Exploration for Mineral Deposits . 1n Habersham County, Georgia by Vernon J. Hurst and Thomas J. Crawford Geology Department University of Georgia in cooperation with The Habersham County Redevelopment Corporation and the Institute of Community and Area Development for the Area Redevelopment Administration United States Department of Commerce Washington, D.C. 1964 First reprint 1981; Second reprint 1988 by the Geologic Survey Branch of the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources ARA CONTRACT NO. Cc-5960 EXPLORATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS IN HABERSHAM COUNTY, GEORGIA FINAL REPORT SUMMARY OF RESULTS Habersham County has minable deposits of asbestos, flagstone, gold, granite gneiss, kyanite, marble, and soapstone, none of which are being mined. Other types of,mineral deposits that might be minable include chromite, mica and metal sulphides. Further exploration is recommended for 14 asbestos deposits, three of them new discoveries. The better gold placers are along Soque river and its tributaries, and in two other areas which are new discoveries: (1) Shoal Creek, east of Grassy Mountain, and (2) Beaverdam Creek, 5 miles west of Clarkesville. The commercial kyanite deposits have been delineated. They are in a crescent-shaped area 15 miles long and up to 1-3/4 miles wide, north of Clarkesville. Their quantity and quality are adequate for large scale mining. Weathered sulphide anomalies have been located for which the sources ar~ unknown. Native platinum and the tungsten ore mineral, scheelite, have been discovered. Large tonnages of dolomitic marble suitable for aggregate and agricultural lime can be developed in the northeastern part of the county, possibly at other places along the Brevard belt. Part of the information obtained on the marble has been released and development has already begun. The mineral deposits are described individually. Recommendations are made for the development of aggregate, asbestos, gold, kyanite, marble and mica. Location maps and brief descriptions are provided for 41 mineral collecting localities of interest to the hobbyist and tourist. 2. INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------2 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS Inventory of Available Information ----------------------3 Theoretical Analysis - Types of Mineral Deposits Expected - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - 3 Examination of Mines and Prosp~cLH ----------------------7 MAIN INVESTIGATION Search for new Deposits ---------------------------------7 Alluvium study ---------------------------------------7 Search for outcropping veins -------------------------17 Geochemical Studies ----------------------------------17 Reports on Economic Minerals ----------------------------\9 Aggregate --------------------------------------------\4 Asbe::>tns -------------- ----- }I Chromite ----------------------------------~----------28 Clay -------------------------------------------------28 Corundum ---------------------------------------------31 Flagstone --------------------------------------------32 Garnet -----------------------------------------------33 Gold -------------------------------------------------34 Graphite ---------------------------------------------45 Iron -------------------------------------------------45 Kyanite ----------------------------------------------46 Manganese --------------------------------------------54 Marble -----------------------------------------------55 Mica -------------------------------------------------65 Platinum ---------------------------------------------68 Sulphides --------------------------------------------68 Talc and Soapstone -----------------------------------77 Mineral Collecting Localities ---------------------------79 Available Surface and Ground Water Data -----------------136 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -------------------------------------------137 BIBLIOGRAPHY -----------------------------------------------137 APPENDIX I - Summary of Published Information on Ore Deposits & Mineral Occurrences in Habersham County ---------------------------------------139 APPENDIX II - Mine & Prospect Examinations, Habersham