m INFORMATION CIRCULAR GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF GORDON, WHITFIELD, AND MURRAY COUNTIES, GEORG lA by C. W. Cressler STATE OF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Joe D. Tanner, Commissioner EARTH AND WATER DIVISION THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Sam M. Pickering, State Geologist and Division Director Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey ATLANTA 1974 For convenience in selecting our reports from your bookshelves, they will be color-keyed across the spine by subject as follows: Red Dk. Purple Maroon Lt. Green Lt. Blue Dk. Green Dk. Blue Olive Yellow Dk. Orange Brown Black Valley & Ridge mapping and structural geology Piedmont & Blue Ridge mapping and struc- tural geology Coastal Plain mapping and stratigraphy Paleontology Coastal Zone studies Geochemical and Geophysical studies Hydrology Economic geology Mining directory Environmental studies Engineering studies Bibliographies and lists of publications Petroleum and natural gas Field trip guidebooks. Colors have been selected at random, and will be augmented as new subjects are published. Typeset by Darleen JohnsOn lllfl:l l i D INFORMATION CIRCULAR GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF GORDON, WHITFIELD, AND MURRAY COUNTIES, GEORG lA by C. W. Cressler STATE OF GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Joe D. Tanner, Commissioner EARTH AND WATER DIVISION THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Sam M. Pickering, State Geologist and Division Director Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey ATLANTA 1974 CONTENTS Abstract . . Introduction Purpose, scope, and methods of investigation Well and spring numbering system Previous investigations Acknowledgments Climate, physiography, and drainage Occurrence of ground water Water-level fluctuations Use of ground water Pollution of wells and springs Chemical quality of ground water Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties Precambrian or Cambrian Metamorphic and igneous rocks, undivided . Cambrian System . . . Chilhowee Group Rome Formation. Conasauga Formation Cambrian and Ordovician Systems Knox Group Ordovician System Newala Limestone Lenoir Limestone. Athens Shale Holston Limestone Ottosee Shale . . Chota Formation . Moccasin Formation Bays Formation . . Silurian System . . . . Red Mountain Formation Devonian System Armuchee Chert Chattanooga Shale and Maury Member Mississippian System Fort Payne Chert Lavender Shale Member of Fort Payne Chert Floyd Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Page 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 7 7 7 11 11 11 12 14 14 20 20 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 30 30 CONTENTS-continued Major geologic structures . Rome Fault ... Coosa Fault . . . Great Smoky Fault High angle faults . Relation of geologic structure to hydrology References Appendix. Page 31 31 31 33 33 33 35 37 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 1-3. Geology and location of wells and springs in: 1. Gordon County . 2. Whitfield County . 3. Murray County in pocket in pocket in pocket Figure 1. Map of Georgia showing location of Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Generalized map of availability of ground water in Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. Photograph of a borad valley developed on a limestone unit of the Conasauga Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. Photograph of Ophileta complanata (Vanuxem) from the Knox Group 16 5. Photograph of Chepultepec Dolomite of the Knox Group faulted against the Bays Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6. Photograph of typical intermittent stream valley in the Knox Group 20 7. Photograph of chert layers in residuum of the Knox Group 21 8. Photograph of Ceratopea from the Newala Limestone 22 9. Photograph of icicles showing water leaking from steeply included bedding planes in the Red Mountain Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 10. Photograph of uniform chert beds in the Fort Payne Formation . . . . 29 11. Map of Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties showing major geologic s~uctures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 iv TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4. Chemical analyses of spring water Chemical analyses of weli water . Geologic formations and their water-bearing properties Flow of springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX Table 5. Record of wells in Gordon County, Ga. . 6. Record of wells in Whitfield County, Ga. 7. Record of wells in Murray County, Ga. . Page 6 8 10 18 Page 38 48 53 u GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF GORDON, WHITFIELD, AND MURRAY COUNTIES, GEORGIA by Charles W. Cressler1 ABSTRACT Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties lie mainly in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province of northwest Georgia, where rocks range from Early Cambrian to Mississippian in age. The east edge of the tri-county area extends into the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces and is underlain by metasedimentary and igneous rocks of Precambrian and possible Cambrian age. Mapping of the Paleozoic rocks resulted in the following: (1) recognition of sediments classed as the Chilhowee Group in northwest Georgia; (2) placement of broad belts of shale in the Conasauga Formation that previous workers had mapped as part of the Rome Formation; (3) finding of fossils (including Ceratopea unquis Yochelson and Bridge) in the Newala Limestone in Murray County that shows it to be equivalent to the youngest known Newala and younger than the Mascot Dolomite in Tennessee; and (4) discovery of graptolites in the Athens Shale in Murray County that indicate it is probably the same age as the Rockmart Slate in Polk County, Georgia. An inventory of 850 wells revealed that moderately mineralized water in quantities of 3 to 20 gpm (gallons per minute) suitable for domestic and farm supply can be obtained at depths less than 300 feet nearly everywhere in the three counties, except on steep slopes and narrow ridges. Larger yield industrial or municipal wells have been developed only in small areas underlain by carbonate rocks. Only 16 wells supply more than 50 gpm. The largest yield obtained thus far (1971) has been 300 gpm from limestone at thetop of the Conasauga Formation. In adjacent counties, yields of 300 to 1,000 gpm are produced by wells less than 350 feet deep along the larger intermittent streams that drain the Knox Group. Broad exposures of the Knox in the report area contain many sites that should supply more than 300 gpm. Well water from the Knox generally is moderately mineralized, but it can be used for many purposes without treatment. Large supplies of ground water are available from springs. Twenty-six springs in the area have 1 U.S. Geological Survey m1mmum recorded flows of 200 gpm; seven of these discharge more than 500 gpm, and one flows more than 4,000 gpm. As of May 1971, 20 of these springs, having a combined flow of 15,400 gpm, were unused. Most of the spring water is moderately hard to hard, has a low iron content and can be used with little or no treatment. INTRODUCTION Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray are populous and growing counties in northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). They are important centers of business, industrv. TENNESSEE / NORTH CAROLINA Fi9ure 1:-- Mop of Geor9io showin9 location of Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties. and agriculture. Textiles and carpets are among the chief products of the area. Dalton, the seat of Whitfield County and largest city in the area, is known as "The Carpet Capital of the World." Although carpet manufacturing and related industries are a principal source of revenue in all three counties, other important products include miscellaneous clay, crushed rock, talc, limestone, pulpwood, broiler chickens, cattle and cotton. During the past decade (1960-70), the three counties have experienced a very rapid influx of industry. This industrialization has led to an unprecedented demand for water supplies, but their development has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the water resources of the area. To help overcome this lack of knowledge, an investigation of the ground-water resources was undertaken by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Mines, Mining, and Geology (now the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Earth and Water Division). The investigation was part of a statewide appraisal of ground-water resources. PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The purpose of this investigation was to determine the occurrence and chemical quality of ground water that is available in Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties, to describe and delineate the aquifers from which it comes, and to correct any errors found in the identification or correlation of the geologic formations. The study included an inventory of more than 850 wells to determine the range in well depth, the depth to the water table, and the quality and quantity of the water available (well tables listed in Appendix). Periodic measurements were made in several wells to indicate the range in seasonal fluctuation of the water table. All known springs were inventoried and their rate of flow measured or estimated. The temperature of the spring water was recorded, and the reliability of the sustained flow, the degree of fluctuation and the quality of the spring water was ascertained, where possible. Water samples were collected from 27 wells and 14 springs for chemical analyses by the Quality of Water Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Ocala, Florida. To delineate the various aquifers and determine their lithologic character and thickenss, the geology of the counties was mapped on aerial photographs. Fossils were used, wherever possible, to determine biostratigraphic correlation as an indication of geologic age. WELL AND SPRING NUMBERING SYSTEM Wells in this report are numbered according to a system based on the 71/z-minute topographic quadrangle maps of the U. S. Geological Survey. Each quadrangle in the State has been given a number and a letter designation according to its location. The numbers begin in the southwest corner of the State and increase numerically eastward. The letters begin in the same place, but progress alphabetically to the north, following the rule of "read right up". Because the alphabet contains fewer letters than there are quadrangles, those in the northern part of the State have double-letter designations, as in 5HH. The quadrangles covering the report area are shown in Plates 1, 2 and 3. Wells in each are numbered consecutively, beginning with number one, as in 5HH-l. Springs in each quadrangle are numbered similarly except that the letter "S" is added to distinguish them from wells, as in 5HH-Sl. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS The most comprehensive publication dealing with the geology of northwest Georgia was by Butts (1948). Because earlier work was reviewed by Butts, no such thorough review is given here. Several reports dealing with specific aspects of the geology and mineral resources of the area have since been published as bulletins of the Georgia Geological Survey; a list of the ones available can be obtained from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Earth and Water Division, 19 Hunter Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30334. Other detailed works by graduate students of Emory University are available in unpublished theses. Reports also have been published about the geology and ground-water resources of seven nearby counties in the Paleozoic rock area of northwest Georgia. The counties reported on are Bartow (Croft, 1963), Catoosa (Cressler, 1963), Chattooga (Cressler, 1964), Dade (Croft, 1964), Floyd and Polk (Cressler, 1970), and Walker (Cressler, 1964). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to 2 the citizens of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties for their cooperation in furnishing information for the well inventory and for their aid in the collection of water samples for chemical analyses. Special acknowledgment is given Dr. Ellis L. Yochelson of the U. S. Geological Survey. Dr. Yochelson visited the study area to collect fossils from the Newala Limestone and to help correlate it with rocks of the same age in other parts of Georgia and the United States. Dr. Allison R. Palmer, formerly of the U. S. Geological Survey, identified Cambrian trilobites and determined their ages. Dr. William B. N. Berry of the University of California at Berkeley identified graptolites collected from the Athens Shale in Murray County. Mr. Thomas J. Crawford of West Georgia College told the writer of a Cambrian trilobite locality he had discovered in Bartow County, Georgia. Mr. Harry E. Blanchard, hydraulic engineering technician, did the complete well and spring inventory for this report. He also collected water samples for chemical analyses. This investigation began under the direct supervision of A. N. Cameron, former district chief, Water Resources Division. It was completed under John R. George, district chief, Water Resources Division, Georgia District, U. S. Geological Survey. The photograph of Ceratopea in the report was prepared by the Paleontology and Stratigraphy Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey under the direction of Dr. Ellis L. Yochelson. CLIMATE, PHYSIOGRAPHY, AND DRAINAGE Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties have a mild climate. The frost-free season averages about 190 days. The average annual precipitation is 54 inches, including a small amount of snow. Precipitation is heaviest in winter and midsummer and lightest in autumn. Most of the report area lies in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. The east edge of Murray County, however, extends into the Blue Ridge Province, and eastern Gordon County is in the Piedmont Province. The Valley and Ridge Province is separated from the others by the Great Smoky Fault. The Valley and Ridge Province is dominated by northward-trending valleys separated by low, rounded ridges and by high, steep-sided ridges. Most of the valley areas have an elevation of 650 to 800 feet. The intervening ridges range from about 1,050 f'et to as much as 1,600 feet above sea level. The part of Murray County in the Blue Ridge Province includes rugged mountain peaks that rise 3,000 feet above sea level and stand about 2,200 feet above the adjacent Valley and Ridge Province, separated by a sharp fault escarpment. The eastern part of Gordon County in the Piedmont Province is an irregular and deeply dissected upland that has narrow valleys and rounded interstream areas ranging from about 1,000 to 1,500 feet above sea level. The northwestern part of the study area is drained by the Tennessee River, and the remainder is drained by the Conasauga and Oostanaula Rivers. During dry weather the base flow is maintained by ground-water discharge and by springs. The streams are actively downcutting and have erosional flood plains on which the bedrock is covered by only a few feet of alluvium. Streams east of the Conasauga River in Murray County were superimposed on alluvium, which gave them an unusual westward flow across the strike of the rocks. OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER The most important sources of ground water in the report area are the joints, fractures and other secondary openings in sedimentary rocks. Soft rock, such as shale, tends to have tight joints that can hold and release only small volumes of water; wells in shale generally yield less that 10 gpm (gallons per minute). Harder rocks, such as sandstone, chert and graywacke, have larger and better connected openings and supply 10 to 100 gpm to wells. Soluble rocks, such as limestone and dolomite, have joints that are enlarged by solution, giving greatly increased storage capacity. Wells in carbonate rock can supply as much as 1,000 gpm, and some springs discharge as much as 5,000 gpm. As a rule, joints and fractures in all kinds of rock become fewer and smaller with depth. For this reason, most ground water is stored in the upper 150 feet in shale and in the upper 250 feet in most other kinds of rock, including thinly bedded and shaly limestone. Because of this, deep drilling in these sediments for water is rarely successful. Almost always, if the required yield has not been obatined by the time a well reaches a depth of 150 feet in shale, or 250 feet in most other kinds of rock, it is expedient to try another location. Two wells 200 feet deep are far more likely to obtain the needed volume of water than a single well 400 feet deep. 3 Massively bedded limestone may contain sizable interconnected openings deeper than 350 feet. A few wells are reported to pump from limestone openings as deep as 500 feet. However, odds against finding water in limestone below 350 feet in northwest Georgia are so great that deeper drilling is a poor gamble. Unconsolidated sediment is not an important aquifer in the report area. Most of the stream alluvium is thin and has low permeability. Small areas in Murray County are covered by alluvium possibly 50 feet thick, but it does not seem to yield much water. The availability of water in any type of rock depends to a large extent on the topography. As a rule in the Valley and Ridge area, wells in broad, low areas yield more water than ones on hilltops, steep slopes, or in "V"-shaped valleys. Part of the reason for this is that low areas are covered by thick soil. Where the soil is thick, the water table commonly lies in it, and the volume of water stored in the soil is much greater than could be held in the rock openings along. Water in the soil is available to drain into the underlying fractures and to sustain large well yields. WATER-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS Periodic water-level measurements show .that in flat-lying areas having only minor stream dissection, the water table has a seasonal