CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES OF POLK COUNTY, GEORGIA BRUCE J. O'CONNOR DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY INFORMATION CIRCULAR 71 Cover Photo: Rockmart Slate (Ordovician) at the former Marquet Cement Manufacturing Company pit 1/4 mile west of Ga. Hwy. 101 about 1 mile north of Rockmart and about 2 miles south of Aragon. Slate was used In the manufacture of portland cement at the nearby plant. (Photo by Mr. Ben Ernest, 1975) CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES OF POLK COUNTY, GEORGIA By Bruce J. O'Connor Principal Geologist Information Circular 71 GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY William H. McLemore, State Geologist ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUBJECT Introduction .... Acknowledgements . . , Location of Study Area Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and Analyses Forms . . . . . . . . 1. Absorption (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. App. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent 3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity . 4. Bloating . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) 6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) 7. Color . . . . . . . . . 8. Color (Munsell) ... . 9. Compilation Map Location No. 10. Cone . . . . 11. Drying Shrinkage 12. Dry Strength . 13. Extrusion Test 14. Firing Range . 15. Hardness . . . . 16. Hardness (Mohs') 17. HCl Effervescence 18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) . . . . 19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) . . 20. Mohs' . . . . . . . . 21. Molding Behavior 22. Munsell . . . . . 23. "MW" face brick 24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent 25. pH . . . . , 26. Plasticity ... 27. Porosity, Apparent 28. Quick Firing . . . . . . 29. Saturation Coefficient 30. Shrinkage . . . 31. Slaking . . . . . 32. Slow Firing Test . . . 33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) 34. Soluble Salts 35. Strength . . . . . 36. "SW" face brick 37. Temp. F ( C) 38. Water of Plasticity (%) 39. Working Properties (or Workability) Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays, Shales and Slates in Polk County, Georgia . . . . . Data Sources and References Cited -iii- PAGE 1 3 4 11 12 12 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 28 28 28 29 31 127 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Plate 1 Location of Polk County Report Area ..... Clay, Slate and Shale Test Locations in Polk County ................ , .................. 5 Pocket LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Active Clay and Shale Mines and Pits in Polk County, Georgia ............................... . 6 Table 2 Summary of 20th Century Clay, Slate and Shale Mines and Companies in Polk County, Georgia .. 7 Table 3 Generalized. Sununary of Stratigraphic Units in Polk County, Northwest Georgia ........... 8 Table 4 Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms ........... ,......... 13 -iv- INTRODUCTION This report presents a compilation of all available published and unpublished ceramic firing tests and related analytical data on samples from Polk County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or undeveloped clays, shales and related materials; and is intended for use by geologists, engineers and members of the general public. The report should aid in the exploration for deposits of ceramic raw material with economic potential for future development. This information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information on the potential use of particular deposits at specific locations. Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as USBM, were performed by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Ga. Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during several uncompleted and unpublished studies. These include work by Bentley (1964), Smith (1968?) and Tadkod (1980). Additional unpublished data presented in this compilation include work by TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 124 and 125). Published data include studies by the following authors: Spencer (1893, p. 217 to 287; chemical analyses only), Veatch (1909, p. 272 to 388), Smith (1931, p. 241 to 276), and Butts and Gildersleeve (1948, p. 124 and 125). -1- Regardless of the source, all of the ceramic firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. They do not preclude the use of the materials in mixes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5). -2- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others in that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Heystek, and A.V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this test work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G.S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory in Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H. S. Rankin and M.K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carolina State College, Asheville, North Carolina, using samples collected by S.D. Broadhurst, Additional tests were conducted by professors W.C. Hansard, L. Mitchell, and J.F. Benzel at the Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.D. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, M.A. Tadkod, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C.W. Cressler also have -3- provided the author with valuable advice and suggestions regarding sample locations and past studies. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are greatly appreciated. However, the contents of this report and any errors of omission or commission therein are the sole responsibility of the author. LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Polk County is located at the southwestern corner of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). One company is currently mining slate in the county, and several operations have been active here in the past (Tables 1 and 2). The most abundant ceramic raw materials in the county are the shales and residual clays derived from the Floyd Shale and the Conasauga Group; however, other units such as the Rome, Red Mountain, Pennington and Gizzard Formations, as well as residual clays of the Knox Group, are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 3. -4- N 1 MILES ? I 1,0 I 0 10 20 KILOMETERS "\ -7 .. \ ~.