County ---------------------------------------152 INTRODUCTION Habersham County is in the Northeast Georgia Highland. It comprises 283 square miles and has about 19,000 inhabitants. The county seat is Clarkesville. Small scale mining has been carried on since the early days of Habersham's settlement. Gold was the first mineral to be produced. Later, iron ore was mined, then asbestos and kyanite. Despite the fact that no mines are now operating, minerals are still one of the County's principal resources. The development of mineral resources depends upon the availability of knowledg~ of their exact location, size and grade. This special study has been undertaken to provide information that will spur mineral resource development, and thereby create new exonomic opportunities in Habersham County and adjacent areas. 3. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS Inventory of Available Information The information on past mining and prospecting activities available at the beginning of the study has been assembled, and a summary is presented in Appendix I. The locations are shown in Figure 1; in many instances the published information was insufficient for accurate locations. Eighteen ore minerals have been reported. Eight have been mined: asbestos, corundum, gold, graphite, iron, kyanite, marble, mica. Theoretical Analysis - Types of Mineral Deposits expected in Habersham County Rock types, structures, and geologic history are clues to the types of mineral deposits that might be expected in an area. Habersham County is underlain by high grade metamorphic and igneous rocks: Mica schists, garnet-mica schists, kyanite schists, .quartzite, marble, amphibolites, and granitic gneisses. Pegmatites are common. A reconnaissance geologic map (Teague and Furcron, 1948, modified by Crawford & Holland, 1963) shows muscovite and biotite schists and gneisses predominating in the southern half of the county (Figure 2). Cutting across this part of the county from southwest to northeast is the Brevard belt containing marble. The northern part of the county is mainly quartzite. Most of the amphibolites are in a belt which enters the county from the northwest, runs south, and then swings east toward the center of the county. Figure 3 is a map of the larger amphibolite masses. The major known structural features are the Brevard belt, marked by numerous faults,, on the southeast side of the county, and a broad dome ringed by kyanitemica schists in the north half of the county. The principal amphibolite masses are wrapped around the west side of the dome. The kinds of rocks, the structural features, the presence of pegmatites and veins, and what can be deduced of the geologic history indicate that the following types of mineral deposits might be expected: (1) Those formed by high-grade metamorphism of high-alumina sediments kyanite, sillimanite, corundum (2) Those associated with basic and ultrabasic rocks olivine, chromite, magnetite, platinum (3) Those formed by metamorphism of basic and ultrabasic rocks asbestos, serpentine, soapstone, talc (4) Sulphide deposits pyrite, pyrrhotite, other metal sulphides (5) ~Jartz vein deposits gold (6) Pegmatite deposits mica, feldspar, beryl ? (7) Those developed by weathering clays, limonite, placer 4. . . :~ ') / I / I "I .6> MINE a PROSPECT LOCATIONS FROM PUBLISHED REPORTS C:=d===:l2 .unu ltlllf 1082 KEY 0 AIB!STOS Q CHLOIItiTE 0 COfiiUNDUfll C '!LOIPAfl: c GAJtHET II GOLD Q HOAN81..EHOE fl IAOH e tc;YANITE C WANOANU! e UARI!il.E G MUSCOVITE 8 OLIVINE 9 PERIDOTITE Ill PYRITE 0 PYIItOXEN ~ SOAPSTON a TALC 1P VERYICULITE LOCATION APPROKIWA ff ,, \ .,_ I I -------- .----__...1I __ /-- . / ,--- / \ / I \ ) ) ,. / "' \.) '-,/ Figure 1 --- \ ,.J \. GEOLOGIC MAP ,_. ; (, \..- '--- \ HABERSHAM COUNTY rj J :[t'f,u_.