GEORGIA STATE DIVISION OF CONSERVATION 
DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY GARLAND PEYTON, Director 
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Information Circular 18 
SOURCE AND QUALITY OF GROUND WATER 
IN 
SOUTHWESTERN GEORGIA 
by Robert L. Wait 
ATLANTA 1960 
 
 GEORGIA STATE DIVISION OF CONSERVATION 
DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY GARLAND PEYTON, Director 
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Information Circular 18 
SOURCE AND QUALITY OF GROUND WATER IN 
SOUTHWESTERN GEORGIA 
by 
Robert L. Wait 
ATLANTA 1960 
 
 Prepared in cooperation with the United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Ground Water Branch 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
Introduction --------------------------------------------------Location of area -----------------------------------------Previous investigations ----------------------------------Supervision and acknowledgments --------------------------- 
Geology and geochemical properties of aquifers ----------------Upper Cretaceous rocl<.s ------------------------------------ 
Clayton formation ----------------------------------------vlilcox group ---------------------------------------------Claiborne group ------------------------------------------Ocala limestone ------------------------------------------Oligocene series -----------------------------------------Miocene series -------------------------------------------Principal artesian aquifer -------------------------------River-terrace deposits -----------------------------------Pu~page --------------------------------------------------Guality of water -----------------------------------------Suitability of ground water for irrigation ---------------- 
Method of sampling ---------------------------------------Constituents ---------------------------------------------Conclusions ----------------------------------------------Selected references -------------------------------------------- 
Appendix ------------------------------------------------------Records of chemical analyses and well-constructi(Xl 
infonnation -----------------------------------------Index ---------------------------------------------------------- 
 
Page 1 2 
4 5 6 6 
11 12 12 
13 14 15 15 16 16 
20 
23 28 32 39 40 
42 
43 73 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
Figure l. Map showing location of area and physiographic provinces ------------------------- 3 
2. Nap showing locations of wells sampled and 
aquifers which they tap ------------------------- 17 
3. \.Jell locations, showing the amounts of certain chemical constituents in ground water ----------- 22 
4. Suitability of selected ground waters for 
irrigation in southwestern Georgia -------------- 25 
TABLES 
Table 1. Generalized table of deposits in southwestern 
Georgia ----------------------------------------- 7 
2. Nunicipal pumpage in southwestern Georgia ------------ 19 ]. Sodium-adsorption-ratio and specific conductance 
cf ground ;.raters in southwestern Georgia -------- 26 4. Classification of irrigation waters ------------------ 29 
 
 Source and quality of ground water in southwestern Georgia 
By 
Robert L. Wait 
INTRODUCTION A quality-of-water sampling program was begun in 1957 in Georgia by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology. The purpose of this program is to determjne the quality of water in various aquifers and the changes in quality of ground water that occur with time. The sampling program will be continued in the future. However, the analyses made during the first year of the program are valuable to those who are concerned with the planning of city, industrial, and irrigation supplies who may require water of a certajn quality. It is intended to present this portion of the first year's work as an aid to those people who heve need for such dat.a. The analytical program carried out in southwestern Georgia included municipal supplies in 28 cities located in 25 counties, and one sample from an industrial well. A municipal supply in each of the counties in the area was sampled. The wells from which water samples were obtained were usually those for which drill cuttings are available. The drill cuttings are filed in the sample library of the Georgia Geological Survey. By sa:mp1:lng wells for which a record of the geologic formations penetrated is available, the quality of the water frcm the well can be related to the rock type and to the geologic formation. 
1 
 
 Constructional data for each well were obtained so far as records and memories permitted. The depth of a well alone is not indicative of the zone or zones frcm which water is obtained. It is also necessary to know the location of open hole or screened zones and other constructional features. The constructi.on data are listed with the chemical analyses. 
Data are presented to show the amount of water pumped by each municipal supply. In cities where the water was not metered, an estimate of water consumption was made, based on the population served by the supply and a conservative per capita consumption of 100 gallons per day. 
l.lcation of area The area discussed in this report is in the Coastal Plain of Georgia 
and includes 25 counties coverine an area of approximately 9,800 square 
miles (fie. 1). The topographic divisions of the Coastal Plain in the area include parts of the Fall Line Hills and the Tifton Upland, and the fuugherty Plain. 
2 
 
 N 
I 
 
SCALE 
 
25 
 
0 
 
25 
 
50 MILES 
 
c-=:~-===-:._:_::]1-- 
 
Figure I -Map showing location of area and physiographic provinces 
3 
 
 Previous investigations 
The first ground~ater investigation in Georgia was that of McCallie 
(1898). Several chemical analyses of waters from springs and wells are listed in his report. A second report by McCallie (1908) also listed 
chemical analyses of ground waters. The zoost comprehensive ground-water 
report on the Coastal Plain is that of Stephenson and Veatch (1915). One 
or roore chemical analyses of water are listed for zoost of the counties of the Coastal Plain, and an entire section is devoted to a discussion of the quality of both grou:.1d and surface waters. A comprehen.sive report 
(Collins a:1.:l others, 1934) on the quality of water in the United States contains m1alyses of 14 mu.11icipal supplies in Georgia. Lamar (1942) dis- 
cussed the quality of water in Georgia and listed analyses of the supplies of most of the larger cities of the Stat.e. A zoore recent report of the 
same nature is Water-Supply Paper 1299 (1954), which contains analyses of 
the supplies for many of the larger cities in Georgia. Chemical analyses of grounci waters are found in all the Georgia Geological Survey bulleti.."l.s concerning the groW1d-l:ater resources of the State. Many of these reports rnny be consulted at libraries throughout the State. A list of selected references is at the end of this report. 
 
 Supervision and acknowledgments This report was prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, Garland Peyton, Director. Ground-water investigations in the United States are under the general supervision of P. E. LaMoreaux, Chief, Ground \-later Branch, and in Georgia are under the direct supervision of J. T. Callahan, District Geologist. The chemical analyses were made by the Quality of Water 
Laboratory of the U. s. Geological Survey, Ocala, Fla., under the 
supervision of J. w. Guerin, District Chemist. s. M. Herrick, Staff 
Stratigrapher, Atlanta, Ga., furnished much of the information regarding the geologic formations penetrated by various wells. The cooperation of the superintendents of the various water systems, who assisted in obtaining water samples and who furnished pumpage and well-construction data, is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due Messrs. Jolm David and Jack Carlson of the Layne-Atlantic Co., Albany, Ga., who kindly furnished well-construction data for several of the wells that were sampled. 
5 
 
 GEOLOOY ANJ GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTJES OF AQUIFERS 
The Coastal PlaL~ of Georgia is the part of the State south of the Fall Line, a line or zone extending from Columbus through Macon, Milledgeville, and August.a. It includes nearly 35,000 squ<tre miles and is the largest of the three geologic provinces of Georgia. The rocks exposed in the Coastal Plain range in age from Late Cretaceous to Recent. They consist of alternating layers of sand, clay, and limestone, of which the sand and limestone are the principal aquifers. The sedimentary rocks of the Coastal Plain crop out beginning at the Fall Line, and dip gently to the south and southeast,. The rocks form a wedge which thickens in the direction of dip. 
Upper Cretaceous Rocks Inunediately to the south of the Fall Line, the sand and clay beds of the upper Cretaceous series crop out. This series has been divided into six formations in Georgia, some of which are aquifers. The rocks and aquifers of the Upper Cretaceous and younger rocks are presented in table 1 with a slllll111ary of the lithology, thickness, and water-bearing properties. The four main aquifers in the Upper Cretaceous series are the Providence sand, the Cusseta sand, a sand near the base of the Eutaw formation, and the Tuscaloosa formation. The Upper Cretaceous rocks are used as a source of ground water in a wide area in southwestern Georgia, beginning at the Fall Line, extending as far south as Blakely in Early County, and extending eastward as far as Americus in Swnter County, where some of the new city wells obtain water from these sands. Municipal wells at Arlineton and Leary obtain water from the Upper Cretaceous and from some of the overlying formations as well. Several of the city wells in Albany, Dougherty County, obtain water from a coquina limestone near the top of the series in that area. 
6 
 
 Table I.--Generalized table of deposits in southwestern Georgia 
 
S,ystem 
 
Series 
 
Stratigraphic Wlit 
 
Qua ternary Recent and River terrace 
 
Pleistocene 
 
deposits 
 
Tertiary 
 
Miocene 
 
Hawthorn fm. and Tampa ls. 
 
Oligocene 
 
StiWannee ls. and Flint River fm. 
 
Thickness (feet) 
0- 30 
50-350 
 
Lithology 
 
Water-bearing properties 
 
Sand, fine to very coarse grained, and gray to yellow gravel; silt, clay, and boulders. 
 
Present along major rivers in area but generally too high above rivers to be recharged by them. Are non-water-bearing, except where flooded. 
 
Pale- to dark-green 
 
Sand present in Hawthorn yields 
 
phosphatic sand,y clay, brown phosphatic sand, and phosphat.ic sandy 
 
water to domestic wells. Tampa limestone yields abundant water where present as part of 
 
recrystallized limestone. 
 
principal artesian aquifer, as at Valdosta. 
 
Limestone, soft to chalky Major aquifer, yields of up to 
 
to dense recrystallized, 2,100gpm obtained from !1iocene 
 
saccharoidal; unfossilifer- and Oligocene in Valdosta area. 
 
ous to fossiliferous; contains large flint boulders. 
 
Water of calcium bicarbonate type. 
 
 Table 1.--Continued 
 
System Series Tertiary Eocene 
 
Stratigraphic Thickness 
 
unit 
 
(feet) 
 
Lithology 
 
Water-bearing properties 
 
Ocala ls. 
 
0-300 
 
Limestone, white to pink, pure to sandy, aphanitic, fossiliferous; contains brown dolomitic limestone in Valdosta area. 
 
Major aquifer throughout much of area. Yields as much as 1,700 gpm obtained in Dougherty County. Water of calcium bicarbonate type, generally low in sulfate. Water in Valdosta area contains much magnesium and sulfate. 
 
Claiborne gp. (Lisbon and Tallahatta fms.) 
 
280-400 
 
Yellowish-gray to olive-gray Major aquifer, yields up to 1, 200 gpm 
 
sand and sandstone, coquina obtained in Dougherty County. Principal 
 
limestone with fine-grained source of water at Albany and Cordele. 
 
sand; siliceous limestone near base. 
 
Contains saline water at Thomasville. 
 
Wilcox gp. 
 
200 
 
Bashi marl member of Hatchetigbee fm. Tuscahoma fm. 
and Nanafalia fm. 
 
Light-gray fine-grained 
calcareous glauconitic sand and sandy clay. Medium-grained sand near base. 
 
Basal sand may be water-bearing. Yields water to domestic wells near area of outcrop. Not an important aquifer in area. 
 
 System 
 
l Series Stratigraphic J Thickness 
 
! j unit 
 
(feet) 
 
Table 1.--Continued Lithology 
 
Water-bearing properties 
 
Tertiary Paleocene Midway group 150-300 Light-gray fine-grained sand near Major aquifer in Clay, Randolph, 
 
(Clayton fm.) 
 
top, white crystalline 
 
Terrell, Lee, Calhoun, Dougherty 
 
fossiliferous limestone in 
 
and Early Counties. Yields 250 
 
middle, light-gray conglomer- 
 
to 1, 700 gpm. Water of calcium 
 
atic feldspathic sand near 
 
bicarbonate type; may be of 
 
bottom. 
 
sodium calcium bicarbonate type 
 
in basal sand. 
 
--------------~---------4--------------~------------~----------------------------------~---------------------------------~ 
 
~Cretaceous Upper 
 
Includes 
 
2,000+ 
 
I 
; 
 
Light-gray brown and white 
 
Yields from Providence and Cusseta 
 
Cretaeeous Providence 
 
fine- to very coarse-grained 
 
sands and Tuscaloosa formation 
 
sd. Ripley fm. Cusseta sd. BlufftoHn, 
 
feldspat~ic sand, san&f clay, and silt. Coquina near top of series in Albany area. 
 
range from 50 to 1, 200 gpm. Water mostly of sodium bicarbonate type but contains increasing amounts of chloride with depth i 
 
E11taw and 
 
southern part of area. Connate 
 
Tuscaloosa 
 
water present at great depth. 
 
fms. 
 