~. ~\ \ GEORGIA l ______--rj FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF POLK COUNTY REPORT AREA (after Cressler, and others, 1976) - 5- TABLE 1 Active Slate, Clay and Shale Mines and Pits 1n Polk County, Georgia* COMPANY CONTACT USE(S) LOCATION OF MINE, PIT OR QUARRY GEOLOGIC AGE-FORMATION Galite Corp. P. 0. Box 468 Rockmart, GA 30153 P.S. Stephens President (404)684-6583 Rockmart mine & mill: Just south of Rockmart, 1/2 mile south of Ga. Hwy.6, east of Seaboard R.R. (Permit #046 formerly operated by Georgia Lightweight Aggregate Co., Atlanta.) Expanded slate for lightweight aggregate. (Also landscaping stone.) (Ordovician - Rockmart Slate) *After Kline and O'Connor, 1981, p.ll -6- TABLE 2 Summary of 20th Century Clay, Slate and Shale Mines and Companies i~ Polk County, Georgia Chattahoochee Brick Co. (Atlanta, 1885), Taylorsville pit: Sericite, Rockmart slate. (12 Acres currently permitted.) *Galite Corp. (1952), Rockmart plant and quarry: ex:panded slate for 1ightweight aggregate, Rocmkart slate. Ceramic test: Plk. 46-7 (Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 125, and Chowns. 1977, p. 17 & 18.) Georgia Lightwei ght Aggregate Co. (1953?) - see Galite Corp. above. B. Mifflin Hood Brick Co. (TN), Aragon pit: Clay (?). Sold to Ladd Lime & Stone c~:(Bu~and Gildersleeve, 1948, No. 46). Mansfield Brick Co. (Pre-1908?), Rockmart plant and pits: Common brick from weathered Rockmart "Shale" (= Plk. 31S-l?) (Veatch, 1909, p. 424 and 113?; Smith, 1931, p. 69). Marquette Co. (Atlanta, 1902), Rockmart (and Braswell?) plant and quarry: Cement from Conasauga Group shale. Acquired from Southern States Portland Cement Co., c. 1955 (19 acres permitted.) Rockmart Shale Brick and Slate Co. (1912?), Rockmart plant and quarry: Vitrified paving brick from deeply weathered Rockmart Slate ("Caen stone") and residual clay (Maynard, 1912, p. 133, locn. 3p, no. 31; Shearer, 1918, p. 65-68, localaity 1; Pinson, 1949, p. 114-119) Southern States Portland Cement Co. (1903?), Rockmart plant and quarry: Vitrified paving brick from deeply weathered Rockmart Slate ("Caen stone") and residual clay (Maynard, 1912, p. 133, locn. 3P, no. 31; Shearer, 1918, p. 65-68, locality 1; Pinson, 1994, p. 114-119) NOTE: The majority of the information for the companies listed above was taken from the Mining Directories (Circular 2, 1st to 18th editions) published by the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors at irregular intervals since 1937. Some additional information came from the . "Georgia Surface Mining and Land Reclamation Activities" published annually since 1969 by the Georgia Surface Mined Land Reclamation Program (Environmental Protection Division, Ga. Dept. of Natural Resources). Additional sources of information were found in the references cited at the end of each entry. Uncertainty in the dates is due to incomplete records in the Survey's files. *Active pit. -7- TABLE 3 Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Polk County, Northwest Georgia CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS C THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES !/ Quaternary (and Tertiary?) * Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and residual material. Largely clay and sand, but also, locally gravel and breccia. Mississippian Devonian *Floyd Shale- Approx. 100-2000 ft., dark gray clay shale with some silt and sandstone; Fort Payne Formation (or Chert) - Approx. 10125 ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert and cherty limestone. Locally includes: Lavender Shale member - Approx. 0-100 ft., shale, massive mudstone and impure limestone. Armuchee Chert- Approx. 5-30ft., thin- to thick-bedded, gray chert - locally sandy and ferruginous Frog Mountain Sandstone Approx. 5-30ft., thinto massive-bedded sandstone and quartzite locally with intgerbedded chert. -8- TABLE 3 Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Polk County, Northwest Georgia (continued) CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES lf Ordovician **Rockmart Slate- Approx. 0-600 ft., dark greenish-gray slate with some siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate. Lenoir Limestone- Approx. 0-100+ ft., gray, fine-grained limestone. Includes: Mosheim Limestone Member - 35 ft., gray fossiliferous limestone; and Deaton Member- 0-100+ ft., dark gray, ferruginous carbonate, sandstone & quartzite. Cambrian-Ordovician (*)Knox Group- Approx. 2000-4000 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, minor limestone, and sandstone. Includes: Newala Limestone- Approx. 300ft., gray limestone and dolostone; Longview limestone- Approx. 350ft., gray dolostone and limestone; Chepultepec Dolomite- Approx. 800ft., gray dolostone with some limestone & sandstone; and Copper Ridge Dolomite- Approx. 2500 ft., gray, cherty dolostone. -9- TABLE 3 Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Polk County, Northwest Georgia (continued) CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES 1/ Cambrian Conasauga Group (or Formation) - Approx. 1500-200 ft., predominantly shale, limestone and dolostone. Includes: "Upper Part 11 = Approx. 400-1600 ft.; "Middle Part" Approx. 200-400 ft.; and "Lower Part" =Massive, gray limestone, - Approx. 1500 ft. or more. *Rome Formation- Approx. 500-1000 ft., shale, and interbedded sandstone, siltstone and quartzite - typically red, purple, green, yellow or brown. Shady Dolomite (or Dolostone) - Approx. 30-100 ft., cherty gray dolomite limestone with minor shale. ("Beaver Limestone 11 of former usage.) Paleozoic or Precambrian *Talladega Group - Dark slate and phyllite with local quartzite, metagraywacke, and mica schist. NOTES: * = Some ceramic firing tests have been made on slate, shales and clays of this unit. *) = Same as the above, but for residual clays only. *=Numerous firing tests have been made on this unit. ll Descriptions based on data in Bergenback and others, 1980; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Chowns and McKinney, 1980; Crawford, 1983; Cressler 1963, 1964a and b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Croft, 1964; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; Thomas and Cramer, 1979. -18- EXPLANATION OF KEY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS The test data and analyses which are presented here were compiled on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most concise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified in large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, 1981). It should be noted that, although the great majority of these tests were performed by the USBM, it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly for several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM forms have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not measured by the USBM. The paragraphs which follow briefly describe, in alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the information included and, where possible, the various factors and implications to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the particular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch (1909, p. 50 to 64) and in Smith (1931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles and Heystek (1977, especially p. 2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader, -11- and potential user, of the key aspects of the information presented. Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more detailed information (e.g., Clews, 1969; Grimshaw, 1972; Jones and Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983). The abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 4. 1. Absorption (%) The absorption is a measure of the amount of water absorbed by open pores in the fired specimen and is given as a percentage of the specimen's dry weight. For slow firing tests, it is measured on fired specimens which have been boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed in the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For the quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then immersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). The absorption gives an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing in outdoor structures. Less than 22% absorption is considered promising for slow-fired materials. 2. Appr. Por. (%) -Apparent Porosity, Percent The apparent porosity is a measure of the amount of open pore space in the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and is expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it is based on the weight and volume of the specimen which has been boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed in water for several hours as it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek, -12- TABLE 4 Abbreviations for Te~s on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms ABBREVIATIONS Appr. Por. = Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. = Apparent Specific Gravity Btw. = Bartow County C = Degrees Celsius Ct. = Catoosa County Cht. = Chattooga County Dd. = Dade County Dist. =District DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis E. = East F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. = Floyd County g/cm3 = Grams per cubic centimeter Gdn. = Gordon County = Lab. & No. Laboratory (name) and number (assigned in laboratory) Lat. = Latitude LOI = Loss on Ignition Long. = Longitude lb/in2 = Pounds per square inch lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot Mry. =Murray County N. = North NE. = Northeast NW. = Northwest org. = Organic Plk. = Polk County S. = South SE. = Southeast SW. = Southwest Sec. = Section -13- Table 4. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued) 7 1/2 1 topo. quad. = 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle Temp. = Temperature TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority USBM = U.S. Bureau of Mines USGS = u.s. Geological Survey W. = West Wkr. =Walker County Wf. =Whitfield County XRD = X-ray diffraction 1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity 1s an indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered promising for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4). 3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity As reported in earlier USBM studies, the apparent specific gravity is a measure of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This is determined by boiling the sample in water for 2 hours and soaking it in water overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the USBM moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965. -14- 4. Bloating Bloating is the term given to the process in which clay or shale fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scoria is produced. Expanded lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggregate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious since it leads to variable and uncontrollable warping, expansion and general disruption of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41). 5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or "burning") the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible use as a lightweight aggregate. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the dried clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or "boat") which in turn is placed in the pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). -15- 6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fired specimen based on its dry weight divided by its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it 1s considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral communication, 1984). 7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre- sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this is given for descriptive purposes only since it is generally of no practical importance for ceramic applications (only the fired color 1s significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color is given for a prec1se description (see discussion below). 8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples in this compilation. It was used by Smith (1931, p. 23-25) and by the -16- USBM since the early 1970's (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3; Liles, oral communication, 1982). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually. 