-, (: 1963 :=; =-=- --.,?l>!olu \ \ EXPLANATION ro bl, loM~Iy cryt1QIIUle bl~~ wh1t~ marble b. blotk QroohiTIC ":1'1111, seal~ mreoeoous sell"' mere Qraywacku, end some beds or q~orlzill hQn, llorn~lendo Qno~ on(! oChiJI and Omp/'ILOOIIIC . ~m~ .;.,,~, ~)~' lrr>CO tellt .. rthorworhoutQraohlre 1~, TolluiClhF"olla q~,~orl1ole: montn lhlekbtdodtcl ~uorlwe ITh loyr ol moeo tc!loU, upJMr porr.on biOIItc quorltlltorr!'letoQroy-cke ~111. blorl!c on~ mu;eovilc gnc=u= end tehlnond lllhmQnltt-mco tCI\ill(.neluO.sorr.el'lornbltnde Qf"I'IIM:nlrllpccts at Y8 LocaliLJ('s IJav<' bcl'll slud.Itd. The information obtained is attached as Appendix II. MAIN INVESTIGATION Search for New Deposits Alluvium Study Explanation All rocks near the earth's surface gradually are being broken down by the forces of mechanical and chemical weathering. As rock fragments and loose minerals are thereby produced, rainwater, gravity, frost and other agencies slowly move them downslope to the streams where running water continues their movement to the rivers, and eventually to the sea. Weathering continues during the slow journey from outcrop to the sea. Some minerals become altered, the less resistant minerals destroyed. The alluvium which finally arrives at the sea may be very different from that which left the source. In the headwater areas, however, where weathering has not wrought too many changes, the stream alluvium is a representative sample of everything exposed now or during recent years upslope within the drainage basin. A sample of aLluvium will contain traces of all the rocks cropping out upstream, and it may be truly representative of a large area. Some of the economic menerals weather rapidly and are therefore present .n the headwaters' alluvium only in traces, a few grains or a single grain per sample. Their appearance may be completely changed by weathering. Some are opaque and when represented by a single grain can be identified only by special equipment. For these reasons alluvium yields its full information only to the trained observer who examines carefully and has access to special equipment. The study of alluvium is one of the most rapid and effective procedures for comprehensively surveying a large area to determine what minerals are to be found there and approximately where they are located. Sample Collection Local current segregations can be avoided and a more representative sample obtained by collecting at several points and compositing. Collections are made from alluvial banks, sand bars, or stream beds. Interest being in the most recent alluvium, high level deposits, as old terraces, are avoided; coarse gravels also are avoided; many of the economic minerals may originate in small grains and therefore may be scarce in the gravels, or even lacking. Samples are taken to represent the size range of fine gravel to silt. From alluvial banks or stream beds the surface is scalped off, grab or channel samples are taken from several 8. places and composited. Stream bed samples are taken only when bars and alluvial banks are absent, as in small creeks. If collected underwater, care is taken to disturb the sample as little as possible and to avoid the winnowing action of water as the sample is undercut and raised. A good drainage map aids the selection of sample sites. Each small tributary is sampled at least once a short distance upstream from its confluence with another tributary. Additional samples are spaced along the main streams. A sampling interval of l/2-3 miles is staisfactory for reconnaissance. A sampling interval of a few hundred yards may be necessary for detailed tracing. For the reconnaissance of Habersham County, alluvial samples were collected at 73 places (see Figure 4). Sample preparation In the laboratory the alluvial samples are over dried and sieved into 7 size fractions: (1) +5 mesh (2) -5+9 (3) -9+16 (4) -16+32 (5) -32+60 (6) -60+115 (7) -115 (pan) The fractions chosen for detailed study are separated into light and heavy portions by sink-float in bromoform (S,G. = 2.87). Each heavy portion, con- taining the concentrated ore minerals, is spread out and examined particle-byparticle with a binocular microscope, both in white and in ultraviolet light. In coarser size fractions at least 1000 grains are observed. In finer fractions 5000 or more may be observed. Positive identification is made of each grain. When sight identification is not possible, the grain is labeled and put aside for further study with the petrographic microscope, for X-ray diffraction or spectrographic analysis. Choice of Size Fraction for Detailed Study Because they are readily transported by