May contain excessive amounts of 
 
----------~-------~----------~----....._---------------------.....&.~--n-e_ai_rro.n_._t_oI_pn_a_An l_bexa_cne_yl_l_ae_rne_ta_a_qc_wo._q_ur_ien_ra_.__..~ 
 
 The quality of water from rocks of the Upper Cretaceous series is variable in southwestern Georgia, but in the Chattahoochee Valley is usually of the sodium bicarbonate type. Eastward and downdip the chloride content of water from the Upper Cretaceous rocks increases. An oil test well in Dougherty County produced sodium chloride water from a depth of 1,200 feet. 
Two water samples reported here were obtained from rocks of the Upper Cretaceous series, one from the city well at Georgetown, Quitman 
County, and one from well 3, Fort Gaines, Clay County. Both waters are 
of the sodium bicarbonate type. The well at Georgetown obtains water from the sand at the base of the Eutaw formation. The well at Fort Gaines obtains water from the Providence sand. 
The water from the Upper Cretaceous, which is high in sodium chloride, is not considered suitable for irrigation. However, if wells are constructed to obtain water from the Upper Cretaceous and from the overlying formations in the Tertiary, most of which yield water of the calcium bicarbonate type, 
the resulting mixture is generally suitable for irrigation (Wait, 1958). 
10 
 
 Clayton Formation 
The Clayton formation consists of a cemented sand at the top, which is underlain by a thick bed of fossiliferous wh.i te limestone, and a feldspathic sand below the limestone which contains much sodium feldspar. The limestone is the main aquifer, although small quantities of water can be obtained from the sands above and below it. The first flcwing artesicm well in Georgia, drilled in 1881 near Albany, obtained water from the limestone of the Clayton formation. Since that date many wells have been drilled which obtain water from this aquifer in southwestern Georgia. The Clayton is the source of municipal supplies in terrell, Randolph, Clay, and Calhoun Counties and the northern part of Early County. Much water is obtained for domestic use from the Clayton formation in northwestern Lee County and in adjoining southwestern Sumter County. The Clayton is present in Webster County, but usually is found only under hills where the protective cover of the overlying formations has prevented erosion and solution of the limestone. Several wells in Webster County (immediately west of Sumter County) are known to obtain water from the Clayton, including a well about 6 miles northeast of Preston. The Clayton is used in fuugherty County in combination with the sand and coquina of the Claiborne group. Some of the old city wells at Cordele, Crisp County, obtain water from the Clayton formation. The well sampled at Americus obtains water from the Clayton, although as previously mentioned the new wells there obtain water from the Upper Cretaceous rocks. 
11 
 
 Although the analyses presented here show the water from the Clayton to be of the calcium bicarbonate type, the quality of water from the Clayton formation varies throughout the area. Wells that obtain water from the upper sand and limestone produce calcium bicarbonate water, and wells that penetrate the feldspathic sand beneath the limestone produce water of the sodium calcium bicarbonate type. The increase in sodium is attributed to the sodium feldspar in the basal sand. 
Wilcox group The Wilcox group consists of clay, sandy clay, and fine sand, most of which are dark gray in color. Rocks of the group produce little ground water, but enough water for domestic supplies can be obtained in the area of outcrop. A medium-grained sand near the base of the group also may yield some water in downdip areas. A city well at Plains obtains water from the Wilcox group. 
Claiborne group The Claiborne group consists of sandy limestone, coquina, sandstone, and loose sand. In fuugherty County the upper part of the group (Lisbon formation) is a cemented sandstone and yields only small quantities of water. In Sumter County many domestic wells obtain water from an unconsolidated sand which is probably a part of the Tallahatta formation. The coquina and loose sand of the lower part of the Claiborne group (Tallahatta formation) constitute a major aquifer in southwestern Georgiao Municipal wells at Albany, Cordele, and Vienna obtain water from it. City well 17 in Albany obtains water from the Tallahatta and has been pumped at the rate of 1,200 gpm. Most of the wells developed in this formation are screened and gravel packed. The water obtained from the Claiborne group is of the calcium bicarbonate type and is moderately hard to hard and alkaline. 
12 
 
 At Thomasville, near the edge of the Tallahassee syncline, the water in the Claiborne group is high in mineral content. A test well was drilled by the city of Thomasville in 1949 to determine the water-bearing properties of the rocks below a depth of 600 feet. The test well was drilled to a depth of 1,635 feet. A water sample obtained from the Claiborne at a depth of 1,630-1,635 feet contained 11,900 ppm of chloride, 1,420 ppm of sulfate, and 22,200 ppm of dissolved solids, (analysis reported by Law and Co.). 
Ocala limestone The Ocala limestone is near the land surface throughout most of the Dougherty Plain (fig. 1), including the southern part of Lee and Terrell Counties, the area west of the Flint River in Dougherty County, most of Calhoun and all of Baker and Miller Counties, ~he southern and eastern parts of Early County, the western half of Crisp County, and the northern half of Seminole County. It extends eastward under the Tifton Upland (fig. 1), where it is overlain by sediments of Oligocene and Miocene ages. The Ocala is thinnest in the Dougherty Plain and thickens to the southeast where overlying formations prevent erosion and solution. The Ocala is probably too thin to be used as a source of ground water in the extreme updip portion of the area in western Calhoun and in northern Terrell and Lee Co~~ties. Yields from the Ocala limestone are known to range from about 200 to 1, 700 gpm in Dougherty County. Similar yields may be expected throughout most of the Dougherty Plain. In the Tifton Upland, yields from the Ocala are higher because the limestone is thicker. The quality of water from the Ocala in the Dougherty Plain is usually excellent. The water is of the calcium bicarbonate type and is moderately hard to hard and slightly alkaline. Sulfate is very low near the area of outcrop. However, in the Tifton Upland area the Ocala is somewhat dolomitic at places, and the water also contains greater amounts of sulfate. 
13 
 
 At Valdosta, Lowndes County, a well was drilled for the city in 1954 to a depth of 400 feet and penetra.ted dolomitic limestone of the Ocala from about 350 to 400 feet. The water obtained was reported to be excessively 
high in magnesium and sulfate. When the bottom SO feet of the well was plugged, the quality of water improved, but the yield of the well dropped substantially, and the well was abandoned. Wells of similar depth in the genera.l area produce water of good quality. Therefore, it might have been possible to pump this well for a long enough period to remove the high-sulfate water and obtain water of good quality. 
The well sampled at Moultrie was drilled in 1949 to a depth of 1,000 
feet. The Ocala is dolomitized in this area and yields water high in sulfate. The well produced water that was reported to be extremely high in 
magnesium and sulfate. It was plugged back to 752 feet and produced water 
of good quality. However, the sample reported here is high in magnesium and sulfate which probably indicates that some water is being obtained from the Ocala limestone. This analysis indicates that some water may leak 
upward from the portion of the well below 752 feet. 
Oligocene series Rocks of Oligocene age are present in the subsurface of the Tifton Upland. These rocks range from hard flinty recrystallized limestone to soft sandy limestone and sand. Although no water was obtained exclusively from the Oligocene limestone, it is known that it yields water of the calcium bicarbonate t.ype which is moderately hard to hard, and alkaline. Several of the wells sampled obtain water largely from the Oligocene limestones. 
 
 Miocene series The Tampa limestone is present in the Tifton Upland area. At most places it is a sandy limestone but it ranges from a hard fossiliferous to a soft earthy limestone. The water from the Tampa is probably of the calcium bicarbonate type. None of the wells sampled during this investigation obtained water exclusively from the Tampa, although several of the wells presumably obtain some water from it. The Hawthorn formation is at the land surface in the Tifton Upland of southwestern Georgia. It is the source of much domestic water, chiefly from sand and gravel. In the southern tier of counties, especially in Decatur, Grady,and Thomas Counties, fullers earth makes up much of the Hawthorn, and little ground water can be derived from it. None of the water samples obtained during this investigation came from the Hawthorn formation. 
Principal artesian aquifer The Ocala limestone and the limestones of Oligocene and Miocene age together constitute what is known as the principal artesian aquifer in 
Georgia. According to Warren (1944, p. 17), "***the principal artesian 
aquifer consists of limestones of Oligocene and Upper Eocene ages". n~,-v..Within a strip about thirty miles in width that borders the seacoast *>'~-*sediments of Oligocene age are thin or absent, and that the Hawthorn formation of Miocene age rests directly on the Ocala limestone." It is now known that limestones of Miocene and Oligocene age are present in the Coastal area of Georgia where the principal artesian aquifer was defined by Warren. Accordingly, the principal artesian aquifer, redefined, is now considered to be composed of limestones of late Eocene, Oligocene,and Miocene age. 
15 
 
 Wells that produce water from the principal artesian aquifer are shown on figure 2. Analyses from $ylvester, Tifton, Moultrie, Cairo, Thomasville, Quitman, and Valdosta illustrate the chemical quality of ground water from the principal artesian aquifer, as wells in these cities obtain ground water from part or all of it. 
River-terrace deposits Terrace deposits are present along most of the major rivers of the state, but are too far above the rivers in most places to be recharged by them. It is possible, however, that in the areas above dams, adjacent to ponded water, the sand and gravel of the terraces may yield water to wells. In the area above the Jim Woodruff dam the terraces are flooded by ponded water along both the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers. Terraces along the Flint River are flooded to the vicinity of Bainbridge, Decatur County. No wells are known to derive water from the terrace deposits, but the possibility that they may be a source of ground water should not be overlooked. 
Pumpage Figure 2 shows the location of municipal supplies sampled and the aquifer from which the water was obtained. In the northwestern part of the area, ground water is usually obtained from the Upper Cretaceous rocks. Throughollt most o.f the Dougherty Plain ground water is obtained from the Ocala limestone, the Claiborne group, and the Clayton formation. In the Tifton Upland the principal artesian aquifer is the main source of ground water. 
16 
 
 _,--------, 
 
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' 
 
r: / 
 
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ev,enno 
 
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T E R ~- __ --------1 
 
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./'___________ _jI_ 
 
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Q 
 
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______ J 
 
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------- ----------k._ ___ j-J 
 
F 
 
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t 
 
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0 
 
0 
 
A 
20MILES 
 
EXPLANATION 
 
+ Ocala limestone 
 
 Claiborne group 
 
 Midway group 
 
  
 
Upper Cretaceous Principal artesian 
 
series aquifer 
 
Figure 2- Mop showing Iocotions of wells sampled and aquifers which they top. 
 
17 
 
 Because the quality of ground water may vary with the amount of water pumped, data on pQmpage of individual cities are included in this report. The total municipal pumpage for the 28 cities is estimated to be about 20 mgd (million gallons per day). Alba~ is the largest municipal user of ground water in soutrniestern Georgia. Average daily pumpage in 
Albru1y during 1957 was 6.0 mgd. Other large municipal users of ground 
water are Moultrie, Bainbridge, Camilla, Thomasville, Tifton, and Americus. 
18 
 
 .. 
 
Table 2.--Hunicipal pumpage in soutrMestern Georgia 
 
City 
Adel Alba..w Amercus Ashburn Bainbridge Blakely Bronwood Cairo Camilla Colquitt Cordele Cuthbert Dawson Donaldsonville Edison 
 
Municipal pumpage, 1957 (mgd) 0.)0 ~I 
6.00 ~I 1.53 ~I 
.20 ~I 1.25 ~ 
v .60 
.20 .:!.1 
.so ~I 
1.30 ~I 
.so ~I 
v 1.01 
-45 ~I .53 ~I 
.25 9_1 
.03 !/ 
 
City 
Fort Gaines Georgeto\m Leesburg Leslie Moultrie Merck and Co. Newton Plains Quitman Smithville Sylvester Thomasville Tifton Valdosta Vienna 
 
Municipal pumpage, 1957 (mgd) 
.13 .:!,1 
05 .:!./ 
.06 ~ 
.04 .:!,/ 1.37 ~I 
.51~ .04 ~I 
05 .:!.1 
.04 y 
.06 .:!,1 
.23 y 
2.12 ~I 1.5 ~I 2.1 ~I 
.22 !..1 
 
a. Estimated by superintendent of waterworks. b. Metered pumpage. c. Estimated on basis of partial records of individual wells. d. Estimate based on per capita consumption of 100 gpm. 
e. Based on 7 months of record. 
 
19 
 
 Quality of water 
The so1.1rce of most ground water is rainfall. It enters the aquifers where they are exposed at or near the land surface and moves downward and laterally under the influence of gravity to join the ground-water body. As the water moves it dissolves some of the rock materials. Thus the water obtained from a limestone may be expected to contain much calcium bicarbonate, for calcium carbonate composes the bulk of most limestones. If the lL~estone has been dolomitized that is, contains much calcium magnesium carbonate, the water may be expected to contain greater than usual amounts of magnesiwm. Gypsum (calcium sulfate) likewise contributes calcium and sulfate to the water. If the aquifer is a sand, the water may be either a soft sodium bicarbonate water or a calcium bicarbonate water, according to the minerals other than silica that are present. The sand of the Upper Cretaceous series contains much feldspar, and the water is usually characterized by sodium dissolved from the feldspar. Sand in the Tertiar,y formations contains little feldspar, but usually has abundant calcium carbonate in the form of shell fragments, or calcium carbonate cementing material. The water obtained from these sands is usually of the calcium bicarbonate ~Jpe. 
Aquifers that change in lithologic character may be expected to yield water of different quality in different places. It has been noted that some formations become progressively finer grained in a downdip direction. A formation composed of coarse sand in the outcrop area may grade into fine sand downdip, then to clay, and eventlally to limestone. A formation that exhibits these changes in lithology is said to have changed facies. Ground water obtaL~ed from a formation that exhibits such facies changes will reflP-ct thes~ changes in the quality of water. 
?0 
 
 Warping or bending of the sediments also may cause a change in the quality of water. In an area where the sediments are downwarped, like a long plank that has sagged in the middle, there may be restricted circulation of ground water. The resulting slower movement results in an increased dissolved-solids content in the water. The concentration of dissolved solids may increase to a point where the water is no longer suitable for some purposes. Connate water - sea water that was present in formations at the time they were deposited - is found in some downwarped areas, for there has been insufficient circulation of ground water to flush the connate water from the rocks. One such area of saline water is believed to exist in Georgia along the western flank of the so-called Withlacoochee anticline, in the vicinity of Thomasville. 
Most of the waters analyzed contain a total of 4 to 6 epm {equivalents 
per million) of dissolved constituents, regardless of the location of the well in relation to the area of outcrop of the aquifer from which the water was obtained. This small range would seem to be somewhat anomalous. It can be shown that, in general, ground waters tend to increase in dissolved solids as the water moves from the area of outcrop to areas where the water is confined in deeply buried formations, in this instance in a southeasterly direction. The time the water has been in the rocks and the distance it has traveled are considered to be major factors in the increase of dissolved 
solids. However, it is apparent from figure 3 that no such pattern exists 
in southwestern Georgia. The princiv~l re~~on for the lack of increase in dissolved solids is thought to be local recharge to the water-bearing formations through sinkholes, which are characteristic of that part of the Coastal Plain underlain by limestones, and the influence of structural features in southwestern Georgia. 
21 
 
 r' 
 
r~ 
 
~- 
 
- ---- 
 
'1 D 0 0 L Y 
 
...!.!. 
 