9. Compilation Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a syste- matic designation to be used in plotting sample locations on the base maps as shown by the typical example below. Example: Map Locn. No. County Name - Abbreviation (Polk) Plk. 31 S - 1 a I Da t e (1 931 ) Author's last initial (Smith) -for publisbed data only Sample se quence number (one tF per loc ation). De signa tion used only for cases of more than one test per location. The map location number Plk. 31S-la is derived from the county name (e.g., Plk. for Polk County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 31 for 1931) plus the last initial of the author for major published sources (e.g., S for Smith), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only exceptions to this are the tests reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the sequence number of the present report is the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each map location number represents a specific loca- -17- tion, or area, sampled at a particular time. In cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times. 10. Cone Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic .materials compounded in a series, so as to soften or deform in progression with increasing temperature and/or time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specific temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about 1ll2F (600C) to about 3632F (2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers. 11. Drying Shrinkage The drying shrinkage ~s a measure of the relative amount of shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes -18- upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, in this report the shrinkage values represent the percent 1inear shrinkage based on the 1 inear distance measured between two reference marks or lines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished in two stages: first, by air drying at room temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second, by drying in an oven followed by cooling to room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 212F (100C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1 931 , p 20 and 21) employed 167F (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (ll0C) for 3 hours. 12. Dry Strength The dry strength (or green strength) is a measure of the appar- ent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreaking, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compressive strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith (1931, p. 12-13) reports a quantitative measurement of this strength using the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi). 13. Extrusion Test More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which -19- show good plasticity and long firing range in the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e., one which operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (modulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8). 14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over which the material shows favorable firing characteristics. For slowfired materials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials these include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least 100F (55C) to be considered promising (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18). 15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the resistance to abrasion or scratching. It is designated either in verbal, descriptive terms or in numerical terms using Mohs' hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith (1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture. 16. Hardness (Mobs') The hardness of fired specimens using the Mobs' scale of hardness -20- is currently used by the USBM as a nlUilerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals: Mohs' Hardness No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reference Minerals Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond A Mohs' hardness greater than 3 is considered promising for slow- fired materials. 17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence in HCl is visually determined as none, slight or high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). This test gives a general indication of the amount of calcium carbonate present in the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with lime pops and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products. 18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total 1inear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements -21- between a pair of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3), (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) gives the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials. 19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure o~ the strength of materials (for crossbreaking or transverse strength in this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the force was applied and the width and thickness of the sample. The MOR is expressed in psi units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23). 20. Mobs' See Hardness (Mohs'), 21. Molding Behavior See Working Properties. 22. Munsell See Color (Munsell). 23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform -22- degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.) 24. !! - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard pyrometric cones. The value given is the number of the standard pyrometric cone which softens and sags (or falls) at the same temperature as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable potential in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low shrinkage, and light fired color). The results are usually given for the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337C; 2439F) to Cone 42 (20l5C; 3659F) where the temperature equivalents are based on a heating rate of 150C (270F) per hour. With increasing temperature resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium-duty, high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29-30 and 57-58; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). 2 5. .1?.!!. The pH is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented here show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) prior to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). -23- Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may give some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to water-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts is through direct chemical analysis as described under Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.) 26. Plasticity See Working Properties. 27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Por. 28. quick Firing See Bloating Test. 29. Saturation Coefficient The saturation coefficient is determined only for specimens which have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. It is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergence (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8). 