CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, AND SHALES OF WHITFIELD COUNTY, GEORGIA BRUCE J. O'CONNOR DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY INFORMATION CIRCULAR 73 Cover Photo: Typical exposure of Conasauga Group shales (Cambrian) along the eut side of Brown Rd., 1 mile southea1t of Deep Spring Church and Beaverdale Rd., approximately 9 miles northeut of Delton and approximately 3 1/3 mile due south of sample location Wkr. 69-1. CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS AND SHALES OF WHITFIELD COUNTY, GEORGIA By Bruce J. O'Connor Principal Geologist Information Circular 73 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY William H. McLemore, State Geologist AT-LAN~A ,__GEORGIA 1988 In memory ofDr. James W. Smith (1934-1988), who workedfor the Georgia Department ofMines, Mining and Geology (c. 19661969) and who collectedmany ofthe northwestern Georgia clay and shale samples reported in this series ofInformation Circulars. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUBJECT Introduction . . Acknowledgements . . Location of Study Area . Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and Analyses Forms . . . . . . . . . 1. Absorption (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. App. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent . 3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity . 4. Bloating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) 6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) 7. Color . . . . . . . . . 8. Color (Munsell) ... 9. Compilation Map Location No. 10. Cone . . . . 11. Drying Shrinkage . 12. Dry Strength . 13. Extrusion Test 14. Firing Range . 15. Hardness ... 16. Hardness (Mohs') ... 17. HCl Effervescence 18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) 19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) 20. Mohs' . . . . . 21. Molding Behavior 22. Munsell .... 23. "MW" face brick 24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent 25. pH . . . . . . . 26. Plasticity . . . . . . . . 27. Porosity, Apparent 28. Quick Firing ..... 29. Saturation Coefficient 30. Shrinkage 31. Slaking . . . . . . . 32. Slow Firing Test . . . . 33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) 34. Soluble Salts 35. Strength . . . . 36. "SW" face brick . . . . . . . . . 37 . Temp . oF ( oC) 38. Water of Plasticity (%) 39. Working Properties (or Workability) .. . Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales ~n Whitfield County, Georgia. . ... Data Sources and References Cited -iii- PAGE 1 3 4 9 10 10 12 l3 13 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 29 84 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Plate 1 Location of Whitfield County Report Area .... Clay and Shale Test Locations in Whitfield County ................................ , ...... 5 Pocket LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines and Companies in Whitfield County, Georgia 6 Table 2 Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Whitfield County, Northwest Georgia .......... 7 Table 3 Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 -iv- INTRODUCTION This report presents a compilation of all available published and unpublished ceramic firing tests and related analytical data on samples from Whitfield County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or undeveloped clays, shales and related materials; and is intended for use by geologists, engineers and members of the general public. The report should aid in the exploration for deposits of ceramic raw material with econom1c potential for future development. This information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information on the potential use of particular deposits at specific locations. Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as USBM, were performed by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Ga. Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during several uncompleted and unpublished studies. These include work by Bent ley (1964), Smith (1968?) and Tadkod (1980). Additional unpublished data presented in this compilation include work by TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 124 and 125). Published data include studies by the following authors: Veatch (1909, p. 272 to 388), Smith (1931, p. 173 to 193), and Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 18 to 21). -1- Regardless of the source, all of the ceramic firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. They do not preclude the use of the materials in mixes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5). -2- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others in that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Reystek, and A.V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this test work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G.S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory in Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H.S. Rankin and M.K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carolina State College, Asheville, North Carolina, using samples collected by S.D. Broadhurst. Additional tests were conducted by professors W.C. Hansard, and L. Mitchell at the Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.D. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, M.A. Tadkod, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C.W. Cressler also have -3- provided the author with valuable advice and suggestions regarding sample locations and past studies. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are greatly appreciated. However, the contents of this report and any errors of omission or commission therein are the sole responsibility of the author. LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Whitfield County is located at the northeastern corner of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). No companies are currently m1n1ng clay or shale in the county, and only a few operations have been active here in the past (Table 1). The most abundant ceramic raw materials in the county are the sha~es and residual clays derived from the Conasauga Group; however, other units such as the Rome Formation, the Red Mountain Formation, and the Floyd Shale, as well as residual clays of the Knox Group, are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 2. -4- Report ~Area N 1 MILES ? 1p I I 0 10 20 KILOMETERS -- - 7 -'1. \.._ \ . \~. \I . GEORGIA \ '!\______ --.s-1 FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF WHITFIELD COUNTY REPORT AREA (after Cressler, and others, 1976) -5- TABLE 1 Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines and Companies in Whitfield County, Georgia Cohutta Talc Co. (1906), Dalton; micaceous clay (or Murray Co.?) Ceramic test: Wf. 45-1. Dalton Brick & Tile Co. (1924), Dalton plant and pits: Face brick from Conasauga Group shale. Ceramic and other tests: Wf. 31S-39 and Wf. 52-1 & 2 (Smith, 1931, No. 39, p. 181; Butts and Gildersleve, 1948, No. 112; Cribb, 1953; Spalvins, 1969, p. 53; Munyan, 1957, p. 102 & 103). Unknown ? (Pottery), 5 miles south of LaFayette, several years prior to 1909 (Veatch, 1909, p. 374). NOTE: The majority of the information for the companies listed above was taken from the Mining Directories (Circular 2, 1st to 18th editions) published by the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors at irregular intervals since 1937. Some additional information came from the "Georgia Surface Mining and Land Reclamation Activities" published annually since 1969 by the Georgia Surface Mined Land Reclamation Program (Environmental Protection Division, Ga. Dept. of Natural Resources). Additional sources of information were found in the references cited at the end of each entry. Uncertainty in the dates is due to incomplete records in the Survey's files. -6- TABLE 2 Generalized Sunnnary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Whitfield County, Northwest Georgia CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES 1/ Quaternary (and Tertiary?) * Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and residual material. Largely clay and sand, but also, locally gravel and breccia. Mississippian *Floyd Shale- Approx. 100-300 ft., silt and clay with some sandstone; limestone present at base. Approximate age-equivalent to Tuscambia Limestone and Monteagle Limestone. Fort Payne Formation (or Chert) - Approx. 100-200 ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert and cherty limestone. Locally includes: Lavender Shale Member - Approx. 100 ft., shale, massive mudstone and impure limestone. Devonian Chattanooga Shale- Approx. 15-40 ft., carbonaceous, fissile black shale. Armuchee Chert- Approx. 60ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert. Silurian Ordovician Red Mountain Formation (formerly Rockwood Formation) - Approx. 600-1200 ft., sandstone, red and green shale, with conglomerate, limestone and local hematitic iron ore. Chickamauga Group (or Limestone) - Approx. 400ft., dominantly limestones with some dolostone and lesser shale, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and bentonite clay horizons. Equivalent, in part, to the Moccasin Limestone and Bays Forma(*)tion and to the Rockmart Slate and Lenoir Limestone. Cambrian-Ordovician Knox Group- Approx. 3000-4000 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, minor limestone. Includes: Longview Limestone- Approx. 500ft.; Chepultepec Dolomite- Approx. 500ft.; and Copper Ridge Dolomite - Approx. 2000-3000 ft. -7- TABLE 2 Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units ~n Whitfield County, Northwest Georgia (continued) CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES !/ Cambrian **Conasauga Group (or Formation) - Approx. 950-5000 ft., pre- dominantly shale and limestone with minor sandstone; Includes: Maynardville Limestone Member- Approx. 1000 ft.; "Middle Un i t" = Rut ledge Limestone and Rogersville Shale? - Approx. 1000 f t.; and "Lower Unit" = Pumpkin Valley Shale and Honaker Dolomite? - Approx. 1000 ft. *Rome Formation- Approx. 500-1000 ft., shale, and interbedded sandstone, siltstone and quartzite. NOTES: * = Some ceramic firing tests have been made on shales or slates and clays of this unit. (*) = Same as the above, but for residual clays only. ** = Numerous firing tests have been made on this unit. !I Descriptions based on data in Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Chowns and McKinney, 1980; Crawford, 1983; Cressler 1963, 1964a and b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976. -8- EXPLANATION OF KEY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS The test data and analyses which are presented here were compiled on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most concise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified 1n large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, 1981). It should be noted that, although the great majority of these tests were performed by the USBM, it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly for several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM forms have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not measured by the USBM. The paragraphs which follow briefly describe, 1n alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the in- . ' formation included and, where possible, the various factors and impli- cations to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the parti- cular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch (1909, p. SO to 64) and in Smith (1931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (195 7, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles and Heystek ( 1977, especially p. 2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader, -9- and potential user, of the key aspects of the information presented. Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more detailed information (e.g., Clews, 1969; Grimshaw, 1972; Jones and Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983). The abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 4. 1. Absorption (%) The absorption is a measure of the amount of water absorbed by open pores in the fired specimen and is given as a percentage of the specimen 1 s dry weight. For slow firing tests, it 1.s measured on fired specimens which have been boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed in the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For the quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then inunersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). The absorption gives an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing in outdoor structures. Less than 22% absorption is considered promising for slow-fired materials. 2. Appr. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent The apparent porosity is a measure of the amount of open pore space in the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and is expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it 1.s based on the weight and volume of the specimen which has been boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed 1.n water for several hours as it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek, -10- TABLE 3 Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms ABBREVIATIONS Appr. Por. Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. Apparent Specific Gravity Btw. Bartow County c Degrees Celsius Ct. Catoosa County Cht. Chattooga County Dd. = Dade County Dist. District DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis E. East F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. =Floyd County g/cm3 Grams per cubic centimeter Gdn. = Gordon County Lab. & No. = Laboratory (name) and number (assigned in laboratory) Lat. =Latitude LOI = Loss on Ignition Long. = Longitude lb/in2 ~ Pounds per square inch lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot Mry. =Murray County N. North NE. =Northeast NW. = Northwest org. = Organic Plk. = Polk County S. = South SE. = Southeast SW. = Southwest Sec. = Section -11- Table 3. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued) 7 1/2' topo. quad. = 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle Temp. = Temperature TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority USBM = U.S. Bureau of Mines USGS = U.S. Geological Survey W. =West Wkr. =Walker County Wf. =Whitfield County XRD = X-ray diffraction 1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity is an indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered promising for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4). 3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity As reported ~n earlier USBM studies, the apparent specific gravity ~s a measure of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This is determined by boiling the sample in water for 2 hours and soaking it in water overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the USBM moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965. -12- 4. Bloating Bloating is the term given to the process in which clay or shale fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scoria is produced. Expanded lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggregate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious since it leads to variable and uncontrollable warping, expansion and general disruption of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41). 5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or "burning") the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible use as a lightweight aggregate. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the dried clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or "boat") which in turn is placed in the pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). -13- 6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fired specimen based on its dry weight divided lly its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it is considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral connnunication, 1984). 7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre- sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this is given for descriptive purposes only s1nce it 1s generally of no practical importance for ceramic applications (only the fired color 1s significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color 1s given for a precise description (see discussion below). 8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples in this compilation. It was used by Smith (1931, p. 23-25) and by the -14- USBM since the early 1970's (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3; Liles, oral communication, 1982). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually. 9. Compilation Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a systematic designation to be used in plotting sample locations on the base maps as shown by the typical example below. Example: Map Locn. No. County Name - Abbreviation (Whitfiel d) Wf. 31 S- 36 a I Date 0931). Author's last initial (Smith) -for published data only Sample se quence number (one 4! per loc ation). De signation used only for cases of more than one test per location. The map location number Wf. 31S-36 is derived from the county name (e.g., Wf. for Whitfield County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 31 for 1931) plus the last init-ial of the author for major published sources (e.g., S for Smith), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only exceptions to this are the tests reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the sequence number of the present report is the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each 'map location number represents a -15- specific location, or area, sampled at a particular time. In cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times. 10. ~ Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic materials compounded in a series, so as to soften or deform in progression with increasing temperature and/or I time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specific temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing, treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about lll2F (600C) to about 3632F (2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers. I 11. Drying Shrinkage The drying shrinkage is a measure of the relative amount of shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes -16- upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, in this report the shrinkage values represent the percent 1 inear shrinkage based on the linear distance measured between two reference marks or lines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished in two stages: first, by air drying at room temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second, by drying in an oven followed by cooling to room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 212F (100C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1931, p. 20 and 21) employed 167F (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (ll0C) for 3 hours. 12. Dry Strength The dry strength (or green strength) is a measure of the appar- ent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreaking, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compressive strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith (1931, p. 12-13) reports a quantitative measurement of this strength us1ng the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi). 13. Extrusion Test More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which -17- show good plasticity and long firing range in the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e., one which operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (modulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8). 14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over which the material shows favorable fj ring characteristics. For slowfired materials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials these include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least 100F (55C) to be considered prom1s1ng (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18). 15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the resistance to abrasion or scratching. It is designated either 1n verbal, descriptive terms or 1n numerical terms using Mohs' hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith ( 1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture. 16. Hardness (Mohs') The hardness of fired specimens using the Mohs' scale of hardness -18- is currently used by the USBM as a numerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals: Mohs' Hardness No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reference Minerals Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond A Mohs' hardness greater than 3 is considered promising for slow- fired materials. 17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence in HCl is visually determined as none, slight or high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Hey s t ek , 1977 , p 4) This test gives a general indication of the amount of calciwn carbonate present ~n the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with lime pops and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products. 18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total linear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements -19- between a pair of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) gives the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials. 19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure of the strength of materials (for crossbreaking or transverse strength in this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the force was applied and the width and thickness of the sample. The MOR is expressed in psi units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23). 20. Mohs 1 See Hardness (Mohs'). 21. Molding Behavior See Working Properties. 22. Munsell See Color (Munsell). 23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform -20- degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.) 24. !! - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard pyrometric cones. The value given is the number of the standard pyremetric cone which softens ' and sags (or falls) at the same temperature as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable potential in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low shrinkage, and light fired color). The results are usually given for the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337c; 2439F) to Cone 42 (2015c; 3659F') where the temperature equivalents are based on a heating rate of 15oc (270F) per hour. With increasing temperature resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium-duty, high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29-30 and 57-58; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). 25. .E!!. The pH is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented here show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) prior to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p, 4). -21- Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may give some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to water-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts is through direct chemical analysis as described under Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.) 