\ 
 
.LJl 
 
i17185  Americus 
 
\, 1 
 
!il.. 
15 1 
 
0 Vienna 
 
~.SUMTER~-- __ ___j 
 
.._ 
- J> 
! 0 Gt-=.~.-g- eto'i,_wc~,.._-----"--- __, 
 
: Plains ~ 
 
_ . ll 
 
c s __ 
1 5.5 
 
N 
___, 
 
t720.2 
I ~ 
 
- 
 
 
 
-114 137 Smi 
 
t 
 
h 
 
0 
v 
 
Leshe ilie--- 
 
\ 
 
' 
 
~ .Cordele 
160 R I p 
 
,.ru.. L_! OUITMAN 1 12 .- 
 
-~-~-,--15S 
 
cuthbert  
 
~Bronwood  \ o.o 
 
jl4~ 
 
0 
 
,...!Z. 
 
ERR ELL J 81 
 
13 oawson f L E 
 
E 
 
)._..,_ . "\,. 
 
',.\.J 
 
:----1 
 
. --~ _~\ 
\ 
 
1  'RANDOLPH\116 
 
0 11. 
 
249 
 
:'  
 
/ 
 
1_!i Leesburg \ 
 
, 
1 
 
T 
 
U ~RANshbEurnR 
 
\ 
 
' 
 
L--r---~- -,----~4___ 9J~ ~ I~ 20' 
 
\ 
 
,.!...!.!.. 
 
.ll. 
 
9; , l .,___ \ <'251 
 
F o r t"'1Ga~ mes~ <~ 
 
. Edoson 
 
161 
 
~- ------,-)CAL H 0 
 
U 
 
N 
 
' 
 
Albanyo..-" 
 
\ 
( ') 
 
D 
 
Merck and 
0 UGH E 
 
RCoT. 2~~38-'c' 
 
W0 RT H 
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i43  
iSQSylvester 
 
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T 
 
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- 
 
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~ 
 
1M-{ 
 
.~ Q;!,Tifton' 
 
134 
 
J 
 
..ll..  Blakely 
214 
E A R L Y 
 
I , j' 
 
rf 
BAKNeEwtoRn~ _,_,.~- l 
 
1 I 
 
I T6l r'' 
 
.~------..r-L' --,-" 
 
 
 
- 
 
 ' 
 
....1 
 
- - l 1 
: 
 
---~~- 
~ 
 
 
 
 
 
I I ...!..Q_ Colquitt 
 
I 
 
125 0 
 
"3'ioi4 .) Ml TCHELL 
 
; "'TT'r' ..Q.,!,  .ll.Q. Camilla 
 
,/V 
 
140 
 
'j 
 
C0 L0 
..f.Q}. O 
 
I, '\ 1 
 
UIT T \ 
 
. 
 
. 
 
(C 0 0 K '... 
 
, 
 
1 
 
<( 
 
L- _ 
 
_ 
 
I 
L 
 
M 1 
___ 
 
L 
_ 
 
L ER 
;r_..,r-- 
 
 
_j 
 
- 
 
( 
 
i 
-,-----~--~ 
 
448 Moultne 761 
 
(  
 
i9818 
 
 Adel 
 
( 
 
f..-_~9 
 
.'\ 
 
i l \ ___ ...:. ___l Donals~nville [ 
 
~-----l-----' 
 
I I "'---- SEl~'4i~'ZoN6OLE1(,1~ M0...EBCainAbrTidgUe R 
I . r f  124 
r- 
. ---------- J. -=:__-k..._ ___ i - 
 
' 
G R A ov 
 255  
' 355 Cairo 
1 "60'5 
I 
 
T HoMA s 
182  'zoo Thomasville 
~ 
 
! 
 
~ 
 
-~_ 
 
L o wN o E s~ 
 
 B R 0 0 K 7-:~, 
 
_ J 
f 
 
, 1.2 ill.. a .t . 
 
...!_Valdosta 
 
105 
 
I 
 
I 
 
! 154 Ul ma"\. 
 
_______ j _________ j_ _ _ _ - __ 
 
_IJ 
 
F 
 
L 
 
A 
 
N 
 
t 
 
SCALE 
 
10 
 
0 
 
10 
 
201.11LES 
 
Parts per million 
1.5 Sulfate J!.Q_Hordness as CoC03 103 Dissolved solids 
 
Figure 3 -Well locations, showing the amounts of certain chemical constituents 1n ground water. 
22 
 
 Suitability of ground water for irrigation 
 
The suitability of water for irrigation is determined by the amount and kind of mineral matter dissolved in the water and by the 
sodium-adsorption-ratio (SAR). (See table 3.) The mineral matter in the 
water is indicated roughly by the electrical conductivity of the water. In general the conductivity of water increases with increased amounts of dissolved material. The amount of increase depends upon the kind and amount of material that is added to the solution. Not all substances increase the conductivity by the same amount for an equal amount of the substance added. The conductivity can be used in a general.way to indicate the amount of material dissolved in the water but cannot be used to determine any individual constituent present. The conductivity of water varies according to the temperature, and for this reason all conductivity 
measurem&~ts are referred to a standard temperature of 2SOc. 
The sodium-absorption-ratio (SAR) is (a ratio) related to the amount of sodium adsorbed by soil to which the water is added and is determined according to the following formula: 
 
SAR: 
 
Na 
 
+ Mg Ca 
2 
where the concentration of the constituents is given in equivalents per 
 
million. 
 
23 
 
 Of the 30 water samples analyzed, only 3 appear to be unsuitable for irrigation. These are the waters from wells at Cairo, Moultrie, and Georgetown. The waters from Cairo and Moultrie have a low sodium hazard 
but a high salinity hazard (fig. 4). The water from the Georgetown 
well has a meditlm salinity hazard and a very high sodium hazard. The water sample from the Fort Gaines well has a medium salinity 
hazard and a medium sodium hazard. This type of water can be used in coarse-textured, moderately well leached soils. 
Table 3 lists the SAR and specific conductance for each of the water 
samples. These data may be used to determine the suitability of each 
water sample for irrigation. Figure 4 shows the suitability of 9 water 
samples. The remaining values of SAR and specific conductance were not plotted on this diagram, as the,y are very closely grouped in the range "low" to "medium" salinity hazard, and 11low11 sodium hazard. The values that are plotted give the extreme range of ground waters sampled during the investigation. 
24 
 
 100 30 
28 
 
26 
 
I 
(.!) f'(') 
I (/) 
 
24 
 
22 
 
0 0:: <t N 
<t I 
 
~ 
 
~ :::::> (\J 
 
<t 
~ 
 
w0 (/) 
 
....J ~ 
 
<( 
 
~ :::::> 
0 
0 
(/) 
 
20 
 
0 
 
1- 
<t 
 
18 
 
0:: 
 
z I 
 
0 1- 
 
16 
 
Cl. 
 
0:: 
 
0 
(/) 14 
0 
 
<( 
 
I 
 
2 
 
::::> 
 
0 0 
(/) 
 
10 
 
8 
 
3; 
 
0 
_J 
 
(/) 
 
4 
 
2 
 
3 4 5 6 7 8 1000 
 
Georgetown 
0 
 
Fort Gomes 
 
4 5000 10 
 
V1enno Sm1thville 
~-L--'~--~o~o ______ --'L--+~--~~~-L-L~~~-------L~---L--~~0 
 
IOC 
 
250 
 
750 
 
2250 
 
CONDUCTIVITY (micromhoslcm at 25c) 
 
Cl LOW 
 
C2 
MEDIUM 
 
C3 
HIGH 
 
C4 
VERY HIGH 
 
SALINITY HAZARD 
 
Figure 4- Suitability of selected ground waters for irrigation 1n southwestern Georgia 
 
25 
 
 Table 3.--Sodium-adsorption-ratio and specific conductance of ground waters in southwestern Georgia 
 
City 
Adel Albany Americus Ashburn Bainbridge Blakely Bronwood Cairo Camilla Colquitt Cordele Cuthbert Dawson Donaldsonville Edison Fort Gaines Georgetown Leesburg Leslie Moultrie 
 
Sodium-adsorption-ratio (SAR) 
.1 2.0 .1 .1 .1 .9 
.4 
1.1 .1 .1 .1 .1 3 .1 
.5 
8.7 27 
.1 
.o 
.8 
 
Specific conductance (micromhos at 25C) 
399-:~- 
362* 240 164 201 
222 
249 219 261 
254 
249 250 
251 
403~:- 
497-:i240 
21)~ 
966-:f- 
 
26 
 
 Table 3---continued 
 
City 
Merck and Company Newton Plains Quitman Smithville Sylvester Thomasville Tifton Valdosta Vienna 
 
Sodium-adsorption-ratio (SAR) 
.1 
3 
.1 .1 
.4 
.1 .2 .1 
.o 
.l 
 
Specific conductance (micromhos at 25C) 
239 
218 
150 
268 
294 
418-~ 
146 149 
254-Y<- 
 
* These values plotted in figure 4. 
 
 Table 4 lists a classification of irrigation waters according to 
the U. s. Salinity Laboratory staff (1959). This classification can be 
used to determine the suitability for irrigation of the ground waters listed in the appendix and in tablF 3, 
The water obtained from the Miocene, Oligocene, and Eocene limestones and sands and from limestone of the Clayton formation appears to be the best suited for irrigation. The water from the Upper Cretaceous series is high in sodium but may be used with caution in some areas. In the vicinity of the \'Jithlacoochee anticline the ground waters appear to be too saline for irrigation. However, it is possible that suitable water can be obtained at a shallower depth. 
Method of sampling The samples taken during this investigation were collected in pyrex glass bottles. It has been found that if water samples are collected in ordinar~y glass jugs, the reaction of ~~e water with the glass tends to increase the amount of silica present in the sample (Collins and Riffenb~g, 1923). A separate 6-ounce s~mple was collected for the determination of iron. This sample bottle was filled completely and capped tightly to prevent oxidation of the iron in the water. The sample was filtered into the bottle through a fiber-glass fiter to remove all solid particles. The iron reported by the analyst represents that which was in solution in the water at the time of collection. 
28 
 
 Table 4.--Classification of irrigation waters* Conductivity 
Low-salinity water, (C-1) can be used for irrigation with most crops on most soils with little likelihood that soil salinity will develop. Some leaching is required, but this occurs under normal irrigation practices except in soils of extremely low permeability. Medium-salinity water, (C-2) can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs. Plants with moderate salt tolerance can be grown in most cases without special practices for salinity control. High-salinity water, (C-3) cannot be used on soils with restricted drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management for salinity control may be required and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected. Very high salinity water, (C-4) is not suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions, but may be used occasionally under very special circumstances. The soils must be permeable, drainage must be adequate, irrigation water must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching, and very salt-tolerant crops should be selected. 
29 
 
 Table 1;..--continued 
Sodium Low-sod~~~ water, (S-1) can be used for irrigation on almost all soils with little danger of the development of harrr~ul levels of exchangeable sodium. However, sodimn-sensitJ.ve crops such as stone-fruit trees and avocados may accumulate injurious concentrations of sodium. Medium-sod~~ water, (S-2) present an appreciable sodium hazard in fine-textured soils having high cation-exchange-capacity, especially under low-leaching conditions, unless gypsum is present in the soil. This water may be used on coarse-textured or organic soils with good perrneabi1 i ty. High-sodium water, (S-3) may produce harmful levels of exchangeable sodium in most soils and will require special soil management--good drainage, high leach:i.ng, and organic matter additions. Gypsiferous soils may not develop harmful levels of exchangeable sodium, except that amendments may not be feasible with waters of very high salinity. 
Very high sodium water, (S-4) is generally unsatisfactory for irrigation 
purposes except at low and perhaps medium salinity, where the solution of c~lcium from the soil or use of gypsum or other amendments may make the use of these waters feasible. 
-:~United States Department of Agriculture, 1954, Agriculture Handbook No. 60 
30 
 
 The water samples are thought to be representative of the waters usually yielded by the wells from which the.y are drawn. It has been 
shown, however, (Sayre and Livingston, p. 81-83; Piper and Garrett, p. 41) 
that wells which produce water from several zones yield a mixture of waters that may change in chemical composition as the well is pumped. This is especially true if such a well is gravel packed. When the well is idle, water from the zone of highest head flows intc the zones of lower head. Consequently when the well is pumped after being idle for a time it produces water that is native only to the zone of highest head. After this water has been discharged from the well, the quality of water changes as each water-bearing zone begins to yield water that is native to it, and the resulting mixture from the well is a combination of the types of waters in the various water-bearing zones. The mixture produced at a particular pumping rate is proportional to the ability of each of the zones to yield water under the head conditions in the different zones at that rate. 
Accordingly, to be sure to obtain a representative water sample for analysis, it is necessary to lmow the normal routine of pumping, when and for how long the well was last pumped, and the constructional features of the well. 
31 
 