30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage. -24- 31. Slaking See Working Properties. 32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the process of firing ("burning") the dried specimen in a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all specimens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time. The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test specimens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to -1800F (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water is released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One specimen is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature is raised to the next level (usually in intervals of 100F). At each interval the temperature is again held constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen is withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature is achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, since they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled by removal from the kiln. Since the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of -25- commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens is slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832F (l000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln is then turned off, but the specimen remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximation of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, one specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F (l250C). Unfortunately, on-ly a relatively small part of the current data set is represented by USBM tests using this newer method. The firing test methods used by Smith (1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods described above, First, the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by 100F per hour until final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones in the kiln. The maximum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith's firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible. No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch (1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech. 33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used in the 1950's and 60's by the -26- USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulfate) in the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. "The solubridge and pH readings show the higher alkali samples. Solubridge determinations give the water soluble part of the alkalis and readings above 1.5 indicate fairly high soluble salt content. Clays containing high alkalies have rather short maturing temperatures and require closer firing control. The alkalis also influence the color and lower the vitrification temperature," (H.P. Hamlin, written communication, 1957). In this method the pulverized clay or shale is boiled in water, left to stand overnight, and filtered. The content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28-29). These data are no longer collected because consistent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve. 34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with efflorescence or scum on fired clay products. (More than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.) The most accurate determinative method is to boil the finely powdered sample in distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight, The decanted solution is then analyzed for the soluble salts using standard chemical methods. The Solu-Bridge readings may also be used as a general measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28). -27- 35. Strength See Dry Strength and Modulus of Rupture. 36. "SW" face brick "SW11 stands for severe weather conditions. This is a grade of brick suitable for use under conditions where a high degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and theASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "MW" face brick.) 37. Temp. F (C) The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (F) followed by the Celsius ( C) conversion in parentheses. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available, the approximate temperature is given on the form and is based on the table of temperature equivalents in Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128) or in Veatch (1909, p. 57). 38. Water of Plasticity (%) This is a measure of the amount of water (as weight percent rela- tive to the dry material) required to temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This is not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of. equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into. briquettes from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticity and finer grain size. Unfortunately, high values also correlate with a greater degree of shrinkage, -28- warping and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2.) 39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking, plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range in time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it is given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated in a comparative manner in order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and is a general designation for the ease with which the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes. These working properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of the operator. They do, however, give a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process. -29- -30- Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays, Shales and Slates in Polk County, Georgia * * The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. -31- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material ~C~l~ay~,~k~a~o~l~i~n~i~t~i~c~(~r~e~s~i~d~u~a~l~)~----- Compilation Map Location No. Plk.09V-l County Polk. Sample Number -------------- Raw Properties: Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #76. Date Reported 1909. Ceramist ~~~---------- 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey. Water of Plasticity ___________% Working Properties Poor plasticity. Color White. Drying Shrinkage --~3~~7____% Dry Strength (tensile) 17 psi. Remarks: Drying Behavior: Good. Slow Firing