fluctuation of between 5 and 15 feet. In more hilly areas, the fluctuation ranges from about 10 to 50 feet. The water levels generally are highest during April and May and recede slowly to their lowest levels in November, December, or January. Regional water levels have remained nearly the same for the past 20 years. This finding is based on the depth of water in old dug wells and other wellinventory data. Only in areas near heavily pumped wells have water levels declined. USE OF GROUND WATER Even though public utilities distribute water in and around the towns and along the main roads, ground water, mostly from wells, is used by several thousand rural residents in the three-county area. Most rural areas are totally dependent on ground water for water supplies. Dairies, chicken houses, farms, churches and some small industries commonly rely on wells and springs. The first major industries to locate in the study area centered near the larger springs, e.g. Crown Cotton Mill and American Thread Co. in Dalton and Echota Cotton Mill in Calhoun. Once the springs were utilized, new industries were forced to turn to public utilities for water. The demand for water was so great that Chatsworth had to expand its system by acquiring James Spring (7NN-S4), and Calhoun abandoned its well and spring supply and built a filtration plant to use water from the Oostanaula River. The capacity of Dalton's system was greatly increased, and Fairmount, Gordon County, had to supplement its wells with surface water. Yet, with all this expansion, supplies have barely kept up with demand. The influx of new industries and the expansion of old ones continues to place heavy demands on public water supplies. Industries once again are turning to springs and wells for water supplies. Jeager Spring (5MM-S4), for example, is now being used for industrial cooling, and other industries are investigating the use of Deep Spring (7PP-S1) and Freeman Spring (5NN-S1). During the past 10 years, several industries in the area have successfully developed well supplies. Some have done so because ground water is relatively inexpensive, but others have drilled extensively without obtaining the necessary yield and were forced to purchase water from a public utility. A few industries that require ground water for its comparatively constant temperature and chemical quality, or for its low cost, have been unable to locate in the report area because they could not develop an adequate well supply. Specialized industries that use very large amounts of water of nearly constant temperature and chem-. ical quality have inquired about the availability of springs in the area. Municipalities, such as Calhoun, are planning to use spring water to supplement their supplies. Many industries continue to develop well supplies. If this trend continues, the next decade or two will see nearly all of the large springs in the area being used and most of the high-yield well sites developed for industrial water supplies. POLLUTION OF WELLS AND SPRINGS The ground-water reservoir throughout most of the study area is protected from pollution by a soil cover that filters out bacteria and other contaminants. Ground-water pollution rarely occurs where the soil remains undistrubed unless pollutants gain access to the ground through a natural breach, such as a sinkhole, joints in exposed rock or a leaky well casing. 4 Septic tanks t.:an be a major cause of groundwater pollution. Where their construction disturbs the soil cover down to bedrock, bacteria can pass unfiltered into bedrock openings. Once in the bedrock, baderia t.:an travel hundreds of feet to a well or spring (Cressler, 1970, p. 45). Bacteria that enter carbonate rock may be swept along by fastmoving water and appear in a spring several thousand feet away. A large spring in Gordon County (Roes Spring, 7LL-S1) is polluted by bacteria that are being transported by moving water from a septic tank nearly half a mile away. The pollution was discovered when the city of Calhoun tried to use Roes Spring to supplement its water supply. As the spring water had a reputation of being of good quality, the only treatment planned for the water was chlorination. But tests by the Georgia Department of Public Health showed that the bacteria content of the water was too high to be used with disinfection alone. Three samples of water taken from Roes Spring on January 12, 1971, each had a total coliform density of 430 per 100 milliliters of sample and a fecal coliform density of 430, 91 and 31 per 100 milliliters (All coliform densities are for 100 milliliters of sample). Three samples gathered February 3, 1971, had a total coliform density of 2,300, 460 and 240 and a maximum fecal coliform density of 43. Additional samples obatined February 11, 1971, had an average total coliform density of 1,100 and a maximum fecal coliform density of 15. Regulations of the Georgia Department of Public Health stipulate that water for use as a public supply, treated by chlorination only, can have a coliform density no greater than 50 per 100 milliliters, or a fecal coliform density no greater than 20 per 100 milliliters. As the bacteria content of this water far exceeded these limits, Roes Spring was unsuitable for use by the city. Nearly all spring water, of course, is subject to pollution. Initial testing and repeated testing is necessary to detect pollution and to monitor it. Spring water that for years has been safe to drink may suddenly become polluted by cattle upgradient or septic tanks more than a quater of a mile away. Although it is not generally recognized, well pollution is more common than spring pollution. A large number of wells are polluted because they are too close to septic tanks and other sources of filth, such as barnyards, hog lots and chicken houses. Faulty well construction, poorly protected wells, deterioration of plumbing and unsanitary conditions are other causes of well pollution. A study of domestic water supplies in Bartow County, Ga., just south of the report area and in the same kind of rock, showed that of 194 private water supplies sampled, 50.5 percent were polluted (Davis and Stephenson, 1970). It is general practice to locate wells for convenience and economy rather than for safety of the water supply. Wells are commonly placed as closely as possible to houses or barns without regard to the nearness of septic tanks or other sources of pollutants. Many wells located in this manner eventually give trouble. A residential well can become polluted without the owner suspecting. The first indication may be intestinal upsets that quickly pass, as family members acquire an immunity. Visitors to the home also are effected, but the water is rarely suspected. The water in a well polluted by a septic tank may remain clear and seem normal in every way, or it may have a bad smell and begin to foam. Water in wells that are polluted by unfiltered surface water commonly gets cloudy or even muddy during wet weather or after an especially heavy rain. Drilling sites as far as practicable on the uphill side of potential sources of pollution are safest, as are sites as far across the strike as possible and updip, where the underlying rock strata are inclined. Sealing the well casing against surface water and fitting pump caps tightly to keep out insects, rodents, trash and other impurities are also efficient safety measures. Standard practice is to sterilize a new well and test for bacterial contamination. Nearly all well water is found to be safe when the well is new, but the danger of pollution increases as the well is used. Lowering the water table by pumping may eventually draw septic-tank effluent to the well intake. Also, lowering the water table in limestone terrane occasionally causes sinkholes to form, allowing surface water to reach the ground-water reservoir. Some sinks begin as a small hole and may go unnoticed. A hole of this kind in a barnyard, for example, can quickly ruin a water supply. Periodic testing to assure that a well continues to be safe has been indicated to be necessary. CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER In general, all the spring water sampled in the area is dolomitic (Ca-MgHC03 ) water (Table 1 ), having a pH range of 7.1-8.2 and a dissolved solids range of 85-190 mg/1 (milligrams per liter). Most of the spring water is similar in character because it is from a common source, the Knox Group. There 5 Table !.-Chemical aruzlyses 1 of spring water, Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties, Ga. Spring name or owner Spring number County Date of collection Water-bearing unit U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DRINKING-WATER STANDARDS :3~~"' "'~ =~ ~0b" .ae u -" ~~ ~ u ~ 0.3 Milligrams per liter e ~ ";,~ ~~ e "o"~'z-~ "'~ Dissolved e ~ ~ solids ~ og o..~ ~ -Eo .~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~,. "'""3''o"~' """~' ~a u~ """~' 0 - r . . ::~~ r..~ ~~ ~0 z~~z ~,""". e ""' 250 250 1.0 45 500 Hardness2 <".J~ U as Caco 3 ~o., e e:;:;;I "~ "Q 85 ~ -=0~e ~ = ~ z 0 """.",~~ = ~ 0 0 <.J.<: "e "':I: 0u Johnson Spring Hufstetler Spring Dews (Big) Spring Dews (Big) Spring Elks BPOE Club City of Calhoun Roe (Crane Eater) Spring Nances Spring American Thread Co. Anderson Spring Freeman Spring Crown Cotton Mill Cohutta Fish Hatchery Seymour Spring Deep Spring Gallman Spring Bradford Spring O'Neill Spring James Spring City of Chatsworth Coffee Spring 5KKSl 6KKS2 7KKSl 7KK-Sl 6LlrSl 6LLS2 7LlrSl 6LL-S4 6MMSl 6MM-S2 5NN-Sl 6NNSl 6PP-Sl 6PP-S8 7PP-Sl 8MM-Sl 7NN-Sl 7NN-S3 7NN-S4 8NN-S2 8PPSl Gordon do do do do do do Whitfield do do do do do do do Murray do do do do do 32565 2 667 6- 9-37 3-25-65 2-19-62 3-12-59 3-25-65 11- 6-63 313-59 11-18-64 3-24-65 11-17-64 2-19-62 3-23-65 3-23-65 11- 6-63 2-19-62 2- 8-67 3-24-65 3-12-59 11- 663 Mississippian 6.3 .05 11 0.1 0.8 0.7 32 3.0 1.5 0.2 Knox 8.8 .06 26 13 .7 .8 141 .4 1.5 .1 do 5.8 .02 26 15 1.0 .6 150 2.7 1.5 .0 do 7.8 .18 32 8.8 .9 1.0 140 .4 1.7 .1 Knox and Conasauga 9.4 .30 27 11 1.3 1.0 132 .8 1.5 .1 Knox 8.6 .11 22 12 1.4 .0 127 2.4 1.5 .0 do 7.3 .06 26 8.5 1.3 .8 ll8 1.2 2.5 .2 Rome 17 .06 16 7.1 1.7 2.8 82 6.2 1.7 .1 Knox 5.8 .08 30 13 .5 .2 161 1.6 2 .0 Knox and Conasauga 7.6 .02 35 20 20 .8 182 2.0 38 .0 Knox 7.8 .08 34 6.8 .4 .6 138 .8 1.0 .2 Knox and Bays 8.5 .01 37 13 2.5 .7 171 .4 5.3 .0 Knox 8.4 .14 24 11 1.2 .5 128 4.0 1.5 .0 do 7.7 .01 26 9.7 .4 .5 128 .0 .5 .1 do 6.9 .06 17 9.4 .7 .6 98 .5 .8 .0 Conasauga 15 .05 50 14 .8 1.2 213 2.4 1.4 .4 Knox 8.5 .26 22 12 1.1 .8 123 .4 1 .0 do 9.1 .15 26 12 1.0 .9 136 .4 1.5 .1 Conasauga 8.8 .56 26 7.5 1.4 1.1 110 2.8 2.6 .1 Metamorphic rocks 13 .09 2.6 .2 2.4 .2 14 3.2 1.2 .0 Chota 4.0 .09 7.0 2.1 3.0 .5 23 12 1.5 .2 0.1 - 40 28 2 61 7.2 5 1.3 116 122 118 3 220 7.1 0 -- - - 2.8 128 129 126 - 1.9 -- 124 116 2 219 7.2 0 1.6 118 119 112 4 210 7.4 2 3.0 120 114 104 0 200 8.2 3 3.7 - 109 100 4 193 7.2 5 .1 104 93 69 2 145 7.1 0 1.3 140 138 145 18 242 7.9 3 - 3.8 - 217 168 19 383 7.5 - .4 120 113 0 2ll 7.4 0 5.4 - 160 148 8 282 7.5 -- 1.4 120 ll5 105 0 200 7.7 2 0 - 108 105 0 191 7.3 0 .7 -- 85 81 0 150 7.5 5 .0 88 190 182 8 320 7.7 5 3.5 109 110 104 4 205 7.6 2 3.4 120 122 114 3.4 - 107 96 3 219 7.4 0 6 183 7.3 0 .6 38 30 8 0 33 6.3 5 .1 54 51 26 7 72 6.6 5 1 Analyses by U. S. Geological Survey. 2water having a CaC0 3 hardness of 0 to 60 mgfl is classified, "soft"; 61 to 120 mgfl, "moderately hard"; 121 to 180 mg/1, "hard"; and more than 181 mg/1, "very hard". are some exceptions, however. Water from spring 8NN-S2, which flows from metamorphic rock, and 8PP-S1 from the Chota Formation, had a pH of 6.3 and 6.6, respectively, low dissolved-solids content and high sulfate content. Water from spring 5KK-S1, from the Fort Payne Chert-Floyd Shale aquifer, had a pH of 7.2, low dissolved solids and high sulfate content. Water from spring 6MM-S2, which discharges from the Knox Group and shale of the Conasauga Formation, had a high sodium chloride content. Water sampled from wells 7MM-38, SNN-1, 6NN-40 and 6LL-1 on the east side of the study area (Table 2), ranged in pH from 7.6 to 7.9 and had a high bicarbonate and dissolved-solids content. These wells are in silty shale and possibly a small amount of limestone. Samples of water from sandstone, siltstone and chert aquifers had low dissolved solids and variable composition except that from 5NN-31, which had high dissolved solids and high bicarbonate. Samples from many wells in shale have a slightly higher sodium content than those from typical wells in limestone. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS AND THEIR WATER-BEARING PROPERTIES The Valley and Ridge portions of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties are underlain by geologic formations of Paleozoic age, which have an aggregate thickness of about 17,000 feet. The formations originally were horizontal but later were compressed into a series of faulted folds. Erosion of the folded and faulted rocks produced the varied outcrop patterns and the alternating ridges and valleys that exist' today. Appraising the ground-water resources of an area requires a knowledge of the lithology, thickness, and topographic setting of the geologic formations. This information for Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties is summarized in Table 3 and is discussed in more detail in the text that follows. The generalized availability of ground water in the counties is shown in Figure 2. Detailed outcrop patterns of the formations and structural cross sections are given on the accompanying geologic maps, Plates 1, 2 and 3. PRECAMBRIAN OR CAMBRIAN METAMORPHIC AND IGNEOUS ROCKS, UNDIVIDED The metamorphic rock area of easternmost Gar- don and Murray Counties is underlain by a thick sequence of metamorphosed sedimentary rock that probably belongs to the Ocoee Series (this usage preferred by the Geological Survey of Georgia) of Precambrian age. In Murray County the Ocoee rocks either overlie or are thrust above a thick sequence of igneous and metasedimentary rocks of unknown age (Furcron and Teague, 1947, p. 612). The various rock units were not divided in the present study. The only recent detailed mapping of these rocks was done by Salisbury (1961) in northern Murray County. Lithology and thickness.-The principal rock types in the area are slate, phyllite, quartzite, graywacke, sub-graywacke, mica schist, biotite gneiss, talc and granite. The different types occur in layers, ranging from a few feet to several hundred feet thick. Although the composite thickness has not been determined accurately, it may be between 20 and 30 thousand feet. Hydrology.-The metamorphic rock area of Murray County is dominated by the rugged Cohutta, Grassy and Fort Mountains. A few families live in the intermountain valleys. These families are supplied by water from small springs and from dug or shallow drilled wells. Most sources furnish less than 10 gpm. The only well of large yield found in the area (SNN-5) is at Fort Mountain State Park. According to park officials, the well is 404 feet deep and yields 45 gpm. The well water is soft and has a slight iron taste. Supplies of 5 or 10 gpm can probably be developed from wells in the valleys that are wide enough to have a soil cover. Yields of 20 to 50 gpm should be available in the small mountain-top areas that are fairly flat, have a deep soil cover and are crossed by one or more perennial streams. The metamorphic rock area in Gordon County is a dissected upland. Five wells inventoried there range in depth from 70 to 218 feet, and 3 of the wells were reported to yield more than 10 gpm. The water is probably soft to moderately hard and is generally of drinkable quality. Yields of 5 to 20 gpm can be developed in most low lying areas, and domestic and farm supplies should be available everywhere except on the highest hills and steepest slopes. Industrial supplies of 50 to 75 gpm may be obtainable from relatively broad valleys that are covered by 15 or more feet of soil. In such valleys, the bedrock is generally deeply weathered and is porous and permeable enough to store and transmit large volumes of ground water. 7 Table 2.-Chemical analyses 1 of well water, Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties, Ga. Well number County Date of collection Water~bearing unit Milligrams per liter Hardness as CaC0 3 .~ =<>oU Depth (feet) Dissolved solids2 ...~ ... ~~ rn~ =~ ~0 "e' e _=u.~ , u "'~ u e .,=.- ~ ";! "'Gi,~ e ~~ oz rn~ e -~ og o..~ ~ . ~ .~ 0 o"' -~~ ~~ .~~.,. :=:o r~n"~ ' .",' :"g' ~ .2;:::- 08 ~ ~~ ri:f::. "'~ EO ~z z~ ."g' ;! ~"' e ~ "' ~ . e =0 . e-;~! ..~,"6'i Oule"' = ~ z 0 ., .t")e'-">' ~~ =o<.>"o.<': ~s ~ ~ ~ rn~ :r: "' :; 0 u U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DRINKING-WATER STANDARDS 250 250 1.0 45 500 15 5KK53 6KK1 6KK2 7KK1 8KK1 8KK2 8KK31 5LL-31 6LL1 8LL1 5MM1 5MM14 6MM13 5NN-31 5NN-32 6NN2 6NN40 6PP-1 6PP6 7MM1 7MM38 8MM12 8NN1 8PP1 8PP3 8PP4 Gordon do do do do do do do do do Whitfield do do do do do do do do Murray do do do do do do 111864 11 5-63 11 4-63 32563 111664 111664 9-3()..58 11- 5-63 11-1564 11 6-63 3-25-65 325-65 1118-64 11 6-63 11 5-63 3-2365 11 5-63 3-24-65 1117-64 32365 111664 11 663 11-1664 11 663 1117-64 111664 Rome Fm. do Conasauga Fm. Knox Group Conasauga Fm. do do Floyd Shale Conasauga Fm. do Bays Fm. Mississippian chert do Rome Fm. Rome and Moccasin Bays Fm. Conasauga Fm. do Holston Ls. Maynardville Ls. Conasauga Fm. do do Athens Shale Chota Fm. Newala Ls. 67 11 0.18 11 3.5 0.7 1.5 46 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.7 - 55 42 4 86 6.9 - - 20 .00 1.6 1.5 1.2 2.3 16 .0 1.8 .3 3.0 46 40 10 0 42 6.5 5 120 8.6 .00 32 2.2 1.6 .2 99 .4 3.0 .2 4.6 106 102 89 8 120 7.3 5 100 7.9 .05 42 16 1.5 1.3 200 2.4 2.6 .1 5.8 - 179 172 8 312 7.6 5 180 19 .34 68 11 14 500 7.7 .19 56 11 14 .3 208 55 7.0 .6 .0 - 277 216 46 430 7.6 - .4 216 11 6.0 .4 4.9 .. 