potash
ORCHARD CROPS
What can I plant in a young orchard without injuring it Do hogs injure
an orchard 0 CD Falls Creek7
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Until your orchard comes into bearing you can cultivate it without injury in
such crops as potatoes peas beans and turnips The manure applied to these
crops will give vigor to the young trees Corn or small grains should never be
used After the orchard comes into bearing cultivation of other crops should
cease It may then be set in orchard grass and after a good sod is formed
calves and sows and pigs may be pastured on it Grown cattle and horses or
mules should never be allowed to enter
GRAFTING WAX
Please give me a recipe for grafting wax H 0 T Cloundale
Take equal parts of rosin beeswax and tallow and melt them together
Half the quantity of linseed oil may be used instead of the tallow When
the mixture is cool it should be pulled to give toughness
I have a cow that has lost her cudwhat must I do for her
H 0 N Bluffton
It is a mistaken idea to suppose that a cow loses her cud and one must be
substituted And we take it that you use this expression to indicate that
the animal is sick and does not remasticate her food Where remastication
popularly known as chewing the cud is suspended the following treatment
has been highly recommended and found very beneficial Give as a laxative
onehalf pound each of common salt and Epsom salts in a quart of water and
three times daily a tablespoonful of carbonate of iron pulverized gentian pul
verized fenigreek each four ounces Also mix with the food three table
spoonfuls of powdered charcoal
NITROGEN
What amount of plant food or ammonia is contained in thefollowing fertil
izer material Blood dried nitrate of soda and cottonseed meal How
much does cotton seed contain H B Hampton Ga
The percentages vary Blood runs usually from 14 to 18 per cent nitrate of
soda from 15 to 20 per cent cottonseed meal from 8 to 9 per cent and cot
tonseed from 2 to 3
SWEET POTATO CULTURE
Please give me what you consider the best method of planting and cultivat
ing sweet potatoes A M H Social Circle
We are pleased to note your interest in the cultivation of the sweet potato
The late Gustave Spetti of the State Experiment Station introduced an article
on its culture with these words
There are few crops at home in our Southern States that have been more
neglected and whose value and usefulness have been less appreciated than the
sweet potato
That it merits more attention cannot be questioned and is strongly evi
denced by its value to the market gardener in dollars and cents and for home
consumption on every farm
SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMAY
79
PREPARATION
For the sweet potato the land should be thoroughly prepared well pulver
ized and subsoiled The plant requires considerable moisture and thus can be
best conserved by deep plowing and subsoiling The ordinary custom of set
ting the plants on a bed and in the process of cultivation hilling up the beds
we believe will be found best on wet land or in a rainy season but consider
the method of many of the experiments at the State station of flat culture as
advantageous on dry land and when the season is a dry one the slips should
be set two feet apart in rows three and a half or four feet apart two to the
hill and care should be taken to have a good stand by replanting wherever a
slip fails to grow and this replanting should be done at the earliest possible
time The cultivation of the crop should be rapid and thorough until the
vines become so large as to become injured As a fertilizer like the Irish
potato the sweet potato requires one in which potash is the dominant
In cultivating corn which do you prefer shallow or deep culture
O L C Bartow
We believe in thorough preparation and shallow cultivation Experiments
have sufficiently demonstrated that in nearly every instance shallow culture
will give an increased yield The increase is not very marked but when con
sidered in connection with the increased cost attending deep cultivation
forms a potent reason why this system should be adopted
MANURING THE ORCHARD
Would it do well to give my orchard a dressing with stable manure at this
season of the year M T 0 White Plains
Stable manure should have been applied in the autumn if used but in our
opinion it is not the best dressing especially for young orchards for when ap
plied too liberally it is likely to force an undesirable growth and experiments
indicate that it does not contain phosphoric acid in sufficient proportions to
balance the amount of nitrogen it contains A dressing of ground bone or of
acid phosphate is therefore beneficial in conjunction At this time of the
year it is best to apply a quick acting high grade commercial fertilizer
DISTANCE TO PLANT
ii i What do you consider the best distance to plant corn and what cotton
L M T Mt Vernon
The distance to plant either corn or cotton depends on the character of the
soil and the farmer must be governed by this as no certain rules can be given
Again the rules governing the two are diametrically opposee to each other
Thus on rich soil we plant corn close while we give cotton more distance On
less fertile land the reverse is the case that is corn is given more distance and
cotton planted closer
IRISH POTATOKS
What do you considerthe best form of potash for the Irish potato muriate
or sulphate J P F Canton Ga
For the potato crop sulphate is thought to be better than muriate and is
said to give a larger yield and a better qualitySo
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
GEORGIA CROP REPORT SHOWING AREAS PLANTED CONDITION
OF GROWING CROPS ETC
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta May 1 1894
A report on crop conditions and acreage compiled by the first of May is in
many respects incomplete yet contains sufficient information to be of benefit
in arriving at more accurate data later in the season
It is the intention of the department as provided by law under this branch of
the report to secure statistic of our agricultural products for later compilation
With this end in view we request the reporters who have so efficiently served
the department to make their inquiries as extended as possible with the pur
pose of getting statistics that will be practically correct
cotton
In regard to our staple crop of cotton it is gratifying to note that a small
reduction in acreage is reported While it would have been pleasing to re
cord a marked decrease in acreage yet the fact that the steps taken in the last
few years to make cotton an independent money crop have not been retraced is
cause for congratulation It will be seen from the tabulated statement that
the condition and prospect compared to an average of five years for the State
is 3 per cent below the average and that this decrease in prospect is most
marked in Southwest Georgia while Middle Georgia shows a condition nearly
equal to the average of the last five years Throughout the State the crop is
from ten to fifteen days late and where the plant is up many imperfect stands
are reported
CORN
Several years have marked an increase in the acreage devoted to the corn
crop and we trust the future will see no retrogression in this respect and that
the selfsustaining farmer may be soon found all over Georgia The condition of
the crop owing to the cold weather the latter part of March and the first of April
is about 6 per cent below an average of the last several years Owing to
the advanced condition of the crop in Southwestern Georgia the decrease in
condition from the old weather is greater in that than in any other section
of the State
wheat
As with corn an increase in the acreage devoted to this cereal is shown In
the corresponding report for last season we were pleased to note an increase
in acreage in the same crop and to state that the previous falling off in acreage
promises to he recovered All North Georgia and much of Middle Georgia is
well adapted to this cereal and more care should be taken in its cultivation
present prices are not remunerative but in a rotation of crop looking to the
upbuilding and preservation of the land it can very properly find a place
During the year in the reports of the department we have on several occasions
called attention to the best methods of fertilizing and of cultivating this crop
which we hope has received the attention of our farmers
No change in the acreage devoted to this crop for the entire State is shown
Southwest Middle and East Georgia show a slight gain which is lost in the
SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMAY
81
other sections of the State For the entire State the condition and prospect
may be regarded as poor
FRUIT
Our rapidly developing horticultural interest has suffered this spring the
greatest disaster of this character perhaps that the State has ever passed
through Certain it is that there has never been such a wholesale destruction
of the fruit crop since this interest developed beyond the orchard for home
use While the destruction has been so great and the loss so heavy yet those
engaged in the business are not disheartened as they recognize the fact that
so severe a freeze is indeed a rare occurrence in Georgia
In some localities a few peaches will be made and a moderate gathering of
apples may be expected
GRASSES
The meadow lands throughout the State are in fine condition and interest
in forage crops is developing

Labor conditions remain about the same with no scarcity reported
TABULATED STATEMNET
The following table gives a comprehensive view of the condition and pros
pect with the acreage of the most important crops
o O a a s T3 o
3 ft Co m o t a CD a d CD Cot rosp avei 2
w CO o o 5 a CD CD h n Co a cd sr So p co
cd B 6 t 3 20 CD W CO CD CD CD jo a CD o o 2o o S a CO Kioto CD
CD o cd n 2
2 Co o 00 PD O O So O
2 3 B a s 1 as B
o o cl d S a
55 S Co g H O S CO
1 a i to a t
to CD
a o Q B a
991 391 104 85 103i 99 77
m 97 98 88 100 102 87 70 103 lOOf 101 i 101 87 88

921 91 100 106 103 95 1021 100 88 m 84i
95 198 108 103 73 79
State

WEEVILS IN CORNA REMEDY GIVEN BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
J EW Fort GaiDes
J J M I Buchanna
Give me some remedy for weevils in corn
How can I keep weevils from beans
The bisulphide of carbon has been very highly recommended for the de
struction of weevils On this subject we take the following by Mr H E
Weed of the Agricultural College of Mississippi from the Southern Planter2
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
In the February number ofthe Planter is an article under the above head
which treats of the method of destroying weevils by means of bisulphide of
carbon The article in question however hardly gives the best method of
the application ofthe bisulphide nor where best obtained The bisulphide
lis very useful as a remedy for any insects which may work within stored seeds
or grain of any kind It is best applied to the grain by simply pouring a
quantity over the top of the grain to be treated
When corn is harvested it should be carefully examined for the grain in
sects and if they are present as they generally are the corn should receive
treatment by means of the bisulphide remedy It is best to have a tight bin
for this treatment but this item is not essential to success although the
tighter the bin the less amount of bisulphide it will take for the treatment
In the case of corn also if it is husked it will take less of the bisulphide for
the treatment
There js noganger in the use of the bisulphide if only care is taken to keep
fire of any kind away from it While it can be obtained from the drug stores
at a cost of from 20 to 40 cents per pound it is best obtained from the manu
facturer Edward R Taylor of Cleveland Ohio who sells it in 50pound lots
at 10 cents per pound It will pay every farmer to get a 50pound can for it
is one of the things essential to successful agriculture and is something which
should be kept on hand at all times The bisulphide obtained from Mr Tay
lor is a better product than that generally to be obtained from the drug stores
as his fuma bisulphide is prepared especially for the treatment of grain
pests
Let me here call attention to the fact that a little labor spent in the spring
in gathering up the weevils which often swarm in empty grainaries at this
season will greatly lessen the number of weevils which will attack the grain
the following autumn The weevils in the empty or nearly empty grainaries
should be swept up into a shovel and killed by placing in a pail containing
kerosene
INFORMATION ON SPUBBY
Will you kindly give me some information in regard to spurry as a forage
plant how to plant etc T W W Hamilton
Elaborate experiments have been conducted at the Michigan Experiment
Stationwith spurry from which we take the following as compiled by an agri
cultural paper which will give a succinct answer to your inquiry
This is a new plant to Michigan and probably to most other States but is
an old plant in some sections of the world In Scotland it is called yarr and
in Norway pickpurse in Germany it is sown among the stubble as a food for
sheep during winter In France the yield of spurry is estimated to be about
equal to a crop of clover or 7700 pounds per acre The seeds arc fed to cattle
and horses and supposed to be equal to rape cake in value In five or six
weeks it reaches a height of 12 to 11 inches and is said to be a valuable food
for cows as it improves the quantity and quality of the butter
Sown April 25 at the rate of 15 to 24 pounds per acre it matures the last of
May and a second crop may be raised It has been called the clover of sandy
soils Pr Kedziewho experimented nth it on light sand at Grayling MichSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONMAY
83
says that when partially ripened and plowed under with a very shallow fur
row it is selfseeding and bears an abundant crop Its value as a manurial
plant on these light sands is pronounced When plowed under it enriches
the foil the most rapidly of any other plant he has used It is a valuable fod
der plant being eaten readily by cows or sheep it is a plant of great value
for bringing sandy lands into productive fields especially is this true of the
jack pine barrens of that State
The soil for spurry requires the same preparation as that for clover the
seed being sown and harrowed in the same the seed is smaller than clover
seed hence there are more in number per pound In harvesting three to 12
bushels of seed per acre are obtained Thick seeding gives an even field of
fine pasture and a heavy swarth when cut for hay If the weather is warm and
moist the field will begin to show green the third day from the time of seed
ing it is ready for mowing for hay in about six weeks and will ripen the seed
in about two months for pasturing it may be used in from four to six weeks
The introduction of spurry as a forage crop alone will prove of immense
benefit but its use as a manurial crop is of much greater value In an experi
ment more wheat was produced following spurry than where 300 pounds of
phosphate was used per acre At Grayling experiment farm 10 acres were
broken in the spring and sown with spurry which was plowed under in Au
gust and the land sown with wheat The land beside it was planted with
wheat following clover and one beside that following timothy which had been
fairly well covered with barnyard manure The wheat on the spurry field
went into winter looking stronger than either of the other fields Spurry is
also valuable plowed under as a fertilizer in the orchardsSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATION
Georgia Department of Agriculture
MONTHLY TALK WITH THE FARMERS
MR NESBITTS LETTER
HIS MONTHLY TALK TO THE FARMERS OF THE STATE OF
GEORGIA
THE WATERMELON GROWTHIT IS A PAYING CROP TO THE FARMERS
OF THE STATETHB MARCH FREEZECOTTON DAMAGED I5ADLY
other farming news
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta June 1 1894
THE MARCH FREEZE
Throughout the State the disastrous effect of the March freeze was felt
in some cases necessitating the entire replanting of cotton and in the
more northern portions even the young corn which was just coming up
or had commenced to grow off had to be plowed up and planted over
again But by the middle of May these crops had almost recovered from
the temporary backset
THE FRUIT CROP
however peaches pears and to some extent apples and small fruits not
excepting the hardy blackberries had suffered too severely In almost
every section the peaches and pears were entirely cut off and in some
instances the trees were injured beyond remedy One preeminent mis
fortune of this land is the destruction of a beautiful spring orchard on
Kennesaw mountain The trees were unusually handsome and healthy
and would have come fnto full bearing next year I am told that not one
was spared The fact that a freeze like this comes perhaps about once in
twenty or thirty years contains little comfort for the loser Its rarity can
only encourage those who contemplate setting out young orchards and
whose hope are in the future86
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
In one or two favored sections the injury to the orchards was not mate
rial but the fact cannot be disputed that fruit of all kinds will be at a pre
mium In filling this hiatus the
GEOKGIA WATEBMELON
comes prominently forward The early plantings were of course injured
more or less but the replant is making steady progress and though the
weather has continued most unfavorable the season to melon growers
bids fair to be an unusually profitable one
While crops generally were still suffering from the freeze the
BLIZZABD IN THE MIDDLE OF MAY
came upon us and it is disheartening to again chronicle the severe injury
sustained by the young plants scarcely yet recovered from the previous
disaster In Northern Georgia more especially the heavy winds and un
expected cold wrought sad havoc with tender vegetation The corn
though much whipped and twisted by the severity of the wind can with
stand a decree of cold before which the delicate young cotton must suc
cumb and the corn fields are now taking on a vigorous growth but the
plants in the devastated cotton fields look almost as if they would never
hold up their heads again Where the crop had been brought to a stand
the injury was of course proportionately greater In some cases those
plants which were able to resist the first effects of the trying weather fin
ally died from the secondary sore shins and the depredations of lice
always worse when the mornings and evenings are chilly Where the
crop has been tided over this critical period the yield may yet reach a fair
In cases where the first injury combined with the chilly days and parch
ing winds of the last of May have suceeeded in killing out the stand it
is now too late to remedy the evil Cotton once well started will resist a
decree of back treatment which corn in its shorter period of development
will resent but the cotton in order to develop successfully must be in
good growing condition by the first of June As stated last month if as a
rule the first of June finds the farmer with good stands and clean fields
he can hopefully enter on the work of that busy month But this is an
exceptional year Though the farmer may have prosecuted his work with
judgment and well directed energy he may have the misfortune to witness
the destruction of his b8st laid plans and this by agencies entirely beyond
his control I fear that in some localities the cotton has been too badly
damaged to recover Although it is now too late to replant let us not
resign ourselves to supine regret We cannot afford to plow up the plants
that remain if even half a stand is left The cultivation must go on and
in order that
MISSING SPACES
may be made to pay something for the work which they in common with
the cotton must receive it would be well to drop a few Spanish ground
peas or whippoorwill peas in the long gaps The mistake so often made
in planting peas with another crop is that the variety chosen is of too luxSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJUNE 87
uriant growth and finally overruns and chokes out the less vigorous crop
This is true of all the running kinds but if the whippoorwill whose habit
i3 to bunch rather than spread out is used we obviate this difficulty
Ground peas vines and nuts pulled up and cured together make
splendid forage and those who have tried it know the value of pea vine
hay In the after crop we also store up nitrogen in the soil for future use
and thus receive double benefit for we can appropriate all that we can cut
and still the roots and stems remain to perform their important office as
nitrogen gatherers
Unfortunately there are cases where the
COTTON IS KILLED
out or there are only a few plants left standing and these separated by
long lank intervals If the farmer does not wish to plant the prepared
land in peas or ground peas it is not yet too late to plant it in corn I
have known a full crop to be made in this way where the seasons prove
suitable If the cotton rows are four feet check the corn rows across five
or six feet giving greater or less distance according to the middle of rows
and strength of land By this method we have the option of plowing the
crop both ways which hastens the cultivation and reduces the hoe work
In looking over the records of 1893 I am reminded that the spring was
most unfavorable and yet the average crop year except in Northern Geor
gia proved exceptionally good Let us take courage from our past expe
rience and though the present outlook is most disheartening let us steadily
go forward with the work which crowds upon us in this busy month
The fact that the crops are unusually backward and unpromising point3
to even more urgent necessity for careful and rapid work Each time that
the soil is stirred the little plants are encouraged by fresh moisture air
and warmth and we should neglect no means of giving these in as full
measure as possible
THE CULTIVATION OF THE COKN AND COTTON
On a large area in the State the corn crop will be ready to lay up
before the first of July At the last working which though shallow
should be thorough sow peas either broadcast or in the center of the fur
row In the very careful experiments at our experiment station as to the
best method of utilizing the vines the conclusion is that more is gained by
cutting and curing for hay than by gathering the peas or turning under
the crop The cotton being unusually small requires most careful work
The warm days of June will we hope revive the drooping plants This
is essentially a sun crop and it is astonishing to witness its powers of recu
peration under the influence of heat and light
THE HARVESTING OP THE GRAIN AND CLOVER
comes at a very inconvenient time on a cotton farm If possible the work
should be done with the farm hands and in the present backward condi
tion of other crops this is comparatively an easy undertaking To avoid
unnecessary waste in harvesting the clover do not allow it to remain ex
posed too long to the weather otherwise the loss in both blooms andDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
leaves is considerable After cutting leave for a few hours until thor
oughly wilted then gather into heaps and as soon as cured haul to
shelter
The grain intended for feeding can be cut earlier than that intended for
seed or to beground into flour As soon as the grain is oflsow peas broad
cast a bushel to the acre using about two hundred pounds of superphos
phote If the land is hard or the season dry it becomes necessary to use
the ordinary turn plows scooter or shovel
SOWING OF MILLET SORGHUM
and other forage crops can still go on always remembering that the later
the sowing the richer the land should be used
POTATOES
also can beplanted all through JuDe with great success Indeed some ex
periment arms maintain that slips and vines put out in June make as
many potatoes which are smoother and require less work than the earlier
plantings If the slips are ready and the land well broken a rain is not at
all necessary If water is accessible put plenty in the hole press in the
slip and cover with dry dirt In nine cases out of ten they succeed as well
and sometimes better than if planted after a heavy rain
The following from the March number of the Southern Cultivator was
crowded out of last months Talk The term fodder as used in the
stationreport here means the stalk leaves and shuck all cured together
HARVESTING THE CORN CROP PTJLLING FODDER
It seems rather premature to refer to this question at this season but it
is of as mucb importance to the farmer to save the stalks and fodder as to
save the corn and we introduce it here to call attention to tbe tremendous
waste in the usual method of pulling the blades and leaving the standing
stalks which when preparations for another crop begin are either piled
and burneda dead loss or cut and plowed under a method of question
able utility and little present benefit In Virginia it has been proven by
actual experiment that in this one item the farmers of that State waste
every year more money than would pay their State taxation
As we stated before corn is a costly crop and every part of the plant has
drawn tribute from our time and labor and money Why should we
retain only a part and throw away the other made at equal expense and
just as valuable No doubt the statement that every part of the cornstalk
is of equal nutritive value and that the whole is of more value than the
ears grown upon it is an astounding revelation to the generalityof farmers
but such is the fact which has been established not only by laboratory ex
periment but by actual tests with stock in feeding and we feel bound to
call attention to it The following is a summary of results published by
the Maryland station after careful tests
1 All parts of the corn plant contain valuable food materials the dry
matter having nearly the same composition
2 The corn stubble and husks contain sixty per cent of the digestible
matter produced by the plant and the blades only eleven per cent of the
total digestible matterSUGGESTIONS AND NFORMATIONJUNE 89
X
S Corn husks or shucks contain seventytwo per cent of digestible
matter
4 Com stubble or butts contain 665 per cent of digestible matter
5 Corn blades or leaves contain 642 percent of digestible matter
6 Topped corn fodder stover contains 55 per cent of digestible matter
7 There is more digestible matter contained in the corn fodder from
one acre than in the corn ears from one acre
8 The corn fodder or stover from one acre yields as much digestible
matter as two tons of timothy hay
There is enough digestible matter producedby the corn fodder grown
in the Southern States to winter all the live stock existing in those States if
it was properly prepared in a palatable form
10 By cutting and crushing the cornstalks cattle will eat and utilize
nearly all of them
11 Corn forage stover furnishes a food rich in digestible carbohydrates
12 Corn fodder when fed alone will nearly maintain cattle but should
be supplemented with some food rich in nitrogen when feeding for the
production of growth flesh or milk
In view of the above does it not seem almost beyond belief that some
certain method of preserving the stalk entire has not yet been decided
upon and that farmers still go on with the same old expensive method of
pulling fodder and leaving the other parts of the stalk to be wasted
Our object in referring thus early to this question is to induce each farmer
if possible to try a little experimentation on a small scale In a multi
tude of counselors there is wisdom and by three practical tests we may
arrive at the best and surest method of utilizing what has heretofore been
merely a waste product We know that it is well worth saving the
question is how to accomplish this with our surroundings In a higher
latitude it is a comparatively simple matter Let each farmer resolve to
try a few rows at least As a general guide the following taken from an
exchange is worth trying
Have the crop cut down at the roots as soon as the corn is well glazed
and before the fodder is all dead and wasted Set the shocks up in large
well built form Tie them round the top with binder twine and if well
set tttey will stand firmly until well cured and fit for storing in the barn or
shed after the ears have been pulled You will find an immense economy
in time and labor in thus handling the crop besides securing the whole of
the feeding value of the fodder
The practical knowledge of experienced farmers may suggest improve
ments on the above Let them make the tests and let us hear from them
E T Nesbitt
GENERAL REMARKS
We regret to record that since our last report the weather conditions have
been such as to materially damage the prospect of our great staple cropi
cotton while other crops have also suffered from the cold weather prevail
ing the latter part of the month90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
COTTON
Throughout North Georgia the damage to the cotton crop is very great
This damage is of such a character that it cannot at this time be fully esti
mated Not alone where the injury is apparent by the death of the plant
will the damage be felt but the debilitated condition of the plant is such
as to render it more liable to disease and sore shin and other diseases to
which the plant is subject will further impair the already imperfect stand
On the lowlands of the northern portion of the State the direct injury was
so great as to necessitate plowing up in many instances and from this
cause there is in this section of the State an appreciable reduction in the
acreage while the condition and prospect are fifteen percant less than
that of last year Next to North Georgia Middle Georgia has suffered
most Compared with the last report from this department the condition
and prospect has fallen off nine per cent
CORN
Less liable to injury the corn crop has not been materially damaged
while the slow growth of the plant evidences especially in North Georgia
the effect of the cold weather of the latter part of the month In the State
as a whole it is apparent in a reduction of one per cent in condition and
prospect In North Georgia an increased acreage is shown from plowing
up of cotton and replanting in corn
WHEAT AND OATS
The indicated yield as given by the correspondents of the department
is not so great as we would wish and the damage of the severe weather of
the early spring is apparent Harvesting is now in progress and we hope
in our next report to give data of a more certain character as to the yield
per acre throughout the State
FRUIT
Great injury to the fruit crop generally throughout the State has long
been apparent The dropping of immature apples many of which were
supposed to have been set has greatly reduced the prospects of a yield of
this fruit and only a very small crop may be expected
NOTES ABOUT GOOD ROADS
In all the States of the Union good roads are essential to progress and
the spread of intelligence
The people are able to get the products of the farm to market when good
roads are provided and the value of agricultural laud is proportionately
increased
The farmers in New Jersey where they once with a team drew a ton
with new roads are able to draw six tons
Bad roads rob good horses and vehicles of much of their actual value
besides tending to shorten their terms of usefulnessSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJUNE 91
The question of good roads Is essentially a question of public and indi
vidual wellbeing
The farmers of this section of the country are being gradually brought
to understand that good roads bring them nearer the market and will
enable them to easily draw with their teams double the loads they now
carry
As one who was raised as a farmer boy and who in common with others
worked the roads to no avail I am now unreservedly committed to all
honest endeavor that will lead to better roads and shall work and teach
to that endProf ens or L Hlggins
ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES
GIVEN BY THF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE
some news relating to farming gardening dairying stock rais
ing etc which will i5e interesting to the farmers
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta June 1 1894
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE
Inclosed I send you a small striped bug that is doing great damage to
my potatoes What is it and what is the remedy
R G C Dallas Ga
The inclosed bug is the Colorado potato beetle which in many sections
of the country has been very destructive in the potato fields It has only
in recent years made its appearance in North Alabama and North Georgia
and East and Middle Tennessee Paris green or London purple both
being arsenites are regarded as the best remedies Use in the dry form
mixed in the proportion of one pound of poison to five of flour and two
of dry dust fine ashes or airslacked lime apply with a sifter or perforated
pan If sprayed or sprinkled over the vines in liquid form use a small
teaspoonful to two gallons of water or even three gallons Be careful in
handling Paris green or London purple as it is a deadly poison
CUT CLOVER
When is the best time to cut clover for hay
P O P Crawfish Springs
In our opinion the best hay is made by cutting the clover when it is in
full bloom before the seeds have formed Experiments on this subject
coincide with this view92
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
THE HORN FLY
Through a large portion of Southern Georgia this pest has proven very
annoying to cattle and while we have previously answered as to life habits
of the fly and the remedies suggested by the department at Washington
yet owing to the large number of inquiries that continue to be made we
give the following valuable suggestions from the work of the Mississippi
Experiment Station
The remedies for the horn fly consist of 1 various applications to the
animals to keep the flies oft 2 applications to the animals to kill the flies
and 3 applications to the dung to kill the larvee
During the past two seasons we have experimented with many substances
which have been applied to keep the flies from the animals most of which
have proved of but little value as they evaporate so rapidly The following
however have been fairly satisfactory as they keep the cattle free from
flies from a week to ten days
Crude cottonseed oil or fish oil and pine tar mixed about two parts of
the former to one of the latter The two mix readily and are very easily
applied to the animals at milking time by means of a large paint brush
Applied in this manner it takes but a half minute to a cow making the
cost of the application but a small item We have treated 350 head at a
time with the crude cottonseed oil and tar in this way using but four
gallons of the oil and less than two gallons of the pine tar The costof the
oil is 30 cents par gallon and of the tar about 50 cents making the total
cost of the application to 350 head about S220 or about threefourths of a
cent per head
A preparation known as gnat oil which is largely used in some local
ities for buftalo gnats as its name implies has given about the same suc
cess as the above It is made as follows
Crude carbolic acid1 ounce
Pennyroyali to 1 ounce
SulphurJ pound
Crude cottonseed oil 1 gallon
This was applied to the animals in the same manner as was the first
preparation and we were unable to see any difference in the animals
treated with the gnat oil and those treated with the crude cottonseed oil
and pine tar mixture Both are preparations keeping the animals free
from the flies from a week to ten days depending to some extent upon
how numerous the flies were at the time
The best application to kill the flies is kerosene emulsion In 1892 we
experimented quite successfully in this line The milk emulsion was
used made by mixing thoroughly one part of slightly sou r milk with two
parts of kerosene and then diluting this with twelve to fifteen parts of
water The emulsion was applied to the animals at milking time by means
of a knapsack sprayer directing the spray directly upon the flies as
much as possible After three applications in as many days the flies
were killed out so that they were not again numerous until nearly three
weeks later In 1893 the emulsion remedy was again tried but not withSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJUNE
93
as favorable results Tae crude cottonseed oil and ar mixture being so
cheap and so eanly applied we have adopted this method of treatment as
the best
Some writers have recommended the application of lime or plaster to
the cow dung in the field to kill the larvre as being thebestmethod of les
sening the numbers of the horn flies The conditions as to the pasturage
of the animals throughout the Routh however are such that this method
of treatment is not practicable
Application to the animals of substances to keep the flies off is the best
treatment for the horn fly Of the many substances used for this purpose
two parts of crude cottonseed oil mixed with one part of pine tar we con
sider the best cheapest and the most easily applied It should be applied
to the animals at milking time with a large paint brush the cost being but
threefourths of a cent per cow If the crude cottonseed oil cannot be
readily obtained fish oil or any other cheap oil may be used in its stead
TO PRESERVE EGGS
Please give me a method to preserve eggs A L T Woodlawn
The following from an exchange will give you an excellent method of
preserving eggs with the causes that lead to egg spoiling
The egg shell is perforated by a myriad of small pores which can only
be perceived by the aid of a microscope Their effect is evident because it
is by them that day by day the albumen evaporates and gives place to air
When the egg is completely full a fluid passes constantly toward the pores
and it is the principal agent of corruption this corrupion is manifested
more rapidly in warm than in cod weather An egg absolutely fresh is
absoutely and proverbially full but in the stale eggs there is a propor
tionally empty place caused by the loss of albumen by evaporation If
the tongue is applied to the end of a fresh egg it is felt to be completely
cool if applied to a stale egg it is found to be warm because the albumen
of the new egg being in contact with the shell absorbs the heat of the
tongue more rapidly than the air contained in the shell of the stale egg
By intercepting the air and preventing it from penetrating the shell so as
not to kill the germ and prevent its hatching the egg can be preserved
longer than in any other way There have been obtained says a French
writer chickens hatched from eggs kept for two years in varnish glaze
This he states may be thus prepared Dissolve some gumlac in a sufficient
quantity of alcohol to make a slight glaze put in each egg and when all
the eggs are completely dry pack them in bran wood or sawdust taking
care to place the large end upwards and preventing them from damage
or rolling about When the eggs are wanted carefully remove the glaze
with some alcohol and they will be found in the same state as when they
were enveloped that is to say good to eat or to hatch This method is
said to be he best and the surest that has ever been tried
LATE POTATOES
Please give me what you consider a good method of raising late pota
toes J N C Jonesboro94
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
It previous reports from this department you will find this subject dealt
with at length These reports we send you and add the following sugges
tions from a report of the North Carolina Experiment Station
While in this climate hilling is of great advantage with the early crops
we are satisfied that flat culture is essential with the late one and flat cul
ture can only be well done with deeply planted potatoes The result of my
experience then may be summed up in the following recommendations
for the late crop
The general practice is to use the culls or small potatoes which are
not fit for shipping for planting the second crop Some claim that this
practice leads to degeneration and soon compels a renewal from Northern
seed while others claim that the culls are as good as any Our own ex
periments in this line have not been continued long enougli for me to
give an opinion My practice is to take potatoes of the early crop and
spread them in shade of a tree or other outdoor screen until they are well
greened by the light They are then bedded in a single layer as sweet po
tatoes are bedded but of course no manure or hot bed is used and cov
ered with about two inches of sandy soil Here they remain until August
Any time after the first week in August up to the twentieth of the month
will do well in this latitude for planting the crop We then use for plant
ing only those that have started to sprout and always plant them whoe
Many failures in getting a stand are due to cutting the potatoes at this
season
But the most important matter is the preparation of the ground and
the mode of planting I prefer for the late crops a piece of ground upon
which a crop of field peas has been grown and mown for hay This can
usually be had even when we use the same land upon which the early
crop grew for if we sow peas at once upon the laud as soon as the early
crop is off they can be mowed by the second week in August and the
stubble at once turned for the second crop
No matter how thoroughly the land was manured for the early crop
it will be best to use a liberal supply of fertilizer for the late one If put
upon a pea stubble there will be no need for further purchase of nitrogen
as was essential with the early crop but it will always pay to use 600
pounds of acid phosphate and 200 pound of kainit broadcast for this crop
In planting lay off the furrows three feet apart run twice or three
times in a furrow and clean it out with a shovel if not uniformly deep and
regular Prepare plant and cover one row at a time while the soil is fresh
Plant at the bottom of the deep furrow but cover very lightly The cov
ering we do with a hoe and let the man who covers tramp over the row
after covering so as to press the soil tightly to the seed When planting
on a large scale a machine similar to one used in some sections for cover
ing corn may be used This consists of an ordinary plow beam and
handles with a cross bar in front to which are attached two spike teeth
a foot apart and behind these a narrow roller The two spikes will pull
in plenty of soil from the sides of the trench and the rollers will com
pact itSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJUNE 95
Such a cover can easily be made at home Potatoes properly sprouted
planted in this way will all be certain to grow and a good stand is easy to
get As the potatoes grow the soil is pulled in around them by running
the cultivator through until finally the trench is level Do all the culture
with the ordinary onehorse cultivator and do not hill up The potatoes
will then form in the deep bed of mellow soil the deep furrow will tend
to retain the moisture and the crop will be larger than if grown in hills
and ridges
The important points to observe we think are
1 Bed the seed in the soil until planting time This gets rid of those
too immature to grow and which if planted would leave gaps in the row
2 Plant about the second week in August if possible and use only
those potatoes that are sprouted
3 Plant in a deep furrow but cover very lightly and pack the soil to
the seed
4 Never cut the potatoes for the late crop under any circumstances
whether large or small
5 Gradually fill the soil to the plants as they grow and cultivate the
crop perfectly flat
When grown on a small scale and in dry land after the tops are dead
clean them oft and throw a ridge of soil over the row by throwing a furrow
on each side Cover the ridges with pine straw and the potatoes will keep
there during the winter as well as anywhere can be dug as wanted for the
table during the winter and will be found in better condition for planting
at the usual time than if dug in the fall This plan cannot be well prac
ticed except on well drained soil
The wholesome supply of food that we can obtain for the winter months
without depending upon the Northern market and the prices we can
obtain in our local market commend a home raised supply of Jate pota
toes to every Georgia farmer That the day is not far oft when all our
farmers will avail themselves of the possibilities offered by this crop there
is little doubt
PEANUTS
What is the best soil for peanuts To what kind of plants does it belong
E I J Rocky Eace
The peanut requires a calcareous or lime soil Where there is not suffi
cient lime in the soil it should be supplied at the rate of from 20 to 40
bushels to the acre It should also be well manured The plant is a
legumine
SHEEP E1CE
Will you kindly give me a remedy for lice in sheep
A D H Camilla
If your sheep are dipped regularly once a year as a rule they will be
free from lice Pyrethrum or Persian insect powder if it comes in contact
with the lice is sure death to them The lice are generally found on the
inner part of the thighs and forelegs and on the sides and neck Two
ounces of sulphur mixed with a pound of lard to which has been added
20 drops of creosote will also kill the lice96
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
STRINGHALT
I have a horse that is striughalted Can you give me a remedy What
is the cause of this disease or trouble
I A M Social Circle
We know of no treatment that would benefit stringhalt It has been
said that the affection depends or rather is the result of some obscure dis
ease of the sciatic nerve It is however very doubtful whether this is
the true explanation of the trouble In some cases there is evidence that
the hock itself is affected
Roads are at once a factor in the development of civilized society and
an evidence of attainmentsSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJULY
MR NESBITTS LETTER
HIS MONTHLY TALK TO THE FARMERS OF THE STATE OF
GEORGIA
review of the crolscorn and oats badly damaged for wan
of rainwheat doing fairly wellcotton s0mrwhat late
other farming news
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta July 1 1894
GENERAL review of crops AND CONDITIONS
Up to the middle of June the belated crops over the entire State already
retarded by the unprecedented cold were suffering and drying up for want
of rain and the parching winds which prevailed over a large area but
added to the gloominess of the situation Had this condition been con
fined to one section there would have been less reason for apprehension
but the cry of distress from all quarters gave rise to the most anxious fore
bodings The refreshing rains unaccompanied by the destructive storms
so widely predicted and expected commenced about the middle of June
and though at first very partial we hope they are not too late to save a
large part of the corn crop in the southern part of the State and certainly
in time to rescue that crop in the middle and northern sections Cotton
with its almost marvelous powers of recuperation may recover from the
varied disasters to which it has been subjected and with propitious
seasons a fair crop may be realized
The small grain crops are much injured Fall oats which were at one
time most promising have been seriously cut off The spring crop is prac
tically a failure and the yield from wheat is much reduced In some ex
ceptional cases the preparation was very thorough On such lands these
crops show comparatively little effect of the long drouth and the yield is
all that could be expected I have in mind a field of corn which through
a drouth of several weeks duration has scarcely shown a twisted blade
and has maintained a healthy growthand color which in comparison with
adjacent fields seemed most remarkable On inquiry I find that the prep
aration of this land was exceptionally thorough and during the long
drouththe roots instead of drying up too near the surface have gone as deep
sa possible into the mellow bed thus obtaining the requisite food and moist
ure for the rapidly growing plants This is but another confirmation of
David Dicksons assertion that with thorough preparation and manuring
a corn crop can be made with one good rain The corn in question has not
had a soaking rain since it came out of the groung until the splendid sea
son of the middle of June which places it beyond the possibility of ordi
nary disaster The general corn crop is backward especially to the north
of a line drawn eastnd west through the center of the State but98
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CORN
must be laid by this month Unlike cotton it must mature in a certain
period failiog in this we have no means of remedying the defect and the
result is disappointment in the yield
Just now all the energies of the plant are directed to the development of
the ear and should not be diverted to the repair of useless and illjudged
root cutting The plow should cut evenly and smoothlv not more than
two inches below the surface leaving the roots undisturbed to perform
their perfect functions
Where commercial fertilizers were used the long drouth has been pecu
liarly injurious for without suficient moisture this prepared plant food is
unavailable and in many cases the corn had passed the critical period of
development before the rains came to unlock the stores of which it stood
so much in need In cases where the fertilizer was used with composts of
different kinds the beneficial effect of the moisture absorbing humus can
be plainly seen and indeed if we desire to secure the full benefit of any
commercial fertilizer the safest plan is to use it in conjunction with com
posts By this plan a small amount of the fertilizer can be made to do
double duty and with far more certainty than if applied alone
It would make a wonderful difference on the credit side of our yearly ac
counts if not one pouud of fertilizer was applied except by composting
To prepare for this it is necessary to begin now July marks a pause in
the agricultural rush of the past several weeks and before the heavy duties
of gathering and housing the made crops and preparing and seeding for
the fall grain begins we can look around and take the initial steps towards
accumulating
MATERIAL FOR COMPOSTING
During wet spells or at odd times when other work is not pressing
much can be done in this important brfcnch of our industry Where this
work runs all through the year it is astonishing not only how much is
saved but how much is actually gained fromjthe ordinary waste prod
ucts of the farm Of course if it is left to the last moment or receives
only careless or spasmodic attention we cannot expect certain or encour
aging results but if a settled and intelligent plan is followed with a steady
aim in view the universal testimonyis that it pays better than any other
investment on the farm
The lot and stalls should be well littered with leaves and woods earth
whichin turn should not be thrown out loosely to the injurious action of all
weathers but thrown into compact well built heaps or better still put un
der shelter of some kind If well managed the compost heap is indeed the
farmers gold mine from which he can expect much more certain return
than is ordinarily vouchsafed to the bona fide gold digger We as farm
ers should study this question of manures in all its phases of feeding to
produce manures of highest quality of composting of protoctinga nd pre
serving of applying for greatest yields
A farmer can so manage that after he has succeeded in producing com
posts of the highest quality their most valuable constituents are lostSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJULY 09
either by improper methods of handling or by mistaken modes of applica
tion Experiments at the various stations notably at New York show
some very thorough and interesting work in this linewhich throws much
light on questions which we have neither time nor means to elucidate for
ourselves
COTTON
has greatly improved The hot suns and the opportune rains during the
last days of June have revived the sickly drooping plants and though in
some exposed situations the frost combined with the subsequent heavy
winds and protracted drouth almost destroyed the stand the plants
that remain are in the majorityof cases in a healthy vigorous condition
All that is necessary now is to keep the upper soil constantly stirred Never
allow a ctust to remain on the surface The crop being so much later than
usual the object of present cultivation should be not to encourage weed
growth A good plan is to plow every alternate row using a sweep heel
scrape or extended cultivator thin after a few days return and plow the
rows which were left This practically stirs the entire surface and gets a
double benefit from a given amount of work
CROPS WHICH CAN BE PLANTED THIS MONTHCORN
It is too late to plant corn on poor upland but on rich upland or on
damp bottom land by using an early maturing variety we can plant up
to the middle of July If intended for forage the seed can be put in as
late as July 20 and with ordinary seasons the results will be satisfactory
POTATOES
can be set out all through the month The late planted slips make smoother
potatoes and of better keeping qualities than those planted earlier The
main care after the vines begin to cover the ground is to prevent them
from taking root between the rows and this is especially important with
the late planted slips
RUTABAGAS
Where desirable and the seasons are suitable it is well to prepare this
crop during the present month the land being put in fine tilth and highly
manured Phosphates are required more especially with a smaller propor
tion of nitrogen and potash The early sowing can begin during the latter
part of the mouth and as soon as the plants are up dust with dry ashes to
prevent the depredations of their insect enemies
SORGHUM
for forage can still be planted Cows mules and hogs are fond of it and
it is a cheap and healthful food For seed the early amber is best because
on account of its smaller stem the whole plantstem leaves and seed
can be utilized
PEAS
So much has been said and written as to the value of the pea crop not
only as feed for our stock but as a renovator to our lands that it seems
scarcely necessary to revert to this subject but it is of such vital importance
that I must be pardoned for presenting a few additional facts and for again100
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
urging farmers to put in as large a crop as possible A peck or a half
bushel to the acre sown broadcast in the corn and covered by the lat
plowing will with ordinary seasons give a fair stand and if planted before
the middle of the month will usually mature seed For forage the plant
ings can continue until the last day
Where practicable the oat and wheat stubble should be turned and the
peas harrowed in Experiments at our station show that the gain is great
est where the crop is harvested and cured for hay and the stubble with
its accumulated nitrogen turned under As a preparation for the fall
grain crops nothing has been found to be as valuable as a crop of peas sown
broadcastthe hay taken off and the stubble turned under If in combina
tion with this fertilizer is used the yield from both crops peas and grain is
very materially increased The following from a series of experiments for
four years at the North Carolina station shows the value of peas a9 a ferti
lizer for wheat The figures show the gain per acre in each case Mark the
fact that with cotton seed meal the yield was diminished rather than in
creased The increase of the crop from
Increase
Peavines BusheK
With no fertilizers9 gg
With 300 pounds kainit16 45
With 300 pounds acid phosphate1681
With 175 pounds acid phosphate 876 pounds cotton seed meal 375
pounds kainit1467
With 300 pounds cotton seed meal733
Rush the fattening
HOGS
as far as possible let them have the run of the grain fields before
the peas are sown When taken from the3e see that tbey have plenty of
succulent food The loss of the fruit crop is a serious inconvenience but
the need of this wholesome food can be in a great measure supplied by
refuse vegetables sorghum and other forage crops
PIiAKTJNG FOR FALL CROPS
Laud now unoccupied intended for fall crops has a spontaneous growth
of grass and weeds To get it in satisfactory condition for clover or gras
plant peas in the drill and cultivate This will exterminate the weeds
and the peas will furnish both hay and manure Turn under the stubble
early enough to harrow and roll the land in time for the clover and grass
and we have a seed bed in which it will flourish
FALL OATS
Dont put offsowiDg oats until spring the risk is too great but begin in
time to prepare for the much more certain fall crop and resolve to sow
early The fields from which the peavine hay has been taken will be
ready and September is none too early to begin the mowing
To sow in the cotton field is also a good plan The Appier variety is
among the best resists rust is early and productive Secure seed in time
and begin at the first practicable momentSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJULY
101
FALL IRISH POTATOES
This crop is attracting attention from the fact that the potatoes can be
left in the ground all the winter and dug as needed and the southern
grown fall crop furnishes even better tubers for spring planting than the
eastern grown seed which have so long monopolized the market My at
tention was attracted to this fact last year and I determined to try the ex
periment The seed potatoes were selected at the time of gathering our
spring grown crop in July those of the smaller medium size being chosen
These were allowed to dry in the shade and were then bedded exactly as
we bed sweet potatoes in the spring except that no heating manure was
used At the end of two weeks these potatoes were examined and those
which showed no indication of sprouting were rejected The others were
planted whole in the same manner as spring potatoes the bed was mulched
with pines traw and in a few weeks there was an almost perfect stand
Notwithstanding the very severe winter we had fresh potatoes from thi3
bed until time to plant again in March When the bed was plowed up for
the spring planting the medium potatoes were again selected but instead
of drying were planted immediately alongside the eastern grown varieties
The home raised potatoes were planted whole The eastern were cut as
usual
The protracted drought has greatly reduced the yield but up to the
time that it began to injuriously affect both plantings the homeraised
plants kept pace in appearance and bearing qualities with their neighbors
At the present writing though we have had refreshing rains they came
too late to benefit the dried up plants
It is maintained by the advocates of this new industry that plants from
southern grown seed can better withstand drouth The present instance
has been a fair test of this statement and a fair conclusion may be formed
when the respective yields are measured For planting this crop in the
field on a larger scale and for winter protection there are full directions in
last months report in the inquiry column
R T Nesbitt
THE POULTRY YARD
PURIFY the runs and keep the birds healthymethods of
PURIFICATION
JIany poultry men who keep their fowls confined to small yards clean
their poultry houses but never seem to think it necessary to purify the
yards If sickness visits the fowls it is a mysterious dispensation of
Providence for have they not kept their houses clean They do not think
of the yards whose soil has been impregnated with the droppings of the
fowls and upon which a green thiDg is never permitted to grow Fallow
ing are methods of purification recommended by the American Agricul
turist
2
X102
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1 Where it is possible to Jo so seed the yard down to grass or clover
and let it bear a crop a year or raise upon it a crop of vegetables Of
course this necessitates two yards for the fowls apian that cannot always
be pursued Or one can with a movable fence cut off the fowls from the
larger part of the yard and sow that to some quick growing crop like
oats and when it has grown five or six inches high let the fowls in upon
it Or one can spade the yard in sections sowing oats at each spading
and thus secure a little growth from them and a succession of growths
of green food for the fowls A growing crop for one season puts the soil in
excellent condition for the fowls the crop removing just the elements
that were injurious to the fowls
2 Spading up the yard every few weeks either in sections or all at
once turning up the soil to the action of the sun and air Air is the best
disinfectant we have and plenty of it will help to rob the soil of the
elements poisonous to the fowls Spading will do for a few years but after
awhile it will not be sufficient
3 The removal and casting away of several inches of the soil and re
placing it with fresh earth It would pay a gardener to do this as the soil
removed is rich in fertilizing matter but few have been fortunate enough
to find the gardener do this But even if one has to go to the expense of
the removal it pays better to do it than to have a lot of sick and therefore
unprofitable fowls
4 Temporary relief can be had by sowing the yards with land plaster
This will hold the injurious emanations and keep the air in healthful con
dition
5 The soil can be disinfected by a thorough drenching with sulphate of
copper diluted in water about one pound of the former to a hundred gal
lons of the latter The soil should be thoroughly drenched Of these
methods the simplest is the bestraising a crop upon the yard
JAPAN PLUMS
The Japan plums constitute a race as distinct from our native varieties
as is the Le Conte pear from the Bartlett The trees resemble somewhat
our vigorous varieties of the Chickasaw type but the foliage is larger and
quite distinct Some are hardy as far north as where the wild goose suc
ceeds and for our Southern States they open a new era in plum culture
Nurserymen have fruited many varieties of this type and found a number
of decided value for both market and home use The Botan type belongs
to the hardier group and has given good results in Northern and Western
States Botan Burbank and Ogon are familiar varieties of this type The
Kelsey type is less hardy and is recommended for sections below the thirty
fourth degree of latitude north The Kelsey Satsuma and Masu are fa
miliar varieties of this typeSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJULY 103
ITEMS OF LOCAL INTEREST
Texas is the great sweet potato State of the Union
The holly is easily grown and makes excellent hedges
W P Mossey tells in the Texas Farm and Ranch that potash is the
great remedy for cotton rust
ANSWERS TO INQUIRIES
GIVEN BY THE GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY
SOME NEWS RELATING TO FARMING GARDENING DAIRYING STOCK RAIS
ING ETC WHICH WILL BE INTERESTING TO THE FARMERS
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta July 1 1894
ENGLISH ROTATION
Can you give me some idea of the rotation of crops in England
B H H Butler Ga
Rotation of crops in England varies as in this country and corn as well
as cotton is almost excluded being seldom planted The following is a
popular rotation in that country Turnips or other root crops barley
clover wheat making a four years rotation
A COMPLETE FERTILIZER
What is meant by a complete fertilizer and what does it contain
B E N Dallas
The noted French writer Professor Ville calls a complete manure or
fertilizer one that contains nitrogen potassium phosphorus and lime
Lime as a rule is found in our soils in sufficient quantities so we denomi
nate as a complete fertilizer one that contains phosphoric acid potash and
nitrogen
When lime is used as a fertilizer it supplies one mineral constituted to
plants that is calcium oxide or lime Usually in soils this element exists
in sufficient quantity and the valuable results frequently obtained by the
use of lime are not attributable to the supply of this element itself as a104
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