 Constituents 
The concentration of the constituents in water are expressed in parts per million (ppm) and equivalents per million (epm) to show the relative and absolute concentrations of the materials present. The 
concentration of any constituent in grains per u. s. gallon (gpg) can be 
obtained by multiplying values in parts per million by 0.058. The following discussion of the constituents is adapted largely from Water-Supply Paper 658 (Collins, Lamar, and Lohr, 1934). 
Silica (Si02).--Silica is dissolved from practically all rocks. Its state in natural water is not definitely known, but it is assumed to be in the colloidal state, and to take no part in the equilibrium of water. Silica in water forms scale in boilers. All the samples taken for analysis were collected in pyrex bottles to avoid an increase in silica due to the action of water on ordinary glass. 
Iron (Fe).--Iron is dissolved from practically all rocks and is often dissolved from iron pipes, pumps, and iron storage tanks. Separate 6-ounce bottles of water were collected and analyzed for iron. These samples were filtered through a fiberglass filter at the time of collection to remove most of the iron particles suspended in the water. When iron is present both in solution and suspension and has been precipitated by oxidation it is not possible to determine how much was in solution at the time the sample was collected. The iron reported here is that which was in solution at the time of collection. 
32 
 
 water that contains excessive iron stains objects with which it remains in contact, turning them red or reddish brown. Excessive iron may also interfere with the efficient operation of exchange-silicate water softeners. Iron may be removed from water by aeration of the water, followed by settling, or filtration. The pH of the water may require adjustment to reduce its corrosiveness. 
Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) .--Calcium and magnesium cause hardness in water. They make up most of the dissolved mineral matter in hard waters. Both calcium and magnesium are dissolved from limestone. Dolomitic limestone is a source of much of the magnesium dissolved in water in some parts of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Gypsum (calcium sulfate) also may contribute considerable amounts of calcium to water. Some other effects of calcium and magnesium are discussed under "Hardness.,. 
Sodium (Na) and potassium (K).--Sodium and potassium are dissolved from most of the rocks of the earth. These two elements make up a small percentage of the dissolved constituents in water from the Tertiary formations of Georgia but are found in increasing amounts in water from the Upper Cretaceous rocks. These latter rocks contain much feldspar which is the source of some of the sodium. Sodium may also be in water as a result of contamination by sea water. Sea water that was present in rocks at the time of deposition and has not been flushed out is a source of sodium in ground water. Sodium and potassium in water have little effect on the use of the water for most domestic purposes. Water that is high in sodium is usually not suitable for irrigation. 
33 
 
 Bicarbonate (Hco3) and carbonate (co3).--The bicarbonate present in 
natural waters is the result of the action of carbon dioxide dissolved in water upon the carbonate rocks with which it comes in contact. A small amount of carbonate reported in some waters may be the result of the action of the water sample upon the bottle (Collins and Riffenburg, 1923). However, this was avoided here by the use of pyrex glass bottles. 
Bicarbonate is the principal acid radical in most ground waters from the Tertiary formations of Georgia, and also in most of the Upper Cretaceous formations. 
Sulfate (S04).--Sulfate is dissolved from many rocks of the earth. Some of the main sources are sulfides of iron, such as pyrite and marcasite, and gypsum. Pyrite is common in many of the limestones of Georgia and also in some of the sands. Water that bBs dissolved gypsum may contain more sulfate than bicarbonate. Sulfate in hard water affects the formation of scale in boilers. Sulfate is usually low or absent in the Ocala limestone in the area of outcrop and for some distance downdip from the outcrop. The maximum amount of sulfate determined in this study was 405 ppm in one of the well waters of the supply of Moultrie. However, water from the abandoned well in Valdosta was reported to contain more than 1,000 ppm. 
Chloride (Cl).--Chloride is dissolved in small quantities from rocks of the earth. Water that is contaminated by sea water may contain large quantities of chloride. Sewage and industrial wastes may increase the quantity of chloride in some waters. Large quantities of chloride salts in water make the water corrosive. Water that contains excessive amounts of chloride is not suitable for irrigation. 
34 
 
 Fluoride (F).--Fluoride is present in rocks of the earth in small quantities. In some areas of the eastern United States ground waters contain concentrations of as much as 15 ppm of fluoride, as in parts of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia and the Carolinas and of the Gulf Coastal Plain in Texas and Arkansas. Only small quantities of fluoride, generally less than 1 ppm, are present in the ground waters of the Coastal Plain in Georgia. 
According to the U. s. Public Health Service (Dean and others, 1941) 
about 1.0 ppm in water inhibits dental caries (decay) in the teeth of children. In an evaluation of the fluoridation program of Athens, Ga., Chrietzberg and Lewis (1957) stated, "***A dramatic reduction in dental caries of the permanent teeth can be observed in children up to 13 years of age, with the younger ages showing the greatest benefit". 
Nitrate (No3 ).--The presence of nitrate in water may result from pollution of water by organic substance, or to solution of nitrate from rocks. Nitrate in small amounts usually can be considered a natural constituent of water, but if it is present in unusual amounts it may indicate pollution of the water. Nitrate is one of the oxidation products of organic matter such as sewage. Nitrate is commonly high in water from dug wells, which are rapidly becoming a thing of the past in some parts of Georgia. Excessive amounts of nitrate in drinking or formula water of infants may cause methemoglobinemia ("blue babies") (Waring, 1949). 
35 
 
 Hardness.--Hardness of water is the characteristic that is most 
 
noticed by all users. It prevents soap from lathering. Hardness is 
 
caused principally by calcium and magnesium and is reported in terms of 
 
equivalent calcium carbonate (Caco3). The hardness of a water may be calculated by multiplying the parts per million of calcium by 2.5 and 
 
that of magnesium by 4.1, the sum of which products represents the 
 
hardness as caco3 in parts per million. The hardness caused by calcium 
and magnesium equivalent to bicarbonate and carbonate in water is called 
 
"carbonate hardness". Hardness in excess of that amount is called 
 
11noncarbonate hardness". Hardness of water is objectionable, as it 
 
increases consumption of soap and causes scale in boilers which reduces 
 
their heat-exchange efHciency. Hardness may be decreased by the 
 
addition of lime and soda ash in treatment of water, such as is done at 
 
Thomasville, where the hardness in the water is reduced from slightly 
 
more than 200 ppm to about 85 ppm (Lohr and Love, 1954). It has been 
 
shown (Thomson, Herrick, and Brown, 1956, pl. 3) that hardness of ground 
 
waters in Georgia generally increases southward from the Fall Line. 
 
Ground waters are classified by the U. S. Geological Survey according to 
 
the following scale of hardness: 
 
Water class 
 
Hardness (ppm) 
 
Soft Moderately hard Hard Very hard 
 
Less than 60 61 to 120 121 to 180 More than 180 
 
36 
 
 The hardness of ground waters in this area ranges from 4 to 448 ppm. 
The waters from the Upper Cretaceous series are usually very soft, and those from the Tertiary formations are moderately hard to very hard. 
Dissolved solids.--The dissolved-solids content represents the amount of solid mineral matter remaining from a given quantity of water after the water has been evaporated to dryness at 180C. It is approximately equal to the amount of mineral matter dissolved in the water, but may include some water of crystallization or occlusion. 
According to the U. s. Public Health Service, waters containing less 
than 500 ppm of dissolved solids are generally suitable for domestic and industrial purposes. Water containing more than 1,000 ppm of dissolved solids generally is not suitable for domestic purposes and many industrial purposes, but may be used for irrigation under certain conditions. 
37 
 
 6 Specific conductance (K x 10 at 25C).--The specific conductance of water, expressed as microw~os at 25C, is an indication of the dissolvedsolids content, which generally is approximatelY equal to the specific conductance multiplied by a factor of 0.6 to 0.7. Temperature.--The temperatures reported here were taken at the well as the water sample was collected, and are thought to be representative of the temperature of the water in the aquifer from which it was obtained. The temperature of water samples collected from a main or storage tank is affected by the weather and does not represent the temperature of the water in the formation. Temperature of ground water does not vary much throughout the year. The average temperature of ground water in formations near the land surface is usually about the same as the average annual air temperature of the area. Temperature of ground water increases with depth, usually at about 10 F for each 50 to 100 feet of increased depth. The temperature of water collected during this investigation ranged from 67 to 77F. HYdrogen-ion concentration (pH).--The hydrogen ion concentration of water is expressed as the pH. Technically it is the negative exponent of the concentration of hydrogen ions in gram atoms per liter. Water having a pH of 7.0 is neutral on the pH scale. Values less than 7 indicate acidity and values greater than 7 indicate alkalinity. According to Collins, Lamar, and Lohr (1934, p. 8), "*-**determination of pH must be made almost as soon as samples are collected." The pH values reported here were determined in this laboratory at varying times after the samples were collected and may not, therefore, be strictly representative of the water at the well. 
 
 Conclusions Ground water of excellent quality may be obtained throughout southwestern Georgia. The water from the Tertiary formations is chiefly of the calcium bicarbonate type and is moderately hard to very hard and alkaline. That from the Upper Cretaceous rocks is of the sodium bicarbonate type and is soft and slightly alkaline. Dissolved solids are usually moderate and consist mostly of calcium or sodium and bicarbonate. Ground water from the Ocala limestone usually is low in sulfate near the area of outcrop, but the sulfate increases downdip and in the Valdosta area sulfate is reported to be extremely high. In the vicinity of the Withlacoochee anticline near Thomasville water from a depth of about 1,600 feet was too saline for most uses. The temperature of ground waters 
in the area ranged from 67 to 77F. 
The quality of ground water in southwestern Georgia is generally s~itable for municipal, industrial, and irrigational uses of the water, though some softening of the very hard waters is desirable for domestic uses. 
39 
 
 Selected references Chrietzberg, John E., ru1d Lewis, Fred D., 1957, Evaluation of caries 
prevalence after five years of fluoridation: Georgia Dept. Public 
Health, 5 p., 2 tbls., 1 fig. 
Collins, W. D., Lamar, W. L., and Lohr, E. W., 1934, Industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States, 1932: U. S. Geol. Surve.y Water-Supply Paper 658, 135 p. 
Collins, W. D., and Riffenburg, H. D., 1923, Contamination of water samples with material dissolved from glass containers: Ind. and Eng. Chemistr.y, v. 15, p. 48-49. 
Dean, H. T., Jay, Phillip, Arnold, F. A., Jr., and Elvove, Elias {no date), Domestic water and dental caries: Public Health Repts., v. 56, p. 761-792. 
Lamar, William L., 1942, Industrial quality of public water supplies in 
Georgia, 1940: U. s. Geol. Surve,y Water-Supply Paper 912, 83 p. Lohr, E. W., and Love, s. K., 1954, The L~dustrial utility of public water 
supplies in the United States, 1952: U. s. Geol. Survey Water-Supply 
Paper 1299, Part 1, 639 p. McCallie, S. W., 1898, Preliminary report on the artesian-well s.rstern of 
Georgia: Georgia Geol. Surv{~ Bull. 7, 214 p. 
40 
 
 Piper, A. M., and Garrett, A. A., and others, 1953, Native and contaminated 
ground waters in the Long Beach-Santa Ana area, California: 
U. s. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1136, 320 p. 
Sayre, A. N., and Livingston, Penn, 1945, Ground-water resources of El Paso area, Texas: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 919, 190 p. 
Stephenson, L. W., and Veatch, J. 0., 1915, Underground waters of the 
Coastal Plain of Georgia and a discussion of the quality of waters, 
by R. B. Dole.:u. s. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 341, 539 p. Thomson, M. T., Herrick, s. M., and Brown, Eugene, 1956, Availability and 
use of water in Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 65, 416 p. 
U. s. Salinity Laborator,y Staff, 1954, Saline and alkali soils: U. s. Dept. Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 60, 160 p. 
Waring, F. Holman, 1949, Significance of nitrates in water supplies: 
Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour. v. 72. no. 2. 
Warren, M.A., 1944, Artesian water in southeastern Georgia, with special reference to the Coastal area: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 49, 140 p. 
41 
 
 APPENDIX 
Records of chemical analyses and well-construction information. 
42 
 
 location: Owner: Well No.: Date drilled: Yield: 
 
Adel, Cook County 
MUnicipal 
City Well 4 
June, 1957 1,200 gpm 
 
Color: 
 
~ 
 
Temperature ( 6 F) : 
 
Date of collection: 
 
71 April 18, 1958 
 
GoG.S. No.: 
 
pH~ 
 
7.7 
 
Specific conductance 
 
(micromhos 25C): 399 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO':l) 
 
33_ 
 
~on {Fe) 
 
.26 
 
~alcium ( Ca) 
 
_5_3_ 
 
~esium MgJ 
 
16 
 
~odium (NaJ 
 
4.6 
 
Potassium K) 
 
l.J!_ 
 
~icarbonate {HCO':lJ 
 
144 
 
parbonate CO':l) 
 
0 
 
Sulfate ( S01, J 
 
87 
 
Chloride (ClJ 
 
4.0 
 
!Fluoride (F) 
 
.3 
 
INitrate (NO~) 
 
.1 
 
~issolved solids 
 
289 
 
~ardness 
. . Total 
 
ascaco3o 
 
. . . . Noncarbonate   
 
   0   0198 
    8o 
 
EquJ.va.Lents per million 
2~ 
1.32 .20 
.O_li 
2.36 .oo 
1.81 .11 .02 .oo 
 
I( 
 
Size inches) 
 
16 12 
 
From 
(feet) 
0 46 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feetj 
 
46 
 
'Z76 
 
500 
 
screen setting (feet) 
L 
'Z76- 500!'!1 
 
Aqu1:rer Ocala 1twc~.j.~~~ 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
 
 Location: 
 
Albany, Dougherty County 
 
owner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No.~ 
 
City Well 13 
 
Date drilled: December, 1951 
 
Yield: 
 
1.534 gpm 
 
TC~oelroart: ~wre~~(~6=2F~)~------~7~3---------- 
Date of collectiong M&v 15, 1957 
 
G..G..S. No .. : 
 
322 
 
pHg 
 
8.0 
 
Specific conductance 
 
(micromhos 25C): 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO~) 
 
26 
 
OC:fon (Fe) 
 
.06 
 
Palcium t Ca) 
 
24 
 
Magnesium I Mg) 
 
9.2 
 
Sodium (Na 
 
4'5 
 
Potassium ! K) 
 
2.0 
 
a1carbonate (HCO~) 
 
221 
 
pa.rbonate (CO":lJ 
 
0 
 
Sulfate l S01. J. 
 