streams, the finest particles of ore may be found far downstream from the source mixed with the minerals from several drainage area. The coarsest particles, on the other hand, are found only near the source. Thus an outcrop which is feeding ore minerals into a stream is most easily located by examining the optimum size fraction of the alluvium: that fraction which is coarse enough to contain the ore mineral only near the source, and yet fine enough to yield a trail that will be intercepted by the sampling pattern. Gossan and kyanite originate in large particles and offer moderate resistance to disintegration, They are best traced with +5 mesh or -5+9 mesh alluvium. Asbestos also originates in large pieces but disintegrates more readily. +5 mesh particles extend less than 1/4 mile downstream from the source. An alluvial trail only 1/4 mile long is too short. Therefore a finer fraction, +60 mesh, has been used for asbestos. The -32 r I I ( / / / "-\' - - ............ ......... ....__ ...... --..., '-) I ' ........ ; \ ;\ ' .../ \_ (, I I ' \ ) ___ / ( ,- \ \. / \ \ ALLUVIAL SAMPLE LOCATIONS '\ I ' DECEMBER, 1162 __.: ( ) / ) ,/ ,) I " '- 9. / 137 \ '"" / r I r --/ .) / J ,/ I I ! '-- I :=~ 1 I ' I (\ i I l--- --- _ _J' Figure 4 10. Diamonds may be sought in the -32+60 mesh fractions. Their specific gravity is greater than 3, so any that might be present will fall in the heavy mineral portion. Platinum and gold originate mostly in very small particles. They are sought in the -60+115 mesh and the -115 mesh fractions. Distribution of Coarse Gossan (+5 mesh). In Habersham County coarse alluvial kyanite is found only in a crescentshaped area about 15 miles long and up to 1-3/4 miles wide. The data in Figure 5 show that coarse kyanite generally does not survive more than 3/4 mile of downstream travel from the source. This means that small isolated deposits could exist between the more widely spaced sample locations and not be detected by the +5 mesh examinations. If they do exist, they still can be detected by examination of the finer fractions, successively finer fractions are found farther downstream from the source. The coarsest kyanite particles are aggregates of kyanite blades. Initial size reduction is mainly by disaggregation of the blades, Farther downstream, after the aggregates have been reduced to individual crystals, size reduction is mainly by abrasion, a slower process. The rate of abrasion decreases as particle size is reduced. While +5 mesh kyanite will be found no more than one or two miles from the source, the 60-115 mesh kyanite may be found hundreds of miles from the source. In Figure 5 stippling marks the area where kyanite deposits might be found. Field work subsequent to the alluvium study has disclosed no commercial deposits outside this area, The kyanite in Habersham County has been mined on a small scale. Quantity and grade are adequate for future large scale mining. Individual reports have been prepared on the better deposits and are presented below under Reports on Economic Minerals. Distribution of Coarse Gossan (+5 mesh). Metal sulphides decompose when subjected to chemical weathering near the earth's surface. During decomposition the metals slowly dissolve in surface or ground waters and are leached a:way, iron usually at a slower rate than the other metals. The end product is a brown or red-brown rock composed mainly of hydrous iron oxide (limonite) and having a characteristic spongy texture. This rock is called gossan. As particles of gossan are exposed by erosion, they start to move slowly downhill to the creeks. During their downhill journey, particle size is somewhat reduced by continued weathering and abrasion, Once the particles reach the creeks they are subjected to greater abrasion by which their size is rapidly reduced. In general, only a half mile of downstream travel is sufficient to reduce all the gossan particles to -5 mesh. Only the finer sized are found farther downstream from the source. Figure 6 .shows the general distribution of +5 mesh gossan in the alluvium of Habersham County. The sources of the gossan, which are somewhere within the stippled areas, might be: HABERSHAM COUNTY 11. 1...-' \ .-l- \ --;, .I I \_} (. \..