plant food but to other important purposes which it serves Acids which
sometimes are contained in the soil to an injurious extent are neutralized
by its alkaline properties stiff clays are rendered light and mellow and
it aids also in the decomposition of insoluble in organic compounds as sili
cates and it is in this manner and not directly that potash is supplied by
the use of common lime some of the agricultural limes containing in
themselves a small supjaly of this mineral constituent Sourness is cor
rected by the use of lime in the destruction of the excess of vegetable
matter
Some plants such as peauuts demand an excess of lime or rather lime
much in excess of what is demanded by other plants and in their cultiva
tion it is very valuable as a direct plant food You will note that the ben
efit you will receive from the use of lime will be principally in mechan
ical effects thus aiding in proper distribution of the applied fertilizer
We should judge from your description of the condition of your soil that
it is very much in need of organic matter This is best supplied by the
use of leguminous plants which contributes a direct supplyof nitrogen in
addition to organic matter
STOP PLOWING
When is the proper time to stop plowing corn
G M R Savannah
Corn should not be plowed after the tassel begins to break In a previ
ous number of these reports we have given the root extent of the plant
which is much greater than is commonly supposed In the process of
plowing more or less root pruning consequently ensues The nearer ma
turity and the larger and more vigorous the plant the greater the prun
ing It is therefore necessary when fruiting begins in order to husband
the resources of the plant that the plant should have the full benefit of
every rootlet and that the process of cutting or disturbing them should
cease We should direct our efforts as far as the weather will permit to
having our crops in such condition clean of grass weeds etc that when
the plant arrives at the stage indicated further plowing will be unneces
sary
BEGGAR LICE
I have heard that the weed known as beggar lice or beggar tick will
benefit land also that it is good for forage
H A M Key ton
The plant known as beggar lice botanically belongs to the gums desmo
dium which belongs to the same family as the pea and clover and there
fore is rich in nutritious material Erom those who have tried it the
United States department has received a number of favorable reports both
as to its value as a feed while green and cured for hay and it is also com
mended as building up land While the majority of those who have tried
it testify to its value others have condemned it however without appa
rent reasonSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJULY 105
PEAS
Could I sow peas now with the hope of receiving beneficial resultsthat
is in my corn I J D Woodlawn
In these reports we have endeavored to impress on our farmers the ben
efits to be derived from sowing peas and to induce them to use this plant
to supply organic matter and nitrogen the cotton being the most expen
sive of all the elements of plant food If your corn has not been laid by
by all means at the last plowing sow the middle in peas the improved
mechanical condition of the soil and the addition to the fertility will
amply compensate you for the trouble and expense The farmers land is
his capitalnot the land as a barren waste but in its power to produce by
virtue of its fertility When he adds to its fertility he adds to his capital
or when he permits it to be depleted of the elements to produce he
impairs his capital and while not visible is actually as much poorer as a
merchant who by bad management each year finds himself with a
smaller stock of goods and unable to do as large a business as he did the
year before Therefore we say plant peas in your corn and thus aid in
maintaining your capital
NITROGEN
Do plants get any of their nitrogen from the air H C B Hampden
While the air is composed largely of nitrogen it is the opinion of
chemists that not one atom is directly appropriated No plants appro
priate this free nitrogen except leguminous plants and these plants ac
complish it through muriate bacteria found on the roots that are actual
living organisms An effort is now being made by scientific students of
agriculture to inoculate other plants with these organisms and thus en
deavor to communicate to them the power of appropriating free nitrogen
FOOD FOR STOCK
As food for stock how does wheat straw compare with hay
H L T Bartow county
It will depend of course to some extent on the kind of hay One pound
of common hay in the quantity of nutriment contained is equal to four or
five pounds of wheat straw
DECAYING TREES
How can I save trees that are beginning to decay from knot holes
H A V Cartersville
To save trees that are beginning to decay in the center from knot holes
on the outside an English paper recommends to empty out the water as
far as practicable with a pump and then fill the holes with Portland
cement formed into a running consistency with water For economy two
parts of sharp sand or small gravel may be mixed with one part of cement
which should be quite fresh When the holes are filled with the cement
allow it to set Then smooth over the crown with the same material100
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
rounded to throw off the wet just having it level with the bark around
each wound and over this apply a coat of grafting clay so as to encourage
the growth of the bark which we have known to grow and close over the
cement The thing is to get the water out and keep it out in the future
Clay alone would not do that but rather accelerate the decay by allowing
water to enter
southdowns
I note that you recommend the Southdowns as good mutton sheep for
this section Will you kindly give me some of the reasons why you
recommend this particular breed D A B Hamilton
Mr W W Chapman experienced in sheepraising thus gives some of
the reasons why he prefers this breed of sheep
Because they of all sheep will produce more meat at less cost from a
given area than any other breed of sheep for you can keep thirty of these
Southdowns where only twenty of the larger breeds can be kept on the
same food and area They are small in size but great in value They are
big sheep in little room They are sheep that produce the greatest weight
where the best points are for many of you may not be aware of the fact
that hindquarters of Southdowns are always one to two pounds heavier
than the fore quarters
This is a merit peculiar to them They are producers of fine wool of the
best quality and although the weight of the fleece is not so much as of
some other breeds taken as a whole the figures would show a farmer re
ceived in cash more profit from the produce of fifty Southdowns than from
any other breed if an account of the cost of food and attendance were
properly kept
I prefer them because of their hardiness freedom from disease and their
ability to live and thrive in extremes of heat and cold for they are to be
found all over the world On their native downs they have great extremes
of climate to endure from the heat of summer to the almost Arctic cold of
winter and their fine thick wool and close fleece is most essential to theif
wellbeing with which being impervious to either wet or snow they are
able to put up with the greatest hardships cold and wet without any ill
effects to their bodily health or to the quality of their wool Thus not only
do you by keeping a flock of Southdowns keep a sheep of the most valuable
mutton breed but you keep one whose wool is of the finest and best quality
and is not affected by the weather in the manner it affects other breeds
I prefer them because they will thrive and live as well where other
sheep would almost starve because they are small eaters and rapid fatters
and will come to maturity as early as any other sheep in the world be
cause of their small siz they produce just the joints that make the highest
price in the market
SHADE FOE FARM ANIMALS
The following valuable suggestion as to the benefits to be derived from
shade from one of our exchanges is worthy of consideration SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONJULY
107
The merciful man is merciful to his beast Dont oeglecl during the
months of July and August to provide some shady place to which your
cattle and sheep especially can resort to during the heat of the day
All stock are better for such a place but especially should the ruminant
animals have it provided There after feeding they can retire and chew
the cud in comfort and derive the full benefit of the food If dark as well
as simply shaded overhead they will enjoy greater comfort as the flies
will not trouble them so much An old shed or barn makes an excellent
shelter or if these be not available put up a framework of poles and cover
with brush or weeds or both Such a shelter will well repay the cost of
erection in the increased yield and better condition of the stock
GENERAL REMARKS
GREAT SUFFERING AMONG THE CHOPS DURING THE MONTH OF JUNE
During the month throughout the State there is hardly a section that
has not suffered for the want of rain to such an extent as to materially
damagethe growing crops
The early part of the month brought a drouth or rather a continuation
of the drouth of the previous month until all crops were parched and
withering for the want of rain When the rains came they were local in
character and sufficient water did not fall to give the land the thorough
wetting demanded by vegetation
As a result of the season we regret to say that a reference to the tabu
lated statement shows the present condition and prospect as to both corn
and cotton the most unfavorable that has been presented in the State in a
number of years
COTTON
The reports received for the month have been larger than usual in num
ber For the State they show the condition and prospect as compared
with an average of 77 This is 7 per cent lower than any year for the last
live years and is due in a large measure to the conditions throughout
North and Middle Georgia which sections suffered most from the very cold
weather late in the spring The subsequent seasons have also been unpro
pitious for therecuperation and recovery of the plant from the injury pre
viously suffered In both sections the condition and prospect is lower than
shown by any report for the past decade in Middle Georgia it is 74 per
cent and in North Georgia only 63 per cent
CORN
Unlike cotton corn shows the best condition in North Georgia while
owing to the drouth the crop in the southern sections of the State is very
poor
108
DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABULATED STATEMENT
c

og
B3
PC
B B
a a
oo 6
a
n P
3
3 Q
a
a
ri
p
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
Southeast Georgia
East Georgia
State 77
68
71
83
86
84
ST
70
74
77
SI
a

S
e
o
g
a
p
p tr
rv
a p
3

5
90
71
67

12
85
5
75 80
DESTROYING WEEVILS
Place the seed or grain in a tight bin box barrel or hogshead or if the
room can be closed airtight pile it in a conical heap on the floor For
each 100 pounds of seed allow an ounce of carbon bisulphide Pour this
into a cup and sink the cup to the rim at the top of the heap Now cover
the heap with an old carpet or thick cloth of any kind to keep in the
fumes If the room is not very large and can be made quite tight no cov
ering of the heap will be necessary but onequarter to onehalf more car
bon bisulphide must be used Keep the cloth on or the room closed for
twentyfour hours then expose freely to the air and all traces of the car
bon bisulphide will quickly disappear The edible quality of the grain or
its ability to sprout will be nowise injured by the treatment Carbon
bisulphide readily explodes in presence of tire and no fire or light must
be brought into the room as long as the peculiar odor of the carbon
bisulphide is perceptible
POTATOES IN NORTH CAROLINA
A North Carolinian writing to Country Gentleman says
We all of us adopt the twocrop system Our first crop is marketed in
the great northern cities from June 1st to June 15th and in July we plant
the second crop which matures in October Our second crop has heretofore
been used for seed and home consumption exclusively but this year I
shall be disappointed if we do not meet your northern growers on even
terms in the city markets I Cannot see why it is not entirely feasible or
why with potatoes at SI00 a barrel it will not be vastly more profitable
us than growing corn and cottonSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAUGUST 109
At the Texas station millo maize grows well and resists drouth but is
not considered superior toother sorghums for forage
Japan clover has been successfully grown at the North Carolina station
and is strongly recommended as a renovator of worn soils
Governor Flower of New York is taking a great deal of interest in
good roads and is talking over the subject with New York farmers
There is no known remedy for hog cholera but whatever contributes to
keeping them in healthy condition renders them less liable to its attack
MR NESBtTTS LETTER
the commissioner of agriculture to the georgia farmers
the month op july reviewedwith the effects of a late
spring and the recent drouth to overcome the farmers
have made a splendid showing and crop prospects are bright
beyond the most sanguine expectations
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga August 1 1894
The long deferred rains which came in June and July at first confined
to favored localities finally became general and though in the southern
part of the State the corn was too far advanced to be materially benefited
in the more northern section the marvelous recuperation of the crop is al
most beyond belief In that locality plants which were twisted and almost
lifeless have taken on a new growth and the prospect for a fine yield is
now most encouraging The advanced plantings in the southern part of
tne State suffered in a greater degree because the drouth came just at the
critical period of tasseling and earing and was so long continued that the
stunted ears or rather nubbins were formed before the reviving rains
descended to fill them with plump healthy grains
With cotton exactly the opposite conditions exist In Southern Geor
gia this crop suffered compartively little from the April and May cold
snaps and the drouth of May and June found it in good growing condi
tion which it has been able to maintain even during the dry weather
But in Northern Georgia from frost and continued chilly weather suc
ceeded by parching winds and a drouth in some localities lasting over two
months the prospects seemed almost hopeless In many fields the little
stalks had lost every leaf only the tender buds at the top holding out hope
against an utter destruction of the crop But the life giving moisture has
infused new strength to the drooping plants and fields in which a month
ago one could scarcely detect the presence of any living plant are to day
striped with broad rows of vivid green indicating an almost perfect stand
of healthy vigorous stalks Necessarily the development is somewhat
different from the usual condition at this season but cotton has excep
tional power of recuperation and the abundant rains here literally boomed110
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEEGEORGIA
the crop The main drawback to a full yield is the rapid leaf development
of the talk which is not now taking on fruit to its full capacity
THE CULTIVATION OF COTTON
will perhaps extend beyond the usual period this year on account of the
retarded growth But cultivation encourages greater plant development
and when that is checked the tendency is then to take on more fruit Ordi
narily squares that form after the middle of August have not time to
fully develop before frost comes to check their growth therefore our plan
should be to continue the cultivation up to a reasonable period and then
turn the crop loose to form and mature all the fruit possible in the given
time All work in cultivating after that time is but a waste of energy
For the last working one wide furrow in the middle is all that is necessary
the plow beiug adjusted so as to cut evenly throughout and at a depth of
not more than one inch Deep plowing now is ruinous I have often seen
at this season promising fields in one week after a deep plowing with
most of the bolls and forms on the ground instead of on the stalk
In the southern part of the State this crop is laid by but in the north
ern part there is perhaps some upland and more bottom corn to receive its
last plowing Where possible put in peas at this plowingin the
drill or broadcast according to the number of furrowsand see that
the plow is adjusted so that if possible not one feeding root is
disturbed I have witnessed lately an apt illustration of the disastrous
effect of deep plowing even when only one furrow is put in the middle
This field of corn a very promising one had been entirely plowed out
except a few rows which for some reason the owner had failed to finish
the middles being left unplowed After the rains commenced the grass
and weeds already started in these middles began to grow apace For
several days there was no perceptible difference between the corn in these
rows and that in the rest of the field All was vigorous and to the eye of
the experienced farmer the glassy dark colored blades spoke of future full
ears But a gradual and finally a marked change occurred in the un
worked rows
The weeds by this time rank and hungry were robbing the corn of its
necessary food the corn blades were losing their healthy color and only a
cursory glance was needed to mark the difference between these rows and
the remainder of the field Too late the plow was started
In order to tear up the heavy growth of weeds the plowshare had to go
in deep and what was atone time a promising prospect is almost destrojed
The stalks appeared hard and round the upper blades drooping and the
bottom ones yellow
Had the farmer intended to furnish an illustration of the dire effect of
deep plowing at this season he could not have given a more perfect one
The injured rows just now in the critical stage of earing may make some
thing but the crop materially cut off will never recover its former tone
The rest of the field plowed earlier and before it was necessary to resort toSUGGESTIONS ASD INFORMATIONAUGUST Ill
the heroic treatment is a picture of agricultural beauty the abundant
ears and vivid color attesting its vigorous condition
Perhaps not one Georgia farmer in one hundred has followed the experi
ments in corn culture which are being carefully conducted at our station
running through a series of years Because of this too general indifference
I would call attention to the results and the conclusions reached by these
experiments It is proven by these most careful tests that in comparison
with a general manuring fertilizers put only in the drill for corn does not
pay The increase in the crop does not make an adequate return for the
additional expense involved On the other hand where the corn has fol
lowed crops of small grain and peas on which fertilizer was broadcast the
increase in yield in comparison with the expense is so marked as to leave
no doubt as to its superior advantages and a careful comparison of re
sults shows the more certain profits are to be gained by the latter plan
In another part of the State I have recently seen the same principal illus
trated The land on which this corn is planted is sandy with a yellow clay
subsoil not very far below the surface The owner told me that he excited
the commiseration of his neighbors when he in preparing put his plow
deep into the soil bringing up an occasional modicum of the clay He
broadcast peas of course with manure following this crop with corn
which was highly manured in the drill and when I saw this crop in the
middle of July the rows stood four feet apart the plants three feet in the
drill and a more beautiful prospect I never witnessed By this plan the
yield has heretofore been from thirty to forty bushels to the acre The wo
points to be emphasized are the gain in the narrow rows which saves both
lime and labor and the fact that this plan can only be ventured on when
the preparation and manuring are very thoroughly and carefully executed
As to how late corn should be cultured the season itself must determine
During a drouth the roots run deep in search of moisture During a wet
season the feeding roots literally fill the space between the rows and are
spread out very near the surface The observant man will note these facts
and guide the cultivation accordingly
THE FALL CROP OF IRISH POTATOES
now attracting so much attention not only for home consumption but
as furnishing a superior article for commerce should be planted at once if
not already put in the ground In previous reports full directions for ob
taining a stand for cultivation etc were given At this writing our po
tatoes in the sprouting bed are ready for planting and as only those
which show the tiny sprout are used we have no apprehension as to se
curing a perfect stand
WHEAT
In a recent conversation with an extensive wheat grower I was shown
that the earlier he land is turned the finer the crop Even in July it is not
too early to begin A long experience has proved that land turned in that
month makes better wheat than that turned in August which again yields
more abundantly than that turned iu September and so on112
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
While much of this month and rightly so is given up to social gather
ings and the the interchange of thought and plans so important perhaps
more important to onr calling than to any other there are many neces
sary repairs which should not be neglected This is the month to cut
down the heavy growth of weeds on terraces and ditches and in fence
corners that the maturing seed may not attain the power to add yet more
to the heavy labors of the coming year
Cotton picking will not throughout the State begin in earnest until
next month and there are many odd jobs in the way of repairs which have
ben awaiting this slack season Let us see to it that they are now at
tended to with promptness and dispatch
FODDER PULLING
Until we settle on some forage substitute the laborious and expensive
fodder pulling must continue to take its usual place in the operations of
the farm during the coming month So far there isnothiDg which has super
ceded the bright clean homecured blade as roughage for our farm ani
mals but we pay a high price for every pound and the question for some
cheaper yet equally nutritious substitute should engage our careful study
In doing this we will discover that in older and further advanced agricul
tural communities such an article as our Georgia raised fodder is entirely
unknown and yet the supply of forage is ample and along with other
crops furnish ample home supplies
THE RECENT LABOR TROUBLES
should cause us more than ever to study this question of home supplies
Had the strike been greatly prolonged it is appalliag to think of the
almost universal suffering which would have resulted not only in the
cities but on the farms and these in a God favored country where every
variety of food for man and beast can be produced at a moderate cost It
is true that for the past few years more time and thought have been given
to producing at home the supplier needed by our own people and as a
rule the farmers are in better condition in this respect than since the
war but we should not stop short of complete independence of all outside
markets There are two
LESSONS FROM THE STRIKE
which we as farmers can take to heart and which if heeded will prove
both salutary and profitable One is the imperative necessity of absolutely
abandoning the one crop system of raising within our borders all the sup
plies needed not only on our farms but by our entire home population
We have had a sharp experience and when with bated breath we waited
for tidings from the storm center when in some of our larger cities
scarcely a pound of bacon or a bushel of meal could be purchased we real
ized in its full force the danger of our past policy
The second lesson lies in the fact that while the congested cities were
suffering from the frantic struggles of their unemployed and unfed masses
in the country there was comparative immunity from unusual disturbSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAUGUST
US
anoe The reports of violence and bloodshed and starvation were only
heard as the mutterings of a distant storm which being of short duration
and limitless area in no way affected the even tenor of farm life Had it
continued longer doubtless the farmers depending on the West for corn
and meat would have felt the agitation but even had the labor disturb
ances been lengthened into months the home supply man was fortified
It is true that the farm offers no glittering inducements in the way of for
tune the renumeration for days and months of labor is not large but
the man who will honestly and faithfully perform its duties need never
fear the dire misfortunes which so often threaten the laborers in other
callings To him there is at least escape from the starvation and suffering
of the overcrowded cities R T Nesbitt
FOOD FOR MILCH COWS
DAIRYING AND CHEESE MAKING ATTRACTING ATTENTION
SOME VALUABLE EXPERIMENTSTHE RELATIVE VALUES OF FOODS WITDT
COTTON SEED HULLS AND WITHOUT THEMCOTTON SEED FOOD NOT GOOD
WITHOUT OTHER FOOD MIXEDCOTTON SEED MEAL VALUABLE AND CAN
BE SAFELY FED
The posibilities of Georgia in dairying and cheese making are at the
present time exciting increased interest A dairymans association is now
contemplated and with attention attracted to the subject we hope to see
great development and progress in this agricultural industry Pertinent to
the question are the many inquiries relative to the proper ration for milch
cows To the South this presents its most important feature as to the
extent and proper ration with the use of cotton seed meal and cotton seed
hulls The farmer finds a ready consumption as a fertilizer but if care is
exercised it can be used both as a food and a fertilizerthe dropping losing
but little of the measured value of the food while the milk and food mak
ing properties are utilized
Cotton seed hulls if utilized must find their place as a feed stufffor the
maintenance of stock or the dairy
Careful experiment is the best test as how to utilize these two great pro
ducts of the Southern oil mills and we therefore give a synopsis of the
work of the Tennessee and Georgia stations on the proper and profitable
ration
FROM THE TENNESSEE STATION
SynopsisAn experiment with two lots of six cows each in substitut
ing cotton seed hulls lor a ration of corn silage and hay The trial lasted
three and a half months Thirteen pounds of hulls were found to be114
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
equivalent to a ration of fifteen pounds of silage and six pounds of hay
and to cost about ten per cent less The continued use of cotton seed hulls
and cotton seed meal with no other food was found to be unsafe
An experiment is reported in substituting cotton seed hulls for corn
silage and hay in a ration for milch cows Twelve cows of the station herd
were divided into two lots of six each The trial lasted from December 15
to March 29 At the beginning of the trial lot A was fed thirty pounds of
orn silage six pounds of hay three pounds of cotton seed meal and five
pounds of wheat bran and lot B was fed twentyfive pounds of cotton seed
hulls four pounds of cotton seed meal and four pounds of corn meal
After a few weeks feeding in this way cotton seed hulls were gradually
substituted for the corn silage and hay in the case of lot A and corn silage
and hay were gradually Substituted for the cotton seed hulls in the ration
of lot B
Finally the grain ration was also changed so that lot A received the
ration throughout which lot B had been fed and vice versa In the last
period of twenty days both lots were brought back to a uniform ration of
fifteen pounds of corn silage thirteen pounds of cotton seed hulls three
pounds of cotton seed meal and five pounds of wheat bran Full data for
the experiment are tabulated for each animal Most of the cows ate the
ration of hay and silage more eagerly than the cotton seed hulls
It was found that the ration of cotton seed products fed alone i e cotton
seed hulls and cotton seed meal could not long be safely continued
The result shows that thirteen pounds of cotton seed hulls can be ad
vantageously used to take the place of fifteen pounds of corn silage and six
pounds of hay in making up a ration with three pounds of cotton seed
meal and five pounds of wheat bran while reducing the cost about ten
per cent
We are thoroughly convinced that properly used cotton seed hulls
from sound seed and free of extraneous matter of such quality as those
furnished to us for this series of experiments are a valuable addition to our
list of feed stuffs for milch cows We can recommend as giving satisfactory
results the use of as much as fifteen pounds of cotten seed hulls in the
daily ration per 1000 pounds live weight A larger proportion has with
our cows caused a weakening of the digestive powers evidenced in some
cases by a tendency to diarrhea in others to constipation
Cotton seed meal is the most valuable of all the socalled waste products
used as feed stuffs It can be safely fed for long periods as much as five
pounds per day per 1000 pounds live weight in the ration for milk cows
For butter making it is notadvisable to exceed three pounds daily As the
cow approaches the time for calving the proportion of cotton seed meal
should not exceed three pounds daily
Cotton seed meal and cotton seed hulls should be far more extensively
used as cattle food These products of the cotton fields of the South will
enable the farmers of Tennessee to maintain or to restore the fertility of
their lands at the least cost for manures SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAUGUST 115
FBOM THE GEORGIA STATION
To compare cotton seed hulls ten pounds with sorghum silage thirty
pounds eight cows were fed for a period of eight days on the one ration
and then changed to the other for eight days longer Wheat bran cotton
seed meal timothy hay were fed alike with both rations The two periods
were separated by an intermediate period of one week
The results are not particularly striking chiefly for the reason that the
cows were fairly well sustained by the grain ration of eight pounds of bran
and three pounds of cotton seed meal and two pounds of timothy hay
It indicates however that ten pounds of cotton seed hulls are not equiva
lent to thirty pounds of sorghum silage The cows could not be induced
toeatmore than the ten pounds of hulls
Another trial to compare corn silage with cotton seed hulls each fed
alone was discontinued after eight days on account of the shrinkage in
milk and in live weight of the cows fed on hulls alone The lot fed on
silage neither gained nor lost in weightbut the milk yield shrunk nearly
ten pounds
GENERAL REMARKS
THERE IS A GENERAL IMPROVEMENT IN CROPS THROUGHOUT THE STATE
We are pleased to be able to report a general improvement in all crops
bountiful rains have fallen all over the State resulting in the rapid growth
of all plants
COTTON
The condition of cotton throughout the State has greatly improved but
not in such marked degree as that of other plants for the reason that much
moisture with this crop has a tendency to produce weed without a corre
sponding production of fruit However for the State over the report
for last month an improvement of five per cent is shown
Our farmers are to be congratulated on the abundant yield of this great
crop that is assured Early in the season and even later the severe
drouth apparently would reduce the crop to a very poor average The
rains however with the exception of that part of the State where the
plant advanced to such a degree of maturity as to be beyond recuperation
have so improved the conditions that we are in many sections assured a
very large yield while for the whole State the average is good116
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABULATED STATEMENT
The following tabulated statement presents the condition of the crops as
reported August 1


be



a
2 o O ft O
73ft 0
U73 feo
a 5 c e
aa 92 o e
sg
o2 u o
u 3
O B
o o
Q O
103 82
92 87
80 88
92 96
96 84

State 93 874
STATISTICS
In addition to the usual questions sent out the department sent out the
following
It is the object of the department to compile as accurate statistics as pos
sible in regard to the average yield per acre in cotton corn and other lead
ing crops and therefore we request and would appreciate it if you woud
make your answers as careful as possible We recognize the fact that in
regard to acreage estimates are difficult but hope from the views of all to
obtain approximately correct figures The questions relating to average
yield except when specified apply to the general average or usual crop
and to no particular year
A compilation of the inquiries sent under these heads shows a usual
yield or general average during a series of years for the entire State of 12i
bushels of corn 7f bushels of wheat 14 bushels of oats 8 bushels of rye
sweet potatoes 93J bushels hay 2127 pounds average yield of lint cotton
per acre 183 By sections it is shown by the following table
m

C c

c3 hJ
O a
0Q PU

a O J Is
B u O O J3 2 s O o 03 1
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
Southeast Georgia
East Georgia
17 n 16J 86 2206 100
11 n 16 70 2170 183
10J 7 13 07 48 94 176
13 7 13J 117 1700 178 J
11 13 95 2071 181
ShSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAUGUST
117
A few years ago there arose a class of farmers who were ready to claim
that tillage was manure and for a year or two there was much discussion
of the subject and while the position of these men we speak of was not
maintained much good was done in directing attention in a forcible man
ner to the importance of good tillage Tillage is not manure at any time
nor under any circumstances for it does not furnish anything to the soil
that was not there before but good tillage will make available much
plant food that would have been locked up under other circumstances If
land is not put in good tilth before the seed is planted it is impossible to
get the best results from it Every little lump that is left in the soil is
useless so far as the growing crop is concerned for the plant food in it is
not available Often a very good crop may be grown upon land that is
run down and in bad shape if only perfect tillage is the rule of the hus
bandman The American Farmer and Farm NewsZ
When you sell a cow sell the poorest one you have but dontswear that
she is the best one It is pretty hard to do this but it can be done and
you will not be sorry for it afterwards
Well fed is half bred is a true saying
out of live stock
No man ever starved money
QUESTIONS ANSWERED
INFORMATION DRAWN OUT BY LETTERS OF INQUIRY
the commercial fertilizersit is impossible to indorse any
special article as the beststudy and experiment alone will
reveal what is best suited to each particular casesoil
analysisfood for bone etc
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta August 1 1894
What is the best diet to make large bones in animals and men
S M B Lake Creek
Bone in animals of the brute creation and in man are best developed by
food containing phosphate of lime With men Graham flour and oat
meal is the best diet With horses etc oats Phosphate of lime added
to the water will be found beneficial The water should not be made so
strong of lime as to became injurious
118
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
HOG MANGELICE ON CATTLE
Some hogs dying with red mange It is a difficult disease to mange
Whatis the cause and what is the best remedy What is the surest and
quickest remedy for the black or sometimes called blue lice on cattle
G A R B Sulphur Springs
Red mange is caused by an insect To cure it paint the affected hogs
with a mixture of one part of tar and four parts of sweet oil if you havent
the sweet oil lard can be substituted For lice on cattle dust the animals
with Persian insect powder which you can secure at any drugstore Kero
sene oil will also remove them
SOIL ANALYSIS
I have a piece of bay land that is drained and is rich for some vegetables
and will not bring some others Where can I get it analyzed H J S
We have on several occasions reviewed the practical value of soil analy
sis Such analyses are expensive and from the small quantity of soil
determined and the variable character of the soil in different parts of
the field may lead to erroneous deductions In the case you name if you
will give us the crops that can be successfully grown and those tbat
cannot from the dominants of these plants we think we will be able to
give you a determination as to what is required that will be comparatively
accurate
PASTURAGE
For pasturage for milch cows is it best to mix your seed or sow each sort
separately and what are the best grasses for pasturage
J I O Santa Luca
We would advise a mixture rather than sowing seed separately For
summer pasturage the best grasses are Bermuda and crab grass On up
land Hurds grass and white clover will give a fair summer pasturage Red
clover will furnish a good pasturage in spring and autumn For winter
pasturage mixtures of the following grasses will make a good pasture
meadow Oat grass orchard blue and Terrell grass or wild rye and red
and white clover
FERTILIZER
From general reports what is the best commercial fertilizer to use in our
section J A H Senoia
As we have before stated in these reports empirical rules as to fertiliza
tion are dificult and the farmer shows his skill by his ability by study
and experiment to determine what is best for his particular soil The ave
rage commercial fertilizer is prepared on a basis of 8 per cent phosphoric
acid 2 per cent ammonia and 1 per cent potash As a general plant food
for cotton and corn it has proven efficacious There are however occa
sions and soils that demand a change from this formula such for example
as where cotton is subjected to rust when more potash is demanded The
farmer by varying the formula used on different plots in his field has at
his command an excellent method of determining the needs of his soil and
in what of the principal elements of fertility it is lacking This togetherSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAUGUST
119
with a study of the plant food demanded by various crops will enable him
to fertilize more intelligently and with better results It should be borne
in mind that a large amount of chemical fertilizers cannot be profitably
applied without a sufficient supply of humus or organic matter
WORMS OX MELONS
Wbat can we do to keep worms from injuring musk melons and canta
loupes They eat into them causing the melons to rot Please give us a
remedy or better a preventative if possible A H W Absalom
We know of no absolute remedy for themelon borer Change of ground
will often be found beneficial for the next season and careiu selecting soil
that does not become too moist or rather retain too much moisture
Placing the melons before ripening commences on small chips or blocks
of wood will often prevent the attacks of the worm on the melon so pro
tected
ROOT ROT IN COTTON
We publish in full two letters received from Mr D L F Peacock as
they pertain to a question of vital interest to the South i e root rot in
the cotton plant Until last season little was heard of this disease in
Georgia and its ravages were confined almost entirely to Texas and the
West
Last season inquiries came from Early county on this subject a pub
lished answer to which appeared in the Early County News and in the re
ports of the department This season in addition to the inquiry from Mr
Peacock a number of inquiries from other sections have been received
which in some instances from the meager facts furnished and without the
plant we have been unable to determine On account of the number of
diseases of the cotton plant some confusion may arise and our farmers
fail to correct the easily overcome difficulty such as common rust which
is a physiological condition produced by the want of potash and which is
entirely counteracted by its use
The letters from Mr Peacock are full and complete on the subject as
descriptive of the manner in which the plant is affected
LETTERS FROM MR PEACOCK
I write you to inquire if you know anything about the disease in cotton
we will call it blight as I know of no more appropriate name for it
The leaves of the cotton commence to wither without any apparent
cause and eventually the stalk dries up sometimes a limb at a time only
seems to be affected but whenever a stalk is affected it generally goes all
over it and finally kills it I have examined it closely and can find no in
sect and am at a loss to know what to do for I have a fine patch of cotton
near my horse lot affected in this way It was affected last year and it
broke my stand so badly that I didnt make near the cotton I ought to
have made on that account This year I thought I would prevent it by
using plenty of kainit but find it equally as bad as last year notwthstand
mg I used a good deal more kainit I hear of a great many cotton fields
in this section troubled with it It is not rust for I have had experience
120 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
with that I never saw any cotton affected like this until last year in this
patch I speak of It cant be caused from planting the land repeatedly in
cotton for mine was never in cotton until last year and then this is the
first time I ever saw cotton affected that way
The fertilizer I used this year on this patch was a compost of cotton seed
and lot manure used liberally in the furrow and followed with 200 pounds
per acre of acid and kainit equally mixed
Now please if you can tell me what is the matter with my cotton and
give me a remedy and you will greatly oblige not only me but many of
my neighbors
I was at a friends house recently and he took me out to his field and
showed me how his tine cotton was affected by this disease He called my
attention to a fine stalk of cotton where it seemed the disease had just
struck it for we only found oue leaf affected It was wilted but no doubt
that stalk will go like others around it some all dried up and others par
tiallv probably a limb or two It is certainly a very strange disease
J D L F P
SECOND LBTTEB
Your valued favor of the twentysixth to hand and in reply will say in
regard to the cotton that I find that when the root is affected t com
mences to show signs of decay bout the time the leaves commence to
wilt It is a very strange disease and the strangest thing about it is
that it dont affect the whole plant at the same time Sometimes only
onebalf is affected first and then gradually from day to day it spreads
till the whole stalk is affected Sometimes though the whole top of the
plant is affected and the lower limbs escape and matures its fruit but this
is not common only occasionally so It is still spreading in my patch and
I fear it will do me considerable damage I enclose you the cotton roots
One is from a dead stalk and the other from one that is dying Hope you
will examine them carefully and see if you can discover the cause I think
it comes by insect
The leaves look perfecty healthy up to the time the stalk is stricken by
the disease dont turn yellow or show any symptom of disease at all but as
soon as the leaves commence to wilt if you will pull up the stalk you will
notice by cutting the root that it has a black appearance and I suppose
you might properly call it root rot or stalk rot You will find not only
the root but the stalk affected all the way up I suppose though it must
commence at the root first Yours very truly etc
D L P Peacock
When we replied to Mr Peacock we were of the opinion that the disease
with which his cotton was affected was caused by ozonium a fungus that
produced the disease commonly known as root rot Since then we have
received from the department at Washington a report indicating that the
plants were affected probably by another fungus known as Fusorium
The question is one of much interest to our farmers and we hope in our
next issue to be able to definitely settle the identity of the organism pro
ducing the disease and to give some remedy of palative measure that the
farmer may adoptSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONAUGUST
121
Somebody has said You must feed your farm if you want it to feed
you and this is true If you keep taking off your farm and never put
anything back you are breeding poverty for your children
Hard times are not made any better by brooding over them and whining
about them It is better to smile than to sigh any time Half our evils
are imaginary and most of the other halfpreventable
If you make companions of your children you are laying up a store of
comfort for your old age that will returna very large interest on the in
vestment
The man who works all the week ought not to worry on Sunday
Worry is the hardest kind of work
Your home tells the stranger what you are What kind of a reputation
does it give you
122
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
COMMISSIONERS TALK
mr nesbitts monthly address to the georgia farmers baling
and marketing cottonan important subject dwelt upon at
length by the commissioner 01 agriculturethe tremendous
waste our careless methods entailfertilizers discussed
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta September 1 1894
A subject of vital impoitance to the farmer is the more careful handling
and baling of our cotton for market I have already more than once called
attention to the careless methods of gathering storing ginning baling and
then exposing to all weathers after it is made ready for our home market
It is true that the price is not fixed by the home market that is done in
Liverpool and Manchester but the reckless methods of marketing our cot
ton are so well known that in fixing the price a liberal deduction has al
ways been made not only for bagging and ties but for dirt mixed sample
and water and this heavy per cent amounting to millions of dollars has
come out of the farmers pockets With the first four reductions we are
familiar but we know little of the tremendous waste which our careless
methods entail and what a large influence this has in reducing the price
of our staple Governor Northen who has been investigating the subject
has in the August number of the Southern Cultivator made the following
quotations from some of the consular reports and he says he does not find
a single report which speaks favorably of the condition of American cotton
as compared with that of India and Egypt It is hoped that the attention
of the farmers being once arrested and their energies thoroughly aroused
the result will be the eventual saving of a heavy yearly loss which they can
ill afford to bear and which seems the more unaccountable from the fact
that the large leak could be stopped without one dollar of additional ex
pense
Mr Mason consul at Frankfort says
American cotton is as hitherto the worst packed of all that comes to
this part of Germany It is generally easy to pick out American bales
from any pile of cotton by their torn and bedraggled appearance
The consul at Havre says
Much of the American cottou arrives here in very bad conditionthe
iron bands broken the bagging torn and otherwise mutilated and often
rotten from exposure to the elements1
Mr Munaghan the consul at Chemnitz remarks that the packing of
American raw cotton causes a deal of anxiety and complaint here The
Jute cloth covering is so torn before the bales reach Chemnitz that the cot
ton is exposed to mud water fire and theft Of the original six or eight
iron bands two three four and sometimes more are loose or broken the
cotton bulges out takes up dirt and dust when in a dry place mud in the
docks sea water when in tbe ships rain water when on land or wharves
or in transmission by boat raft or wagon In transport every gust of
wind tears away pieces of valuable commodity The wharves customhouseSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONSEPTEMBER 123
floors and freight cars are usually covered with pieces torn or dropped
from such bales
Mr Crawford consul at St Petersburg says
In this particular American cotton bales are compared very unfavor
ably with the Egyptian which invariably arrive in excellent condition
and perfectly clean The Egyptian bales are only about half the size of the
American and are wrapped in heavy linen covers and securely bound with
iron hoops The number of hoops on a bale of Egyptian cotton is greater
than that on an American bale notwithstanding the differance in size
The Egyptian cotton has equally rough sea voyage and handling as
American
Mr Neal consul at Liverpool says
Cotton is shipped to this district chiefly from the southern ports of the
United States and the bales are very often in a rough condition because
the coarse canvas covers are insufficient in weight and strength to stand
the usage to which the bales are subjected en route Bales of cotton are
patched and mended in Liverpool and sent forward to consumers by rail
or canal The best material for outside covering is heavy strong canvas
and the bales should be bound by ten iron bands instead of by seven as at
present The most important matter that requires the attention of ship
pers in the United States is the manner of loading nonliner steamers at
some of the Southern ports where it is the practice to screw the bales into
the vessels and cut off their ends to make them fit into the hold A great
deal of cotton is lost from the bales owing to the tearing of the canvas in the
process of screwing and as the ship unloads this loose cotton falls about
the hold and the quays and is more or less damaged by being trampled upon
and mixed with the dust and dirt on the floors It is never fit to be put
back into the bales and consequently has to be sold at a greatly depreciated
value Much of it is never recovered at all being swept up with the rub
bish on the quay and disposed of by the ship owners or dock authorities
who are bound to keep the ground clear of such inflammable material
Nearly every vessel from the Southern ports of the United States lands
a quantity of loose cotton equal to from one to eight bales of cotton which
does not include quantities given to make up broken bales
In conclusion the suggestions with reference to cotton are The use
of better canvas and more bands in making up a bale the abolition of
screwing cotton into a vessel the prohibition of cutting ends off bale to
make them fit in the ships hold and the adoption of a uniform size of
bale throughout the Cotton States which would do much to insure better
and more careful stowing on board ship
Elsewhere in this report will be seen an article explaining some points as
to the tare about which most farmers have only a confused idea
I have made these quotations at length to show the unvarying testimony
from every quarter and to emphasize the fact that this tremendous loss
is expected and allowed for when the price of our commodity is fixed and
therefore does not fall on the buyer or shipper but directly on the farmer
The suggestions as to better covering and more bands in making up a bale
as to the abolition of double pressing screwing into the ship cutting off124
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

