Table of Contents 
 
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
..i. 
111 
 
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
 
i.x.. 
x~il 
 
Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SiteHistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Report Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 
 
Chapter 2 Environmental and Cultural Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Environmental Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Cultural Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 
 
Chapter 3 Previous Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Archeological Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 John Goff s Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Survey and Testing of 9TR4119TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 
 
Chapter 4 Research Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Site-Specific Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Ethnographic Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Settlement Pattern Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 
 
Chapter 5 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1996 Excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 1998 Excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 
Laboratory Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Documents Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Curation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 
 
Chapter 6 Results of Archival Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Documentation of the Early History of Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Pre-Abandonment Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 
Documents Relating to the Later History of Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Documents Related to Settlement as a Part of the State of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 
 
Chapter 7 Data Recovery Excavations on 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 
Structure 2 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Activity Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 
 
Chapter 8 Data Recovery Excavations on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Northern Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Large Pit Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Southern Small Pit Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 
 
 Interior Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Isolated Creek Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Rock Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 
Chapter 9 Data Recovery Excavations on 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 NorthernBlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Southern Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 
Chapter 10 The Artifact Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Artifact Categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Aboriginal Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Chipped Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Groundstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Daub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Fire-cracked and Unmodified Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Mica Flakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Euro-American Trade Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 
Nineteenth Century Euro-American Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 
Chapter 11 The Creek Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Creek Ceramics from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Vessel Form Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Buzzard Roost Vessel Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Summary of Vessel Form Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Incised and Painted Design Motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Summary of Pottery Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 
Chapter 12 European-American Manufactured Trade Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 
Chapter 13 Paleoethnobotanical Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Classification of Cultural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Paleoethnobotanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Analytical Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Analysis (Recovery and Overall Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Historic Creek Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Summary of Macroplant Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Wood Charcoal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Evaluation of Feature Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Evidence of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 
Chapter 14 Zooarcheological Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Introduction and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Results from Site 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Results from Site 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 
 
 Comparison of Creek and Cherokee Faunal Assemblages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Chapter 15 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Appendix A Artifact Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A-1: Data Recovery Artifact List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 A-2: Survey and Testing Phase Artifact Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-35 Appendix B Paleoethnobotanical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B-1: Provenience Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3 B-2: Seed Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7 B-3: Corn Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-19 B-4: Wood Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-31 Appendix C Zooarcheological Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C-1: Faunal Code Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 
C-2: Faunal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 Appendix D Microscopic Use-Wear Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3 Use-Wear and Functional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4 
vii 
 
 viii 
 
 List of Figures 
Figure 1. Location of project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 
Figure 2. Topographic map showing locations of sites 9TR41. 9TR42. 9TR54. and 9TR106 . . . 2 Figure 3. Map showing route of deSoto in 1540 in relationship to the project area . . . . . . . . . . . 9 
Figure 4 . Copy of a portion of the 1755 Mitchell map as redrawn by Swanton showing the Lower Creek Trading Path crossing the uninhabited Flint River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 
Figure 5. Portion of the 1770 Purcell map showing the Creek town of Salanotkhee on the Flint River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 
Figure 6. Locations of Creek settlements of the Flint River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 
Figure 7. Portion of the 1818 Early map showing Creek occupation along the upper and middle 
Flint River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 8. Map of Georgia showing dates of various land cessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Figure 9. Map showing the mid-nineteenth century landscape near the project area . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 10. Map showing all identified Creek sites in the area of Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Figure 11. Location of Tom's Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 
Figure 12. Map showing original reconnaissance survey and survey boundary configurations of 
project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 13. Plan of testing phase excavations on west side of 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Figure 14. Plan of testing phase excavations on west side of 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 
Figure 15. Plan of shovel tests and surface collection locations from testing phase 
on the eastern side of 9TR4119TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 
Figure 16. Map showing areas of higher pottery counts using testing phase 
shovel test data from the eastern side of 9TR4119TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure 17. A Creek town depicted by William Bartram showing domestic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 
Figure 18. Plan of a Creek headman's household based on drawing by William Bartram . . . . . . 35 
Figure 19. Plan map showing block excavations on 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 20. Photograph showing small bulldozer used for initial stripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 21. Photograph showing motor grader in the partially stripped highway corridor . . . . . . . 42 Figure 22. Aerial view of the southern portion of the 1998 project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 
Figure 23. Plan map showing 1998 project area in relation to the 1996 block 
excavation areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 24. Transcription of Governor Mathews' proclamation dated July 27, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . 49 Figure 25. Map of Creek Confederacy in 1800 based on Hawkins' accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 
Figure 26. Map of place names referenced by Hawkins and Goff for the portion of the Flint 
River containing Salenojuh and a map of recorded Creek sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Figure 27. Transcription of a letter dated August 18, 1786 concerning Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . 54 Figure 28. Copy of a 1786 "talk" from headmen of the Kasihtas and Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 29. A 1787 "talk" from the headmen of the Buzzard Roost and Kasihtas . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Figure 30. Copy of a portion of the 1794 Cary map showing Buzzard's Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 31. List of debts in the Creek Nation from 1793 to 1801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 
Figure 32. Portion of undated map of the Creek territory showing Buzzard Roost 
as Number 8 on the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 33. Portion of the 1818 Cary map of Georgia showing Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 34. Composite of land lot plats around the project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 35. Portion of the Hudgins map showing project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 36. Portion of the 1942 highway map of Taylor County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Figure 37. Portion of the 1942 SCS aerial photograph showing project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 
Figure 38. Portion of 1946 plat of the Mitchell Place showing a farm house 
near Highway 19 bridge presently identified as 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 
 