217 183 6 370 7.6 - 136 9.9 .05 64 3.0 7.0 .6 200 5.6 16 .1 11 213 216 172 8 376 7.9 4 58 13 60 16 .42 75 .18 141 3.2 2.8 8.8 9.5 .2 230 8.0 10 .3 436 16 22 .2 .o 226 225 200 12 375 7.9 5 .1 10 - 439 388 30 745 7.6 - 82 8.1 .08 34 8.3 1.0 .2 126 13 1.5 .3 .2 130 129 119 16 223 7.4 5 60 10 .50 36 12 2.2 .4 173 .4 1.4 .1 2.2 - 150 140 0 262 7.9 5 55 6.3 .42 16 1.0 4.3 1.1 47 6.4 3.0 .0 - 9.0 70 44 6 120 7.0 10 55 6.6 .03 2.8 .2 1.0 .6 6 - .0 2.2 .0 1.6 18 8 3 29 5.9 - 80 18 .08 53 4.4 3.8 .5 149 4.4 14 .2 11 212 182 150 28 300 7.6 0 144 28 .04 1.8 .9 1.7 4.7 22 .0 1.0 .2 .1 40 49 8 0 41 6.5 0 60 4.2 .50 5 1.8 5.7 4.8 0 22 7.0 .1 10 - 61 20 20 112 4.6 20 79 19 .19 91 8 5.0 .2 296 11 6.8 .1 .0 280 287 260 18 450 7.9 0 125 11 .77 44 14 5,8 1.5 196 10 - 6.0 .0 9.8 199 168 4 339 7.6 5 116 10 .17 29 2.6 1.1 .3 98 0 1.1 .0 1.5 - 94 83 2 160 7.2 .. 110 12 .10 40 16 .7 .7 205 2.0 .0 .3 .0 .. 173 165 0 296 7.9 5 55 18 .02 98 15 9.7 .3 284 27 39 .1 .7 .. 348 308 76 565 7.8 - 246 17 .03 26 3.6 3.9 .6 91 7.6 2.8 .1 2.5 112 109 80 6 160 7.2 5 97 23 .41 102 16 20 .3 265 88 30 .1 .0 .. 410 320 - 635 7.6 - 80 16 .11 62 8.6 10 .7 230 6.8 7.0 .3 2.0 226 226 190 2 378 7.6 - 26 6.9 .10 2.8 .2 1.4 .4 5 - .2 2.8 .0 6.7 24 8 4 30 5.8 - 104 9.3 .14 34 18 .8 1.2 184 .4 1.4 .1 1.7 - 158 157 6 280 7.5 - 1 Chemical analyses by U. S. Geological Survey. 2water having a CaC0 3 hardness of 0 to 60 mg/1 is classified, "soft"; 61 to 120 mg/1, "moderately hard"; 121 to 180 mg/1, "hard"; and more than 181 mg/1, "very hard". as oo' 3s oo' 3soo' 85" DC 0 EXPL AN AT IO N 10 MILE S Dom est ic supp l ies general l y avai l able from we lls everywhere except on the h i ghest hills and steepest sl opes Most we ll s yie l d 20 gpm or less Yi eld s up to 30 0 QPm con be developed along a tew in termittent streams 1n carbona te rocks. D Domest ic supplies ava il able only in low f lat areas and on gent l e sl o pes. Wel l s generally supp ly 10 gpm o r tess. Yelds up to 50 gpm con be deve l oped i n a few brood , deep ly we athered areas near streams Narr ow ridges under l ain by steeply i n clin ed beds dome st ic supp l i es rare ly ore obta inable . D where Most wells supply between 5 and 100 gpm . Yi e l ds up to 300 gpm con be deve l oped i n several p l a ces where intermittent or perennia l streams cross the outcrops e..... - Unused spr i ng disc harg 1ng mo re t han I 0 m gd c._ - Un used spn n g d isc horc;p n g 0 .5 t o I 0 rngd Figure 2.- Generalized availability of water to wells . 9 Table 3 --GeologiL formations and their w.Her-bearing properties in Gordon, wtntficld and Murray Counties, Ga. S :~t em Devonian Silt1rian Geulogic '!nit t:pper Floyd Shale; includes limE>stone unit a, base Lower Fort PHyrw Chert ('ppC'r LlvLnd,1r Shalt Mtmber nf Fort Pay11e Chert Shall' witl1 top. Middle ~ Lower Red M8untain Formation Hays Formation Moccasi.,-, Format ion Thickness (feet) 100500+ 100-200+ 0-200 )-15 60 600- l ,200 1,000 200-500 Lithology Silt and clay shale, thin-bedded siltstonC' and sandstone. Massively bedded limestone at or near the base. Thinly to thickly bE'dded chert ShalL; massively bedded mudstone and impure 1imestone Black and brown shale; greenish clay containing phosphatic nodules. Thinly to thickly bedded clhrt. Mainly shale and thin-bedded sandstone and siltstone. Thickly to mass1vely bedded sandstone, quartzite, and conglomerate occur near th(' base. Red and yellow mudrock, thinly bedded sandstone, siltstone, quartzite, and a littlL conglomeratE'. H0d and yellow argillac.eous calcareous rock that weathers to red and yr:'llow mudrnck. Some limestone beds Hydrologic properties Wells in shale and thin sandstone generally are less than 150 f('et deep, and yield from 3 to 20 gpm (gallons per minute). The water is soft to moderately hard, and water from nea'IJY half of thl' WLlls has a high iron content (see tablE> 2). Most wells in the basal limestonE' unit probably will yiLld between 5 and 25 gpm, though some will supply more than 50 gpm. ~ost wE>lls are less than 150 feet deep. One large spring dis'"harges from the formation. Wells on gE>ntle slopE's and low ridges yiE'ld 5 to 50 gpm from depths less than 150 feet. ln valleys near sources of recharge, yit>lds may be as high as 100 gpm. ThE' water is soft and low in iron content except where it is contaminatE'd by the Chattanooga Shale. A few small springs discharge from thE' formation. Wells generally supply less than 10 gpm from depths of 50 to 150 feet. The water is soft to moderately hard, and much has a high iron content. Not an aquifer. Contains iron Bnd sulfides and should b(' cased off from wells. Failure to cas._, ('ff may coataminat(' otlwrwise good wattr from the Fort Payne Chert and tht> Armuchee Chert. Same as the Fort Pciyne Chert. Well supplies gc>nenllly ar(' not available. Yields of 2 to possibly 10 gpm may be obtained on the few places wh<-re the ridges have broad crests, or gn,ater slopes. Wells in flat lying areas and gentle slopes supply 2 to 10 gpm and where sandstone and siltstone are thickly devt:'loped, yields up to 20 gpm are obtained. Nearly all wells are less than 150 feet det'p. Much of the water has a high iron content. 'll11s formation yields about 5 gpm to wells less than 150 feE't deep, unless limestone layers are penetrated from which as much as 20 gpm may be obtained. The water probably will tend to have a high iTnn Ottosee Shah Middle llo lc;to Lime~ tonE' (Includi" -lt bnse) Chota Forr00 3,0004,000 Chiefly yellow and n'J cla) shale; some soft siltstone; 1imestone at tiH hnse. Medium to dark reddish, thinly to massively bedded coarsely crystalline I imestone. Crossbedded quartzose calcarenite that is with a reddish cast. consists of about 60 percent calcile and 35 percent quartz. A little quartz-free lime- s ton(' also occurs. The basal 125 ftet and the upper 375 feL'l of the f,,rmatton consists of calcAreous sandston('. Ca lLareous clay and silt shale, si 1tstone and feldspathic sand- 100-400 Thinly l'o t:laS!>l'elv },eclder! 1i"lestone and dolomite. 3,0004,000 Thickly to mrl1 water will bE' hard and some wil: hav' a high iron cont>nt. The sandstone parts of the Chota will furnish up to 20 gpm along streams and in low areas, but dry or failing wells can be expected on steep slopes and hills. The calcarenite beds will supply 2 to 25 gpm to wells in all areas except higher elevations, and the wells generally are less than 100 feet deep. The water will be hard and tends to have a high iron content. In low areas the shale will supply up to 10 gpm, but dry wells and f,1iling welis can be expE>cted in elevat0d anas. The sandstone will supply up to 20 gpm in low places receiving rr:>charge, but over most of the outcrop area dry wells will occur due to the steepness of the slopes. The water is moderately hard to hard, and contains ll moderate to high concentration of iron. Yields are rr:>ported to range from 2 to 68 gpm, but near permanent streams ~t may be poss~ble to obta._n as much as 300 gpm from wl'LS. Nearly all wells inventoried in the Ne..rala dre less than 200 feet deep. The water is hard but normally is low in iron content. Wells in bedrock range from 40 to 400 feet deep, and most yield between 5 and 25 gpm; Dlll' well supplies 88 gpm. WPlls 'It th<' ~no,th of a" i>1.termittent stream that bas a large catchment area on the Knox may furnish SO to as much as 1,000 gpm. Most of the well water is hard, but low in iron content. Wells in residuum ge:1erally arr less than 150 fc-E't dr:>ep and yield from about 1 gpm to as much as 10 or rarely 15 gpm. The water is soft and normally of good quality. Several unused springs in the Knox discharge from about 0.5 mgd ("lill ion gAllons per day) to more than 5 mgd. Wells in shale yield up to 5 gpm, or in some locations 17 gpm; and dry wells also occur. Wells 1n limestone normall:: supply betwee' 5 a'ld 25 gpm and onE's properly located with respect to the dra~nage will furnish up to 300 gpm. Most wells arc less than 300 feet deep, though some extend to 3 depth of 500 feet. Wells penetrating shale and limestone mixed generally supply from about 2 to 20 gpm, bt1t some yield up to 100 gpm if they are near a source of recharge, The well watt>r varies from soft to hard and h..1s a lo.> to moderate iron content. Some lArge springs hAve openings in the Conasauga, but discharge water from the Knox Group. Dry wells or ones yielding less than l gpm .are the rul0 on ridge crests and steep slopes. Supplies of l or 2 gpm can be obtained from wells penetrating shale, and 2 to 15 gpm can be derived from wells where siltstone and sandstone are common. Most watt'r from tht' Rome is soft, but somE' has a high iron content. Wells mi'IV yield 5 to 10 gpm maximum. No data available. Wells range from 70 to 400 feet deep; supply 5 to 50 gpm. Largest yields are from valleys and gentlP slopes, Rrittle rocks such as quartzite, granite are best aquifers. Water generally is of good quality. 10 CAMBRIAN SYSTEM CHILHOWEE GROUP Name.-The Chilhowee was named for exposures on Chilhowee Mountain in Knox and Loudon Counties, Tenn. This Early Cambrian sequence was later subdivided into five formations, and the name Chilhowee is now used as a group term (Rodgers 1953, p. 35). Lithology, thickness, and distribution. -Rock identified as Chilhowee Group forms Camp Ground Mountain, which is 0.5 mile east of Eton, Murray County. The Chilhowee here consists of about 300 feet of thickly to massively bedded quartz-pebble conglomerate, thickly bedded quartzite and some greenish siltstone. This sequence is unique in the report area. Correlation.-According to Munyan (1951, p. 18), P. B. King examined the Camp Ground Mountain section and concluded that it belongs to the Cochran Formation of the Chilhowee Group. The author concurs with King's correlation and assigns the section to the Chilhowee Group. Further study is needed, however, before the rock sequence is assigned to a particular formation. Hydrology.-No wells are known in the Chilhowee, as Camp Ground Mountain is uninhabited. Only in the few places along the mountain that are flat enough to have a soil cover is the formation likely to yield sufficient water for a dependable domestic supply. Water from the Chilhowee is probably soft to moderately hard, with a moderate to high iron content. ROME FORMATION Name. -The Rome Formation was named for an exposure south of Rome, Floyd County, Ga. Lithology and thickness.-At its type locality, the Rome consists of between 500 and 1,000 feet of interbedded shale, siltstone, sandstone, and quartzite. Shale and siltstone are the main constiuents of the formation, but thin- and thick-layered sandstone and quartzite are major constituents in the upper half and are very abundant near the top of the formation. Most of the shale and much of the thin-bedded sandstone and siltstone are colored in bright hues of maroon, purple, green, yellow and brown, whereas the thick-bedded sandstone and the quartzite are very light gray and tan. Alternating layers of the varicolored rocks give the Rome a striking appearance unique in the study area. In western Whitfield County, the formation retains much the same character and thickness as it has at the type locality. But to the east, in Gordon County, it is thinner-between 300 and 500 feet thick--and contains far less sandstone. The sandstone beds rarely are more than 1 or 2 inches thick. The formation, however, does retain its distinctive coloration, and its outcrop belt can easily be traced across Gordon County to the Nances Spring area in southern-most Whitfield County. Farther northward, the coloration and lithology typical of the Rome are absent, as this belt of the formation disappears beneath shale of the Conasauga Formation. The Rome is exposed in western Whitfield County along the paved road east of Trickum. The section is folded and faulted, and probably repeated. In addition to the above outcrop belts, Butts (1948) and Munyan (1951) mapped broad exposures of the Rome in Whitfield and Murray Counties and in eastern Gordon County. Evidence indicates, however, that the rock they mapped as Rome rightfully belongs in the Conasauga Formation. The evidence for this is twofold: first, the rocks they mapped as Rome lack the distinctive coloration and other features that characterize the Rome. They resemble, instead, the lower Conasauga in other parts of Georgia (Cressler, 1970) and Tennessee (Swingle, 1959). Second, all fossils found in these rocks are characteristic of Middle and Late Cambrian age, which is the age of the Conasauga Formation. (These fossils are discussed in the section dealing with the Conasauga.) Thus, because of their character and age, nearly all rocks that Butts and Munyan mapped as Rome in Murray, eastern Whitfield and eastern Gordon Counties, herein are included as a basal unit of the Conasauga Formation. Concerning these disputed rocks, Butts (1948, p. 12) stated that the bright red colors occur only in the area west of the meridian of Resaca in Gordon County and that in the easternmost belts the rocks consist only of pinkish and gray shale. This statement, however, is incorrect. Exposures in northern and central Murray County (Pl. 3) are indistinguishable in color and content from the type Rome. They show that the formation retains its usual character to the eastern edge of the Paleozoic rock area. Fauna and correlation. -The contact of the Rome Formation with the Conasauga Formation is exposed in the first large cut west of Camp Creek on the paved road west out of Resaca in 11 Gordon County. The maroon and tan shale of the Rome is succeeded by tan silty shale containing the trilobites Alokistocare sp. and Zacanthoides sp. This assemblage is considered to be early Middle Cambrian and certainly is no older than the very top of the Rome. The Rome in Whitfield County, about 2 miles west of the town of Rocky Face, yielded two fossil collections: The first (U.S.G.S. Colln. No. 4277-CO), taken near a dolomite outcrop in the upper part of the formation, contained Olenellus cf. 0. thompsoni (Hall). This form of Olenellus seems to be characteristic of the younger part of the Lower Cambrian and definitely is a different species than the only named Rome olenellid, 0. romensis. The second collection came from light colored shale and siltstone slightly higher in the section than the one above. It included Clavaspidella? sp., Kootenia sp., a fauna that should be younger than collection 4277-CO (above). A fauna with Anoria is reported from the upper part of the Rome, and it would seem that this collection is probably from that part of the formation. The Clavaspidella? is interesting because it is similar to forms described from the lower Middle Cambrian of northwest Greenland. This collection is probably about the same age as the one from the top of the Rome Formation west of Resaca. Hydrology.-Wells in the Rome Formation range from about 50 to 150 feet deep. Those that penetrate mainly shale yield between 1 to 5 gpm. Those in siltstone and sandstone yield 5, 10, or rarely, 20 gpm. Well yields adequate for a home or farm can be obtained in most places in the Rome but may not be available on high hills, narrow ridges and upland areas. The largest yields in the formation, regardless of the type of rock involved, come from flat, low-lying areas covered by deep soil where interconnecting rock fractures are available to store water and transmit it to wells. The construction of Interstate 75 revealed that the shades of green and maroon that typify the Rome may be a product of weathering rather than a primary character of the rock. The deep cut 0.6 mile north of the exit closest to Resaca revealed that when first exposed, the Rome is bluish gray. Three years passed before the rock began to show faint colors, and 6 years were required for it to develop bright shades of maroon and green. Distribution. -The Rome Formation forms a low ridge that enters southwest Gordon County near Plainville. The ridge extends northward across the county, passes just .west of Calhoun and Resaca, and crosses into Whitfield County, where it terminates near Nances Spring. Another belt of the Rome passes through Tunnel Hill and crosses the west side of Whitfield County. The Rome also forms a short ridge in the northern part of Murray County. A thin slice of the formation is faulted next to Camp Ground Mountain, north of Chatsworth. The Rome is well exposed in the .cut of the paved road that goes west out of Resaca and in the first cut on 1-75 north of Resaca. Another good exposure is on Georgia Highway 143 about 2 mil~ northwest of Calhoun, Gordon County. The formation is partly exposed along Georgia Highway 156, 0.5 mile west of Calhoun and on the paved road 1 mile west of Plainville. Red shale of the Rome is prominently displayed along U.S. Highway 41 north of Resaca. Most well water in the Rome is reported to be soft. Some that comes from calcareous shale is hard. The water commonly contains enough iron to be tasted and to discolor porcelain fixtures and clothes. Samples of water from 4 wells in the formation ranged in calcium carbonate hardness from 8 to 150 mg/1. Their iron content ranged from zero to 8.18 mg/1. (See Table 2). CONASAUGA FORMATION Name. -The Conasauga Formation of Middle and Late Cambrian age was named by C. W. Hayes (1891, p. 143, 144-148) for exposilres in the valley of the Conasauga River in Whitfield and Murray Counties, Ga. In Tennessee, where it has been divided into formations, the Conasauga is used as a group term. In Georgia, where it has not been accurately subdivided, it is treated as a formation. Lithology, thickness and distribution.