bale ends to make them fit better into the ships hold and also of adopting
a bale of uniform size throughout the South are valuable to the farmer in
so far as he takes measures to have them carried out Let us begin a more
careful policy at home let us see to it that our cotton is put on the market
in firstclass condition and then if improperly handled the fault will not
rest at our door
FALL WORK
As cotton is at present almost our only money crop its gathering will
necessarily occupy the greater part of our attention until all is safely
housed and made ready for market It is the best policy to gather as fast
as it opens for the combined injurious effects of wind rain trash sand
and dew induced by too long standing in the field cause a poor sample
and though the proportion of such cotton in a bale be small the entire
bale is classed by it and not by the larger amount of good cotton and the
consequence is a falling off o several points in the price of every pound
If from storms delays or any other causes the sample is injured dont
mix this cotton in a bale with good cotton Keep all such cotton separate
and pack it to itself If put in a bale with good cotton it simply reduces
the price of the whole
Another important item is the spreading and drying of the cotton before
it is stored or carried to the gin This is especially important for the earlier
pickings which have more moistureboth in lint and seedthan later
when the plant is entirely matured and the drying and falling of the
foliage leave the bolls exposed to the full action of the sun
Though the saving of the cotton crop is the most absorbing work there
are intervals all during the gathering season when other farm duties can
be safely attended to The thoughtful farmer even during the heavy
pressure of cotton picking will plan ahead and when opportunity offers
make needed repairs on terraces ditches stables fences and houses and
also get his land in shape for the various fall crops To succeed with
GRASSES
the land should be put in as fine tilth and manured as highly as for turnips
In the northern part of the cotton belt September is considered the best
time for sowing further south it is safer to defer this work until October
The fall sown grass stands a much better chance in the struggle for pos
session with the native grasses when the spring comes on because it has
attained svich vigor as to easily hold its own against crab grass and other
annuals that germinate in the spring and the weeds can be kept in check
by successive mowings
In previous reports the proper varieties and mixtures of seed have been
given Bermuda as a summer pasture grass is all that could be desired
but we need a perennial winter grass and according to the best authorities
the Schrader bids fair to take this place This grass should not be con
founded with the Rescue which it somewhat resembles but to which it is
much superior They belong to the same family but the Schrader is a
perennial growing vigorously the Rescue is small and an annualSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONSEPTEMBER
125
George D Tillman of South Carolina who has given the subject of grass
cultivation a great deal of study and experimentation says
Schrader is most likely one of the new grasses that will shortly force
itself upon the attention of the whole agricultural world as neither heat
nor cold affects it injuriously much A number of my correspondents in
the Northwest write that it resists their arctic freezes as heroically as it
does our long parching drouths at the South and I am sure it is well
adapted to the stiff damp rice swamps of our Southern seacoast As re
gards the fertile lowgrounds that are subject to overflow by our up country
water courses Schrader rightly utilized would prove an inestimable
blessing by making such lands the most profitable of any at the South
Schrader will not thrive on sandy soil unless clay be near the surface
as it effects a rather compact gravel or clay although it does remarkably
well on the gray granite land of Edgefield This arises perhaps from the
fact that the grass seems to need a good supply of potash
The grass also does much better on stiff moist land if not too wet
than on dry soil yet it will thrive splendidly on the latter too if it be fer
tile and I never have seen any grass not even the farfamed Kentucky
bluegrass or the worldwide orchard grass that flourishes in the shade of
trees as Shrader does There is no use sowing Schrader on poor soil unless
it be highly manured as the grass yields such a large amount of forage
and seed that it is obliged to rapidly exhaust the laud especially when the
seed matures as they are as large as oats The seed can be harvested
about as easily as oats and nearly every seed will come up when plowed in
like oats Even when not plowed in the seed have an aggressive tendency
to take possession of the land si ill the grass can be as readily extermi
nated as oats wheat or any other small grain During ten years obser
vation I have never noticed any indication of disease and whenever the
ftand becomes thin one has only to let a crop of seed ripen or scatter a
few gathered seed and then plow or rake them in to have a stand again
All kinds of stock relish Schrader as a hungry child does pound cake
and for all purposes of hay pasture or soiling it is superior to any crop
on fertile land that I have seen out of over 200 different kinds of forage
plants grasses clovers melilots medics vetches burnets comfreys etc
with which I have experimented for about thirty years in an earnest
search for the best winter grass for the South
An experimental plat has been given to this grass at our station and
should it prove all that is claimed for it it will become a most important
agent in building up the material prosperity of our State and section
Once its supremacy is established the business of profitable
DAIRY FARMING
for the first time in Georgias agricultural history attracting considerable
attention will be much advanced In the more southern part of this
State where the cattle range at will during the winter months obtaining
a good living from the rich canebrakes and bottom lands the need for sow
ing winter pasture is not realized but in the more northern sections if we
would sustain the cheese factories which we hope soon to see in successful
1126
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICILTTIREGEORGIA
operation and inake our cows yield a profitable return we must plant crops
for them This question has been but little studied but opens a wide field
for judicious investment One sowing of grass if properly managed will
last several years and saves the yearly preparation and seeding of the
grains These grass lots for convenience of grazing and manuring should
be as near the stable yards as possible and should be divided so as to graze
only a part at a time To avoid unnecessary tramping three or four hours
a4ay is sufficient and will give stock all the grazing that they need As
a fertilizer notbing supplies the place of good farmyard manure While
the sowing of grass may be deferred it is important to sow
RYE AND BARLEY
lots at once A rich lot of either is very desirable and a farmer cannot do
better than to secure this valuable addition to his stock yard
FALL OATS
Again I would urge dont be deterred by fear of winter killing from
sowing a good ana in fall oats If they succeed they make at least twice
as much as the spring sown crop are not more liable to winter killing than
the spring oats are to detruction from drouth and if they fail there is an
other chance for a crop as the same land can be reseeded or is in fine con
dition for a different crop
FODDER PULLING
is another work which engages our attention during the latter days of
August and September 1 I have in this connection more than once called
attention to the wasteful practice of leaving the stalks to decay in the
fields as is the common practice with Southern farmers
The following figures from a bulletin of the New Jersey experiment sta
tion show the constituents in
ONE TON OF CORN STALKS
FOOD CONSTITUENTS
Fat17 lbs
Protein60
N fru ex and fibre1076
FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS
Nitrogen157 lbs
Ph acid520
Potash2040
By careful analysis it is shown by Professor Alwood of the Maryland
station that estimating the weight of stalks usually left in the field at
half a ton to the acre which is a fair average we waste by adhering to this
practice on each acre constituents to the value of 400 pounds of corn meal
or 6 bushels of corn and how often do we send to the West for supplies to
make good this loss
Another advantage in utilizing the entire corn product stalk blade and
ear is that we clear our land for succeeding crops for if impossible to con
tinue it in a cultivated crop it is still important to cover it with something
peas clover rye barley grass to prevent the washing and consequent
wasting of the soil It has been proved by high authorities in England
that poor arable land left bare lose3 by washing each year nitrates to theSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONSEPTEMBER 127
value of 224 pounds of sodium nitrate per acre Japan clover offers a
hardy plant which does well on poor land and besides holding and in
creasing the nitrogen will furnish grazing and requires little care or atten
tion
GATHERING THE CORN
will soon demand attention It should be gathered as soon as it can be
safely stored in the crib Every day that it is left in the field after that
time but increases the risk of loss and waste
PEAS AND VINES
should also be gathered and cured In previous reports and in the bulle
tins from our experiment station the directions as to the best time for cut
ting and method of curing and storing have been very full and explicit
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
The use of commercial fertilizers has become almost indispensable to our
farm operations and in the advocacy of the various brands and methods of
preparing much discussion has arisen relative to the merits of high grade
goods reduced by the use of a filler as compared with naturally low
grade goods in which the filler is already present being supplied by
nature As there is some friction and misunderstanding I will in order to
promote a clearer insight into the matter review this question as briefly
as possible and in doing this I will endeavor to carefully consider the
claims of both farmer and manufacturer and I trust will do injustice to
neither class of the large majority of our citizens who are interested the
one in manufacturing the other iu using these goods
The law states clearly that iu each ton of fertilizer that is to each 2000
pounds there shall be at least a total of ten per cent or 200 pounds of the
following elements which are known to be available and valuable
Ammonia available phosphoric acid and potash
The first and most costly ammonia is derived from cotton seed meal
tankage fish scrap dried blood and also from nitrate of soda and sulphate
of ammonia The second phosphoric acid is obtained by treating the
natural phosphates and also bone with sulphuric acid and the third potash
is derived from kainit and from sulphate and muriate of potash Besides
these there is usually in each ton about 200 pounds of moisture and party
pounds of insoluble phosphoric acid which in time becomes available
We have now accounted for 440 pounds of the 2000 pounds composing a
ton but what of the other 1560 pounds
This 1560 pounds is certainly a large bulk of comparatively inert material
if we compare it with the amount of the available constitutents in a ton of
commercial fertilizer But what do we find in a ton of horse or cow
manure or cotton seed meal A ton of horse manure contains only forty
five pounds of the three fertilizing elements a ton of cow manure fiftyfive
pounds a ton of cotton seed meal 2538 pounds a ton of commercial
fertilizer never less than 200 pounds sometimes more In the horse and
eow manure and cotton seed meal there are several hundred pounds of128
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
matter not directly available but valuable as improving the mechanical
condition of the land and this may be said to represent the filler used
in the commercial goods with this difference that the commercial filler
has not as good a mechanical effect on the land though often containing
minor constituents and serving a vehicle to convey the fertilizing material
in the best form for distribution upon the soil
The true value of the fertilizer is in the number of pounds and the char
acter of plant food it contains and as in feeding we can increase or
lessen the value of farmyard manures at greater or less expense so in
commercial fertilizers we can use the cheaper or higher priced goods the
v of each depending on the amount and the proportions it con
tains of the three most valuable elements
In using a ton of rich stable yard manure we know that we get only a
little over onetwentieth of available plant food In a ton of commercial fer
tilizer we get one tenth and upwards of such valuable material When a
filler is used this amount must be guaranteed by the manufacturer and
if on analysis any brand is found to run below the laws requirements its
sale is forbidden If the manufactured furnishes this full amount the
law says nothing on the subject of filler hence the department cannot
prohibit its use when there is nothing in the filler which might in
jure the land or the crops or prevent the plant food in the fertilizer from
being appropriated
It is the utilization of the various forms of fertilizing materials and their
different combinations which create competition and reduce the commer
cial goods to their present price The crude materials vary so greatly in
their price by virtue of their greater or less amount of valuable ingredi
ents that were no fillers allowed there are some goods which would be
virtually excluded from the market because their necessary price would
be considerably beyond that of those made from the lower grade materials
I have often advised that the farmers buy the ingredients and mix at
home thus avoiding the expense incurred by the inert material It is a
satisfaction to know exactly what one is using but accuracy and care are
absolutely essential to obtain the best results
Unless there is some mistake or fraud the Commissioner of Agriculture
has no control over this matter but under the law every power of the de
partment will be used for the full protection of the farmers
It has been the policy of the department to encourage the use of high
grade goods as being actually cheaper when their content of plant food is
considered there being a considerable saving on hauling sacking freight
and other expenses on account of the much smaller weight of such mate
rial for a given number of pounds of plant food It would contribute
greatly to our success if in addition to a study of the most important ele
ments of plant food we also study what might be termed the minor con
stituents or uncomputed elements the various forms in which they are
supplied and their adaptability to plants and soils The difference in the
value of the various forms of fertilizing material is as varied as the pur
poses for which it is required the plant under which it is to be plaeed the
character of the soil and whether rapid or slow action is desiredSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONSEPTEMBER
129
The law of Georgia like that of other States attaches no valuation to
the minor constituents which are yet more or less valuable For instance
acid phosphate in addition to the phosphoric acid recognized and com
puted contains a large per cent of sulphate of lime or gypsum The
gypsum increases in proportion to the phosphoric acid and in the high
grade goods there are fewer of the impurities which in the low grade take
the place of both the sulphate of lime and the phosphoric acid This lime
which is therefore the principal minor constituent of all acid phosphate
has a value on soils as a fertilizer and puts very stiff and very sandy soils
in better mechanical condition
In cottonseed meal the minor constituent of value to the farmer is the
organic matter and we should keep this fact in view in determining the
ends to be obtained
In kainit the substance of value outside of the potash is chloride of
sodium or common salt David Dickson in all his formulas recognized a
specific value to salt as a conservator of moisture and placed from 200 to
300 pounds in every ton of fertilizer
From the foregoing it will be seen what a farreaching and to the pro
gressive farmer absorbing and interesting subject this is The more we
study it the wider the field is opened to our vision and such is the gen
eral interest that I trust a few more years will witness a more enlightened
use of these powerful agents By judicious combination with green manur
ing farmyard manures and rotation of crops commercial fertilizers can
in the hands of the enlightened farmer be made to double and treble the
present productive capacity of his lands R T Nesbitt
Commissioner
COLORADO BEETLE
This year for the first time a small striped beetle was found upon my
potato vines and was very destive Can you tellme a remedy or the
name of this insect
J W L Dallas Ga
Last year for the first time the experiment station of Alabama reported
the appearance of the Colorado potato beetle and this year the Depart
ment of Agriculture has received reports from North Georgia indicating
that this beetle had made its appearance in that section The destructive
character of this insect renders it imperative that measures should be
immediately taken to destroy it
A solution of a tablespoonful of Paris green or London purple to four
gallons of water sprayed or sprinkled over the plant will be found effica
cious
HOG CHOLERA
Is there any certain remedy for hog cholera
G A S
Flowery Branch130
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
The department at Washington has for several years been conducting a
series of investigationsto discover whether by inoculation or othermethod
a perfect remedy for this disease could be found So far their efforts have
proven almost absolutely futile Dr Salmon has found a remedy which
to a certain extent is effective This can be purchased at almost any
drugstore of importance
QUESTIONS ANSWERED
THE COMMISSIONER GIVES INFORMATION ON MANY
SUBJECTS
MUCH ABOUT OUR FERTILIZERS THK VALUE OF FERTILIZERS OUTSIDE
OF THE THREE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF PLANT FOOD DISCUSSED
WARTS ON HORSES ONLY EYESORESTHE TURNING UNDER OF PEA
vines or letting them rot ox top
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta September 1 1894
Can you give me a remedy for removing warts on a horse
W B McD
Gandu
Warts are generally only to be considered as eyesores unless they appear
on certain parts of the horse They are very unsightly and for this rea
son it is often desirable to remove them This may be done by first cutting
oft the rough outer surface so as to make them bleed and then rubbing in
yellow orpiment wetted with a little water Do this with a stiff brush
It will at first create considerable inflammation but in a few days the wart
will drop off leaving a healthy sore which will soon heal It sometimes
happens that the whole wart does not come away with the first applica
tion in which event a second application must be made A common
remedy often effective is to tie the wart with a horse hair which will in
many instances cut through and cause the wart to drop off
GRASS
What kind of grass will come nearest lasting all the year on gray land
A Y H Boling
You will not be able to find a grass that will last all the year You can
get one that will answer for summer pasturage or for winter pasturage but
not for both Bermuda would come nearer answering your purpose though
it is for summer pasture and dies down in the winter For winter pastur
age meadow oat grass orchard and wild rye grass are the bestSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONSEPTEMBER
131
TO TURN PEA VINES
have sown ten acres of bottom land in peas as early as my rye was cut
What will give the best result to enrich the land cut the vines and turn
the roots turn vine and all or leave the vines and let them rot on top of
the ground S M D Johnstown
By turning the entire vines under or allowing them to remain on the
ground better results are obtained than by cutting the vines for hay If
however you are in need of a forage crop would advise you to cut the
vines and turn the stubble under as the value of the hay would more
than compensate for the loss to the land When the whole vine is turned
under it is our practice to turn them just as they come to maturity
In experiments conducted at the State experiment farm no difference
in results were obtained where the vines were turned under and where
they were allowed to remain on the surface until you wished to uss the
land
WHEAT
Please give me a good formula for a fertilizer for wheat
S J L Fairmount
Wheat is a plant requiring a great deal of nitrogen and this should be
the dominant of the fertilizer used unless the land has been sown in clover
or peas If this has been done the fertilizer need not be so high in ammo
nia as this will have been supplied by these plants In the first instance
where the clover and peas have been used the following formula will an
swer
Acid phosphate 670
Nitrate of soda 600
Kainit 730
When the peas or clover have bf en used reduce the nitrate of soda 400
pounds and in its stead put 400 pounds of acid phosphate and while out
side the scope of your question we take this opportunity to call attention to
the necessity of thorough preparation of the soil if a good yield is expected
As we have before stated in these reports it is too often the case that the
grain crops that we sow are regarded entirely as side issues and little
thought or care bestowed upon them This should not be the case with
any crop and especially one of so much value to the farmer
Relative to the use of fertilizers we should say as we have repeatedly
mentioned that for grasses and grain crops there is nothing better than
ground bone This supplies phosphoric acid and ammonia and will be
complete as a fertilizer on much of our land especially our red lands On
lands which evince the fact that they contain but little potash an applica
tion of kainit also will be found advantageous
FERTILIZERS
Outside of the three principal elements of plant food does the ordinary
fertilizer contain any ingredient or material of value to land
C W F Calhoun132
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOROIA
Besides phosphoric acid ammonia and potash which constitute the
three principal elements of plant food the ordinary commmercial fertilizer
contains other material which is not recognized or computed by the law
because it is not to be compared in effectiveness to the three materials
named and because they can be supplied so cheaply How far and to what
extent they are a part of the ordinary commercial fertilizer depends upon
what material the fertilizer is made of These minor constituents in some
instances are of sufficient worth to be considered by the farmer in the pur
chase of his fertilizer
Acid phosphate which is the ordinary material with which phosphoric
acid is supplied in addition to the phosphoric acid contains a large per
cent of phospate of lime which to some land is very beneficial
Kainit the most common material with which potash is supplied con
tains a large per cent of chloride of sodium or common salt This is ef
fective as a conservator of moisture and is recognized for its value to land
Cottonseed meal which is largely used as an ammonate contains a con
siderable quantity of organic matter In fact outside of the three princi
pal elements of plant food which it contains is almost entirely so consti
tuted The farmer in the purchase of bis fertilizers ought to consider out
of what material it is made and whether or not his land demands any of
these minor constituents Of course in fertilization it is more important
to consider the exact demands of the crop under which the fertilizer is
to be used For example in manuring for potatoes it becomes important
to consider in what form potash is supplied as neither muriate of potash or
kainit will give the same result as sulphate of potash The intelligent
farmer will consider the necessity of the plant he wishes to grow the plant
food necessary to its perfection and the cheapest form in which it can
be supplied
OATS
Last year I had a very tine held of oats in which the heads failed to
till out I manufed the patch with droppings from cows fed on cottonseed
meal Can you tell me the cause of this D R U Canton Ga
In the ordinary grain crops such as wheat and oats phosphoric acid is the
principal element of the grain Potash gives strength to the straw while
nitrogen growth to the plant Cottonseed meal is constituted princi
pally of ammonia while in feediog cattle the food properties are taken
upmore of the ammonia is utilized it is therefore apparent that your
oats were abundantly supplied with nitrogen while the constituents that
made up the grain were lacking
CABBAGE
Please tell me what would be a good fertilizer for cabbages Ham
The dominant of the cabbage plant is nitrogen and therefore a highly
nitrogenous manure is required The following formula on the ordinary
lands in Georgia sufficiently supplied with humus would be a proper fer
tilizer to use
Blood 800 pounds
Acid phosphate800 pounds
Sulphate of potash 300 poundsSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONSEPTEMBER
133
GENERAL REMARKS
THE COTTON AND CORN YIELD WILL NOT BE AS GREAT AS WAS ONCE
EXPECTED
We regret to report that since our last issue throughout the State as a
whole the condition of our staple crops have deteriorated rather than im
proved This is due to excessive rain in some sections and in others rather
to overestimates in the last report than to unfavorable conditions since
the estimates at this time being much more accurate on account of the
advanced condition of the crops
This crop shows a falling off since our last issue of nearly 2 per cent
At the beginning of the season the stand and prospect throughout North
Georgia was the poorest reported to the department for a number of years
under favorable seasons Rapid recuperation and development has taken
place and now in this section the crop is in better condition than in any
portion of the State Southwest Georgia on the contrary gave promise
of a good yield early in the season whereas now with the exception of
East Georgia the poorest condition and prospect is reported than in any
other section of the State The falling off through Southern and Middle
Georgia is due to a development of weed under the influence of copious
rains without the plant properly fruiting
In the August report we were gratified to be able to show a magnificent
promise of a large yield of corn and we regret that at this time are not
quite so favorable showing a falling off of about 5 per cent Notwith
standing this the prospect may be regarded as fine especially in North
Georgia which has not fallen off
Our farmers are to be congratulated on this especially in view of the
fact that at one time during the season the crop was very unpromising
OTHER MATTERS
There are other matters to which the present report is related but
which for lack of room are omitted in this report
COMMISSIONERS TALK
We wish to call special attention to the Commissioners talk as it relates
to matters of vital importance to our farmers in regard to the important
subject of fertilization
134
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABULATED STATEMENT
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
Northeast Georgia
East Georgia
State
Corn com Cotton
pare d to cornprd to
average average
04 89
98 87
96 83
1 01 89
98 SO
99 25
85 35SUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONOCTOBER
I J5
MR NESBITTS LETTER
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE TALKS TO FARMERS
CONDITIONS OF GEORGIA CROPSTHE GEOROIA DAIRYMENS CONVENTION
WILL DO MUCH GOODVALUABLE POINTS DISCUSSED IN CONVENTION
THE SOWING OF WHEAT TOUCHED UPONNOWS THE TIME TO DIG
SWEET POTATOESSELECT SEED CORN
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta October 1 1894 j
The meeting at Griffln for the purpose of organizing the Dairymens
Association has set on foot a movement which is attracting a good deal of
attention among farmers and stock breeders and will it is hoped result
not only in the permanent improvement of both our lands and our stock
but will open a new source of revenue and stimulate that diversity of crops
necessary to all successful farmers A good part of our last months talk was
devote to the discussion of commercial fertilizers and while their judicious
use is in their present condition essential to our farms because the elements
taken off in the different crops must be returned unless we would see our
lands become entirely unproductive and unprofitable yet the exclusive use
of the commercial goods is to be deprecated They are expensive and the
history of agriculture shows that where the farmer persists in selling off the
first or raw products of his farm and depends entirely on buying the ele
ments of fertility removed by these crops his business becomes unprofitable
and if the raw product is cotton or tobacco whose clean cultivation leaves
little humus in the soil his lands will at last refuse to respond satisfacto
rily even under the stimulus of high priced commercial fertilizers To
make our business pay it is important that we plant at least a porlion of
our farms in crops which we ourselves can manufacture into higher and
better paying forms In an article in the current number of The Southern
Cultivator I have called attention to a carefully prepared table which shows
that at the same value hay that is 1000 worth of each will remove from
the soil 550 times as much fertility as butter and that while fat cattle re
move more than cheese and butter they do not take off as much as wheat
and the other grains A careful review of this suject furnishes additional
evidence of what has been so often asserted namely that the system which
will pay best is that by which we take off the smallest amount of the ele
ments of fertility and at the same time grow profitable crops In other
words a judicious system of dairy farming will gradually restore even the
most worn soils because by feeding our hogs peas cotonseed meal etc
we can sell meat and milk and at the same time retain in the manure plant136
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
producing elements to the value of twothirds of the food given which
being returned to the soil in the very best form for future crops continues
the manufacturing process But the work must be practically carried on
and not the manure alon but every product of the farmmilk meat
butter cheese must be utilized If in conjunction with this process of
mancfacturiug the raw materials we also plant luguminous crops peas and
clover we can by that intelligent use of commercial fertilizers not only
increase these crops that feed the land and are of high value for feeding
cattle but we come to the point where wc have grasped the secret of suc
cessful and profitable farming We make not only a salable product in
meat and milk but we get materials to build up our lands and make other
and more productive money crops all of which is accomplished by meth
ods less depleting to both land and pocket than the too prevalent plan of
drilling in a little fertilizer to force a crop from the soil leaving it after
each application more exhausted than before
During the convention mentioned above there was elicited much valu
able information relating to dairying and as the generality of farmeis are
practically barred from participating in such meetings I propose to Jay
before them through the medium of the department publications some of
the more important points discussed and their relations to the industry
from which we hope so much for Georgia
First as to the market for dairy products In Atlanta one firm alone
imports duriDg the season about four car loads of cheese and throughout
the State the whole amount imported is at least one hundred times as
much The importation of butter is much greater and all of this can be
made within our own boundaries Second our means for supplying this
market We already know what can be done with butter and it has betn
demonstrated at our experiment station that cheese making in Georgia is
not only practicable but can be made profitable
The stock business is one of the best in which any people can engage
and when it goes hand in hand with profitable dairying there can be no
question of the propriety of the section which is so fortunate as to com
bine the two
In order to realize our advantages for dairy farming let us contrast Geor
gia with Wisconsin for instance whose weekly income from dairy pio
ducts during tbe shippiog season is 1500000 and her annual export to En
gland of the one item of cheese is worth 2000000 Wisconsin is smaller
in area and also in population than Georgia her blizzards are severe and
disastrous and for at least six months in the year all nature is locked in
snow and ice In Georgia we have an equable climate and there is not a
month in the year in which ic would be necessary to keep the cattle
housed We can have green food all the year round and as a summer
pasture the value of our native Bermuda is beyond computation
In Ohio and New Yorktwo States carrying on a profitable dairy busi
nesswindmills are necessary to pump up the water supply which often
fails The hundreds of creeks and small rivers in Georgia furnish a never
failing supply Notwithstanding tbe disadvantages of some winters
blizzards lack of water and in many instances hundreds of miles distantSUGGESTIONS AXD INFORMATIONOCTOBER
137
from seaports the dairy product of these States exceeds in value the lum
ber wheat and iron of the whole country combined
In Georgia we have soil climate grass water and by properly utilizing
these free gift it is possible to bring to our State a trade of from 30000000
to 50000000 annually For unlike Wisconsin which is 1500 miles away
from a seaport we have our own portsSavannah and Brunswickright
at our doors
SOWING WHEAT
Besides the gathering of the crops the sowing of wheat is work now
calling for attention A good rule as to time of sowing is to regulate this
so as to have the crop come up about the time of the first killing frost
This will prevent the ravages of the fly ofteu so destructive and the
wheat takes better root and grows oft more vigorously than in warm
weather The best situations for this crop are on the high knolls with a
northern exposure and the quality of the land should be heavy close and
rich Where these are not natural conditions we should always imitate
them as closely as possible by artificial means The plant does not like a
loose open soil therefore after breaking which should be very thoroughly
done by cross plowing if needed bring the roller and harrow into use
and after the surface has been brought to the finest tilth sow the seed
which must previously be soaked in bluestone covering about two inches
Harrow then finish with a heavy rolling in order to compact the soil and
bring up the seed evenly and uniformly It should have been emphasized
that wheat exacts larger supplies of rich food which must be made en
tirely available It demands nitrogen especially and also requires a full
proportion of phosphoric acid and potash
As a previous crop peavines or clover are best but if turned under should
have sufficient time to thoroughly decompose and will supply in great
part the most costly element nitrogen Whatever commercial fertilizer
is used should be applied at the time the seed is sown and should be har
rowed in with the seed While these conditions would indicate that wheat
is an expensive crop it is yet good policy to plant enough for home use
The bran and shorts being fed to stock are returned to the land and the
straw is used for forage and bedding As the bran and shorts contain
the principal constituents which the grain takes from the soil it follows
that if these are properly fed and applied and the straw also that the
cost of the crop is much reduced The red seed of Mediterranean origin
are better suited than the white varieties
SWEET POTATOES
Towards the last of the month select a dry spell and dig the sweet pota
toes If the vines have been previously pastured off the ground has a
better opportunity to dry off and it will be found that the potatoes are
also dryer two most favorable conditions for saving the crop successfully
Separate those which are cut or bruised from the sound ones This can
not be too carefully attended to handle carefully and dry as far as possi
ble before banking The methods for banking have been very fully
discussed in previous reports
138
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOROIA
GROUND PEAS
At least a sufficient quantity for seed should be dug before the frost
loosens the roots from the vines Before the frost kills the vines it is
comparatively easy with a fork to loosen and lift the nuts and vines to
gether Lay them in rows vines at the bottom nuts on top Allow
them to cure and it will be a much easier matter to gather the nuts and
the vines are good forage This is a crop which pays well if only to
feed to the porkers intended for killing this winter
SELECT THE SEED COKN
Now is the time to select your seed corn for the coming year before the
crop is gathered picking out the bestdeveloped stalks having the largest and
most perfect ears Gather and see that it is well dried and stored where
it will be free from injury This is a good rule to apply to all seed in
tended for planting another crop Select the best and take care that they
are well protected until needed at planting time In cotton the largest
and earliest matured bolls should be selected from the best developed
stocky plants
TERRACING
To what better use could we put any spare time of this season than in
laying plans to prevent the washing away of our soils We know the im
portance of this quetion and there are many days too wet to pick cotton
which furnishes us the very opportunity that we need Let us study the best
methods of ditching and terracing and combining these with our experi
ence let us perfect our plans and having carefully laid the foundation
let us steadily carry them out This work cannot be done hurriedly or
imperfectly and should be set on foot at once It is too late when the
big rainfalls begin to come The terraces should be settled and compacted
before these heavy spring rains A good plan is to sow them in rye or
wheat as soon as they are made
FALL OATS
It is not yet too late to sow a crop of fall oats Let me again urge its im
portance It is encouraging to note that Georgias barns are full to over
flowing that we have enough and to spare to our less fortunate Western
brothers but let us not pause in the reform which we have so successfully
commenced Let us put in a full crop of fall oats and make assurance
doubly sure R T Nesbitt Commissioner
PEA VINES AND lEA STUBBLE
About what difference does it make in the improvement of the land be
tween plowing peavines under and cutting them off for hay and plowing
under the stubble H O Y Bremen
A recent experiment at the experiment station of Arkansas gave a yield
of 1409 pounds of seed cotton where the peas were picked and the vines
turned under 1294 where the vines were cut for hay and the stubbleSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONOCTOBER
139
turned under A plat of the same laud upon which no peas were planted
gave a yield of 1008 paunds of seed cotton It is evident from these yields
that the land was comparatively well supplied with organic matter and
in our opinion on poorer land the dirierence at least in percentage of in
crease would be greater from the use of the entire vine
GENERAL REMARKS
THE BOLE
WORM IS DAMAGING THE COTTON
VERY GREAT EXTENT
CROP TO A
The last month has brought but little change in the crop conditions
throughout the State Considered as a whole the weather has been rather
unfavorable than favorable and both corn and cotton have suffered to some
extent
COTTON
The receipts of cotton at the interior towns verify the reports of the de
partment that in many localities the crop is from ten to fifteen days late
The continued rains in Xorth Georgia have added to the development of
weed at the expense of the maturing of the crop rendering it liable to
greater damage from early frost
In special localities great damage is reported from boll worms indeed we
are not aware of any occasion or year in which the crop has been injured
to such an extent by this pest The ravages of the worm are reported as
amounting to a disaster in Jasper county and the injury by them as un
paralleled iu Oconee and Oglethorpe counties
It is with regret that we note the falling price of our staple crop and that
it now commands a price far below remunerative figures at which it can
be produced The Commissioner in a recent monthly talk called special
attention to the effect that proper handling of the crop would have on the
price it would command in the mwket We would emphasize this and
urge our farmers to exercise care in gathering and handling the crop In
the event a farmer should consider it desirable to hold his crop or any
part of it let him see to it that it is properly protected from the weather
and that no deterioration in grade takes place by neglectful exposure on his
part The lessons we should learn from the present ruinous prices are se
verely taught but let us as far as possible profit by them and improve tbfe
condition and capacity of our land diversify our crops and render our
selves independent and our farms selfsustaining It may not be amiss to
call attention to another matter in this connection which has been often
touched upon in the publications of the department and that is the atten
tion we should pay to the marketing of any side crop of which we may
have a surplus The fact that our money crop has always found ready bid
ders for cash in city and village has led to carelessness in the disposition of140
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
the smaller products of the farm and many dollars have been lost by in
difference in this matter It behooves us to husband every resource In
response to our inquiry the method of saving sweet potatoes adopted by a
tlirifty farmer which has pioven profitable to him will be found in the in
quiry column of this report The profit to the farmer results from the
difference in price between a glutted market and a market in which a food
product is scarce and the demand steady Georgia is among the three first
States in the production of sweet potatoes and by exercising the same
pains taking the care adopted by the farmer we have mentioned the crop
could be made the source of much greater profit
We note no substantial change in the corn crop since our report for
August With the failure of the crops in the West we are to be congratu
lated on the prospective yield in Georgia
Why is it that in the usual commercial fertilizer so much less potash is
put than phosphoric acid W A T Columbus
Asarule the lands of America contain much more potash that is aavail
able for plant food than they do of phosphoric acid They also in many
cases contain gravel which by gradual disintegration is constantly con
tributing to the potash supply of the toil As to the amount of the two
elements demand it will depend entirely upon the character of the crop
Another reason presents itself in that the portion of the plant into which
thephosporic acid enters is usually consumed and not returned to the soil
while that into which potash enters in the hands of the careful farmer finds
its way bick to the field For example phosphoric acid is the chief por
tion of wheat grain which is entirely removed from the soil while the pot
ash enters principally into the straw which is in part left on land or fed to
stock and returned in the form of manure fn animal consumption of
grain into which both elements enter more of the phosporic acid is taken
up by the body than the potash Hence it is easily seen that where a
proper system of agriculture prevails that more of the potash is returned to
the soil in the form of manure
CUT HAY
In feeding hay to horses do you consider it best to feed the hay whole or
cut F A P Waynesboro
It is much better to feed your horses cut hay than whole hay Two
horses subjected to the same amount of work and one fed on cut hay and
the other on whole hay will show the former in a short time in much bet
ter condition than the latter In the East and West it is the usual custom
to run hay through a cutter before feeding and as the condition and work
ing capacity of our stock is essential to prosperity it would be well for us
to profit by this exampleSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONOCTOBER
111
INQUIRIES ANSWERED
VALUABLE INFORMATION UPON THE FARMING SUBJECT
FERTILIZERS RECEIVE ATTENTIONWHERE TO GET YOUR SEED COTTON
SUGGESTIONS IN REGARD TO BURR CLOVERBEST WAY TO FEED CORN
MEAL BRAN TO HOGS THE DEPTH TO APPLY COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
ON LANDS
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta October 1 1894 j
I desire to manure my orchard with farmyard manure What is the
proper time Y A T Macon
Farmyard manure is apt to create too vigorous a growth at the expense
of your fruit If used it should be distributed in the fall so that the growth
that takes place will be in the spring and not in the summer months
BOLL WORM
We hae been very much annoyed and great damage has been done in
this section of the State by the boll worm Is there any remedy
J A H Monticello
As the depredations of the boll worm are within the boll it is very diffi
cult to reach them and nearly all remedies have proven of but little effect
The usual methods of contending with the common cotton worm or cater
pillar have been found to some extent palliative such as the use of ar
senical poisons and the mothtrap lamp
As a preventive where land freezes to a considerable depth during the
winter fall plowing will be found very beneficial A rotation of crops
where the small grains can be used is also beneficial It must be remem
bered that the corn worm and the boll worm are the same
BARLEY
What sort of a crop for pasturage does barley make
B H J Monticello
It has been said that one acre of barley will furnish more grazing than
one acre each of wheat oats and rye combined It makes an excellent
pasturage and can be grazed in fall and winter and then give a good yield
of grain In California it is the great animal food crop and all stock thrive
upon it It should be planted in very rich soil and it will be found useless
to sow in any other It should also be sown in soil well prepared
As to cultivation it is sown broadcast and hence requires no hoeing
and can be harvested with a mower142
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SPREADING MANURE
Would you advise spreading manure on land in fall and winter as hauled
from the stable or covering the heap and spreading in the spring
L C A Flutouia
Like a great many questions of agriculture this question shows the ne
cessity of close study on the part of the farmer The method best adapt td
to some soils and purposes is not best for other soils and other purposes It
is an admitted fact that barnyard manure in an open lot will in a few
months lose much of its valuable salts leaving little of value except the
straw and undecomposed organic matter This los takes place principally
by leaching though a portion of the volitile matter is evaporated by the
wind and sun It is evident therefore that the sooner the manure is
placed on the land the better in many cases as nothing is lo9t by leach
ing all there is of value being carried into the soil Here it is however
that the farmer can exercise his judgment as to the retentive powers and
character of his soil it being much better to apply early on the retentive
soils we have mentioned as they will hold the matter of value much better
than the compost heap These soils are clay soils which are so tenacious
of ammonia and other salts that fresh manure spread on them would lose
little except carbonic acid gas and water On the other hand early appli
cations would not be proper on silicious soils as the very soluble salts would
be leached by the rains through the soils to a depth to which the rootlets
of the crop would not reach In such cases a carefully managed compost
heap with a late application would afford more plant food than when ap
plied on being hauled from the stable
We take this occasion to call attention to the necessity of saving stable
manure and studying its proper application if we desire to succeed In
England the laud is continually enriched by feeding animals on oil cake
rich in nitrogenous matter thus utilizing the fat properties of the cake as
animal food and at the same time losing little by careful saving of its fer
tilizing properties
The farmer should also bear in mind that the urine of the animals con
tains more of the elements of plant food than the droppings aud in the
stable an absorbent should be provided that it may be properly saved
FERTILIZER
What do you consider the proper depth to apply commercial fertilizers
that is a complete fertilizer
A large number of experiments have been conducted on this subject
and it is now usually said that phosphoric acid ammonia and potash would
best serve the plant if applied at varying depths depending somewhat on
the substance from which they were derived Such applications however
would not compensate for the time and labor expended in making separate
applications The complete fertilizer should be applied at a depth of from
two to three inches and well mixed with the soil
COWPEAS TURNED UNDER
I notice that in yourreports you strongly advocate the sowingof cow peasSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONOCTOBER
L43
to supply nitrogen About how much cotton seed meal would an ordinary
crop be equal to
An ordinary crop turned under would be equal to from 800 to 900 pounds
of cottonseed meal It must be remembered also that in addition to the
supply of nitrogen a large quantity of humus is contributed greatly bene
fiting the mechanical condition of the soil and rendering it susceptible to
higher fertilization
SMUT IN WHEAT
Please give me a remedy that will prevent smut in wheat
L M IX Tilton
Soak the seed in a solution made by dissaving one pound of commercial
copper sulphate bluestone in twentyfour gallons of water for twelve hours
after which place the seed for five or ten minutes ino lime water made by
slacking one pound of good lime in ten gallons of water The Jansen or
hot water treatment is very effective In using this treatment immerse
the seed in water at 142 degrees F for five minutes afterward in water at
132 degrees F for ten minutes See that every grain is thoroughly wilted
Do not cool with cold water but spread out to dry The same treatment
will answer for oats
ELEMENTS FROM ATMOSPHERE
What part of plants is obtained from the atmosphere
K T T Hamilton
Carbon which constitutes a large portion of all plants is obtained from
the atmosphere where it exists in the form of carbonic acid gas The oxy
gen and hydrogeo of plants come from the water and nitrogen from some
compound containing nitrogen principally ammonia
ORGANIC MATTER
Of what is decomposed organic matter chiefly composed and in what
way does it benefit land H A M Lithonia
Decomposed organic matter is chiefly composed of carbon The bene
ficial effects of carbon do not depend on the fact that it enters into the
composition of plants but has beeo thus succinctly expressed
1 It makes the soil more retentive of manures
2 It causes it to appropriate larger quantities of the fertilizing gases of
the atmosphere
3 It gives a greater power to absorb moisture
4 It renders it warmer
LITTER
What will make a good litter for the stable J A M Perry Ga
The question of what is best as a litter to place under animals in the sta
ble involves what will form a soft and healthy bed to the animals and also
what will serve best as an absorbent The latter is very important as it
relates to saviug the most valuable portions of the manure The absorb
ent powers of various material has been elaborately considered by Munitz
and Girard with numerous prepared tables It is seen from these tables144
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
if with the straw of the litter peaty or humus earth is mixed it would
gre itly reduce the loss of ammonia produced by the fermentation of the ex
crement With us rich earth is the easiest obtainable and if constituting
a portion of the litter with wheatstraw would increase the absorbent pow
ers of the litter more tbaa four times Where spent tan bark can be had it
forms an excellent absorbent
SEED COTTON
I see you call attention to the care which the farmer should ex
ercise in selecting his seed I would like to know if there is any difference
in cotton as to the portion or part of the plant from which the seed are
takenthat is will seed from the top of the plant or from the bottom give
the best yield A D P Emmerson
It is far better to plant seed from the bottom bolls I ban from the top
bolls Not only will you secure a better yield but your crop will be much
earlier Seed from the bottom bolls which are generally the be3t bolls on
the stalk are also surer to germinate A careful experiment conducted on
this line gave from the bottom bolls a yield of 1043 pounds of seed cotton
per acre and from the top bolls 750 Such a radical difference as this is
worth the care and attention of every farmer and individual experiments
should be made on this line
NoteWhile not embraced in the inquiry we call attention to the fact
that seed saved from the middle of the watermelon will give better results
than from the ends At the Alabama college station seed from the end
gave per acre 435 merchantable melons per acre while those from the mid
dle produced 507 per acre weighing over two tons more than thoe from
the ends
JiURR CLOVER
Please give me some information in regard to Burr clover when the
proper time to sow etc S I T Buford
Burr clover is a native of the Mediterranean region It was introduced
into the South by the late Bishop George F Pierce on his farm in Hancock
county in 1867 In the far West it is highly regarded Stock do not relish
it at first and with them it is an acquired taste It is an annual but if not
pastured too late will reseed itself It is a good renovator to sow Prepare
as for common clover and sow early in the autumn As a pasture it will
not answer for sheep on account of the burrs
RED TOP
Can I sow red top in October Will it grow on land too wet for corn
How much should I sow to the acre J L Calhoun
You can sow red top this month or in February and March It will
thrive on very wet land that would not answer for corn Sow two bushels
to the acreSUGGESTIONS AND INFORMATIONOCTOBER
TO KEEP PEAS
Do peas keep better to leave them in the hull or to clean them
H A B Adairsville
It is better to leave the peas in the hulls until you need them as they
keep better in that form
Would marble dust be beneficial to land
P M Ball Ground
Practically your question is whether it would pay to apply marble dust
to land as a fenilizer as there are many substances that under peculiar
conditions might be beneficial as they enter into vegetation but which
under ordinary conditions would not pay to apply The lands of Georgia
contain as a rule a sufficient supply of lime to enter into the composition
of plants so agriculturally it is not applied for that purpose but for other
purposes such as to correct acidity hasten the decomposition of organic
matter cause disintegration of the mineral substances of the soil and
prepare the constituents of the soil for assimilation by plants For these
purposes calcium carbonate which is the form in which lime is present in
marble dust is virtually useless being a very valuable form of lime and
the dust blow is disintegrating
Again when lime is demanded by a crop it can be supplied so cheaply in
litter and available forms such as gypsum or the soft limestone that it
would be needless to undertake to fertilize with marble dust
SALT
I see that you allude to the use of common salt by David Dicks on in the
preparation of fertilizers Does salt act as a direct fertilizer or are its bene
fits indirect B A B Hancock
By experiment it has been demonstrated that sodium compounds com
mon salt being chloride of sodium are not essential to the life of agricul
tural plants Notwithstanding this it is evident that common salt by a
roundabout way is at times beneficial An emicent writer on agricultural
chemistry has thus explained it
It eniiches the decomposition of substances already present in the soil
and sets free from them some things which are needed by plants It is
somewhat with salt as it is with gypsum except that while gypsum pushes
out potash with especial ease as well as magnesia and ammonia from the
hydrous double silicates Common salt displaces lime first of all then
magnesia and potash as well as some phosphoric acid only to a subor
dinate extent The discovery however even of this much viz That
salt acts indirectly to dissolve matters that are already in the soil and has
served to clear up one of the most obscure points in the chemistry of
agriculture
It can also be said that salt conserves moisture and in that manner
may be beneficial to land146
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
GRASS SEKD PER ACRE
In reply to a number of questions as to how much of various grass seeds
to sow per acre for convenient reference we give the following table
Lb3 seed No seed
sown pr per sq
Name acre foot
Timothy 15 490
Red top 30 2850
Orchard grass 35 370
Kentucky blue grass 40 2000
Meadow foxtail 40 915
Tall meadow oat grass 40 140
Meadow fescue 30 190
8heeps fescue 30 540
Sweet vernal grass 30 440
Perennial rye grass 60 335
Italian rye grass 60 380
Medium red clover 10 85
Mammoth red clover 10 75
Alsike clover 10 150
White clover 10 200
Alfalfa 10 56
SWEET POTATOES
Can you give me a good method of stowing sweet potatoes
B H L Herudon
A farmer who has made his sweet potato crop a source of profit by
reason of the prices he has been able to obtain in the market when from
scarcity the demand was great has successfully adopted the following
method In a well covered barn erect a double walled bin having the
two walls made of plank about 12 to J8 inches apart Two sides of the
barn can be made to answer for a portion of the bin Fill between the
double sides or walls of the bin with dry sand
In gathering your potatoes exercise the care to which the Commissioner
has called attention in his monthly talk and place the potatoes carefully
in the bin exercising care that no bruised or cut ones are put in
When the weather becomes so cold that there is danger from freezing
take out the potatoes and cull them removing any that indicate a tend
ency to decay replace the sound ones in layers but filling the spaces
with dry sand From the culling many potatoes fit for market can be
found
This requires considerable care but it will compensate any farmer and
permit him to place his potatoes on the market when there is a good profit
in the price they will bringBULLETIN NO 29 THIRD SERIES
SEASON 489394
commercial Fertilizers
AND
CHEMICALS
Inspected Analyzed and Admitted for Sale in the State of Georgia
up to June 20 1894
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Hon R T NESBITT
Commissioner of Agriculture
of the State of Georgia
Dr GEORGE F PAYNE State Chemist
ATLANTA GA
Geo W Harrison State Printer
The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co
1814VALUATIONS
For Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash for Season of 18939
Available phosphoric acid 4 cents a pound
Ammonia or its equivalent in nitrogen 13 cents a pound
Potash 4 cents a pound
If calculated by units
Available phosphoric acid 80 cents per unit
Ammonia or its equivalent in nitrogen 2 60 cents per unit
Potash 80 cents per unit
The relative commercial value which is given each fertilizer is calculated
from the above figures with an addition to each of 260 per ton to cover
inspection sacks mixing and handling
To calculate the commercial value of a ton of a given fertilizer bear in
mind that a ton weighs 2000 pounds and one per cent of this is twenty
pounds If a goods contain one per cent of available phosphoric acid this
will be twenty pounds of available phosphoric acid in a ton Twenty
pounds of available phosphoric acid at four cents a pound will be eighty
cents for each per cent contained in a ton or eighty cents per unit as it is
generally designated Ammonia being thirteen cents a pound each one
per cent or twenty pounds in a ton will be worth 260 As potash is the
same value as available phosphoric acid each per cent in a ton will be
worth eighty cents
To illustrate this take a sample containing
Available phosphoric acid1010 multiply by 80 8 08
Ammonia 260 multiply by 260 6 76
Potash 110 multiply by 80 88
Inspection sacks mixing and handling 2 60
Relative commercial value18 32
These valuations were obtained by the most careful investigation and
fairly represented the wholesale cash value on the first of January 1894
of fertilizers in Georgia in those cities where the goods enter the State or
where they are manufactured A great majority of the number of manu
facturers whose prices were used as a basis for these valuations offer their
goods at Savannah for cash at figures which correspond with these values
Any one buying at a distince from Savannah should add the freight to that
point to obtain its local wholesale cash value This subtracted from the
price charged for the goods will give one a fair idea of what is charged as
profit Goods are sold very close for cash but when sold on time dealers
are compelled to charge full price to cover interest cost of collection and
bad debts
It is impossible to fix exact values for an entire season upon mercantile
goods subject to the fluctuations of the market hence these values while
considered fairly approximate are to be regarded rather as comparative
and not absolute
150 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
A SUGGESTION TO WATERMELON GROWERS
AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BY DR GEORGE F PAYNE AT THE MEET
ING OP THE GEORGIA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY AT BKUNS
WICK GA ON FEBRUARY 1894