26. Plasticity See Working Properties. 27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Por. 28. Quick Firing See Bloating Test. 29. Saturation Coefficient The saturation coefficient is determined only for specimens which have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. It is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergence (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8). 30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage. -22- 31. Slaking See Working Properties. 32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the process of firing ( 11burning11 ) the dried specimen in a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all specimens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time. The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test specimens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to 1800F (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water is released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One specimen is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature is raised to the next level (usually in intervals of 100F). At each interval the temperature is again held constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen is withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature is achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, since they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled by removal from the kiln. Si~ce the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of -23- commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens is slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832F (l000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln is then turned off, but the specimen remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximation of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, one specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F 0250C). Unfortunately, only a relatively small part of the current data set is represented by USBM tests using this newer method. The firing test methods used by Smith (1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods described above. First, the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by 100F per hour until final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones in the kiln. The max1mum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith 1 s firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible. No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch (1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech. 33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used 1n the 1950's and 60's by the -24- USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulfate) in the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. "The solubridge and pH readings show the higher alkali samples. Solubridge determinations give the water soluble part of the alkalis and readings above 1.5 indicate fairly high soluble salt content. Clays containing high alkalies have rather short maturing temperatures and requires closer firing control. The alkalies also influence the color and lower the vetrification temperature." (H.P. Hamlin, written communication, 1957). In this method the pulverized clay or shale is boiled in water, left to stand overnight, and filtered. The content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28-29). These data are no longer collected because consistent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve. 34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with efflores- cence or scum on fired clay products. (More than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.) The most accurate determinative method is to boil the finely powdered sample in distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight. The decanted solution is then analyzed for the soluble salts using standard chemical methods. The Solu-Bridge readings may also be used as a general measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28). 35. Strength See Dry Strength and Modulus of Rupture. -25- 36. "SW" face brick "SW" stands for severe weather conditions. This is a grade of brick suitable for use under conditions where a high degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and the ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "MW" face brick.) 37. Temp oF ( C) The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (F) followed by the Celsius (C) conversion in parentheses. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available, the approximate temperature is given on the form and is based on the table of temperature equivalents in Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128) or in Veatch (1909, p. 57). 38. Water of Plasticity (%) This is a measure of the amount of water (as weight percent rela- tive to the dry material) required to temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This is not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into briquettes from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticity and finer grain size. Unfortunately, high values also correlate with a greater degree of shrinkage, warping and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2.) -26- 39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking, plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range in time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it is given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated in a comparative manner in order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and is a general designation for the ease with which the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes. These working properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of the operator. They do, however, give a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process. -27- -28- Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales in Whitfield County, Georgia* * The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. -29- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ___S_h_a_l_e__(_C_o_n_a_s_a_u~ga_~)_._____________ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.09V-l County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number -------------Lab & No. Ga. Survey. Date Reported 1909. Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey. --~~~-------- Water of Plasticity ___________% Working Properties Poor plasticity. Color Gray or Drying Shrinkage ______3_._7__% Dry Strength (tensile) 44 ps1. yellow-green. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color 1958 Red (1070) (Cone 04) 2066 Dark (1130) red (Cone 01) 2138 (1170) (Cone 2) Dark red 2210 (1210) (Cone 4) Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other Shrinkage, % % % data: Good 0.9 hardness Vitrified 5.2 Slight swelling Viscous (fused?) test data only Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.* *Remarks Test results on this shale at Cone 2 and 4 above suggest that it may have potential for expanded lightweight aggregate manufa cture. -30- locn. no. Wf.09V-l , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size ---------------- Retention Time ------------------- Chemical &Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Not determined. Oxide Weight % Si02 TiO 2 Al203 Fe 2o3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P205 S (total) C (org) uuC220oo2+- Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Carbonaceous matter Total volume % none. none. Analyst------------ Date ------ Method --------------------- Sample Location Data: 0. Veatch. c. 1909. HCl and visual examination? County _..;.Wh=i;.;;t;.;;f;.;;i;.;;e..;;;l..;;;d.;...______ Land Lot -------- Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (Cntr.) Lat. Dist. Long Field No. Co 11 ec ted by _..;.0.;..._V.;.e.;.a.;.t;.;c;..h;.;.__ Date c 1909 Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration Unweathered. -~~..;;;..;..~~.;...;..- Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Compiled by _.....;;;B.;.....;;.J.;..._o..;....'C,;,.o;,;n;;.;n;;.;o;,;r.;._________ Date 6-27-88 --~~~~------31- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material _C_l~aLy~,~r~e~s_i~d~u~a~l~(~C~o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)~----- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.09V-2 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number - - - - - - - Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #115. Date Reported 1909. Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey. --~~--------- Water of Plasticity _________% Working Properties Good plasticity. Color - - - - - - - Drying Shrinkage ___7_. _1_ _% Dry Strength (tensile) 100 psi. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color 2210 Buff (1210) (Cone 4) 2606 (1430) (Cone 15) 2714 (1490) (Cone 18) Hardness Vitrified Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % Appr. Por. Other % data: Warped badly; slightly viscous. Partly melted. Remarks / Other Tests This clay is probably suitable for stoneware and terra cotta mixtures (Veatch, 1909, p. 403). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -32- locn. no. Wf.09V-2 , cont. - - - - - Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size ----------- Retention Time ------------- Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe203 (total) FeO 75.38 0.91 15.4 7 I. 37 MnO trace MgO 0.29 CaO 0.29 Na20 0.30 K20 I. 73 Pz05 s (total) c (org) 0.00 trace C02 H2o- H2o+ 0.48 Ignition loss 4.20 Total 100.42 Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Su r ve y (in Veatch, 1909 2 p. 403 and Appe ndix B, No. 115, P 416-417) .' Date c. 1909. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County __.W;h.;;..;;.;;i~t..;f;;...:;i..e;;;..;l;;~d;.;..___ Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (N.l/2) Lat. Long. Field No. Collected by 0. Veatch. Date c. 1909. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration Residual clay from shale. Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (to Eocene?) clay from Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments Sample of plastic clay from the Sanders pr ope rty 3 mi. SE. of Dalton. In this region the Conas auga shal e weathers i nto red and ye llow residual cla , but ex osures of weathe red shale i n ull ie s and sma ll streams show a b l uish or blu i sh-gray co l ore d clay Veatch, 1909, p. 403 Comp i 1 ed by ---B.;.;~J.;.;--O_'.;C.;..o;._n_n.;.;o.;r.;_-------- Date 6-27-88 --~~~----------- -33- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ~S~h~a~l ~e~-h~a~r~d~t~o~s~o~f~t~------------ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-36 County Whitfield. Raw Pr operties: Sample Number ------------ Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #36. Date Reported 1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith. Ga. Survey. ~~~----------- Water of Plasticity 25.1 %Working Properties Good plasticity; fairly good slaking; fairly good molding; (column edges tend' to tear slightly). Color Brown. Drying Shrinkage ____3_._5____% Dry Strength (MOR) 137.4 psi. Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color** Hardness (Munsell) (MOR, psi.) Li near Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage 1840 Dark salmon 1378 (1005) (lYR-5/6) 3.9 (7. 2) 19.8 Very slight 1920 Light red (1050) (1 OR-5/ 5) 1218 4.4 (7.3) 19.3 *Very slight 2000 Medium red 1588 (1095) (10R-4/5) 3.7 (7.4) 15.9 Slight 2060 Good red (1125) (lOR-4/4) 1802 6.6 (9.8) 13.5 Some 2090 Good choc(1145) alate-red (lOR-4/3) 1871 6.4 (9.8) 11.0 Some 2160 Dark choc- 3153 8.3 (11.6) 3.0 (1180) alate (lOR-3/3) Considerable, vitreous surface. *Traces of a yellowish-white scum which is probably not detrimental. Remarks I Other Tests Firing range- Cone 1 to 3 (commercial kiln= Cone 02 to 2). This shale is suitable f or maki ng building brick. The f i ring range is somewhat short, but the fi red colors over that range are good (Smith, 1931, p. 177). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. **Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -34- locn. no. Wf.31S-36 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size 16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours. Chemical &Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 AT li 02o2 3 Fe203 (total) 54.08 1.09 21.40 7.14 FeO MnO MgO 0.20 CaO Na 2o K20 Pz05 s c (total) (org.) 3.20 trace 3.31 0.19 0.00 HC20o2 - * H2o+ Ignition loss 9.39 Total 100.00* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others (* = analysis recalculated on an H2o- - free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 176.) Analyst E. Everhart. Ga. Survey. Date c. 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lots 205 and 206. Sec. __3_, Dist. 11 7 1/2' topo quad. Cohutta (SW 1/4) Lat. Long Field No. --------------------' Collected by R. W. Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration --~W~e~a~t~h~e~r~e~d~--- Structural Attitude Beds strike N.30E. and dip 20 to 25SE. Post-Knox sandstone and shale (Ordovician, Munyan, 1951) and/or Tellico Sandstone? Ma ed as Holston Limestone Sample Description & Comments Samples from the Duckett property (old D.W. Barry lace) 1 mi. E. of Varnell N. of the Varnell to Praters Mill road. Hard reenish- drab to oilve-green fissile shale (weathers to flat pieces not flakes from cuts in the bend of the old Varnell to Cohutta road. Also sam les of softer shale from a small outcrop in a field near the southern end of the property Smith, 1931, p. 174177). Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-27-88 -35- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ~S~o~f~t_s~h~a~l~e~a~n~d~c~l~a~y~------------ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-37 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number----------Lab & No. Ga. Tech., 1t37. Date Reported 1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey. ~~~---------- Remarks Drying Behavior: All test bars somewhat warped. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF Color* (Munsell) Hardness (MOR, psi'.) 1840 Light 423 (1005) salmon (5YR-6/7) 1920 Medium 705 (1050) salmon (4YR-6/7) 2000 Salmon 552 (1095) (4YR-6/8) 2060 Light red 867 (1125) (2YR-5/6) 2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-5/5) 1090 2160 Deep red (1180) (lYR-5/5) 1137 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, i. % dry (plastic) 1.6 (6.4) 23.1 3.0 (7.0) 19.9 2.7 (7.3) 4.3 (8.8) 4.7 (8.7) 5.8 (10.5) 20.2 18.1 16.1 15.8 Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage Some Slight Some Some Some Considerable = Cone 3-7 and higher limit it to Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notations "5YR" and "lOR" correspond respectively to the original notations "YR" and "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -36- locn. no. Wf.31S-37 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % SiOz TiOz Al 2o3 Fez03 (total) FeO 61.26 0.54 22.50 7.43 MnO MgO 0.63 CaO Na 2o KzO Pz05 SOJ C (org) trace 0.15 1.23 0.19 trace COz HzOHzO+ * Ignition loss 6.15 Total 100.08* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* = analysis recalculated on an HzO- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 180.) Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey. Date c. 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sam;ele Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot 279 Sec. 3 __ Dist. 12 ...;;...;;;; 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (N. edge) . Lat. Long. Field No. --------------------, Collected by R. W.Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration Weathered. Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Grou;e (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments Samples of soft, brownish-drab, flaky shale (some weathers block ) alter natin with l a ers of somewhat sand redd i sh-brown c l a res~dual from weather ed 1.mpure l1mestone? f rom scattered ro ad and h eld outcro;es on the Smith pr o;ee rty 2 mi. SE. of Dalton, on the River Bend Rd. just E. of the Antioch Church Rd. unct i on 1 mi. E. of the Southern and L & N RR. (Note that thi s is a mile furthe r SE. than shown on t he map in Smith, 1931, P 179 to 181 Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-27-88 -37- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material County Shale, soft to semi-hard Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-38 ~(~C~o4 na-s~ au~g~ a ~G~ro~u~p~ .)---------- Whitfield. Sample Number - - - - - - - Raw Properties: Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #38. ----------------- Date Reported 1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey. Water of Plasticity 23.2 %Working Properties Poor plasticity ("short" and grainy; slow slaking; poor molding behavior (clay column tends to tear on edges). Color Brown. Drying Shrinkage __3_._2______% Dry Strength (MOR) 135.3 psi. Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all show some warpage. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color* (Munsell) Hardness (MOR, psi.) Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage 1840 Light (1005) salmon (3YR-6/6) 1920 Medium (1050) salmon (1 YR-6/5 2000 Salmon (1095) (2YR-6/6) 670 966 1000 2.9 (6.3) 3.1 (6.1) 3.3 (6.5) 18.5 16.5 16.0 Some Some Slight 2060 Light red (1125) (1YR-5/5) 1462 5.9 (8.8) 12.9 Slight 2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-5/5) 1507 6.3 (9.0) 11.6 Considerable 2160 Deep red (1180) (lOR-5/4) 1861 Remarks I Other Tests 01 to 6). This shale 6.3 (9.2) 11.0 e = Cone 1 to 6 and for making building Considerable . (commercial kiln = Cone Smith, 1931, P 179 Preliminarx: Bloat ins (guick Firins) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notation 11 10R11 correponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -38- locn. no. Wf.31S-38 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % SiOz 59.26 TiOz Al 2o3 Fez03 (total) 1.11 21.29 7.28 FeO MnO MgO 0.06 CaO Na 2o KzO 0.00 1. 23 0.70 P2os so3 c Hco2o2 - H2o+ (org) 0.47 1. 22 * Ignition loss 7.37 Total 99.99* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 178.) Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey. Date c 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot cor. of 24~ Sec. 3 Dist. 12 252 and 253, 7 1/2' tapa quad. Dalton N. (SE 1/4) . Lat. Long. Field No. -------------------, Collected by R. W. Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration Weathered. Structural Attitude Beds strike "nearly due north", dip 75 to 80 east. Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Groue (Cambrian) by Cressler (1974, Pl.2). Smith (1931, 177) notes a lack of similarity with tyeical Conasauga or Rome Sample Description & Comments Sam les from road cut (about 100 ft. lon ) on the West and Thomas properties (N. and S., respectively 2 1 2 mi. E. of Dalton at the fork of the Tibbs Bridge road and the Piney Grove road, about 2 mi. NE. of the Southern and L & N RR. The cut exposes soft to semi-bard, brownish to greenish drab-colored shale ranging from waxy to 11 short 11 , sandy and blocky to slabby fractur- in Shale is interla ered with some ver thin sandstone or chert beds and several thick beds of brown sandy clay (Smith, 1931, P 177 to 179 Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date ---6---2-7---8-8----------- -39- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ~S~h~a~l~e~,_s_e_m_1_-_h_a_r_d__(~C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g_a~) _. ___ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-39 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number ------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #39. Date Reported 1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey. --~~~--------- Water of Plasticity 25.5 %Working Properties Good plasticity; fairly rapid slaking; molding behavior good. Color Yellowish-brown Drying Shrinkage 6.5 % Dry Strength (MOR) 400.5 psi. Remarks Drying behavior: good. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color* Hardness (Munsell) (MOR, psi.) 1840 Light red (1005) (2YR-5/6) 1920 Fair red (1050) (lOR-4/5) 2000 Medium red (1095) (lOR-4/4) 2060 Good red (1125) (10R-4/3) 1398 1757 2208 2281 2090 Good red (1145) (10R-3/5) 2527 2160 Deep red (1180) (8R-3/3) 3112 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) 3.0 (9.9) 14.5 4.0 (10.0) 11. 7 4. 7 (10. 6) 8.8 6.1 (12.2) 9.0 5.7 (11.6) 6.6 7.3 (13.4) 5.0 Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage Slight Slight Slight Slight Considerable Some Remarks / Other Tests Firing Range = Cone 03 to 5 (commercial kiln = Cone 04 to 4). Sam le is of several unfir ed brick from the Dalton Brick and Tile Com an plant (made from the nearby shale pit wh i ch makes common and fa ce bri c k fired to about 1950 6F (1066 6C) (Smith, 1931, p. 183). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -40- locn. no. Wf.31S-39 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours Chemical &Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 'rio2 Al203 Fe203 (total) FeO 69.10 0.36 14.73 6.38 MnO MgO 0.14 CaO 0.55 Na20 0.30 K20 P2o5 s c (total) (org) 1.64 0.11 trace C02 H2o- * H2o+ Ignition loss 6.66 Total 99.97* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* = analysis recalculated on an H2o- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 182.) Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey. Date c. 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot ____ Sec. , Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (NW 1/4). . Lat. Long. Field No. -----------------, Collected by R W. Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Random samples of Weathering/alteration variably weathered. unfired brick from plant. Structural Attitude Strike N.l0 6 E., dip "nearly vertical". Somewhat contorted and shows various di s i n laces. Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group Cambr1an though quite different in ap- pearance from the shales at the West and Thomas propertie s (Smith, 1931, P 177). Sample Description & Comments Sample of several green and dried brick from shale it containin brownish-drab colored shale flat ieces and Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-27-88 -41- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __S_h_a_l _e__an_d__c_l_a_y~(~C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)_. _____ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-40 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number -------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #40. Date Reported 1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey. --~~----------- Water of Plasticity 29.2 % Working Properties Fair lasticit (trifle "short" and mealy); a little slow slaking; fair molding (clay column edges t e nd to tear Color Brown. Drying Shrinkage --~7~ ~0--~% Dry Strength (MOR) 180.6 psi. Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars slightly warped. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color* (Munsell) Hardness (MOR, psi.) 1840 Salmon 931 (1005) C3YR-5/6) 1920 Deep salmon 1030 (1050) (lOR-5/5) 2000 Light red (1095) (1 OR-5/4) 1493 2060 Medium red 1531 (1125) (1 OR-5/4) 2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/4) 1520 2160 Chocolate(1180) red ClOR-3/5) 1927 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) 4.5 (11.1) 16.4 5.0 (11. 