 Figure 39. Plan map of excavations on Creek habitation area on 9TR41 showing all features . . . . 74 
Figure 40. Plan map of excavated area on 9TR41 showing identified cultural features . . . . . . . . 75 
Figure 41. Dot density representation of shovel test counts for 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 
Figure 42. Plan map of Structure 1 Feature Cluster showing all cultural and natural 
subsoil intrusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 
Figure 43. Photograph taken from west end of the Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 
Figure 44. Plan map of Structure 1 Feature Cluster showing feature numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 
Figure 45. Profile drawings of postmolds within Structure 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 
Figure 46. Profile drawings of exterior postmolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Figure 47. Photograph of Structure 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 
Figure 48. Two maps showing distribution of cultural remains from Structure 1 features . . . . . . 83 
Figure 49. Photograph of excavation in Structure 2 area of 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 
Figure 50. Plan map of Structure 2 Feature Cluster showing all subsoil-intrusions . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 51. Map of assigned feature numbers in Structure 2 area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 
Figure 52. Elevated angle photograph of Structure 2 features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 
Figure 53. Profile drawings of Structure 2 postmolds on 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 
Figure 54. Photograph of Feature 3 showing artifacts at the top of the pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 
Figure 55. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Figure 56. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Figure 57. Maps showing distribution of artifacts and subsistence remains from 
Structure 2 features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 
Figure 58. Map of Activity Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Figure 59. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 25 on 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 
Figure 60. Photograph of 1996 excavations on 9TR54.showing excavated Feature 30, 
Feature 29, and excavation of Feature 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 
Figure 61. Map of excavated portion of 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 
Figure 62. Map of 9TR54 excavations with treelburrow stains removed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 
Figure 63. Dot density representation of shovel test artifact counts on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Figure 64. Detailed plan map of the Northern Feature Cluster on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Figure 65. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 66. Photograph showing excavation of south half of Feature 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Figure 67. Profile drawings of postmolds near Feature 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Figure 68. Photograph showing profile of charcoal-filledpostmold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Figure 69. Photograph of exposed Feature 36 and drawing of north profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Figure 70. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Figure 71. Depictions of artifact and botanical distributions in Northern Feature Cluster . . . . . . 109 Figure 72. Map showing area containing four large rectangular or subrectangular pits . . . . . . . . 110 Figure 73. Photograph of Feature 29 taken after excavation of south half of pit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Figure 74. Plan and profile drawing of Feature 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Figure 75. View of the excavation of Feature 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Figure 76. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 
Figure 77. Photograph of excavated Feature 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Figure 78. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 
Figure 79. Photograph of floor artifacts and south profile of Feature 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 
Figure 80. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 
Figure 81. Depiction of counts of major artifact groups and botanical remains from four large 
pitson9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.21 Figure 82. Map showing three small pits located south of Features 30 and 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Figure 83. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Figure 84. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 
 