Mr President and Gentlemen of the Georgia State Agricultural Society
Last summer our attention was called to a statement which appears to
be pretty well acknowledged as a fact that watermelons cannot be success
fully grown a second or third season on the same land even with the use
of fertilizers A belief is entertained by several growers with whom the
matter was discussed that if the vines of watermelons were not allowed
to wither and decay in the field a good crop could easily be raised the
second season but even if the drainage water from such fields of decaying
vines and melons runs over land as yet unplanted in watermelons the
land so impregnated will fail to produce a crop if planted in melons the
succeeding year There are parties however who raise successive crops of
watermelons on the same land season after season with very small amounts
of fertilizers
Thinking it might possibly be a deficiency in some particular fertilizing
material which was quickly exhausted from most soils a watermelon was
reduced to ashes to find out how much available mineral matter is removed
from the soil by a fair crop
Burning a large watermelon to ashes would not be an easy job under
any circumstances but when it must be done in a dish holding only a
small cupfuland not a drop of juice not a single seed nor a piece of
rind must be lost and not a particle of foreign matter must get into the
ashes from any sourceit becomes indeed quite an arduous matter A
fine handsome luscious watermelon is a very tempting article when
sliced wide open on a hot day in Julv but not a particle of it was tasted
The juice was evaporated to a syrup the syrup evaporated to dryness and
the residue burnt to ashes The rinds were heated until thoroughly dry
when they would take fire and burn like so much wood The juice pulp
rind and seeds were finally reduced to ashes and the ashes thoroughly
mixed
The melon selected weighed twentyfive and onefourth pounds and was
a handsome fellow of the Augusta or Kattlesnake variety It was sold as
having been raised within ten miles of Atlanta The ashes obtained from
this large melon would not make more than two heaping tablespoon fuls
They weighed a little less than two ounces Over twentyfive pounds or
the bulk of the watermelon consisted of the materials extracted from the
air and soil water It is not necessary to reproduce the many figures and
calculations of the analysis Only the lesson they teach will be briefly
stated and for compjrison will be given the amounts of phosphoric acid
and potash taken from the soil by average crops of cotton and corn A
common yield of an acre in cotton is 200 pounds of lint cotton and 400ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER189394 151
pounds of seed or 600 pounds of seed cotton fifteen bushels of corn per
acre is a frequent crop and that of watermelons about half a carload
Upon such crops a9 a basis are the following figures calculated Suppos
ing that the cotton cotton seed corn and melons only are removed from
the field and that thetemaining part of the plants are plowed under 200
pounds of lint cotton and 400 pounds of seed carry away from an acre of
land four and onefourth pounds of phosphoric acid fifteen bushels of
corn carry away from an acre of land six pounds of phosphoric acid and
half a carload of watermelons carry away from an acre of land three and
ihreefourths pounds of phosphoric acid This shows that the watermelon
crop does not take away from the soil scarcely as much phosphoric acid as
either the cotton or the corn
Two hundred pouuds of lint cotton and four hundred pounds of seed
carry away from an acre of land six pounds of potash
Fifteen bushels of corn carry away from an acre of land three and one
half pounds of potash
Half a carload of watermelons carry away from an acre of land seven
teen and threefourths pounds of potash
This is an immense quantity of potash removed by the watermelons as
much removed from the soil as would be carried away by three crops of
cotton and cottonseed or five crops of corn If the cottonseed were re
turned to the soil and only the lint sold over thirteen crops of lint cotton
would be required to remove as much potash from the soil as the one crop
of melons
The nitrogen or ammonia removed from the soil by the melon crop is
not as large as might be inferred the juice only containing about one fif
tieth of one per cent the pulp about sevenfiftieths of one per cent the
rind about twelvefiftieths of one per cent and the seed about one and
onefourth per cent of nitrogen The juice constitutes about onehalf of
the melon and the seeds are a very small proportion
A crop of cotton and cottonseed may remove twentynine pounds of
nitrogen from an acre
A crop of corn may remove about fourteen pounds and a half carload
of melons about as much as the corn
The great demand then upon the laud is for potash Some soils natu
rally contain much potash Clay soils being formed by the decomposition
of feldspar or granite contain more or less potash those clays being richest
in available potash which have not been too thoroughly leached Sandy
soils are not rich in potash and when it is applied to them it is readily
leached out by the rains The soils of the upper half of the State should
as a rule contain more potash than those of the lower half as the clays of
the latter portion have been subjected to more washing and transportation
and hence leaching
A common amount of fertilizer used to an acre of ground in Georgia
is two hundred pounds Fertilizers average ten per cent of available
phosphoric acid and two per cent of potash so this would be an applica
tion of twenty pounds of available phosphoric acid and four pounds of
potash or in other words over four times as muchphosphoric acid is put
back as the watermelon takes off yet it would take over four years of such152
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

lertilizatioii to put back the potash taken away by the one single crop of
melons No wonder melons do not do well thus starved to death
As potash and available phosphoric acid cost about the same chemi
cal manuring can be done much more advantageously and fully as cheaply
by using more potash and less phosphoric acid rJhe potash should be
uied in the form of sulphate of potash and not as chloride or muriate of
potash as the watermelon prefers the former as there was only a minute
amount of chlorides found in the watermelon upon analysis but a consid
erable quantity of sulphates
The following is suggested as a formula for a watermelon fetilizer
which will furnish a liberal amount of potash and other fertilizing mate
rial per acre
Acid phosphate100 pounds
Sulphate of potash 60 pounds
Dried blood35 p0Unds
Of course a much larger quantity can be used per acre if the land is well
prepared and a large crop is desired
M Georges Ville the eminent agricultural chemist of France states as
a general proposition Return to the soil by the aid of manure more calcic
phosphate potash and lime than the crops have taken out of it restore to
the soil about fifty per cent of the nitrogen of the crops
The acid phosphate in the above formula furnishes ample calcic phos
phate and lime
Cottonseed meal cah be used in the above formula in the place blood
If this is done the quantity should be doubled as cottonseed meal con
tains only a little over half the percentage of nitrogen found in blood
These investigations were undertaken in the hope that they might be
of some dirtct benefit to our people
If they should prove so the time spent upon them which was princi
pally at night after office hours will not be regretted
Dr Payne adds these additional suggestions to those who desire to raise
very early melons Nitrate of soda furnishes nitrogen in a more quickly
available form than either blood or cottonseed meal its use is desirable for
very early crops The following will make a good proportion
Acid phosphate100 Hjg
Sulphate of potash50 lbs
Dried blood25 lbs
Nitrate of soda v10 lbs
The following are the proportions per ton instead of per acre as above
Acid phosphate1080 ios
Sulphate of potash 540 ns
Dried blood 270 lbs
Nitrate of soda110 lbs
One ton or 2000 lbsANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189494
153
With acid phosphate containing fourteen per cent available phosphoric
acid sulphate of potash containing fifty per cent available potash dried
blood containing nitrogen equivalent to sixteen per cent of ammonia and
nitrate of soda containing nitrogen equivalent to eighteen per cent of am
moniathe percentage of available plant food in such goods would be
Available phosporic acid756 per cent
Potash1350 per cent
Nitrogen calculated to ammonia315 per cent
The cost to the manufacturers of such goods would be
756x 80 605 for phosphoric acid
1350x 801080 for potash
315x260 819 for nitrogen
260 for mixing sacking etc
Cost 2764 per ton
One hundred and eightyfive pounds of such goods to the acre will re
turn the phosphoric acid and potash and half the nitrogen removed by a
crop of half a carload of melons154
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
THEIR PERCENTAGE OF VALUABLE PLANT FOOD
We are often asked by farmers why it is that so much unnecessary ma
terial is found in the ordinary fertilizers on the market A common com
position of these goods is about 10 per cent of available phosphoric acid
about 2J per cent ammonia and about 2 per cent potash This is a total
of 14 per cent of available plant food or 14J pounds in every 100 pounds
of fertilizer
This may appear a small percentage yet when the source of the mate
rials and the urgent demand for lowpriced fertilizers is taken into consid
eration there are excellent reasons for such a condition of affairs
There are certain materials offered upon the market which contain plant
food Some of them are sold at very low prices which makethem avail
ble as fertilizers Bones phosphate rock cottonseed meal blood tankage
sulphate of ammonia nitrate of soda muriate of potash sulphate of potash
and kainit are such materials
Phosphate rock is our cheapest and most used source of phosphoric acid
cottonseed meal is one of our cheap sources of nitrogen and kainit is
largely used as a source of potash
Now 100 pounds of phosphate rock only contain about 30 pounds of
phosphoric acid and to render this 30 pounds of phosphoric acid available
as plant food requires in round numbers about 100 pounds of sulphuric acid
added to it Then the 200 pound mixture will contain the whole of the 30
pounds of phosphoric acid or 15 pounds in 100 or in other words it will
be a 15 per cent acid phosphate Phosphate rock is a combination of
lime with phosphoric acid and it also contains some impurities such as
sand etc Sulphuric acid when added to phosphate rock seizes a large por
tion of the lime and forms sulphate of lime leaving the phosphoric acid
available as plant food If it were possible to secure a perfectly pure phos
phate rock we could only make about a 23 per cent acid phosphate
with it by this process It is possible to leach out the phosphoric acid from
the acid phosphate and evaporate the solution down and thus produce
a remarkably high grade of acid phosphate This of course increases
the cost of the goods very much It is possible now to buy goods running
from 40 to 50 per cent available phosphoric acid but the demand is limited
as every one wishes cheap fertilizers Such an article is intrinsically worth
three times as much as a 15 per cent acid phosphate With 15 per cent
acid phosphate selling at 13 a ton a 45 per cent one should bring 39
Even at this figure the higher priced article would be the most economical
on account of the freight as it would only be onethird of that of the lower
grade goods Another factor comes however into the matter which is
the additional cost of producing the more concentrated article An actual
pound of available phosphoric acid sells at a higher and higher price as it
becomes more and more pure While it is worth 4 cents a pound in an
ordinary acid phosphate it sells for 250 a pound in a perfectly pure
condition as used by the chemists
Cottonseed meal is one of the large sources of nitrogen yet as it is putANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394 loo
upon the market it only contains nitrogen equivalent to SJ per cent of am
monia The raw cotton seed itself contains a still smaller percentage be
fore the removal of the hulls and oil This partial concentration of nitrO
gen in the cottonseed meal is too expensive to undertake for fertilizing
purposes alone It is the extraction of the valuable cotton seed oil upon
which the industry chiefly depends to make the business renumerative
If agriculturists could afford to use the most concentrated ammoniates
which it is possible to produce such ammoniates could be made far cheaper
from otber materials than cotton seed Blood is a byproduct from the
slaughter houses and contains nitrogen equivalent to about 16 per cent of
ammonia and while higher per ton usually costs less per pound for the ni
trogen it conains than the cottonseed meal If cottonseed meal was
worth nothing except as a fertil zing material this might not be the case
but cotton seed meal is also a valuable cattle food Nitrate of soda is also a
very concentrated form of nitrogen It can be bought containing nitrogen
equivalent to over 18 per cent of ammonia Perfectly pure nitrate of soda
contains nitrogen equivalent to only between 19 and 20 per cent of am
monia
Perfectly pure nitrogen and ammonia are both gases and for fertilizing
purposes must be fixed by combination with some other body Ammonia
gas is now sold in a liquid form compressed by heavy pressure into iron
cylinders for the manufacture of ice Such liquified ammonia gas it is of
course impractical to use Sulphate of ammonia is ammonia gas com
bined with sulphuric acid which holds it Pure sulphate of ammonia
contains over 25 per cent of actual ammonia
Kainit is an impure potash mineral only containing about 12 per cent
of potash Muriate of potash contains 50 per cent of actual potash it can
be bought at very low figures considering its contents of potash The sul
phate can be bought at a little higher figure containing also about 50 per
cent of potash If we consider acid phosphate in an unadulterated
state as containing 15 per cent of available phosphoric acid and cotton
meal as containing nitrogen equivalent to SVper cent of ammonia and kai
nit as carrying 12 per cent of potash fertilizars cannot be made to run very
high from such materials in their crude form For instance sixty pounds of
15 per cent acid phosphate contains nine pounds of available phosphoric
acid that ia it contains x of 15 pounds 25 pounds of cotton seed meal
contains of the 8 pounds of nitrogen equivalent to ammonia in 100
pounds of cotton seed meal which will be about 2 per cent 15 pounds
of kainit will contain 1 T pounds of potashas 15 pounds is TVfr of the 100
pounds of kainit containing 12 pounds of potash per 100 pounds
By using greater or smaller proportions of each ingredient the percent
ages can be varied but such formulae cannot be expected to contain more
than 13 or 14 per cent of plant food
If 16 per cent blood or 16 per cent nitrate of soda is used all the percent
ages can be increased if desired By the use of such material as the high
grade acid phosphates which can be bought running as high as 18 per
cent available phosphoric acid sulphate of ammonia containing over 24
per cent of ammonia and of sulphate or muriate of potash running over
50 per cent of potash very much higher grades of fertilizers can be pro
duced than the ordinary average of those on the market Fifty pounds of156
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
an 18 per cent acid phosphate would give 9 per cent available phos
phoric acid 25 pounds of 24 per cent sulphate of ammonia would give 6
per cent of ammonia and 25 pounds of sulphate or muriate of potash
containing SO per cent of potash would give 12J per cent of potash The
demand however is for lowpriced goods and many buyers do not stop
to consider the quantity of plant food in a fertilizer but think the cheaper
they buy a ton the better the bargain If one desires to buy a gold ring
of a certain size he finds they become cheaper and cheaper as they contain
less gold though to the eye they appear equally well at first One has to
take the Jewelers word or go to a chemise to decide the matter A farmer
has to take the manufacturers word or go to a chemist also Some may
think they can tell the quality by the smell taste or color They are
badly mistaken
A fertilizer running 9 per cent available phosphoric acid 6 per cent of
ammonia and J2J per cent of potash costs a manufacturer 720 for the
phosphoric acid 1560 for the ammonia and 10 for the potash and 2 60
for mixing sacking inspecting etc This will be 3540 Such goods can
be purchased if desired If low percentage goods are not desired one
should not buy them as higher percentage fertilizers can be secured if one
is willing to pay for them Where freights are high considerable money
can be saved by using high grade goods To increase the standard would
be o lessen the use of cotton seed meal and the lower grades of phosphate
ock in manufactured fertilizers This would of course make fertilizers
iroportionately somewhat higher in price
Pure phosphoric acid and pure potash quickly take up water from the
air and they would be diffcult to mauaue as fertilizers They could not be
kept pure unless sealed ar and water tight Pure ammonia is a gas under
ordinary conditions and of course would be unmanageable in such form
These bodies however can be combined with each other and thus handled
more readily Phosphate of potash can be made from phosphoric acid
and potash and phosphate of ammonia from phosphoric acid and am
monia These two white substances would look very dissimilar from the
ordinary guanos blackened with lampblack and even if there was no
increased cose in ridding the crude materials of their impurities the market
value would be very high At the low valuation of four cents a pound for
available phosphoric acid a ton of pure phosphoric acid would be worth
80 A ton of pure potash valued at four cenis a pound would be 80 and
a ton of pure ammonia at only thirteen cents a pound would be 260 The
freight on such chemicals ould be proportionately low according to their
concentration but they are of course out of the question as they cannot
at present be manufactured except at considerable additional cost per
pound of plant food
At equai prices per pound for plant food a high grade fertilizer is cheaper
than a low priced one as the freight is less it does not take so much bag
ging and it takes less work to handle it Farmers should buy their goods
on analysis as the mauufacturers do theirs No reasonable man should ex
pect to buy a fertilizer containing twentyseven per cent of plant food at
the same price as one containing only thirteen per cent
George F Payne F C S
State ChemistNALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394
157
BONE MEAL
Bone meal is a valuable fertilizer which is coming into more general use
in Georgia than heretofore Bone meal contains a large amount both of
phosphoric acid and nitrogen and sells in the market at about 2400 a
ton In comparing bone meal with ordinary manufactured fertilizers it is
important to have a clear conception of what is really meant by bone
meal bone black dissolved bone and acid phosphate Bone meal is fine
ground raw bone this should contain about 3J per cent of nitrogen and
about 22 per cent of total phosphoric acid when steamed however the
nitrogen runs considerably lower and the phosphoric acid increases in
proper proportion Bone black is roasted bone and contains no nitrogen
Dissolved bone maybe acidulated raw bone acidulated bone black or
acidulated phosphate rock Acidulated phosphate rock is the most com
mon form of dissolved bone on the market A true dissolved raw bone
contains nitrogen The agricultural value of a bone meal depends upon
its percentage of phosphoric acid and nitrogen and to decide its compara
tive value with other fertilizers it should be put upon a similar basis It
is often said that dissolved bone is far better than acid phosphate
This depends upon the dissolved bone if it contains about 3i per cent
of nitrogen it is of course more valuable than an equal weight of acid
phosphate If the dissolved bone contains no nitrogen it is simply an
acid phosphate itselfDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
COTTON SEED AND ITS PRODUCTS

THE UTILIZATION OF COTTONSEED OIL COTTONSEED MEAT
COTTONSEED ASHES COTTONSEED HULLS ETC AND THE
COMPARATIVE VALUES FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES OF THE
WHOLE SEED AND THE MEAL
BY DR GEORGE F PAYNE F C S
From the Iradesman
The cotton plant has been grown for many years for the lint or fiber
which adheres to its seed It is only of recent date that the seeds them
selves have come into prominence as of value In 1880 the number of
cottonseed oil mills in the South was very small in 1890 they had in
creased to 119 and there are now over 200 mills Texas alone claiming as
many as eightyfive
The cotton plant belongs to the natural order of malvaceae or mallows
and to the genus gossypium The widely cultivated upland cotton is a
member of the species herbaceum and the seed is called green cotton seed
in contradistinction to the black seed of the species barbadense or sea
island cotton The lint adheres with remarkable tenacity to the green
seed and the closest ginning still leaves them with a cottony appearance
The black seed after the lint is removed is perfectly smooth and almost
polished being completely free of lint On occount of this fact tbe hulls
of the green seed are light and fluffy and inclined to mat or felt together
and the hulls of the black cotton seed being comparatively more dense
and completely bare of lint are not inclined to make themselves moid
bulky than the meats by sticking together like the hulls of the green seed
This difference makes the green seed more desirable for producing oil and
meal as the meats can be separated from the hulls by a process of
screening but in the case of the black seed it has not yet been found prac
ticable to separate the hulls as they have no fluffiness to prevent them
from going through the screen with the meats
Seed cotton is about onethird lint and about twothirds seed by weight
One bale of lint cotton furnishes about thirty bushels of seed Two
bushels of seed are required per acre for replanting and as three acres of
land are usually required to produce a bale of cotton there will be needed
six bushels Of cotton seed out of every thirty for resowiug This will
leave twentyfour buehels of seed for every bale of lint which surplus the
farmer can dispose of if he so desires A bushel of cotton seed weighs
thirty pounds and twentyfour bushels will be 720 pounds From a cotton
crop of 6500000 bales at 720 pounds of seed to the bale there would be
2340000 tons of seed which the farmers have at their disposal Upon
this crop of abnut 2000000 tons of seed is based the operations of the cot
tonseed oil mills of the South
In 1880 there were scarcely 300000 tons of seed crushed In 1893 theANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189894 159
amount reached over 1100000 tons or about half of the available seed
During 1893 the number of gallons of cottonseed oil produced reached
45000000 of which 11131560 gallons were exported Many farmers do
not sell their seed preferring to use them directly as fertilizers or in com
posts or as cattle food in preference to hauling them to the mill and haul
ing the meal back again for the small difference in their favor Farmers
however are always ready to sell at fair prices and the future looks bright
for cotfon seed with the demand for its products increasing over the
whole world
Cotton seed are sold by the farmer to the cottonseed oil mills by the
Wiiel a bushel being estimated as weighing thirty pounds This is about
sixtyseven bushels to the ton The present price given is 15 cents a
bushel or 10 a ton The price of seed has varied between wide limits
as much as 25 cents a bushel having been given The price given
by the mills in competition with each other is much influenced by the
price of lard as the oil is largely used in the manufacture of this product
Cottonseed oil in being made available for commerce furnishes several
valuable byproducts such as linters a shortstaple cotton cotton seed
meal cotton seed hulls and soap stock A ton of cotton seed will vary
somewhat in its yield according to the quality of the seed and the skill
with which it is managed in the mill A ton of cotton seed will ordinarily
yield
41 gallons of crude oil which at 23 cents a gallon is worth 9 43
900 pounds of hulls which at 2 a ton is worth 90
725 pounds of meal which at 20 a ton is worth 7 25
25 pounds of linters which at 3 cents a pound is worth 75
Value of product18 33
The cost of sixtyseven bushels or one ton of cotton seed at 15 cents a
bushel will be 10
There are several factors which have a decided influence upon the profits
of an oil mill outside of its business management Crude oil varies in
price the demand for hulls for feeding purposes at one point consumes all
produced and at another place it may be so small and shipping facilities
so poor that none may be sold for this purpose the meal and lint also
fluctuate in price hence the profit upon a ton of cotton seed can be only
computed by calculating the market value of its products at a given point
and from this subtracting not only the cost of the seed but the cost per
ton which is required to operate the mill the wear and tear and yearly
depreciation of the plant per ton and the proper pro rata of repairs and
interest on the investment
COTTON SEED
f
Cotton seed are valuable to the farmer as well as to the mill owner and
the question as to what price is a profitable one is an important matter to
both parties The price at which it is profitable to sell depends upon the
manner in which the seed will be used if not sold If the seed are used as
a fertilizer alone such use is a far less remunerative one than if the seed
are first used as a feeding stuff and the manure produced then used a a160
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
fertilizer Some mills In purchasing cotton seed do not pay for them ir
money but give cotton seed meal in exchange Mills formerly gave from
700 to 725 pounds of meal for each ton of whole cotton seed This trans
action was based upon the fact that the oil possesses scarcely any manuria
value Such a basis is not correct if the material is to be used as a feeding
stuff as the oil and hulls are both of value as a food To receive 700 to 725
pounds of cotton seed meal for a ton of cotton seed is not a profitable
transaction for the farmer He only gets back the meal in his ton of seed
and presents the miller with fortyone gallous of oil and 900 pounds of
hulls or over half the value of the seed Added to this are his hauling
expenses to and from the mill It is true the manurial Value of the oil
and hulls is very small but their food values are considerable and that
the farmer cannot utilize them or does not care to do so is no reason why
he should not get something for them
The value of whole cotton seed have recently become better understood
by the farmers and hence it is now more fully acknowledged by the mil
lers As stated above prices have ranged as high as 25 cents a bushel or
1675 a ton The present price is 15 cents a bushel or S10 a ton Or if
meal is preferred 1000 pounds are given Low prices are unprofitable to
the farmer and highpriced seed destroy the profits of the mills
The fertilizing materials in whole cotton seed are
Nitrogen 307 per centum or 614 pounds per ton
Phosphoric acid 102 per centum or 204 pounds per ton
Potash 117 per centum or 234 pounds per ton
And in the meal they are
Nitrogen 708 per centum or 1416 pounds per ton
Phosphoric acid 280 per centum or 560 pounds per ton
Potash 180 per centum or 360 pounds per ton
In the fertilizer market phosphoric acid and potash are of equal value
and nitrogen is worth about four times as much as either of the others
hence in one ton of meal selling at 520 there will be
1416 pounds nitrogen at 12 16100 cents per poundn
560 pounds phosphoric acid at 3 04100 cents per pound 1 70
360 pounds potashat 3 04100 cents per pound k
Total value per ton Too
Calculating the whole cotton seed in the same manner
614 pounds nitrogen at 12 16100 cents per pound s 7 47
204 pounds phosphoric acid at 3 04100 cents per pound o
234 pounds potash at 3 04100 cents per pound 71
Total value per ton 880
As these two calculations are made upon a basis which is identical as to
Values and upon the actual analysis of the materials it affords a ready
comparison of cottonseed meal and whole cotton seed as to their valuable
contents of fertilizing material They are to each other as 0 is to 8 80
or as the meal is worth 1 per 100 pounds the 880 pounds contains fertiliz
ing material equivalent to a ton of whole seed The trade of 1 000 pounds
of meal for 2000 pounds of seed if both are simply regarded as fertilizersANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394 Hil
is of advantage to the farmer If his seed are sold at 10 a ton to purchase
other fertilizers it is not to his advantage to do so as the manurial mate
rial in 1000 pounds of cotton seed meal if bought upon the usual market
in ordinary fertilizers will cost him about 16 cents a pound for nitrogen
and 4 cents a pound each for phosphoric acid and potash which upon cal
culation will be S1316 for the equivalent of his 1000 pounds of meal
The comparative food values of cotton seed and cottonseed meal have
not been studied as closely by the farmer as should be done Both the
seed and meal are too rich to feed alone and should be modified by poorer
materials to a proper ratio It is claimed that only from 3 to 5 per cent
of the manurial value of cotton seed meal is lost when fed to cattle and
the manure saved This must depend largely upon the character of the
other food given and the completeness with which the manure is re
covered
To com pars the feeding values of cotton seed and the meal it is best to
give the food analysis of each Whole cotton seed contains
Carbo hydrates 2648 per centum 5296 pounds per ton at f cents
per pounds 3 31
Oil 2163 per centum 4326 pounds per ton at If cents per pound 7 03
Protein 1917 per centum 3834 pounds per ton at 1J cents per
pound 5 75
Fiber 2244 per centum 4188 pound per ton
Ash 228 per centum 656 pounds per ton
Water 700 per centum 1400 pounds per ton
Comparative feeding value per ton 15 09
Cotton seed meal contains
Carbo hydrates 2439 per centum 4878 pounds per ton at cents
per poundi 3 05
Oil 926 per centum 1852 pounds per ton at If cents per pound 3 01
Protein 4729 per centum 9458 pounds per ton at 1J cents pet
pound 14 19
Fiber 453 per centum 906 pounds per ton
Ash 703 per centum 1406 pounds per ton
Water 750 per centum 1500 pounds per ton
Comparative feeding value per ton20 25
In the above comparison the values put upon the carbo hydrates oil
and protein are only approximate but serve well in this particular case as
it is the same food material that is valued in each The fiber was not
valued in the above as for comparison it is scarcely necessary The fiber
or woody structure beiDg of small value compared with the carbo hy
drates oil and protein and while existing in much larger quantity in the
whole seed on account of the hulls being present the small percentage
found in the meal is far more digestible
To the economical aud thrifty farmer cotton seed have a double value
first as a food and secondly as a fertilizer To use either the whole seed or
the meal primarily as a fertilizer is not a full utilization of either material
It is safe to estimate that 80 per cent of the manurial value of these sub162
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
stances can be secured after feeding If then we estimate a ton of meal
as worth in the market about f 20 to 2025 we have the following com
bined values

Whole seed value per ton as a feeding stuff15 09
Whole seed 80 per cent of its manurial value 880 per ton 7 02
Whole seed value per ton as food and maiiure 22 1
Cottonseed meal value per ton as a feeding stuff20 25
Cottonseed meal 80 per cent of its manurial value 20 per ton 18 00
Value per ton as food and manure30 25
Based upon these double values with meal at 20 per ton the whole
seed are worth 1220 per ton
For easy comparison the figures will be more readily understood placed
side by side all of them being based upon meal selling at from 20 to
2025 per ton
Whole seed comparative value per ton used only as a fertilizer 8 80
Meal comparative value per ton used only as a fertilizer 20 00
Whole seed comparative value per ton used only as a food 15 09
Meal comparative value per ton used only as a food 20 25
Whole seed comparative combined values as a food and a manure 12 20
Meal comparative combined values as a food and manure 20 00
The mills in giving 1000 pounds of meal for one ton of whole seed give
back more fertilizing material than is contained in the ton of whole seed
It the whole seed and meal are valued upon their food analysis alone
then the whole seed are worth threefourths the value of the meal but as
the meal is twice as valuable as the whole seed as a fertilizer hence und
such circumstances the meal increases in proportionate value and one
of whole seed will be equivalent to 1220 pounds of the meal These L0
ures are based upon cottonseed meal at its market value and are intended
for ready comparison of whole seed and meal from different standpoints
the excellent mechanical condition of the meal being an additional item
in its favor
These values all appear low when compared with other substances on the
market either those used as fertilizers or as food Whole cotton seed at
10 a ton or cottonseed meal at 20 a ton both stand the moft favorable
comparison with other fertilizer materials in regard to prica compared with
fertilizer value and as foods at the above figure they compare most ad
vantageously with other feeding stuffs hence if we compare cottonseed
and its meal with other materials we find them occupying the unique posi
tion of being of unusual value both as food and as manure If cotton seed
meal is worth either 20 a ton as a food or 20 a ton as a fertilizer then if
its food value is first secured and 80 per cent of its manurial value is
recovered there will be in the first instance the food value of 20 and
in the second 80 per cent of 20 or 16 a total value to the economical
and thrifty man of 36 a ton In partial acknowledgment of this fact
Northern and Western farmers pay from 26 to 30 a ton for cottonseedANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394
I
meal The Indiana experiment station commenting on the actual com
parative values of feeding stuffs puts cottonseed meal as costing 26 a ton
in Indiana but being actually worth 3972 to the farmer
In managing either whole cotton seed or the meal it is well to bear in
mind not only the actual contents of valuable material but also the
mechanical condition of the two substances Whole cotton seed requires
more handling to fit it for either a fertilizer or food than does the already
beautifully prepared meal
COTTONSEED Olli
Comparatively a very small proportion of cottonseed oil is produced
from the sea island or black seed the great bulk of it is obtained from the
upland or green seed In the manufacture of cottonseed oil and its by
products every possible saving is taken advantage of as what may seem
apparently a very small saving becomes a large sum when multiplied by
the great quantities of material consumed in the large mills Manual
labor although cheap in the south is avoided as far as possible as mechan
ical appliances do the work still more cheaply Good wages are paid
however to all employes as rapid intelligent work is most profitable to
the mills
In the description of a cottonseed oil mill to enter into minute detail
would be unnecessary as mills vary somewhat in the methods by which
they accomplish the same results A general description of a successful
wellconducted mill will give a very fair idea of the general management
and the principles involved in them all
In storing cotton seed it is important to keep them ccol and dry as thf
heat and other changes produced by fermentation is detrimental to the
character of the oil and meal produced Seed which have been trampled
upon and crushed to any great extent before storing are prone to heat from
oxidation of the exposed oil and increase the danger of fermentation and
undesirable changes in the seed
Upon the harvesting and ginning of the cotton crop the seed are secured
by the mills for the operations of the season The seed are usually stowd
in large wooden buildings built for the purpose some of them hold
ing 7000 tons and upwards which at 10 a ton is an investment itself of
70000 for raw material The seed are conveyed by bucket elevator
direct from the cars to the top of the storage building and there dumped
automatically These elevators are operated by the big engine which fur
nishes the power for all of the machinery FYom the storage room the
seed are carried by screw conveyers and bucket elevators where necessary
to the boll reel This boll reel is a perforated cylinder revolving within
a closed box The openings in the steel cylinder are larger than the seed
hence they fall through into the closed box and the larger substances
found in the seed are retained in the perforated cylinder The cylinder is
opened from time to time and the foreign bodies removed They consist
of cotton bolls the capsules which originally contained the seed cotton
flocks of lint pieces of corn fodder and many other things besides which
by some strange chance got among the seed These materials are garbled
by hand to secure a very impure variety of cotton which after being sep
14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
arated from the bolls is sold as grabots From the boll reel the seed go
automatically to the sand reel This sand reel is a revolving steel cyl
inder with perforations smaller than the cotton seed These openings per
mit the sand and all dirt smaller than the seed to fall through them
From the sand reel the seed travel to a fan which blows them in a thin
layer over a battery of magnets which attract and hold any iron particles
which may have escaped from the boll reel or sand reel This magnet box
has an opening at the side by which the iron particles can be removed
from time to time eight and tenpenny nails screws and horse shoe nails
occur in considerable numbers After this thorough cleaning the seed go
to tbe linters The linters are a species of very close cutting gin which
removes as far as possible all lint from the seed The lint cotton as it
comes from the linters is condensed into rolls which rolls are carried into
the press room where there is a regular cotton press and pressed into
bales This lint from the cotton seed is sold under the same name as that
of the machines which secure it that is linters It would seem that
not much lint cotton could be secured from a previously ginned seed yet
a large mill will secure about eight bales a day of 500 pounds each
Near the linters stand the sawfiling machines and gummers which are
operated by power and which are kept at work sharpening the saws of the
linters From th3 linters the seed are transported to the hullers The
hullers consist of cylindrical cases containing stationary horizontal knives
fastened upon t eir inner periphery Within these horizontal cases revolve
drums carrying knives which barely miss those upon the inner surface of
the drums The seed falling into the drums are rapidly cut to pieces
The meats or kernels being somewhat loose in the hulls they readily drop
out tither immediately or with the shaking they eventually get
From the hullers the seed are conveyed to the separating screens These
are composed of revolving screens which permit the meats to fall through
their meshes but retain their hulls on account of their tendency to felt or
adhere together due to the roughness of the short lint which is still there
in spite of its being cut so close by the linters From the revolving screens
the partly separated hulls go to flat inclined shaking screens which sift
out the remainder of the meats These screens are arranged in series
according to the capacity of the mill the hulls being delivered from one to
the other until they are free of meats The hulls freed as far as possible
from the meats are carried automatically as all the work is done to the
packing room where they are pressed into sacks or bales or further con
veyed to be used as fuel in the furnaces as the case may be
The clean meats or kernels go from the separating screens to chilled iron
rollers and passing between them are mashed flat From the rollers they
now go to the cookers These cookers are large jacketed steam kettles
holding 700 pounds of meats each These cookers are watched over by a
man called a cooker and upon his judgment is managed this part of the
work any failure upon his part to judge correctly means loss to the mill
The cooker charges each kettle by pulling a lever which delivers the proper
charge into each and an opening at tbe side of each kettle closed with a
slide permits him at any time to withdraw a sample with a wooden pad
dle used for the purpose and judge of its condition Either too little cook
ing or too much cooking gives a small yield of oil Tbe cooking must beANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394
165
just right for the beat results An undercooked charge also appears to
leave some water in the meats which causes the cloths to burst in the oil
presses to the damage of these cloths which are expensive The heating
renders the oil limpid expands the oil cells probably bursting them and
dries out the water which is not only detrimental in the oil presses but
causes the meal to deteriorate much faster than is the case when more
perfectly dry
When properly cooked the meats are dumped into a conveyor which
carries them to the former At the former experienced workmen work
with clocklike regularity Upon the platform of the former which stands
about waist high a porter throws down a steel plate about one foot wide
and about two and a half feet long Two men stand at the former and
one throws a piece of camels hair cloth about six feet long and a foot
wide lengthways upon the steel plate The second workman pulls a lever
and a charge of meats three or four inches deep is deposited over the cloth
upon a space almost as large as the steel plate The other workmen im
mediately fold each end of the cloth over the charge their surplus length
causing them to lap A leaver is pulled and down comes the plunger
which is about the size of the platform It immediately releases itself
from the cake of meats and returns to its original position leaving tbe
meats pressed to a coherent mass or cake wrapped in cloth this the porter
seizes with the underlying steel plate which he uses as a kind of waiter
to carry the cake and places it in the hydraulic oil pres which is made
to hold a number of these masses The two workmen labor to keep up
with the hot meats as they come from the cookers and the porters trot
back and forth with their steel plates and loads of cake rapidly filling the
presses As each of the presses receives its fifteen cakes their attendant
pulls a lever and the mighty ram at their base slowly rises upward with a
pressure of 3000 to 3500 pounds to every square inch on its surface of 201
square inches The lower portions of the press carrying the cakes with
them continue to rise slowly as the ram ascends As the mass becomes
more and more compact the oil begins to flow at first in tiny streams and
as the mass becomes still more compact the oil gushes forth in torrents a
large stream pouring from the spout which delivers the oil as it spurts from
every portion of the press The dark murky oil passes through pipes
made to receive it into a large reservoir beneath the presses The murky
muddy oil is pumped from the reservoir into settling tanks where the
various foreign substances are allowed to gradually settle and leave the oil
in a somewhat clearer condition After the full pressure has been reached
in each press and the cakes of meats contract no longer the chief portion
of the oil has been pressed from the oil cells of the meats the oil how
ever continues to run in small streams from the inner portions of the
meats hence each press is allowed to drain as long as possible this is usu
ally about twenty minutes While the operation is going on in one press
the other presses are being filled and one after another they are filled
operated and allowed to drain until the whole series are under pressure
then the first press is relieved of its pressure by a reverse movement of the
lever and the heavy ram slowly descends carrying the lower parts of t he
press with it The attendants now withdraw the compacted cakes of meal
still hot from their recent cooking The pressure has been so great that166
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
each seems as solid as a piece of wood The cakes are now quickly laid on
trucks and carried to the stripping table there the workmen 3tand
called strippers or skinners They rapidly strip the camels hair cloth
from the cakes throwing them over to the workmen at the former each
cake still appearing after the cloth has been removed as if yet covered
with the material on account of the enormous pressure making a perfect
impression of it in the mass of the cake
The camels hair cloth used for covering these cakes is made of very
expensive material hence the sewing machine is kept industriously at
work to keep them in repair and to make them last as long as possible
These boardlike cakes are now thrown on trucks and rolled quickly
away to the cooling room where the cakes are shoved into racks to keep
them separate from each other and allow them to cool as rapidly as pos
sible and to dry also if there is any moisture remaining After standing
in the cooling room from twelve to twentyfour hours the cakes are fed
into a machine called the cake cracker This cake cracker is composed
of two revolving rollers with spikelike projections these revolving in
opposite directions draw the cakes into the cracker rapidly crushing them
into a number of small pieces the size of a hickory nut This machine
breaks up the cakes in this manner that they may be more easily and
cheaply conveyed by means of mechanical conveyors than it could possi
bly be done by hand
From the cake cracker the broken cakes are conveyed to either burr
mills or roller mills as the case may be and ground into meal This meal
is then either packed into sacks for sale in that condition or if the mill
has a fertilizer factory operated in connection with it the meal is conveyed
direct to the mixers where it is mixed with acid phosphate and potash
constituting a complete fertilizer
The crude oil is drawn from the settling tanks to the bleaching or refin
ing tanks where it is mixed with a certain percent of caustic soda which
unites with the coloring matter and forms a kind of soap Part of the oil
is also saponified The whole mass settling carries with it the albuminous
and mucilaginous materials as well as most of the coloring matter These
substances collect at the bottom of the tank leaving a supernatant oil of a
light straw color This is drawn off as refined oil and the bottoms or
settlings are drawn from the lower portions of the tank and sold as soap
stock Those portions of the oil which are not as bright and clear as de
sired are run through filter presses which force the oil by heavy pressure
through filtering cloths This refined oil is now pumped into barrels or
tank cars built for the purpose
PRODUCTS OF THE OIL
Cottonseed oil furnishes Summer yellow cottonseed oil winter yel
low cottonseed oil summer white cottonseed oil salad oil miners oil
blown oxydized or base oil sardine oil a dye stuff soap adulter
ants of olive oil adulterants of linseed oil adulterants of castor oil
adulterants of lard oil adulterants of rape oil and adulterants of sperm
oil cottonseed stearine used to make caudles and adulterate tallow a
basis of lard cottolene cottonseed oil and beef suet a basis for cheese
a basis for medicinal ointments a basis for butterANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER189394
167
Cottonseed meal fumishts Cottonseed oil by repressing a valuable
cattle food a valuable fertilizer
Cottonseed hulls furnish A cattle food paper fuel ashes potash
Of the cottonseed oils those of a light straw color usually have a better
flavor than the highly bleached water white oil
Most of the lard labeled refined lard is largely cottonseed oil mixed
with some fat of greater solidity to give it the proper consistency A very
popular name for such lard is compound lard
Cottolene now so extensively advertised and a very nice article it is
too is made of cottonseed oil aud beef suet
Blown oil is made by warming cottonseed oil and blowing air through
it Oxidation soon begins to take place and the reaction keeps up the heat
without further warming until the process is finished This produces a
thick oil of high viscosity well adapted to adulterate castor oil simulating
it both in density and viscosity
Cottonseed stearine is the solid fat obtained from cottonseed oil by cool
ing aud pressing when the more fluid oil runs off and cakes of stearine are
left behind It resembles tallow and is used not only to make candles but
in the manufacture of lard and butterine
The use of cottonseed oil as salad oil is well known In fact enormous
quantities were in the past exported to Italy and France to be bottled
there and distributed as olive oil over the whole world either containing
a percentage of real olive oil or in some cases being cotton seed oil alone
The larger percentage of oil for such purposes was shipped to Italy and of
recent years the Italian government has imposed a heavy impart duty
upon cottonseed oil hence cutting off the demand almost completely from
that section of the world The increased uses of the oil for other purposes
has more than compensated for this restriction in one direction
Cottonseed oil having slight drying properties isused in making the
cheaper grades of linseed oil It is also used extensively for packing sar
dines and it is difficult for anyone to detect by taste the difference between
it and the pure olive oil when used for such purposes
COTTOXSEED MEAL
Cottonseed meal as produced by American mills retains from 10 to 18
per cent of oil As the meal is only about onethird of the whole seed
this would be a loss to the mills which failed to press it out from a little
over 3 per cent to about 6 per cent of the oil contained in the whole seed
European mills repressing these meals which have had much oil left in
them have found it remunerative to do so The work however is now
done so much more thoroughly than it was heretofore that the European
mills are complaining that our cottonseed meals do not now contain as
much oil as formerly To secure all the oil possible with his machinery
is of course the object of every miller
In the use of the hulls as fuel in the furnaces about three tons of hulls
are equivalent in heating power to about one ton of coal This is not a
profitable use of the hulls to the miller when he can dispose of them for
for cattle food as with coal at 225 per ton he would be disposing of his
hulls at 225 for three tons or 75 cents per ton when used as fuel It is
true he will have a small return from the ashes produced but as it takes168
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
35 tons of huis lo produce one ton of ashes the comparative return from
this source is small The ashes from the hulls are a very desirable and
easily marketed commodity containing as they do large percentages of
plant food the percentage of potash alone running from 18 to 30 per cent
if it were not for the enormous heat of the furnaces volatilizing part of the
potash a still larger percentage would be obtained
The many uses to which every pan of the cotton plant is put are remark
able In addition to the above uses of the various products of the seed and
the infinite variety of uses of the lint the stalk itself can be utilized to pro
duce most excellent fiber for the manufacture of bjgging for cotton The
decortication of the fiber has not been accomplished economically enough
by the present machine but excellent baggiug has been manufactured
With its wealth of products this plant is a most remarkable illustration of
the wonderful labratory of nature Fertilization is most important for the
success of this crop but the mineral matters of the soil only furnish a
slight skeleton for the mysterious development of the carbon compounds
In the meal is found a comparatively large mineral percentage but even
in the meal 92 per cent of its substance comes originally from the air and
the rain and the wealth of oil of this great crop is made up of carbon
hydrogen and oxygen extracted from the rain and air a mysterious change
from water to oil brought about by the Omniscient Chemist
Cotton seed oil has become most firmly established as one of the foods of
the world It is true it has had to masquarade and disguise itself in many
ways to secure a fair trial of its qualities The recoguition of its value has
come rapidly and food products manufactured from it are nowsold for what
they really are and are strongly pushed upon the lines of their own intrinsic
worth The use of cottonseed oil in cooking did not at first wiu the pop
ularity it deserved as the liquid oil was too easily used in excess by a cook
accustomed to lard this objection has been overcome by using beef suet and
other materials to bribg it to the consistency of lard
Where the sources of the two fats are considered and their processes of
manufacture the cottonseed oil shows to a great advantage being a pure
bland vegetable oil free from the risk of disease and other dangers which
may possible accompany an animal fat In 1890 there was produced in the
United states
Value
Crude oil in gallons 41287300 12386355
Meal in tons 383750 7867054
Lint from linters in bales 63519 1905 570
Hulls in tons 529875 1 587 970
a total product worth over 23740000
S23746949
Of this large proportion of cottonseed oil about 9000000 gallons goes an
nually into the production of compound lard Thirteen and onethird
millions gallons of the oil were taken during 1890 by foreign countries
3oth cottonseed and cottonseed meal have won quicker appreciation in
foreign countries than our well known and valuable corn meal which
though so long known is still righting for its proper recognition abroadANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1894 94
169
The cottouseed msal produced in the South is a valuable material and
though its worth is somewhat understood it is not appreciated at its full
value on account of existing conditions The South being largely agricul
tural and devoting more attention by far to the crops themselves than to
stock raising the true value of cottonseed as a feed is not obtained The
demand for fertilizers is large and this splendid product is used particularly
as a fertilizing material throughout the South Many cottonseed oil mills
run a fertilizer plant in connection with their other operations to enable
them to dispose of their surplus meal
Cotton seed meal while selling at from 20 to 21 per ton in the South
readily sells in New England States at from 26 to 30 per ton It is true
the freightage there must cost something but it does seem if cottonseed
meal is worth from 26 to 30 to the thrifty New Englander who does not
like to see a dollar invested which does not promise a fair return then it
must be a very economical material for those who use it for the same pur
pose and can secure it at from 20 to 21 per ton
Cottonseed meal might almost be considered the mule among fertil
izers as it stands an enormous amount of abuse and bad managment and
yet gives good results It contains the three important fertilizing elements
nitrogen phosphoric acid and potash It cannot be washed out of the soil
like soluble fertilizers yet its fine mechanical condition enables it to quickly
decompose into such substances that the plant can rapidly avail itself of its
contents of plant food
Cottonseed meal contains as stated above
Per Cent
Water 750
Crudefat 926
Albuminoids or protein 4729
Nitrogen free extract2439
Fiber 453
Ash or mineral matter 703
This 7 per cent and upward of ash or mineral matter contains the phos
phoric acid and potash Out of the 703 per cent of ash about twothirds
is made up of these two ingredients Cottonseed meal contains about 2
per cent of phosphoric acid and about If per cent of potash The protein
or albuminoids contains nitrogen which is such a valuable ingredient in
fertilizers Cottonseed meal usually runs from 66 per cent of nitrogen to
78 per cent of nitrogen The latter figure is unusually high but during
a good crop year when the seed is secured in the best condition as during
the season just passed the nitrogen contained in it is inclined to run high
More thorough separation of the hulls from the meal and more complete
extraction of the oil naturally gives a higher content of nitrogen in the re
sulting meal this the mills are now doing which is shown by the deter
mination of nitrogen made in many cottonseed meals analyzed during the
past few month3 by the State chemist of Georgia the law in that State re
quiring in cottonseed meals at least 7 per cent of ammonia calculated
from the nitrogen present This 7J per cent requirement of ammonia is
equivalent to 618 per cent of nitrogen German observers have estimated170
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