Tests: Approx. Temp. OF (oC) Color Hardness Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % Appr. Por. % Other data: Remarks 2210 Dark buff 11.1 (1210) (=Cone 4) Vitrified 2606 Dark buff ( 1430) (=Cone 15) 11.4 Vitrified warped 3074 Dark buff ( 1690) (=Cone 28) Melted to a glass, fusion point is probably much lower. Remarks I Other Tests At best this is a low gr ade fire cl ay. However, it is possibly useful for making pav i ng blocks or, if mi xed wi th nearby be used f or makin terra cotta and stoneware. Its ma i n de f ects are Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -32- locn. no. Plk.09V-l , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size ----------- Retention Time ------------- Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio2 AT li 02 o2 3 Fe2o 3(total) FeO 58.88 1.38 24.73 2.72 MnO trace MgO 0.40 CaO Na 2o K20 P2o5 s (total) c (org.) trace 1.14 5.01 0.24 HC022o- 0.61 H2o+ Ignition loss 5.31 Total 100.42 Mineralogy (approximate): Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others "clay particles" iron oxides Total X (angular) XX (muscovite ?) XX X X = present XX = abundant Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey Color 1800 Ligh t ( 982) tan Hardness (Mobs') 2 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 5.0 26.5 Appr. Por. % * 40.3 Other data: Bulk Dens. Icc 1. 52 1900 Light (1038) tan 2 5.0 25.9 39.4 1. 52 2000 Light (1093) tan 3 5.0 21.2 35.0 1. 65 2100 Light (1149) brown 4 5.0 16.4 29.2 1. 78 2200 Dark (1204) brown 5 10.0 9.7 19.3 1.99 2300 (1260) Gray 6 10.0 5.4 11.2 2.08 Remarks*/Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick s pecifications at about 21 50F (1177C). Potential Use: Bui ld i ng brick. Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. *With revisions by K.J . Liles (Written Communication, 1987) -108- locn. no. Plk.67-2 , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m1n. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 F, 982C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determ i ned. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 Tio2 Al203 Fe203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o KzO P2o5 s (total) c (org.) HHco22oo2~- . Ign1t1on loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst Date ------- Method ----------------------- Sample Location Data: - - - - County __P_o_l_k_._______ Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Lat.------ Long. Field No. 156 , Collected by J.W. Smith? -~-------------- Date c 19 66 . Sample Method Grab (?). Weathering/alteration ------------- Structural Attitude Stratigraphic Assignment ----------------------------------Samp 1e Description & Comment s _..;;N,;.;;o;,_,;f;;.;u;;.;r;;.;t;;.;h:..;.e;:_r=---=d-=a..:.t..:.a__;;a;..;.v..;;a;.;;i;.;;l;.;;a;.;;b:..:l;;.;e;;.;.=--------------------- Compiled by __B_._J_.__o_'_C_o_n_n_o_r_______ Date 9-25-86 -109- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __C_l_a~y~(_R~o_m_e~)~--------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Plk.67-3 County Polk. Sample Number ~1~5~7__________ Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-20. Date Reported 1-11-67. Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM. --~~~~--------- Water of Plasticity 18.6 % Working Properties Low plasticity. pH-5.1 Not effervescent with HCl. Color Brown. Drying Shrinkage 0.0 % Dry Strength Low. ~~~---------- Remarks No drying defects. Slow Firing Tests: 1800 ( 982) Color Tan Hardness (Mohs') 2 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 0.0 22.4 Appr. Por. % * 37.4 Other data: Bulk Dens. /cc 1.67 1900 (1038) Tan 3 0.0 19.6 34.3 1. 75 2000 Light (1093) brown 4 2.5 15.2 28.1 1.85 2100 Light (1149) brown 4 5.0 9.9 19.6 1.98 2200 Red- (1204) brown 5 5.0 7.2 14.7 2.04 2300 Dark (1260) brown 6 5.0 3.5 7.3 2.08 Remarks*/Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick s ecifications at about 2150F ( ll77C). Low green st ren th. Potential Use: Build in brick. Also see "Extrusion Tests" Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. *With revisions by K.J. Liles, (written communication, 1987). -110- Map Location No. Plk. 67-3 TUSCALOOSA METALLURGY RESEARCH LABORATORY Clay Evaluation: Extrusion Tests Sender's identification: 157 Tuscaloosa number: G-9-20 Date 2-10-67 Body composition: Raw clay through 16-mesh: 100%. Tempering water: 23% of dry batch weight. Vacuum on machine: 23 inches of mercury. Drying: 24 hours in air; 24 hours at 140F (60C). Drying shrinkage: 1.0% Modulus of rupture, dry unfired: 370 psi. Firing: Time- 24 hours. Temperature- 2140F (1171C). Cone- 5 over. Total shrinkage: 8.3%. Absorption, 5-hour boiled: 1.1% Absorption, 24-hour soaked: 0.4%. Saturation coefficient: 0.36 Apparent Porosity: 2.7% Bulk density: 2.42 gm/cc. Fired modulus of rupture: 5270 ps1. Mohs' hardness: 8 Color: Red-brown Comments Fired too high for face brick. possible use as quarry tile. -111~ locn. no. Plk.67-3, cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined . Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 AFTeli022oo2 33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P2o5 s c (total) (org.) HC0o2- H220 + Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst--- - - - - - - - - - - Date ------- Method ----------------------Sample Location Data: County __P_o_l_k_._____ Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ---------------. Lat. Long . Field No. ---1~57---------, Collected by J.W. Smith? Date c.l966 Sample Method Grab(?) Weathering/alteration --------- Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------ Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Cambrian). Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 9-25-86 -112- -113- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material __C_l_a~y__o_r _s_h__al_e_.__________________ Compilation Map Location No. Plk.67-4 County Polk. Raw Properties: Sample Number -1-5-8------- Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-21. Date Reported 1-11-67. Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM. -~~~~------- Water of Plasticity 25.3 % Working Properties_ Low plasticity. pH=4.8 Not eff ervescent with HCl. Color Tan. Drying Shrinkage 0.0 % Dry Strength ~L~o~w~ ----------- Remarks No drying defects. Slow Firing Tests: Temp. OF Cc) 1800 ( 982) Color Pink Hardness (Mobs') 3 Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % 2.5 23.0 Appr. Por. % * 36.3 Other data: Bulk Dens. /cc 1.58 1900 (1038) Salmon 4 5.0 19.1 31.9 1.67 2000 (1093) Tan 5 5.0 14.6 16.3 1.80 2100 Light ( 1149) brown 5 10.0 7.5 15.0 2.00 2200 Dark (1204) brown 6 10.0 4. 