-The Conasauga is a complex formation that varies greatly in composition from one place to another. Facies changes are so rapid that what constitutes a major unit in one place may be missing altogether a few miles away, or be so changed that it is barely recognizable. Because it is so complicated and undergoes many changes about the area, the Conasauga herein is divided into three main units. Each unit is described as it appears at the type locality and as it occurs in the belts to the west and south. The lower unit of the Conasauga at the type locality is about 1,000 feet thick. It consists of olive-green, tan and pale red sandy and silty shale that includes siltstone beds 1 to 4 inches thick and 12 a few lenses of medium-gray limestone. To the west the unit remains about the same thickness, but becomes more sandy; at the Catoosa County line it contains siltstone beds 6 inches thick and sandstone beds 4 inches thick. This sandy facies is nearly identical to the lowest Conasauga unit exposed in Floyd County, Ga. (Cress,ler, 1970). To the south, in southern Murray County and in central and eastern Gordon County, on the other hand, the siltstone content of the lower unit decreases, and it becomes chiefly a silty shale that weathers to tan and brick red. The remaining siltstone beds are generally less than 0.25 inch tpick. A lack of key beds prevents exact knowledge of the unit south of the type area, but it seems to thicken rapidly. In central and eastern Gordon County it probably .attains a thickness of several thousand feet. The middle unit in the type area is composed of about 1,000 feet of light green and yellowish clay shale containg thin layers and lenses of blue limestone. Some silty shale also is present, but in much smaller quantities than in the lower unit. To the west, at Dalton, the middle unit contains limestone lenses as thick as 50 feet. In western Whitfield County, at Red Clay, limestone is a major constituent and occurs in layers 200 to possibly 500 feet thick (Swingle, 1959, p. 18-19). Southward from the type area in central and eastern Gordon County, the middle unit is mainly clay shale containing limestone layers and lenses 50 feet or more thick. But in southwestern Gordon County the limestone layers become more prominent. The unit there is made up of alternating shale and limestone layers thick enough to produce a topography of alternating shale ridges and limestone valleys. The Maynardville Limestone Member of the Conasauga Formation is very persistent and retains nearly the same character everywhere it crops out. Its biggest change, normally, is a slight increase or decrease in dolomite content. The only place the Maynardville is appreciably different is in southernmost Gordon County, where massive gray dolomite and calcareous dark-gray shale account for a large part of its total thickness. Fauna and correlation.-Broad belts of shale in Whitfield and Murray Counties and in eastern Gordon County that Butts (1948) and Munyan (1951) mapped as Rome Formation in this report are being placed in the Conasauga Formation. This is being done largely because fossils show that the shale is younger than the Rome. Shale in the road cut 3.35 miles southeast of Red Bud, Gordon County, (U.S.G.S. CoHn. No. 6337-CO) yielded the trilobites Baltognostus? sp. and an undetermined ptychoparioid. Brick-red shale 1.1 miles northeast of the center of Pine Log, Bartow County, (U.S.G.S. Colin. No. 6338-CO) contained Olenoides cf, 0. curticei Walcott and an undetermined ptychoparioid, cf. Marjumiidae. Both of these collections are from upper Middle Cambrian beds and correlate with the Conasauga Formation. As this shale is of upper Middel Cambrian age and it resembles the lower unit of the Consasuga in other parts of Georgia (Cressler, 1970) and Tennessee (Swingle, 1959), it is placed in the Conasauga as its lower unit in this report. Hydrology.-Although most wells in the Conasauga penetrate both shale and limestone, a few wells penetrate only shale and a few only limestone. For this reason, the water-bearing character of shale and limestone are given separately and in combination. Wells in shale range from 27 to 400 feet deep. (See Pls. 1, 2, and 3.) Most are less than 120 feet deep. Their yields are reported to range from 1 to 17 gpm. All but a few of the wells furnish enough water for domestic and farm needs. Because the shale is generally calcareous at depth, the well water tends to be hard. Water from well 8KK-1 had a calcium carbonate hardness of 216 mg/1 and an iron content of 0.34 mg/l. Wells in limestone ranged from 30 to 500 feet deep. Most are less than 300 feet deep. Although a few wells were reported to be nearly dry, most yield between 5 and 10 gpm. The highest yield reported was 300 gpm. The quantity of water available from the limestone depends to a great extent on the topographic setting of the well site. Yields of 2 to 10 gpm can be obtained almost anywhere, but supplies of 50 to 100 gpm are generally found only on broad, low areas that are covered by deep soil. The most productive areas slope gently and carry surface water during wet periods (Fig. 3). Industrial water supplies of 100 to more than 300 gpm can probably be developed in the Maynardville Limestone Member, where it is crossed by intermittent streams that drain the Knox Group. The Knox is internally drained and has large quantities of water constantly moving underground from upland areas to streams in the nearby valleys. Much of this water moves through master conduits beneath the larger intermittent streams and flows through the Maynardville. A well drilled in the Maynardville close to the channel of one of these streams may tap a master conduit and supply 300 gpm or more. At McDaniels, 3.5 miles south of the town of 13 Figure 3. Broad valleys of this type developed on limestone units in the Conasauga Formation commonly are covered by deep soil and will yield 50 to 100 gpm to a well. Calhoun in Gordon County, an industry drilled four wells at various places on the rolling land east of the railroad, one within a few feet of Oothkalooga Creek. None of the wells produced more than 30 gpm. Finally, a well was drilled into the Maynardville Limestone Member next to the narrow channel of an intermittent stream flowing off the Knox. It yielded more than 300 gpm from less than 350 feet. Several similar streams cross the Maynardville along its outcrop belt, offering the potential of high-yielding wells. Water from the limestone is moderately hard to hard and has a low to moderate iron content. Water sampled from 5 wells had a calcium carbonate hardness of 80 to 183 mg/1 and an iron content of 0.18 mg/1 or less. Wells that penetrate both shale and limestone are generally less than 250 feet deep, but a few are 400 to 500 feet deep. Nearly all of the inventoried wells are used for residential supply and furnish between 2 and 20 gpm. Seven wells were reported to yield more than 50 gpm. The largest yields undoubtedly are from wells that penetrate thick lenses of limestone and derive water from solution openings just above the lower contact with shale. As would be expected from an aquifer contain ing both shale and limestone, the well water varies from soft to very hard. Water from well 6MM-13 had a calcium carbonate hardness of only 8 mg/1, whereas a sample from well 6LL-1 contained 388 mg/1. Water from the latter well contained 439 mg/1 dissolved solids, which approaches the maximum recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service drinking water standards (See Table 2). The iron content of water sampled from this aquifer ranged from 0.02 to 0.41 mg/1. CAMBRIAN AND ORDOVICIAN SYSTEMS KNOX GROUP Name. -The Knox Group of Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician age was named for Knox County, Tenn. In Georgia, the Knox includes three forma- 14 tions: the Copper Ridge Dolomite of Late Cambrian age, and the Chepultepec Dolomite and Longview Limestone of Early Ordovician age (Butts, 1948, p. 16). The formations overlie the Conasauga Shale and underlie the Newala Limestone. Lithology and thickness. -The Knox Group is so poorly exposed in the report area that its lithology could not be determined; the rock is highly siliceous and weathers to chert and clay in such abundance that it covers nearly all the bedrock. The nearest place the Knox is exposed is in Catoosa County, Ga., about 8 miles to the west. The three formations in the group are described from that locality. Even though some difference is bound to exist, the thickness and general character of the formations in the report area should be nearly the same as they are in Catoosa County. The Copper Ridge Colomite is between 2,000 and 3,000 feet thick and consists of thickly to massively bedded light- to medium:gray dolomite and brownish-gray dolomite that has a distinctive hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg) odor on fresh breaks. The brownish-gray dolomite dominates the upper half. Chert weathering from the Copper Ridge occurs both as layers and as boulderlike masses. The chert is light to dark gray, vitreous, and very hard, and has a distinctive jagged surface. The Chepultepec Dolomite is about 500 feet thick and consists mainly of thickly bedded lightto medium-gray dolomite. Interbedded with the dolomite are a few beds of gray limestone and very fine-grained tan limestone. Thin-bedded sandstone occurs near the base and close to the top of the formation. Chert in the residuum of the Chepultepec is much softer than that in the Copper Ridge anq has rounded, rather than jagged surfaces. The weathered chert commonly is full of holes and resembles worm-eaten wood. The Longview Limestone is made up of massively bedded medium- to light-gray dolomite interbedded with meduim- to light-gray very fine-grained to medium-grained thickly bedded limestone. The formation is about 500 feet thick. The residuum over the Longview is covered by small pieces of hard chert that have flat surfaces. In some belts the Longview contains chert layers more than 6 feet thick that break up and leave boulder-size chunks on the landscape. Distribution. -The Knox Group occupies broad belts in western, central, and eastern Whitfield County and central Murray County. It forms one ridge that passes through Calhoun in Gordon County and another than extends southward from Calhoun into Bartow County. Be.drock outcrops along these belts are rare. A section of cherty gray dolomite about 25 feet thick is exposed in Gordon County at Dew's Spring (7KK-S1). This outcrop is in the lower Knox and probably belongs to the Copper Ridge Dolomite. Brownish-gray and dark-gray dolomite of the Copper Ridge also occur in spring 7PP-S6 near Gregory's Mill, Murray County. Munyan (1951, p. 45) reported brownish-gray dolomite of the Copper Ridge (now under water) in Deep Spring (7PP-S1 ), Whitfield County. A thin section of gray dolomite uncovered in the cut of the paved road just west of Cohutta seems to be part of the lower Knox and possibly is Copper Ridge. The Knox Group generally produces a moderately high ridge covered by cherty soil that makes it easy to distinguish from the overlying Newala Limestone. However, at Spring Place in Murray County, the Knox does not form a ridge, and its soil is practically free of chert. The lack of relief and the absence of cherty soil make it virtually impossible to separate the Knox from the Newala. Munyan (1951, pp. 75-80) found that the area around Spring Place and a large part of Murray County east of the Conasauga River once was covered by a superficial blanket of alluvium. The alluvium probably derived from erosion and redeposition of materials from the Cohutta Mountains during the Tertiary. Remnants of this blanket still occupy the interstream areas around Spring Place and cover much of the outcrop belts of the Knox and the Newala. The presence of the alluvium prevented development of relief and the production of cherty soil so that the contact between the Knox and the N ewala is obscured. Fauna and correlation.-In order to interpret the geologic structure in some localities, it is necessary to know which formation of the Knox Group is present in a particular outcrop. The only reliable way to identify isolated outcrops of the Knox is to find biostratigraphically significant fossils. Fossils were used during this study to determine the presence of a major fault between the Knox Group and the Bays Formation. In the cut of U. S. Highway 41, just west of the I-75 exit in Mill Creek Gap, the Knox Group is in contact with red mudstone of the Bays Formation (Fig. 3). Although the Bays in many areas lies in normal contact with the Longview Limestone in the upper part of the Knox, the narrowness of this particular outcrop of the Knox suggested that the sequence might be faulted. Fossils were collected to learn the age of the exposed Knox and determine whether the contact is normal or faulted. Large gastropods (Fig. 4) taken from chert in the cut were identified by Ellis L. Yochelson as 15 Ophileta, and probably Ophileta complanata (Vanuxem). About these fossils, Dr. Yochelson states, "Even if this particular specific name is not correctly applied, the alternative species to wb.ich this material might be referred all have been described from rocks about the same age. I am reasonably certain that this particular outcrop of the Knox Group is part of the Chepultepec Dolomite ." This identification showed that the Longview Limestone is missing and that a fault probably exists between the Chepultepec and the Bays Formation (Fig. 5 ). Hydrology .-The Knox Group is covered by a residual mantle that generally is between 50 and 150 feet thick and in many places is as thick as 300 feet. Many wells in the Knox obtain water from this residuum. Most wells, however, are cased through the residuum and obtain water from an open hole in bedrock. Wells penetrating bedrock normally yield more water than can be obtained from the residuum and are less affected by seasonal droughts. For this reason they are preferred where large sustained yields are needed or where a high degree of dependability is required . Bedrock wells range in depth from about 40 to 400 feet, and most yield between 5 and 25 gpm. The largest yield reported was 88 gpm, but experience in other parts of northwest Georgia has shown that the Knox normally will supply far greater quantities to wells in selected sites. For example, a yield of 1 ,000 gpm was obtained at Kensington in Walker County _from a well drilled into the top of the Knox. The well was located at the point where an intermittent stream that drains broad areas of the Knox upland empties onto the flood plain of a perennial stream. In other Georgia counties, yields of up to 500 gpm are obtained from the lower and middle parts of the Knox by wells drilled along intermittent streams. Large yields are available along the intermittent streams in the Knox because the valley bottom environment tends to increase permeability and localize ground-water drains and conduits. Joints located beneath topographic lows have the greatest enlargement and carry the most ground water. This increased permeability and the concentration of ground water into master drains and conduits Figure 4. Ophileta complanata (Vanuxem) from the Knox Group in a cut of U. S. Highway 41, just west of the I-75 exit at Mill Creek Gap . 16 Figure 5. Chepultepec Dolomite of the Knox Group faulted against the Bays Formation, in the cut of I-75 north of U.S. Highway 41 exit in Mill Creek Gap . makes the valleys of large intermittent streams excellent sites for high capacity wells (Fig . 6 ). Bedrock wells in all areas of the Knox Group can be expected to supply enough water for a residence or a farm. Industrial supplies of 100 to1,000 gpm may be obtainable from wells along large intermittent streams that drain the uplands of the Knox. Water from the bedrock generally is moderately hard to hard and has a low iron content. Only a few wells were reported to yield water having a high iron content. Samples of water from 3 wells ranged in calcium carbonate hardness from 27 mg/l to 175 mg/l and in iron content from 0.05 to 1.80 mg /l. Wells in residuum generally yield between 1 and 15 gpm. On steep slopes where soil creep has occurred and in depressions into which it has been transported, the upper part of the residuum is a heterogeneous mass of cherty, silty clay having low permeability; wells in this material generally yield only 1 or 2 gpm. The undisturbed residuum, on the other hand, contains well-defined permeable layers of silt, sand, jointed sandstone and broken chert, the latter probably resulting from t he breakup of thick chert (Fig. 7 ). These layers generally have wide lateral extent, and the ones that are water bearing have yields ranging from 5 to as much as 15 gpm. Although wells in the resid uu m generally give satisfactory service, a few have declining yields or fail completely because they were poorly constructed. A common method of developing a we ll in residuum is to drill un t il a water-bearing layer is reached , then t o make a short pumping test. If the yield is adequate, the well is cased to total depth, leaving only the open hole at the end of the pipe to admit water . Some of these wells eventually give trouble, as sand, broken chert and other loose material from the water-bearing layer get sucked into the casing, forming a partial plug that reduces the yield . An expensive cleaning operation is required to restore the well's yield. Plugging of this type can generally be prevented by the use of slotted casing and gravel packing in well construction . Wells constructed by these 17 Table 4.-Flow of springs in Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties, Ga. Spring number 5KK-S1 -S2 5LL-S7 -S9 5KK-S3 -S4 5LL-S5 -S8 6KK-S8 -S9 -S11 7KK-S1 Name or owner Johnson Spring ~eologic source Gordon County Floyd Shale Ga. Cumberland Academy Billy Muse Billy Muse J. M. Able Wesley Smith and John Milan Howard Duval Mrs. R. A. Brown Amacanada Spring do do do Fort Payne and Armuchee Chert do do do Knox Group J. R. Fain do Blackwood Spring do Dews Spring do 6KK-S2 6LL-S2 7LL-S1 A. W. Hufstetler City of Calhoun Roes Spring (Crane Eater) Knox and Conasauga do do 6LL-S1 6KK- S6,7 5LL-S6 6KK-S1 -S3 -S4 -S5 -S10 7LL-S2 7KK-S2 -S3 -84 -S5 -S6 8KK-S2 8LL-S2 8LL-S1 BPOE Elks Club Gardner Springs D. C. Holsomback Prater Baxter Hugh Prather Hugh Prather James Beamer Jessie Cox Lum Moss Paul Hogan Henry West Robert Ellis E. T. Sheppard Arthur Henson Charlie Foster S. H. Leatherwoods Charles Owens do do Conasauga Formation do do do do do do do do do do do do do Metamorphic rocks and Conasauga Date measured or estimated 10-29-50 11- 5-69 7-23-65 7-20-65 12- 8-67 7-21-65 7-21-65 7-20-65 7-20-65 11- 5-69 7- 7-66 12-18-70 4-15-49 4-19-49 11- 5-69 11- 5-69 12-18-70 1Q-26-50 1-14-69 11- 5-69 11- 5-69 9-15-65 7-20-65 9- 8-65 9- 2-65 9- 2-65 9-16-65 7- 7-66 6-14-65 9-16-65 9-16-65 7-13-66 7-11-66 7-14-66 7-2Q-66 7-20-66 7-20-66 5MM-S4 5MM-S1 -S2 -S3 5NN-83 6NN-S1 6PP-S5 6MM-S1 6PP-S6 -s8 Crown Cotton Mill C. W. Masters C. W. Masters Troy Cleghorn H. P. McArthur Crown Cotton Mill W. E. Maples American Thread Co. Dr. Wood Seymour Spring Whitfield County Fort Payne and Armuchee Chert Bays Formation do do do do Holston Limestone Knox Group do do 9- 3-70 11- 5-71 11- 2-67 11- 2-67 11- 2-67 11- 2-62 11-17-50 11-17-50 3-13-59 1Q-31-67 1-15-69 11- 5-69 Flow (mgd) 2.4 1.2 .14 .01 e .42 .