I he effect of cottonseed meal as a fertilizer as being 50 per cent tne first year
30 per cent the second year and 20 per cent for the third year Of course
in very dry seasons the advantage of cottonseed meal is not so marked as
with a fair amount of moisture this however is true to some extent of
all fertilizers Cottonseed meal as stated above for the best results from
an economical standpoint should be first used as a feed and the resulting
manure then used as a fertilizer In feeding cottonseed meal alone it is
far too rich for that purpose its nutritive ratio being very high The per
centage of protein present in cottonseed meal is quite large and it has been
ascertained that to secure the best results in cattle feeding the amount of
digestive protein fed should always be accompanied by a certain propor
tion of digestible nonnitrogenous material madeupof crude fibre fat and
extractive The crude protein is the nitrogenous portion of the food and is
the most costly Its chief work is the production of flesh and muscle The
crude fiber fat and nonnitrogenous extractive matter furnish heat and fat
and in adding their total digestibility together that of the fat is first mul
tiplied by 2J to put it upon an equal basis with the other as its fat and
heat producing powers are that much greater This nutritive ratio as it is
called varies for different animals and fordifferent conditions under which
they live and might be stated to be from 47 to 80 parts digestible nonnitro
genous matter to one part of digestible protein For milch cows the propor
tion is considered to be proper with one of protien to 54 nonnitrogenous
matter Any decided change from this proportion means waste of food
hence a proper regulation of the different ingredients is an important mat
ter Cottonseed meal fed alone is apt to produce scouring anddigestive
disturbance hence the necessity of feeding it with less rich food is well
understood Cottonseed meal and its value as a fertilizer has already been
explained in comparing its value with that of the whole seed
During the month of January and February of this year 1894 there
were exported of cottonseed meal in
Tons Value
January 32160 728235
February 18729 396208
over 1000000 worth in two months
COTTONSEED HULLS
Rich as the cottonseed meal appears and poor as the hulls seem in com
parison yet within the last few years cottonseed hulls have come to the
front as a valuable cattle food While apparently so dry tasteless and
devoid of nourishment chemical analysis shows that they yet contain sub
stances of much value
The producers of cottonseed oil for formerly used their hulls as fuel and
do so now whenever the demand for the hulls is not great enough to keep
up with the supply The ashes produced from the hulls are a valuable
commodity on account of the potash and phosporic acid which they con
tain there being lrom 18 to 30 per cent of potash chiefly soluble and free
from chlorides and from 5 to 10 per cent of phosphoric acid of which
from 1 i per cent to 2 per cent is soluble in water This shows the cotton
seed hull ashes to be more concentrated than ordinary wood ashes TheANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1893 94
171
demand for such hull ashes is greater than the supply in the New England
States 30 a ton being readily obtained there for them Sold at the mills
in the South they bring about 20 The ashes if containing 30 per cent
of potash are cheap at 24 per ton as this is allowing 4 cents per pound
only for the 600 pounds of potash present and not taking into consideration
the phosphoric acid To burn the hulls however is not an economical
proceeding for the mills as it takes about thirtyfive tons of hulls to pro
duce one ton of ashes and even at 30 per ton for the ashes and allowing
75 cents per ton for the hulls as fuel which will give 2625 for their fuel
value there would be total return to the mills of 5625 Now if the hulls
are sold for feed at even 2 per ton they will yield a return of 70 for the
thirtyfive tons Cottonseed hulls in many sections readily bring 3 and
upwards as a cattle food The problem of cheap packing for such low
priced material has been a serious one Various devices have been tried
such as sacking covering with hay and baling and pressing into a com
pact mass with a thin board on each side well wired into small packages
These small packages with the boards at each end weighing 100 pounds
each are now offered for sale at retail at 25 cents each this being a quarter
of a cent per pound for the material or at the rate of 5 per ton
Cottonseed hulls contain in every 100 pounds
Pounds
Moisture 725
Ash 288
Crude protein 375
Crude fiber4283
Fat I54
Nonnitrogenous extractive matter4175
In a food analysis such as this the moisture is the absorbed water in the
material the ash indicates the mineral matter remaining after the sub
stance has been burnt and the nutritive ingredients as stated above in
speaking of cotton seed meal are the crude fiber fat protein and non
nitrogenous extractive matter The crude fiber is the woody substance or
crude cellulose of the food the fat is the oily matters the protein is an al
buminous matter and might be said to correspond in character to the
white of an egg and the nonnitrogenous extractive matter is that portion
which is not water ash fiber fat nor protein It is composed of soluble
substances and consist chiefly of such carbo hydrates as gum starch sugar
etc While such an analysis shows certain nutritive bodies it does not
necessarily follow that they can be all digested or assimilated in fact it
has been found by actual expsriment that the digestibility of the constitu
ents of the various feeding stuffs are not the same but nearest alike in
those materials which most closely resemble each other As stated above
in regard to cottonseed meal for the best results in feeding a proper nutri
tive ratio should be preserved Cottonseed hulls contain only 8 per cent
of protein and after calculating its digestibility and the digestibility of the
crude fiber fat and carbo hydrates we find we have a nutritive ratio of
1 to 408 but this nutritive ratio of 1 to 408 is much too low for feeding
purposes It should be corrected by some far richer food and we naturally
turn to cottonseed meal which is too expensive for the most economical172
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
feeding and also is too highly nutritive to use alone In cottonseed hulls
uud cottonseed meal we have a very rough food and a very rich one and
it is easy to compound a ration of almost any possible nutritive ratio dt sired
The nutritive ration for the milch cow is 1 to 54 By calculation we find it
will take about 100 pounds of hulls and twentytwo pounds of meal to pro
duce this ration or in even numbers and for a food rich enough for most
purposes one pound of meal to every five pounds of hulls Some animals
may not be willing at first to eat hulls containing this small amount of
meal but they are readily taught to eat them by adding meal very
liberally at first and then gradually decreasing the amount until the
desired proportion is reached when they continue to eat the mixture with
avidity and relish The use of cottonseed hulls for fattening cattle and for
milch cows has been very extensively practiced for some time in the Mis
sissippi valley the demand at New Orleans by the dairies alone consum
ing all produced by the oil mills of that large city Their use is extend
ing gradually and they are now a well established article of cattle food in
the Southern States The cost of such feeding is very small With meal
at 22 a ton and the hulls at 3 the daily cost of such feeding would be 9
cents a day or 277J per month Cattle fatten readily under such feeding
which is said to be cheaper than using corn even at 25 cents per bushel
The manure is also richer than thatproduced under the ordinary system
and hence more valuable
Cottonseed hulls are of small value as a fertilizer They contain only
the following amounts of plant food
Nitrogen threefourths of 1 per cent or 15 pounds per ton
Potash 1 110 per cent or 22 pounds per ton
Phcsphoric acid twotenths of 1 per cent or 4 pounds per ton
Their manurial value per ton basing the calculations upon cotton seed
meal selling at 20 per ton would be
15 pounds of nitrogen at 12 16100 cents per pound1 82
22 pounds of potash at 304100 cents per pound 67
4 pounds of phosphoric acid at 3 04100 cents per pound 12
S2 61
Judging by the actual contents of plant food one ton of meal would be
equal to about 7 610 tons of huils as a fertilizer but the hulls are so much
slower to decompose in the soil that their real value as a fertilizer is even
considably smaller than would appear from the above calculation
Cotton seed are certainly a most unique material lending themselves as
tbey do to such a variety of uses The value of their products runs into
millions of dollars and the employment that their handlinggives to many
people makes them an important factor in our section It is a matter of
congratulation that the increasing use of the products of cotton seed must
eventually enable the farmer to secure a better and better price for them
and it is hoped that if he continues to raise lint cotton at a loss to himself
the ji if e of the seed will at least become remunerativeANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
Laboratory of the State Chemist State Capitol
Atlanta 6a June 21 1894
Hi n R T Neabitt Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia
Dear SirIn addition to the regular work of the State Chemist which
is the analysis of fertilizers I have made during the year analyses of quite
a number of kerosene oils of bad illuminating qualities such as those de
scribed in the report of last season Apparatus was devised by which
inspectors could detect such oils and a bill was drawn up providing for the
exclusion of them from the State The bill passed the house unanimously
but failed to pass the senate
The fertilizers sold in Georgia this season have been as a rule of excel
lent character There appears to be an honest effort to give good values in
nearly every case very few attempting the dangerous plan of running their
guarantees on close margins
All manufacturers do not however make perfect mixtures of their
goods Some formulae are more difficult to mix thoroughly than others
but from whatever cause the mixing may be imperfect it will make the
analyses of the goods vary Manufacturers sometimes complain that a
certain ingredient is reported lower in their goods than they put in In
most cases where such complaints are found to be true the other ingredi
ents are proportionately higher going up in one ingredient as they go down
in the other This shows imperfect mixing Where a filler is used par
ticularly if it does not mix well all of the valuable ingredients may fall
low or run high according to the distribution of the inert materials Fer
tilizers are usually made in quantities of about one ton at a time and the
weighing of the ingredients isloften intrusted to negroes hence in rapid
hurried work on coarse scales by such laborers it is natural that the pro
portions of each lot should vary somewhat Phosphate rock which is the
starting point of most fertilizers does not always run exactly the same in
a mine yet from the infrequent analyses some manufacturers have made
during the run of a seasons work one would infer that they considered
phosphate rock of absolutely definite composition
If the weighings are not accurate neither a wet nor a dry mixture can
be perfect and even if the weighings are accurate the mixture can only be
made thorough by a due regard to the physical condition of the materials
A common proportion of muriate of potash put into a ton of fertilizer to
be sold under a guarantee of one per cent of potash is forty pounds Now
to thoroughly mix forty pounds of one material with 1960 pounds of an
other is not as easy a matter as it would seem at first glance and when the
muriate is put in in lumps without previous grinding the thing is nearly
an impossibility Even in what is called a wet mix there is not always
the thorough mixing that is supposed to occur as the process is not one of
wet grinding or elutriation but of wet stirring with the solution of only174
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
a part of the material the bulk of it remaining undissolved which if not
in the condition of fine particles will be unevenly mixed
The character of cottonseed meaFthe past season has been uuusually fine
The number of analyses made this season were as follows
Acid phosphates jr
Acid phosphates with ammonia 4
Acid phosphates with potash
Acid phosphates with ammonia and potash complete fertilizers
Potash salts
Cottonseed meals
Substances not otherwise enumerated
Fertilizers under Islington bill jj
Minerals
Waters
Native phosphates
Kerosene oils
101
640
31
58
93
244
20
27
15
1375
Very respectfully
George F Payne
State ChemistANALYSES OF COMMER TAL FERTIL1ZEE8189394
175
ELLINGTON BILL
No 168
An act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in tbe State to fix a method for
determining the value of the same and for other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is
hereby enacted by authority of the same That from and after the passage of
this act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from any owner
thereof or agent of such owner to require of the person selling and at the
time of sale or delivery to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of
its contents
Sec II Be it further enacted That said sample so taken shall be mixed to
gether and placed in a bottle jar or such other receptacle as the purchaser
may present It shall then be the duty of such purchaser and seller to deliver
said package to the Ordinary of the county who shall label same with the
names of the parties and of the fertilizer
Sec III Be it further enacted That said Ordinary shall safely keep said
package allowing neither party access to the same save as hereinafter pro
vided The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten 10 cents from the party de
positing such sample for each sample so deposited
Sec IV Be it further enacted That should said purchaser after having
used such fertilizer upon his crops have reason to believe from the yields
thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worthless he shall notify the
seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with
him or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis to the State Chemist
without stating the names of the parties the name of the fertilizer or giving
its guaranteed analysis the cost of sending being prepaid by the purchaser
Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the State Chemist
to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary
Sec VI Be it further enacted That should said analysis show that said
fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold then the
statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a
plea of partial or total failure of consideration But should said analysis show
that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis then the sale
shall be illegal null and void and when suit is brought upon any evidence
of indebtedness given for such fertilizer the statement of such Chemist so
transmitted to the Ordinary shall be conclusive evidence of the fact
whether such evidence of indebtedness is held by an innocent third party
or not
Sec VII Be it further enacted That in lieu of the State Chemist should
the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analy
sis all the provisions of this act shall apply to his analysis and report to the
Ordinary
Sec VIII Be it further enacted That should the seller refuse to take said
sample when so required by the purchaser then upon proof of this fact the
purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of consideration and to sup
port the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon176
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICILTUREGEORGIA
his crop which proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain de
fendants plea within whole or in part whether said suit is brought by an
innocent holder or not
Sec IX Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict
with this act be and the same are hereby repealed
Approved December 27 1890
Special attention is called to
Sec IRequiring seller to take the sample
Sec IIRequiring purchaser and seller to deliver package to Ordinary
Sec IIIRequiring Ordinary to keep package allowing neither party access to the same
Sec IVRequiring the forwarding of samples after seeing yield of crop
Sec VRequiring cost of sending being prepaid by purchaser
REMARKS ON THE ELLINGTON BILL
Unless the law is complied with and samples are taken in the presence of
purchaser and seller and kept in charge of the Ordinary the State Chemist will
not make the analyses If the sample is not taken in the presence of the seller
and kept in charge by the Ordinary until sent to the Chemist a dishonest
purchaser by taking his own sample during the absence of the seller and mix
ing it with dirt could cause the ruin of an honest man and vice versa a ras
cally dealer by adding rich ingredients or substituting another sample could
swindle an honest farmer
It is impossible under the law for the Chemist to have any knowledge
whatever of the names of the parties or of the names of the fertilizers or of
their guarantees This is eminently proper as it is equally so that neither
purchaser nor seller should have private access to the sample
The farmers desire protection against lowgrade goods and dishonest dealers
proper care and attention to this law will certainly secure it
The State Chemist earnestly requests the sealing with wax of all samples
in the presence of buyer and seller Although the law does not require it it
is advisable that it should be done A record should be kept by the Ordinary
of the names of the two parties the name of the brand and the guarantee and
the samples should be numbered as taken and a corresponding number should
be put upon the bottles When the sample is sent to the Chemist everything
should be scraped off the bottle but the number or the sample should be
placed in another bottle and numbered to correspond with his record book to
prevent samples getting mixed The Ordinary should write the name of the
county on the package when shipping that the Chemist may know to what
county the package belongs It is impossible sometimes to identify samples
which are sent to this office by the sender failing to write on the package
where it is fromANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189394
177
COTTONSEED MEAL
IT MUST BE INSPECTED UNDER THE CALVIN BILL
The Calvin Bill relating to the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal
does not seem to be thoroughly understood by manufacturers and dealers in
that article
Under the bill all cottonseed meal must be inspected and analyzed before
it can without violating the law be sold or offered for sale to be used as a
fertilizer or for any other purpose
Rules and regulations governing these inspections have been prescribed by
the Commissioner and will be printed but in order that through misappre
hension no sales in violation of the act may be made the Commissioner issues
the following
CALVIN BILL
A bill to be entitled an act to require all cottonseed meal to be subjected to
analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale and
to forbid the sale in this State of such cottonseed meal if it be shown by the
official analjsis that the same contains less than 7J per centum of ammonia
to prescribe a penaltyfor the violation of the provisions of this act and for
other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia and it is
hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from and after the passage
of this act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to offer for sale in
this State any cottonseed meal until the same shall have been duly analyzed
by the State Chemist and inspected as now required by law in the matter of
all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or composting purposes nor
shall it be lawful to offer such cottonseed meal for sale in this State if it be
shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 7 per centum
of ammonia provided that the provisions of this act as to the per centum
mentioned in this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea
island cotton seed but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall upon the pass
age of this act fix and make public a minimum per centum which shall con
trol as to the cottonseed meal referred to in this proviso provided further
that if any cottonseed meal shall not analyze up to the required per centum
of ammonia the same may be offered for sale as secondclass meal provided
the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack
Sec II Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That there shall
be branded upon or attached to each sack barrel or package of cottonseed
meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as determined by the State
Chemist and the number of pounds net in each sack barrel or package
Sec III Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That it shall be
the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessary to
make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this act
Section IV of the act makes the person or persons violating the provisions
of the act guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction punished as prescribed
in section 4310 of the code
Section V repeals conflicting laws178
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
I desire to call the attention of all manufacturers of and dealers in cotton
feed meal to the above law which requires the inspection tagging and analysis
of all cottonseed meal whether sold for cattle food fertilizer purposes or
other uses This law will be enforced and I most earnestly request all manu
facturers to promptly comply with its requirements And in case of doubt
as to the method to apply to the department of agriculture for the rules
and regulations governing such inspections
The per centage of ammonia calculated from the nitrogen present in sea
island cottonseed meal which is to be fixed by the Commissioner of Agricul
ture is hereby placed at live and a half per centum
R T NESBITT
Commissioner of AgricultureANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS189094
179
NEW LAW GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS AND
FERTILIZER MATERIAL
On the 19th of October 1891 an act the full text of which is hereby given
was approved by the Governor In many respects it changes the method of
inspecting fertilizers and fertilizer materials and in these changes the Com
missioner trusts that all manufacturers and dealers or their agents will will
ingly acquiesce as the department will require and will see that the law and
regulations established by the Commissioner are carried out The assent and
cooperation of manufacturers and dealers or their agents will obviously ren
der their dealings with the department more pleasant and at the same time
will better enable the Commissioner to give an efficient service and will aid
him more readily to detect any spurious article that is sought to be imposed
upon the people of the State and in protecting the farmers at the same time
to protect the honest manufacturer and dealer
AN ACT
To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection analysis and sale
of commercial fertilizers cr emicals and cottonseed meal in the State of
Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of laws in conflic t therewith
and for other purposes
Section I Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia
That all manufacturers of or dealers in commercial fertilizers or chemicals
or cottonseed meal to be used in manufacturing the same who may desire to
sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers chemicals or cotton
seed meal shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of
Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers or chemicals which he or they
may desire to sell in said State either by themselves or their agents together
with the name of the manufacturer the place where manufactured and also
the guaranteed analysis thereof and if the same fertilizer is sold under differ
ent names said fact shall be so stated and the different brands that are iden
tical shall be named
Sec II Be it further enacted That all fertilizers or chemicals for mann
facturing the same and all cottonseed meal offered for sale or distribution in
this State shall have branded upon or attached to each bag barrel or package
the guaranteed analysis thereof showing the percentage of valuable elements
or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain embracing the following
determinations
Moisture at 212 deg Fah percent
Insoluble phosphoric acidpercent
Available phosphoric acidper cent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K2 Oper cent
The analysis so placed upon or attached to said fertilizer or chemical shall
be a guarantee by the manufacturer agent or person offering the same for sale180
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percen
tages named therein and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer
agent or dealer and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total
or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer
chemical or cottonseed meal
Sec III Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner
of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of the following Any acid phos
phate which contains less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid
any acid phosphate with potash which contains a sum total of less than ten
per centum of available phosphoric acid and potash when the per cents of the
two are added together any acid phosphate with ammonia which contains a
sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and ammonia
when the per cents of the two are added together any acid phosphate with
ammonia and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum
of available phosphoric acid ammonia and potash when the per cents of the
three are added together that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated super
phosphates unless said brands contain 2 per cent or more of ammonia And
also to forbid the sale of all cottonseed meal which is shown by official analy
sis to contain less than 1 per cent of ammonia Nothing in this act shall be
construed to nullify any of the requirements of an act entitled an act to
require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal
Sec IV Be it further enacted That all persons or firms who may desire or
intend to sell fertilizers chemicals or cottonseed meal in this State shall for
ward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or plainly written request
lor tags therefor stating the name of the brand the name of the manufact
urer the place where manufactured the number of tons of each brand and
the number of tags required and the person or persons to whom the came is
consigned the guaranteed analysis also the number of pounds contained in
each bag barrel or package in which said fertilizer chemical or cottonseed
meal is put up and shall at the time of said request for tags forward directly
to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspec
tion fee whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture
to issue tags to parties so applying who shall attach a tag to each bag barrel
or package thereof which when attached to said bag barrel or package shall
be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of
this act Any tags left in possession of the manufacturer or dealer at the end
of the season shall not be used for another season nor shall they be redeem
able by the Department of Agriculture
Sec V Be it further enacted That it shall not be lawful for any person firm
or corporation either by themselves or their agents to sell or offer for sale in
this State any fertilizer chemicals or cottonseed meal without first registering
the same with the Commissioner of Agriculture as required by this act and
the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be
no protection to said party so selling or offering the same for sale
Sec VI Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall
appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers or so many inspectors as in said Com
missioners judgment may be necessary who shall hold their offices for such
terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judgment think best
for carrying out the provisions of this act The greatest compensation that any
one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of one hundredANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER31893U4
1S1
dollars per month and his actual expenses whiie in the discharge of his duty
as such inspector It shall be their duty to inspect all fertilizers chemicals or
cottonseed meal that may be found at any point within the limits of this State
and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture and
shall see that all fertilizers chemicals or cotton seed meal are properly tagged
Sec VII Be it further enacted That each inspector of fertilizers shall be
provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers chemicals or cot
tonseed meal drawn by him and shall also be provided with leaden tags
numbered in duplicate from one upward and it shall be the duty of each in
spector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all fertilizers chemicals and cotton
seed meal that he may be requested to inspect or that he may find unin
spected and he shall fill two sample bottles with each brand and place one
leaden tag of same number in each sample bottle and shall plainly write on a
label on said bottles the number corresponding to the number on said leaden
tags in said bottles and shall also write on the label on one of said bottles the
name of the fertilizer chemical or cotton seed meal inspected the name of the
manufacturer the place where manufactured the place where inspected the
date of inspection and the name of the inspector and shall send or cause to
be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture the samples so drawn by him an
nexed to a full report of said inspection written on the form prescribed by
said Commissioner of Agriculture which report must be numbered to corre
spond with the number on said sample bottles and number on the leaden tags
placed therein and it shall also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to
keep a complete record of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed
by said Commissioner of Agriculture Before entering upon the discharge of
their duties they shall take and subscribe before some officer authorized to
administer the same an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties which may
be required of them in pursuance of this act
Sec VIII Be it further enacted That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall
have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in regard to the in
spection analysis and sale of fertilizers chemicals and cottonseed meal not
inconsistent with the provisions of this act as in his judgment will best carry
out the requirements thereof
Sec IX Be it further enacted That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner
of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received from the inspec
tion of fertilizers and to pay the same into the treasury after paying out of
said sum the expenses and salaries of inspectors and for the tags and bottles
used in making such inspections
Sec X Be it further enacted That all contracts for the sale of fertilizers or
chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner than as required
by this act shall be absolutely void provided that nothing in this act shall be
construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate kainit or other fertilizer
material in bulk to each other by importers manufacturers or manipulators
who mix fertilizer material for sale or as preventing the free and unrestricted
shipment of these articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix
fertilizer material for sale
Sec XL Be it further enacted That any person selling or offering for
sale any fertilizers or chemicals without having first complied with the
provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on convictionL82
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

thereof shall he punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the code of
Georgia
Sec XII Be it further enacted That all laws and parts of laws in conflict
with this act he and the same are hereby repealed
1 With the provisions of the above law the Commissioner requests that
all manufacturers and dealers in commercial fertilizers chemicals and other
fertilizer material immediately comply
AVhile the law itself is sufficiently explicit to be thoroughly understood to
facilitate its operations the following form is prescribed
REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION
To R T Nesbilt Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the State
of Georgiamanufactured by
at

THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE
BRAND
Moisture at 212 Fahper cent
Insoluble phosphoric acid per cent
Available phosphoric acidpercent
Ammonia actual and potentialper cent
Potash K OPer cent
The ammonia is in the form of
Theis put up inof
lbs each
It is identical with
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above brand be
fore the official analysis thereof is madeagree and bind
to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all
claims for purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made the
Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law
2 Under section 4 relating to requests for tags in order that no delay may
occur in shipments the manufacturer or dealer need not notify the Depart
ment at the time of the request for tags of the name of the purchaser or
consignee but must notify the Commisssioner in writing of every sale or con
signment on the day in which the same is made This notice must dis
tinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertil
izer material and the number of tons together with the name of the pur
chaser or consignee and their places of residence It must request inspection
and contain an agreement to cancel all sales thereof in the event the Com
missioner shall piohibit its sale in accordance with law The following form
may be used substantial compliance with the above rule being regarded as
sufficientANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934
183
NOTICE OF SALES
AND CONSIGNMENTS
INSPECTION
AND REQUEST FOR
189
To R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture Atlanta Ga
You are hereby notified thathave this day made the follow
ing sales and consignments and request that the same be inspected
o 0 IT o u a Cm s bo a
of Brand of Tons of Manuf turer re Manufa tured a a CQ a
O o a a XI
Z d
t5 o
O
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above before the
official analysis thereof is madeagree and bind
to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claim for
purchase money therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commis
sioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law
Manufacturers and dealers by this rule are not required to delay shipment
in order that the inspection may be made but are required to see that their
goods are properly tagged the inspection being made while the fertilizer or
fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or consignee
3 All orders for tags must be sent direct to this Department and the request
must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the rate of ten cents per
ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which they are to be used
Manufacturers and dealers or their agents may request tags in such quanti
ties as they see fit but each request must state distinctly the brand or brands
on which they are to be used with the number of tons of the brand or of
each of said brands
It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually on hand
at the time the request is made but manufacturers or dealers can order such
a number of tags as they may need during the season bearing in mind that
no tags carried over will be redeemed by the Department
In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascer
tained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand by proper no
tice with the consent of the Commissioner the tags can be used on another
brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight and sold or consigned
the same season
4 If a fertilizer be offered for registration inspection or sale branded as
either of the following
Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Guano
Guano
Fertilizer
or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate the184 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per cent of
ammonia actual or potential
5 That part of section 3 excepting from the operations of the act an act to
require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal leaves the inspec
tion of that article under the Calvin bill which requires that all cottonseed
meal for whatever purpose to be used be inspected It is therefore necessary
and is required that a request for inspection be sent to the Commissioner and
that the inspection be made in the hands of the manufacturer dealer or their
agent or if shipped in the State at some convenient point before the meal is
sold or distributed In all cases fees will be sent direct to the Commissioner
who will immediately order the nearest inspector to make the inspectionTABLE No I
Fertilizers Containing Two Per Cent and Upward of Ammonia or its Equivalent of Nitrogen
NAME OF BRAND
4
Phosphoric A cid
DQ

a
3
a 3

03

o a 51

a a

S tf

d PS
Guaranteed
Analysis
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
o
w
TJ
t
W
H
H
o
t
O
w
I
o

r1
to
K
I
Q
O
Q
Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Amruoniated Alkaline Phosphate
Acid Meal
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Arnericus Guano
Atlanta Ammoniated Superphosphate
Ashepoo Wheat and Oats Specific
Alliance Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ashepoo Fertilizer
Ammoniated Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Alliance Standard
Alliance Standard
Augusta High Grade Guano
Armours Special Fruit and Vegetable Grower
Armours Blood and Bone
A 48
A G8
A 29
A 7
D 10
A 30
A 10
C 6
A 10
A 09
E 15
C 13
C 18
J 114
1 147
J 149
3853
3869
3812
3800
3930
3813
3774
3840
3774
3870
3790
3887
3892
4173
127s
4280
1135 188
915 290
680 173
1236 274
1332 138
616 109
822 285
1158 265
822 285
1524 128
1562 154
1456 52
1587 59
1060 119
570 545
406 551
728
642
838
764
865
967
725
837
7 25
848
748
1077
97
8S5
264
196
240
189
1
265
255
189
255
179
185
48
21
187
645
718
992
838
1078
95
1053
1232
980
976
980
10 27
9
1125
1099
1022
645
718
250
211
302
231
216
200
277
245
277
235
203
265
260
263
858
799
211
123
49
219
153
138
142
116
142
100
184
240
244
169
31
44
18 72
16 54
19 47
17 99
17 87
18 70
18 79
17 70
18 79
17 72
16 82
20 31
20 10
18 96
30 22
29 17
Navassa Guano Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Ga Farmers Oil Fert Co Madison Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Arnericus Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charlestorr S C
Coiner Hull Co Savannah Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Goulding Fertilizer Co Pensacola Fla
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
Armour Packing Co Kansas City Mo
Armour Packing Co Kansas City MoAcme FertilizerP 32
Alliance High Grade Guano
Ammomated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Americus Am Bone Superphosphate
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Ammoniated Fertilizer
Ammoniated Superphosphate
urora Amo Phospho
Alliance Standard
Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Adairs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Boss of Madison
B As Ammoniated Bone
Branuons Choice Animal Bone Fertilizer
Boyds Animal Bone Guano
Bakers Standard Guano
Baughs Cotton Guano
BD Sea Fowl Guano
Blood and Bone Guano
Baughs Formula No 3
Baughs Special Cotton Grower
Baldwin Co High Grade Guano
Buffalo Bone Fertilizer
Bradleys Mixture of D Bone and Mur Pot
A 30
C 144
A 87
S 35
T 39
C 132
S 14
L 50
C 15
E 2
T 49
G 4
A 07
L 50
A 67
E 47
C 90
C 103
S 5
c
C
J i
E 29
D 31
4248
3813
4165
4103
4114
4115
4130
4078
4137
3889
3972
4407
3984
3868
1137
3868
4042
4026
4002
4054
4025
4026
4074
3972
3991
1135
610
1835
1356
1438
1325
1675
106
1160
1101
700
9
1128
829
1160
829
1067
1365
1415
1066
1402
1365
1075
700
1344
115
109
194
278
147
359
209
82
133
49
230
449
1 15
72
133
72
233
a02
17l
109
326
302
169
230
328
7ll
967
105
934
576
705
72
674
8
1012
782
760
806
817
8
817
0
732
480
867
709
732
820
782
7
163
265
896
75
329
254
259
17
155
159
231
191
136
265
155
265
1
169
514
228
164
169
207
234
158
897
1232
1001
1009
905
959
986
851
1052
1171
1016
951
942
1082
1052
1082
86
901
994
1095
873
901
102
1016
92
229
200
219
270
245
209
238
3 61
201
313
235
220
218
331
201
331
201
255
250
276
250
255
232
235
220
235
135
188
198
124
161
145
196
220
236
162
117
149
144
220
144
212
101
109
216
203
162
140
17 61
18 70
17 80
19 27
18 20
16 99
17 89
20 09
18 00
22 00
18 13
16 87
17 00
23 00
15 00
23 00
16 41
16 44
17 86
19 40
17 SI
16 44
18 47
18 13
16 85
Acme Mfg Co Wilmington
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Stubbs Tison Co
B K Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Williams Clark Co New York
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Berkeley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Carter Woolfolk Albany Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
A DAdairA McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Ga Farmers Fert Oil Co Madison Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Baugh Sons Co Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
Baugh Sons Co Baltimore Md
Baugh Sons Co Baltimore Md
Milledgeville Oil Co Milledgeville Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C
21

o

o
o
g
w
w
Q
t
a
w
H
N
K
W
noTABLE No IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Blood and Bone Guano
Blood and Bone Fertilizer
Bowkers Cotton Fertilizer
Butts Co Guano
Boss Guano
Burke County Fertilizer
Beef Blood and Bone Fertilizer
Bradleys Ammouiated Dissolved Bone
B B B Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Bone Compound
Bowkers Nassau Guano
Bells Ammoniated Fertilizer
Bowkers Vegetable Grower
Brannons Select C S M Guano
Brannons Pure Blood Fertilizer
Blood and Bone Superphosphate
I 33
ct 1
33
T 69
J 111
H 27
L 63
C 140
L 28
11 66
c 33
c 98
c 183
T 29
T 37
D 55
3993
3981
3950
4256
4186
4195
4204
4134
41 JO
4268
3950
4059
4302
4088
4090
4083
1170
1273
1584
1008
781
848
1172
1410
1142
730
1584
1140
970
1150
104S
1144
Phosphoric Acid
91
10
138
177
494
17
118
182
97
251
138
237
329
1
1 34
91
884
760
812
952
095
633
615
839
835
768
812
916
609
870
974
915
24
121
191
221
153
291
265
201
71
286
191
94
437
197
193
213
O O
6C
O
x Guaranteed
r i Analysis
85 2 X e II Op
a
CS nja Va a
gp 5 p d
ai i i Cb
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
1129
881
1003
1173
848
924
8 SO
1040
906
1054
1003
1010
10 16
1007
1167
1128
224 148
201 110
200 152
232 173
270 228
325 127
210 130
257 ISI
293 195
212
200 152
301 149
323 398
236 250
2 SO 237
246 131
18 64
15 75
17 04
19 25
18 22
19 45
16 08
19 08
10 86
16 55
17 04
19 69
22 55
19 27
21 11
19 00
Itf
8 2 1
7 4 4
8 2 Hi
9 i 2
8 2 1
David Brown Albany Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
t Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
I J R Carmichael Jackson Gr
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
1 Waynesboro Fert Co Waynesboro Ga
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Bradley Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
W M Mallett Jackson Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Chieora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Carter Woolfolk Albany Ga
T
w
H
S
W
Hi
H
O

o
so
h
a
a
r
cj
W
M
I
w
o
SOComplete Cotton Fertilizer
Cumberland Fertilizer
Cotton and Com Compound
Coneys Home Made Guano
Complete Fertilizer
Comer Hull Cos Pure Animal Bone High
Grade Vegetable Fertilizer
Chatham Guano
Chesapeake Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Umax Guano
Cotton Maker
Cairo Guano
Creechs D K Complete Fertilizer
Creechs D K Complete Fertilizer
Chicora Soluble Guano
Crescent Bone Fertilizer
Complete Guano
Clifton High Grade Guano
Chesap ake Guano
Cotton Plant Grower from Blood
Cotton Plant Grower from C S M
Chatham Ammo Bone Vegetator
Cotton King H Grade B and B Guano
Cotton Seed Meal Mixture
Corn and Cotton Fertilizer
12 3886 1569 132 826 105 931 220 227
10 3846 1247 252 825 187 1012 248 166
60 3864 1330 331 597 267 864 250 172
10 8930 1332 138 865 188 1053 216 153
60 3S64 1330 331 597 267 864 250 172
5 3799 1101 70 649 284 933 650 5 10
12 3886 1563 132 826 105 931 220 227
68 3869 915 290 642 196 838 241 123
12 3886 1569 132 826 105 931 220 227
68 3869 915 290 642 196 838 241 123
9 3843 1235 170 768 258 1026 274 176
13 3887 1456 52 1077 48 1125 265 240
18 3892 1587 59 977 122 1099 260 244
59 4016 1249 228 915 155 1070 245 131
10 3989 1388 174 874 114 988 227 256
29 4011 1210 67 624 233 859 270 148
81 4150 1150 284 650 220 870 257 181
155 4263 947 301 368 521 889 230 131
152 4282 798 104 1002 111 1143 244 163
153 4283 774 219 832 169 1001 240 233
L66 4189 1070 304 477 461 938 583 517
1 10 4223 821 443 791 235 1H29 211 257
73 4295 924 175 783 184 967 227 162
75 4296 1094 119 623 191 811 233 324
17 58
18 32
17 24
17 76
17 24
31 28
17 58
16 54
17 58
16 54
19 3
20 31
20 10
18 5
18 45
17 66
17 68
16 76
19 38
18
29 39
19 II
17
17
I
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Charles Ellis Savannah Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Americus Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Savannah Ga
Fasiu Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Southern phosphate Works Macon Ga
Kcnnesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C

kJ
go
W
GO
O
o
o
w
Q

t1
SI
w
CO
TABLE No IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Cliisolms H G Fertilizer
Cherokee Soluble Guano
Chatham Guano
Cumberland Bone Superphosphate of Lime
Crosbys Sol Pacific Ammo Bone
Complete Fertilizer
Cotton Fertilizer No 1
Capitol Cotton Fertilizer
Chattahoochee Guano
Cotton Brat d Ammo Dissolved Bone
Cherokee Ammo Bone
Coweta Fruit Growers Favorite
Coweta H G Fertilizer
Colgate Manure
Carolina Fertilizer
Crescent Bone Fertilizer
ntrCesce Bone Fertilizer
o A 2 3 0 g 63 W 0 a 3 K o 0 2 3
S 50 4277
P 21 1239
D 41 4094
T 41 4110
S 40 4157
M 35 4233
D 47 1095
J 95 4100
E 65 4119
G 44 4123
C 111 4005
T 27 4087
E 40 4039
E 47 4042
c in 4062
C 7 3841
S 3842
Phosphoric Acid
1250
Hiso
1371
1064
1806
1021
1170
1351
1095
807
1118
825
1030
1067
1415
1350
1420
1 s 3 3 O CO
224 6 07 189
209 802 183
174 626 181
187 402 007
104 705 213
180 811 247
558 507 305
84 741 228
70 835 208
247 003 301
215 645 213
105 691 172
124 862 199
2 677 185
171 480 514
169 839 109
162 801 112
t
850
9S5
S07
1009
918
10 58
872
909
1043
967
S5S
863
1001
802
994
941
973
II
Si

201 247
234 113
201 170
243 90
205 164
253 162
249 292
213 200
222 100
254 232
240 103
285 999
305 245
201 212
250 101
228 240
210 253
10 01
17 10
15 70
17 70
18 1
18 88
is 38
17 IS
17 99
18 75
17 16
21 91
20 98
16 41
17 86
18 08
18 02
Guaranteed
Analysis
CO J5 a
C a P be



PC fc
H2 fl
043 SB
aa o Ht3
Ph
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
8 2 2
8 2 1
8 2 l
8 o l
8 2 2
8 2 2
S 2 1
8 2 1
8 2 1
0 2 9
8 2 iy
8 2 i
9 2 i
8 2 2
8 2 2
Berkeley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Greenville Fertilizer Co Greenville S C
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co Port
land Me
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Scholze Bros Chattanooga Tenn
Little Bros Fertilizer and Phosphate Co
Jacksonville Fla
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
LaGrange Mills LaGrange Ga
Powers Gibbs Co
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Comer Hull Co Savannah and Rome
Ga
Comer Hull CoSavna and Rome Ga
O
W
W
H
g
w
a
H
o

o
w
o
c
i
w
w
I
c
w
o
w
QCordele Guauo C 6
Creeks D K Complete Fertilizer C 15
Crown GuanoA 104
Cumberland Bt ne Superphosphate of LimeJ 134
Chatham Amd Bone VegetatorC 166
Cumberland Bone Superphosphate of Lime T
Cerealite Top DressingC 192
Cunninghams H Grade Ammoniated Guano A 119
Coweta Animal Bone Fertilizer E 61
Chicoraamd Dissolved Bone B 34
Chieora High Grade FertilizerC 98
Cotton Makers Ammoniated Guano C 15b
Clarks Soluble A 90
C Hs High Grade Ammoniated Dissd Bone S 40
Dani ls Ammoniated Bone Guauo H
Damascus Amd Dissd Eone Hightower Co J
Damascus Amd Dissd Bone Hightower Co
Diamond Cotton Food
Double Anchor Soluble Guano
Dixie Guano
Dabneys Choice Guano
Dissolved Bone Carolina
Dunbars Blood and Bone Guano
Diamond Cotton Food
Dunbars Standard Cottou Fertilizer
3840
3889
1257
4383
4189
4116
4303
4336
4047
4056
4059
4263
4378
4157
4191
1158
1461
1041
1500
1070
1064
494
1075
826
1206
11 10
94
1370
1806
1290
39891 13
C 7 3841 1350
0 15 3889 1461
E 22 3878 1045
0 9 3S43 1235
A 30 3813 616
A 10 3771 822
E 22 3878 1045
C 13 3887 1451
E 22 3878 1045
265
49
367
118
304
is7
28
518
252
292
237
301
97
104
321
174
169
49
837
1012
441
797
477
402
51
2C2
967
815
916
3 68
8 18
705
730
S7J
839
1012
473
170
109
2S5
173
967
725
70
107
139
159
388
341
461
607
87
636
257
131
94
521
195
213
233
114
109
159
223
258
265
255
976
1171
829
1138
938
1009
138
898
1224
948
1010
889
1043
918
969
988
948
1171
930
1026
1232
980
930
1125
930

245 116 17 701 1 8 1 Comer Hull Co Savannah and Rome Ga 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
313 236 22 00 1 8 2
239 126 16 46 2 9 24 1 Treadwell Co Atanta Ga
264 211 20 26 2 8 1 Cumberland Bone PhospbateCo Port
land Me
583 517 29 40 2 8 6 5 Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga r1
2 43 90 17 70 8 0 1 Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co Port
land Me
900 296 29 48 9 2 Boykiu Curmer Co Baltimore Md oo H
222 307 18 02 John D Cunningham Marietta Ga
215 214 19 69 8 2 2 Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga O O
238 244 18 37 IX 9 2 2 Ohicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
301 149 19 69 12 8 VA 1 Chieora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Q
230 L34 16 70 3 8 2 1 Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
220 240 18 59 o 8 2 2 Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
265 164 1815 1 8 2 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga J
23S 233 18 39 1 8 2 2 Daniel Sons ct Palmer Milieu Ga
227 250 18 45 1 8 2 j Comer Hull CoSavanah Rome Ga 1t N
228 240 18 08 1 8 2 2 Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
313 236 22 00 1 8 2 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
253 136 17 71 Hi 8 2 1 Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C GO 1
274 176 19 33 2 8 243 150 Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md CO
200 13S 18 70 1 8 2 1 Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga CO 1 4
277 145 18 79 3 8 2 1 Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
25 lSt 17 71 IV 8 2 1 Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
2 or 241 20 il 1 8 2 1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
25 136 17 71 IV 8 2 1 Imperial Fertilizer CoCherleston S c
TABLE No tContinued
NAME OF BRAND
h A
t a O

s K N
iz o aj
N O a GO o
d
GO J a
Phosphoric Acid
Diamond Cotton Foodc 8
Dabneys Choice Guano A 5
Douglas Cooperative Store High Grade Guano h
Davy CrockettJ 1
Dissolved Bone Ammonia and PotashT 66
Dunbars High Grade Cotton Fertilizer C 102
Dabneys Choice Guano C 123
Dorseys High Grade Ammoniated Guano G i
Elberta GuanoJ 136
Fdisto Ammoniated FertilizerB 100
Edisto Ammoniated FertilizerH 40
Excelsior C 15
Eddystone Soluble Guano A 30
ExcelsiorC 18
Eddystone Soluble Guano D 10
Eutaw Fertilizer A 10
Ellis Chas Cumberland FertilizerC 10
389
385
3999
4159
4163
4061
4072
405
4220
4382
4379
3S89
381
3892
8980
3774
3846
1587
1118
1504
670
1036
18 Of
1163
1131
1291
1145
900
1461
616
1587
1882
822
1247
59
212
I 17
111
202
372
296
125
340
461
527
49
l09
59
188
2S5
252

t o
J
y
948
94
75
802
930
828
615
450
486
1012
96
97
865
725
825
122
175
65
70
363
16
151
214
186
34
326
159
265
122
188
255
187
1099
1055
1013
101
1120
969
10 81
1042
801
79
812
1171
1232
1099
1053
980
1012
200
210
225
268
200
2
230
247
310
268
283
313
200
260
216
277
243
a a

211
113
151
7
16
148
150
220
376
1
181
236
138
244
L53
142
166
20 10
17 40
17 76
18 31
18 24
18 74
18 53
19 11
20 0
17 16
17 91
22 00
18 70
20 10
IS 87
18 7 i
18 22
Guaranteed
Analysis
5S
c
z
1
up
2
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
lames M Smith Smilhonia Ga
T J Lowe Mabelton Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
J H Dabney Co Atlanta Ga
H P Alman Dorsey Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Ashepoo Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
W

W
H
H
O

O
W
Q
H
a
w
M
I
Q
H
O
W
Q
Excelsior High Grade fertilizer A
Empire GuanoC
Excelsior C
Eddystone Soluble GuanoA
Etiwan Ammoniated Suprphsphate E
Ellis Soluble Pacific GuanoJ
Excelsior Guano
Ellis Productive Boue SuperphosphateJ
Ellis Ammoniated Dissolved Bone L
Eclipse High Grade GuanoS
Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer H
Excellent Georgia Standard C
Elephant Guano 8
Eldus Ammoniated Guano L
Edisto Soluble GuanoC
Etiwan Guano D
Edisto Special FertilizerC
Eureka Soluble Guano D
Eagle Ammoniated Bone SuperphosphateC
Edisto Amd Dissolved Boue Am and Potash C
Excellenza Souble Guano D
Raw an Guano 1
Eureka Ammoniated Bone Phosphate G
Eagle Island Ammoniated GuanoG
Farmers Ammoniated Dissolved BoneiC
10 3774 822 285 725 255 980 277 142
9 3843 1235 170 768 258 1026 274 176
13 3SS7 1456 52 1077 48 1125 265 240
53 3857 1118 212 880 175 1055 210 113
35 3978 1388 290 764 316 1080 218 122
51 4014 1474 118 745 235 980 232 157
24 4004 1505 107 673 323 996 225 160
51 4014 1474 118 7 15 235 980 232 157
9 3999 1504 147 948 65 1013 225 151
50 4261 1071 83 690 215 905 329 154
11 4110 1030 646 571 202 773 278 125
162 4171 1058 325 507 350 857 265 153
47 4203 1175 134 87 243 1118 222 143
69 4207 1063 177 582 290 872 258 247
99 4060 1025 620 485 351 836 232 131
27 4034 1228 175 792 462 1254 207 125
200 4331 1048 551 522 338 860 270 223
90 4337 725 197 706 274 980 244 17S
140 4134 1410 182 839 201 1040 257 184
99 406 i 1025 620 485 351 872 258 247
07 4245 1261 159 481 627 1108 271 132
131 429 1207 336 436 423 859 250 137
tin 4313 868 203 681 370 1051 216 169
a 4123 867 247 663 304 967 254 282
6 3840 1158 265 837 139 976 245 116
18 79
19 33
20 31
17 40
17 88
17 72
1769
17 72
i7 76
19 62
17 00
17 57
18 45
18 25
16 37
19 01
18 28
18 20
19 OS
18 25
19 56
17 07
17 98
18 75
17 70
A 2
Ashepoo Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Bid
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle la
Etiwan Guano Co Charleston S C
Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
Excelsior Mfg Co Washington Ga
Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
West Co Albany Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
Griffin Oil Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Johnson Harrold Americus Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
John C Reese Co Baltimore Jld
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Va Fert Co Richmond Va
Powers Gibbs Co Wilmington N C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga

GO
o
l
o
o
so
SO
H
N
H
SO
GOTABLE No IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid

qj a
0
K
Guaranteed
Analysis
MB
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
H
2i
o
w
o
M
d
w
w
I
w
Fryers Favorite Guano
Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Farmers Pride Ammoniated Fertilizer
Farmers Special Superphosphate c Ammonia
Farmers Union Cotton Standard
Farmers Standard
Farmers Friend Fertilizer
Furman High Grade Fertilizer
Farmers Favorite
Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Forest City Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Farmers Favorite
Farmers Pride
Farmers Alliance Guano
Farmers Pride Ammoniated Fertiliser
Farmers Pride Ammoniated Fertilizer
Gouldings Bone Compound
1 10
c 8
II 11
A 105
L 36
T 22
L 52
A 80
C 1 in
J 10
C 7
L 50
C 99
A 39
B III
B ini
A 69
3930
3812
4110
4258
II II
4086
4136
4051
4134
3989
4137
1060
Hill
4379
4382
3870
1332 138 865
1420 162 861
1030 646 571
1215 88 864
1140 111 597
960 50 797
1103 111 709
794 237 811
1 110 L82 839
1388 174 874
1350 169 839
1160 138 897
1026 620 485
1685 113 7 HI
900 527 486
11 15 Ie 450
1524 128 8 18
18
112
202
268
223
148
1
L53
201
114
109
155
351
143
326
I
179
1053
973
77
1132
820
915
848
964
1040
988
918
1052
836
907
812
797
1027
Li hi
216
278
205
300
280
240
261
257
227
228
201
232
26
283
268
285
153
253
125
324
204
214
123
111
184
256
246
220
131
318
181
152
100
18 87
18 02
17 00
19 5
18 59
19 15
16 50
18 40
19 08
18 45
18 08
18 00
16 37
19 35
17 91
17 16
17 7li
8 2
2 1
2 2
2 1
1 3
2 1
2 1
2K 1
2 1
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1
o 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Farmers Union Jackson Ga
Middle Georgia Oil Fertilizer Co
Reed Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Comer Hull Co Savaah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savaah Rome Ga
loweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston s
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C
Goulding Fertilizer Co Peusacola FlaGorsypium Phospho
Georgia State Standard Amd Superphos
Georgia Fertilizer
Gouldings Saint George
Giant Guano
Gem of Athens
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Gold Basis Mixture
Gem Fertilizer
Gem Ammo Dissolved Bone
G Zs Ammo Dissolved Bone
Georgia State Standard Amd Superphosphate
Georgia State Standard Amd Superphosphate
Georgia Fertilizer
Georgia Fertilizer
Home Mixture
High Grade Sampson Guano
Hardees Cotton Boll
Hardees Cotton Boll
Hunter Pierce BatteysAmd D Bone
Henry Co Amd Dissolved Bone
High Grade Formula
Hardees Cotton Boll
Hunter Pierce Batteys Amd D Bone
Hightovver Co Damascus A D Bone
3761 10461 91 838 187 1025 288 149
3842 1420 162 861 112 973 216 253
3842 1420 162 861 112 973 216 253
3870 1524 128 848 179 1017 235 100
3813 1235 170 768 258 1026 274 176
4002 1027 147 632 205 837 254 187
3800 12 36 274 764 189 953 231 219
4311 1603 173 525 222 747 297 264
4271 1073 124 727 165 892 234 234
4156 1266 233 664 216 880 248 121
4081 638 202 737 316 1053 274 188
3089 1388 174 874 114 988 227 256
3841 1350 169 839 109 948 228 246
3989 1388 174 874 114 988 227 256
3841 1350 169 839 109 948 228 246
3969 1295 130 656 223 879 255 211
4409 1133 54 738 206 944 300 165
3841 1350 169 839 109 948 228 246
3989 1388 174 874 111 988 227 256
3886 1569 132 826 105 931 220 227
4143 1109 174 794 148 942 254
3860 1023 16J 752 177 929 248 172
3842 1420 162 861 112 973 210 253
3840 1158 265 837 139 976 245 116
3842 1420 162 861 112 973 216 253
19 48 1 8 2 1
18 02 1 8 2 2
18 02 1 8 o 2
17 72 1 9 2K 1
19 33 2 8 243 1
17 39 8 2 1
17 99 2 8 2 2
18 41 1 7 3 2
17 68 1 8 2 2
15 04 3 8H 9A VA
19 65
18 45 1 8 2 2
18 08 1 8 2 2
18 45 1 8 2 2
18 08 1 8 2 2
17 95 2 8 2Ji 1
19 28 8 2 2
18 08 1 8 2 2
18 45 1 8 2 2
17 58 2 8 2 1H
16 73 1 8 2
17 81 1 8 2 1
18 02 1 8 2 2
17 70 1 8 2 1
18 02 1 8 2 2
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Goulding Fertilizer Co Peusacola Fla
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Athens Oil Fertilizer Co Athens Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Berkley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Comer Hull Co Sivah EomeGa
Comer Hull Co Savah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savah Rome Ga
Columhus Fertilizer Co Columbus Ga
Dave Brown Albany Ga
Comer Hull Co Savah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savah Rome Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
J W Tumipseed Hampton Ga
Gairdner Arnold Co Elberton Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga

IH
Kj
GO
w
GO
O
Q
O

H
Ed
O

i
H
Ed
H

N
El
Ed
GO
I
SOI
TABLE No IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
High Grade Guano
HauseUs State Standard
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
Home Fertilizer Chemicals
Houston H G Melon Grower
Home Mixture Guano
Houstons Pride
High Grade Ammo Superphosphate
Hart County Fertilizer
Henry County Ammo Cotton Fertilizer
Hunts Favorite
numbers Compound
High Grade Formula
Imperial Guano
Imperial Soluble Guano
Imperial Guano
Irvings Ammo Guano
Phosphoric Acid
Z a

ZS

Guaranteed
fcs 60 CO P 6 SB
aa n
3 c ga
c Cw
J Q p j
i2
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
u 41
L 25
L 50
A 62
A 56
D 10
i 22
A 53
L 65
101
3936
4068
4217
4225
424
4092
4098
4121
4139
418
38
3860
fln
3878
3837
1206
1240
1210
960
10115
1210
1065
1040
1115
1160
1349
1023
1332
11 15
1118
1068
1 25 733
272 995
156
132
92
116
77
137
1
19
161
1
471
212
146
55
7 IS
730
730
820
733
851
897
1
752
865
707
880
8 79
1050
182
221
17
166
160
186
155
231
177
188
223
175
354
930
901
90
992
893
1037
1052
831
929
in
930
1055
866
250
215
053
612
28
251
214
259
215
255
201
295
21S
216
253
210
253
227
172
819
908
385
246
161
181
188
159
220
11
172
153
136
113
118
J
817 91
17 96
20 13
25 78
20 58
15 75
16 70
18 71
16 83
18 80
18 00
17 87
17 84
18 87
17 71
17 III
17 04
Richland Guano Co Richland Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Houston Guano Co Fort Valley Ga
J E Paulin Co Fort Gaines Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Carter and Wollolk Albany Ga
1 s McMullen
J W Turnipseed Hampton Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston s c
Gairdner Arnold it Co Carlton Ga
Americus Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Griffin Oil Fertilizer Co Griffin Ga
o

n
S3
3

SO
11
o
C
tr
H
cj
W
M
I

O
S3
oImperial Amnioniated Fertilizer
John M Greens Formula
John M Greens Formula
John M Greens Formula
Jumbo Guano
J A Gs Ammoniated Dissolved Boue
Jonahs Gourd Gnauo
Jackson H G Ammo Fertilizer
Jewells H G Guano
Kramers Amd Disd Bone
King Guano
Kennesaw High Grade Guano
Lee Brand
Lane John Kolb Gem Fertilizer
Lane John Kolb Gem Fertilizer
Lane W T Bros A Boue
LaneJohn Kolb Gem Fertilizer
Lanes Our Own
Lockwood Cotton Fertilizer
L W Dissolved Bone Ammonia Potash
L A W I X L Amd Bone Superphosphate
Legg Bros Cotton Grower
Latimers Coton Fertilizer
Listers Ammo Dissd Bone Phosphate
Listers Harvest Queen
C 102 4061 1305 372 802 167 969 277
A 53 3857 1118 212 880 175 1055 210
D 10 3930 1332 138 865 188 1053 216
A 30 3813 616 109 967 265 1232 200
1 26 4033 1240 403 910 243 1153 227
L 9 3999 1501 147 948 65 1013 225
D 53 4097 1010 97 794 145 939 272
L 82 4141 1020 171 814 132 946 268
A 60 3864 1330 331 597 267 864 250
A 67 3868 829 72 817 2f5 1082 331
C 9 3813 1235 170 768 258 1026 274
A 81 4150 1150 284 650 220 870 257
M 23 4107 1110 134 747 278 1025 215
C 7 3841 1350 169 839 109 948 228
J 10 3989 1388 174 874 111 988 227
O 8 3842 1420 162 861 112 972 216
C 8 3842 1420 162 S62 112 972 216
E 13 3789 1043 206 911 134 1045 238
E 22 3878 1045 473 707 223 930 253
E 34 3977 1450 232 737 269 1006 244
E 31 3977 1450 232 736 269 1000 244
A 115 4276 1070 206 1036 25 1061 238
P 31 4247 1043 261 706 179 885 247
T 59 4254 1113 241 739 197 936 257
E 57 4044 1055 285 698 193 891 227
1481 18
113 17
153 18
188 18
102 18 l
151 17
188 18 i
I
182 18
172 i
144
176
181
181
246
256
253
253
74
136
159
159
115
2 03
215
198
I
74 IK 8 VA 1
40 l 8 2 1
87 l 8 2 1
70 i 8 2 1
54 2 8 2 1
76 2 8 2 1
68 1 8 2 1
58 5 8 2 1
21 2 8 2 1
02 1 8 2 1
33 2 8 243 VA
68 2 8 2 1
83 1 8 2 o
os 1 8 2 2
45 1 8 2 2
02 1 8 2 2
02 1 8 2 2
74 1 8 2 in
71 IX 8 2 1
26 3 8 2 1
26 3 8 2 1
l
72 1 8 2 2
48 3 8 2K 2
21 3 8 2 2
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Amcrieus Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Atlauta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Albany Ft Farm Pp Co Albany Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Mitchell County Fertilizer Co
Uman Moon Co Jackson Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Jas G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga
Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga
Legg Bro Marietta Ga
Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
Listers Chem Agr Works Newaik N J
Listers Chem Agr Works Newark N J

2

f

x
M
tji
O
a
o
o

sTABLE No I Continued
NAME OF BRAND
LaneW T Bros A A Bone
Lane W T Bros A A Bone
Lockwood Cotton Grower
Listers Success
Marietta High Grade Guano
Matchless Blood and Bone
Matchless Cotton Grower
Mastodon Amd Soluble Phosphate
Monroe Guano
Manipulated Guano
Mells Cotton Grower
Mannings High Grade Guano
Monarch Guano
M R Amd Dissd Bone
Xavassa Grain Fertilizer
Newton County High Grade Guano
Newton County High Grade Guano
J
C
E 5
E
L 9
B 22
Q
1
A
C
A
A
J 101
P 12
A 48
G 52
GG52
Phosphoric Acid
3989 1388
3811 1350
3878 10 15
4041 1055
3999 1504
4029 1570
3981 1273
1029 1570
3863 872
3780 1382
3857 1118
4215 1101
4186 781
4266 1200
S853 1135
4209 1025
4340 990
6 3 75 to a c3 3 3 o
171 874
169 839
473 707
285 698
147 948
162 733
107 760
162 733
97 722
106 711
212 880
72 797
494 696
101 825
188 728
255 693
212 700

114
109
223
193
115
174
121
174
211
210
175
247
I
133
264
248
271
948
930
891
1013
907
881
907
1033
921
1055
1044
848
9
992
941
971
O 3 Guaranteed
S O Analysis
Sa o 3 C ts 03
is SB n OS 3E JZ 1 S8

V a y 2 t a
227
228
253
2 27
225
254
201
2 54
2
302
210
275
270
259
250
253
218
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
256 18 45 1 8 2 2
246 18 08 1 S 2 2
136 17 71 VA 8 2 1
198 17 21 3 8 2 2
151 17 76 2 8 2 1
148 17 64 1 8 2 1
110 15 75 2 8 2 l
148 17 64 1 8 2 1
202 19 73 1 8 2 1
270 19 98 1 8 2 1
113 17 40 1 8 2 1
184 19 57 2 8 2 1
228 18 22 2 8 2 1
237 IS 90 9 8 2 1
211 18 72 4 8 2 2
144 17 85
147 17 20
Comer Hull A Co Savannah Rome Ga
Comei Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Listers Chem Agr Works Newark N J
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga
Wilcox Uibbs Co Savannah Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
H J Manning Powder Springs
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Navassa Guano Co Baltimore Md
A N Hays Covington Ga
A N Hays Covington Ga
O
K

z
H
o
1

o
a
t
H
d
w
f
o
m
o
71
COgethorpe Amd Dissd Bone
Oglethorpe Amd Dissd Bone
Obers Special Amd Dissd Bone
Obers Soluble Amd Superphosphate of Lime
Old Reliable
Oglethorpe A D Bone
Our Own
Obers A A Special Preparation
Orr Hunters Blood and Bone
Old Dominion Guano
Ocmulgee Guano
Owl Brand Guano
Out Own
OurOwu
Olympic
Orange Growers Own Guano
Obers Farmers Standard Amd Superphosphate
Phillips Sons 10 per cent Guano
Plowman Guano
Plowman Guano
Plowman Guano
Penguin Guano
Powbattan Corn Guano
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Planters Soluble Fertilizer
J 10 3989 1388 174 874 114 988 227
C 7 3841 1350 169 839 109 948 228
E 53 4043 1100 134 862 127 989 250
A 22 3806 990 402 817 197 1014 281
E 13 3789 1043 206 9 11 134 1045 238
C 8 3842 1420 162 61 112 973 216
C IS 3887 1456 52 1077 48 1125 265
A 22 8806 990 402 817 197 1014 281
C 9 3843 1235 170 768 258 1026 274
A 89 4101 1685 113 764 143 907 267
J 14 3990 1074 116 583 217 800 247
G 20 4001 1355 187 736 250 982 215
C 15 3889 1461 49 1012 159 1171 313
C 18 3892 1587 59 977 122 1009 260
J 14 3990 1074 116 583 217 800 247
C 145 4166 1323 13 872 44 916 458
E 53 4043 1100 134 862 127 989 250
C 157 4168 812 40 507 164 671 950
J 162 4338 1067 325 846 186 1032 200
A 121 4405 1475 116 856 173 1029 241
J 101 4186 781 494 695 153 848 270
J 101 4186 781 494 695 153 848 270
T 62 4162 1045 182 585 318 903 204
J 10 3989 1388 174 874 114 988 227
E 29 3972 700 230 782 234 1016 235
256
246
154
157
74
253
240
157
176
318
17
128
236
244
17
960
154
18 45
18 08
18 24
1928
17 74
18 02
20 31
19 28
19 33
19 35
1684
17 07
22 00
20 10
16 84
29 50
18 24
305 34 90
137 17 15
174 18 49
228 18 22
228
105
256
162
18 22
15 96
18 45
18 13
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
243
2
2
2
l4

2
1
1
IX
2
1
1
1
1
10
m
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savan n ah Rome Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull A Co Savannah Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertz Co Baltimore Md
Old Dominion Guno Co Atlanta Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Davie Whittle Petersburg Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Lazaretto Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Mayer Watts Macon Ga
Mayer Watts Macon Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Jas G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
2J
if
r1
H
O
A
Q
O
w
Q
h1
r1
H
H
r
pj
wTABLE No IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
S3
u Q s 3 OJ e 3 X u OJ A a 3 y o 83 h O 2 03
C 7 3841
E 1 39T2
C 166 4167
B 03 4184
M 24 4152
C 129 4128
C 53 3959
J 114 41T3
C 5 3799
A 32 3814
D 1 3871
C 8 3842
C 12 3886
c g 3843
P 12 4266
P 34 4249
C 122 1071
Phosphoric Acid
6 o 00 G 3 O s QJ
169 839 109 948
230 782 234 1016
91 471 373 844
77 711 226 937
285 892 42 931
408 869 158 1027
274 754 363 1117
119 835 167 1022
70 649 284 933
233 7115 322 1027
160 775 168 943
162 86 112 97
132 826 105 931
170 768 258 1026
104 825 133 968
173 678 198 876
83 605 326 931
0 3
03 3
3 03 k
b s
U 0 M 8 2
5 S o c 3 s

u
u Ph M
Guaranteed
Analysis
v o

S

BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
w
Si
Q
O
W
K
I
O
o
w
Q
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
PlantersSoluble Guanc
Phillips Sons 8 per cent Guano
Plow Boys Brand
Planters Pride
Pratts Special Form No 11
Phcenix Gnano
P F Ammonialed Fertiizer
Pure Bone Vegetable Fertilizer
Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Patapseo Amraoniated Soluble Phosphate
Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer
Pomona Guano
Potomac Guano
Potent Pacific Guano
Peerless Guano
Pollards Pacific Guano
1350
700
87
1235
1230
1150
1411
1060
1101
1454
1381
1420
1569
1235
1200
1013
1353
228
235
791
256
272
227
215
263
650
2
258
210
220
274
259
209
230
246 SI 8 C8
162 18 13
458 33 65
153 17 97
213 18 84
112 17 61
110 18 01
169 18 96
540 31 28
185 19 53
165 18 16
253 18 02
227 17 58
176 19 33
237 18 90
211 16 72
119 L6 98
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
243
2
2 S4 2
Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlana Ga
Lazaretto Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Patterson Rengland Co Jacksonville
Fla
Walton Whann Co Charleston S C
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleston s C
Paapseo Guano Co Baltimore Md
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Easin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
D C Alford Ilartwell Ga
Pacific Guano Co BostonPratts Special Form No 15
Perfection Guano
Peerless Corn and Cotton Fertilizer
Rockdale Standard Ammoniated Guano
Richmond Fertilizer
Reeses Pacific Guano
RustProof Guano
Reliance
Royal Superphosphate
Rabbit Foot Guano
Ramspeck Bone Phosphate
Rome C C Guano
Reliance Ammoniated Superphosphate
Sunny South Bone Phosphate
SlinglufFs Dissolved Bone
Samson Guano
Soluble Fish Guano
Sims High Grade Guano
Samana Guano
Select C S M Guano
Solid South Guano
Sterns Amd Raw Bone Superphosphate
Sea Bird High Grade Guano
Standard Bone Superphosphate Guano
Soluble Guano
C 130
1 56
G 4
G
T 62
D 67
D 63
T 166
C 140
l 43
A 92
E 41
0 53
A 91
C 113
D 68
LL 90
E 58
A 89
L 50
L 9
E 36
A
A 10
A 62
4084
4122
4212
4162
4245
4243
4285
4134
4093
4213
4040
3959
4187
4066
4409
4358
4045
4104
4137
3999
3970
3813
3774
3865
1045
1130
815
1045
1261
1113
985
1410
1210
925
1277
1411
638
1010
1133
1558
1300
1685
1160
1504
980
016
822
1340
232
127
182
159
159
96
182
92
100
201
54
290
289
113
133
147
270
109
285
821
7 13
582
869
585
481
807
623
839
730
1095
925
754
949
96
731
780
671
754
897
948
669
967
725
603
83
173
289
169
318
627
295
180
201
177
139
76
363
281
234
206
198
347
143
155
65
169
265
255
231
904
886
871
1038
903
11
1102
803
1040
907
1234
1001
1117
1230
1201
944
978
1025
907
1052
1013
8
1232
9
834
219 269
353 251
220 172
275 269
204 105
271 132
218 320
2 85 228
257 184
214 161
200
234 147
215 110
276
237
300 165
258 133
201 104
267 318
201 220
225 151
220 166
200 138
277 142
295 117
17 68
20 87
16 66
20 20
15 96
19 56
19 63
16 79
19 08
16 70
17 07
17 86
18 01
19 61
18 37
19 28
15 30
16 86
19 35
18 00
1776
16 35
18 76
18 79
17 87
1
120
2
2
1
IX
Patterson Regland A Co Jacksonville
Fla
David Brown Albany Ga
D C Alford Harlwell Ga
Rockdale Oil Fertilizer Co Conyers Ga
Jas G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Jno C Reese Co Baltimore Md
J E Paulin Co Fort Gaines Ga
W N Parsons Hawkinsville Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
S A Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Correr Hull Co Rome Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleson S I
G A Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Boykin Carmer Co Baltimore Md
Dave Brown Albany Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Standard Guano Chemical and Manufac
turing Co New Orleans La
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C

oc
W
O
Q
O
K

w
1
H
W
H
HTABLE No IContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Phosphoric Acid


m
0


a
U 0
s
o
i
o

X
eg
a a
M
Guaranteed
Analysis
o O 10
is n3
0 u m 1
oi o

Q ca o a
aa 22 O
2 8 2 1
1 8 2 ft
3 8 2 l
IK 8 2 l
1 8 2 i
1 8 2 l
1 8 2 l
2 8 248 IK
2 8 243 IK
2 8 243 IK
2 8 2 l
1 8 2 l
2 8 2 l
1 8 IK 5
iK 8 2 2K
i 8 2K 1
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
el
13
l
H
M
Z
H
O
J
l
o
w
a
d
r
H
a
I
a
H
O
w
Q
Small Grain Specific
S C Amd Dissolved Bone
Stonewall Guano
Sterling Guano
Standard Fertilizer
Southern State Standard
Selman Geo C Amd Dissolved Bone
Sa Gull
Soluble Sea Island Guano
Stubbs Tisons Amd Dissolved Bone
South American Guano
SubTreasury Guano
Scotts Animal Ammoniated Guano
Stricklands Ammoniated Bone
Special Grape Fertilizer
J J Sparks Bone Soil Food
Soluble Guano
A 60
E 13
A
E 22
A 51
c ie
C 178
L 71
3864
3
3869
3878
3855
3890
3863
3871
3843
3843
3843
3981
3936
3981
3916
4264
4208
1330
1043
915
1045
804
1487
872
1381
1235
123r
12 33
1273
1210
127
782
1180
1800
331
204
290
473
196
36
97
1
170
170
170
107
27
107
255
110
221
597 267
911 134
642 196
707 223
929 185
995 133
722 311
775 168
768 258
768 258
7C8 258
760 121
915 55
760 121
142 681
791 125
635 20
864
1045
838
930
1114
1128
1023
943
1026
1026
1026
881
1050
881
823
916
898
250
238
241
253
250
293
270
258
274
274
274
281
215
201
238
203
271
172
74
123
136
39
235
202
165
176
176
176
110
172
110
442
389
117
17 24
17 74
16 54
17 71
18 33
21 11
19 73
18 16
19 S3
19 33
19 33
15 75
17 96
15 75
18 90
17 ill
17 66
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Chesapeake Guano Co Batimore Md
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
J H James Co Elberton Ga
C L Montague Co Savannah Ga
Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Rasiu Fertz Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertz Co Baltimore Md
Rasin Fertz Co Baltimore Md
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Geo W Scott MfgCo Atlanta Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Cincinnati Desicating Co CincinnatiO
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Berkeley Phosphate Co Charleston S OStonewall Guano
Stono Complete Fert lizer
Stono Soluble Guano
Superphosphate of Lime
Sea Fowl Guam
Stardird Pure Bcne Superpnospnate
Standard Ammoniatrd Guano
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Tussehaw Guano
Thompson Jack Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Truitfs Champion Cotton Grower
Tread well Abbott Cos Amd Disd Bone
Truitts Champion Cotton Grower
Truck Farmers Special
Truck Farmers Special Double Ammoniated
Truck Fertilizer
Truck Farmeis Friend
Thompson Jack Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Thompson Jack Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
TruckersDelight
Westons Ammoniated Dissolved Pone
Westons Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Wynis Victor Guano
Westons Ammoniated Disolved Bone
Williams J P Co Stand B Superphosphate
M 23 4107 1110 134 747 278 1025 215 181
E 64 4118 1345 221 782 191 973 262 123
C 126 4126 1805 247 732 151 883 278 160
II 22 4155 1422 315 739 155 894 282 152
0 103 4062 1415 171 480 514 994 250 101
M 2 4076 916 325 677 354 1031 308 186
s e 4055 1230 70 943 172 1115 210 147
A 90 4378 1370 97 84S 195 1043 220 240
L 3i 4144 1140 111 597 223 820 300 201
C 8 3812 1420 162 861 112 973 216 253
E 2C 3881 1069 402 729 214 943 223 128
C 9 3843 1235 170 756 258 1026 274 176
E 22 3878 1045 473 707 223 930 253 136
CC 3 377 1495 15 998 50 1048 451 453
0 60 3963 1332 819 30 849 857 453
D 80 4309 870 542 439 376 815 240 420
4234 3989 976 1388 165 174 925 874 214 114 1139 988 225 227 323 256
J 10
C 7 3841 1350 169 839 109 948 228 246
E 47 4042 1067 33 677 185 862 201 212
J 10 3989 1388 174 874 114 9S8 227 256
C 7 3841 135C 169 839 lOf 948 228 246
G 1 3981 1273 107 760 121 881 201 110
C 8 3842 142C 162 8 61 11S 97S 2K 253
C 7 381 185 168 830 10 948 228 246
17 83
18 18
18 17
18 29
17 86
20 34
19 19
18 59
18 59
18 02
16 97
19 33
17 71
26 32
35 29
18 72
20 14
18 45
18 08
16 41
18 45
18 08
15 75
18 02
18 08
2
2S5
2
2
2
2
2
243
2
4
SK
2
1
151
1
2
IK
2
1
3K
1
1
l4
4
Jas G Tiiuley Co Richmond Va
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Bradley Fertilizer Co Chareston S C
Bradley Fertz Co Boston Mass
Lister Agr Chem Works Newark NJ
Albany Fertz Co Albany Ga
Old Dom ni u Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Farmers Union Jackson Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Imperial Fertz Co Charleston S C
Rasin Fertz Co Baltimore Md
Imperial Fertz Co Charleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Little Bros Phos Co
Scholze Bros hattanooga Tenn
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome G i
Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga

Si

L
KJ
CO
ji
O
1
Q
O
g
M
50
Q

M
50
GQ
I
2 Comer Hull Co Savannah GaTABLE No I Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Walkers Col ton FeriHzer O
Wood Bros J S Ain Disolved Bone C
Wando Solube GuanoE
Walton GuanoA
Woods J S A D BoneC 107
WynisMonarch GuanoG 1
Wynis High Grade Amd Disd Bone Potash G 1
W rods J S Standard Ammo GuanoS
W O C a pure blood guanoT 50
Williams J P Co Stand E Superphosphate J 10
Williams J P Co Stand B Superphosphate C
Williams Formula I 141
Wagners Excelsior Truck FertilizerC 1
Wilsons Cotton FertilizerS 40
Zells Amo Bone SuperphosphateId 31
Phosphoric Acid
3840
3843
3880
3857
4064
3981
3981
4262
1158
1235
912
1118
1590
1273
1273
1228
265
170
357
212
II
10
107
375
4160 945 166
3989 1388
3SI2
4224
4133
4157
3991
1420
951
362
1806
1341
171
162
226
101
837
76
847
8SO
255
760
700
801
984
874
S61
783
73

2 a S
7

104 705
Sffll 7
139
258
1S0
175
714
121
121
217
168
114
112
173
187
2 13
76
1026
1027
10 55
969
881
881
1018
1152
988
973
956
9 24
918
158 927
J 15
274
246
2J0
299
2 01
20J
228
268
227
216
219
590
265
116
176
163
113
173
J17 70
19 33
18 56
17 40
19 51
Guarantied
Analysis

7 P

BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
110 15 75
I Ill 15 75
142 17 82
y
341
251
253
303
606
161
220 140
21 51 1
18 45I 1
18 02 1
18 41 1
30 18
18 15 1
1685 1
243
2
2
4
1 Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
1 Rasin Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
1 Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C
1 Walton Guano Co S cial Circle Ga
1 r S Wood Bro Savannah Ga
1 Read Fertilizer Co Charlestor S C
1 Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
1 Wood Bro Savannah Ga
2 Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
2 Comer HullCoSavannah Rome Ga
2 Comer Hull Co Savannah Rome Ga
2J Houston Co Guano Works Ft Valley Ga
4 Wagner Co Charleston S C
1 Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
1 Zells Guano Co Baltimore Md
ti
o

Ed
H
S2
W
55
H
O

w
o
d
H
d
to
H
I
o
w
o
Ed
aTABLE No II
Cotton Seed Meals
Cotton Seed MEal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
CottonSeed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
NAME OF MANUFACTURER
Athens Oil Fertilizer Co
Southern Cotton Oil Co
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Clifton
Excelsior Manufacturing Co
Milledgeville Oil Co
Gate City Oil Co
Griffin Oil Co
Middle Georgia Manufacturing Co
LaGrange Mills
Georgia Farmers Oil Fertilizer Co
RockdaleOil Fertilizer Co
Robt McBride Oil Milk
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Augusta
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Rome
Jackson Cotton Oil Mill Co




3 tJJD d p
a 3
a fc
s E oj
o s Ss
p s o a
s
cfi 3
A 17 3804 840
A 1 3759 891
A 3 3768 879
A 14 3861 890
A 2 3766 918
A 4 3769 933
A 5 3770 918
E 6 37S3 811
E 7 3784 813
A 18 3805 946
A 23 3807 916
A 35 3827 901
A 28 3811 862
A 30 3828 944
A 46 3835 921
a
M
21 84
23 16
22 85
23 14
23 86
24 25
23 86
21 08
21 13
24 59
23 87
23 42
22 43
24 54
23 94
H
TJ
f
W
H

Z
13
O

O
w
I
o
H
w
w
I
o
w
o
0Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Dark Cotton Seed Meal Sea Island Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cotton Seed Meal
Cooperative Manufacturing Co Forsyth
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Macon
Maeon Oil Ice Co
Farmers Cotton Oil Manufacturing Co Locust Grove
West Point Oil Mill
Walton Oil Co
Elberton Oil Mill
Monroe Guano Co
Dawson Oil Co Dawson Gfl
Georgia Cotton Oil Co Albany
Georgia Mills Elevator Co Macon
Americus Oil Co
Farmers Merchants Oil Guano Co
Hawkiusville Oil Mill HawkinsviUe Ga
Waynesboro Oil Mill Waynesboro Ga
A P Brantley Co Blaekshear Ga
Georgia Ohmieal Works Augusta
Southern Cotton Oil Co Savannah
Grovania Oil Fertilizer Co Grovania Ga
k 42 3831
A 43 3832
A 44 3833
A 45 3834
B 20 3838
A 47 3852
A 49 3854
A 52 3856
D 3 3872
D 5 3873
J 1 3920
D 7 3921
D 15 3933
J 52 4015
H 8 4109
S 28 4113
G 30 4120
C 158 4169
D 8 3929
905
877
868
870
825
853
848
886
851
911
8
856
845
773
865
640
854
868
808
23 53
22 80
22 56
22 62
21 45
22 17
22 04
23 03
22 12
23 08
22 98
22 26
21 97
20 10
22 49
16 64
22 20
22 57
21 01

f
W
m
O
a
o
s
W
o
I
f
w
32TABLE No III
Acid Phosphate with Ammonia and Potash Containing less than Two Per Cent oj Amman
NAME OF BRAND
Ashepoo Disd Bone with Am and Pot
Arcadia Dissolved Bone wth Ammonia
Atlanta Dissolved Bone
A A P Acid with Am and Potash
Arcadia Dissolved Bone with Ammonia
Alliance Standard
B B B Compound
Baltimore Soluble Bone
Brannons A A P Acid
Bales Acid Phos with Ammoniaand Potash
Boyds H G Acid with Am and Potash
Central City Dissolved Bone
Champion Corn Grower
Clifton Blood and Bone
A 25
L
B 4
r
J 48
II 43
E 30
L 91
T 30
l
58
I
T 80
I
L 7
1 76
I
70
sa
3608
3
4075
408
4380
4238
3973
4274
4089
4289
4089
3998
4305
3934
1081
1141
1197
1090
1085
1016
1415
1305
1090
650
1090
1141
1015
1134
Phosphoric Acid
x
201
205
74
1
128
381
187
90
1
129
108
205
116
194
912
612
821
947
597
609
1048
90
947
1069
947
612
172
755
K
327
242
350
258
315
279
43
199
258
196
258
242
386
296
1239
854
1171
120
912
888
1091
1100
1205
1265
1205
854
858
I
1048
la
TiY
s
160
135
125
141
181
191
101
110
141
83
141
13
143
157

2 3
3
Guaranteed
Analysis
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
150
159
129
145
164
158
151
144
145
100
14
159
266
100
17 62
14 l
16 25
17 0
14 92
15 94
16 72
15 41
17 07
15 C8
17 07
11 21
1 28
15 86
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Southern Phos Works Macon Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Coweta Fort CoNewnan Ga
Southern Phos Works Maccn Ga
Durham Fert Co Durham N C
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Patapnco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Coweta Fert Co Newnan Ga
Jas A Bale Rome Ga
Coweta Fert Co Newnan Ga
Southern Phos Works Macon Ga
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
b
K
H
O
Q
W
O
d
H
d
w
H
I
Q
M
O
w
oC C Dissolved Bone with Ammonia J 48
Dissolved Bone and PotashH 31
Dissolved Bones Ammonia and Potash A 25
Dissolved Bone Ammonia and PotashE 2
Dissolved Bone Ammonia and Potash MM50
Detricks Amd Bone SuperphosphateC 159
Eclipse Co ton FoodC 30
Durham AmmoniatedT 55
Durham Ammoniated P 5
Elberton Cotton Seed CompoundA 57
Etowah P 3
Farmers Soluble BoneG 46
Farmers Soluble BoneH 34
Farmers Alliance StandardH 43
FurmansSoluble Bone with Am ond Potash K 32
Georgia MajrILL 87
Gem Soluble PhosphateIE
Georgia Formula B 95
Home Compound S 25
Imperial Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash E
Kennesaw Blood and Bone Compound M 2
Keanesaw Blood and BoneA 70
King Cotton FormulaT 10
L C P
Manatee Dissolved Bone with AmmoniaL 7
4380
423
3808
3762
4304
4170
3952
4161
4367
3361
4192
4l2i
4237
4238
3975
4272
3762
4199
4111
3762
411
3934
ins
4194
3998
1085
1113
1081
1380
1163
1085
1213
075
973
072
038
990
1143
1016
630
1158
1380
1423
1101
1380
1018
1134
1565
1228
1141
597
848
012
800
Oli
480
701
770
754
623
881
801
848
609
819
1002
8110
704
672
800
698
752
814
832
612
315
213
327
203
230
5 Oil
243
110
258
385
272
288
213
279
191
141
203
234
242
203
267
296
293
3
242
912
1061
1230
1003
1173
989
017
080
1012
1008
1153
1089
1001
888
1013
1143
1003
038
041
1003
065
1048
1112
1200
854
181
116
150
128
135
165
130
102
101
160
190
106
116
101
172
155
128
157
178
12S
143
15
124
192
135
164
173
150
12
134
101
2118
113
155
40
138
121
173
158
108
165
125
lo
148
125
123
100
104
152
159
14 02
15 1
17 6
14 96
16 57
Hi 01
15 70
15 03
10 13
15 38
17 6
15 03
15 49
15 04
16 04
17 10
14 96
15 73
15 71
14 96
15 03
15 86
15 55
18 40
14 21
8
Ml
111
10
10
9
8
8
8
8
10
10
Hi
8
Id
8
10
8
6X
10
9
0
Id
Southern Phos Works MaconGa
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co S C
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Walton Whann Co Charleston S C
Detrick Fert and Chem Co Bait Md
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Durham Fert Co Durham N C
Durham Fert Co Durham N C
Elbert County Fert Co Elberton Ga
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Durham Fert Co Durham N C
Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Cooperative Mfg Co Forsyth Ga
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
A P Erantley Co Blackshear Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Gn
Berkeley Phos Co Charleston S C
Leibig Mfg Co Charleston S C
Southern Phos Works Macon Ga

w
ft
X
O
o
8
S
ft
w
c

r
ft
ft
w
H
N
ft
73
CDTABLE No IllContinued
NAME OF BRAND
a a P eg o Cl
3 OS

r2 ed 3
ft 1c
a CO 2 si J O
Phosphoric Acid
M G C Dissolved Bone
Manatee Dissolved Bone wiih Ammonia
McCartys Soluble Bone
McCartys Soluble Bone with Am and Potash
Montagues Standard Bone
Obers Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash
O K Dissolved Bone
0 K Dissolved Bone
Rome Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash
Rainbow Sol Phosphate
Roughton s Pet
Standard Bone Am and Potash
State Alliance Favorite
Suwanee Dissolved Bone
South Georgia Bone Superphosphate
Sea Bird Ammoniated Superphosphate
Soluble Bone Superphosphate
E 30 3973 1415
J IS 4386 1085
E 32 3975 630
T 47 4408 880
C 38 3953 1640
C 114 40li7 1265
II 34 4237 11 J3
G 46 4125 990
A 37 3829 1003
B 49 4075 1197
J 101 4158 1006
C 88 3953 1640
C 47 8956 1622
L BO 1280
D 52 4090 1280
B 49 4075 1197
H 34 4237 1143
187
128
225
274
52
133
235
418
156
74
371
52
90
85
93
74
235
CO
1048
597
819
983
1009
814
848
801
1114
821
823
1009
1012
826
682
821
848
M
43
315
194
258
225
139
21
288
90
350
206
225
113
134
169
350
213


OS

P

03 P 0 c o
w

SW 0D
Jo
Ph
OS
3
S3
a
1091
912
1013
1211
1234
953
1061
1089
1204
1171
1029
1234
1128
960
851
1171
1061
161 151
181 164
172 108
131 137
172 146
192 210
116 173
106 121
152 137
125 129
167 194
172 146
175 275
159 150
181 133
125 129
116 173
16 72
14 92
16 01
17 03
15 II
16 89
15 49
15 03
17 53
16 25
16 73
18 11
18 35
15 62
15 18
16 25
15 49
Guaranteed
Analysis
Ss
a
n
5

BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED

Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Southern Phos Works Macon Ga
Adair MeCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Adair MeCarty Bros Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Comrr Hull Co Rome Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Gecrgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
C L Montague Savannah Ga
Grovania Oil and Fert Co GrovaniaGa
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga

W
H

W
2
H
O

Q
g
Q
a
H
Cl
W
W

o
w
o
w
oStandard Bone Am and Potash
Samson
Tip Top Dis Bone with Ammonia and Potash
Tip Top Dis Bone with Ammonia and Poash
The Girard
The Girard
W H AsB B Compound
Wando Dissolved Bone with Am and Potash
XLNT Ashepoo Dissolved Bone
C 38 3953 1640 52 1009 225 1231 172 Kill 18 11 1 10 1 1
J 155 4281 12 no 109 800 203 1003 161 172 li 19 8 2 1
L 7 3J98 1141 205 612 242 854 335 1 59 14 21 2 8 1
J 48 4386 1085 128 597 315 912 181 164 14 92 2 S 1
B 64 4151 11 20 104 769 218 987 130 199 15 46 3 10 1
B 103 4381 1150 141 855 187 1042 137 154 15 74 3 10 1
E 30 3973 1415 187 1048 43 1091 161 151 16 73 2 8 1
J 34 4012 933 325 977 206 1183 129 158 16 68 Vi 10 1
A 25 3808 1081 201 912 327 1239 150 150 17 62 4 10 1
0 L Montague Savannah Ga
Napier Bros Macon Ga
Southern Phos Work Macon Ga
Southern Phos Works Macon Ga
Columbus Fert Co Columbus Ga
Columbus Fert Co Columbus Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C

GO
GO
o
a
o
o
M
Ed
O

N
Ed
GO
ITABLE No IV
Acid Phosphates and Superphosphates with Potash
NAME OF BRAND
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Adairs Formula
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phos with Potash
Acid Phos with Potash
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate with Potash
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Ad airs Formula
Americus Dissolved Bone with Potash
Augusta Acid Phosphate
Brannons Dissolved Bone and Potash
S C A s 4 Phosphoric Acid

1 0 ft
9
ft 0 efl aj d v
a u o O 3 03 3 O 0 3 t J3
a 02 H a 1 0 4
E li
E 9
G 30
Q 31
L
P i
P
D 29
r i
C 133
T 46
D 64
P 17
C 59
a a

Bone and Potash MixtureA 65
3786
4007
4008
399
4269
4270
4035
3995
4131
4117
4244
4218
4016
3866
1122
1488
1097
1132
1544
1183
1017
1285
1544
1335
834
1539
1413
1250
915
381
106
61
187
150
101
123
239
150
161
160
61
84
95
643
871
901
1162
1032
1109
8 91
841
1032
856
768
1058
820
1001
251 603
374
341
372
187
278
285
278
368
278
322
383
231
324
321
502
1017
1212
1276
1349
1310
1394
1172
1209
1310
1178
1151
1289
1144
1325
1105
S
207
136
136
117
135
243
28
133
135
144
258
520
1
110
76
3
QuaranUed
Analysis
12 39
13 39
13 89
14 33
14 16
H 69
14 28
13 34
14 16
13 18
13 87
17 08
12 82
14 32
12 05
3 i
2
1
10
10
10
11
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1 10
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Auusta Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Navassa Guano CoWiltnington N C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Ph s Co Charleston S C
Berkeley Phos Co Charleston S C
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlinta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Augusta Guano Co Augusta Ga
Coweta Fert Co Newnan Ga
Jas G Tinsloy Co Richmond Va
g
o
2
o
a
f
p3
it
w
M
o
w
oBighatns Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Bradleys Mixture of Dis Bone and Mur Pot
Bone Phosphate with Potash
Boyds Hiyh Grade Acid Phosphate
Bone and Potash Mixture
Bells Acid Phos with Potash
Bone and Potash
Cotton Plant Bone No 1
Charleston Dissolved Bone with Potash
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dunbars Acid Phosphate with Potash
Diamond Soluble Bone and Potash
Eagle Acid Phosphate
Eutaw Acid Phos with Potash
Edisto Acid Phos
Etiwan Acid Phos
Farmers Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Farish Furman Formula
Farish Furman Formula
Farish Furman Formula
Farmers Pride Acid Phosphate
G 30 40u7
C 71 4018
D 18 4030
G 30 4007
P 47 4293
H 3 4108
H 21 4154
J 143 4226
C 49 3957
L 5 3997
E 59 4046
A 117 4300
A 9 3773
0 49 3957
0 66 3968
G 30 4007
D 29 4035
B 35 4057
D 28 4052
G 80 4007
G 31 4C08
T 46 4117
T 4i 4406
P 35 4255
1097
1238
1520
1097
1011
1143
1231
1153
1153
1390
1250
1092
720
1153
1100
1097
1285
1370
1328
1097
1132
834
807
1240
61 901 372 1276 136 13 SI 1 10
441 861 171 1035 352 13 72 10
65 10 31 2 24 1258 185 14 14 1 10
61 904 372 1276 136 13 89 1 10
136 388 693 1081 182 12 71 1 10
275 1075 275 1350 79 14 03 2 10
87 820 201 1021 354 13 60 2 10
239 1069 298 1367 139 14 65 1 10
267 881 307 1188 100 12 90 2 10
65 902 375 1277 125 13 1 1 10
95 1004 321 1325 140 14 32 2 10
78 664 334 993 330 13 23 1 9
165 1018 414 1432 128 15 08 2 10
267 881 307 1188 100 12 90 2 10
201 1006 342 1348 108 14 24 1 12
61 9C4 372 1276 136 13 89 1 10
239 841 3f8 1209 133 13 34 4 10
95 997 230 1227 232 14 27 1 10
189 892 381 12 73 107 13 64 1 12
61 904 372 1276 136 13 89 1 10
1 87 1162 187 1349 117 14 33 2 10
160 768 383 1151 258 13 87 2 10
177 686 372 1058 269 13 22 2 10
200 876 259 1135 204 13 32 1 10
Georgia Chemical Vorks Augus a Ga
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C
iy2 Richland Guano Co Richland Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Jas G Tinley Co Richmond Va
Chicora Fert Co Charleston S C
Baldwin Fert Co Savannah Ga
Houst n Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Coweta Fert Co Newnan Ga
T J Lowe Mableton Ga
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston 8 C
Walton Whann Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
AD Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
A D Adair McCarty Bros Atlanta Ga
Edisto Phos Co Charleston S C

f
GO
H
GO
Q
O
2
M
S3
O

W
H
W
GOTABLE No IV Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Georgia Bone Compound
Heaths Soluble Bone
Heaths Soluble Bone
High Grade Acid Phos
Imperial High Grade Bone Ash
Imperial Acid Phosphate
Imperial Diss Bone with Potash for Wheat
Imperial Dissolved Bone
Jewels High Gade Acid Phosphate
Kennesaw Acid Phosphate and Potash
Lockwood Acid Phosphate
Marietta High Grade Acid Phos with Pot
Magnolia Acid Phosphate
Magnolia Acid Phosphate
McCallos H G Acid Phosphate
Navassa Acid Phos 2 per cent Potash
Newton County Acid Phos
C 62
G 81
T 46
J 183
EE
C 4
EE 1
EE 1
E 16
A 9
C 49
B 83
G 45
G 30
E 16
P 46
5
S3
b
o
Phosphoric Acid
so
3965
4008
4117
4312
3875
3957
3875
3875
3836
3773
3957
4197
4124
4C07
3836
4292
4210
1143 287
1132 187
831 160
1088 1 50
971 243
1153 267
971 243
971 243
1122 381
720 165
1153 267
952 371
865 400
1097 61
1122 381
1225 95
1136 235
704
1162
768
1020
922
8 SI
922
922
643
1018
881
672
807
904
643
I
1135
927

as
Guaranteed
Analysis

3

XS
zi
409
187
383
228
334
307
331
334
374
414
307
4
406
372
374
306
404
1113
1349
1151
1248
1256
1188
1256
1258
1017
1432
1188
1101
1213
1276
1017
1441
1331
434 14 98
117 14 33
253 13 87
157 13 84
160 13 92
100 12 90
160 13 92
160 13 92
207 12 39
128 15 08
100 12 90
118 12 35
82 12 96
136 13 89
207 12 39
163 15 44
172 14 62
II
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
iov
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
Grovonia Oil and Fert Co GrcvoniaGa
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Clarence Angier Atlanta Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
W C Orr Athens Ga
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
A N Hays Covington Ga
b
M
H
H
o