 Figure 85. Map showing counts of artifacts and charred botanical remains from 
Features 44.45. and 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 
Figure 86. Map of Structure 1 Feature Cluster on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 
Figure 87. Profiles of postmolds in the area designated Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . 127 
Figure 88. Photograph showing central charcoal mass in Feature 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Figure 89. Plan and profile drawings of Feature 87 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 
Figure 90. Plan and profile drawing of Feature 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 
Figure 91. Map showing distribution of artifacts in the Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . 132 
Figure 92. Map showing distribution of charred botanical remains in the Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 
Figure 93. Map showing small features located in interior area between clusters of large pits . . . 134 
Figure 94. Photograph of the interior of 9TR54 showing area nearly devoid of features . . . . . . . 135 
Figure 95. Plan and profile maps of Feature 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 
Figure 96. Plan and profile maps of Feature 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure 97. Plan and profile maps of Feature 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 
Figure 98. Plan and profile maps of Feature 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Figure 99. Photograph showing Feature 70 at level of definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 
Figure 100. Profile drawings of isolated postmolds in Interior Feature Area of 9TR54 . . . . . . . . 140 
Figure 101. Map showing distribution of artifacts from Interior Feature Area of 9TR54 . . . . . . . 141 Figure 102. Map showing distribution of charred plant remains from Interior Feature Area . . . . . 142 Figure 103. Plan drawing of excavated Feature 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 
Figure 104. Plan drawing of excavated Feature 28 . .*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 
Figure 105. Plan view of Feature 27 showing rocks imbedded in subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Figure 106. Map showing structures and activity areas on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Figure 107. Aerial photograph showing partially cleared segment of highway 
corridor containing 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 
Figure 108. Sketch map of site 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Figure 109. Plan map of highway corridor through 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Figure 110. Profile drawings of historic postmolds found in Northern Block on 9TR106 . . . . . . . 152 
Figure 111. Map of sites 9TR41 and 9TR54 showing areas of previous investigation . . . . . . . . . 155 Figure 112. Examples of chipped stone artifacts from 9TR41, 9TR54, and 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . 163 
Figure 113. Photograph of soapstone pipe found in Creek pit Feature 3 on 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 114. Examples of groundstone artifacts from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Figure 115. Examples of impressed daub from 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Figure 116. Nineteenth Century Euro-American ceramics from surface/plowzone contexts on 
9TR41and9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Figure 117. Map showing sites used in ceramic comparison study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Figure 118. Outlines of Buzzard Roost vessel forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Figure 119. Examples of jars identified at Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 
Figure 120. Examples of Chattahoochee Brushed jars identified at Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Figure 121. Drawing of partially restored bottle from Feature 29 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 
Figure 122. Artist's restoration of a red-filmed bottle from Feature 33 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Figure 123. Two views of a red-filmed bottle from Feature 33 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Figure 124. Rim sherds from incised constricted rim vessels from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Figure 125. Rim sherds from incised and plain constricted rim vessels from Buzzard Roost . . . . . 187 Figure 126. Rim sherds from open bowls and flaring rim bowls from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . 189 Figure 127. Graphs showing rim size counts for jars from Buzzard Roost and 9ME50 . . . . . . . . 192 Figure 128. Graphs showing comparative rim sizes for bowls from Buzzard Roost and 9ME50 . . 193 
Figure 129. Design motifs from incised bowls collected from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 
Figure 130. Illustrations of design motifs from the Buzzard Roost bottles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 
 
 Figure 131 . Examples of Euro-American ceramics from 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 
Figure 132. Bottle glass from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 
Figure 133. Flintlock-related artifacts from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Figure 134. Photographs of glass beads and other small objects from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . 205 Figure 135. Photographs of various trade good objects from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Figure 136. Photographs of larger metal objects from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Figure 137. Photograph of iron hoe recovered from Feature 69 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Figure 138. Map showing the location of two Creek households and the larger site area . . . . . . . 254 
xii 
 