-\.. \ ''- / ' -..... L\ ~' Coone Kyanite In Stream Alluvium ~ ~- (._. (+5 mesh) 0---'"""'== ..... 0 .,...11. AINYNII 1_,le1 "ot oOtttltiiiRt OHrN .,.,Itt -lh 111'1Mr11bll Ifill for tat tlleoon')' of (, ( ( --- ) I ) \, i \ \ \ I ' - \ ( \ I I ' l "- r-------- ---~---j I / \---- / /> - / I Figure 5 Distribution of coarse kyanite in alluvium, Habersham County 12. HABERSHAM COUNTY I / \ I ).__I ,- ~__, Coar$e Gossan in Stream (t5 mesh l ~=====,_,;2 MIIOI Ul63 P'arcontao of Alluvium 0 Nona Lass than 1 8 I / \ ' \. '-...._ ' \ I -.... -.., ---\ Alluvium ~ (~- ) ( ..... ( ) I ) ' '- \ r . - . - --~ v ...... / ' I r --/ '> ,/ / I \ ) I ,r' // ' ;' '-, \' ...., I '-. I ' Figure 6 13. (1) Pyritic quartz veins. (2) Veins of massive base metal sulphides. (3) Pyritic schists. (4) Segregations of Accessory sulphides in gneiss or amphibolite. Megascopic examination alone is not always sufficient to distinguish the type of source, but where the gossan is unusually coarse and abundant, the source is probably the first or second type. Figure 6 reveals: (1) An unexpected abundance of gossan in some of the streams and (2) the approximate rate of size reduction, i.e., the maximum distance separating coarse alluvial gossan from the sulphide source. The superposition of Figure 6 with Figure 20 reveals that the known sources of gossan do not account for the alluvial gossan anomalies. The stippled areas of Figure ~have been searched for exposed sulphides or outcropping sulphidebearing veins, with little success. The sources of the gossan remain unknown. Nearly all the areas are mantled by vegetative cover or soils. Weathered sulphide particles are the same color as the soil and are hard to see except when the adhering clay has been washed off. They are not visible, generally, to one walking over the surface. The alluvial anomalies show that sulphide sources do exist. Additional work will be required to find and evaluate them. Distribution of Sillimanite (Fibrolite). Graphite. A plot of these constituents shows that they are shelling out in all parts of the county. No significant anomaly is observed. Distribution of Asbestos (-32+60 mesh). A plot of the initial lab data yielded Figure 7. A subsequent detailed check of the alluvium in the extreme northwest part of the county, where the asbestos anomaly is shown, revealed that fibrous sillimanite in 3 samples had been mistakenly identified as asbestos. Thus the principal unaccounted anomaly was removed. Distribution of Scheelite (-32+60 mesh). Traces of scheelite, one of the principal ore minerals of tungsten, are in the alluvium at several places, a maximum of 3 grains (.001-.02 inches in diameter) per sample. For locations see Figure 8. The wide but sparing distribution of the mineral in small grains suggests that it is an accessory mineral in a common type of rock, as in pegmatites or veins. Its bright fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light makes easy its recognition. Spot checks in road cuts and at the mineral collecting localities in Habersham County have revealed no coarse masses. Distribution of Alluvial Gold (-115 mesh). Of the 73 alluvial samples collected in Habersham County, 51 contain free gold. There are mostly from (1) Shoal Creek, east of Grassy Mountain, (2) the headwaters of Beaverdam Creek, 5 miles west of Clarkesville, and (3) Big Mud Creek, 2% miles west of Alto (Figure 9). 14. COUNTY r-..., ( /"~......'"' .. J ~'~ ' / :} ! ; .c' o- )'EI \ ( \ \ '/ /\ 1 \ / I) / \ __j -~ \ / Asbestos in Stream Alluvium (32 +GO meoh) ~=====~2 ldlloa 1963 Pefcenta;e 0 e of Alluvi11m None 2 \ ._, "--. '\. ~~;~ f' -, -/ ' vv- \ 0 ''-, '\ I0 "(''f \ .......! __ \ J . ' i{'"< " ' ' \ ' i . i \ ~...... (' t ~-) r // ) ' / ; \ ~-.. \ FQ" - "' ' I (,:. i . ' ! _3;_.,_..-------J ( s . - '1/r---- ....... ,) . ) ,.-- . .\I ( '',,; ........ r. . ' / / \ ! / /( ( ../ ',( \ // '-...,:, ........ .... -- // / ' ' ......... \ .../ ) 'v Figure 7 15. HABERSHAM \ \ -,.. ..., \ _).__./ r....... ,: ,...X. ( ) r'/ \ , l.\""'\. __ \ .... ,, I "\ ' \ ,., \ \ COUNTY '~ ,......... /""'--"' ( _.i l ...... _.---...// ) ' ,......- / ( r J ~ "-.. ) ,.. ) / / / / I I .. \,_ ./' ' .. / / I ! I I ' I ! I i I i i I ~ .. _r i i i I I ! I r' I DISTRIBUTION OF ALLUVIAL ICHEELITE IN HABERSHAM COUNTY _,._..