Q
SO
ii
O
H
d
so
M
I
C
H
O
SO
QPotash Acid Phosphate
Potash Acid Phosphate
Pratts Special Formula No 7
Pioneer Acid Phosphate with Potah
Potash Acid Phosphate
Rome Bone and Potash
Scotts Potasso Phospho
Sterling Acid Pho phate
Stono Acid Phosphate
Superphosphate
Standard Acid Phcsphate
Standaid Acid Phosphate
T Cs High Grade Acid Phcsphate
Wanrio Acid Phosphate with rotiM
C 48
J 44
C 128
D 29
D 64
A 6
E 5
C 49
L 5
D 341
J 137
B IS
G 30
D 31
3956
4013
4127
4035
4211
3771
3765
3957
3997
4019
4221
4372
4007
401
1143
1395
ioes
1285
1539
1042
850
1153
1390
1375
1270
1352
1097
1235
75
228
157
239
01
210
155
267
65
146
106
73
61
444
787
560
692
841
1058
1103
1254
881
902
865
1114
608
904
881
231
489
196
368
231
244
185
307
375
262
220
314
372
174
10IS
1049
868
1209
12 S9
1347
1439
1188
1277
1127
1334
922
1272
1035
186
111
715
133
520
126
150
100
125
234
85
107
136
352
12 23
11 68
15 42
13 34
17 08
14 38
15 32
12 90
13 81
13 48
13 96
10 84
13
13 72
1 10
Detrich Fertilizer Co Baltimore Md
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Patterson Rengland Co Jacksonville
Fla
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Comer Hull Co Rome Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Clarence Argier Atlanta Ga
Stono Plr sphate Co Charleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Read Fert Co Charleston S C
Read Fert Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston S C

t
r1

a
jj
o
O
o

ts
w
a

a
J3NAME OF BRAND
Atlantic Dissolved Bone
Atlanta Soluble Bone
Americus Dissolved Bone
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Acid Phosphate
Ashepoo Dissolved Bone
Acid Phosphate
Acid Phospl ate
Adairs H G Dissd Bone
Ashepoo Bone Ash
Adairs Acid Phosphate
TABLE No V
Plain Acid Phosphates and Superphosphates


XI
X B a 3
t
fc s

a
a
A
w J
3S37
3810
3934
3983
3992
4003
4 COS
4010
14 3980
M
34 4232
30 4241
30 4030
20 38011
30 4030
1093
788
914
1342
1570
132C
1490
1468
1300
1300
540
1157
1060
8 08
1060
Phosphoric Acid
x
j
Is
278
90
201
2 05
88
185
197
200
347
347
155
201
297
111
297
1159
1168
551
1127
1300
1132
1100
1048
951
951
1338
1163
1053
1072
1053
245
2
095
225
289
215
261
267
251
251
247
2P9
286
396
1404
1434
1246
135
1589
1347
136
1317
1202
1202
1585
1362
1339
1468
IS

81
eg

K
286 1339
813 S3
14 08
12 57
13 42
15 31
13 38
13 49
13 14
12 21
12 21
15 28
13 49
13 31
14 85
13 31
Guaranteed
Analysis
50
3 o
SB
a
C CL
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Americus Guano Co Americus Ga
Georgia F Oil Ft Co Madison Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Balimrje Md
Navassa Guaio Co Wilmington N C
Kxcelsior Mfg Co Washington Ga
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Chaileston S C
Scholze Bros Chattanooga Tenn
Acme Mfg Co Wilmington N C
A D Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charlestons C
A P Adair McCarty Bros AtlantaGa
to
o

H
w
H
O

O
w
O
C
H
a
to
M
1
O
PI
O
cAcid Phosphate
Brannons High Grade Acid Phisphate
Black R ck Dissolved Bone
B F Cos High Grde Acid Phosphate
Cotton Boll Acid Phophate
Cotton Boll Acid Phosphate
Cotton Bll Acid Phosphate
Charlotte Acid Phosphate
Chicora Dissolved Bone
Coweta High Grade Acid Phosphate
Chicora Acid Phosphate
Chicora Acid Phosphate
C C Acid Phosphate
Chatham Acid Phosphate
Cherokee Dissolved Bone
Capitol Dissolved S C Bore
Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
Double Anchor Dissolved Bone
Dunbars High Grade Acid Ph sphate
Diamond Soluble Bone
Dissolved Bone
Dissolved S C Bone
Durham H G Phosphate
Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
Dissolved Bones
4185
4101
3931
4073
4147
3858
3862
387K
3862
4006
4010
4230
4240
4191
3888
3787
3787
4022
3960
4290
4193
4201
1360
1086
981
945
1161
1241
1350
1189
1065
1086
1065
1106
1468
1123
760
912
1316
1040
1040
1355
1575
630
1235
1230
1300
105
156
329
191
294
301
264
7
155
156
155
251
200
189
342
239
110
168
168
2 01
99
99
161
214
347
1451
1268
11 72
1171
972
979
980
1191
1424
1268
1424
1159
1048
1163
1025
963
1329
1123
1123
1082
1122
1360
1214
1133
951
244
228
299
287
249
241
267
278
128
228
128
189
267
280
305
296
132
210
216
331
263
269
264
235
251
1695
1496
1471
1458
1221
1220
1247
1472
1552
1496
1552
1348
1317
1443
13
1259
1461
1339
1339
1413
1385
1629
1478
1368
1202
16 16
14 56 1 10
14 37 2 18
14 26 2 12
12 27 2 12
12 36 2 12
12 57 2 12
14 37
10 01 2 12
14 56 2 10
15 01 2 12
13 38 0 12
13 14 2 10
14 14 2 12
1324 12
12 65 2 10
14 29 1 13
1331 2 12
13 31 2 12
13 90 1 14
13 68 1 12
15 6a 1 13
14 4i 1 13
13 51 1 13
12 21 4 10
Little Bros Jacksonville Fla
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Come Hull Co Savannah and Rome
Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Charlotte Oil Fert Co Charlotte N C
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Chicora Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Southern 1hosphate Works Macon Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Greenville Fert Co Greenville S C
S W Travers Co Richmond Va
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Walton Whann Co Charleston S C
Ashley Phos Co Charleston S C
James G Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Durham Fertilizer Co Durham N C
C L Montague Co Savannah Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
2

CO
00
O
a
o
w
Q
f
F
P3
w
ft
W
0O
ITABLE No V Continued
NAME OF BRAND
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
Ezells Dissolved Bone
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
English Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
Enoree Acid Phosphate
Excelsior Acid Phosphate
Eclipse Acid Phosphate
Edisto Dissolved Bone
English Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate
Etiwan Phospho
Farmers Union Acid Phosphate
Florida Dissolved Bone
Farmers Pride Dissolved Bone
Forest City Acid Phosphate
Forest City Acid Phosphate
Florida H G Phosphate
Furmon High Grade Dissolved Bone
CD a

3 n
fe 3

U
U
g
o 03

a
Phosphoric Acid
B 41
E
L 41
J 151
0 70
C 84
B 25
C 165
D 30
3785
3986
4005
3964
4231
4058
3785
4146
4281
4231
4073
11 1
4188
4036
1205
1278
1300
1316
1300
1496
1683
1350
1078
1205
1218
1460
1350
1241
1350
1109
1060
142
1
347
116
34
19
347
216
169
142
244
19
216
304
264
13
297
7
1154
951
1329
951
1100
857
110
1331
797
1057
1508
1107
979
980
15 6
1053
536
2
251
132
251
261
343
341
250
536
228
73
341
241
267
380
280

s 3
3 3
O C
3 O fa

g M o g
h CO t s
ee


S5 a H
Guaranteed
1333
1436
1202
1461
1202
1361
1200
1448
15
1333
1285
1581
1448
1220
1247
1946
1339
13 2C
14 09
12 21
14 29
12 21
13 48
12 20
14 18
15 24
13 26
12 88
15 24
14 18
12 36
12 57
18 16
13 31
S 2
tt c
el
S
3 O
gj
i a
10
10
10
13
10
12
10
12
13
10
10
15
12
12
12
16
12

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTORED
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Ashepoo Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Excelsior Mfg Co Washington Ga
Commercial Guano Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Etiwan Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Farmers Union Jackson Ga
Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Gu
A D Adair McCartv Br03 Atlanta Ga
OD
b
w
rJ

H
g
o
rx

Q
W
M
o
r
I
H
a
to
w
I
pa
OGeorgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Game Cock Pure Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Grange High Grade Acid Pbos
Georgia State Standard Dis Bone Superphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Phosphate
Georgia State Standard Acid Phosphate
Georgia Acid Phosphate
Georgia Acid Phosphate
Georgia State Standard D B Phosphate
Georgia Acid Phosphate
Hunter Pearce Batteys Acid Phosphate
Hunter Pearce Batteys Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade English Acid
High Grade Acid G Z
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid
Huuter Pefirce Batteys Acid Phosphate
Hunter Pearce Batteys Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
High Grade Acid Phosphate
Venry County Acid Phosphate
C 20 3948 1301
E 11 3787 1040
J 81 4101 945
B 25 4147 1350
C 84 4073 1241
D 13 3931 1161
B 25 4147 1350
C 84 4073 1241
B 25 4147 1350
C 84 4073 1241
D 13 3931 1161
H 38 4230 1193
D 13 3931 1161
E 44 4041 1216
B 102 4202 1480
E 63 4082 1092
S 15 4079 1304
C 2 3781 1185
E 33 3976 1115
L 14 4000 1246
C 84 4073 1241
B 25 4147 1350
A 107 4260 80C
M 38 4235 735
L 34 4142 1365
223
168
191
264
304
294
264
304
264
304
294
189
294
138
160
95
113
152
266
77
304
264
279
214
207
1052 240
1123 216
1171 287
980 267
979 241
972 249
980 267
979 241
980 2 67
979 241
972 249
1163 2 80
972 249
1150 335
1136 358
1140 324
1093 327
180 231
1049 251
1369 200
979 241
980 267
1109 281
1229 170
1082 2 76
1292 1339 1458 1247
12 20
1221
1247
1220 1247 1220 1221
1443 1221 1485
1494 1464 1420 1
1411
1300
1569
1220 1247 1390 1399 1358
12 93
15 07
14 26
12 57
12 36
12 37
12 57
12 36
12 57
12 36
12 27
14 14
12 27
14 48
14 55
14 31
13 96
13 89
13 00
15 15
12 36
12 57
13 72
13 79
13 46
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charlestu S C
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savon ah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Con er Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah end Rome
Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah and Rome
Ga
Baldwin Fertilizer Co Savannah Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Cartes Woolfolk Alhany Ga
Wilcox Gibh Co Savannah Ga
Langston Woodson Atlanta Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
J H Dabney Co Atanta Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
J W Turnipseed Hampton Ga

O
o
o
73
O
H
w
to
COTABLE No VContinued
NAME OF BRAND
Harriss H G Dissolved Bone
Imperial Dissolved Bone
Kennesaw High Grade Acid rhosphate
Kennesaw High Grade Acid Phosphate
Kramers Dissolved Bone
Leader Acid Phosphate
Marietta High Grade Acid Phosphate
Monrce Acid Phosphate
Leggs High Grade Acid Phosphae
Lowes Acid
Nancy Hanks Acid Phosphate
Nancy Hanks Acid Phosphate
No Cotton Plant Bone
Newton County Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
OglethorpeAcid Phosphate
Obers Dissolved Bone Phosphate
J 139
E 11
H 28
E 68
E 4i
a 2
z 1
69
L 14
A 118
D 89
D 71
B 87
G 54
C 84
B 28
1 3
4222
3787
4153
4380
4038
3982
3767
3859
4000
4301
4308
4240
4198
4211
4073
4147
3996
S3
Phosphoric Acid

X
84
1040
1175
1206
1185
1050
873
1012
1246
850
1495
1412
1105
1113
1241
1350
1396
25
168
1
102
120
110
361
155
77
127
28
47
as
361
304
264
64
11 56
1123
1373
1313
1272
826
968
1227
1369
857
1464
1444
1304
1026
979
980
1218
237
216
368
343
285
213
260
221
200
527
222
292
225
270
241
267
294
1391
1339
1741
1656
1557
1039
1228
1448
1569
1384
1686
1736
1529
1296
1220
1247
1512

n
Qitaranteed
Analysis
a2
Ph V
S3
o
o 2 5
813 74
13 31
16 53
15 85
15 05
10 91
12 43
14 18
15 15
13 6
16 09
16 49
14 83
12 96
12 86
12 5
14 69
Z 5
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU
FACTURED
Houslon Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Coweta Fertilizer Co Newnan Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Monroe Guano Co Monroe Ga
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
T J Lowe Mableton Ga
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
Albany Fertilizer Co Albany Ga
Houston Guano Works Fort Valley Ga
A N Hayes Covingti n Ga
Comer Hull Co S ivannab Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
o
M
W
r3

W
H
O
s
o
o
d
d
w
M
I
O
W
O
S3
cOglethorpe Acid Phosphate
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Our Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Oglethorpe Acid Phosphate
Piedmont Acid Phosphate
Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Acid Phosphate
Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Port Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Rome Aeid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Stono Dissolved Bone
Scotts High Grade Acid Phosphate
Soluble Bone
Southern Acid Phosphate
D 13 3931 1161 294 972 249
C 84 4073 1241 304 979 241
B 25 4147 1350 264 980 267
D 13 3931 1161 294 972 249
H 38 4230 1123 189 1163 280
C 20 3948 13 01 223 1052 240
Z 1 3767 8 73 361 968 200
A 26 3809 8 08 111 1072 396
C 84 4073 1241 304 979 241
B 25 4147 1350 264 980 267
C 84 4073 1241 304 979 241
D 13 3931 11 61 294 972 249
B 25 4147 1350 264 980 267
D 13 3931 1161 294 972 249
H 38 4230 1123 189 1163 280
C 20 3918 1301 2 23 1052 240
C 136 4132 1330 174 1111 341
B 25 4147 1350 264 980 267
E 43 4037 1250 101 1319 269
A 27 3810 788 90 1168 266
A 16 3803 843 125 707 518
0 78 1020 1505 90 1115 248
L 14 4000 1246 77 1369 200
B 5 3970 680 225 1127 273
A 106 4259 1430 68 965 281
122P
1220
1247
1221
1443
1292
1228
1468
12 20
1247
1220
1221
1247
1221
1443
1292
1455
1247
1588
1434
1219
1403
1569
1400
1246
12 27
12 36
12 57
12 27
14 14
12 93
12 43
14 35
12 36
12 57
12 36
12 27
12 57
12 27
14 14
12 93
14 24
12 57
15 30
14 08
12 33
13 82
15 15
13 80
12 51
Comer Hull CoSava ah RomeGa
Comer Hull CoSavanuh Eme Ga
omer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Abhepoo Phosphate Co Chariest n S C
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull A Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
Comer Hull Co Savanah Rome Ga
Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savi nrah Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
Comer Hu 1 Co Savannah Ga
Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Geo W Scott Mfg Co Atlanta Ga
Columbus Fertilizer Co Columbus Ga
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta Ga
S3

W
BO
o
o
o
g
B
w
a
ii
H
8
goTABLE No VContinued
NAME OF BRAND
2
3
Sunny South Acid Phosphate
Stonewall Acid Phosphate
Samson Dissolved Boie
Samson H G Dissolved Bone
Sims H G Acid Phosphate
Wynis Monarch Acid Phosphate
WappooH G Acid Phosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Walton Acid Phosphate
XX Acid Phosphate
XXXX High Grade Bone Acid Phosphate
A 93 M 22 42H 4106
S 16 4080
D 34 3994
A 121 40S8
J 87 4099
A 108 42715
A 15 3802
A 16 3803
D 20 4032
C 17 3891
1215
1154
1680
1605
1430
543
370
926
843
1355
1260
Phosphoric Acid
82
233
81
81
74
150
278
404
425
201
64
w
1329
954
1149
1255
1138
1373
1217
1077
707
1082
1640
o P
2
9
Guaranteed
Analysts
3

3 Q
273
294
228
333
287
190
2
240
518
331
238
1602
1248
1377
15
1425
1363
1508
1317
1219
1413
1878
gS
38
j
bo5

15 41 12 58 1 1 10 10

13 61 2 12
15 3f 2 12
14 00 2 12
13 50 2 12
14 66 2 12
13 13 Vi 10
12 35 1 10
13 90 1 14
19 03
BY WHOM AND WHERE
MANUFACTURED
G A Ramspeck Decatur Ga
Jas G Tin ley Co Richmond Va
David Brown Albany Ga
David Brown Albany Ga
Atlanta Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Read Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Wappco Mills Charleston S C
Wando 1 hotphate Co Charleston S V
Walton Guano Co Social Circle Ga
Walton Whann Co Charleston S U
Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
14
tei
d
t
W
H
H
O

Q
W
Q
H
a
w
H
I
M
O
w
55TABLE No VI
Potash Salts Bone Meah anal Miscellaneous
a 3 P s o a s b o S o 2 at I a CD M M a s O S3 Phosphoric Acid a o a a 6 s O A P CO O Oh o H 3 D S M Guaranteed Analysis
NAME OF BRAND 3 a o so B a 3 3 O w Q M CD cp 3 5 o3 SV 1 C 2s M T3 O O 2 3 o a s S o Cl u o ft a o J3 d l H BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED
C 69 J 2l J 82 C 129 C 105 C 88 C 86 L 48 C 118 C 97 C 58 C 35 C 193 H 69 H 57 4017 4009 4092 4070 4063 4021 4022 4138 4069 4048 3961 3951 4304 4294 4267 1210 1202 1182 1202 1170 11 97 1186 1182 1305 1263 1277 11 7 1192 1176 1232 12 28 12 21 12 06 12 21 11 96 12 17 12 08 12 06 13 04 12 70 12 72 11 99 12 14 12 01 12
Read Fert Co Charleston S C
12 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 11 12 11 Ashley Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Baldwin Fert Co Savannah Ga Southern Phos Works Macon Ga
Kainit
Kainit G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md Wileox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Kainit
Kainit Genuine German Comer Hull Co Savannah Ga
Kainit Chicora Fert Co Charleston S C
Farmers Supply Co Macon Ga
Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C
Kainit
Kainit German Imperial Fertilizer Co Charleston S C Commercial Guano Co Savannah Ga

Savannah Guano Co Savannah Ga
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
a
a
H

H
O
i

o
w
II
Q
q
H
q
w
I
Q
H
O
W
QKainit
Kainit Dunbars Gen Ger
Kainit Dunbars Gen Ger
Kainit German
Muriate of Potash
Muriate of Potash
Muriate of Potash
Muriate of Potash
Pure Raw Ground Bone
Pure Ground Animal Bone
Fine Ground Bone
Pure Animal Bone Meal
Pure Animal Bone Meal
Kennesaw Pure Bone Meal
Fine Ground Beef Bone
Raw Bone Meal
Bone Meal Pure and Potash
Soft Phosphate
Bales Agricultural Salt
Nitrate of Soda
S 27
C
C 58
J 15
C 59
L 38
C 143
H 48
B 1
A 66
A 71
D 14
C 100
A 40
J 62
J 148
C 87
E 12
M 53
C 169
4112
4048
3J61
4286
3962
4145
4161
4236
3760
3867
3915
3932
4228
3913
4091
4279
4023
3788
4291
4190
1263 1277 1132 5181 5121 5167 5166 12 70 12 72 11 66 41 05 43 57 43 94 43 94 12 12 12




55 25
3 3 4
461 667 413 438 473 417 460 376 220 2112 2496 2095 2253 2248 2253 1983 2757 1050 1939 92 20 20 20 22 22





m 3 2 2518 11

1183 UK
1682 29 50 257 13 257 63 18 265
2 17 72 19 20 29 1 1
49 92
Adams Bros White Springs Fa
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C
Edisto Phosphate Co Charleston S C
Southern Phosphate Works Macon Ga
J B Carmicheal Jackson Ga
G Ober Sons Co Baltimore Md
Ashepoo Phos Co Charleston S C
Standard Guano Chemical Manufactur
ing Co New Orleans La
J D Tinsley Co Richmond Va
Cincinnati Desiccating Co Cincinnati O
Wilcox Gibbs Savannah Ga
Wilcox Gibbs Savannah Ga
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta Ga
Armour Packing Co Kansas Cily Mo
Armour Packing Co Kansas City Mo
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
Dollar Bros Hague Fla
Common salt 6953 per cent Jas A Bale
Rome Ga
Imperial Fert Co Charleston S C

t1
CO
O
1
O
o
O

w
w
H
W
COTABLE No 7
Jo g 3 SZS c S 03 a 3 S5 N O o J Cj J r o IS 3 3 o S Phosphoric Acid a a 3 oj O O ea 5a 2 A CO 1 O a 3 51 H G uaraiUeed Analysis
NAME OF BRAND 6 3 3 O a 3 3 3 w 4 03 3 3 3S3 O to a a S3 a 13 c o a a 0 O cj a o 1 BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED
Bone Phosphate Fertilizer L 95 L 97 L 96 M 54 4297 4299 4298 4288 144 650 692 1803 1453 1398 237 218 158 237 218 158 1C3 07 374 163 trac only 820 40 16 71 15 56 18 265 Paine Fertilizer Co Jacksonville Fla Paine Fertilizer Co Jacksonville Fla Paine Fertilizer Co Jacksonville Fla 9464 common salt JasABaleRomeGa


X i

The sale of the above Bone Phosphate Fertilizer Special Crop Formula and Paines Cotton and Corn Fertilizer is forbidden under such names as thev violate
the spirit of the Fertilizer Act which requires a total of ten per cent of available plant food
The Bone Phosphate Fertilizer must be sold for what it really is and not by a name indicating a complete fertilizer It is simply a Florid soft phosphate
The Special Crop Formula must be sold for what it really is and not by a name indicating a complete fertilizer It is a soft phosphate with potash
Bale s Rust Preventive should be sold as common salt and not masquerade under the name Rust Preventive which conveys the impression that it contains
potash It is 9464 per cent pure salt
Low priced fertilizers are much to be desired but deceptive names must not be used to make inferior goods appear of average character Such practice works
a great injury to the farmer in inducing him to use goods under a misapprehension as to their true composition
a
M

w
H
O
o
w
I
o
e
r
ia
a
P0
K
I
t3
o
S3
OAnalyse of Fertilizers Made Under the Provisions
of the Ellington Bill Approved December 27th 1890
NAME OF COUNTY
rankling
Lowndes
Paulding
Clay
Washington
Lowndes
Lowndes
Lowndes
Lowides
Washington
Bartow
NAME OF ORDINARY
Hon E W Y AUgood
Hon D M Smith
Hon K W Y Allgood
Hon R T Foote
Name not sent
Hon D M Smith
Hon D M Smith
Hon D M Smith
Hon D M Smith
Hon M Newman
Hon G W Hendricks
ADDRESS OF ORDINARY
Dallas Ga
Valdosta Ga
Dallas Ga
Fort Gaincs Ga
Sandersville Ga
Valdosta Ga
Valdosta Ga
Valdo ta Ga
Valdosta Ga
Sandersville Ga
Icartersville Ga
o o
ti

A M s 3

a
T3 El 3

0 a
1
None
a
None
None
None
1
2
3
None
None
Phosphoric Acid
cc
3748
3752
3777
3778
3917
4050
4174
4175
417C
4183
4403
850
1550
765
635
731
1442
1290
1368
1153
1224
521
96
554
216
110
219
281
1
68
178
159
830
171
599
342
601
871
757
574
871
A

585
175
529
407
138
1 83
136
92
243
744
1005
7CO
1006
480
784
964
893
666
1114

180
228
246
220
168
261
282
212
301
20
109
201
109
90
116
377
134
1225
183
275
1265
1101
12 54
1224
590
1003
1245
1031
734
f
go
to
C
l
O
o
g
g
w
a
M

r
j
ft
3
W
GO
175 1292228 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Averages of Fertilizers Sold in Georgia During the Season of 18931894
Available Phosphoric Acid Nitrogen Calculated to Ammonia O CO as 0
Ammoniated Goods with Potash 975 251 202
Acid Phosphates with Potash 1173 205

Acid Phosphates plain 1418

Cottonseed Meals from Upland 01 green seed free from hulls 874

SeaIsland Cottonseed Meal from black seed contains the hulls 640

Muriate of Potash German Chlorkalium
515S

1212
Averages of Fertilizers Sold in Georg ia During the Season of 18 0318 1
Available Phosphoric Acid O ft CO o2 5 0 H Nitrogen Calculated to Am monia
Bone Meal 2274
463
Soft Phosphates 207 1986

Nitrate of Soda
1 1920
ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934
229
The following averages for the past twenty seasons will be found interest
ing
General Average of all Fertilizers
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Ammonia
Potash
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
For the
Tor the
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
season
of 18745
of 18756
of 18767
of 18778
of 18789
of 187980
of 18801
of 18812
of 18823
of 18834
of 18845
of 18856
cf 18867
of 18878
of 18889
of 188990
of 18901
of 18912
of 18923
of 18934
9
10
10
11
11
10
10
10
11
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
23
94
87
43
95
24
96
88
03
82
13
01
39
66
48
46
30
90
81
92
255
253
252
279
270
258
253
248
253
247
224
243
245
246
280
275
254
240
232
251
517
249
275
223
166
133
141
147
150
155
144
165
194
212
194
197
189
1 70
185
202
These are the general averages of all fertilizers including Acid Phosphatfs
from Table No II for the season named It is proper to remark that the
averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which are shown by
analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole number of brands
analyzed
Cottonseed Meal Nitrate of Soda Kainit Muriate of Potash and Sulphate
of Potash are not included in this list
230
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Averages of Ammoniated Fertilizers
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
For the season of
18745
18756
18757
18778
18789
187980
18801
18812
1882 3
18834
18845
18856
18867
18878
18889
188990
18901
18912
18923
18934
Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia
873 284
1036 298
1051 273
1083 279
1152 270
953 259
1030 2 53
1020 248
10 22 253
978 247
1035 229
1015 243
1030 245
1047 2 46
1030 280
1037 275
1010 256
9 96 234
966 232
975 251
Potash
531
2 79
243
225
164
135
145
2 5S
148
157
151
164
196
214
190
195
185
181
189
202ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZEES18934
231
Average Nonammoniated Fertilizers
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18750
For the season of 18707
For the season of 1877S
For the season of 18789
For the season of 1879SO
For the season of 1S801
For the season of 18812
For the season of 18823
For the season of 18834
For the season of 18845
For the season of 18856
For the season of 18867
For the season of 18878
For the season of 18889
For the season of 188990
For the season of 18901
For the season of 18912
For the season of 18923
For the season of 18934
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Potash
1105
1199
1108
1310
1320
1244
1260
12 48
1255
1259
1287
1262
1345
1381
1396
1383
1376
1274
1363
13 30
385
4 04
4 54
210
163
128
130
105
156
148
140
168
1S5
207
181
188
209
169
152
205232
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for
each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the season of 18745 TTT 7
110 brands
For the season of 18756
101 brands
For the season of 18767
12o brands
For the season of 18778
12 brands
For the season of 18789
162 brands
For the season of 187980 10
182 brands
For the season of 18801
226 brands
For the season of 18812
20 brands
For the season of 18823
354 brands
For the season of 38834 u
336 brands
For the season of 18845
369 brands
For the season of 18856
34o brands
For the season of 18867
322 brands
For the season of 18878
33 brands
For the season of 18889
3oo brands
For the season of 188990
440 brands
For the season of 18901
492 brands
For the season of 18912 AO
608 brands
For the season of 18923
o98 brands
For the season of 18934
36 brandsANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934
233
The number of brands of ammoniated and nonammoniated fertilizers for
each season is as follows
Ammoniated Nonammoniated
86 24
68 33
For the season of 18767 85 90 119 135 40
For th season of 18778 37
43
47
For the season of 18801 163 187 66
For the season of 18812 83
For the season of 18823 239 115
210 126
229 140
For the season of 18856 215 130
For the season of 18867 206 242 116
For the season of 18878 135
For the season of 18889 254 101
For the season of 188990 300 140
For the season of 18901 343 364 406 504 149
For the season of 18912 209
For the season of 18923 192
For the season of 18934 232

PHOSPHATES And Minerals Sent as Supposed Phosphates
NAME OF COUNTY NAME OF SENDER 0 A S 3 NAME OF SUBSTANCE u o A O CO O A Ph V 1 j OT3 O Sa
Polk 775 787 78S 789 790 791 802
G L Patrick G L Patrick Trace only Trace only 28 27 48 Trace only Trace Trace only Trace only Trace only Trace only Trace
Silica
J R McDuffle 61 59 134
J R McDuffle Siliceous Rock
J R McDuffle
VV T Ford
N F Tift
Sapelo Land Lumber Co 805 806 807 808 sis 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 859 860 861 862 863 900
Sapelo Land Lumber Co Sapelo Land Lumber Co

Sapelo Land Lumber Co Calcium Carbonate Shell
W T Mathis
Stewart
E Malcolm Shell
Shell
3135 3135 3135 102 102 2950 3766 3766 3766 3766 Trace 6848 6848 6848 226


E Malcolm
Calcium Carbonate 226 6442 8226 8226 82 26
R A Connell



8226
Clinch
a
3
O
W
ht
a
3
f
H
cl
W
I
O
w
o
wANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1S934
MINERALS ANALYZED
235
Name of
County Sent
From
Name of Mineral
Baldwin
Bartow
Bartow
Bartow
Bartow
Bartow
Bariow
Bartow
Bartow
Bartow
Bartow
Bartow
herrieu
Butts
Butt
Butts
Butts
Butts
Burke
Mixed calcium carbonates
and calcium phosphates
Manganese ore
Galena lead ore
Ochre
Chlorite
Chlorite
Quartz
Ichlorite
chlorite
Quartz
Chlorite
Chlorite
Micaceous sand
Granite
Granite
Granite
Granite
Granite
Iron pyrites
Campbell
Campbell
Chattooga
Chattooga
Chattooga
Chattooga
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Colquitt
Colquitt
Dawson
Dawson
Decatnr
Decatur
Decatur
Decatnr
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
Decatur
DeKalb
DcKalb
Trap
i rap
Red hematite
Brown hematite
Iron pyrites
Iron pyrites decomposing
Fireclay
Iron ore arenaceous
Quartz crystal
Yellow clay
Gray clay
Quartz rock
Jasper
Tourmaline
Quartz crystals
Magnetite
Magnetite
Ked hematite
Red hematite
Red hematite
Red hematite
Rea bemattte
Quartz crystal
Argillaceous iron ore
Tourmaline
Tourmaline
Blue clay
Quartz
Shale
Tabular quartz
Iron pyrites
Iron pyrites
Pbospbate rock rich
Phosphate rock rich
Phosphate rock rich
Phosphate rock neb
Red ochre
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quaitz
Iron pyrites
Iron pyrites
720
769
777
771
847
848
851
851
S52
aw
so
849
897
813
814
815
SIC
S17
895
Name of
County Sent
From
Name of Mineral
DeKalb
Dougherty
Dougherty
Emanuel
892
syi
781
782
7s
784
711
711
7Ti
711
750
751
752
75
751
838
S3 i
840
84
84
843
844
815
810
S4
865
0
834
722
21
Fannin
Fannin
Fannin
Fannin
Fannin
Fayette
Floyd
Floyd
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Franklin
Fulton
fultou
Glynn
Greene
G winnett
Gwiunett
DeKalbIron pyrites
DeKalbllron pyrites
747
478
SCO
861
S02
SHI
SOI
72
728
720
70
786
820
8Jl
822
Hall
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
I Haralson
Haralson
Harasou
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
Haralson
Henry
Houston
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Laurens
Iaurens
Iowndes
Lowndes
Lowndes
McDnffie
Mclutosti
Melntosh
Mel n tosh
Melntosh
Murray
Murray
Iron pyrites
Calcium carbonate
Silica
Gray clay
Galena
Iron pyrites
Iron pyrites
Iron pyrites
Galena
Kaolin
Manganese ore
Manganese ore
Garnet
Garnet
Garnet
Red hematite
Red hematite
Red hematite
Corundum
Corundum
Mica sand
Iron pyrites
Phosphate rock rich
Griesen
Chlorite
Chlorite
Impure kaolin
i auganese ore
Manganese ore
Manganeseore
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Crystalline quartz
Red ochre
Red ochre
Micaceous sand
Calcium carbonates
Impure clay
Quartz and iron pyrites
Quartz and iron pyrites
Iron pyrites
Galena
A piece of common glass
Siliceous rock cherty
i iceousrock cherty
Silica
Silica
Silica
Kaolin
Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Shale
Iron ore sandy
E
823
802
868
761
722
723
724
725
726
746
767
768
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
785
867
859
713
894
896
719
835
836
837
880
881
882
883
886
885
586
887
88
889
S90
731
774
773
S77
878
879
808
S04
787
788
789
790
791
800
807
808
811
812236

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MINERALS ANALYZED ConUuued
Name of
County Sen
From
Faulting
Pauldiug
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Name of Mineral
Polk
Polk
Polk
Polk
Randolph
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Graphitic schist
Schist
Calcium carbonate
Iron pyrites large crystals
Iron pyrites small crystals
Gold bearing iron pyrites
Tripoli
Heavy spar barium sul
phate
Barite barium sulphate
Barites braium sulphate
Feldspar
Auriferous pyrites
Ferruginous clay
Calcium carbonate shell
Calcium carbonate shell
Calcium carbonate shell
StewartPhosphate rock high grade
810
775
79
793
795
796
79
798
799
800
801
825
827
S2S
Name of
County Sent
From
Name of Mineral
Stewart Phosphate rock high grade
StewartPhosphate rock high grade
StewartCalcium carbonate
StewartICalcium carbonate
StewartRock crystal
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Stewart
Taylor
Taylor
Twiggs
White
Whitfleld
Worth
Crystal quartz
Crystal quartz
Crystal quartz
Crystal quartz
Crystal quartz
Foraminifera
Impure marl
Iron pyrites pertly deeoni
posed
Massicoit lead ore
Asbestos
Iron pyrites
Iron ore
829
830
831
832
869
872
873
S74
875
876
891
818
765
766
760ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934
237
Analyses of Georgia Phosphates of a High Enough Percentage of Phosphoric
Acid to he of Market Value
WHERE SENT FROM
o
71
r
o o S3 Pn o Phosphoric Acid Calculated to Bone Phosphate
31 44 6668
31 83 6951
31 21 68 15
32 69 71 39
31 49 68 76
35 36 77 22
35 28 77 06
2463 53 78
24 63 53 78
2463 53 78
21 90 65 30
31 52 68 84
2852 62 28
Decatur county
Decatur county
Decatur county
Decatur county
Decatur county
Decatur county
Jefferson county
Mitchell county
Mitchell county
Mitchell county
Randolph county
Randolph county
Thomas county near Boston
461
695
698
699
701
254
387
250
251
252
a
b
xSome Limestones Found in Georgia
E
0

c
o
o c OS
Q o a

B
o CO 3 3

11
12 H T3
a ti 5a
c3 to a
a cc
m HH
2 O
c a
o
a
Pi
d
OJ
a

a
I


a a
o
c rl
P CO
a
to
a
w
so
H
H
21
H
O

Q
W
o
a
H
d
SO
f
Q
W
O
so
Q
Shell Rock Limestone Houston county
Limestone from Glynn county No 1
Limestone from Glynn county No 2
Limestone Randolph county
Shell Rock Limestone Dougherty county
996
2549
2550
3134
4049
4823
40 52
5408
4961
5482
3952
3111
4188
3912
4308
36
2411 164
224 50
404 140
406
262
130
541
72
06
Trace only
Trace only
42
149
13S
475
153
No 996 will burn to a lime containing 8548 per cent of pure lime and 1452 per cent of impurities
No 2549 will burn to a lime containing 6114 per cent of pure lime and 3886 per cent of impurities
No 2550 will burn to a lime containing 9517 per cent of pure lime and 483 per cent of impurities
No 3134 will burn to a lime containing 9011 per cent of pure lime and 989 per cent of impurities
No 4049 will burn to a lime containing 9754 per cent of pure lime and 246 per cent of impuritiesSome Limes Made in Georgia
3
3
5
3
Oyster Shell Lime from Glynn county
Stone Lime from Dolomitic Limestone Bartow county
Lime from Limestone of Dougherty county
2551
2984
2985

59 28
5742
9263
a
o
hi
a
O
3287
1955
11
98
16
a
S 9
198

1208
309
403
0
d
564
3 18

Q
O
W
o
w
1t
r
N
krj
SO
tJMUCKSPercentage Composili
Crematory Asties Macon Ga
Crematory Ashes Macon Ga
Hardwood Ashesblack jack ExpermtGaANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934
Analysis of Florida Pebble Phosphate
241
Moisture at 212 Fah 117 percent or pounds in each 100 lbs Phosphate
Organic Matter 57S
Carbonic Acid 270
Sesquioxide of Iron72
Sulphuric Anhydride 116
Magnesia38
Soluble Silica 148
Lime 4554
Alumina92
Phosphoric Acid 3032
FluorineTrace
Sand 983
10000
This phosphate contains 3032 per cent of phosphoric acid which is
equivalent to 6622 per cent of bone phosphate Phosphate rock is con
sidered excellent when it will average 60 per cent bone phosphate By
referring to the analysis it will be seen that there is a large quantity of
lime in the phosphate which holds the phosphoric acid in an unavailable
form for plant food To free the phosphoric acid about one hundred
pounds of sulphuric acid is added to each one hundred pounds of the phos
phate This takes up the lime forming sulphate of lime and liberates the
phosphoric acid By this operation however the 3032 pounds of phos
phoric acid becomes distributed in two hundred pounds of acid phosphate
which makes only 1516 pounds of phosphoric acid to each one hundred
pounds of the acid phosphate or 1516 per cent goods if all is made avail
able which is not usually the case as about one per cent remains unat
tacked The above analysis gives a fair idea of what is in an acid phos
phate besides the phosphoric and sulphuric acids It should be borne in
mind that the lime neutralizes the sulphuric acid forming sulphate of lime
as stated above
COTTON SEED MEALFood AnalysisNo 3150
Moisture at 212 F 862 per cent
Crude Protein4375
Fat1041
Ash 661
Crude Fiber 387
Nonnitrogenous extractive matter2674
10000
242
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
OYSTER SHELLS
Examination made at the request of a poultrymanto determine if feed
ing poultry with oyster shells cooked with molasses and meal furnished them
any soluble lime for shell forming purposes
Powdered oyster shells boiled with
distilled water 33 grains of lime taken up by each
gallon of water
Molasses black 34S85 grains of lime in solution in
in each gallon of molasses
Molasses boiled with powdered
oyster shells 65455 grains of lime found in each
gallon of molasses of which
305 70 grains were dissolv
ed from the oyster shell
Molasses contains much lime naturally as lime is used in its manufacture
Nitrogen in Blood and Tankage
6 5 S e CD o lu 2 Calculated to Ammonia Total Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric Acid Calculated to Bone Phosphate
Blood 2779 E34 E68 1319 1273 1417 1601
Blood 1545 1720
Blood

2547 2589 2504 2632 278 E66 E 3 E 4 E 5 7 95 684 734 74 751 1115 733 671 684 965 830 891 909 912 1354 890 815 830 1232 14 42 1368 1040 9 64 Not det Not det Not det Not det 2691 3149 2987 22 72 2106 Not det Not det Not det Not det
Tankage Tankage Tankage Tankage Tankage

Analyses of Soft Phosphates from Florida
Sample No fa o IN a CS aj 3 5 Phosphoric Acid 72 3
CO o 6 3 3 3 4 3 o Total Phosphoric A Calculated to Bone Phosphate
Phosphate Rock soft variety from Florida 3750 2545 3158 3556 3816 4297 137 235 1 16 408 1360 1783 2528 1722 1907 1803 159 93 181 265 113 2 37 159 93 181 265 113 237 1519 1876 2709 1987 2020 2040 3310
4098
59 17
4339
4412
144 4456

t1
CO
W
GO
O
o
o
g
g
M
W
Q
r1
H
CO
H
El
WAnalyses of Pebble Phosphates from Florida
Phosphate Rock Pebble from Peace River Florida
Phosphate Rock Pebble from Peace River Florida
Phosphate Rock Pebble from Peace River Florida
Phosphate Rock Pebble washed
Phosphate Rock Pebble unwashed a
Phosphate Rock Pebble washed a
Phosphate Rock Pebble unwashed b
Phosphate Rock Pebble washed 6
o
2554
2555
2551
Ex 40
Ex 45
Ex 42
E x64
K x 11
o
XI
Oh
m
o
J3
Ph
3
o
3380
3120
3280
3589
2930
3032
2110
34 52
T3 oi
O x
Co
23 a
j0 o
0 M
7382
6828
7164
7838
6398
6622
4607
7538

W
H
Szj
H
O
1

w
I
o
d
g
f

o
QAnalysis of Basic Slag
to o Phosphoric Acid 3
6 CD ft 53 fc3 a pi to S 15 a CO O to H
CP 2 a 3 co M CD 3 05 u cu CB M cb 3 CD 2 O
2562 663 1120 1120 1783 68

Analysis of Double Superphosphate
Sample No to o M ii M J a CB Sh CO o s Phosphoric Acid o
1 3 co a c3 3 3 3 CO 13 0 in CB CD M 0 3 5 CO o 5 H
Double Superphosphate made in Baltimore Md 2625 664 09 3511 8 01 4312 4321

t1
02
M
GC
O
Q
O
g
H
W
Q
HH
t
t1
w
32
This is a very high grade Acid Phosphate containing about three times as much available Phosphoric Acid as the ordinary Acid
Phosphates which are made by simply mixing Phosphate Rock and Sulphuric Acid240
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

BAKING POWDERS
There are a number of brands of baking powders upon the market in
this State While they are sold under many different names the actual
ingredients which compose them are few in number The substance gen
erally used to furnish the leavening gas is bicarbonate of soda whichisalso
sometimes called cooking soda Bicarbonate of soda contains a large
amount of carbonic acid gas which is readily set free when this substance
is brought in contact with an acid or other body which decomposes it
Advantage is taken of this fact in the manufacture of baking powders
and the ingredients which commonly enter into their manufacture besides
the bicarbonate of soda are tartaric acid cream of tartar which is tataric
acid combined with potash phosphate of lime and alum
In the raising of bread by yeast it is the fermentation which takes
place that produces the leavening gas This leavening gas is carbonic
acid gas both in the case of the yeast risen bread and in that made with
baking powders
Every ingredient which goes into a firstclass baking powder is always
thoroughly dried If this is not done the slight amount of moisture pres
ent enables chemical action to steadily go on and the leavening power of
the powder rapidly decreases To still further retard any such action
which may take place from the moisture absorbed from the air a certain
percentage of dry starch is used to protect the particles of the powder as
much as possible from action upon each other Flour is sometimes used in
place of starch
Baking powders should be always kept thoroughly dry and in making
bread should never be mixed with the water first as is sometimes done
but should be first thoroughly mixed with the dry flour before making
into dough A wet or damp spoon should never be used in measuring out
a baking powder as it injures not only that which is used but what is left
is also impaired As long as a powder is thoroughly dry chemical action
does not take place and the substances composing it remain unchanged
but when brought into intimate contact by solution in water the chemi
cals react upon each other and the weak carbonic acid gas is driven out of
the bicarbonate of soda bubbles through the water or dough as the case
may be and escapes into the air A baking powder made of cream of
tartar and bicarbonate of soda leaves only rochelle salts in the bread one
composed of tataric acid and bicarbonate of soda leaves only tartrate of
soda Another compound of acid phosphate of lime and bicarbonate of
soda will leave reverted phosphate of lime and phosphate of soda in the
bread and still another manufactured from alum dried ammonia alum
is the kind ordinarily used and bicarbonate of soda will leave hydrate of
alumina sulphate of soda and sulphate of ammonia
If sesquicarbonate or bicarbonate of ammonia is used as a baking pow
der which is sometimes done by bakers in making their finest cakes the
only residue left in the bread will be possible traces of ammonia as the
carbonates of ammonia are completely volatile in the heat of an ordinary
cooking stove
There have been many conflicting statements made by the manufact
urers of various baking powders To believe them all would be to give upANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS1S934
baking powders altogether as most of them make astonishing statements
in regard to the goods of their competitors
In judging the merits of the different baking powder claims there are
some important facts which bear heavily upon the subject and may in
fluence a manufacturers mind very decidedly in some cases In the first
place cream of tartar is a harmless salt which separates from grape juice
when it is made into wine Tartaric acid is made from cream of tartar and
is the acid of grapes The residue left by either of them in the bread by
their action on the bicarbonate of soda being mildly aperient is inclined
to correct indigestion A powder made with either is considered an excel
lent one but cream of tarter and tartaric acid are expensive substances
Acid phosphate of lime is cheaper than cream of tartar or tartaric acid
but leaves reverted phosphate of lime as well as the gentle purgative phos
phate of soda in the bread Alum baking powders are usually made with
thoroughly dried ammonia alum On using such a powder the bicarbonate
of soda decomposes the alum into hydrate of alumina sulphate of soda
and sulphate of ammonia Dried alum is cheap when compared with
cream of tartar or tartaric acid costing about onefifth as much The man
ufacturers of dried alum for use in baking powders usually sell it as C
T S or cream of tartar substitute It is also known as burnt ahim It
is used on account of its cheapness The carbonates of ammonia are not
used to any great extent in baking powders they have been ued in one
or two instances in small quantity to increase the leavening power bu1
having found none in our recent analyses its use has probably been
dropped in anticipation of a prejudice that might be stirred up against
the use of any form of ammonia by the unreasonable attack of interested
manufacturers seeking to push their own les3 efficient combinations
The alumina left in bread by alum baking powders if in an insoluble
form is perhaps harmless It is claimed however that some alum
baking powders are made up in such a manner that they leave soluble
alumina in the bread Such a residue would be likely to produce dyspep
tic troubles In England the use of alum in bread is prohibited by law
and while there is no legislation against its use in baking powders the
sale of bread made from such baking powders of course comes under the
same prohibition
Dried alum when not decomposed by bicarbonate of soda is poisonous
no doubt a fatal case being on record where death was produced by one
ounce of it being taken by mistake for epsom salts The proprietors of
alum powders however claim complete decomposition of the alum by
the bicarbonate of soda present in their baking powders
Interested manufacturers have raised a great hue and cry against am
monia in baking powders The truth of the matter is there are three or
four important alkaline bodies in common use in the world soda am
monia potash and lime All four of these are used in making baking
powders and all four are exceedingly caustic when in an uncombined
state but are never used for such a purpose unless combined with an acid
which changes their character completely In fact ammonia is the only
one of these four alkaline substances which is dissipated by heat and is
called the volatile alkali It is doubtful if any but the smallest traces248
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
of it would be left in bread even if it were used alone as a leavening sub
stance which would not be true of either of the other three materials
Ammonia is composed wholly of the two gases nitrogen and hydrogen
The air we breathe into our lungs at every inspiration is fourfifths nitro
gen and the water we drink daily contains over eleven per cent of hydro
gen Rain water usually contains a small amount of ammonia and it is
nearly always present in all spring river and well waters All plants are
compelled to have ammonia or nitrogen or die The atmosphere also
usually contains traces of ammonia Bicarbonate of soda is used in all
baking powders and although it contains carbonic acid gas which annually
produces many deaths in wells and mines no manufacturer says anything
against it because they all use it Besides it would be as unreasonable to
do so as in the case of ammonia Carbonic acid gas is drunk in water
champagne and similar liquids and gives them their sparkling properties
There is a constant amount of it present in the air yet we are unaffected
by it We are not injured by very small amounts of carbonic acid am
monia or water but we cannot exist surrounded by either of the three in
a concentrated state
To illustrate this general prevalence of ammonia we will state that in
our recent analyses of a number of baking powders we found it present
in every sample examined although some of it existed in only very minute
quantities The amount was very small in Dr Prices New South Royal
Cleveland and Horsfords Bread Preparation Dixie and Turpins also
contained only a minute amount of ammonia
In these seven powders ammonia may be considered as practically ab
sent The Gem Linden Campbells and One Spoon contained consider
able quantities of ammonia in the form of ammonia alum
To examine the subject of baking powders fully we recently purchased
in person samples from various grocery stores in the State giving no no
tice of what we intended to do with them The results of the analyses
were as followsNAME OF
BAKING POWDER
Royal
Dr Prices
Cleveland
New South
Turpina
Dixie
Horsfords Bread Preparation
Linden
Campbell
One Spoon
Gem
Leavening
Power or
Percentage
of Carbonic
Acid Gas
1336
1182
1317
1259
1227
1190
867
1285
1138
1039
916
CHARACTER OF POWDER
Cream of Tartar
With some Taruiric Acid
Cream of Tartar
Acid Phosphate of Iiinc
Am Alum and A Ph of Linn
Ammonia Alum
Percentage
of
Ammonia
Percenlage
of Sulphuric
Acid
Combined as
Sulphates
Percentage
of
Phosphoric
Acid
Retail Price
Paid
Per Pound
Trace Trace
Trace Trace
Trace Trace
Trace Trace
Trace Trace
Trace Trace
Trace 556
159 1461
1 74 1570
260 2429
90 2904

k
go
H
GO
O
o
o
W
Q
H
CS
M
W
GO250
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