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .7 to .8 rept. .01 e .1 e 4.5 4.5 6.0 .59 .1 e 3.7 1.5 1.7 .3 .03 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .02 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .4 e .3 e .02 e .02 e .01 e .01 e .34 .05 e .57 .57 .01 e .25 .29 18 Table 4.-Flow of springs in Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray Counties, Ga. (Continued) Spring number Name or owner Geologic source Date measured or estimated Whitfield County (Continued) 7PP-S1 Deep Spring 5NN-S1 Freeman Spring 6MM-S2 -S3 6PP-S1 -S7 6NN-S2 6PP-S2 -S3 -S4 -S9 -S10 -S11 7PP-S2 -S3 5NN-S2 6MM-S4 James Anderson Frank Mayo Cohutta Fish Hatchery U.S. Dept. of Interior U.S. Dept. of Interior Dalton Country Club Jess Cline Lee Sugart (Estelle Spr.) Clifton Farmer (Sand Spr.) P. C. Henderson Southern Railway Wheeler Estate L. W. Devera!! Millard D everall J. B. Griffin Nance Spring Knox Group Knox and Conasauga do do do do Conasauga Formation do do do do do do do do Rome Formation do 11-16-50 12-3Q-68 11- 5-69 11-29-50 12-3Q-68 11- 5-69 11-18-64 5-25-67 11-16-50 2-19-62 1Q-21-69 11-28-50 11- 3-67 11- 5-69 11-18-67 7-18-67 7-18-67 11- 2-67 11- 2-67 11- 5-69 5-29-67 5-25-67 11-29-50 11- 3-67 11- 5-69 Murray County 8PP-S1 S2 7NN-S7 7PP-S4 7NN-S1 -S2 -S5 -S6 7PP-S2 -S5 -S6 7NN-S3 -S4 8MM-S1 7PP-S3 8NN-S1 Carlton Petty Carlton Petty A. L. Keith Mrs. Syble Bryant Dr. James Bradford Troy McCamy Lula Bailey Dr. Gregory Howard Phillips Jessie Dunn Colvard Spring O'Neill Spring James Spring Mrs. Mary Barnett S. A. Stafford U.S. Dept. of Argiculture Chota Formation do Newala Limestone do Knox Group do do do do do do Knox and Conasauga Knox(?) and Conasauga Conasauga Formation Rome Formation Metamorphic rocks 7-28-66 7-28-66 10-11-66 1Q-10-66 11-15-50 2-19-62 1Q-11-66 1Q-11-66 11-15-50 7-15-70 8- 2-66 10-11-66 7-15-70 -50 1-13-69 11-15-50 1- 9-67 1Q-25-66 8- 2-66 Flow (mgd) 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.2 1.65 2.1 .01 e .3 .66 .65 .38 .62 .5 e .02 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .01 e .05 e .05 .01 .02 e .11 .10 .2 e .02 e .02 e .01 e .01 e .07 .07 .02 e .01 e .43 .32 .02e .02e .50 .47 .80 .95 1.3 .01 e .01 .02 e 19 Figure 6 . Typica~ intermittent stream valley in the Knox Group where high-yielding wells commonly are obtainable. methods can draw water from an entire waterbearing zone or from several zones, thereby producing higher yields. Water from the residuum is soft and contains little iro1;1. It is called "freestone" water by local residents, and many prefer it to the hard water that comes from wells in bedrock. Most springs in the report area discharge water either directly or indirectly from the Knox Group (Table 4). Some of the largest springs (7KK-S1, 7PP,S1) have openings in the bedrock of the Knox , whereas many small ones (6PP-S8) seep from the residuum. Water from the Knox also discharges from springs in the formations above and below the Knox. Springs 5NN-S1 and 7NN-S3, for example, empty from caves in the Maynardville Limestone, and spring 6NN-S1 has its opening in the Bays Formation. During the annual low-flow period, 15 springs discharge a total of about 15.5 mgd from the Knox Group. These springs range in size from about 0.3 to 5.0 mgd. The individual springs and their rates of flow are listed in Table 4. Water sampled from 14 of these springs ranged in calcium carbonate hardness from 81 to 165 mg/1. Iron content ranged from 0.01 to 0.3 mg/1, and most of the water contains less than 0.1 mg/l. ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM NEWALA LIMESTONE Name.-The Newala Limestone of Early Ordovician age was named by Butts for Newala Post Office in Shelby County , Ala . He later extended the unit into Georgia (Butts, 1948, p. 19). Lithology, thickness and distribution.-The Newala occurs in the study area only in Murray County, .where it occupies a single belt paralleling the west side of Sumac Ridge. Exposures along this belt are so limited that the character of only the upper half of the formation is known. 20 ~[ Figure 7. Chert layers of this type in the Knox Group are highly jointed and transmit water to wells. The lowest rock exposed, probably from just below the middle of the Newala, was dug up and piled beside the paved road east of Franklin School. It is light-brown to tan dolomite interbedded with medium-gray dolomite and a little gray limestone that contains a variety of high-spired gastropods. The middle part of the Newala crops out only along Pinhook Creek and the small unnamed stream 1.8 miles south of Gregorys Mill. It consists of fineto medium-grained thickly to massively bedded , light-gray limestone and dolomite, interbedded with a few thin beds of very dark-gray microcrystalline limestone. The upper part of the Newala is comparatively well exposed and can be seen at several places along the roads and streams near the west bank of Sumac Ridge. The upper few feet of the formation crop out south of the paved road 1 mile east of Franklin School, at the base of Sumac Ridge in the woods on either side of the Eton-Mt. Carmel Church Road and on both sides of Georgia Highway 2, just west of Sumac Ridge. The upper part of the forma- tion is composed of alternating layers of dolomite and limestone. The dolomite varies from light gray and medium light gray to gray mottled with pale shades of pink. Most of it is massively bedded, but thinner beds also occur. The limestone is light to medium gray , thickly bedded , and much of it is dolomitic. Some of the limestone contains silt and clay impurities that cause it to weather into tabular plates. Other beds are very pure and develop either a fluted or a very smooth surface. A few of these pure beds are extremely fine-grained and contain clear calcite crystals that make them resemble the Mosheim Member of the Lenoir Limestone. At Georgia Highway 2, these extremely finegrained beds dominate a section about 20 feet thick and were identified by Munyan (1951 , p. 60) as Mosheim Limestone Member. The presence of Ceratopea sp. in these beds shows, however, that nearly all of this limestone section is Early Ordovician in age and belongs to the Newala; only the uppermost 5 feet may be Mosheim Limestone. The thickness of the Newala could not be mea- 21 sured because it is so poorly exposed. The scattered outcrops along the unnamed stream 1.8 miles south of Gregorys Mill were measured and found to be 230 feet thick, but there is no way to tell how much of the formation these rocks represent. Based on the width of its outcrop, the Newala is estimated to be between 300 and 400 feet thick. Fauna and correlation.-Gpercula of the gastropod Ceratopea are very distinctive fossils confined to Lower Ordovician rocks and are considered to be a guide to the middle and upper strata of the Lower Ordovician series (Yochelson and Bridge, 1957, p. 281). In Georgia, Ceratopea occurs only in the Newala Limestone and is most useful in separating the Newala from rocks of similar lithology but different age. Moreover, several species of Ceratopea have a very limited stratigraphic range and are confined to narrow zones within the Newala and equivalent rocks. Several specimens of Ceratopea were collected in Murray County during this study (Fig. 8). Ceratopea buttsi Yochelson and Bridge was taken from a limestone bed a few feet below the top of the Newala. The limestone bed is in a small stream near the west edge of Sumac Ridge, just south of the Eton-Mt. Carmel Church road (U.S.G.S. Colin. No. 6787-CO). Ceratopea hami Yochelson and Bridge came from another limestone bed 150 feet downstream from the one above and 5 or 6 feet lower in the section (U.S.G.S. CoHn. No. 6788-CO). Ceratopea buttsi Yochelson and Bridge was found in the highest exposed limestone bed just north of the paved road, 1.0 mile east of Franklin School (U.S.G.S. CoHn. No. 7502-CO). Ceratopea hami Yochelson and Bridge was removed from dolomitic limestone about 20 feet stratigraphically below the base of the Athens Shale, on the west slope of Sumac Ridge, just north of Georgia Highway 2, near Cisco (U.S.G.S. CoHn. No. 7503-CO). Another Ceratopea tentatively identified in the field by Dr. Yochelson as the same species occurs in the highest bed of Newala Limestone, 1.45 miles northeast of Fashion. This bed contains numerous clay partings and had been mistaken for Lenoir Limestone before the fossil was discovered. The occurrence of Ceratopea hami shows that the Newala in Murray County is among the youngest known, whereas only the lower half of the Newala is present in Polk, Walker, and Catoosa Counties, Ga. This probably means that in the western part of the State the upper half of the Newala was eroded prior to deposition of the Lenior Limestone. Hydrology.-The Newala is normally a productive aquifer, but its potential in the report area Figure 8. Opercula of late Early Ordovician gastropods from Murray County. All illustrations one and one half times natural size. 1. View of attachment surface of Ceratopea buttsi Yochelson and Bridge, U. S. National Museum 183760 (Mu-17); 2. Side view of another specimen, U. S. National Museum 183761 (M-1 ); 3a, 3b. Oblique view of attachment surface and side view of Ceratopea hami Yochelson and Bridge, U. S. National Museum 183762 (Mu-5). could not be determined, as only nine wells were inventoried. These wells ranged in depth from 40 to 97 feet and were reported to yield from 8 to 68 gpm. The static water level in the wells ranged from 20 to 59 feet below land surface. As the relief on the Newala is low, domestic and farm water supplies probably can be developed almost anywhere. Wells randomly located should furnish between 5 and 20 gpm from depths less than 250 feet. But smaller yields and possible dry holes can be anticipated along the extreme edge of the Newala outcrop where the Athens Shale interferes with percolation of water into the limestone. Industrial supplies of 100 to 300 gpm may be available where the Newala is crossed by Mill Creek and its tributaries. Other likely places for yields of this size are along Pinhook Creek, Sumac Creek and its tributaries, Mcintire Branch and Campbell Branch. Water from the Newala is generally hard and has a low iron content. However, some wells may furnish water high in iron content, as the alluvium 22 that covers part of the formation contains large amounts of iron. A sample taken from well 8PP-4 had a total hardness of 163 mg/1 and an iron content of 0.14 mg/1. Although springs are common in the Newala across northwest Georgia, none are known to occur in that formation in Murray County. This is because most springs in the Newala discharge water that collects on the adjacent uplands of the Knox Group. In Murray County, however, the Knox is downgradient from the Newala and cannot supply water to springs. It is downgradient because the alluvial blanket that once covered eastern Murray County established a westward drainage across the strike of the formations, placing the Knox downgradient from the Newala. (See Knox Group.) Water falling on the Knox flows downstream away from the Newala, leaving none to supply springs. LENOIR LIMESTONE Name. -The Lenoir Limestone of Middle Ordovician age was named for exposures at Lenoir City, Loudon County, Tenn. The name was extended to Georgia by Butts (1948, p. 24). Lithology, distribution and thickness.-The best exposure of the Lenoir occurs in Tennessee about 1 mile north of the study area, just east of Tennessee Highway 60 (Georgia Highway 71). There the Lenoir consists of medium-gray, mostly medium grained, massively bedded limestone which contains clay partings that cause it to weather into thin irregular slabs. The rock is very fossiliferous and displays a variety of species, including abundant calcified and poorly silicified specimens of Maclurites magnus Lesueur that measure up to 4 inches across. From this locality the limestone strikes southward, and Munyan (1951, p. 60) cites evidence that it is about 20 feet thick at the Georgia line. It probably remains that thick for some distance into Georgia, but exposures are so poor that neither its thickness nor its areal extent could be determined. Hydrology.-The Lenoir is probably too thin to be an important aquifer, although it may augment supplies from the enclosing formations. Wells beginning in the lower part of the Holston Limestone probably derive some water from the Lenoir. ATHENS SHALE Name.-The Athens Shale was named for exposures at Athens, Tenn. The name has been used for various black graptolite-containing shales of different ages which are unlike anything at the type locality. For this reason, most of its usefulness as a stratigraphic term has been lost, and Neuman (1955, p. 148, 149) suggested the name be applied only to rock comparable with that at the type locality. Although Athens is not a good name for the graptolite shale in Murray County, to rename it would require more knowledge of its age and correlation than is available. Therefore, the name Athens is being retained in this report but is restricted, so as not to imply a correlation with the rock at Athens, Tenn. Lithology and thickness. -The Athens of this report includes between 3,000 and 4,000 feet of calcareous clayey and silty shale, siltstone and sandstone. The clayey shale is dark gray to olive gray where fresh, but upon exposure rapidly alters to tan or yellowish orange. The silty shale and thin bedded siltstone are generally tan, brown or olive gray and weather to tan with an orange cast. The sandstone is fine to medium grained, thinly to thickly bedded and is generally grayish brown or reddish orange. Much of the sandstone contains feldspar grains easily visible in a hand specimen. Distribution.-The Athens forms Sumac Ridge and underlies part of the valley east of that ridge. The best exposures of the formation are along the roads that cross Sumac Ridge. Fauna and correlation. -Graptolites were collected from the base of the Athens, 1.52 miles northeast of Fashion (U.S.G.S. Colin. No. 01371CO). They were identified by William B. N. Berry, of the University of California, and assigned to his zones (Berry, 1960). Climacograptus cf. C. riddellensis Harris Climacograptus n. sp. (of the C. marathonensis type) Glyptograptus cf. G. euglyphus (Lapworth) Glyptograptus aff. G. teretiusculus (Risinger) Glyptograptus cf. G. teretiusculus (Risinger) Glyptograptus aff. G. teretiusculus var. siccatus (Ellis and Wood) Retiograptus cf. R. speciosus Harris (this speci- men identical to some from a highest Darriwil age locality (Glyptograptus teretiusculus Zone) in Victoria, Australia. Age: Middle Ordovician - Glyptograptus tereticusculus Zone (Zone 10) probably; although the age might be as young as the Climacograptus bicornis Zone (Zone 12). Concerning this collection, Dr. Berry states, "Again, the joint association of climacograptids like C. riddellensis with G. teretiusculus and G. 23 euglyphus kinds of glyptograptids and a Retiograptus--l'tttE! R. speciosus strongly suggest a Zone 10 age interpretation." If, in the light of additional collections, the Zone 10 age proves correct, the lowermost Athens in Murray County is the same age as the Rockmart Slate in Polk County, Ga. On the other hand, should the Zone 12 age prove correct, the Athens is younger than the Rockmart Slate. Additional collecting is needed to establish the age of the entire formation. Further work may show that the sandstone in the upper part of the Athens corresponds to the Tellico Formation of Neuman (1955 ). Hydrology. -The outcrop belt of the Athens is sparsely populated, so little well data were obtained. Three wells inventoried ranged in depth from 70 to 100 feet and were reported to yield up to 10 gpm. The yields available from the formation depend largely upon the topographic position of the well site, its relation to local drainage, and the quantity of sandstone present. Wells in low areas underlain by sandstone will probably supply between 5 and 20 gpm, whereas wells in shale and thin-bedded siltstone may yield less than 5 gpm and s.ome may be nearly dry. The chemical quality of the well water was reported to be satisfactory for domestic use and stock watering. Water from well 8PP-1 had an iron content of 0.11 mg/1 and a total hardness of 192 mg/1, suggesting that the water was derived from a calcareous shale or sandstone. HOLSTON LIMESTONE Name. -The Holston Limestone was named for exposures along and near ~he Holston River, near Knoxville, Tenn. However, according to Cooper (1956, p. 67-68), this type of limestone is produced by an accumulation of animal debris, and is likely to have local development and significance. Lithology, thickness, and distribution.-The Holston includes two distinct types of limestone, one occurring above the other. The lower limestone is medium to dark red, very coarsely crystalline, massively bedded, and is composed mainly of fossil fragments. Bryozoans and brachiopods are the most abundant types recognized. The upper limestone is medium-dark red, thinly to thickly bedded, more finely crystalline than the lower limestone, and contains smaller fossil fragments. Munyan (1951, p. 61-62) states that the lower limestone l8Cally has definite reef structure and that the thin-bedded upper limestone thins across the top of the reef. The upper limestone apparently was formed largely of material eroded from the reef and has cross-bedding that converges toward the crest of the reef mound. The Holston is thickly developed east of Georgia Highway 71, Whitfield County, in the valley that extends from the Tennessee state line to within about 6 miles of Dalton. Although exposures are comparatively rare owing to deep weathering of the limestone, the outcrop belt is conspicuously marked by deep, dense, dark-red soil. The width of the outcrop indicates that the Holston probably attains a thickness of at least 100 feet. One of the best exposures of the limestone is in and near an abandoned quarry 0.25 mile east of Georgia Highway 71, and 1.25 miles southeast of the center of Cohutta. Other exposures occur north of Georgia Highway 2, at the intersection of a dirt road, 0.6 mile west of Georgia Highway 71. Hydrology. -Drilled wells inventoried in the Holston ranged in depth from 24 to 120 feet. The highest yield reported was 10 gpm, but quantities up to 50 gpm may be obtainable where the topography and drainage are favorable. Water from the limestone is moderately hard to hard, and, because of the ferruginous character of the rock, the water generally has a moderate to high iron content. A sample from well 6PP-6 had a calcium carbonate hardness of 83 mg/1 and an iron content of 0.17 mg/1. OTTOSEE SHALE Name.