9.5 
 
Phloride 1Cl) 
 
6_._8 
 
!Fluoride (FJ 
 
.4 
 
INitrate J {NO~ 
 
.3 
 
Pissolved solids 
 
2~8 
 
~ardness 
Total. 
 
as  
 
Caco3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
e 
 
eo 
 
e 
 
o 
 
 
 
0 
 
0 
 
98 
 
Noncarbonate  o e   0 0 o e o 0 
 
EqUivaJ.ents per million 
1.20 .76 
1.96 .05 
3.52 
.00 
.20 lQ .02 
._QQ_ 
 
Size 1 From 'inches ) (feet) 
 
26 
 
0 
 
20 
 
0 
 
10 
 
230 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
45 
 
250 
 
_9_75> 
 
~ 
 
Screen setting {feet) 
 
Aqui._fer 
 
ZT0-275 290- 00 12- 22 
-!1:- :45 :7lj 
4C)( -420 
430-460 400-490 
16-~9 ~I 
 
Tallahatta formatioiJ 
Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Clayton formation 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
44 
 
 !>cation~ Americus, SUmter Countv 
 
Owner~ 
 
Municip&l 
 
Well No. ~ Gray Well 
 
Date drilled: __..1""'9.2...7.__ _ _ _ _ __ 
 
Yieldg 
 
TCeomlpoerrgat-ure3~~(~6=FT)-:---6~9------------Date of collection: April 1. 1958 
 
G.G.So No.: 
p~eHci:~f~!c-..=:zc-.4o-n~du-c~t-an--c_e ____________ 
(micromhos 25C): 24o 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO':l) 
 
[Iron lFeJ 
 
~alcium (caJ 
 
~agnesium I MgJ 
 
[SodiUin (Na 
 
!Potassium IKJ 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO<J 
 
~arbonate ( CQ<l 
r ~u.ll'ate l S0), 
 
~"hloride t Cl) 
 
!Fluoride {FJ 
 
[Nitrate {NO<) 
 
~issolved s~lids 
 
nardness Total 
 
as Caco3 
o o o o o 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
 
 
0 
 
 
 
Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
 
2'5 .37 
42 i.2 2.7 
2 .. 6 
lii 
0_ 
17 
2 .. ? 
.2 
.0 17'i 
118 
9 
 
Equivalents per million 
2.10 
.26 
_.1.2_ 
.07 2.18 
.00 
. 1'5 
.06 
.01 .00 
 
Size 'inches) 
.... 
 
From (feet} 
.... 
 
Casing record 
 
To 
 
Depth ot' well 
 
(teetl 
 
(feet) 
 
-- 
 
200_ 
 
Screen setting (feet) 
-- 
 
Aqu:f._:fer 
 
Cl.a.vton  
 
:inn 
 
 IDeation: Ashburn, Turner County 
 
OWner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well Noo ~ City Well 2 
 
Date drilled: _l=-9"-4...,.9..__ _ _ _ _ __ 
 
Yieldg 46o gom 
 
TC~oelorra:t-~~3,(~0=F~):-~7~0~----------Date of collection: April 25, 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: ':{. ~ Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25C): __.J,..64=---- 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO?) 
 
~Q 
 
Iron (FeJ 
 
_()~ 
 
Calcium l Ca J 
 
~~ 
 
~esium )fgJ 
 
h. , 
 
~dium (Nal 
 
~ h 
 
Potassium KJ 
 
.8 
 
B~carbonate (HCO~J 
Carbonate l CO~)_ SU1f_ate l S01. J 
 
102 0 
1.1) 
 
Chl.oride (ClJ 
 
2.0 
 
Fluoride (F)_ 
 
,I) 
 
!Nitrate lNO~J 
 
.l 
 
!Disso!_ved solids 
 
103 
 
~ardness 
Tota 
 
as lo 
 
oCoacoo3o 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
 
 
0 
 
 
 
0 
 
 
 
80 
 
Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 
 
Equl.V&-ents per million 
1 1l'l !:;() 
.ll 
_._Q_2__ 
1.67 __.00 
.0~ 
.06 
.0~ 
.00 
 
Size 'inches) 
]Q 
 
From 
(feet) 
0 
 
Casing record 
 
To 
 
Dep{ of .}~ll 
 
(feet) 
 
feet 
 
?'iO 
 
hUB 
 
Screen setting 
_,(feet) 
- 
 
Aquifer 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
46 
 
 wcation: Bainbridge, Decatur Countv 
 
Owner: 
 
Municip~ 
 
Well No  ~ City Well ~ 
 
Date drilled: __.lfa:-.:v...,._,1.,9._.5.1.,____ _ _ __ 
 
Yield~ 1.. 550 gpm 
 
Color: Tempe 
 
r 
 
at~ur2e ~( ~6 F~):--~66~-(tr-a-m-ta~u-) --- 
 
Date of collection: FebnJa'tY z6. 1958 
 
GoG..S. No.: 
pH: :l.S Specifi:c conductance 
fmicromhos 25C): 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO~) 
 
7.8 
 
!.[ron {Fe) 
 
.01 
 
Pa.lcium {Ca) 
 
~6- 
 
~esium IMg) 
 
3.6 
 
~odium (Na 
 
1.5 
 
!Potassium IK) 
 
.1 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
122 
 
parbonate lCO~J 
 
0 
 
~u.l.f_ate {S01t l 
 
.5 
 
Phloride {Cl) 
 
2.8 
 
!Fluoride (FJ 
 
.1 
 
!Nitrate (N0"2J 
 
1.2 
 
lOissolved solids 
 
124 
 
3 ~ardness as caco 
Total  105 o   o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
 
Noncarbonate  0 o o o o e 0 0 0 
 
5 
 
Equivalents per million 
1 .Bo 
.10 .07 .00 2.00 
,00 .01 .08 
.01 
.0~ 
 
Size 1 inches) 
 
From {feet) 
 
Casing record 
 
To 
 
Depth or well 
 
{feet) 
 
{feet) 
 
Screen setting {feet) 
 
Aquifer 
 
20 
 
0 
 
147 
 
485 
 
- 147-48'5 a./ 
 
OC!ala. .li- 
 
lQ 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
47 
 
 Location: Blakely, En.rg County 
 
OWner: 
 
Mnpi c:i;pal 
 
--=-:.:--------- Well No.: C:ft<" Well 2 
Date drilled: 
Yield~ 
 
77 TC~oelroart: -wre1~~(6~F~)~:----------------- 
Date of collection: May 13, 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 321 
pH: 8.4 
specific conductance (micromhos 25 C): __,jj3:zc42.___ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO'.)) [IrOn {Fe) 
~cium (ca) 
Magnesium ~[MgJ SOdium (Na Potassium l K) J:[carbonate (HCO~J ~arbonate ( CO<l Sulfate (so~. J 
~oride (C~J 
!Fluoride (F) INitrate (NO~) !Dissolved solids 
~ardness as caco3 Total     o 0 0 0 0 ~ 0    Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0  0  0 0  
 
11:\ 
.01 
, "3--2 
78 1 8 184 
3. 
16 7.0 
~6 
.7 
2l4 
14 0 
 
.r.iquJ.VLLents per million 
.J..6. 
.H> ~ 
..QS. 3.02 
._10_ 
.33 .20. 
~ 
.01 
 
Size 'inches) 
12 10 
 
From 
(feet) 
~ ~00 
 
Casing record 
 
To 
 
Depth of well 
 
(feetl 
 
(feetj 
 
~00 
o6o 
 
_900_ 
 
Screen settlng lfeetl 
------ 
 
Aqu1rer 
 
..... 
 
(!-rp+_..,..,..nna 
 
series 
 
48 
 
 U>cation: Bronwood. Terrell Countv 
 
Owner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No  ~ City Well 2 
 
Date drilled: Novem,ber. 1954 
 
Yieldg 26o gpm 
 
TCeomlopre:rat_u_r3e ~(~6-F}-:--_-_-.7-.-..-,-1-..-_-__-~--~-:------ 
Date of collection: April 8. 1958 
 
4o6 
pH: 'le7 specific conductance 
(micromhos 25 c): __.,c;2,..,2.-.2- - - - 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~) 
 
?t:; 
 
Iron (FeJ 
 
11 
 
Calcium {Gal 
 
~2 
 
Magnesium l~MgJ 
 
3.4 
 
Sodium (l'la 
 
9.3 
 
Potassium l KJ 
 
2.0 
 
Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
116 
 
Qarbonate ( CQ-:t_)_ 
 
0 
 
Sulf'ate ( 801, ) 
 
5.5 
 
Chloride l c~} 
 
?.2 
 
Fluoride {F) 
 
.2 
 
Nitrate {NO~ l 
 
.o 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
14~ 
 
~ardness as caco3 
 
Total    o  0 0 0 0 0     94 
 
Noncarbonate 
 
    0 0 0 
 
0 0 
 
0 
 
Equl.va.Lents per million 
1hrl 
.28 Jl.o .05 1.90 
.00 .11 
.06 
.01 .00 
 
Size !(inches) 
 
From (feet)_ 
 
Casi_ng record 
 
To Depth o:r well 
 
(feetl 
 
(feet)_ 
 
Screen setting (feet) 
 
Aquifer 
 
8 
 
0 
 
395 
 
4'53 
 
395-453 a/ 
 
t'!lav+n.,... ..... 
 
.Cn.n 
 
!/ Open ho1e in.~.1-stone 
 
 IDeation: Cairo, Grady County 
 
OWner: 
 
MUnicipal 
 
Well No.~ City Wells 3 and 4 
 
Date drilled: Well 3, Aug., 19%, Well 4, April., 1950 
 
Yieldg 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
 
Well 3, 141 
Well 4, 205 
 
COl.or: 1 
T~erat-ure~~(~6 F~)~:--~--7~4------------- 
Date of collection: MaY 12 1958 
 
pH: 7,7 
specific conductance (micromhos 25C): ~8~29""---- 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO':l) 
 
18 
 
OCron U'e) 
 
.01 
 
~&l.cium ( ca) 
 
7'5 
 
Magnesium ~Mg) 
 
36 
 
SOdium (Na 
 
4'5 
 
Potassium ~ KJ 
 
~.7 
 
~!carbonate (HCQ~l 
 
_]_52 
 
parbonate {co":) J 
 
0 
 
SU!f'ate l SOJ, J 
 
.255 
 
(ffiloride (Cl.) 
 
42 
 
,luoride (FJ 
 
.'5 
 
~itrate ( NQ':l J 
 
.0 
 
Pissolved s<>lids 
 
6o'5 
 
~ardness as caeo3 
 
TNoontcaalrbonate 335 0 0  
 
0 0 0 0 0 00 0  0 0 00 00 0 000 
 
.21.0 
 
.l!iQ.Ul.vaJ.ents per million 
~.74 
2.96 
_l.96_ ,OQ 
_2JI.g_ .00 
_531 
-- 1..18. .0~ .00 
 
Size inches) 
1~ 
1!) 
 
From 
(feet) 
() () 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth or well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet} 
 
!)P.i) 
~()() 
 
h.OI:\ 
c;Af; 
 
screen $ett1ng (feetl 
 
Aqu1f'er 
 
9P.o..h.cts_ _al_ 
-:.J ':U'l{).. J:\A/:: _, 
 
_l_M:lnt'A...A aA...of A a. 
 
\ nH 
 
.... .c ..... 
 
_ru._a_l_a_ __l_a_ 
 
50 
 
 Location~ 
 
GMU 1a, Mitchell Caunw 
 
Owner: 
 
MJmicillaJ 
 
Well No. ~ City )fell 4 
 
Date drilled: November, 1S57 
 
Yieldg z,ooo iiW' 
 
Color~ 
 
1 
 
T~erat-wre~~(~6=F~):----6g~------------ 
 
Date of collectiong MAY 8. 1958 
 
G..G..S. No,: 56-4----------------- 
pH~ :z.B 
SpecifiC conductance (micromhos 25C): 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~) 
 
q,4_ 
 
Iron (Fe) 
 
.01 
 
Calcium l ca} Magnesium I~MgJ 
 
48 
.0 
 
~odium (Na 
 
2 .. 6 
 
IPota.ss_j.um 1 KJ 
 
.1.1, 
 
~!carbonate lHCO~) 
 
1 c:;o 
 
!Carbonate l co~) 
 
0 
 
~ulfate (80_1_} 
 
.8 
 
Chloride l Cl} 
 
4.0 
 
Fluoride (F) 
 
.o 
 
[itrate l NO~} 
 
2 ~ 
 
~issolved solids 
 
140 
 
~ardness 
. . Total 
 
a  
 
s 
 
 
 
Cacoo 3 
 
o 
 
" " 0 0  
 
0 "120 
 
. Noncarbonate " 0 0 0 0   0  0 
 
Equl.vaJ.ents per million 
~hn 
,,J){) 
.()1 
/:;) hh 
.00 
_.02 .ll 
,QQ 
.04 
 
Casing record 
 
Size From 
 
To Depth of well 
 
[(inchesJ Jteetl (feetl 
 
(feet) 
 
12 
 
0 
 
150 
 
~55 
 
Screen settlng l_feetJ 
l~0.. 3_t:;c:; _a_..L 
 
Aquifer 
0col'!.1 A_ _J imPc:o+r.....""' 
 