7) 14.6 7.2 (13.6) 10.7 7.6 (13.9) 10.1 7.4 (13.9) 8.9 8.5 (15.0) 7.0 Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage Slight Slight Considerable Slight Considerable Some pr obably be Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. kiln = Cone 03 to 5) . structural tile , *Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation ''R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -42- locn. no. Wf.31S-40 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 ATli o2o2 3 Fe203 (total) 56.86 1.11 24.10 7.20 FeO MnO MgO 0.06 CaO 0.00 Na 2o K20 P2os 1. 22 o. 70 0.47 S03 1. 21 c (or g) COz HH22oo+- Ignition loss Total * 7.38 100.31* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mi,..a Chloritevermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 184.) Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Surve;2:. Date c. 1930. Method Standard w 11 et 11 Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot 9 Sec. 3 Dist. 13 . 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (NW 1/4) Lat. Long. Field No. --------------------' Collected by R. W. Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration Variabl;2: weathered. Structural Attitude Strike a11 little east of north11 , dip nearl;2: vertical. Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale and Recent (?) cla;2:. Sample Description & Comments Samples of soft to semi-hard, brownish-drab and greenish-colored shale (mostly fairly fissile and flaky, but some la;2:ers are sandy) with a few thin beds of weathered sandstone and a few la ers of sand brown cla residual from ar illaceous limestone? to 1 foot thick. Taken from cuts on the old Dalton-Calhoun highway N-S and a secondary E-W road across a low ridge paral- lel to and E. of the L & N RR., 3 1/2 mi. of the Dalton Brick & Tile Co. (wf.31S-39) on the Stark ro ert ) as described by Smith 1931, p. 183 to 186 Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-28-88 ----~------------- -43- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __S_h_a_l_e__a_n_d__c_l_a~y_._________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-41 County Whitfield. Sample Number --------------- Raw Properties: Lab & No. Ga. Tech. #41. Date Reported 1931. w: Ceramist R. Smith, Ga. Survey. --~~------------- Water of Plasticity 33.9 % Working Properti es Good plasticity; rapid slaking; good molding behavior. Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage 7.5 % Dry Strength (MOR) 161.5 psi. Remarks Drying behavior: test bars all somewhat warped. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color* (Munsell) Hardness (MOR, psi.) 1840 Salmon 1051 (1005) (3YR-6/8) 1920 Deep salmon lOll (1050) (2YR-5/6) 2000 Light red (1095) (lOR-4/5) 1377 2060 Medium red (1125) (lYR-4/5) 2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/4) 1490 1460 2160 Chocolate( 1180) red (lOR-4/3) 1647 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) 5.1 02.5) 17.0 5.2 (12. 6) 16.2 7.6 (14.8) 10.5 9.7 (16.6) 9.2 8.7 (15.4) 9.3 9.3 (15.9) 8.1 Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage Some Some Considerable Considerable Considerable Some Remarks I Other Tests Firing Range= Cone 02 to 6 (commercial kiln= Cone 03 to 5). Material is suitable for making building brick and possibly structural The dr in and firin shrinka es are a little hi h, but this would robab1 Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -44- locn. no. Wf.31S-41 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 AT1i 02 o2 3 Fe2o 3 (total) FeO 57.52 1.13 20.99 8.79 MnO 0.00 MgO 0.15 CaO Na 2o KzO 0.00 1. 51 0.96 P2os S03 (total) c (or g) 0.38 trace C02 H2o- * H2o+ Ignition loss 8.47 Total 99.90* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral vo l ume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* = analysis recalculated on an HzO- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 187.) Analyst E. Everhart, Ga . Survey. Date c. 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County _ .W;.;.;h;.;;.i;;;.t;;;.f;;;.i;;;e.;;.l;;;.d;;;..;_ _ Land Lot 28 - - - - Sec. 3 Dist. 13 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (NW. 1/4) . Lat. Long. Field No. --------------------' Collected by R. W. Smith. Date c.1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration Residual and colluvial clay. Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Recent(?) colluvial and residual clay (probably from nearby Cambrian Conasauga Group sediments). Sample Description & Comments St ifly pl astic, brownish-red to mottl ed yellow and red-colored clay with a little ver y soft, weathered 2 waxy, brownish- drab colored (Smith, 1931, p . 186 to 188). Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-27-88 -~~~--------- -45- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ~S~h~a~l~e~,_s~o~f~t~(~C~o_n_a~s_a~u~g~a~>~-------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.31S-42 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number ------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech., 4fo42. Date Reported ~1~9~3- 1.--------- Ceramist Water of Plasticity 29.3 % Working meal and "short") R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey. (slightly psi. Remarks Drying Behavior: test bars all somewhat warped. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color* (Munsell) Hardness (MOR, psi.) 1840 Light 823 (1005) salmon (3YR-6/7) 1920 Medium 787 (1050) salmon (2YR-6/6) 2000 Salmon (1095) (lYR-5/6) 1144 2060 Medium red 1324 (1125) (lOR-5/5) 2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/5) 1533 2160 Chocolate(1180) red (lOR-4/4) 1563 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) 3.6 (8.2) 19.1 4.3 (9.2) 16.8 6.1 (11.3) 7.0 (12.0) 7.4 (12.3) 8.0 (13.2) 13.9 12.5 10.0 9.5 Appr. Por. % Other data: Warpage Some Slight Some Some Some Considerable Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -46- loco. no. Wf.31S-42 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio2 Ti02 55.62 0.93 Al203 '25.44 Fe 203 (total) FeO 7.44 MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P205 S (total) 0.10 o.oo 1.00 1.03 0.12 0.00 C (org) Hco2o2 - * H2o+ Ignition loss 8.32 Total 100.00* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 188.) Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey. Date c. 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot 80 Sec. 3 Dist. 13 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (W. side) Lat. Long. Field No. --------------------, Collected by R. W. Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration Weathered. St r uc t ur a1 Attitude __B_e_d_s__s...;t_r_i_k...;e__N...;.__6_0_E...;'...:':....-d_.i..p.:....-7..;5_0..;E;....______________________________ Stratigraphic Assignment __..;C..;o~n~a~s..;a~u~g~a~G..;r..;o..;u~p~(..;C..;a~m~b..;r..;i~a~n~)~.-------------------------Brownish-drab colored shale ranging from soft and of Compiled by B. J. O'Connor __ ______________ Date _..10- .;...;_ 21-81 -47- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Shale and clai:, weathered. Compilation Map Location No. Wf. 31S-43 County Whitfield. Sample Number Raw Properties: Lab & No. Ga. Tech. , 4F43. Date Reported 1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survei: Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage ----~5~ ~2___% Dry Strength (MOR) 135.2 psi. Remarks Drying behavior: slight warpage. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color* (Munsell) Hardness (MOR, psi.) 1840 Light 541 (1005) salmon (3YR-6/7) 1920 Medium 488 (1050) salmon (3YR-5/6) 2000 Salmon 739 (1094) (2YR-5/6) 2060 Light red 893 (1125) (lYR-5/5) 2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/5) 1505 2160 Deep red (1180) ( 1OR-4/ 4) 1636 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % dry (plastic) 3.4 (8.2) 22.2 3.7 (8.3) 19.8 4.7 (9.5) 6.2 (10.7) 7.0 (12.0) 8. 0 (14. 0) 17.8 15.8 12.9 12.4 Appr. Par. % Other data: Warpage Slight Slight Considerable Slight Some Some Remarks / Other Tests Firing Range = Cone 1 to 5 and h i gher (commercial kiln = Cone 01 to 5). This mater i al is sui table f or makin bu i ld i n br i ck; however the absor- tion i s ra t her high and the fi red strength MOR) is low f or t he be st qual ity f ace brick. It would best be used in a mixture or cla such as that from the Martin property at Wf.31S-42 Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -48- locn. no. Wf.31S-43 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding. Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx, 17 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight i. Si02 57.16 Ti02 Alzo 3 Fe203 (total) 0.73 23.94 8.11 FeO MnO MgO 0.03 CaO 0.08 Na20 0.74 K20 1.56 P205 0.10 so3 o.o4 C (org) HC022o- * H2o+ Ignition loss 7.50 Total 99.99* Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total (* - analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 192.) Analyst E. Everhartz Ga. Survel Date c. 1930. Method Standard "wet". Sam:ele Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot 187 - - - - Sec. 3 Dist. 13 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (SW cor.) . Lat. Long. ------------- Field No. 1 Collected by R. W. Smith. Date c. 1930. Sample Method Grab samples. Weathering/alteration Weathered. Structural Attitude Beds strike N.l5E, (approx. parallel toRR), dip 60-70E, Stratigraphic Assignment Mississippian Floyd Shale by Smith**(l931, P 190, after Haye s unpub, ms.), but mappe d as Cambrian Conasauga Group by Cressler (1974, Pl.2). Sample Description & Comments Soft, brown, sandy and slightly fissile weathered shale (grading into clay in places) from both sides of the Southern RR from cuts 15 to 25 ft. de ep and about 1000 ft. long just S. of Carbondal e station. Land E and W of the RR is owned b Masters and Stone res ectivel , about 9 mi. S. of Da l ton and abou t 1 3/4 mi. N. of the Gordon County line Smith, 1931, p. 190 t o 193 **Smith states that these cuts are "so different in appearance from the shales or even the residual clays from the Conasauga formation" (1931, p. 190). Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-27-88 --~-~-------------- -49- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material --S~ha~l~e.---------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.43-l County Whitfield. Sample Number -------------- Raw Properties: Lab & No. Hansard, #WKl. Date Reported 8-12-43. Ceramist W. C. Hansard. ~~~~~---------- Water of Plasticity %Working Properties Good plasticity (waxy); no appreciable coarse grit. Color Drab gray. Drying Shrinkage % Dry Strength ---------------- Remarks Excellent tiles formed in steel dies of hand press. No drying warpage. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color 1900 (1038) (Cone 05) Dark chocolate brown 2000 (1093) (Cone 02) Dark chocolate brown Hardness Very hard* Very hard* Linear Shrinkage, i. 21 24 Absorption % Very low or zero Very low or zero Appr. Por. % Other data: *Cannot be cut with a knife. Remarks I Other Tests Fired tiles show a smooth, hard texture and very little warpage. High iron content, low maturing temperature and high shrinkage limit its use unl e ss blended with a low shrinkage, low iron clay. Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -50- locn. no. W.43-1 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) ------ Particle Size Retention Time 8 hours. Chemical & Mineralogical Data:: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P205 S (total) C (org) HC202o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst----.--------- Date ------ Method ---------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. - - - Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2 1 topo quad. ------------------- Lat. Long. --------------- Field No. Collected by L. H. Kinard. Date c. May 1942. Sample Method Grab(?). Weathering/alteration ------------- Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment ---------------------------------------------- Compiled by _.;;;B..;.