The cheapest powder considering leavening power and quality of material
ZZ om money18 the KoyalThe dearest powder eier to th a u
point of leavening power or value of materials is the Gem The Horsfords
Bread Preparation comes in two separate papers the package weighing three
fourths of a pound and retailing at 20 cents which is equivalent to 27cents a
pound The contents of the two packages were mixed before analysts as
would be done in actual use The sample however was tested two lavs after
mixing which probably made it show lower leavening power than i would
have done i tested immediately after mixing We doVot know X her all
these samples were equally fresh Some may have been unintentionally
treated unfairly by our getting hold of old goods as those of the largest sale
would naturally furnish the freshest samples g
It may be interesting to give the wholesale market value of the ingredients
nsed n making baking powders and the sources from which they are obtained
Tartaric acid is the most expensive being worth 25 cents a pound K s made
from cream of tartar which is a bitartrate of potash the potash be gt
rid of I is only the excess of tartaric acid in cream of tartar which acts to
produce he leavening gas hence when tartaric acid is used le s forln
matter is left in the bread than when cream of tartar takes its place and he
ame weight of baking powder will yield more gas Cream of tartar ivvortb
222 cents per pound and is made from the lees of wine Acid phosphate of
Srw rts per prdand is made from hos Si
Uned or burnt ammonia alum is worth iy2 cents a pound and is made from
sulphuric acid ammonia and alumina sulphuric acid being manufactured
from sulphur ammonia from coal and alumina from clay Star h sel for
2 cents a pound and is obtained from Indian corn Bicarbonate of soda can
be bonghtat Z cents per pound and is made from comn salt These are
ELSZ 5 t0IV0ts At hese figures the averae hib p
rters cost from 13 to 15 cents a pound to make them the phosphate powders
cost from 5 to 7 cents per pound and the alum powders from 4 to 6 cent
To each of these should be added from 3 to 5 cents for container
A 1 of these powders should afford the manufacturers a handsome profit
the reerff bUt Paying and advertising bills andTllowhi
le retail dealers a fair amount of profit it is doubtful if he margin of
the higher class of articles is large However this may be bak ofpow
ders could be made at home with the materials bought at the ordinan
retail pces which would compare favorably in price and in ouaMZ
wthmost ofthe goods upon the market were it not for the enormous
amount of adulteration which is practiced upon cream of tartar S
s the chief ingredient of high grade baking powders Good creTm of
tartar can be bought at a few stores at retail for from 40 to 50 eel a
crenam f aShePUbliC discriminatingnd7h nk
cream of tartar is cream of tartar it is a common practice to sell ac d
phosphate of lime and burnt alum as cream of tartar or as cream of
tartar substitute as the burnt alum is sometimes called The profit if
very large on such adulterated goods which makes it prove so ternD
ing to many dealers to sell them These substitutes are novery easily
fhWthecl fPUbHCand CSt d6aler from onenZtoZl
thud the price of pure cream of tartar Were it not for this widesoreid
adulteration we would give recipes for the compounding or biking powANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934 251
ders by the economic housewife But under existing conditions one
would often unwittingly mix up a very undesirable compound where they
had every reason to expect a firstclass article as it would be frequently
the case that while fully believing that they had purchased cream of
tartar to make their baking powders they would be actually consuming
powders made of alum or acid phosphate of lime
The analyses given above show the high excellence of some of the goods
upon the market as well as the outrageous prices charged for some of the
cheap combinations We trust they will prove somewhat of a guide as to
the general character of the baking powders sold in the State
Geo F Payne252
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SOME OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF GEORGIA SOIL
an address by db george f payjne state chemist before the
georgia state agricultural society at carrollton oa
august 8 1894

Farming when conducted for profit is as much a business as any mercan
tile pursuit If business methods are not pursued upon the farm unneces
sary loss is bound to occur and possible realizations of profit are allowed
to slip by undeveloped The extensive dealer with ample means has a
two edged sword to hew out profits for himself in the concessions allowed
to large purchasers and the cash discounts besides These advantages in
some cases permit him to sell at the actual cost of the goods to his poorer
neighbors and yet realize a profit To the farmer of moderate means the
present prices for cotton corn wheat oats and other staple products
means ruin if he depends upon one crop alone A producer of a single
raw material is usually able to command only enough to keep body and
soul together The small farmer like the small merchant must have
larger returns on his capital or he cannot live The small merchant
avails himself of every possible means of turning an honest penny The
pharmacist it is said sells three thousand different articles some at abso
lutely a loss and others at what seems almost all profit if one is so un
businesslike as to fail to calculate the unusual expenses incurred in such a
business The policy of the merchant is to increase the sale of profitable
articles and only sell those unprofitable goods which are essential to hold
his trade The amount of the latter are unfortunately large both for the
merchant and the farmer but the farmer should imitate the merchant
and endeavor to handle as many of the profitable articles as possible I
wish to make a few suggestions of articles as probable sources of profit to
those of our farmers who are bold enough to strike out into new fields of
venture The beaten tracks are surer roads but shorter cuts to wealth
over rougher trails are often sought
Our Sunny South is a land of flowers which well may vie with la belle
France But although the consumption of perfumes is enormous in the
United States we do not recall a single essential oil produced in Georgia
except oil of turpentine the cheapest of them all The flower farms of
France and Turkey supply us with the oils of rose lavender geranium
heliotrope jasmine tube rose verbena violet etc and the prices secured
per acre for these crops are enormous The magnolia and the bay flourish
here in a wild state yet the pure oil of magnolia is so rare it is not found
in the markets qf the world It is not only the hottest climate which
produces the finest essential oils The farmers of Michigan Ohio and
New York raise large quantities of peppermint and distill the oil from it
In Maryland and Virginia sassafras root is distilled largely for its essential
oil Oil of wintergreen is distilled in New Jersey and oil of spearmint is
distilled extensively in several States The two nonvolatile oils linseedANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS18934
253
and castor oil are pressed in large quantities from seed raised in the West
ern States It would appear from these facts that there are possibilities of
profit from several oils in Georgia Just which will prove best adapted to
our climate and the most profitable only actual trial will show Our cli
mate is warmer and more equable than that of the eastern or western
portion of the United States and can produce many oils requiring a more
moderate climate Of two places producing a certain oil bearing plant
the warmer of the two usually furnishes the largest yield per acre
In the lower portions of our State and upon the sea islands cattle thrive
in a wonderful way Upon one of these islands an acquaintance raised a
splendid herd of cattle all sleek and fat and sold them at an excellent
profit He neither housed nor fed them through the winter but they
managed to keep in good order on the winter growth The cattle mature
quicker in such a climate than they do further North The beef was as
fine as that from any Western stock Our wire grass cattle are often thin
and tough but even in the wire grass sections there are possibilities with
judicious feeding of cheap cotton seed meal and hulls and our more nutri
tious grasses With our mild climate cattle should find this their ideal
country We have some cattle in Georgia but the butter and cream
brought to us from other States is hardly a compliment to our thrift and
energy We should supply the North and West with butter at least in
the winter instead of their supplying us New York State regularly ships
cream into Georgia It is sent by express packed in ice cream refrigera
tors We produce so little cream we are obliged to charge too high a price
for it and let Northern creameries pay for expressage and ice and yet
secure the trade
An acquaintance in Southwest Georgia tells us that his sheep are his
most profitable investment in spite of the dogs for which he puts out
poison and gets from fifteen to twenty at a time He lets his sheep run
uncared for and only rounds them up to brand and shear If the business
can exist in such a way certainly the employment of a shepherd would
make it still more profitable if conducted on a large enough scale
Sugar is now made successfully from sorghum cane Sorghum grows
splendidly in Georgia The sugar beet has not been fully tried and proper
varieties selected for this climate It should thrive here as it prospers
well in France
Insect powder is made from a plant which belongs to the same family
as our dogfennel and would very probably do well with us We could
hardly expect dogfennel to do better than it does in Georgia Insect
powder now brings twentyfive cents a pound which would be a nice
price if we should find it as thrifty in Georgia as the dogfennel
In this day of fortunes made in chewing gum the world should be given
a taste of our sweet gum No one has ever collected it for the market
We have tried to get parties to collect it for ourselves but they said that
everybody liked it so well that when they boxed the trees it was collected
by others too rapidly for them to keep up with the crop
Ginseng grows wild in Georgia and brings 250 a pound It was once
worth its weight in gold in China It is cultivated there If it can be cul
tivated in China it would seem possible to do so in our State where it
grows wild254

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

We have a splendid fiber in our common bear grass We Know of no
one attempting to cultivate it The Sisal plant of Florida is now being
cultivated after long neglect The Cubans would come to the Florida
coast in their schooners and purchase all the sisal plants they could secure
and carry them to Cuba where they were transplanted and their fiber sold
as binding twine to our farmers of the West Florida has awakened to
the importance of this matter and is now cultivating the sisalplant ex
tensively
In Michigan are extensive berry farms where berries are cultivated and
dried before putting on the market The Kalamazoo celery of that State
is known far and wide and supplies nearly the whole consumption of the
Union of this crisp vegetable Berry farms are certainly among the possi
bilities here The blackberry crop usually spreads its bountiful feast before
us in almost inexhaustable abundance Dried blackberries would find a
ready market We cannot get enough people here to consume them all
for years to come but we can dry the crop and send it ont to the consumers
Delicious celery can be raised in Georgia It is now cultivated within a
few miles of Atlanta and the product of the place brings even a better
price than that from Kalamazoo
Asparagus brings an excellent price in the large cities An acquaintance
of ours started an asparagus bed of five acres three years ago in this State
He has put annually upon each acre twentyfive tons of stable manure and
onehalf toiof cotton seed This amounted to seventyfive tons of manure
and one and onehalf tons of cotton seed put upon each acre There was
also onehalf ton of common salt put upon each acre as asparagus is a
marine plant The fertilizers put upon each acre cost 250 before any re
turn was secured This season 3090 pounds of asparagus was sold from the
five acres for 3000 a return of 600 per acre Next season he expects to
secure 2000 worth from each acre or a total of 10000
We have made these suggestions in the hope that they will set some
bright minds to work who will sift the profitable from the unprofitable
and develop many of the latent possibilities of our wonderful State
With a large expanse of territory extending from the bald peaks of the
Blue Ridge to the warm waters of the Atlantic where Florida and Georgia
join hands we are rich in possibilities and must awake from our conserva
tism and advance with the timesANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS16934 255
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the
last eighteen season
There were inspected during the season of 18745 4864800 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18756 5531600 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1S767 7582400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18778 9317800 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18789 8504900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18798011958300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1S80115242400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18812 12532700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1882312537700 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1883415184900 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1884517015300 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1885616070500 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1886716607808 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1887820800739 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1888920286936 tons
There were inspected during the season of 18899028811230 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1890130673400 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1891229634200 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1892330751930 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1893431561200 tonsREPORT
Commissioner of Agriculture
The Year Beginning October 1 1893
and Ending September 30 1894
R T NESBITT
Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA jA
Geo W Harrison State Printer
1894REPORT
To Hi Excellency W J Northen Governor
1 have the honor to submit the following report of the transac
tions of the Department of Agriculture for the year beginning Oc
tober 1 1893 and ending September 30 1894
CLERICAL FORCE
Since the last report there has been no change in the clerical
force of the department and the following persons are now em
ployed in the department in clerical capacities B F Carter J
E Brown Jr and H L Bennett
FERTILIZER INSPECTION
During the year in this most important branch of the service
the following inspectors have been employed at a salary of 1000
per annum with the term of service as giventhe service being at
the rate of 8333 per month
Inspectors Salary
WBJones LaGrange 1000
E R Kilpatrick Waverly Hall 1000
S B Scott Atlanta 1000
W W Dews Cuthebrt 1000
A Oemler Savannah 1000
S R Fulcher Greens Cut 500
J R Van Buren Griswoldville 50O
W H Taylor Isabella 41665
W A Terrrell Greenville 41665
A J Julian Woolleys Ford 41665260
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

Z L Fryer Barnesville
M L Johnson Cass Station
J M B Goode Conyers
41665
41665
41665
Total salary list 849990
During the busy season Mr Terrell was put on on account of
the illness of Mr W B Jones of LaGrange
RECEIPTS
From inspections
For tags
Salaries
Traveling expenses
Restamping tags
Bottles sacks etc
Express on samples
Treasury
EXPENDITURES
31561 20
31561 20
7200 95
8499 90
1896 80
27 20
166 42
36 50
11000 00
Balance
28827 77
2733 43
31561 20
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
In Bulletin No 29 will be found the report of the State Chemist
relative to the number of analyses made in that department It will
be noted that each year a decided gain is shown in the number of
analyses of regular fertilizers and in addition a large quantity of
other work
OILS
The following table shows the receipts from inspection of oils
with the amounts received by inspectors and their compensationRETORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
261
STATEMENT
The Following Consolidated Statement Gives the Amount of Oil Inspected
by the Inspectors in the Different Districts
DISTRICT
No Gallons
Inspected
Savannah
Augusta
Athens
Atlanta
Rome
Dalton
Columbus
Macon
Milledgeville
Americus
Gainesville
Brunswick
Griffin
1659859
493454
194309
1178863
87152
43300
339557
489966
11152
60743
34579
135537
37456
INSPECTORS
Peter Reilly
W HBarrett
James R Lyle
John W Nelms
T J Lyon
1 1 McAfee
J W Murphv
M J Hatcher
Miller Grier
jD F Davenport
James A Fort
E E Kimbrough
P W Fleming
A C Sorrell
Fees
Received
4765927
8325 11
2472 30
971 49
5845 53
436 25
231 50
1697 69
2450 77
56 73
487 16
172 88
677 67
187 28
24012 3i
COVERED IN TREASURY BY INSPECTORS
Reilly
Barrett
Lyle
Nelms
Lyons
McAfee
Murphy
Hatcher
Davenport
Fort
Kimbrough
Fleming
Sorrell
6773 80
1050 23
224 99
4224 67
6 07
2 00
523 53
1069 84
24 58
80 97
8 67
181 14
45 77
14216 26
Correct report
Jos E Brown JrI
262 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
GENERAL AGRICULTURE
In the last report to your Excellency no allusion was made to
the general agricultural condition of the State It was omitted for
the reason that the developments of the year did not embody any
particular changes from what was said on this subject in the report
for the year previous In dealing with the outlook for our agri
cultural classes many questions of great moment present them
selves We are first confronted with the question as to whether
progress towards improved methods has been made in the last few
years To the department this presents itself not only in the
growing crops and the yield per acre of staple crops as reported to
the Department but also in the interest manifested in securing pub
lications and papers bearing on agriculture It is safe to say that
when our farmers become imbued with the idea that successful farm
ing cannot be accomplished by planting and cultivating alone and
that by study they can acquire a knowledge that will enable them
to utilize the great blessing of a capable soil and favorable cli
mate to a better advantage we have taken a great step which will
eventually lead to success That our farmers are seeking more and
more to avail themselves of the experience of others and to profit
by scientific investigation of agricultural questions is manifested
almost daily at the department by the large number of requests
for agricultural matter and inquiries relating to fertilization meth
ods of cultivation etc In addition to a spirited interest in proper
agriculture these inquiries and requests exhibit the tendency to
diversification and intensive farming as they relate largely to
trucking cheesemaking dairying etc
DAIRYING
The subject of dairying and cheesemaking is deserving of specia
mention The active interest excited on this subject is due largely
to the work of the experiment farm in demonstrating that there is
no impediment except the want of proper experience in the way
of this industry adding largely to the value of our agriculture We
wish however to express the hope that the business of cheese
making will not be undertaken with too expensive machinery whichREPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
263
is unnecessary and without proper study or placing the business in
the hands of capable and experienced persons A Georgia fanner can
no more be converted into an equipped cheesemaker in a day than
can the Ohio cheesemaker become a cotton planter Knowledge
and experience are requisites to success and it would be far better
for those who wish to undertake this line of agriculture to employ
help with a thorough knowledge of the process of cheesemaking
until the needed experience is acquired than to incur loss and
declare to the world that the experiment is a failure from the lack
of proper methods
STATISTICS
Recently the department has had under investigation the yield
and acreage of staple crops in the State with a view of ascertaining
whether the progress made towards developing the varied resources
of our soil has been accompanied by an increased yield of staple
products per acre We regret to say that the results of this inves
tigation have not been satisfactory and that beginning with 1850
and up to the present time no improvement in yield has taken
place Exceptional years have occurred in which the yield has ex
ceeded that of several years previous but this has not been followed
by a gain in the succeeding year and shows an increase from a
favorable season rather than permanent improvement of the soil
When we consider the immense sum of money expended annually
for commercial fertilizers this is tar from an encouraging statement
and clearly demonstrates that our expenditures do not accomplish
the proper purpose i e the enhancement of the value of our lands
by increasing their yielding capacity In the distributed literature
of the department both through the press and in pamphlet form
we have endeavored to impress the necessity of upbuilding our soil
and as before stated we feel assured from the interest and inquiries
as to fertilization and the use of leguminous plants that what has
been said on this subject has not been lost and that the coming
year will find more farms in Georgia conducted with the end in
view of securing a better yield the following year than hitherto in
the history of the State We have frequently referred to the sus
ceptibility of our clay soils to a high state of cultivation and Geor264
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

gia like France and Germany should witness a gradually improved
condition and increased yield through a series of vears
ORCHARD ETC
It would seem from the foregoing that is from the fact that we
show no gain in general yield of staple crops that it would be found
difficult to find any encouragement in the outlook It must be re
membered however that our improvement has been in the direc
tion of the smaller and what has hitherto been considered the non
essentials of our agriculture Thus while the cotton crop from
1850 to the present date shows no increase in yield except from the
increased acreage from a total value of about 90000 for orchard
and other fruits we have increased to several million dollars from
gardening for household use alone we have progressed until Savan
nah is now the center of one of the trucking districts of the South
We have illustrated that fruits of all classes and ot the finest flavor
can be grown with profit tor the Northern market and that a few
acres in vegetables can be made more profitable than a farm in
staple crops
SEED
Following the precedent of former years the department during
the year sent out a number of select seed embracing some new and
untried varieties The advisability of a general seed distribution
is however in our opinion to be questioned and we are convinced
that more satisfactory results are to be secured from agricultural
publications than from such distribution The policy of the de
partment therefore for the coming year will be to only send out such
seed which not only in variety but in character have hitherto not
received sufficient investigation in the State The work of the
experiment farm has largely done away with the necessity of gen
eral seed distribution as here variety test can be made with pains
taking care which by application can be had in the bulletins of
the station
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
As corroborative of the interest in improved farm methods weREPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
265
take occasion to cite the fact that the advice of the department has
been asked on several occasions as to the opportunities the State
offers to young men who desire a practical together with some sci
entific knowledge of agriculture That the opportunities of our
vouug men in this regard should be broadened cannot be questioned
In speaking on this subject some time since before the State Agri
cultural Society we said Instruction in agriculture should be
given because of the large amount of capital invested in it and
because other industries are largely dependent on it both for a
market and for a source of supply The more carefully we study
this question the more will we be convinced that success in agri
riculture underlies success in manufacture in trade and in com
merce that according to the number of persons engaged in and
directly dependent upon agriculture the capital invested in it and
the wealth which it adds to the country every year agriculture
stands way above any other industry in importance and that any
thing done to develop agriculture to help those now engaged in it
or who are soon to engage in it should receive every encourage
ment That there is certainly a possibility of enormous improve
ment in crop production in Georgia comparison with many of the
other countries such as England France and Germanywill prove
The State offers two opportunities to her young men different in
their availability and consequently not in conflict One is the
Agricultural and Mechanical College at Athens and the other the
State station The latter is hardly a provision on the part of the
State but an adjunct secured by the board in requesting the director
in employing those who are to work upon the farm to select young
men who propose to make farming their business and are seeking
a knowledge of agriculture requesting also that the experiments
conducted be fully and carefully explained It is apparent that the
number on the farm must be limited but we are of the opinion that
it offers an excellent opportunity for young men who would be
otherwise unable to secure the benefits of such agricultural study
The college at Athens on the other hand offers opportunities to the
more able who in addition to studies with a view of giving a
knowledge of agriculture at the same time acquire an English edu
cation It is our opinion that any legislation directed towards en
260
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
larging the usefulness of the college or the station as a place for
students would not be misplaced

GLANDERS
In the last report to your Excellency we called attention to the
disease of glanders or farcy among the horses and mules of the
State During the session of the last General Assembly a bill was
introduced looking toward the suppression ofthe disease The bill
failed on its passage and we remain without a law upon this sub
ject We are pleased to state that the number of cases reported to
the department have been less this year than for several years
This is in our opinion attributable to the small importations of
stock from other States during the past year as compared with the
importations for other years It indicates that a system of inspec
tion might be established that would easily suppress the disease or
at least reduce it to such an extent that there would be little danger
of great loss
STATISTICS OF THE FARM
The last General Assembly enacted a law calling upon the Com
missioner of Agriculture to place before the General Assembly ac
curate statistics as to the yield per acre and total yield of staple
farm products The law was a revival or rather the reenactment
of a similar law already upon the statute books The difficulty
that confronts the department in collecting such statistics absolutely
accurate unless by provision of law and for compensation the tax
receivers make it a part of their return is readily seen Under
the former law the Commissioner of Agriculture provided the re
ceivers with the proper blanks and books to make these returns as
provided by the law As no compensation was provided and the
work of transcribing the returns nearly if not quite doubled the
work of the receivers it was incomplete and in many cases totally
neglected The last law makes no provision outside of the ordi
nary machinery at the command of the departmentsuch as reporters
in the various counties At the time the bill became a law much
of our crops had been gathered and the attention of those who
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1S94
267
furnish information to the department had not been called specific
ally to the matter It was impossible that crop year to secure as
accurate information as it will be in the future Notwithstanding
this we have endeavored to secure the best statistics possible
These statistics were presented in a monthly report of the depart
ment and will be placed before the General Assembly in the an
nual volume In regard to the crop for the present year we are
using every facility at our command to collect this matter
ACREAGE PER FARM
The recent abstract of the census presents an interesting feature
in regard to the Georgia farm which in the development of our
agriculture I consider of sufficient importance to call your
Excellencys attention and that of the General Assembly
In 1850 each farm in Georgia contained 401 acres in 1880 188
acres in 1890 147 acres The latter figures are but ten acres more
than the average for the United States This exhibits a condition
in regard to our farm which in my opinion is a subject for congratu
lation
STATISTICS
In an appendix to this report we have seen proper to give some
agricultudal statistics bearing on the subject with which we have
dealt in the report
R T NESBITT
Commissioner268
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES
State of Georgia Department of Agriculture
Office of Superintendent of Fisheries
LaGrange Ga October 17 1894
Hon R T Nesbitt Commissioner of Agriculture
I herewith submit my ninth biennial report covering the time
since my last report dated October 17 1892 The same regret
is now as then expressed that the very limited appropriation at the
disposal of the department has limited and embarrassed this im
portant work Still it is believed that the best possible use of these
limited means has steadily advanced the work of the Fisli Commis
sion and that fish culture now is no longer regarded as an experi
ment but a safe means of cheapening and increasing the food sup
ply The work of the last few years has demonstrated these facts
ShadThe success attending the artificial propagation of shad
during the last decade has been simply remarkable Ten years
ago no shad were found in any river in this State except those emp
tying into the Atlantic ocean but by the artificial methods resorted
to they are now found in all the rivers emptying into the Gulf of
Mexico as well as those emptying into the Atlantic It has been
mentioned in former reports that shad were not found in rivers
emptying into the Gulf until artificially planted
In this connection it may be mentioned that no shad were found
in the rivers emptying into the Pacific till artificially planted a few
years ago I beg leave to submit a statement taken from a letter
of Mr Eugene G Blackford of New York City an eminent fish
eulturist long connected with the New York and United States
Fish Commissions
Having returned a few days ago from a twelveweeks trans
continental trip which included the Yosemite Aalley and Yellow
stone Park I can say that the most gratifying thing of the whole
journey was to find shad so plentiful in the fish markets of SanREPORT OF COMMISSIONER1SH4
ia
Francisco that it was selling at one and onehalf to two cents per
pound at wholesale To find magnificent specimens weighing as
much as fifteen pounds each was something to make a fish culturist
boil over with enthusiasm
Previous to 1880 the shad was an unknown species in the waters
of the Pacific At about that time the late Professor Baird who was
then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries employed
the services of Mr Seth Green Superintendent of the New York
Fish Commission Mr Green took a car load of young shad that
had just been hatched in the Hudson and successfully transported
them across the continent and planted them in the waters of the
Sacramento river The shad multiplied and flourished remarka
bly They are fully equal to our own in flavor and appearance and
are greatly prized by the people
It is also gratifying to find in the same markets splendid speci
mens of striped bass This is another fish that is not indigenous
to the waters of the western coast and the present supply is the re
sult ot placing 1500 small striped bass fry in the waters of the Pa
cific a few years ago They were collected by the writer at the re
quest of the United States Fish Commission They have flour
ished remarkably One was noted that weighed fifteen pounds
which is a great weight considering that they have been in their
present waters so short a time Striped bass sells at fifteen cents
per pound and it is only necessary for the Californian to become
better acquainted with its merits as a table fish when it will sell for
at least the same prices that rule in our own markets
This great success in the establishment of two such valuable food
fish in the waters of the Pacific should convince the most skeptical
of the great value to the country at large offishculture as fostered
and prosecuted by the United States Fish Commission
During the last two years by the aid of the United States Fish
Commission we have been able to plant many millions of shad fry
in the rivers of Georgia and there is now no difficulty in getting
abundance of milters and spawners for the purpose of artificial prop
agation And as the artificial propagation of shad is no longer an
experiment the legislature is respectfully asked to make an appro
priation sufficient to establish a hatchery on a large scale at some270
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

point in the State We should annually plant fifty million of shad
fry in the waters of Georgia and at an expense of onefourth of one
cent to each inhabitant this can be done and it needs no argument
to show that it would be the best possible investment to cheapen
the food supply to the people of Georgia
The methods and appliances for such hatchings have wonderfully
improved and cheapened in the last few years so that shad may now
lie hatched at an expense of probably not over seven cents per
thousand I have taken occasion in former reports to call to vour
attention tins fact That the geographical distribution of our rivers
is admirably adapted to the propagation of anadromous migratory
fishes and particularly the shad which is wellknown to be pecu
liarly adapted to our waters I beg leave here to reproduce a para
graph from one of said reports
Beginning at the Savannah river which fortunately is under
the exclusive control of Georgia extending westward across the
State we meet in turn the Ogeechee the Oconee and the Ocmul
gee the last two uniting and forming the Altamaha a few miles
from the Atlantic ocean and all these emptying into the same next
the Flint and Chattahoochee uniting near the extreme limit of the
State and forming the Apalacliicola which empties into the Gulf
of Mexico The Chattahoochee from West Point down as far as
Alabama is concerned forms the western boundary of Georgia and
like the Savannah is exclusively under the control of this State
Near West Point this river ceases to be the boundary of this State
but having its headwaters in the extreme northeastern part of the
State among the mountains of that region where it can almost
shake hands with the headwaters of the Savannah it passes diago
nally across the State nearly parallel with the AirLine and Atlanta
and West Point railroads being but a few miles from Gainesville
and Newnan and six or seven miles from Atlanta The Ktowah
and Oostanaula with their confluence at the cityof Rome by their
numerous ramifications liberally supply Northwest Georgia At
Rome they form the Coosa which empties into the Alabama which
flows finally into the Gulf of Mexico These rivers being so uni
formly distributed over the State and our system of railroads gen
erally crossing them would make the distribution of fish from the
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1SI4
rivers very easy To illustrate a line drawn from Augusta by
Macon to Columbus would pass through sixteen counties every one
with a single exception touching a railroad
The rivers here alluded to as well as nearly every one in the
State have more or less obstructions to the passage of anadromous
fishes to their spawning grounds These obstructions consist in the
main of dams constructed for milling or manufacturing purposes
Fortunately science has pointed out a way to keep passage open
without injury to the property invested in such mills or manufac
tories This is done by the construction of fishways over or through
such dams or obstructions From very careful observation extend
ing nearly the entire length of the Atlantic coast and I may add
such streams as empty into the Gulf of Mexico I am satisfied that
the shad is the only anadromous fish with perhaps one or two ex
ceptions that would be profitable for us to attempt to propagate
There are seven or eight other streams suitable for shad propaga
tion rising in the southern and southeastern parts of the State some
emptying into the Gulf others into the Atlantic ocean and as will
be seen from the following statements nearly if not all have re
ceived plantings of shad
I am much gratified to be able to state that since my last report
the catch of shad has very largely increased in nearly all the
rivers of the State I will state that shad have been caught in the
Vithlacoochee river near Quit man one of the rivers rising in lower
Georgia and passing through Florida emptying into the Gulf of
Mexico Specimens of them were identified as the true Atlantic
shad
Since my last report by aid of the United States Fish Com
mission there have been planted in the waters of Georgia
Shad 4462000
Carp
Rainbow trout
Black bass
Rock bass
Tench
12000
5100
848
2275
4000
448622272
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
150
366
Gold id
Goldfish
The last two are ornamental fish Some of the streams of this
State pass through the Slate of Florida By special request of
Colonel Marshall McDonald United States Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries I have made careful survey of the fisheries of this
State and Florida and find that the plantings of shad the result
of artificial hatchings have increased the shad supply very largely
Some of the fish wardens report an increase in the last few years
of 300 per cent
Since planting the carp in the open waters of the State there
has been a large increase and in good waters they are a good
table fish It is to be noticed in the Northern markets that they
arc quoted at about the price of other fresh water fish In this
report I make no apologies for using several paragraphs made in
former reports as I wish to get the same facts before the legisla
ture therein made
It is recommended that the legislature make an appropriation
sufficient to establish a large shad hatchery at some point in the
State The only requisite in locality is a sufficiency of water of the
requisite purity as it is now known that shad eggs can be trans
ported long distances from the place of the capture of the milters
and spawners with entire safety to the hatchery
In view of our magnificent system of rivers and the great facili
ties now at the control of fish culturists a proposition of Euclid is
not more easily demonstrated than the fact that the State of Georgia
would derive enormous benefits from the use of the appropriation
mentioned
German CarpThis fish has come to Georgia to stay The
trial of over a decade has been quite satisfactory It is estimated
that over five thousand pounds have been stocked in Georgia This
has been largely through the aid of the United States Fish Commis
sion as well as the planting of many thousands of fry in the open
waters of the State These are increasing rapidly and helping to
increase the food supply Numerous applications are on file in my
office for young carp for stocking fish ponds and as complete drain
age is indispensable for the successful culture of this fish in pondsREPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894 273
I will take this occasion to again call attention to a drainage ap
paratus devised by myself and now used in my ponds as well as in
many others in this and other States The great importance of the
subject induces me to introduce the cut and description as hereto
fore published
The wood cut represents this simple apparatus that is recom
mended a is a wooden box running crosswise through the dam
from the lowest point in the kettle so that it will insure the com
plete emptying of the pond made of heart pine plank being twelve
inches wide and two thick securely nailed together The upright
part b is of the same material and size and joins it at right angles
and of sufficient length to extend some distance above the water
line This is made secure to the horizontal portion and it will be
a great advantage to give the whole a dressing of coal tar The
side of the upright next to the end is left open and narrow strips
are nailed to the uprights on the inside to constitute grooves for the
gate pieces c c c c d is a strainer of wire secured in a frame of the
same size as the gate pieces c When it is desired to empty the pond
remove the highest gate piece c and substitute the strainer d
When the water line is lowered to the next gatepiece remove it and
substitute the strainer for it as in the first instance and so on until
the water is drawn down nearly to the collector then the mud can2 74
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

be removed from the collector the fish dispersing while this is
being done The water can then be drawn off until the fish are
drawn into the collector or kettle when they can be readily re
moved with the dip net when the last gatepiece can be taken out
and the kettle completely emptied The only defect is in making
the gates tight If the water supply is abundant this is of no con
sequence as the leakage would not allow the small fish to pass out
and still might constitute a part of the overflow But if the water
supply is limited this might lower the pond at the time when you
could not afford to loose any water Fortunately this defect can be
easily remedied Prepare a plank of the size of the opening of the
box a let it be green lumber so that it will not swell to prevent its
being withdrawn pass this down along the side of the upright b
so it will include the opening in a then b can be filled with sawdust
for a foot or two and a little dirt if necessary which will entirely
stop the leakage
Eecent advices from the United States Fish Commission inform
us that the commission will furnish us sufficient fry to supply all
applicants also that a limited amount of the Rock Bass a compara
tively new fish it is believed well adapted to our waters will be
furnished
Oystkr CultureIn former reports attention has frequently
been called to the subject It is a matter of congratulation that the
legislature took up this subject and passed an oyster law This
with some amendments which will be found necessary will be of
great benefit to the State
California SalmonThe attempt to stock some of the rivers
of this State has resulted in failure The reports from other Fish
Commissioners show the same to be true of all the South Atlantic
States
Brook TroutA few of the most northern counties may have
water of sufficiently low temperature to propagate this fish but a
careful survey is needed to ascertain if the streams contain the re
quisite food supply
I beg leave to state that I have been under great obligations to
the very efficient Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries of the United
States Colonel Marshall McDonald and to the railroads of this andREPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
275
some of the adjoining States for their favors to the Fish Commis
sion of Georgia and to the press for many courtesies
Thanking you for courtesies extended in connection with official
duties by yourself and the gentlemen in your office I am
Yours respectfully H H Cary
SuperintendentDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
List of the Names and Addresses of the Fish Commis
sioners of the Several States and Territories
of the United States with Annual
Appropriations
Prepared by the United States Fih Commission
United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries Col M McDonald
Washington D C
ALABAMA
First Commissioners appointed in 1871 Has no Commissioners now
ARIZONA
First Commissioners appointed in April 1881
Name t
wj hoi Rrdenc
Relmont
Edward Schwartz Phoenix
t w otis resCot
Annual appropriation 250
ARKANSAS
First Commissioners appointed January 25 1876 Has no
Commissioners now
CALIFORNIA
First Commissioners appointed April 25 1870
Name Residence
Joseph D Redding President37 Chronicle Bldg San Francisco
H L McNeilLos Angeles
William C Murdock SecretarySan Francisco
Annual appropriation 5000REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
277
COLORADO
First Commissioner appointed February 9 1877
Name
Residence
Gordon LandDenver
Annual appropriation 3250
Holds office at pleasure of Governor
CONNECTICUT
Fish Commissioners
First Commissioners appointed September 11 1866
Term expires Name Residence
March 1 1896Samuel M BronsonHartford
August 26 1896James A Bill PresidentLyme
March 1 1896Richard E FollettLime Rock
Commissioners of Shell Fisheries
Commission authorized April 14 1881
Term expires Name Residence
June 30 1895George C WaldoBridgeport
June 30 1895Charles W BeardsleyMilford
June 30 1897Christian Schwarz South Norwalk
DELAWARE
First Commissioner appointed April 23 1881
Term expires
August 13 1896
FLORIDA
First Commissioners appointed
Term expires Name Residence
April 1 1893J H Smith Titusville
April 1 1893L H Sellers Pensacola
July 15 1895M MoselyTitusville
GEORGIA
Commissioner of Agriculture made ex officio Fish Commissioner 1876
Term expires Name Residence
1894Dr H H CaryLaGrange
1894Hon R T NesbittAtlanta
Annual appropriation
Residence
James Milligan Delaware City278 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
IDAHO
Has no Commissioners
ILLINOIS
First Commissioners appointed May 20 1875
Name Residence
Kichard Roe PresidentEast St Louis
Henry SchmidtEloin
George W LangfordHavana
Annual appropriation 2500
INDIANA
First Commissioner appointed September 1881
Term expires Name Residence
Jan 281895P H KirschColumbia City
Annual appropriation 1000
IOWA
First Commissioner appointed March 30 1874
Term expires Name Residence
April 1 1894T J GriggsSpirit Lake
Annual appropriation 3700
KANSAS
First Commissioner appointed March 10 1877
Term expires Name Residence
April 1 1895J W WamplerBrazilton
Annual appropriation 1000
KENTUCKY
First Commissioner appointed March 22 1876
Has no Commissioners now
LOUISIANA
i No return279
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
MAINE
Commissioners of Fisheries and Game
First Commissioners appointed January 1 1867
Term expires Name Residence
Dec 31 1894JThomas H WentworthBangor
Dee 31 1895Henry 0 Stanley Dixfield
COMMISSIONEBS OF SEA AND SHORE FISHERIES
O B WhittenPortland
Annual appropriation 5000
MARYLAND
First Commissioner appointed April 1874
Term expires Name Residence
March 2 1896John S SudlerManokin
March 2 1896Richard TBrowningOakland
Annual appropriation 10000
MASSACHUSETTS
Commissioners of Land Fisheries and Game
First Commissioners appointed May 3 1865
Term expires Name Residence
June 30 1894Edward H LathropSpringfield
Oct 9 1894Edward A BrackettWinchester
Oct 23 1894Isaiah C YoungWellfleet
Annual appropriation 5000
MICHIGAN
First Commissioners appointed April 25 1873
Term expires Name Residence
Jan 1 1899H W DavisGrand Rapids
Jan 1 1895Hoyt PostDetroit
Jan 1 1897Hershel WhitakerDetroit
Annual appropriation 7500280 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
MINNESOTA
First Commissioners appointed in May 1874
Term expires Name Residence
Jan 1 1897W S Timberlake PresidentSt Paul
Jan 1 1895William Bird VicePresident Fairmont
Jan 1 1897 A F Ferris SecretaryBrainerd
Jan 1 1895 W P Andrus TreasurerMinneapolis
Jan 11899 Fred von Baumbach Alexandria
MISSISSIPPI
No return
MISSOURI
First Commissioners appointed August 2 1877
Name
Residence
J T Crisp Chairman PresidentIndependence
Joseph Griswold c r
at Louis
H M Garlichs o T i
b Joseph
MONTANA
Has no Commission
NEBRASKA
First Commission appointed June 2 1879
Term expires Nsmp
iame Residence
R H Oakley PresidentLincoln
John B MickleOmaha
W L MayOmaha
NEVADA
First Commissioners appointed in 1877
Term expires Name
Feh 91 18Q7 Residence
heh 21 1897 George T MmsCargon
Annual appropriation 1000REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
281
NEW HAMPSHIRE
First Commissioners appointed August 30 1866
Term expires
June 23 1896
Dec 2 1897
Name Residence
William H Shurtleff President
Williard H Griffin Secretary Manchester
Nathaniel Wentworth TreasurerHudson Center
Annual appropriation 1000
NEW JERSEY
First Commissioners appointed March 29 1870
Commissioners of Fish and Game
Term expires Name Residence
1896George Pfeiffer Jr ChairmanCamden
WCampbell Clark
1895Parker W PageSummitt
Howard Frothingham
Annual appropriation 1000
NEW MEXICO
Has no Fish Commission as such The legislative act approved Feb
ruary 14 1889 entitled An act to provide for the protection and prop
agation of fish provides that the Governor shall appoint fish wardens
in each county of this territory who shall hold their office during the
pleasure of the Governor Under this act fortyfour wardens have been
appointed
NEW YORK
First Commissioners appointed April 22 1868
Name Residence
L D Huntingdon PresidentNew Rochelle
W H BowmanRochester
A Sylvester Joline Tottenville
D G HackneyFort Plain
Robert HamiltonGreenwich
Annual appropriation 15000
NORTH CAROLINA
First Superintendent of Fisheries appointed April 2 1877
No return282 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
NORTH DAKOTA
First Commissioners appointed in 1893
Name
Kesidence
W WBarrettLakota
OHIO
First Commissioners appointed May 3 1873
is tT Residence
H B Vincent PresidentMcConnellsville
J H Newton Newark
W R HuntingtonCleveland
John H LawCincinnati
B F Seitner Secretary Dayton
Annual appropriation 5000
OKLAHOMA
No return
OREGON
First Commissioners appointed April 1 1879
Term expires Name Residence
March 1893R C CampbellRainier
F C Reed PresidentAstoria
George T MyersPortland
PENNSYLVANIA
First Commissioners appointed April 15 1866
Term expires Name r i
t i o mme Residence
July 15 1895Henry C Ford PresidentPhiladelphia
July 15 1895H C Demuth TreasurerLancaster
July 15 1896Johu Gay SecretaryGreensburg
July 15 1896Fred W EbelHarrisburg
July 15 1894S B Stillwell Corresponding SecScranton
July 15 1894Louis StreuberErie
Annual appropriation 7500REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894 283
RHODE ISLAND
First Commissioners appointed in 1818
Commissioners of Inland Fisheries
Term expires Name Residence
June 17 1895J M K Southwick PresidentNewport
June 20 1895William P Morton SecretaryJohnston
June 20 1895Henry T Root TreasurerProvidence
Commissioners of ShellFisheries
April 22 1895 James C Collins Com and SecProvidence
April 22 1894James M Wright Asst ComFoster Centre
April 22 1894George C Cross Asst ComCharlestowu
Annual appropriation 7500
SOUTH CAROLINA
First Superintendent of Fisheries appointed December 23 1878
No return
SOUTH DAKOTA
Has no Commission
TENNESSEE
First Commissioners appointed January 14 1877
A law approved April 8 1893 provides for the appointment by the
justices of the several county courts at the April term of the courts of
a County Commissioner of Fish for each county

TEXAS
First Commissioner appointed September 26 1879
Has no Commission now
UTAH
Action regarding fishculture dates from 1871
Term expires Name Residence
January 1 1896A Milton MusserSalt Lake City284 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
VERMONT
First Commissioners appointed in 1865
rT iaiTS Name Residence
Dec 1 1896John W TitcombSt Johnsbury
Dec 1 1896 C C WarrenWaterbnrv
Annual appropriation 1000
VIRGINIA
First Commissioner appointed in April 1874
Name
t i t xirn T Residence
JohnT Wilkins Jr r
Bridgetown
Annual appropriation 2500
WASHINGTON
First Commissioner appointed November 9 1877
No return
WEST VIRGINIA
First Commissioner appointed June 1 1877
Team expires Name t j
April 17 1894C S White President RZT
April 17 1894 R J Baxter Treasurer Sutton
April 17 1894H C Prickett SecretaryRavenswood
Annual appropriation 500
WISCONSIN
First Commissioner appointed March 20 1874
Term expires Name r
April 1 1897 E E Bryant PresidentMadn
Apnl 11897 A V H CarpenterMilwaukee
Richard ValentineJanesville
George F Peabody Appleton
A M 8ll CTalvert 8Pensely Secretary and TreasMineral Point
April 1 1898J J Hogan LaCrosge
Ihe Governor ex qfficio
Annual appropriation 7500REPORT OF COMMISSIONER1894
WYOMING
First Commissioner appointed December 13 1879
2S5
Term expires
Jan 7 1895
Name Residence
Gustave Schnitger Laramie
Ex officio Shell Fish Commissioner
Annual appropriation 8750GA A4ca SI T6 9fA v20
FOR DUE DATE INFORMATION CHECK MY ACCOUNT IN GIL httpsgilugaedu
Returned APR 1 3 2010