J 
~/ Open hole in limestone 
51 
 
 IDeation~ Colquitt, Mj.ller County 
 
ower~ 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No  ~ citz Well 2 Date drilled: __;;l""'9_.47.._-.....:4S..;;.__ _ _ _ __ 
 
Yield:: 350 gpm 
 
0 _ Color~ 
T~erat-ure~~(~6 =F~): 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_7_0_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ 
 
_ _ 
 
Date of collectiong MaY 13. 1958 
 
pSHpegci"'2f7i".=7"c_,.,._c_on-d..-u-c~tan--c-e------- 
(m.icromhos 25 C)~ __..2l,.Q...__ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO-:>) 
 
7 .1 
 
Iron lFeJ 
Calcium {caJ 
 
.01 
4~ 
 
Magnesium Mg) 
 
.? 
 
aodium {NaJ 
 
2 .. 0 
 
Potassium KJ 
 
.1 
 
Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
.1~0 
 
Carbonate {C0-2) 
 
Q_ 
 
Sul.!'ate l S01, J 
 
.J:i 
 
Cliloride l c~ J 
 
-~.0. 
 
F_!uoride {F) 
 
1 
 
Nitrate l NO~ J 
 
?.5 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
1 ?t; 
 
ffardness Total 
 
as  
 
caco3 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
~ 
 
0 
 
0 
 
 
 
 
 
0 106 
 
Noncarbonate 0 0 
 
0  0 
 
0" " 
 
0 
 
Equivalents per million 
? .10 .0? .QQ. .OC\ 
? 1~ 
(\(\ 
.m nA .m .olJ. 
 
Size 1 inchesJ 
B. 
 
From (feet] 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
--- 
 
2~4 
 
Screen setting _(feet) 
 
Aquifer 
 
- -2a4 s.l 
 
'"" C\1"1'1.1 R. 1 ; 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
52 
 
 location: Cordele, Crisp Coqpty 
 
Owner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No : City Well 4 Date drilled: _ _ _ _ _ __ __,1..,9~5...:.4 
 
Yield: 1,230 gpm 
 
Color: 1 _ T~erat-ure~,(~0=F~): ___7_1______________ 
Date of collection: MaY 14. 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 3,90 
pH: :z.6 
Specific conductance {micromhos 25C): --"26:u.&..J_ _ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO,_,) 
 
19 
 
~on (Fe) 
Calcium (caJ 
 
.00 
49 
 
~esium l Mg) 
 
l.C:) 
 
~odium (Na 
 
1.< 
 
!Potassium ~ K) 
 
.o 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
149 
 
Carbonate ( CQ-:tl 
 
0 
 
~ultate (SO), ) 
 
7.5 
 
~loride (Cl) 
 
3.t._O 
 
!Fluoride (FJ 
 
.2 
 
!Nitrate (NO~) 
 
.3 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
160 
 
nardness as caco3 
 
. . Total               130 
 
Noncarbonate  
 
 8 
 
EqU1va.Lents per million 
~ JJ.c:; 
J5 
.08 .02 2M 
.00 
.J.6 .08 
..01 __...oo_ 
 
I( 
 
Size inches) 
 
26 20 
12 
 
From 
(teet) 
0 0 
?()() 
 
Casing record 
 
To Deptb o:r well 
 
(teet) 
 
(feet) 
 
145 
?h.t; 
600 
 
screen settlng (teet) 
 
Aqu1:rer 
 
270_-~ ~50-~60 
375_-385_ 
410-420 
4~o-46o 
490-SlO '58o-S90 
 
1!l..ai_'L 
Do 
 
- - ....... 
 
Jkt,_ 
 
Do 
 
Do. 
 
__Do_ 
 
Wilcnx ~onn 
 
53 
 
 IDeation~ Cuthbert, Rapdalph Count~ 
 
Qwnerg 
 
Munic:l;paJ 
 
Well Noo ~ City Well 3 
 
Date drilled: .Tanua;cy;, 1958 
 
Yieldg 4oo ~ 
 
TCo~leorr~at~~5~7(T6-F~)~g--~6~8------------- 
Date of collectiong April a, 1958 
 
552 pHg 'l 8 Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25 C): _....2_.5.4_ _ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO~) 
 
17 
 
!Iron {Fe) 
 
.2!1 
 
~alcium ( ca) 
 
~q 
 
Magnesium MgJ 
 
8.4 
 
SOdium (Na) 
 
L1l 
 
Potassium KJ 
 
1.1 
 
[Blcarbonate (HCO~l 
 
__147 
 
Parbonate {co.,} 
 
:..o 
 
SUJ,f'ate l SOJ.) 
 
l.2_ 
 
PbJ,oride ( Cl.) 
 
2 .. t; 
 
!Fluoride {FJ 
 
.1 
 
!Nitrate (NO-,) 
 
.0 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
1t;~ 
 
~ardness as caeo3 
 
Totalooooo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 132 Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 
 
Eqw.vaJ.ents per million 
l.Q'i 
.6Q 
..a6_ 
.0~ 
_2.lil 
.00 
..25_ 
.()7 .01 .1lO. 
 
Size inches} 
8 
 
From 
(feet} 
0 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet} 
 
?'iO 
 
~r:;o 
 
screen settl.ng (feet) 
 
Aqu1:rer 
 
--.. ! 
 
1"!1 t:~u+""' .P. 
 
. .. 
 
!I Open Hole in limestone 
54 
 
 Location~ 
 
Dawson. Terrell Chnpt}C 
 
Owner~ 
 
Munictp&l 
 
Well Noo~ City Well 3 
 
Date drilled: December, 1~50 
Yield:: Boo gpm 
 
TC~oelorra~t-wre3~~(~6 =F~Jg----7~1------------Date of collection:: April 8. 1958 
 
213 1.6 pH:: _ ~eci~f~ic~c-o-nd~u-c~t-an--ce ____________ 
(micromhos 25C): 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO':>) 
 
26 
 
Iron (Fe) 
 
.08 
 
Calcium {Ca) 
 
40 
 
Magnesium Mg) 
 
3.9 
 
Sodium {NaJ 
 
6.5 
 
PotassiUm. KJ 
 
2.0 
 
!Bicubonate (HCO~J 
 
l!f3 
 
~a.rbonate {CO~) 
 
0 
 
~uJ.f'ate {SOh } 
 
13 
 
phloride (Cl) 
 
2.0 
 
Fluoride {F) 
 
.1 
 
~itrate {NO~J 
 
.o 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
164 
 
Hardness 
Total 
 
as caco3 
o o o o o 
 
 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
b 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
116 
 
Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
0 
 
Aq\UvaJ.ents per million 
2.00 
''q2 
.28 
.05 
2 ..'~4 .00 .?7 .06 .01 .00 
 
Size l(i.nches) 
20 
 
Casing record 
 
From 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet)_ (feet1 
 
(feet) 
 
0 
 
345 
 
496 
 
Screen settlng (feet) 
 
Aquif'er 
 
.-qh.s-h.ah A I 
-' 
 
1"1Av+nn 
 
..;,_.,.. 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
55 
 
 Location~ 
 
DoneJdaonv1Jle1 Seminole County 
 
()wnerg 
 
MnnicipA] 
 
Well Date 
 
No o ~ drilled: 
 
c-u-~=v-e:l :1-2.=.--------- 
 
Yieldg 225 gpm 
 
GoGoSo N'Oo g 
 
TCo~leorra~ t-~~3~(-6 F=)-g----~-------------Date of collectiong :Jebnery 26, 1958 
 
pSHpgeci~ff~C ~c5on~d~uc~ta~nc-e-------- (micromhos 25Ch -42~50U-.--- 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~) 
 
_6_~ 
 
[ron {Fe} 
 
.01 
 
palcium {ca) 
 
_50_ 
 
Magnesium MgJ 
 
.2 
 
Sodium t Na 
 
2.~ 
 
!Potassium K} 
 
.1 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO<J 
 
l_l)q 
 
~arbonate CO<l 
 
0 
 
Sulfate ( S01, J. 
 
.::> 
 
~oride (C1J 
 
~.'i 
 
!Fluoride {F) 
 
.0 
 
!Nitrate {NO~) 
 
1.4 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
_Jh,Q 
 
~ardnesa 8B caco3 
 
Total   o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 126 
 
Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
.KquJ.vaJ.ents per million 
_2_..50_ 
.02 
._lQ_ 
.00 2.5J. 
.oo_ .00 
.lQ_ 
.00 .ill>. 
 
Casing record 
 
Size From 
 
To Depth of well Screen setting 
 
'inches) (feet) (feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
A_<1~er 
 
A 
 
0 
 
JAn 
 
')]Q 
 
1 An._.,,() 
 
t'\i"lRJ a 1 i ..+,.......... 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
56 
 
 Location~ Edison, CaJ.houn CountY 
 
Owner~ 
 
Mnnicipa.] 
 
Well Noo~ Ci~ Well 2 
 
Date drilled: July, 1953 
 
Yield~ 250 (Est.) ilW' 
 
TCoelmopre~ra.t~u1re~~( 5~F-) g-~_-_.-7.,-.1.-__-_-_ --_--~-- ---- 
Date of collectiong May 9, 1958 
 
353 
pHg 7,.1 Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25 c)g --'2;..,o5~.~ol_ _ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiP?) 
 
2~ 
 
L""''n (Fe ) 
 
.1'i 
 
palcium l ca.} 
 
li 
 
~esium MgJ 
 
r:;.o 
 
~odium tNal 
!Potassium KJ 
 
1!:) 
1 a 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
140 
 
Qarbonate CO~l 
 
0 
 
~ate lSO>.r 
 
9.5 
 
~loride \Cl.J 
 
.o 
 
IF'luoride (FJ INitrate (._NO< l ~issolved solids 
B:ardnese aB caeo3 
 
1 .2 161 
 
Total 108 o o  o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
Noncarbonate 0 0 0 .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
0 
 
EQ.'.U.va..ents per million 
, '75 
hl 
.52 
nc: 
?h1. 
.00 .20 .00 .01 
.00 
 
I( 
 
Size inches} 
 
_a_ 
 
From 
(f'eetl 
_Q 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
_(teet) 
 
(feet) 
 
395 
 
'\lr:; 
 
Screen setting _(teet) 
 
_Aquifer 
 
-- N'i-&:;11:\ ~1 
 
,., ........,..... - 
 
... ,...... 
 
!/ Qpen hole in limestone 
57 
 
 IDeation: 
 
Fort Gaines, Clay County 
 
Owner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No o : 
 
City Well 3 
 
Date drilled: Mar.;c=ch=-=l:J-9~58~---=~- 
 
Yield: 300 gpm pump; 100 gpm flow 
 
Color: 4 
T~erat~wre~,(~6~F~):----~68~----------- 
Date of collection: April 8, 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
 
pHg 
 
8.3 
 
Specific conductance 
 
(micromhos 25C): 
 
4o3 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~) 
 
16 
 
Iron (FeJ 
 
.15 
 
Palcium {Ca) 
 
__S_._Q 
 
Magnesium ~ MgJ 
 
1.5 
 
aodium {Na 
 
_90 
 
Potassium ~ KJ 
 
1.7 
 
[Bicarbonate lHCO~J 
 
226 
 
parbonate ( CQ~I 
 
0 
 
Sul-fate l S01, J 
 
12 
 
ICliJ.oride lClJ 
 
15_ 
 
!Fluoride (FJ 
 
1.0 
 
INitrate (NO~ J 
 
.o 
 
~issolved solids 
 
251 
 
~ardness 
Total 
 
as  
 
 
 
Caco3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
e 
 
  0 
 
 
 
 
 
0 
 
20 
 
Boncarbonate           0 
 
.l:!:qU1va.J.ents per million 
.~ 
.12 
_3_~2 
.04 3_JO 
.oo 
_._25_ 
.42_ .05 
~oo 
 
Size 'inches) 
8 
 
From (feet) 
0 
 
Casing reco_~ 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet_} 
 
370 
 
370 
 
Screen se~tlng jfeetl 
310-320 
~0-~ 
 
A_q~er 
Upper Cretaceous series 
Do. 
 
 Location~ Georgetown. Qu1tmap Coun:t7 
 
Owner: 
 
MJmicipo.l. 
 
Well No. ~ City Well J. 
 
Date drilled: October, 1956 
 
Yieldg lQQ sgm 
 
TC~oelroargt-ure~5~(~6=F~)~------------------- 
Date of collectionx 
 
pHg Speci 
 
f 
 
a, ic 
 
5conductanc~ 
 
(micromhos 25 C): _,;;j41;j;19.7 .. - - - - 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO>:)) 
PL~n U'e) 
~alcium (cal 
~e:sium Mg) 
~odium (Na !Potassium KJ Bicarbonate lHCO~J 
Carbonate . CO~! 
Slll4'_ate {S01, r 
'-'hloride (Cl.J Fluoride {FJ !Nitrate _lNO~ J !Dissolved solids 3 ~srdness as caco 
Total   o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 Noncarbonate 0 0 0 0 o- 0 0 0 0 0 
 
1'5 .06 
1.6 
.0 12._1 
2 .. 4 
11Q 
6 
.0 7.0 
.7 
.o 
~26 
4 
0 
 
.Equ1V&Lents per million 
.08 .00 
5.~'i 
.oh 
'i.?~ .~ 
.00 .?0 .011 .00 
 
Size !(inches) 
6 4 
 
From 
(feet) 
0 
~00 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
~00 
l ~6'5 
 
l ~h'i 
 
Screen setting (feet) 
 
Aqui:rer 
 
1 ~9" .1 <ho 
 
li~n+.a...,. .... 
 
.of ...... 
 
59 
 
 wcation~ Leesburg, I,ee County' 
 
OWner~ 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No.~ City We!l 
 
Date drilled: __..Ma:_:v""',.__J;.9.....,;;38..___ _ _ __ 
 
Yieldg 
 
TC~oelroargt-ure3~~(~6 F~)g-----------------Date of collectiong April. 1. ],958 
 
pSHpegci-:::f:Z~ic5..a..Lc-on-d'~~"'u-c"l't~an-c-e------ 
(micromhos 25C)~ ___,.2""'hn...___ __ 
 
constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO~) 
 
ll:) 
 
~'li"'n 1FeJ 
~alcium t ca) 
M&gnesium 1MgJ 
 
.01 
1&.L. 
2 .. 2 
 
aodium (Na 
 
2.6 
 
Potassium ~ KJ 
 
.~.!J.. 
 