-The Ottosee Shale was named for Ottosee Lake, Knoxville, Tenn. Butts (1948, p. 29) introduced the name into Georgia and Munyan (1951, p. 62, 63, 71, and 72) continued its use in the Dalton quadrangle. Lithology, thickness and distribution.-The Ottosee Shale consists chiefly of yellow and red clay shale but also includes some soft, thinly laminated siltstone and a little mottled gray limestone at the base. It overlies the Holston Limestone in the belt east of Cohutta, in the isolated fault block at the Tennessee line, and in the Hamilton Mountain section. Exposures are so small and scattered that the Ottosee's thickness cannot be accurately measured. Munyan (1951, p. 62-66) was able to measure a section on Hamilton Mountain north of Dalton but this section now is obscured by slump. He found the Ottosee in that exposure to be 530 feet thick. Hydrology.-No wells were found in the Ottosee Shale, but, as it is chiefly clay shale, wells are un- 24 likely to produce much more than 10 gpm. Wells reaching the lower part of the formation, where limestone occurs, may yield up to 20 gpm. Wells beginning in the lower part of the Otto see in the valley east of Cohutta can pass through the shale and get increased yields from the Holston Limestone. Water from the Ottosee will probably vary from soft to hard, depending on the presence or absence of limestone lenses, and have a moderate to high iron content. CHOTA FORMATION Name. -The Chota Formation of Middle Ordovician age was named for Chota School in Monroe County, Tenn. Neuman (1955, p. 157) believes that the Chota is the quartzose equivalent of the Holston Limestone. Salisbury (1961, p.18) extended the name Chota into Georgia and applied it to the upper part of the Middle Ordovician section in Murray County because the rocks are nearly identical to the type Chota. The Chota includes rocks that Butts (1948) mapped as Tellico Formation. Lithology and thickness.-The Chota Formation consists of crossbedded sandy limestone, calcareous sandstone and a little quartz-free limestone. The limestone is about 1,000 feet thick and lies in the middle of the formation. It is underlain by 125 feet and overlain by 375 feet of calcareous sandstone (Salisbury, 1961, p. 20). Typical beds of sandy limestone are composed of 61 percent calcite and 36 percent quartz sand (Salisbury, 1961, p. 20). The limestone is medium gray, with a reddish cast where fresh, but becomes darker gray and redder upon weathering. The calcareous sandstone at the base and top of the formation is light brown, medium to coarse grained and crossbedded. So far as can be determined from hand specimens, the sandstone does not contain any feldspar, making it easy to distinguish from the feldspathic sandstone in the Ath,ens Shale. At various horizons within the middle part of the Chota are beds of coarse limestone-pebble conglomerate. One of these beds was described by Kellberg and Grant (1956, p. 713, 714), who state that 77.7 percent of the pebbles are limestone, 10.2 percent sandstone, and the remainder quartzite, chert, siltstone, vein quartz, and dolomite. The conglomerate matrix is red, slightly calcareous, quartzose, medium-grained sandstone. Conglomerates of similar character occur in the clastic upper part of the Rockmart Slate in :PQij{. ,County, Ga. (Cressler, 1970). Distribution. -The Chota Formation occupies a single b~lt 0.6 mile wide east of Cisco. The belt extends from the Tennessee line southward about 4.5 miles into Georgia. Deeply weathered exposures of the Chota can be seen on the road east of Cisco. Fresher outcrops occur on the low ridges east of Cisco and in the Woods east of Tennga. Hydrology. -The area underlain by the Chota Formation is sparsely settled. The only well inventoried (8PP-3) was hand dug, 26 feet deep, and supplies a residence. A sample of this water had a calcium carbonate hardness of 8.0 mg/1 and an iron content of 0.10 mg/1. Water from limestone and calcareous sandstone will generally be moderately hard to hard and is likely to have a moderate to high iron content. Wells in limestone should yield from about 2 gpm on higher elevations to as much as '25 gpm in stream valleys. This means that residential supplies can probably be developed in most areas having moderate slopes and elevations. Some wells will require long periods of pumping to clear them of sand. The well water will be hard and in general will be of good quality. The sandstone at the base of the formation will probably supply 5 to 20 gpm to wells located close to a perennial stream and may furnish enough water for a residential supply in other areas of low elevation. The sandstone at the top of the formation in general will be less productive, as it underlies more rugged terrain. Water from the sandstone will tend to be hard because the rock is calcareous and may have a moderate iron content. MOCCASIN FORMATION Name. -The Moccasin Formation was named for exposure along Moccasin Creek, at Scott Run, Va. Butts (1948, p. 30, 31) used the name Moccasin for all the rocks of Middle Ordovician age between Dick Ridge, at the west edge of Whitfield County, and Dalton. In this report, however, the name Moccasin is used only for the rocks in the belt adjacent to Dick Ridge. The rocks in the more eastern belts are considered to be Bays Formation. Lithology and thickness. -The Moccasin consists of between 200 and 500 feet of calcareous red and yellow argillaceous rock that weathers to red and yellow mudstone. Thick-bedded blue limestone and some impure, yellow-weathering liMestone also make up part of the formation. Exposures are too 25 poor to reveal how much of the formation is carbonate. Hydrology.-Two wells inventoried in the formation are about 100 feet deep and provided adequate domestic water supplies. The water is said to be drinkable. The makeup of the Moccasin indicates that wells in low, gently rolling areas will provide yields adequate for a domestic or farm supply. Where iimestone beds are present, the formation may produce 20 gpm. Wells located on steep slopes or hilltops are likely to be nearly dry. BAYS FORMATION Name. -The name Bays Formation was given to exposures in the Bays Mountains of Hawkins and Greene Counties, Tenn. According to Cattermole (1955 ), the Bays correlates, at least in part, with the Moccasin Formation of the northwestern part of the Valley and Ridge province. Munyan (1951, p. 73) tentatively iqentified rocks on Hamilton Mountain, which is north of Dalton, as Bays. Lithology and thickness. -The Bays Formation consists of maroon and yellow calcareous mudstone and siltstone, a little impure limestone in the lower part, and gray to rusty-brown sandstone and quartz-pebble conglomerate in the upper part. The mudstone closely resembles that in the Moccasin Formation but differs by having a higher silt content and by being interbedded with much more siltstone. In a few places the siltstone is hundreds of feet thick and produces sizable ridges, such as the one east of the Mill Creek bridge on U. S. Highway 41, west of Dalton. A very distinctive constituent of the Bays is metabentonite, which was produced by the fall of volcanic ash into the Middle Ordovician sea. Metabentonite is exposed on the south side of U. S. Highway 41 east of Mill Creek Gap through Rocky Face Mountain. The Bays as used in this report is about 980 feet thick. The thickness includes 560 feet of section that Munyan (1951, p. 63-66) identified as Bays plus 420 feet that he tentatively identified as Sevier Shale. Because these two sections have similar lithology, the author is including them both in the Bays. Hydrology.-West of Rocky Face Mountain wells inventoried in the lower, chiefly mudstone part of the Bays Formation range in depth from about 49 to 131 feet. They are reported to yield up to 20 gpm, though 5 or 10 gpm is normal. A few domestic wells pump dry with heavy use, probably because they do not penetrate limestone lenses. Well drillers occasionally report not finding water on steep hillsides or hilltops. Few wells have been drilled in the middle and upper parts of the formation, as they mainly underlie steep slopes and ridges. It is doubtful that a yearround supply could be developed in most of the outcrop area. But where they underlie water gaps, such as Mill Creek Gap, the middle and upper parts of the Bays should supply 5 to 20 gpm to a well less than 200 feet deep. Most well owners consider water from the Bays to be satisfactory for drinking and for household use, although some complain that the water has an iron taste and will stain sinks and laundry. The water probably ranges from moderately hard to hard. Water from well 5MM-1 had a calcium carbonate hardness of 140 mg/1 and an iron content of 0.5 mg/l. SILURIAN SYSTEM RED MOUNTAIN FORMATION Name.-The Red Mountain Formation of Silurian age was named for Red Mountain east of Birmingham, Ala. The formation is an important source of iron ore in Alabama and has been worked on a moderate scale in Georgia, but never in the study area. Lithology and thickness.-The Red Mountain Formation is composed of sandstone, shale and conglomerate. Depending on local structure, its thickness ranges between 600 and 1,200 feet. The base of the formation consists of about 100 feet of medium gray coarse-grained sandstone and quartzite and quartz-pebble conglomerate. The conglomerate contains well-rounded quartz pebbles up to 0.5 inch in diameter, scattered in a matrix of medium and coarse-grained sand. Bedding in the basal unit is massive and generally ranges between 4 and 6 feet thick. Above the massive basal beds, the formation is made up of interbedded sandstone and shale in approximately equal proportions. Throughout most of the section, the brown-weathering sandstone is coarse grained and occurs in beds 1 to 4 feet thick. In the upper 300 feet or so, the sandstone becomes very fine to fine grained and is in beds ranging from a few inches to 2 feet thick. The individual beds of sandstone are separated by differing thicknesses of dark-gray clayey and silty shale that becomes olive green or tan upon weathering. 26 Figure 9. Icicles form where ground water leaks out of the Red Mountain Formation along steeply inclined bedding plane openings. Distribution.-The Red Mountain Formation crops out only west of the Rome Fault in western Gordon and Whitfield Counties . Because t he form ation is very resistant to erosion, it forms the highest ridges in the report area west of the Great Smoky Fault. Some of the ridges rise more than 1,500 feet above sea level. Among the more prominent ridges are Rocky Face, Horn, Chestn ut and Mill Creek Mountains, and Dick and Taylor Ridges. The formation is well exposed along t he ro ads that cross Horn Mountain, west of Sugar Valley, and Rocky Face Mountain through Dug Gap, southwest of Dalton. Hydrology. - The Red Mountain Formation is a poor aquifer because it forms steep-sided, narrowcrested ridges , in which the strata are inclined 20 to 60 degrees. Most rainfall on ridges runs off before it can percolate, and any water that does reach bedrock is quickly lost down the steeply inclined bedding-plane openings (Fig. 9). Ridges of this shape and structure catch and hold very little water. The Red Mountain is not used as an aquifer in the report area, so its water-bearing character is known only from adjacent counties. In those areas, the formation will yield 5 or 10 gpm to wells on gentle slopes, such as at the foot of a ridge. Yields of 1 0 to 50 gpm can be obtained in the few places the formation is crossed by a stream. In general, the Red Mountain is a poor aquifer, and in most areas it cannot furnish enough water for a domestic supply Water from the Red Mountain is generally soft, but much of it contains undesirable quantities of iron. The iron is so concentrated in some of the water that treatment is need ed to make it drinkable. DEVONIAN SYSTEM ARMUCHEE CHERT Name.-The Armuchee Chert of Early and Middle Devonian age was named for exposures near Armuchee in Floyd County, Ga. The type section 27 is presumably along and near Armuchee Creek, where it crosses the end of Lavender Mountain. Lithology. -The Armuchee is composed chiefly of medium- to dark-gray chert that locally is sl;lndy and ferruginous. In most weathered outcrops the chert is light gray, but where freshly exposed it may have a rusty or reddish-brown surface. Most of the chert is thin bedded, although thick to massive beds do occur. In a few places the highly weathered chert is nodular. It is not unusual for the formation to contain scattered layers of ferruginous sandstone or very sandy chert which may or may not be feldspathic. Distribution and thickness.-The Armuchee crops out as a low ridge along the dip slope of the high ridges upheld by the Red Mountain Formation of Silurian age. One of the best displays of the Armuchee is along the road over Horn Mountain west of Sugar Valley in Gordon County. The exposed section is about 60 feet thick, and the upper and lower contacts of the formation can be seen. Another exposure of the Armuchee showing its upper contact occurs in the cut of Georgia Highway 143 about 3 miles northwest of Sugar Valley, just north of the junction with the paved road going to Resaca. Hydrology.-Because the Fort Payne Chert is widespread above the Armuchee Chert, wells rarely derive water solely from the Armuchee. Most wells in the Armuchee begin in the overlying Fort Payne Chert and obtain water from both formations. For this reason and because the formations have similar lithologies, the hydrology of the Armuchee is discussed further in the section dealing with the Fort Payne Chert. CHATTANOOGA SHALE AND MAURY MEMBER Name.-The Chattanooga Shale of Devonian and Mississippian age was named for exposures at Chattanooga, Tenn. The Maury Member of the Chattanooga is of Early Mississippian age and was named for Maury County, Tenn. In the area of this report, the Chattanooga overlies the Armuchee Chert and underlies the Fort Payne Chert. Lithology and thickness.-In Georgia, the Chattanooga Shale consists of up to 40 feet of black highly fissile clay and silty shale. Locally it contains thin layers of siltstone and fine-grained sandstone. The Chattanooga gradually thins toward the south and southeast, and in Gordon County it ranges in thickness from about 15 to 30 feet. Upon exposure, the shale slowly changes from black to brown and finally to purplish brown or tan. In a highly weathered state its appearance is similar to that of long-exposed Lavender Shale Member of the Fort Payne Chert. At the top of the Chattanooga is a 2- to 3-foot layer of greenish, glauconitic shale or clay named the Maury Member. The Maury is unusual because it contains phosphatic nodules Vt inch to 6 inches in diameter. As nodules of this type do not occur in other formations, they enable identification of the Maury, where the stratigraphic structure is indeterminate. The Maury invariably overlies the Chattanooga and, thereby, provides a valuable top and bottom criterion. In places where exposures are very poor, the attitude of the Chattanooga would remain in doubt were it not for the Maury indicating the top. Distribution.-The Chattanooga Shale forms a line of outcrops along the dip slopes of all the ridges of Red Mountain Formation and crops out in a few of the deeper drainage courses. Good exposures of the Chattanooga showing the contact with the Armuchee Chert and the Fort Payne Chert occur along the road over Horn Mountain west of Sugar Valley in Gordon County. The formation also can be seen in a cut on Georgia Highway 143 about 4 miles northwest of Sugar Valley and just north of the intersection with the paved road to Resaca. Hydrology. -The Chattanooga Shale is unimportant as an aquifer because it is thin and has very low permeability. It does, however, affect local ground-water conditions. For example, the shale forms a confining layer over the Armuchee Chert and produces flowing wells. But, of more importance, ground water coming into contact with the Chattanooga generally becomes charged with iron and hydrogen sulfide and may pick up small concentrations of uranium, making it necessary to case off the Chattanooga. If the Chattanooga is not cased off, ground water of good quality from the Fort Payne and the Armuchee may be sufficiently contaminated to render the entire supply unfit for use. MISSISSIPPIAN SYSTEM FORT PAYNE CHERT Name. -The Fort Payne Chert of Early Mississippian age was named for exposures at Fort Payne in DeKalb County, Ala. 28 Lithology and thickn ess.- The Fort Payne Ch ert exposed in Gordon and Whitfield Counties consists of between 100 and 200 feet of thin- t o thickbedded chert . The chert is dark gray t o nearly black where fresh , but on mo st outcrops it is weathered to light gray or purple. The chert beds range from less than 1 inch to more than 2 feet thick. The individual beds are strikingly uniform and extend for hundred s of feet wit hout noticeable variation in thickness (Fig . 10 ). Unweathered, Fort Payne Chert is a siliceo us darbonate rock . It contains both dolomite and limestone, which develo p solution openings similar to those in nearly pure carb onat e rocks. Distribution.