 List of Tables 
Table 1. Cultural chronology of the central Piedmont of Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 2. Feature data: small pits associated with Structure 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 
Table 3. Postmold data: Structure 1 (interior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Table 4. Postmold data: Structure 1 (exterior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Table 5. Postmold data: Structure 2 postmolds (and possible postmolds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Table 6. Feature data: pits associated with Structure 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 
Table 7. Feature data: pits and postmold in Activity Area 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 
Table 8. 9TR54 feature data: pits and postmolds in Northern Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Table 9. 9TR54 feature data: Large Pit Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Table 10. 9TR54 large rectangular pits: artifact totals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Table 11. 9TR54 feature data: Southern Small Pit Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Table 12. 9TR54 feature data: Structure 1 Feature Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Table 13. 9TR54 feature data: Interior Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Table 14. Surface collection totals from 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Table 15. Feature data: 9TR106 Northern Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Table 16. Artifact totals from Northern Block Features on 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Table 17. Survey and testing phase artifact summary totals (9TR41 and 9TR54) . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Table 18. Data recovery phase artifact summary totals (9TR41, 9TR54, and 9TR106) . . . . . . . . 157 Table 19. Counts and percentages of small artifacts found in flotation samples 
of Creek pits on 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Table 20. Comparison of screened (114") and surface collections 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . 159 Table 21. Comparison of all screened samples and surface collections (9TR41 and 9TR54) . . . . . 160 Table 22. Tabulation of chipped stone artifact classes by raw material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Table 23. Tabulation of chipped stone artifact types by raw material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 
Table 24. List of pottery types associated with the Lawson Field phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Table 25. Characteristics of historic aboriginal pottery types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Table 26. Attributes of historic Creek-Kasita ceramic assemblage following Cable 1997 . . . . . . . 174 Table 27. Attributes of flaring rim jars from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Table 28. Attributes of bottles from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 
Table 29. Attributes of constricted rim bowls from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Table 30. Attributes of open rim bowls from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Table 31. Attributes of flaring rim bowls from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Table 32. Comparison of pottery traits by temper size at Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Table 33. Comparison of Creek vessel types recovered from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Table 34. Comparison of Creek vessel types recovered from Buzzard Roost and 9ME50 . . . . . . 191 Table 35. Incised and painted designs found on Buzzard Roost vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Table 36. Summary of trade goods from Buzzard Roost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Table 37. Counts and distributions for glass beads from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Table 38. Inventory of feature types on 9TR41 and 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Table 39. Inventory of feature types, 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Table 40. Volume of sorted flotation from project sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Table 41. Latin nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Table 42. Inventory of seeds and miscellaneous small macroplant remains, 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . 218 Table 43. Inventory of seeds and miscellaneous small macroplant remains, 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Table 44. Collapsed Ubiquity, 9TR41, historic Creek period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Table 45. Collapsed Ubiquity, 9TR54, historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Table 46. Inventory of corn cob by row number, 9TR41 and 9TR54 (combined) . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Table 47. Inventory of corn cob shapes, 9TR41 and 9TR54 (combined) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 
 
 Table 48. Inventory of corn kernel shapes. 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Table 49 Condition of corn cobs at time of processing (9TR41 and 9TR54) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Table 50. Nutshell count. 9TR41. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Table 51. Nutshell count. 9TR54. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 
Table 52. Wood By-products (countlubiquity). 9TR41. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Table 53. Wood By-products (countlubiquity). 9TR54. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . 226 
Table 54. Corn cob and hickory shell weight. 9TR41. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 
Table 55. Corn cob and hickory shell weight. 9TR54. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 
Table 56. Inventory of wood charcoal taxa. 9TR41 and 9TR106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 
Table 57. Inventory of wood charcoal taxa. 9TR54. all time periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 
Table 58. Comparison of all identifiable wood charcoal. 9TR41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Table 59. Comparison of all identifiable wood charcoal. 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Table 60. Ubiquity. 9TR41. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Table 61. Ubiquity. 9TR54. historic Creek occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Table 62. Faunal remains from 0.64 cm screened collections from Features 29. 30. 33. 36. 
39.68.69.88.90. and 133 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 
Table 63. Faunal remains from flotation collections from Features 31. 32. 33. 34. 37. 40. 41. 
44. 45 and 75 on 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Table 64. Comparison of MNI and Biomass percentages from Creek and Cherokee 
sites in Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Table D.1 . Utilized glass artifact sample from 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4 Table D.2 . Utilized flake artifact sample from Feature 29, 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5 Table D.3 . Unflaked and groundstone sample from 9TR41 and 9TR54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6 
xiv