--to e All-._.._,.....,. -lito 0 ,..., IMJ Figure 8 16. HABERSHAM COUNTY -- 1 ..... . \ I \, I ,-; \ ~"'. I\ u \,) \~ _'-;v{J s__ "'- ) --.., .'-- ) I ( \. \'- ...__ '\. ' '- I ( .1 I /'~ I I -/ DISTRIBUTIOH OF GOLD IN ALLUVIAL SAMPLES HuRtM.r of gold ptriiC:lo6 per 0. 04 ~ of.ll5 IRtah alluvium ~ 10 - GO eo - too 100 - 100 1 flllltl Jwao, ties \ (; I ' i I i -- I ___ j I -- .-- --- '-.. \ \ ~,I ,,' I Figure 9 17. All the gold particles are -60 mesh; most are -115 mesh (less than .005" diameter). The major concentrations of fine alluvial gold are in areas where no mining has been recorded. For additional information see the section "Gold", under Reports on Economic Minerals. Distribution of Alluvial Platinum ( -115 mesh). Small grains of platinum have been identified in the fine fractions of alluvial samples from 9 localities (Figure 10). The grains are gray, irregularly shaped and malleable. Identification has been verified by X-ray powder patterns. The highest concentration observed in 3 particles/0.04 gm of -115 mesh heavy minerals. Because fine sieves are hard to clean, it is possible for a few fine particles to carry over from one sieve sample to another, i.e., for minor contanimation to occur in the finer fractions. This is particularly true for platinum, the particles of which are irregular in shape and easy to lodge on the screens. Such minor contamination must be taken into account when the concentration of a constituent is as low as that of platinum. Thus if is possible that platinum did not originate at all the locations shown in Figure 10. The platinum in Habersham County probably is derived from small bodies of metamorphosed dunite, olive-pyroxenite or peridotite, possibly metagabbro, as platinum always originates in basic and ultrabasic rocks. The significance of this discovery of platinum remains to be evaluated. Reported Diamonds in Habersham County Although diamonds have been reported, the information about them is meager, and the authenticity of the finds may be questioned. Nevertheless, a special search has been made of the alluvial samples. The heavy mineral portion of each -32+60 mesh fraction of the alluvial samples was spread out and examined particleby-particle with the binocular microscope. Small diamonds generally are cryscals with rounded faces, adamantine luster and a characteristic habit. A few other heavy minerals may have a similar appearance, as equant, rounded zircon. Each grain that resembled diamond was examined optically. No diamonds were found. Search for Outcropping Veins By systematic traverses a general search for veins and residual gossan was made. 216 quartz veins have been sampled and assayed. For results, see the section on gold under Reports of Economic Minerals. Gossan float was found at 12 localities. These are described below under the heading "Pyrite-Pyrrhotite". Geochemical Studies Sampling grids have been laid off and systematic samples taken from 4 localities. One is a chromite prospect 5 miles west of Clarkesville. The others are the most promising gossan areas. A report on this work is presented under Chromite and Pyrite-Pyrrhotite. 18. - ''----.... ....................-."'\ --.... _.i \ ...... I \., j (,_ ; i i \ \ \ ALLUVIAL PLATINUM 'b=d:=:=JI tiiiiH ~vM, IHI " ! I i ! I -- __. ..- ,....,.,......____. ..- ..,......... ._j ( / ( (' ...- \ ) 1/ / \ ('" ,) ./ / / Figure 10 Reports on Economic Minerals 19. For the location of mines and prospects refer to Figure 11. Aggregate The most easily worked rock unit in Habersham County suitable for aggregate is the Brevard Marble. Information on its distribution, thickness and quality is presented under the heading Marble. Other sources of aggregate are alluvial gravels, granite, and quartzite. Alluvial gravels are abundant and can be produced at minimal cost. They consist primarily of quartz, quartzite and hornblende gneiss, and are along the major streams. Gravels could be produced as a by product of gold mining. Crushed stone has been produced at four quarries, all now abandoned. Three of the quarries are in quartzite and quartzose mica schist. The quartzite is mostly hard to crush and highly