- The Fort Payn e Chert foll ows a line of outcrop for miles along the dip slopes of all the ridges of the Red Mountain Formation, but it rarely is well exposed . There seems to be no place in the study area where the entire formati on is displayed. The lower part and t he contact with the underlying Chattanooga Shale crops out along the:road over Horn Mountain west of Sugar Valley in Gordon County and in a cut of Georgia Highway 143 about 4 miles northwest of Sugar Valley, north of the junction with the road going east to Resaca. Fauna and correlation.- Where th e Ch attanooga Shale is unexposed and other criteria are wan ting, it is difficult to distinguish t he Fort Payne Chert from the Armuchee Chert. However , t he presence of large crinoid stem plates identify t he chert as Fort Payne. According to Butts (1948, p. 45), large crinoid stems are common to the Fort Payne of Alabama and Kentucky and are an infallible criterion for distinguishing the Fort Payne from older formations. These large crinoid ste m s, wh ich are 0.5 inch or more in diameter, occur at the north end of Houston Valley in Whitfield County. Hy drology.-As previously explained, the hydrology of the Fort Payne Chert and the Armuchee Chert is being discussed in one unit because they are nearly identical. Wells commonly der ive water simultaneously from both. Rarely is it known whether well water comes from one or bo th formations. Wells in the chert range in depth fro m 42 to more than 300 feet and most yield from 5 to 20 gpm . Well 5LL-25 flows steadily at the rate of 3 < . '' < ~~~~} ' ;~.'4~.mer Type of Well Topography 6KJQ2 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 C. W. Fox Herbert Page Cline Fox Wayne Cook Gordon County Bd. of Ed. Blackwood Spring Church John Groggan J. H. Boston D. M. King Mrs, Lucile Woodring Olin Towe R. E. & R. L. Keown Clayton Kinmon Mrs. Harry Lemons James Sullivan T. P. Holcomb do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Drilled do do do do Hillside Hilltop Foot of hill do Hilltop Hillside Flat valley Hillside Flat surface Hillside Flat surface Hillside do 28 Mrs. Margaret Henderson 29 R. L. Mitchell 30 Mildred Holcomb 3l Louis Darby 32 do 33 Fred Hall 34 A. L. Shaw 35 Carl Fisher 36 P, M. Cochran 37 V. E. Saunders 38 G. V. Cate 39 Sam Williams 40 Roy L. Holland 41 Austin Knight 42 Edna Durham 43 J, M. Ow' en 44 Ford Sexton 45 Charles Holcomb 46 Alton Holcomb 47 do 48 Marvin Taylor 49 do so Carl Sampler do do do Flat valley do do do do do Hilltop Dug Hillside Drilled do do Flat valley do Hillside do do do do do Hilltop do Flat valley do do do do do Flat surface do Flat valley do do do do do do do Flat surface do do do Hilltop Geologic symbol of a uifer ilcsl -Eicls -eels -Elcls oc1 Diameter Depth Cased to Water-level Date of well (feet) (feet) below land measured (inches) surface 212 36 48 40.5 30 104 84 135 135 23.20 30 Reported Yield Use (gpm) do do do Domestic and stock Domestic Remarks ocm 85 85 do 06k ocm Ol \J 54 55 Andy Payne E. E. Dilbeck Sara Martin R. A. Owen Paul Dixon 56 Carl Chadwick 57 M. L. Johnson Type of Well Drilled do Oug Drilled de do do 58 Mrs. 1\('tlil Bradley do \9 Paul b Bernice Pasley do 60 Judge Pascali Dug 61 .1. H. Williams Drilled 62 llershal Greeson de 6J Mrs. Hugh Smith do 64 Ernest Cochran do 65 Harlan Greeson do " IH 1 J C~mpbell do 67 Richard VarnE-r do 68 Walter Dobson do 69 Carl Long do 70 Wi II ia!T' Cooper do 7l A. P. Beamer do 72 do do )) J. R. Fain do .'4 G. D. Sheriff do Jessie Cox do G, A. HoI brook do 77 J. C. Fox, Jr. do 78 J. E. Southerland do 79 C. J. Freeman do 7KKl M. D. McDaniel do J. II, Starr do J. R. Silvers do ".:>llis Hal1Ul1ond do T. Butler do L. M. McEntyre do do do Sam Boston do W, L. Dew do !0 W. B. Silks do ll B. T. Rickett do 12 Mr. Thacker do 13 Allen Woody do 14 Hannon Farm do Mrs. Whitner do ].' R. T. Butler do Topography Flat valley Hillside Flat valley do Flat surface Hillside do Geologic symbol of a uifcr --Eicls --Eicls -6csl -Eicsl Diameter of well (inches) Depth Cased to (feet) (feet) Water-level below land surface m('asurc>d 50 50 23.95 100 39 37 48 56.2 None 56.64 89 lS 10 57 lO 9-14-65 Reported 9-15-65 Reported do --Eicls 47 20 l7 do l28 None 27 do do --scsi do Flat valley Ok 60 Loc8l depression 06k llillside Flat valley Hillside Hilltop Hillside 06k Ok l>k --scsi -cis Flat surface Hilltop Flat surface -Eicsl 06k 06k do Foot of hill Hillside do do do do Ok Ok 06k 06k+cm( ?) Ok do Flat surface Hillside -6cm -6cls 80 80 19.2 73 30 60 !\one 73 66.8 57 l4 181 l80 102 33 509 30 72 225 111.5 42 75 111.5 100 100 86 lOO l2 102 45 134 6.2 l97 65 147 l47 88 39 21 95 95 26.54 47.71 13.26 10 28.08 50 30 80 30 25 40 17.94 15 61,87 30 45 45 9-15-65 9-15-65 9-15-65 Reported 9-16-65 Reported do Report<:'d Reported do do do 9-15-65 Reportf'd 7-08-66 Reported do Reported do Flat valley Ok Hill top Ok Flat surface Ok Local depression -Eicm Foot of hill --Eicm Hills ide 06k do 06k Hilltop Ok do Ok Flat surface -6csl Hilltop -tcsl Hillside -6cls Hilltop -Eicls do Valley O~k Hillside <;om !00 32 ll5 ll5 100 84 liS 30 98 50 50 40 l!O 55 114.4 84 63 67 58.4 25 25.3 30 79.7 50 lib 45 38 48 25 92 56.43 56.40 24.58 14.78 20.56 46.57 do do Reported do do do 8-20-43 9-17-63 9-ll-43 9-16-43 9-16-43 9-17-43 Yield t:se (gpm) Remarks [)om('stic End of casing open Domestic and stock Domestic do do Well flows in winter do do Water enters well from crf:'vice in rock at 38 ff'Pt and 78 feet 28 do do do do 21 feet of casing pPrforated do do do Domestic and stock 20+ do DomE's tic 2-foot fractures in rock, 507 to 509 feet do do 21 feet of casing perforated do do do do do llomstic do Domestic and stock Domestic 20 Domestic and stock Nonr do Domestic Flat surface -csl 100 80 20 Reported do 41 ,,f T<~ble 5.--R('cord ~>ells in Gordon County, Ge;:,rgia--C:mtinued \./t\1 n.>. Owner 8KK1 lO 12 11 l4 II I. W. 11<'::~1 City ,f Fairmount 1,,hn She I hors~ L. A. Du1n J. !1. Austin Andrew and Winnie Cldrk Mrs. C. 0. Bird J. B. Richardson Lumber Co. Phiiip T.1te W. S. W" ,,n Sam Powers liumer Warlick I" do Ednil 'late Estate t\obhy Ar:1nld 20 Alltn Woody 21 21 do 24 W. H. Gihsnn 21 Onirc \01111g V. F. Phi !lips !-\r,Jdy Champion 29 City .>f Finrnmunt II 5LL4 <~rrv CupclCJnd Jvrl Couch Rillpt> S1 t<'n 10 lhllllll Drill;;>d do do do do do ropugraphy llillside do do Valley Hill top do Valley do du do do do do Hilltop do do do Hillside do do do do do do do do Hillside do FoJt :>f hill d ~) llillsirl"' do do do do do do do do do Valley do do do do d.J lllllt'r do FLH valley do do Hilltup 1\iLlside do du of a uifcr ~cs ~cls +cis ""'cls -tic is Diameter of well (inches) llt>pth Cased to (fttt) (fee) Wcner-lcvcl bc>luv. land surfacv !late measurt'd 180 20 500 80 110 55.5 30 99.7 99.6 40 59 18 28 12.44 36.10 Reported do 2-03-50 Rcport0d 9~ 1 7-43 Yield (gpm) Remarks llnmtslic and stock 20 City QW analyscs :"\one do do do -t;cls ~cls ~cis -Eels ~cis +.cis ~cis -cls +icls ~cs-+.cls( ?) ~CS--L :?) -Eels +.cls -cls -Eels miu miu miu miu -LIS +.clo, +icls -Eels -Eels 10-8 -csl 126.5 27 300 27 250 60 387 66 190 40 181 400- 14'3 24 46.6 37 28.2 77 69.6 ](,.'i 101 41 90 200 40 218 30 101 20 70 140 21 183 45 450 173. '} 136 21 42.9 11 51 20.87 14 27.29 30.30 75.31 70 27.43 25.27 18.56 27.50 16.28 68.40 29.J2 60 10 60 50 26.\l 149 23 23 11.67 21 9-17-43 Reported 2-03-')0 9-17-43 9-17-43 Reportc>d 9-16-43 9-11-43 9-ll-43 9-ll-43 9-11-43 9-16-43 7-14-66 RepDrted do 7-20-66 Rl'ported do do 7-30-43 do do do 20 10+ 10+ 10+ 10+ 50 100 do llomestic :"\one Domestic \~att'r muddies do do do :"\one Doml'Stic do do lluml'St ic and St:Jck do do do do do Domestic City Dome's tic City QW analyses :\one Mfs Mfs Mile -Ecsl -csl .j.'cs1 -LS] 2]2 28 27 10 50 25 81 74 80 26 !OJ 53 50 20 1()7 do Domestic do do 22 do Reported do do R('port0d do End of casing open 42 Table 5.--Record of wells in Gordon County, Georgia--Continued Well no. Owner Type of Well 5LL13 14 15 16 l7 18 l9 20 2l 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 6LLl 10 II 12 l3 14 15 16 17 Robert Seritt Drilled Dan and Roxie do Brown M. P. Davis do William LAngley do Bill West do J. M. Muse do A. R. Hutchinson do Joe, Bob and Roy do Russell Raymond Albright do W. M. Patterson do J. H. Byerley do HArley Defoor do Roy Brown do Maud Harbour do J. W. & R. L. Russell do Mrs. G. M. Jones do S. L. Hawkins do Rice 0. Herrington do F. F. Waldrop do Myrtle Brown do Jimmie Floyd do G. H. Faulkinberry do Ed. Deans do J. C. Malone do Carlton Poarch do J. W. Moss, Jr. do Marvin Roberts do Remes Lackey do J, c. Blackstock do Mrs. Flora Stansell do A. L. Taylor do D. T. Davis do Gordon County Bd. do of Ed, E. W. Chitwood Dug May Norrell Drilled A. B. David do J. B. Holland do Echota Cotton Mill do do do Cherokee Candlewick do Inc, City of Calhoun do 18 do do l9 M. T. Cook do 20 B. K. Kincaid do 2l Dennis Owens do 22 Mrs, Otis Russell do 23 J. C. Caldwell do Topography Flat valley Hilltop Flat surface Hillside Flat vallE>y do Hillside do Geologic symbol of a uifer MDo MDo Diameter of well ( inchE'S) Depth Cased to (feet) (feet) Water-lE'vel below land surfacE' Date measured 77 69 48 67 67 Reported "'' 155 l9 MOo 81 27 Reportf.'d MDo 85 84 34 7-20-65 MDo 358 16.8 7-31-43 "'' 100 82 MDo 160 Yield l'se (gpm) Remarks IJomesti< Small yield, would pump dry Domestic and stock Domestic do None Domestic and stock llomt>Stic do "" do -6csl Hill top ~csl Flat valley MDo Foot of mountain MOe Hillside do "'' -6csl do ~csl do -csl-Mfs(? do -csl Valley Hillside do "" "'' -cs1 do "'' Hilltop "'' Hillside -6csl do -6csl Flat valley o6csl Valley -Gcsl Local depression -6csl Hillside -csl Hilltop -ecsl Valley -Gels do ooE;cls do -ecsl 110 110 100 56 95 83.5 144 144 156 42 16 120 80 74 60 100 65 126 53 58 50 64.8 59 40 35 60.7 20 80.4 75 42 38 60 10 125 56 27 40 34.3 45.2 30 50,6 35 12 44 20 125 125 25 16 47.57 Flows 50 20 50.48 10 20.54 73.14 l3 25 20 13.4 9.4 22.00 17.26 22 15 Reported do P!"rforated casing do do 7-15-65 do RE>ported Domf'stic and stock 7-15-65 !\one High iron Domf'Stic Stock Reported Homes tic Domestic and stock Reported do do 60 llomt'Stic QW analvsf'S 7-31-43 !';one Reported None 7-30-43 do 7-31-43 do Reportt>d 16 do do Domestic QW analyses do Domt>Stic and stock 8-16-43 8-17-43 do Original depth 40 feet do 8-16-43 do 8-16-43 do Reported !';one Well dC's t royed do Domestic do do do Hillside Valley do do do do ~cis ~csl -6cls -6csl ooEicsl -6cs1 48 23.9 None 19.25 57.7 54 33.00 125 35 40 56.4 4.48 316 60 385 80 16 202 40 4.5 8-30-44 Nont' 7-28-43 do Reported Domestic 5-18-65 None Reported 70 do do 80 do do 60 do do o6csl do surface Hillside do do Valley ~csl -csl --6csl o6csl -ecsl --6csl 298 105 10 401 65 50 14 24 100 22 108 10 100 100 10 18.30 18.50 9.27 20 do do do 6-16-65 6-17-65 6-17-65 ep,'rted 100 200 15+ None Wt' 11 went dry when pumped at 200 gpm for 5 WE'f'kS, Wf'll destroyed Domestic do do Domestic and stock [)omestic do 43 Table 5.--Record of wells in Gordon County, Georgia--continued Well no, Owner 6LL24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 H. 0. Stanley R. E. Blackstock Dock Sesson Lloyd Bowen, Jr. Buford Chitwood do Mack Rud ledge H. E. Hall C. L. Moss James Sloam S, R. Sloan Frank Craig 36 do 37 Gus Moore 38 do 39 Earl Greezon 40 Dennis Chastain 41 Ernest Gee, Jr, 42 Ernest Gee, Sr. 43 do 44 H. L. Lening 45 Fred Caldwell 46 Albert Gallman 47 Zeb Thompson 48 Robert Casey 49 J. ~. Greenway 50 Freeman Roberts 51 Jim McRee 52 C. L. Hall 53 C. L. Jones 54 do 55 Grady Burns 56 R. F. Hogan 57 G, H. Blackstock 58 John Blair 59 W. M. King 60 do 61 B. T. Brown 62 Mrs. 0. J. Amos 63 W. s. Wheat 64 Claude Walraven 65 S. J. Dopson 66 Rayford McDaniel 67 J, W. Brown 68 Hubert Greeson 69 R. T. Miller Type of Well Topography Drilled do do do do do Dug do do Drilled Dug Drilled Hillside do Flat surface do Hillside Flat surface Hillside do Valley Hillside do Valley do do do Hillside do do do Hilltop do Hillside do do do do do do do do do Flat surface do Valley do do do Hillside do Flat surface do Hillside do do do do do do do do do do do Flat surface do do do do do do do Dug do do do Drilled do do do Hilltop do Flat valley Flat surface do Hillside Flat valley do do Hdlside do Geologic symbol of aquifer -cls -csl --i!csl csl -6csl -6csl -6csl --i!csl -6csl Diameter Depth cased to Water-level Date of well (feet) (feet) below land measurt'd (inches) surface 100 40 100 40 100 57 15 102 33 17 102 21 32.00 92 42 16 42 31 None 10.65 36 SO do 37.90 48 31,4 do 22.14 100 75 60 54.3 None 31.50 88 88 30.00 Reported do do do 6-24-65 RepOrtE'd 6-24-65 6-24-65 6-18-65 6-18-65 6-18-65 csl csl Ord ~'f wells in Gordun County, Georgia--l~mtinued Well nu. Own<>r 7LL37 38 l9 40 L. P. Owc-n, Sr. Llnyd Prs 47 C, L. Weavpr do do lldlsultc" 48 L. D. Rtese do Val i<>y 8LL1 J, L, Owcns do Hilltop Mart Baxtor do Vil ll<>y Loy Puckett do Hillside Hrs. H. L. Wilson do do J <' s s H r ~ lW n do do C. J-1. Owen do Valley .J W. Rate! iff do do Cordon County Bel. of Ed. do llilltop Mrs. JLJhn Davenport do do lO do de 11 Mrs, J. M. Black do Valley l2 J. W. Evans do de 13 V. C:, Silvers do de 14 Fair View Church do 15 V. G. Silvers do do 16 Hillside 17 Romp Kraft do Valley 18 C. B. Black do llillside 19 Felton Johnson do 20 J. W. Harris do Flat valley 2l RBlph Tatum do Hillside 22 Martha Scolt do Va llcy 23 Ralph Tatum 24 Lawrence Mulke-y 25 A. L. ECJrnt'sl 26 G. \~. Parks do do do Hilltop do Valley do 27 Mrs. 1!. M. Ashworth do do 28 G. W. Parks Hilltop 29 Mrs. R. V. Putman 30 Mrs. V II (indu:s) Depth Cased to ( f<><'t) (feet) Wat~r-ll-'VL'l below Lsmd S11rface Ddle measured 30 64 64 100 12 75 20 100 27 100 18 46 46 90 90 48.00 14.95 20 18 l8 20 6-16-65 Reported Reported do do do -csl -tcsl 105 57 IOl lO 95 95 Reportt>d ~cIs cs cls -tcls -tels -ticls -Eels cls-ecs(? 35 82 20 26 48 48.2 52 22 60.1 63 35 4.46 3115 l7 16 24.91 Reportt'd Reported 9-10-43 9-14-43 Reported do 9-14-43 Yh>ld L'se (gprn) Remarks Domestic Bnd st:Jck 20 do do Domt"stic do do do Pl'rfCJrated casing llomPstie and stock End of casing open do Stock 10 Domestic and stock End of casing open Domestic do QW analyses do de do do do do do tels-Ecs(? tics cis -tcls -6cs(?)(-Ecl tes cs -Ecs .ficls -ficls -Eels -Eels els cls -ficls -ficls -ficls -e ls cls -f'cls 42.8 54.5 59.8 178.7 119.8 29.6 57.1 55.2 107.7 64.7 24.2 lOO 23 60 42 34.9 29.1 58.3 34 67 35 35 107 64 52 14 43.8 26.1 45 45 41.7 Ill 77 14 12.66 35,38 12.67 11.88 10.95 13.3 24,76 27.87 8.13 10 8. 73 16.98 25.50 18.95 5.18 15.42 7.67 15.33 19.35 9-10-43 9-15-43 9-15-43 9-15-43 9-15-43 8-14-43 8-14-43 8-14-43 8-14-43 do 9-10-43 9-10-43 9-18-43 Reported do do do do do do do do do do do Domestic and stock do Domestic do do do 5+ do do Perforated casing 9-18-43 Reported 9-18-43 9-18-!3 9-18-43 7-20-66 7-20-66 do do do de do do None Domestic Perforated casing - would smell 46 Table 5.--Record of wells in Gordon County, Georgia--Continued Well no, Owner Type of Well 8LL37 38 39 40 41 Virgil Brown s. H. Leatherwood Mrs, R. L. Moreland Edward Rogers L. E. Silvers Drilled do do do do Topography Hilltop Hillside Valley Hillside Valley Geologic symbol of aquifer -ticls -Etls .eels ~cls .. " Diameter of well (inches) Depth cased to (feet) (feet) Water+cvel bel\J',. land surfac~.> Date measured 88 67 20 lOO 26 41.6 S3 20 30 15.57 30.61 Reported do 9-09-43 7-20-66 Yield l"&f' H>+ Dot!IE'stic and stock Domestic IJom~.>s tic and stock IJOIII{'StiC 10+ Domestic nd stock Remarks 47 Table 6.--Record of wells in Whitfield County, Georgia Geologic symbol: Mfs, Floyd Shale; MDc, chert of Mississippian and Devonian age; Ml:J, Lavender Shale Member of Fort Payne Chert; Srm, Red Mountain Formatlu.; Om, Moccasin Formation; Ob, Bays Formation; Oh, Holston Limest.me; Ok, Knox Group; -6cm, Maynardville Limestone Member of the Co asauga Formation; -6csl, shale and limestone of the Conasauga; -Elcls, 1 imestone and shale of the Conasauga; cs, shale and siltstone of the Conasauga; -6cl, limestone unit of the Conasauga; -Elr, Rome Formation, Well no. Owner Type of Well Topography 5MM1 10 11 12 13 14 Dan Tullock J. F. Owens Gaston Davis David Owens Loy Collins J. W. Collins Floyd Sheram John Hammontree Claude Holcomb 0. E. Quades C. W. Master Bradley Estate Lee Montgomery T. J. Gazaway Drilled do do do do do do do do do do do do do Flat valley Hillside do do Undulating Hillside do Flat surface Hillside Hilltop Undulating Hillside Valley Flat valley 15 16 17 6MM1 3 / 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Ed. King do Mrs, Gussie Garrett Dug Joe B. Cochran, Sr. Drilled Elbert Wells do John D. Groves do James B. Brown do Charles Russell do M. Vester Stanley do Jessie Penion Dug Jim Underwood Drilled Tilton Baptist Church Dug Viola Bright do Charlie Ray Drilled John F, Burns Dug Marian Maples Drilled Harem Voyles do E. Guy Jones Dug C. J. Holland do J. R. Ratcliff Drilled George Bell Dug Mrs, Charles Evans do Marvin Seay Drilled Jess Brock do Robert H. Gillespie do T. G. Strickland do Homer L. Cook Dug Sam Duncan Drilled Hubert Johns do F. W. Keen do do do Hillside do Flat valley Undulating do Hillside do do Undulating Hillside do do do do do Foot of hill Flat valley Ridge Hilltop Undulating Hillside Hilltop Undulating Hilltop Undulating HillsLde do Hilltop Flat valley Hilltop 28 Irwin Block do Hillside Geologic symbol of a uifer Db 08k Done Reported 9-26-68 Domestic and stock None 9-26-68 do Reported 20+ Dome.~tic and stock QW analyses do Domestic? do 50 Table 6.--Record of wells in Whitfield County, Georgia--Continued Well no. Owner Type of Well bPP4 Willi..9m J. Ledford C. L. Pritchett Bob Souther Drilled do do do Crawford Brownfield do Sherr,)d D. Williams do 10 Roy Coker do 11 Mrs. Virg1e 0. Ward do 12 Lock L. Boyd do 13 .' i.ro E . :ey do 14 C. L. tlolcomb do 15 Voyd Osborn do 1b Willard Scott do l7 U. S. Dept. of Agri. do 18 Sherr~d w~tliams do 19 J .: . ~res son do 20 Wi 11 .r' Scott do r <~cui fer ...-tlcsi Oh Ob ...""" ~csl -6cs1 Diameter Depth Cased to Water-level Date of well (feet) (feet) below land measured (inches) surface 200 22 129 61 116 40 100 100 175 63 200 18 84 84 LOO 21 115 115 120 69 52 Land Surface 50 12 60 Reported do do do do Reportpd do -8csi ~em ...~csl ~em ileal ...