!Bicarbonate {HCO:d 
 
144 
 
Parbonate tCO':ll 
 
0 
 
~ate (SOJ, J' 
 
15 
 
~oride (Cl) 
 
3.0 
 
Fiuoride {F) 
 
.2 
 
Nitrate lNO':l) 
 
2.1 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
l"- 
 
ll9 as Caco ~ardness 
3 Totalo~ooo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
Noncarbonate 
 
0 
 
0 
 
 
 
0 
 
0 0 
 
 
 
 
 
0 0 
 
l 
 
Equlval.ents per million 
~.~ 
.18 .ll .01 
2 ~6 
.00 
,oq 
.08 
.01 
,oq 
 
Size 'inches) 
 
From (feet) 
 
Casing recorct 
 
To 
 
Depth of' well 
 
(feet) 
 
(teet) 
 
Screen setting {feet) 
 
Aquif'er 
 
8 
 
0 
 
q2Q 
 
qro 
 
--- 
 
l"laofhn,.....,.o:o ....-~- 
 
I 
 
 wca.tion ~ Leslie, Sumter CountY 
 
Owner: 
 
Mund.cipal 
 
Well No a ~ City Well J. 
 
Date drilled: __,1..9.._2.7._ _ _ _ _ _ __ 
 
Yieldg 
 
Color~ 
 
4 
 
T~erat-ure~~(~6 F~)g--~68~------------ 
 
Da.te of collection: April l. 1958 
 
pH: Spec 
 
i 
 
fi7c. 
 
6 
conductance 
 
(micromhos 25C): --'2::..&l.:;a,4.____ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
I Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~) 
 
21 
 
Iron (Fe) 
 
.06 
 
Ca.lc:ium {Ca) 
Magnesium q MgJ 
 
4~ 
1.6 
 
~odium (Na 
 
1.0 
 
Potassium l KJ 
 
.2 
 
~icarbonate _(HCQ-:U 
 
1~ 
 
'-'a.rbonate (CO~) 
 
0 
 
Sulfate (SOk} 
 
~-2 
 
~.;hloride (ClJ 
 
-:>.0 
 
Fluoride (F) 
 
.? 
 
Nitrate (N0'2} 
 
1 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
137 
 
Hardness Total 
 
as caco3 
o a o o .. 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
" 
 
 
 
0 
 
 
 
0 
 
114 
 
Nonca.rbonate 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 
 
4 
 
Equiva..ents per million 
2c1S 
.1 ~ 
.04 .01 
';)_'X) 
.00 
_()7 
_()i:; 
.cu 
_()() 
 
Size ''inches) 
8 
 
From 
(feet) 
0 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
210 
 
Screen setting (feet) 
 
Aqu1f'er 
 
t"!l A.ihnl"'n,.. ....,.,........,. 
 
61 
 
 IDeation: Merck and Ccar 1, Dougb.erty County 
 
OWnller! 
 
Priyate. (Merck; Md Cc~ g ) 
 
We 
 
L10o ~ 
 
gmerr  Ytl1 l 
 
Date drilled: DeCember, 1951 
 
Yield~ l,OOO gpm 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
 
__.2......~5"-~3------- 
 
TC~Oelrora: t-~~2~{~6 F~)~:--~69-------------Date of collection: May 2. 1957 
 
pH: 7.7 
Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25 c): __..2-..~3.9.- - - - - - 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO~) 
 
11 
 
~n {FeJ 
 
.08 
 
~a:J._cium ( ca) 
 
47 
 
~esium 1Mg) 
 
1 .1 
 
~dium. (Na 
 
;>,? 
 
!Potassium ! K} 
 
.~ 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
1t;O 
 
~arbonate l co~ 1 
 
0 
 
~l.ll4"_ate ( S01, )  
 
-~ 
 
~oride (ClJ 
 
? .. 0 
 
F]..uoride {F) 
 
_() 
 
111trate (NO~J 
 
1 .~ 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
1h.~ 
 
~ardness 
Total 
 
ascaco3 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
0 
 
 
 
    
 
122 
 
Noncarbonate     0 0 0 0 0  Q 
 
.15qw.valents per million 
? ~c; 
()Q )() 
.01 
~w:; 
.00 
()() 
.Oh 
{'\(\ ()~ 
 
S1ze 'inches) 
10 
 
From (feet) 
Q_ 
 
casing record 
 
To Depth or well 
 
(teetl 
 
_(teetl 
 
8o 
 
247 
 
Screen sett1ng {_teet) 
 
Aquifer 
 
- Bo-247 aL 
 
.-.n. . ()I"A1A l_imlll!Ai:nne 
T.iAhcm .-. 
 
!I O,pen hole in limestone 
62 
 
 wcation: Moultrie. Qg;A,guitt Count: 
 
Owner: 
 
Municipal . 
 
Well No. ~ City Well 3. 
 
Date drilled: _ December, 1949 
 
Yieldg 
 
Colorg !i Temperat'u_._r.e_...,.(w:oF~}r-:--:z-5- - - - . - - - 
Date of collection: Agril 9 1958 
 
--= 
pH: ].B 
Specific conauctance (micromhos 25C): 
 
Constituents 
- 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica .( SiO~) 
[.Iron (Fe) 
 
- 
 
24 
.10 
 
~alcium {Ca) 
 
102 
 
Magnesium Mg) 
 
47 
 
Sodium (Na) 
 
38 
 
Potassium KJ 
 
S.7 
 
if31carbonate t HCQ-li. 
 
14o 
 
Carbonate CO~l 
 
0_ 
 
Sulfate {S01, }' 
 
4os 
 
Chloride {Cl.J 
 
12 
 
~uoride {F) 
 
1.2 
 
~itrate (NO~J 
 
.0 
 
~issolved solids 
 
761 
 
~ardness as caco3 
. . Total o      0 0 ~ . . Noncarbonate 0 0 Q 0   
 
  0 448 
  ~~4 
 
Equi.vaJents per million 
5.09 i.87 1.65 
.1S 2.29 
.00 8.4~ 
~4 
.Oh .00 
 
I( 
 
Size inches) 
 
From 
(feet) 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
Screen setting (feet) 
 
Aquifer 
 
16 
 
0 
 
4P'i 
 
7'i? 
 
lJ.?t;, .7t;? A_/ 
...J 
 
t"'H n ...alA_ ]'f1 
 
a.:.,..i &:&f:L 
'"" 
 
!1 Open hole in limestone 
 
 Location: Newton, BaJter County 
 
OWner:: 
 
Municipg,l 
 
Well No o : 
 
City Well 2 
 
Date drilled: ___;;---~------ Yield: 
 
T~elmorp~erat~u0re~-(=F~)-: --_7-.-~---~0-"------------...-...-- Date of collection: MaJ 13: 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: 7.8 Specific conductance 
(m.icromhos 25 4 C): __.2l.w8oL.-_ __ 
 
~nstituents 
 
Parts per 111U1on 
 
Silica (SiO':)) 
 
1'1 
 
OCron U'e) 
 
.01 
 
c-alcium ( C&) 
 
~6 
 
Magnesium ~Mg) 
 
~.4 
 
SOdium (Nal 
 
_6_..o_ 
 
Potassium KJ 
 
.7 
 
aicarbonate (HCO~} 
 
~u 
 
Carbonate (CO-:~ J 
 
0 
 
~ate (SOJ,) 
 
3.n 
 
k.ffiJ,oride {Cl) 
 
~.0 
 
!Fluoride (FJ 
 
.1 
 
!Nitrate (NO~) 
 
_]_..5_ 
 
!Dissolved si5lids 
 
1P7 
 
~ardness as caeo3 
 
Total      0 0  0      104 
 
Noncarbonate 
 
     
 
0 
 
fill 0 
 
 
 
 
 
() 
 
JSq'.!l.?'!Uents per million 
l.Sn 
.~ ~ .0!). __2_ l ' i .Of! .D.6._ 
...o6. 
.01 ...Q2. 
 
Size inches) 
R 
 
From _(feet} 
0 
 
Cas1II.g reco~ 
 
To 
 
Depth or well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feetl 
 
-- 
 
475 
 
Screen setting lfeetl 
 
~~er 
 
- -47'i aL 
 
lk-AlA _1_i_n~Aa+n>'IA 
 
!I Open hole in limestone 
64 
 
 Location: Pl1ps. Sgmter Coynty 
 
Owner: 
 
Mupicipo.J. 
 
Well No.: City We1l 2 
 
Date drilled: Jane. 1952 
 
Yield: 
 
Color: 3 
Temperat-ure~~(~6=F~)-=--~68~------------ 
Date of collection: April 1, 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: l3 Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25 c): ___.1..5... 0~--- 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (Si00 ) 
 
h.a 
 
li!'on (Fe) 
 
'1, 
 
Q_a.lcitm~. _tea) 
Magnesium MgJ 
 
99 
~.h 
 
odium (Na) 
 
9 h. 
 
Potassium KJ 
 
~.1 
 
Bicarbonate {HCO~J 
 
76 
 
"'arbonate CO-:t)_ 
 
0 
 
Sul:fate ( S01, ) 
 
12 
 
ghloride (ClJ 
 
2 .. 2 
 
Fluoride {FJ 
 
.1 
 
Nitrate (NO~J 
 
.5 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
l.'U 
 
ffardness as caco3 
 
. . Total              0 70 
 
Noncarbonate      0 
 
 8 
 
Equl.vaJ.ents per million 
] 10 
~(I 
.10 
.. oB 
1.21) .00 .91) .06 
.01 
.01 
 
Casing record 
 
Size 
 
From 
 
To Depth of well Screen setting 
 
!(inches) (feet_) (feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
{feet) 
 
Aqul:rer 
 
18 
 
_Q 
 
86 
 
8 
 
6'l 
 
947 
 
_1)14 
 
TI0..1&l 
107.. ~-::> 
9h7.. 1:\14 _s:,J 
 
_, 
_V"'l ~,.,..,. ............."" 
~ 
l'!] ......... ,...... ~- 
 
of,.,..,.,. 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
 
 IDeation: Quitman, Brooks county 
 
OWner: 
 
Mnni cipaJ 
 
Well No.: Cit~ Wel 1 3 Date drilled: _ _,...,.~'lol5~:.~~4 _ _ _ _ __ 
 
Yield: 700 g,pm 
 
o Color: _ T~erat~wre~~(~6=F~):----7-0 ____________ Date of collection: MAY 12, 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: 15 Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25C): _,.2,...68w.-_ __ 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO-::>) 
 
~7 
 
Iron (FeJ 
Calcium ( ca J 
 
.00 
4l 
 
Magnesium I MgJ 
 
8.1 
 
Sodium(Na 
 
2.5 
 
Potass1um ~ KJ 
 
.6 
 
Bicarbonate (HCO~J 
 
162 
 
carbonate _lco~)_ 
 
0 
 
~ate (SO>, J. 
 
1.2 
 
Cliloride (Cl.J 
 
3.5 
 
F~uoride (FJ 
 
.2 
 
Nitrate (NO:d 
 
.5 
 
[!issolved ~~lids 
 
154 
 
Hardness Total 
 
as  
 
Caco3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
134 
 
Noncarbonate           1 
 
Equ1vaJ.ents per million 
-::>.00 .68 
.ll 
.02 
2.66 
.00 
.. 0 2 
.10 .01 
_.QJ. 
 
Size (inches) 
_l2 
 
From 
(feet) 
0 
 
Cas1ng record 
 
To Depth of' well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
120 
 
~04 
 
Screen setting {feet) 
 
Aquifer 
 
- 120-~04 AI 
 
u.;,., .......................... 
 
nH 
 
..,..,..iaa 
 
l\t'alA 1 .,,.,......+.......... 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
66 
 
 IDeation: Smithville, Lee County 
 
Owner; 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No.: City Wel1 
 
Date drilled: December, 1950 
 
Yield: 
 
TCeomlopre:rat_u_re3~(~F~)-: -~---~:68-=-.,.5-_--_-_--~--~--- 
Date of collection: At>ril 1. 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: 6.6 
Specific conductance (micromhos 25C): __.u..r.,;;).3- - - - 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~;~) 
 
l'5 
 
l!l"on (Fe) 
ca ~alcium ( J 
 
,_02 
16 
 
Nagnesium Mg) 
 
.5. 
 
!Sodium ( Na) 
 
c:; ..{. 
 
!Potassium K) 
 
.1. 
 
!Bicarbonate (HCO:d 
 
M 
 
,_,arbonate (CO~J 
 
0 
 
~ulfate (SOt, J 
 
.0 
 
!Chloride (ClJ 
 
8.~ 
 
!Fluoride (F) 
 
.0 
 
!Nitrate (NO~} 
 
_5.3. 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
Rl 
 
~ardness 
Total 
 
as  
 
, 
 
Caco3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
0 
 
 
 
42 
 
Noncarbonate      0     ~ 
 
EqU1vaJ.ents per million 
.13o .oll. 
.~; ~01 
.2SJ_ ,(){) 
..oo_ ..23. .00 ....00. 
 