7 9.8 2.08 2300 ( 1260) Gray 7 10.0 4.1 8.4 2.04 Remarks*/Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick s ecifications at about 2050F (1121C). Potential Use: Buildin brick. Also face br i ck or tile- see 'Extrusion Tests Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. *With revisions by K.J. Liles, (written communication, 1987). -114- Map Location No. Plk. 67-4 TUSCALOOSA METALLURGY RESEARCH LABORATORY Clay Evaluation: Extrusion Tests Sender's identification: 158 Tuscaloosa number: G-9-21 Date 1-12-68 Body composition: Raw clay through 6-mesh: 100%. Tempering '"ater: 27% of dry batch weight. Vacuum on machine: 28 inches of mercury. Drying: 24 hours in air; 24 hours at 140F (60C). Drying shrinkage: 2.1% Modulus of rupture, dry unfired: 200 psi. Firing: Time- 24 hours. Temperature- 2060F (1127C). Cone- 1 Total shrinkage: 9.4%. Absorption, 5-hour boiled: 2.1% Absorption, 24-hour soaked: 1.9%. Saturation coefficient: 0.90 Apparent Porosity: 4.9% Bulk density: 145.4 lb/cu ft Fired modulus of rupture: 3650 psi. Mohs' hardness: 6 Color: Light brown. Comments Should be satisfactory for face brick or quarry tile. -115- locn. no. Plk.67-4, cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determ i ned. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Sio 2 Ti0 2 Al203 Fe 2o3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o K20 P205 s c (total) (org.) C02 H2o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % Analyst Date - - ----- Method Sample Location Data: - - - - County __P_o_l_k_._____ Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. ----- -----------. Lat. Long . Field No. 157 , Collected by J.W. Smith? ---~------------- Date c.l966 Sample Method Grab(?) Weathering/alteration Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------ Stratigraphic Assignment Sample Description & Comments No further data available. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 9-25-86 -116- -117- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Slate (Rocmkart). Compilation Map Location No. Plk.77-l --------~----~~---------------- County Polk. Sample Number Raw Properties: Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; No. Ga-23-L. Date Reported ----8---3-0---7-7--------- Ceramist K.J. Liles, USBM. - - - - - Water of Plasticity % Working Properties Color --------- Drying Shrinkage ----------% Dry Strength ----------------- Slow Firing Tests: Not determined Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Par. Other (Munsell) (Mohs 1 ) Shrinkage, % % % data: Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Positive. Temp. OF (oC) Absorption Bulk Density % g/cm3 lb/ft3 Remarks 1832 ( 1000) 3.1 2.41 150.3 No eKpansion. 1922 (1050) 3.5 2.19 136.3 No eKpanslon. 2012 ( 1100) 4.4 1. 87 116.9 Slight expansion. 2102 (1150) 8.7 1.08 67.3 Good pore structure - sticky. Remarks Marginal for lightweight aggregate. Heavy. Tests on crushed and pelletized material were negative as they had no bond strength and crumbled on firing. -118- loco, no. Plk.77-l, Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size ------------ Retention Time -------------- Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide Weight % Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe 2 03 FeO MoO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P2os s c (total) (org.) C02 H2o- H2o+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite- vermiculite Montmorillonite Others Total volume % cont. Analyst -------------------------- Date ------------- Method Sample Location Data: County ___P_o_l_k_._ _ _ __ Land Lot Sec. Dist'. 7 1/2' topo quad. Rockmart S. (N. side). Lat. Long. Field No. Collected by D.H. White, USBM. Date Feb. 1977. Sample Method Bulk sample. Weathering/alteration Fresh slate. Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Rockmart Slate (Ordovician). Sample Description & Comments Sample of crushed and raw slate from Galaite Co r p. (Ga. Li ghtweight Aggrega te Co.) quarry just south of Rockmart , 1/2 mi . south of Ga. Hwy. 6 and east o f the Seaboard Coast Li ne R.R. Samp les tested to see if present pr oduction of expanded agg r eg ate with 60 l bs / f t 3 could be i mproved (made l ighter) do not give much promise f or i mprovement except possibl y f or extens i ve expe rimenttat i on wi th di ff erent additives comb i ned with fi ne grind i ng, blend i ng , and extrus i on of pelletizi ng. Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-17-88 -119- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Slate (Rockmart). Compilation Map Location No. Plk.80-1 ~~~~~~~~~--------------- County Polk. Sample Number Clay No. 1. Raw Properties: Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche, #M.P. 1790. Date Reported March 1980. Ceramist L. Lorici. ----~~~~~---- ------- Water of Plasticity %Working Properties Micaceous. Color Buff-tan. Drying Good. % Dry Strength Low. Pressing Foliated. Fluidizing -~;G.o;o.d.. :-------- Slow Firing Tests: (50 x 100 x 8 mm. pressed tiles.) ----~~~--------- Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. Other (Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, % % % data: 1976 (1080) (= cycle 1) 2030 (1110) (= cycle 2) foliated foliated 1994 6.1 (1090) (= cycle 3) foliated (DTA and Dilatometric Analyses on file. - unpubl. report.) Remarks I Other Tests Schistose , chloritic clay with h i gh micaceous mineral content. Difficul t to handle due to low gr een str ength. ("C l ": much too refractory and not at all suitable for making tiles.) Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -120- locn. no. Plk.80-l , cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size --<--4-0------ Retention Time Cycle 1: 40-45 min. -C~y-c~le--2:~--7~0~-7~5~m~- in-. Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Cycle 3: 200-230 m1n. 1n roller kiln. Chemical Analysis Oxide (A) Weight % (B) Si02 60.00 64.2 Ti02 1.04 1.1 Al Fe 22o033 FeO 19.98 6.90 20.4 7.5 MnO 0.00 MgO 2.00 1.3 CaO 0.11 Na20 0.17 0.3 K20 4.28 4.3 P2o5 S (total) - C (org.) HC202o- H2o+ Ignition loss 5.36 (5.0) Total 99.84 99.1 Mineralogy Mineral volume % (A) (B) Quartz X Feldspar Carbonate Mica (Muscovite) X Chlorite-(+kaolinite) (29) X vermiculite Montmorillonite Illite (71) X Total X= present. Analyst A) R. Landrum, GA Survey. B) Marazzi Ceramiche. Date Aug. and Sept. 1979. M. A. Tadkod, GA Survey. M. Ceramiche. Aug. and Sept. 1979. Method A) Atomic Absorption B) XRF and Spectrophotometry. Sample Location Data: x-ray diffraction. ----- County ___P_o_l_k_._________ Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Taylorsville (W. side). Lat.