~csl """ ~csl --ecsl ilcsl -6csl -6csl -ecsl -8csl 80 l7 50 138 16 40 105 18 20 65 65 104 bO 18 150 22 20 70 68 115 115 45 85 85 30 100 20 20 130 30 84 26 15 300 so 100 120 120 55 40 20 75 15 25 zog 18 220 18 5.50 do do do Reported ReportPd Reported 1965 Reported do do do Reported do 7-19-67 -ecsl --tical 70 20 105.9 10.60 Reported Yield Uoe (gpm) Remar-k Domestic do do do QW analyses Donk'&tic and atock None Pumps dry Domestic and stock Perforated casing do 10+ DolM'Stic 21 fPE"t of perforat~d casing 10 Domestic and stock Stock Domestic and stock do 15 Domestic do 40 Domestic and stock do do Perforated easing do 30? do llomeatic do do Domestic and stock End of casing open do Domestic do Pumps dry None Small yield, will pu111p dry Stock None -Gcsl ...-ecsl OElk-Oh(?) Oh Oh Diameter of well ( inche~) Depth Cased to (feet) (feet) Water-level below land surface Date measured 48 37 16 96 96 36 197 197 107 83 32 22 65 65 30 72 72 16.37 Reported do do do do do Flat valley Oh 36 15 15 10.21 do Hillside 0k 120 100 80 do do Flat valley Stream channel Hillside Valley bottom Ok Ok Oh Oh -6csl ll3. 5 86.58 36 19.4 None 5.93 24 24 120 l9 80 21.2 15.11 10-30-67 10-30-67 Reported 8-31-44 Yield t'se (gpm) R<>marks Domestic do End of casing open do do 10 do Domestic and stock End of casing open None 6 feet of perforated casing on bottom do Domestic and stock Well has to be cleaned often because of mud Domestic do do End of casing open do Public supply Hilltop Valley do Hillside Valley Hilltop Hillside Hilltop Flat valley Hilltop Hillside do Undulating Hillside Hilltop Hillside Flat Flat Flat Hilltop do Flat do Hillside Flat Hillside do do do do do do Ok 06k 0k Ok ~csl Ok -ilcsl Ok Ok csl Ok ~csl csl -ilcsl ~csl -1csl ~cl -1csl -csl ~csl -Eicsl Ok Ok Ok -6csl 06k ~csl 41 82 74 37.8 52.5 61.57 56.5 6,6 74 56 80 80 196 180 18 120 22 40 20 llO 29 420 49 240 87 100 26 36 80 28 100 30 55 23 160 26 50 65 20 60 30 100 27 92 133 70 190 48 103 45 50 21 256 150 16 39 38.2 20.36 50.57 49.23 33.62 60 40 20 18 15 15,65 87 75 7.80 15 15 25 7 .so 20 12 45 75 32.60 18 15 130 Reported 9-02-44 9-02-44 8-31-44 8-31-44 8-31-44 Reported do do do do 5-25-67 Reported do 5-25-67 Reported do do 1952 Reported do do do do 7-20-67 Reported do do do Domestic do Domestic and stack Domestic do 12 Domestic and stock Domestic None ;)omestic Stock Domestic Domestic and stock NOn(' Recovery of well too slow for use 20 Domestic and stock do Domestic Domestic and stock Domestic do 20 feet dug, 35 feet drilled do do 10 do do 10 Domestic and stock 10+ do 10+ do 10+ do 10 do Domestic 12 do 14 Domestic and stock 52 Table 7.--Record of wells in Murray County, Georgia--Continued Well no. Owner Type of Well 7NN26 27 28 29 30 c1 32 33 34 35 Mrs, Hughes Calhoun Mt.,;, E. A. Wells Mrs. Tom Hartin John Aiken Hartsel. bo.1u Ro e.~ Bartley Ballew and Tra:m!',.ll Ogletree L. D. Pritchard F. P. Bond Ruth Ann Pritchett Drilled do do do do do do do do TopograplY Foot of hill Hilltop do Hillside do Hillside do do Hilltop 36 H. S. Wilson do 37 Odis Sugartown do 38 C. H. Smith do 39 Earl Hogan do 40 Roy Gallman do 41 Ida Treadwell do 42 Mrs, Sophie do Springfield 43 Estate of Mrs. B. E. do Messer 44 City of Chatsworth do Hillside Valley Slope do Hillside Top of flat top hill Hilltop do Valley 45 Chatsworth Lmbr. Co. do 8NN1 S. L, Dickey do Charlie Kendrick do Fred Young do U. S, Dept. of do Agriculture State Park Dept. do 7PP1 Mrs, Julie Parker do R. F. Hill do J. L, Langford do Mrs. Calvin Brown do Mrs. Beulah Bryant do Jimmie Slaughter do W. H. McClure Ben Foster do s. A. Stafford do 10 Lee Caylor do ll John Caylor do 12 Ed Dalton do 13 Olin Dycus do 14 do do 15 Julius Dunn do 16 do do l7 Miss Rossie McNeely do 18 Paul Timms do l9 0. T. Roberts do 20 Tom Harris do 21 A. C. Harris do 22 Mrs, Melvin Pullen do do Hillside do Flat surface Hillside Hilltop Hillside Hilltop Hillside Flat valley Hillside Flat valley do do Hillside Hilltop Hillside do Hilltop Hillside do do Flat surface Hillside Flat surface Rolling Hillside Hilltop Geologic symbol of aouifer Onsley R. E. Stanley Type of Well Drilled do Dug and drilled 33 34 3S 36 37 38 8MM1 Leon Brindle Ruben Ingle C. B. Tucker J. J. Walraven J. T. Walraven R. T. Springfield John Hemphill Eod Ramsey Drilled do do do do do do do Murray County Bd. do of EJ, Mrs. Pa1line M. Davis do W. W. Nelson do Kenneth Defore do Willard Jackson do Paul Summey do Roy Gordon do 10 Grady Kendrick do 11 Miss Mittie Adams do l2 J. B. Horne, Sr. do 7NNl Ringold Burnett do John Reaves do C. B. Davis do Mark Swanson do Chilrl ie Richards do Mr. Slatterfield do Luke Jones do w. A .T~hnson do Mrs. Bessie Adams do 10 J. H. Pulliam do 11 Odell Ingle do Ella Gregory do 13 Aaron Leonard do do do lS Fred Smith do 16 Harold Springfield do 17 Willie Gallman do 18 Carl Johnson do 19 Austin Parrott, Jr. do 20 John Webb do 2l J. L. Roberts do 22 Hubert Stevenson do 23 George Mitchell do 24 Roy Gladden do 25 J. Charles do Topography Hilltop Flat .:;utface Hillside do do Flat surface Hilltop do Hillside Flat valley Hillsid<' Hilltop Valley Hilltop do do Hillside Hilltop Hillside do Valley Hilltop Flat hilltop do Hillside Hilltop do do Hillside Valley Hilltop Slope do Flat surface do Hilltop Hillside Slope Hillside do do Hilltop Flat surface Hillside Flat surface Hillside Geologic symbol of a uifer csl Diameter of well (inches) Dt>pth Cast>d to (feet) (feet) W8ter-level below land surfilce Omestic ilnd stock Originally dug 20 feet, then drilled to 70 after water gave out 10+ Domestic do do 10+ do 10+ Domestic and stock do QW analyses 10 Domestic do Water has bad odor and iron do -d do 11-11-43 ll-11-43 Reported do 9-29-43 9-29-43 9-30-43 9-30-43 9-30-43 Reported do do do 9-30-43 do 10-13-66 Keported 10-13-66 10-12-66 Reported 10-12-66 10-l:.l-66 Reported do do Well goes dry do do do do Domestic and stock Domestic do QW analyses 20 do Do do do do do do Domestic and stoc do 24 Domestic do Domestic and stock Domestic Domestic and stod do 21 feet of casing perforated Domestic do do do do 20 Domestic and stoc Original depth 125 ft. shortage of water then deepened to 205 ft. DomE's tic 21 feet of casing perforated do Stock 15 de Domestic 54 Table 7.--Record of wells in Murray County, Georgia Geologtc symbol: Oc, Chota Forl1Wtion; Oa, Athens Shale; r;ewala LimOO'Stune; Otk, Kn0x Group; ~em, Maynardvill0 Liml'Stone of the Conasauga Formation; ~csl, shale and limestone of the Conasauga; 1imes tont> and sha l c of the Conasauga; ~c s, shale and s i Its tone of Conasauga; limestone unit of the Conasauga; -er, Rome Formation; mtu, and igneous rocks, undivided. Well no. Ow nc-r 6LL81 7LL49 Kennt"tl DeL:)Or Ford Stanc i 11 W. " Stanci: l 51 53 8LL42 41 44 45 46 bMM~2 7MMl A. R. Edwards Jeff Mashburn Mr, W.o I~ McBrayer !li,wc L''-' Land Co. Mr RaJ ph Messer Emmett Cochran J. C. Maben J. Jl Horn Mr M<~)Sgil' Davis Tarvtr Robinson LPe Timms 0. C. Boling Lee Green Tom Green Doyl Cochran de Tom Turner 10 Jnhn Boyles ll Emory Scott 12 L. !I Kiho;.-,re 11 Trammell Bramblett 14 S. R. Long 15 Lawrence Haw.- J. E. BaggE'tt 17 Paul Baggett 18 Frank Springfit>ld 19 Frank Banks 20 Lloyd Jones 21 Mort Peeples 22 do 23 Raymond Davis 24 J. R. Klingersmith 25 Malcom Holloway 26 J. H. Young C<~arlit> Young 28 29 .Jeff Ingle Type of WE'll Dri llE"d Dug and Drilled Topogr<~phy llillside "ill top do Dri lied do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Hillside de do do do Valley do llil1sid" Hilltop do Flat surface Hillside do do do Hilltop do Flat surface Hillside Hill top Flat surface Hillside do do do do do do do Dug and Drilled Flat surface llilltop de do HillsidE' do Flat surface Hillside Drilled do Flat surface Hillside do do do do of a ui.fer ~csl of'csl ~csl DiamE'ter of Wt'l> {LnLilt'S) Depth L.aSld to (feet) (feet) Watl~nvll betow land surfaCl' rncdSurcd 100 23 9S 27 36-6 67 33 20.60 27 19. 10-27-66 ~--.-L -Oo csl ~em cs ~cis tcs -cis ~cl -Ecs-c1s ~csl -csl -6csl tcsl ~cs tcsl -Ecsl Ok csl tcsl -Ecsl Ok Od 10-26-66 Reported ll-11-43 11-ll-43 10-26-66 10-26-66 10-27-66 Reported csl csl iicsi ~LSI 62 21 100 14 so i4 82 14 77 70 20.14 20 14.76 !4 28.99 10-21'-66 10-27-66 10-2b-66 Yield (gpm) 10+ Domestic 10+ do de w, li originally dug 21 f,,.t, wat, r L'Vt:l low,rcd during 1956. JJrillo.'d 40 feet in Cl'nl('r of dug Wl'll and installed 6 ft. ,lf 6-inciJ casing 10 IJOml'Slic and stock 10+ do 10+ JlomlStic End of casing op"n do do :\one Jlom('stic do lO do do QW analyst'S Dom('stic and stock Doml'Stic and stock Domestic do 10 do 20 Domestic and stock do 20+ ])omtStic "0mstic '-l"d stock DomE'S tic do lOt JlOm('Stic and St:Jck do 10+ do IJOm('Stic do do do do Stock 10+ do 10+ Domestic and stock Wt>ll originally dug to 20 ft. latE>r drillPd to b4 ft. aftPr water gave out 10+ JlomE>stic 10+ llomtstic and st.Jck 20+ Dom('Stic and stock Domestic 55 Table 7. --Record of wells in Murray County, Georgia--Continued Well no. Owner Type of Well Topography 7PP23 24 25 27 Roy Hawkins Walter Crowley FrE>d Dalton Ben Wilson Mrs. J. M. Petty Dug Drilled do do do Hillside Hilltop Flat surface do do 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 18 39 40 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 8PP1 10 11 l2 u C. H. Bryant B. C. Stafford Thomas Hedrick John Gladden 0. 0. Deal Leon Ensley C, H. and Mildred Bartley Jessie Dunn Mrs, Johnnie Eisenhower Howard Hill Oscar Hi 11 Garvin Kirby J. C. Smith Mr_,, ., B. McEntire Bentley Dill Jack Profitt Murray County Glenn Frazier William Hill H. S. Wilson Onnie Deal Winfrey Colvard Luke Caylor Estate Jack Clayton John Franklin Clara Cockburn V. A. Bearden C. L. Wilson do Will Ross Ernest Easley J. B. Hawkins Carl ton Petty George Coffey Richarrl Patterso:1 do Murray County do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Dug Drilled do do do do Dug Drilled do do do do Hillside Flat surface Hilltop Hillside do do do Flat valley Hillside do do Hilltop do do do do do Hillside do Flat surface Rolling Hilltop do Hillside do do do do Hilltop do do Valley Flat valley Hillside Hilltop do do Geologic symbol of aauifer On 0<3k csl Ok Diameter Depth Cased to Water-level Date of well (feet) (feet) below land measured (inches) surface 24 40 40 85 83 90 30 120 22 81 81 20 51.70 20 20 Reported 11-09-43 Reported do Yield (gpm) 10 -6csl -csl Dported 10-11-66 10-11-66 11-10-43 10-11-66 ll-09-43 Reported 11-09-43 Reported do do 11-17-64 Reported do Reported 10-0l-43 10-01-43 7-28-66 Reported do do do do Domestic Domestic and stock do do do Domestic do do do Domestic and stock Domestic None Domestic 10 do QW analyses do do QW analyses do Do do do 68 do do do Domestic and stock Stock Domestic Goes dry 10 Domestic and stock None 56 GEORGIA DEPA RTMENT OF NATURAL RESOU RCES EARTH AND WATER DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W H IT F E L D C0 U N T Y a: >w f- :.:: z _j :J <1 0 3: 0 Om >- I- z 0 0 0 >- 0 _j LL PREPARED IN COOPERATIO N WITH DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER RESOURCES DIVISION MUR R A y c0 uNT y I :~1' " a: w >- :::;, f- z _j :J 0 <.!) 0 (t- m>u ( ) (_.) I --.... I l >- I- z 0 0 w 0 YD COUNTY 8os~ mop f rom County Hoghwoy Mop, State H1ghwoy Deportment, 1963 I as"oo' 0 A " E 0 "' : O.Ck . ". .... . . =,_" &' ~~ 1~.. 0,\0~:gO:: 8" I O'Ck Geo l ogy by Charles W BA R T 0 w 84 c 0 u NT y ~ 0 ~ I "' "' 0 ~ ~ ~ "'-~."~~' 0 f',""'' I ill 2 0k 3 MILES ~ ~ " ~ 0 -' SECTION A-A Geology and location of we II s and spr 1 ngs In Gordon County, Georgia. A' 2000' INFORMATIO N CIRCULAR 47 FIGURE 3 EXPLANATION z ~ /l_ /l_ U> U> U> U> " 2 Chert of Devonian and Mississ i ppian age <( 2 Inc l udes Fort Payne Chert at top ; Armuche e Ch er t at bottom; Chat t anooga Shale bet ween w > 0 0 Rml Red Mounta1n Format1o n z ~ "'-=>' in z ~ v Moccasin Format ion > 0 0 "0 ' Knox Group-undifferentiated Includes Longvie w L 1mestone, Chepultepec Dolomi t e, and Coppe r Ridge Dolom1te 2 Conasauga Formation em - Mayna r dvil le Limestone Member """"v"'''' csl- Mamly shale, inc ludes limestone layers cis - Ma1n l y l imestone, mcludes shale layers cl - Lmestone outcrop cs- Mainly shale, includes some Sil t stone ~ Rome Forma! 1an Chilhowee Group 8 Metasedimentary and igneous rocks, undiv1ded Contact Long-dashed where OP.IJrax mately locat ed; short-dashed where inferred, doll ed where con cealed - -f- ou - .. Fault Dashed where appro,imately located; dott e d where concealed U, upthrown side, D, downthrown s ide T, upper plate +--- ---+- - - Ant i c l ine Approxi mately loca t ed Shows crestl i ne and di r ect1o n of plu nge +---:--- -- Syncline Appro> i mately loca te d Sho~t~s trough Ime and direction of p lun g e . 27 Well and numb er ~2 S p nng and number . QUA RRIES ~ Shale ~. , Limestone ~' Chert 8552 30 ' 85 52 30" 1 "" ~' '-~-r v - t - - - _ J LCAL ~-_____,.... OUN '[;!"'-,! A L K -,R( NG CK 5LL 6LL 7LL BLL' I ~ "'" .I ,_-,:s l ! ,fv : ;o' ~ of ~ ) 5KK I.,_,_JQ ''--- --z-- 6KK 7KK BKK .8.!' -VI-L L-E- - j _ __J WA L ESKA WE L L LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPH IC MAP INDEX GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES EARTH AND WATER DIVISION GEORGIA GEO L OGICAL SURVEY EXPLANAT I ON ~ Floyd Shale Che.rt of Mississippian and Devonian age MOe - Includes Fort Payne Chert at top; Armuchee Chert at botto m; Chattanooga Shale between M Is -Lavender Shale Member at Fort Payne Chert El Red Mountain Formation ~. . Moccasin Formation ~ ~ Bays Formation Holston Limestone Includes Ottosee Shale at top jo:ckl Knox Group - undifferentiated Includes Longview Limestone, Chepultepec Dolomite and the Copper Ridge Dolomite z <{ - Q_ Q_ - lf) lf) - lf) :l-;f;): z -z<{ 0w> 0 H z <{ l) - > 0 0 tt: 0 PREPARED IN COOPERAT ION WITH DEPARTMENT OF THE I NTERIOR UN ITED STATES GEOLOG I CAL SURVEY WATER RESOURCES Dl VI Sl 0 N INFORMATION CIRCULAR 47 FIGURE 4 T E N N E s s E E --- r ; em ~, ::: :::: : : : . )... 1-. < .::J 0 () >- f- z Conasauga Formation -em - Maynardville Limestone Member ocsi - Main l y sha l e, inc l udes limestone layers -cis-Mainly limestone, includes shale layers -cl - Limestone outcrop -cs- Main ly shale, i ncludes some siltstone ~ Rome Formation z <{ 0:: (!J 'Y :;;: <{ => l) 0 0 34"s2'3o" U;; ::::: : .,_. ~t: ;.,"-. ~V6IY , , . l '. \ ~ . ii,~Ti i If -.... . - 1 . l. )- iIiI i,J.p I :"..-. .':=:d,:,,;"':' ~~1.....,...,.::._.::.': ~ ~,~~ $BlM%i~.ffi'l\{:t : .~ . . . ......,.. ,........ v.:::ie~.:!.:.J:::::::::::l :: . I "'"" ~.,.::<:: .:. r .....:.sm....J. .. . ..0 #----34 s2 3o 0 0 ~ 'Y 0 (; m >- 3445' <:[ ~~;f~tl~ff~~~;;~~i1~--- 3445' ~ Base mop from County Hiqhwo I >- 1- z :J 0 0 0:: w ;:,:: ...J Cl I C0 U NT Y I 2 3MILES u" c L0L;":' ~c ~ u" o ~2 - " 0 lL c l? I u 0 "' "E" _E O~MM ,..:,:.:."' ~~ .,.._v"5MilM 6NN 6M S7NN ' 7MM 52'30" 45' Geology by Charles W Cress ler, 1970 ,""< iL._ __ __ J ')-0 3 'r~o" (., 1-- 5LL.,..~, 6LL $' ,::,<:! Gl 3430' <1) I'- WELL LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAP INDEX ~ 0 3 "I"' B' O.C:k SECTION B-81 Geology and location of we II s and spn ngs 1 n Whitfield County, Georgia. GEORGIA DEPART MENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES EARTH AND WATER DI V ISI ON GEORGIA GEO L OGIC A L SUR VEY PREPARED IN COOPER ATION WITH DEPARTMENT OF T HE I NTER I OR UN IT ED STATES GEO LOGICAL SURVE Y WATER RESOURCE S DIVIS IO N INFORMATION Cl RCULAR 4 7 FIGURE 5 EXPLANATION ~ Chota Format1on ~m z <( u Athens Shale > 0 0 ct: Newala Limestone 0 Includes Lenoir Limestone at top, where present lo~k J Kno x Group - und i f fere nt i ated Inc lude s L ong view Li meston e , Chepul tepee Dolo m it e, and Copper Ridg e Dolomite . -. ;.:. ' Conasauga Formation em - Maynardville Limestone Member csl- Mainly shale, i nclu d es limestone layers cis- Mai n ly l imes t one, inc l udes sha l e l ayers cl- Limestone outcrop cs- Mainly shale, i n cludes some siltstone 0 Rome For mation ffilmillffil llilli.lliiilll Chi Ihowee Group ~ Metasedimenta ry and igneous rocks, undivided ;::i u 0,z_"- }l. z_z, u<"""~''"!"~"u'' ~z } 0' wu "u'o".' Contact Long - dashed whe r e approximate l y located; shorf-dashed whe re inferred; dotted where concea led - ....t:.. ..JL. - ...... D Fau l t Dashed where approximate l y located, dotted where concea led. U, upthrown side; D, downthrown side. T, upper p late ---+--- Anticline Approxima t ely Iocated. Shows crestline and direction of plunge +-- -_I_-- -- t Syncline Approximatel y located. Shows troughline and direction of plunge Q -.) .4 We l l and number iJJ 52 0..... Spring and number QUARRIES ~' Chert ~,, I ron 'X',, .Shale ~ Sandstone ~. Talc - c.,_ ,._ - T E N N E s s E E - ~--- '3 o " ----- .:... ,.\:tZ.f:::::}:;:':T.:-:.:.-.~.-. ::.-:-:-:::-.:_-n:.; :.\ ::_.,-::_::_ fj. :: l :--./7~~;,;~~;,..;,_;_Jk,~ ,W//A/// /.Y'iY/.I :c'ftl- ~\ __,.?"''4.=JL= ., \..."~"J:=~ //vy......,'\1 \ I ~ llit}"*Ml1!it@2i..:)8~:'.~ .p'.2\i:-:rf'::.i:U~ rr>r:~~l~fmzr-~~'~:~l ~~~~~~ J " ~.!~?=/~// / ~=i {\'~"l(:~~~ 2 II >- f- z ~:J . ,:'! ::"OJ.f r tti ,...... I t t .. ; + ..... . .................. ,..... il" :l$ 11 -.:-:.:-::;,".",':.. ,,,',',-<:-:- ~ , - .. .-.., .....T.P.ni n'!f' .~i/J.--:~ / ~:::;:::./;:o.11 / - :J m1u A:J I \1 ( II z -<> :: ::c::":.': .:.: 'iL~il.i4 ::: ..1 : : I:.: ") : .. . : if!}ffP.dafY./7:-X:f 1 1/ :~//:.-P:: . :i I, ~ ~Y:'i!t :: .;.:::: -::::_;:-::-::::... :::: ):. :-:-~~:--: :HOb/:: : /Jifm2Y l / //.'10: :: :: 11: iL :~ : :::: :/ - J 0 t-CS \}<.':.'':::: ~~~. : ::.< [/.;;_;,;,; )\; :: \..:.. ~ :: r'r~0//~; ::: .. J\1 I I ( .'::::-.: . .::c: <"f!/;..' : : :J. :::: :II :::::::::::: :\;;fWJ'/ / / / / // // ).. ' c Jl ' l~.Y :::: '11' :::';,' -2' ' / / \' <., }/ ,.,9'#' / ' I ~ I f I ~- ( , -:;;.'t. I " " I lrf z II z I ' <( I I u.. 0 34p52' 3 .:?: ., <:!" 11- ) II "'~, "i ~ \"""" :::> :r 0 () ~. 5 ~ m1u ~. 'X', t ( ~ / -'., I A._ / ~ ~ v j 3'-?f ;::, ~ 0 ' \ ( I " (J ::r: S: 85. ,--- 52'30' 45' t---- 37'30" - lr 8430' 35' 0: w "";:,'- "cO, () ' tpp - < "7( V'q~) 6NN .~-17-- NN It I BPP co ...,o~ ~pp 'S-0 /'/> 'I~'v~ '::si ~' /> 52' 30" ~ BNN ~N~f ) ""' ~--- ._,'1:- . 2 6M~.'","'--' ~~ 7MM ! BMM! 45 _j t--s- ~0'0 ' "7< ' ;>-I "7Jf-/ -IV--__..-, lr~ ! 1--G' 37'30' (;1-- -"'__j 1>0 6LL 7LL BLL 01- m1u 34"30' WEL L LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAP INDEX (.') :>.::j : Bose mop from County Highway Mop, State Hiqh1woy Deportment-,~1~9- 64Li:'.IL\-.. :~ .~-- ~ :,~.~. -<~ -X~ :::.:-_.:-_::~)::_\..:::: :. _~_:>1L~-~- G 0 R D I I 2 'c0 ;' ~I{) c J":'""'' ~" '-c- S o( J >. -o E 8~ 3000' 0 3MILES N Geology by Charles w cressle~ 1970 ~"iji~!j~~'r()~ :>. "0 " E!: VJ::> 0 -"- 0 Cl) ~ (.!) 0 l.J Cohutta Moun t oJn I m1u 1\J c' m'u y 2000' Geology and location of we l ls and springs in Murray County, Georgia.