Size It inches} 
14 8 4 
 
From (feet) 
0 0 
l4o 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
_{feet1 
 
4o 
 
14o 
 
18o 
 
18'5 
 
Screen setting _{_feet_}_ 
 
~ui:f:'er 
 
10'1-140 170-l.Bo 
 
Ocala. JAntpa+.n.,..,.., 
.f!la.iborne_ D"'""nnn 
 
 IDeation: Sx~veater, Wert;h CQ'Ulilty 
 
owner: 
 
M!mieipal 
 
Well No.: City Well 1 
 
Date drilled: Prior to 192.6 
Yield: S4Q p 
 
TCeOmlopre:rat~u3re~~( 6~F-)-: --_7-,..1-..-.,._ --_ --_ --_--_--~- 
 
Date of collection: 
 
April 25" J.Si58 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: :z:.a 
Specific conductance 
(Dlicromhos 25C): __.29,...!+---- 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (Si00 ) [IrOn {Fe) 
 
Pal.cium lC&J 
Magnesium :MgJ 
 
~ium (Na 
 
!Potassium j KJ 
 
IBlcarbonate {HCQ-:tl 
 
tarbonate (co~ J 
 
aw.rate {S01, J ~oride ( Cl.) 
 
,luoride {FJ 
 
IIitrate (lVO~) 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
~ardness 
Total 
 
as  
 
Caco3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncarbonate      0     
 
26 .!17_ 
415 
7J~ 
~.'l 
l.l 
199_ 0 
1.~~ 
3.2 
.2 
.2 lllO 
143 
0 
 
Equl.vaJ.ents per million 
.~.25 
..61 
. '1 c; 
_.03. 
~ 
.. oo 
_...o!l 
.09 .oJ. _.oo_ 
 
Size inches) 
12 
 
From 
(feetj_ 
.... 
 
Casingrec~ 
 
To Depth of well 
 
{feet} 
 
_(feetj_ 
 
.. .. 
 
4oo 
 
Screen settlng jfeetj_ 
 
Aqu1rer 
 
-a.l 
 
01 i ..,..,..,...,..,..... ...... '" ...... 01"A'1Jil. '1 -fm.-P+""'"" 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
68 
 
 I.ocation: Thomasville. TbrnnM CountY 
 
OWner: 
 
Mnni c'Ula1 
 
Well No.: Citf Well 5 
 
Date drilled: Febnm.ry, 1949 
 
Yield: 1,200 iPm 
 
Color: 2 Temperat-ure-=--.(""6'=F"~")-:--7-6~------ 
Date of collection: NaY 8. 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 
pH: 7.8 Specific conductance 
(micromhos 25C): 418 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
[ron {Fe) 
Calcium ( Ca) Magnesium ~ MgJ Sodium {Na} Potassium (KJ Bicarbonate (HCO<J Qarbonate _(CO<)_ 
Sulfate l SO,, r 
Chloride {ClJ Fluoride {FJ 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
Hardness Total 
 
as  
 
 ca co 3  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncarbonate           
 
22 .00 
20 
7.8 
1.0 
Q_ 8~ 
9.0 
J~. 
.0 
200 
70 
 
EquivaJ.ents per million 
1.64 
.0~ 
.00 l.7l 
.0~ 
.00 
 
Size 
 
From 
 
(inchesj_ (feet_) 
 
J.6 
 
0 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feetl 
 
(feetj_ 
 
95 
 
400 
 
Screen setting (feetl 
 
Aquifer 
 
95-4oO al 
 
nH 
 
series 
 
ni"Ala. limestone 
 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
 
 U>cation: Tifton. Tift Countv 
 
owner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No : City Well 2 ])ate drilled: _ -~.,;9~4oQt.... _ _ _ _ __ 
 
Yield: 
 
Color: 2 _ T~erat-ure--~(~6~F~)-: ___7_2___________ 
Date of collection: Agril z8. 1958 
 
G.G.S. No.: 292 
 
pH: 7.9 
 
Specific conductance (micromhos 25C): 
 
271 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO-:>) 
 
18 
 
~n (Fe) 
 
.14 
 
Oalcimn l CaJ 
 
4o 
 
Magnesimn I MgJ 
 
8.~ 
 
Sodimn (Na 
 
?.Q 
 
Potassimn IKJ 
 
.Q 
 
Bicarb_onate ( HCO~ )_ 
 
178 
 
Carbonate l CO~ J 
 
0 
 
Sulfate 1S01.t_ l 
 
.a 
 
ChJ.oride l ClJ 
 
?.A 
 
Fluoride (F) 
 
.9 
 
Nitrate (NO~} 
 
1 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
1~1 
 
. . Rardness Total 
 
as  
 
 ca co 3  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
134 
 
Noncarbonate       
 
 0 
 
EquivaJ.ents per million 
2 .. 00 .hB 
.1~ 
.02 9.Q9 
.00 
.09 .08 .01 
.00 
 
Size "inches) 
1-:> 
 
From 
(feet) 
0 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet) 
 
(feet) 
 
-- 
 
'501 
 
screen setting (feet) 
 
Aqulrer 
 
-'501 a/ 
 
Miocene aeries 
 
Oli 
 
sar.iea 
 
!I Qpen hole in limestone 
70 
 
 location: Valdosta, lowndes County 
 
Owner: Well No.: 
 
Municipal City Wel1 
 
4 
 
Date drilled: August, 1957 
 
Yield: 
 
Color: 34 
T~erat~wre~~(~0:F~):------~---------- 
Date of collection: August 271 1957 
 
G.G.S. No.: 511 
pH: 7.3 Specific con~uctance 
(micromhos 25C): __..l.:z4;:;z.9---- 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
~ilica (SiO~) 
 
J..2 
 
r.rrc>n (Fe) 
 
.07 
 
paJ.cium {C&J 
 
2~ 
 
Magnesium I:MgJ 
 
2,.8 
 
Sodium (l'la 
 
4.7 
 
Potass1um 1KJ 
 
.h. 
 
~!carbonate (HCO-:t! 
 
81 
 
~arbonate {CO'lJ 
~u.J.1"ate 1S01.t_)- 
 
0 
..._8_ 
 
Phloride l ClJ 
 
7.A 
 
!Fluoride {FJ 
 
~ 
 
Nitrate {NO~) 
 
.n 
 
Dissolved solids 
 
10c:; 
 
l{ardness as caeo3 
 
. . Total      ,       . . Noncarbonate        , 
 
69 
? 
 
EqU1vaJ.ents per million 
1 .1 t; .?-:t .?0 
.01_ 
1 . -:t-:t .00 
_n~ 
.?? 
n~ 
.nn 
 
I( 
 
Size inches) 
 
8 
 
From (teetl 
0 
 
Casing record 
 
To Depth o:r well 
 
(teet} 
 
(feet} 
 
lQO 
 
400 
 
Screen sett1ng (teet} 
 
Aqu1::t"er 
 
- 1Q0-4oo a/ 
 
'Min~~n AA'riAa. 
 
OH. 
 
R~'ri ...lll 
 
.l 
!/ Open hole in limestone 
71 
 
 IDeation: 
 
Vienna, Dool:y County 
 
OWner: 
 
Municipal 
 
Well No.: 
 
City Well 2 
 
Date drilled: 
 
Yield: 
 
80o gpm. 
 
Color: 
 
2 
 
Temperature ( 6 F): 
 
Date of collection: 
 
69 
Ma.y 14, 1958 
 
143 
 
pHg 
 
7.5 
 
Specific conductance 
 
(micromhos 25C): 254 
 
Constituents 
 
Parts per million 
 
Silica (SiO~) 
 
15 
 
Iron (Fe) 
 
.()9 
 
~alcium {ca} 
 
50 
 
N&gnesium :Mg) 
 
.2 
 
aC>dium(Na 
 
1.~ 
 
!Potassium j K} 
 
.2 
 
[Bicarbonate ( HCO~ }_ 
 
l-53 
 
Parbonate {CO'l} 
 
0 
 
SUlfate {SOl, ) - 
 
7.0 
 
~loride (Cl} 
 
2.0 
 
'luoride {F} 
 
.1 
 
!Nitrate (NO~J 
 
.2 
 
!Dissolved solids 
 
151 
 
aardness Total 
 
asCaco3 
 
 
 
 
 
e 
 
 
 
 
 
o 
 
 o oJ.26 
 
Noncarbonate      0    0 0 
 
Equ1vaJ.ents per million 
2.50 .02 
.o~ 
.01 2._21 
.00 .J,5_ .O_Q 
.01 
.00 
 
Size '1 1nches) 
20 
10 
 
Casing record 
 
From 
 
To Depth of well 
 
(feet1 (feet) 
 
(feet} 
 
0 
 
200 
 
lt11 
 
581 
 
3l 
 
Screen sett1ng {feet) 
250-260 292-112 322-142 i52-i62 
~80-1go 
.408-413 566-571 
 
~~er 
_C_lai'QQ_me _10!, Do 
_Do, _Do.... 
Do 
_Do_._ 
W_ilcox a:rouo 
 
72 
 
 INDEX 
 
Page Ade1   .  .         .  .   .   19, 26, 43 Albany  6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 
19, 26, 44 
Americus  6, 11, 18, 19, 26, 45 Arkansas      . . .   .  .     .        35 1\rlington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . 6 
Ashburn . 19, 26, 46 Athens   .   .  .   .    .             35 Augusta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . .        6 Bainbridge  16, 18, 19, 26, 47 Baker County . 13, 64 
Basal sand . 8, 9, 12 
Bashi mar1  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     8 Bicarbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 
Blakely  6, 19, 26, 48 
Blufftown formation .. 9 
Bronwood . 19, 26, 49 
Brooks County .............. 66 
Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . 33 
Calhoun County  9, 11, 13, 57 Cairo . 16, 19, 24, 26, 50 
Camilla . 18, 19, 26, 51 Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Carolinas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chattahoochee River  16 Chattahoochee valley  10 
Claiborne group  8, 11, 12, 13, 16 
Clay County  9, 10, 11, 58 
Clayton formation 9, 11, 12, 16, 28 Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .  . . 34 Coll.llllbus         .  .                6 
Colquitt County . 19, 26, 52, 63 
Connate water  9, 21 
Coquina limestone  6, 9, 11, 12 Cordele  8, 11, 12, 19, 26, 53 
Cretaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 
Cretaceous, Late . 6 
Cretaceous, upper  6, 9, 10, 11, 
16, 20, 28, 33, 34, 37, 39 Crisp County  11, 13, 53 
Cusseta sand ......... o 6, 9 Cuthbert                  19, 26, 54 Dawson ................ 19, 26, 55 Decatur County . 15, 16, 47 
Dissolved solids o 37 
Donaldsonville  19, 26, 56 
 
Page 
Dooly County  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  72 
Dougherty County  6, 8, 9, 10, 
11, 12, 13, 44, 61 
Dougherty Plain  2, 13, 16 
Early County  6, 9, 11, 13, 48 Edison ~ 19, 26, 57 Eocene . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8, 28 Eocene, I.ate     .  .  . .  .    .      15 Eocene, Upper . 15 
Eutaw formation  6, 9, 10 
Fall Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 
Fall Line Hills  2 
Flint River  13, 16 Flint River formation  7 Fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Fort Gaines  10, 19, 24, 26, 58 Fuller's earth       .              15 
Georgetown  10, 19, 24, 26, 59 Grady County  15, 50 Hardness . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  .  . 36 
Hatchetigbee formation  8 Hawthorn formation  7, 15 
Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH)  38 
Iron . . . . . . . .  .   . .  . .  . . .  . . . .  . . 32 
Irrigation .............. o         25 
Jim Woodruff dam  16 ~acy                              6 
Lee County  9, 11, 13, 60, 67 
Leesburg  19, 26, 60 Leslie  19, 26, 61 
Lisbon formation  8, 12 
Lowndes County  14, 71 Macon                              6 
Magnes itun 33 Q                        Map       .    .                 3, 17 Merck and Company  19, 27, 61 
Midway group  9 Milledgeville  6 
Miller County  13, 52 
Miocene                7, 13, 15, 28 Mitchell County  51 
Moultrie  14, 16, 18 
19, 24, 26, 34, 63 
Nanafalia formation . 8 Newton ...... 19, 27, 64 Nitrate 35 o                           
 
73 
 
 Page 
Ocala limestone  8, 13, 14, 
15, 16, 34, 39 
Oligocene . 7, 13, 14, 15, 28 
Paleocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 
Physiographic provinces . 3 
Plains  19, 27, 65 
Pleistocene . 7 
Potassitun ............ ~. . . . . . . . . 33 
Preston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 
Principal artesian aquifer  15, 16 
Providence sand  6, 9, 10 
Ptt..rnpage                           16 
Quality of water  20 Quaterna.rJ'    .        .             7 
Quitman  16, 19, 27, 59, 66 
Quitman County  10 
Randolph County  9, 11, 54 Recent . 6, 7 
Ripley formation  9 
River terrace deposits  7, 16 
Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Silica .. 32 
Seminole County  13, 56 
Smithville . 19, 27, 67 
Sodium o 30, 33 
Sodium-adsorption-ratio (SAR)  23, 
24, 26, 27 Specific conductance  38 Sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cl      34 
 
Page Sumter County  6, 11, 12, 45, 61, 65 
suwannee limestone . 7 
Sylvester  l6, 19, 27, 68 Tallahassee syncline  13 Tallahatta formation  8, 12 Tampa limestone                7, 15 Temperature ............... 38 
Terrell County  9, 11, 13, 49, 55 Tertiary  7, 8, 9, 10, 
20, 33, 37' 39 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Thomas County  15, 69 Thomasville  8, 13, 16 
18, 19, 21, 27, 36, 39, 69 
Tift County  70 
Tifton  16, 18, 19, 27, 70 
Tifton Upland  2, 13, 14, 15, 16 Turner County                     46 
Tuscahoma formation  8, 9 Tuscaloosa formation . 6, 9 
Valdosta  7, 8, 14, 16, 
19, 27, 34, 39, 71 
Vienna  12, 19, 27, 72 Virginia .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 
Webster ....... 11 
Well locations  22 
Wilcox. group  8, 12 
Withlacoochee anticline  21, 28, 39 
Worth County  68