abrasive. The quartzose mica schist crushes to tabular shapes and contains too much mica to have high strength as a bonded aggregate. The granite is better. Its general distribution is shown by Figure 2. Though generally mantled by soil and weathered rock, there are numerous places where fresh granite or granite gneiss can be obtained beneath a cover of less than 20 feet. Soque River-Shoal Branch Quarry (P96)- The quarry has been opened in quartzite, (which contains biotite and some feldspar) interlayered with quartzose mica schist. Both are cut by thin quartz veins and pegmatites. The face of the quarry is about 50 feet high. The northwest wall is mica schist. When quarrying is resumed, the pit should be extended to the northeast where there is little overburden and where the quartzite is less schistose. Wikle's Chimney Mountain quarry (P97)- The stone is biotitic quartzite with thin layers of mica schist. The quarry walls show zones of mica schist and a few small pegmatites and quartz veins. The face is about 65 feet high. The banding strikes N37E and dips 60NW. U.S. Government Quarry - Between Lake Russel and Mt. Airy (P98)- The stone is interlayered quartzite, quartz-biotite gneiss and schist, with abundant quartz and pegmatite stringers. The quarry is roughly circular in plan; floor and walls are very rough. The face is 45 to 50 feet high. The highly schistose character of this material largely restricts its use to road metal. Demorest Quarry - Claude Kelley (P73)- This is a large road aggregate quarry. The stone is granite traversed by numerous narrow quartz veins and containing small feldspar-rich pods. There are quartzose garnetiferous zones. Overall the stone is of good quality. Approximately 200 feet to the north is a smaller quarry. Here the granite is more gneissic and more disrupted by feldspathic zones, quartzose zones, and large pods of biotite and hornblende. The walls and floor of the Demorest quarry are clean and drainage conditions are good. Soil cover ranges from 0 to 16 feet. Adequate stone is available for a large scale operation. 20. HABERSHAM COUNTY KEY ~ AOOIUQATE 0 A18UTOS & CHL.OfUT! $ CHftOMITE COPPER ll COPIUNOUN 0 Fl.AQSTOHE () GARNET OOL.O e O~APH!TE ~ IRON e KYANIT! " MANOAN!I[ 8 btAfUU.E "' MUSCOVITE hornblende are: Corundum, grey, speckled with dark blue; a brownish garnet tentatively identified as andradite; a minor amount of chalocopyrite and malachite; a relatively soft white and pink matrix, unidentified. These minerals occur with hornblende and chlorite schist, as veins and pods, possibly near a contact. The size of this body and the diversity of mineralization suggest that further investigation in this area is warranted, Flagstone Some of the best stone for flagging in Habersham County is amphibolice and hornblende gneiss, the major bodies of which are outlined in Figure 3. Many localities offer flagstone possibilities; the location of one easily accessible deposit is given below: Flagstone - W. C. Lyon, W. z. Wood, and Claude Cowart. (Pl9) - Location: Habersham County; along Sautee Creek,near mouth of Ivy Branch; 15700 1 FNL and 2700 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. The rock splits fairly easily into sheets 2-8 inches thick, as large as 2 feet by 3 feet. It is flat and hard; the fresh rock has a good color. Stone from this locality has been used locally for steps, walks, retaining walls, and chimneys. 33. Garnet Garnet is common and widespread, and is not restricted to any one rock type. Mica schist, amphibolite, hornblende gneiss, granite gneiss, quartzite and ptq~~matitea are locally t;nrnvt-Jferous. In one section of the County, garnets are particularly large and abundant. Three deposits are briefly described below. Garnet - Jackson Estate. (P7) - Location: Habersham County; east of Sautee Creek, south of Cove Branch, 500' ESE of mouth of Cove Branch; 12200' FNL and 5600' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Residual concentration of garnets along old farm road east of Sautee Creek, south of mouth of Cove Branch. Garnets have weathered out of garnet-mica schist which strikes N 27 E, dips 35 NW. Garnetiferous beds cross dirt road at old Henry Harris homeplace. Garnets are