__;;.J..;..__;;.O_'C.;.o.n;.;.n;.;.o.;.r;;..______ Date 6-27-88 ________ --~~_.;;...;;...._ -51- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Cla . Compilation Map Location No. Wf.44-l ----~----------------------------- County Whitfield. Sample Number --------------- Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; #M-201. Date Reported 11-22-44. Ceramist H. Wilson, USBM. Water of Plasticity ----------~% Working Properties Good plastic workability . Color Light. Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength ----------~---- Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color 2280 (1249) (Cone 9) Light buff* 2867 (1575) (Cone 20 to 23) Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other Shrinkage, % % % data: Steel 6 hard porous melted to brown slag P.C.E. * numerous dark ~ron specks formed on surface between Cones 6 & 9. Remarks / Other Tests Too much iron for a white kaolin, too refractory for stoneware or terra cotta, but P.C.E. not h i gh enough f or good refractory clay. Pr ope rt ie s may be i mprove d by washing or it may be used i n blend s wi th oth er c l ays . Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -52- locn. no. Wf.44-l , cont. - - - - - Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size Most are less Retention Time than 100 mesh. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 Ti02 Al203 Fe 2o3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K2 0 P205 S (total) C (org) HC202o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Kaolinite Total volume % Considerable Analyst -------------------------- Date ------- Method ---------------------- Sample Location Data: H. Wilson, USBM. 11-22-44. Inferred from fir i ng characterist ics. County --W--h-it-f-ie-l-d.---- Land Lot ----- Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. Cohutta (?). . Lat. Dist. Long . Field No. Collected by C. P. Worthy. Date 1944. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ---------------- Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment ---------------------------------------------------------- Sample Description & Comments Clay sample from Mr. C. P. Worthy, Varnell, Georg ia. Exact location unspecified, but probably is from Worthy's property in Wh i tf i eld count Compiled by _..;B;;..;__;J;;..;.....O;_'..C.;;.o.;..n.;;.n;.;.o;.;..r;~------ Date 1-25-82 --~~~~-------- -53- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __S_h_a_l_e~(_C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g_a~)_______________ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.46-l County Whitfield. _ ________ Sample Number 4._.;.... Raw Properties: Lab & No. N.C. State College Re search Lab As hevi l le, N.C.; TVA #100. Date Reported .....1::..0;;_-..8;;_-..4.;..6;;...;;________ Ceramist M. K. Banks , TVA. Water of Plasticity -----------%Working Properties ----------------------------- Color Light gray- Drying Shrinkage --------_.;....% Dry Strength ---------------green to tan. Slow Firing Tests: Not determined. Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other (Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, % % % data: Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Absorption Bulk Density % Pore Structure 2350 (1288) 2400 (1316) 2450 (1343) Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture. -54- locn. no. Wf.46-l , cont . Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furnace). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe 2o3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P2o5 s (total) c (or g) HC202o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------------------- Date -------- Method ---------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton N. (cntr.) . Lat. Long . Field No. 4. , Collected by S. D. Broadhurst (TVA). Date 1946? --~-------------- Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ------- --- Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). via H. of t he the mi. E. of Ga. Hwy. 71. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor --------------------------------------- Date ---6---2--8---8-8------------- -55- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ~S~h~a~l~e_.(~Co~n~a~s~a~u~g~a~)~~------------ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.46-2 County Whitfield. Sample Number ~5..;.--------- Raw Properties: Date Reported 10-8-46. Lab & No. M.C. State College Research Lab Asheville, N.C.; TVA #101. Ceramist M. K. Banks, TVA. Water of Plasticity __________% Working Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Color Gray-green Drying Shrinkage _______.% Dry Strength -------------to brown. Slow Firing Tests: Not determined. Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other (Munseli) (Mobs') Shrinkage, % % % data: Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Absorption % Bulk Density g/cm3 lb/ft3 Pore Structure 2350 (1288) 2400 (1316) Vitrified only (too refractory). 2450 (1343) Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture. -56- locn. no. Wf.46-2 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furnace). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide #1 Weight % #2 Si02 61.80 57.64 Ti02 trace trace Al203 20.20 9.22 Fe203 6.60 4.38 FeO 0.00 0.00 MnO MgO 1. 78 0.91 CaO 2.64 14.24 Na20 K20 0.33 0.85 P2os so3 trace c (org) - trace HC202o- H2o+ 0.45 0. 70 Ignition loss 6.00 12.02 Total 99.80 99.96 Mineralogy: Not determined. Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey . (Collected by D. D. McArthur, Plant Ma nager) #1: lab #8473; pugged shale. Date 11-21-52 #2: lab #8474: shale. Method Standard "wet". Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (NW. 1/4) . Lat. Long . Field No. --5------------------, Collected by S. D. Broadhurst (TVA) 19461 Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ---------------- Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N.C. Research Lab via H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sample of fresh, blocky but soft, gray-green to brown shale taken f rom Dalton Brick and Ti le Com an i t, 3 mi. S. of Dalton, E. of Southern RR Butts and Gi ldersleeve, 1948, map locat i on no. 112; also see Wf .31S-39 . Campi 1ed by __..B;;;..;__.J:;..;.......O.;;..'....C.;;.o.;..;n.;;.n;;;;.o;;..r;;......_____ Date ---2---2-6---8-2---------- -57- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material --S-h-a-le-~(~C~on~a~s~au~g-a-).----------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.46-3 County Whitfield. Sample Number _____6_________ Raw Properties: Lab & No. N.C. State College Research Lab Asheville , N.C.; TVA #102. Date Reported __1_0_-_8_-_4_6_._________ Ceramist M. K. Banks, TVA. Water of Plasticity -----------%Working Properties ----------------------------- Color Brown to Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength ---------------- gray-green Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.O Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other (Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, % %. % data: Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Absorption % Bulk Density g/cm3 1b/ft3 Pore Structure 2350 (1288) 2400 (1316) Vitrified only (too refractory). 2450 (1343) Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture. -58- locn. no. Wf.46-3 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furance). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 Ti02 AFel220o33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P2os S (total) C (org) Hco2o2 - H2o: . Ign1t1on loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volwne % Analyst -------------------------- Date -------- Method ------------------Sample Location Data: - - - - County ___Wh_i_t_f_i_e_ld_.____ Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Dalton S. (SW. 1/4) Lat. Long. - - - Field No. -~-6-----------, Collected by S. D. Broadhurst (TVA) Date 1946? Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ----------------- Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments H. S. Rankin (TVA 10-22-46). from N.C. Research Lab via ra - reen to brown shale from road cut on limestone occurs at intervals. However, large tonnages of easily workable shale occur in the area. (This is in the same outcrop belt as Sample 5 = Wf.46-2.) Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date ----2---2-6---8-2----------- -59- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __ _ s_h_a_l_e~, _s_a_n_dLy_.___________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.57-1 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number ------------ Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; #843. Date Reported 9-9-57. Ceramist H. P. Hamlin; USBM. ~~~~----------- Water of Plasticity 27 %Working Properties Slightly sandy and short working. Color Brown-red. Drying Shrinkage 3 Drying defects: None. % Dry Strength ---------------- Slow Firing Tests: Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other Shrinkage, % % % data: 1800-2100 (9821149) Dark redbuff to dark redbrown. 2200-2300 brown to (1204- brown-black 1269) Expansion begins at 2200F (1204 C). Remarks I Other Tests This shale might be suitable for making common brick and tile, but extrusion tests would be necessary to confirm this. Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -60- locn. no. Wf.57-l , cont. - - - - - Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) - - - - - - Particle Size Retention Time ------------- Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % SiOz TiOz AFel220o33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 20 KzO PzOs S (total) C (org) HHCIg202noo2+1-.t.1on loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst ------------ Date ---------- Method -------------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. - - - Land Lot Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. Tunnel Hill (?). Lat. Dist, Long. Field No. ------------------- Collected by --~C~~I~-W~o~od~-- Date 1957. Sample Method _G~r;..a;;..b;.......;(;_?..;.)~- Weathering/alteration --------------- Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment --------------------------------- Sample Description & Comments Sample of brown-red shale submitted by Wood Rock Face Whitfield Co., Ga. (Exact 1S Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 1-25-82 -61- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Shale (Rome). Compilation Map Location No. Wf.64-l ------~----~------------------- County Whitfield. Sample Number -N-o.-2-7 - - - - Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-Y Date Reported 4-8-64 Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (Revised by M.E. (Revi sed 1967) Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Water of Plasticity 26.0 %Working Properties Long working, smooth, plastic, fatty, (low plasticity.) pH=6.50 (Not effervescent with HCU Color Buff. Drying Shrinkage 2.5 % Dry Strength --G-o-o-d-. ---------- Remarks Drying Characteristics: Fair- slightly rough surface. (No defects.) Slow Firing Tests: Color Hardness (Mohs') Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % Appr. Por. % Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1800 Red-tan ( 982) Soft (2) 4.5(4.0) 25.0 40.8 1. 63 1900 Red-tan Fair hard 5.0 (1038) (3) 20.9 35.9 1.72 2000 Light Hard 9.0 (1093) red-brown (4) (Red-brown) 16.9 30.9 1.83 2100 Red-brown Hard 9.0 ( 1149) (4) 13.3 25.7 1. 93 2200 Chocolate Very hard 9.0 (1204) (5) 10.3 20.5 1. 99 2300 Black- Steel hard (1260) brown (6) (Dark brown) 10.0 5.4 11.6 2.14 Remarks I Other Tests Fair color, absorption a little high. (Should fire to "MW" face brick specifications at about 2150F, 1177C). Potential Use: Brick. (Face brick). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell. -62- locn. no. Wf.64-l , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m1n. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 TiOz Al Fe 22oo33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P20s s (total) c (org) Hco2o2 - H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst Date ------- Method --------------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot ---- Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. _________________ Field No. ----------------------- Lat. 27 , _... Collected by J.W. Smith? Dist. Long. Date c. 1963. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ------------------ Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------------_,.. Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Ca~brian). Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -63- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material County Shale (Rome). Compilation Map Location No. ------~----~------------------- Whitfield. Sample Number No. 28 ___:.;..:.....:..--=~---- Wf.64-2 Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-Z Date Reported 4-8-64 Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E. (revised 1967) Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Water of Plasticity 24.6 %Working Properties Lon workin , smooth, lastic, fatty. (Low plasticity) pH=5.95(6.0) Not effervescent with HCl.) Color Red-brown. Drying Shrinkage 3.0 % Dry Strength Good. (Low.) Remarks Drying Characteristics: Fair, wavey surface. (No defects). Slow Firing Tests: Color Hardness (Mohs') Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % Appr. Por. % Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1800 Red-tan Fair hard 4.0 ( 982) (3) 25.6 41.2 1. 61 1900 Red-tan (1038) Hard 5.0 (4) 22.4 38.1 1. 70 2000 Light (1093) red-brown (Red-brown) Hard (4) 6.5(6.0) 18.6 33.3 1. 79 2100 Red-brown Very hard (1149) (5) 10.0 15.7 29.4 1. 87 2200 Red-brown Very hard (1204) (5) 10.0 13.3 26.1 1.96 2300 Dark Steel hard (1260) red-brown (6) (Red-brown) 10.0 8.1 17.0 2.10 Remarks / Other Tests Poor color, cracks on heating, absorption a little high, surface craze. (Should fire to "MW" face brick s ecifications at about 2100F, 11l~9 C. Potential Use: None. Face brick.) Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell. -64- locn. no. Wf.64-2 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 18008F, 982 6 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not det ermined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio2 FATeli022oo233 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2 o K20 P2o5 s c Hco2o2 - H2o+ (total) (or g) Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date -------- Method ------------------------Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lat. Field No. --~2~8 -------- , Collected by J.W. Smith? Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration Long. Date c.1963. Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Cambrian). Sample Description & Corrnnents No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -65- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES ____ ____ Material ~C~l~aLy~(r~e~S~1~d~u~um~)~~-------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.64-3 County Whitfield. Sample Number No. 29.;.._... Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-A Color Buff. Remarks Drying Characteristicsj Slight crazing. (No defects). Slow Firing Tests: Color 1800 Light ( 982) brown 1900 Light (1038) brown 2000 Brown (1093) 2100 Red-brown (1149) 2200 Dark (1204) brown 2300 Dark (1260) brown Hardness Linear Absorption (Mohs ') Shrinkage, % % Fair hard 9.0 (3) Hard (4) 12.5 Very hard (5) 19.0 Very hard (5) 20.0 Steel hard 19.0 ( 6) (Expanded) Steel hard 19.0 (6) 18.2 12.5 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 Appr. Por. % 32.4 25.5 3.3 1.3 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1. 78 2.04 2.54 2.58 pal component in vitreous clay products.) Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Note: Appr. Por.and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell. -66- locn. no. Wf.64-3 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 8 F, 982 6 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 FATeli 022oo2 33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 KzO PzOs s (total) c (org) C02 H2o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date ------------ Method --------------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------------ Lat. Field No. 29 , Collected by J.W. Smith? ----~~------------- Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration Long. Date c.l963. Residuum. Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------Stratigraphic Assignment ~U~p~p~e~r~O~r~d~o~v~i~c~i=a~n~(~?~)--------------------------------------Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -67- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __S_h~a~l_e~(~C~o~n~a~s~a~u~g~a~)~-------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.64-4 County Whitfield. Raw Pro pert ie s: Lab & No. Sample Number No. 31 --~---"-------- USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-C Date Reported 5-8-64 Ceramist '(-r-ev-1~.s-e-d~l~9~6~7~)---- Water of Plasticity 31.8 (Moderate Color Yellow. Drying Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good, very slight scum. (No defects.) Slow Firing Tests: Color 1800 Light ( 982) brown 1900 Light (1038) brown 2000 Brown (1093) 2100 Brown (1149) 2200 Chocolate (1204) 2300 Chocolate (1260) Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. (Mohs') Shrinkage, % % % Fair hard (3) Hard (4) Very hard (5) Very hard (5) Steel hard (6) Steel hard (6) 5.5(5.o) 8.5(8.0) 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 24.2 20.8 12.2 8.2 5.5 4.5 40.9 37.6 25.6 18.4 12.7 10.5 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1.69 1. 81 2.10 2.24 2.30 2.34 Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell. -68- locn. no. Wf.64-4 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (followi ng 3-4 hr. to 1800 8 F, 982 8 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determin ed. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % SiOz ATF eli 022oo2 33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2 o KzO PzOs s (total) c (org) COz HzO- HzO+ Ignition loss Total Miner-alogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date ------ Method -------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------------. Lat. Long. Field No. ---~31---------- , Collected by J.W. Smith? Date c.l963. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ----------------- Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------ Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -69- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __S_h_a_l_e__~(~C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)_.______________ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.64-5 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number -N-o. -82- - - - Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-A Date Reported 6-26-64 Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E. (r ev ise d 1967) Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Water of Plasticity 26.6 %Working Properties Moderate plasticity. pH=6.3 Not effervescent with HCl. Color Tan. Drying Shrinkage 5.0 % Dry Strength Fair. ~~~--------- Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects. Slow Firing Tests: Temp. OF Cc) Color 1800 Light ( 982) brown 1900 Light (1038) brown 2000 Brown (1093) 2100 Chocolate (1149) 2200 Chocolate (1204) 2300 (1260) Hardness (Mobs') 2 3 4 5 5 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 5.0 21.2 9.0 14.4 10.0 10.3 12.0 3.8 12.0 2.4 Expanded Appr. Por. % 35.8 26.9 20.8 8.6 5.5 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1.69 l. 87 2.02 2.27 2.30 Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick specifications at about 1950F (1066C). Potential use: Face brick. Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -70- locn. no. Wf.64-5 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 18006F, 982 8C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe 2o3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P205 S (total) C (org) C02 H2o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date ------- Method ------------------ Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. - - - - Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------. Lat. Field No. 82 , Collected by ----~~------------ J. W. Smith? Long. Date c . 1963. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ------------ Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -71- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __S_h_a_l_e~(_c_o_n_a_s_a_u~g_a~)_.______________ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.64-6 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Sample Number -N-o-.-8-3------ Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-B Date Reported 6-26-64 Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E. ~( -r-ev-~~_se_d~l~9~6~7) ~ --- Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Water of Plasticity 32.8 %Working Properties Moderate plasticity. pH=5.4 Not effervescent with RCl. Color Tan. Drying Shrinkage 6.0 % Dry Strength Fair. ---~---- -~~--~ -~~~------- Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects. Slow Firing Tests: Color 1800 Light ( 982) brown 1900 Light (1038) brown 2000 Brown (1093) 2100 Dark (1149) brown 2200 Dark (1204) brown 2300 Chocolate (1260) Hardness (Mohs') 3 4 5 5 6 6 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 9.0 20.8 10.0 19.6 14.0 17.0 15.0 10.7 15.0 10.0 15.0 6. 7 Appr. Por. % 35.8 35.5 30.8 21.6 20.2 14.1 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1.72 1. 81 1. 81 2.02 2.02 2.10 Should fire to "MW" face brick Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -72- locn. no. Wf.64-6 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 ATFeli022oo233 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K 20 P20s s c (total) (org) HC02o2 - H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date ----- - Method -------------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------------- Lat. Long. Field No. 83 , Collected by J.W. Smith? ----~-------------- Date c.l963. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration --------- - Structural Attitude - -------------------------------------------------------------Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -73- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material County Shale (Conasauga). Compilation Map Location No. Wf.64-7 ~~~~~~~~~~------------- Whitfield. ___ Sample Number No. 84 ~..;....;........;;,.;,.._ Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-C Date Reported ~(-r6~e-v2~6is-~6e-4d~l~9~6~7~)--- Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E. Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.) Water of Plasticity 19.8 %Working Properties Low plasticity. ~H=7.1. Not effervescent w1th HCl. Color --~G~r~a~y~------ Drying Shrinkage ___4_._0_____% Dry Strength ~L~o~w~----------- Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects. Slow Firing Tests: Color 1800 Light ( 982) brown 1900 Brown (1038) 2000 Dark (1093) brown 2100 Chocolate (1149) 2200 (1204) Hardness (Mobs') 3 4 5 5 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 5.0 16.3 6.0 11.9 9.5 8.3 10.0 2.3 Expanded Appr. Por. % 29.7 23.2 17.3 5.2 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1.82 1. 95 2.03 2.24 Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick specifications at about 1900F (1037C). Potential use: Face brick. Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -74- locn. no . Wf.64-7 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh . Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6F, 982 6 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not det ermined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio2 Ti02 Al 203 Fe 203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 s (total) c (org) HC202o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date --------Method -------------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot ----- Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------------- Lat. Long. Field No. 84 , Collected by J.W. Smith? ----~-------------- Date c.l963. Sample Method Grab (?) . Weathering/alteration ---------------- Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -75- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __C_l_ay~-------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.67-l County Whitfield. Sample Number No. 147 Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Al.; G-9-10 Date Reported 1-11-67 Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM. --~~----------- Water of Plasticity 25.0 %Working Properties Low plasticity. pH=5.9 Not effervescent with HCl. Color __Y_e_l_l~o~w~---- Drying Shrinkage 0.0 % Dry Strength __L_o_w_.___________ Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects. Slow Firing Tests: Temp. OF (oC) Color 1800 Tan ( 982) 1900 Tan (1038) 2000 Tan (1093) 2100 Light (1149) brown 2200 Red (1204) brown 2300 Dark (1260) brown Hardness (Mohs') 2 Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Shrinkage, % % % o.o 28.8 42.9 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1.49 2 0.0 28.7 43.1 1. 50 3 5.0 25.0 39.5 1.58 4 5.0 23.1 37.7 1. 63 4 10.0 16.0 29.3 1.83 5 10.0 8.9 17.7 1.99 Remarks I Other Tests Low ~reen stren~thz hi~h maturin~ temperature. Potential use: Not suitable for use as the principal component in vitreous clax products. Preliminarx Bloat in~ (guick Fir in~) Tests: Ne~ative. -76- locn. no. W.67-1 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 ATFelio22oo233 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 s (total) c (org) C02 H2o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------- Date ---------- Method ----------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. -------------------. Lat. Long . ---------------- Field No. 147 , Collected by J.W. Smith? Date c . 1966. Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ------------ Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment --------------------------------------------Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -77- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material --C-l-aL.------------------------------ Compilation Map Location No. Wf.67-2 County Whitfield. Sample Number No. 153 Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM , Tuscaloosa , Al. ; G-9-15 Date Reported 1-11-67 Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM. --------~--------- Water of Plasticity 20.7 %Working Properties Low plasticity. pH=6.1 Not effervescent with HCl. Color --~B~r~o~w~n~ ------- Drying Shrinkage 2.5 % Dry Strength ~L~o~w~ ----------- Remarks No drying defects. Slow Firing Tests: Temp. OF (oC) Color 1800 Tan ( 982) 1900 Tan (1038) 2000 Light (1093) brown 2100 ( 1149) Hardness (Mohs') 3 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 5.0 18.2 Appr. Por. % 31.9 Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc 1. 75 4 10.0 ll. 5 22.3 1. 94 5 12.5 7.7 15.7 2.04 Expanded Remarks /Other Tests Poor color; abrupt vitrification. Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -78- locn. no. Wf.67-2 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 18006F, 982C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determi ned. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % SiOz TiOz Al Fe 22oo33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K 20 P2os s c (total) (or g) COz HzO- HzO+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst Date ------- Method --------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot ------ Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ---------------. Lat. Long . Field No. 153 , Collected by J.W. Smith? ------~------------ Date c.1966. Sample Method Grab (?). - - - - - - - - - - Weathering/alteration Stratigraphic Assignment --------------------------------Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 8-7-87 -79- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ___S_ha__le__(~C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)~------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wf.69-1 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: --------- Sample Number WHIT-1. Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa,AL.j 4~HIT-l. Date Reported March 1969. Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM. Water of Plasticity ----1~4~.4---%Working Properties ----------------------------- Color Light gray. Drying Shrinkage ___1_._0___% Dry Strength --------------- Slow Firing Tests: Temp. OF (oC) Color Hardness (Mohs') 1900 Dark brown 4.0 (1038) 2000 Dark brown 5.0 (1093) 2100 Dark brown 5.5 (1149) 2200 Dark brown 6.0 (1204) Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 3.8 15.9 3.8 15.3 4.0 10.0 2.0 14.2 Appr. Por. % Other data: 1. 79 Remarks I Other Tests Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 21). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -80- locn. no. Wf.69-l , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) - - - - - - - Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 S (total) C (org) HC202o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volwne % Analyst -------------------- Date -------- Method ----------------------- Sample Location Data: County _..;.W...;h.;..i;;..;.t..f;...i;..e.;..l.;..d.;..';..___ Land Lot ------- Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. Beaverdale (SW. 1/4) . Lat. Dist. Long. Field No. --W~H~I~ T-~ 1.-----------, Collected by R. P. Hollenbeck Date 1967. Sample Method Channel (?). Weathering/alteration Slightly weathered. Structural Attitude ----------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments Light greenish- gray shale , sli ghtly weathered (about 10 feet exposed) and overlain by s oil . Sample d fr om upper 5 f oot road cut on N. side of Ga. Hi hwa 5 .1 mi . W. of intersecti on wi th Ga. Hi hwa 225 and about 1.2 mi . W. of t he Murray Co. l i ne Holl enbeck and Tyrr ell , 1969 , 18 --------------- Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date --6---28---88-------- -81- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ___S_h_a_l_e~( _Co_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)~~----------- Compilation Map Location No. W.69-2 County Whitfield. Raw Properties: Samp1e Number .W;.;H;.;;.;:I.;:T_-.;:2.:..------- Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL.; 1MHIT-l Date Reported March 1969. Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM. Water of Plasticity 18.0 %Working ----~~--~ Properties ----------------------------- Color Light gray. Drying Shrinkage ____.;.3.:..:.6___% Dry Strength ---------------- Slow Firing Tests: Temp. OF (oC) Color 1900 Pink (1038) 2000 Pink (1093) 2100 Red-brown (1149) 2200 Red-brown (1204) Hardness (Mohs') 3.0 3.0 4.0 5.5 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 5.5 19.0 5.5 17.7 8.0 14.6 8.2 12.5 Appr. Por. % Other data: 1. 68 1.85 1.90 Remarks I Other Tests Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 21). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. -82- locn. no. Wf.69-2 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time - - - - - - - Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 s (total) c (or g) C02 H2o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst -------------------------Date Method -------------------------- Sample Location Data: County Whitfield. Land Lot ----- Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. Cohutta (SE. 1/4) . Lat. Dist. Long. Field No. --~W~H~IT~--2.-------, Collected by R. P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967 . Sample Method Channel (?). Weathering/alteration Slightly weathered. Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian). Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date ----6---2-8---8-8---------- -83- DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. C13-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24-72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. C479-72 Standard specification for vitrified clay liner plates, Part 16, p. 283-284. C330-69 Specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, Part 14, p. 229-232. C315-56 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for clay flue linings, Part 16, p. 169-171. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 16, Chemical-resistant nonmetallic materials; clay and concrete pipe and tile; masonry mortars and units; asbestos-cement products. Butts, C., and Gildersleeve, B., 1948, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Bulletin 54, 176 p. Chowns, T. M., editor, 1972, Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11, 102 p. ___, editor, 1977, Stratigraphy and Economic Geology of Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in Bartow and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 17, 21 p. Chowns, T.M., and McKinney, F.M., 1980, Depositional Facies in Middle- Upper Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of Alabama and Georgia: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vOf. 2, Field Trip No. 16, p. 323-348, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, VA. -84- Clews, F. H., 1969, Heavy Clay Technology: 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 481 p. Crawford, T.J., 1983, Pennsylvanian Outliers in Georgia: in Chowns, T.M., ed., "Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Vicinity of Rome, Georgia" 18th Annual Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, p. 30-41. Cressler, C. W., 1963, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Catoosa County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 28, 19 p. , 1964a, Geology and Ground-water Resources of the Paleozoic Rock ----~- Area, Chattooga County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 27, 14 p. , 1964b, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Walker County, Ge ----~- orgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 29, 15 p. -----, 1970, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Floyd and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 39, 95 p. -----, 1974, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 47, 56 p. Cressler, C. W., Franklin, M. A., and Hester, W. G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p. Cressler, C. 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Exact sample location. I r-- --,____7 ,..l ,/ ;..' r"""\ Approximate sample location. '-./ >- Several samples collected over the enclosed area. 1z - Boundary dashed where approximate. ::J 0 (.) Major roads ,-' ' I qohutta; __ ___ _____ __j .... -- : -, l : : i I : I J l... Streams and lakes Location numbers: WI. 09V - 1 and WI. 09V-2 WI. 318-36 to WI. 318-43 Wf. 46 -1 to WI. 46-3 Wf. 69-1 and Wf . 69-2 Not shown (location unknown): WI. 43-1 Wf. 44-1 Wf. 57-1 Wf. 64-1 to Wf . 64-7 WI. 67-1 and WI. 67-2 .'r-;_ r-: :.....-- ---- -- Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 73 Plate 1 84 50' COUNTY ~>~- JB.:::> . ;;.~t nel Hill ,. .:--~ ,-----... .: 34 5 0 ' - - - - r - - - - - - l DALTON WALKE~- couNTY 85 05' '"" ""-._ ......._.,.) . SCALE 0 2 MILES LJ....L-'-'--L+'-'...J....L._- - - , - - - - , - J 0 2 3 KILOMETERS ft e r t he 1977 Gene r al H 1ghway Map of :ounty, Georgia D epart men t of T ransportation. rtI __ _ .GORDON I 85 00' COUNTY I \ 84 55'