---------- Long. Field No. 1. , Collected by M. A. Tadkod. --~------------- Date July 1979. Sample Method --G-ra-b-. ------ Weathering/alteration Weathered slate. Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------- Stratigraphic Assignment Rockmart Slate (Ordovician). Sample Description & Comments Sample from outcrop on W. side of Ga. Hwy. 113 about 1/2 mile S. of Taylorsville city limits and just N. of Mt. Sinai Church (after M.A. Tadkod, unpubl. data, 1979 and 1980). Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 2-10-82 -121- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES __ ____ Material Slate (Rocmkart). Compilation Map Location No. Plk.80-2 --------~------~---------------- County Polk. Sample Number Cl_a_.y_ No. 2. Raw Properties: Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche, #M.P. 1791. Date Reported March 1980. Ceramist -~~~~~~--- I L. Lorici. ------- Water of Plasticity %Working Properties Schistose. -~~~~~---------- Color -B-u~f f-- t-a n-. -- PDrreysinsigng-~G~Do~oi~df.~fi-c-u-l-t.------% Dry Flui Streng dizing th -LG~oowo~.d.------ Slow Firing Tests: (SO X 100 x 8 mm. pressed tiles.) Temp. OF (oC) Color Hardness Linear Absorption Appr. Por. (Munsell) (Mohs") Shrinkage, % % % 1976 ( 1080) (= cycle 1) 2030 1.2 (1110) (= cycle 2) 13.8 1994 3.1 9.3 ( 1090) (= cycle 3) DTA AND Dilatometric Analyses on file. - unpubl. report). Other data: Remarks / Other Tests Schistose, chloritic clay with a high m1caceous mineral content giving a low gr een stre ng th and high refractoriness. C'Cl": much too refractory and not at al l suitable for making tiles.) Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -122- locn. no. Plk.80-2 cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size < 40 Retention Time Cycle 1: Cycle 2: Chemical & Mineralo~ical Data: Cycle 3: 40-45 min. 70-75 min. 200-230 min. in roller kiln. Chemical Analysis Oxide (A) Weight % (B) Si02 61.92 66.4 Ti02 Al 2o3 Fe2o3 FeO 0.43 19.90 6.44 1.0 18.4 6.4 MnO 0.00 MgO 2.10 1.9 CaO 0.11 Na 2o 0.24 0.4 K2 0 4.04 4.0 P2o5 S (total) - c (org.) co2 H2 o H2o+ Ignition loss 4.70 (4.6) Total 99.88 98.5 Mineralogy Mineral volume % (A) (B) Quartz X Feldspar Carbonate Mica (Muscovite) X Chlorite-(+kaolinite) (24) X vermiculite Montmorillonite Illite (76) Total X = present (A) = clays and micas only. Analyst A) R. Landrum, GA Survey. B) Marazzi Ceramiche. Date Aug. and Sept. 1979. M. A. Tadkod, GA Survey. M. Ceramiche. Aug. and Sept. 1979. Method A) Atomic Absorption . B) XRF a~d Sp ectrophotometry. Sample Locat i on Data: X-ray diffraction. County --~P~o~l_k~ --------- Land Lot ------ Sec. 7 1/2' topo quad. Rockmart North (E. side). Lat. Dist. Long. Field No. --2~a~n~ d ~ A ~sh~a~l-e ---, Collected by M. and A. Tadkod O'Connor Date July 1979 and Nov. 1980 Sample Method --G-r-a-b-. ------ Weathering/alteration Weathered slate. Structural Attitude Slaty clevage ( bedding) strikes N22E, dip 2l 0 E. Stratigraphic Assignment Rockmart Slate (Ordovician). Sample Description & Comments Sample from the W. side of Ga. Hwy. 113 about 3 mi. S. of Taylorsville cit y limits. Both samples are inferred to by Benzel and 0 1Connor . Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-17-88 --~~~~-------- -123- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Slate (Rockmart). Compilation Map Location No. Plk.80-3a ----------------~---------------- County Polk. Sample Number - -S-h-a-l-e-A-.---- Raw Properties: Lab & No. Georgia Tech., #AS. Date Reported 12-10-80. Ceramist J. F. Benzel, Georgia Tech. -~~~~~------- Water of Plasticity -----------%Working Properties ------------------------------ Color -------------- Drying Shrinkage --~0~ ~1 ~2 ~5 ___% Dr y Strength ~(~M~O~R~)---_p~s~1~--Drying Wt. Loss 23.29 Slow Firing Tests: ( lxlx= 9 1n. bars.) Temp. OF (oC) Color Hardness (Munsell) (MOR, psi.) Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % (total) Cone l: 2120 (1160) 571 0.05 (1 sample bar fired.) 11.54 LOI % 3.64 Other data: Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -124- CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material Shale (blend). Compilation Map Location No. Plk.80-3b --------~----~------------------ County Polk (+Floyd and Hancock). Sample Number Shale A-blend. Raw Properties: Lab & No. Georgia Tech., #3A. Date Reported 12-10-80. Ceramist J. F. Benzel, Georgia Tech. --~~~~~------ Water of Plasticity -----------% Working Properties Color Drying Shrinkage 3.34 Drying Wt. Loss 22.43 Slow Firing Tests: (lxlx = 9 in. bars.) %Dry Strength (MOR) 341 psi. Temp. OF (oC) Color Hardness (Munsell) (MOR, psi.) Linear Absorption Shrinkage, % % (total) Cone 1: 2120 (1160) 2296 4.82 (8.16) (3 sample bars fired). 7.58 Appr. Por. % 3.88 Other data: Ex erimental 80-4a) + 35% Shale A (= Plk. 80-3a) Not as good as X5 Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. -125- locn. no . Plk.80-3 (a & b) cont. Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) - - - - - Particle Size Retention Time Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined. Chemical Analysis Oxide SiOz TiOz Al Fe 22oo33 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na 2o KzO PzOs S (total) C (org.) COz H2o- H20+ Ignition loss Total Mineralogy Mineral volume % Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica (Muscovite) Chlorite-(+kaolinite) vermiculite Montmorillonite Illite Total Analyst Date --------------------- Method ------------- Sample Location .Data : County ___P~o~l_k~ --------- Land Lot Sec. Dist. 7 1/2' topo quad. Rockmart North (E. side). Lat. Long. Field No. Shale A. , --~~~~~------- Collected by -a~Bn~ed~nO~z'~eCl~o-n_n_o__r __ Date Nov. 1980 Sample Method --G-r-a-b-. ------- Weathering/alteration Weathered slate. Structural Attitude Slaty clevage ( bedding) strikes N22E , dip 2l 0 E. Stratigraphic Assignment Rockmart Slate (Ordovician). Compiled by B. J. O'Connor Date 6-17-88 --~~~~----- -126- DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. Cl3-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24-72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. 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