as large as two inches in diameter; majority are one-eight to one-half-inch in diameter. Garnet - W. z. Wood. (P8) - Location: Habersham County; east of Sautee Creek, south of Cove Branch, 2100' south of mouth of Cove Branch; 14400' FNL and 5200' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Minimum 100-foot wide residual concentration of earnets as large as two inches in diameter. Garnet-mica schist strikes N 20 E and dips 27 SE. Garnet - County Road. (P9) - Location: Habersham County; east of Sautee Creek and south of Cove Branch, 750' southeast of mouth of Cove Branch; 12700' FNL and 6000' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Residual concentration of garnets along county road between Batesville and Piedmont Orchards; garnets as large as three inches in diameter. The area of garnet concentration is several hundred feet wide and at least 2000 feet long. Garnet is particularly abundant in certain zones and not evenly distributed over the entire area. A market for the garnet does not now exist. The three better deposits are described as a matter of record. 34. Gold Early maps show Habersham County as traversed by two gold belts: the Hall County belt extending NE-SW through.Clarkesville and the Dahlonega Belt extending NE-SW across the western part of the county. This early generalization does not represent accurately the distribution of gold in Habersham County. A plot of known gold mines and prospects (Figure 11) and a plot of the alluvial gold distribution (Figure 9) show some gold in all major parts of the county. No belt is defined. Records of gold mining in Habersham County are scanty. It appears that prospecting was never as intense as in counties to the south and west; certainly mining was less extensive. The principal operations were placer, and it is likely that considerable more gold was produced than the scanty records indicate. In addition to the placers, auriferous quartz veins were prospected at several places. Insofar as is known all the veins were found to be either too small or too low grade for profitable mining. The examination of alluvial samples from 73 localities scattered over Haversham County shows the general distribution of gold (Figure 9). If closerspaced samples had been processed, gold would have been found at other places, as along the Chattahoochee River. The aim in examining the alluvial samples was not to meticulously locate all traces of gold but rather to locate the principal auriferous areas, especially those not previously known. The highest concentrations were found in the samples from (1) the Shoal Creek area east of Grassy Mountain, (2) the headwaters of Beaverdam Creek, 5 miles west of Clarkesville, (3) Hazel Creek just east of Clarkesville, and (4) the Big Mud Creek area, two miles west of Clarkesville. A little mining was carried on long ago in the 4th area. There is record of prospecting and perhaps minor mining in the 3rd area; the occurrence of placer gold in the 1st and 2nd areas has not been reported previously, and may be regarded as new discoveries. All quartz veins larger than 1" across seen during the course of the field work were sampled and assayep. Special searches were made for veins in the 1st and 2nd areas above. Altogether 214 veins were assayed. Their gold values are given in Table 1, their location in Figure 14. Gold was found in 12 samples. The highest value is $4.55/ton for the new Shoal Creek area. This is below minable grade. Higher values (from grab samples) have been reported in the past. Our samples are composite or channel samples and therefore are regarded as representative. All'the surface of the county was not seen during the study, so other veins doubtless can be found. Our figures should be regarded only as a representative sampling. The quartz veins range in size from short thin seams a fraction of an inch thick up to long veins as much as 72" thick. The size distribution is shown by Figure 15. Of 76 veins less than 5" wide, 5 contain gold; of 35 veins more than 5" and less than 15" wide, 4 contain gold; of 21 veins more than 15" and less than 75" wide, 3 contain gold. Therefore, the gold is not restricted to a single size range. If these veins are an average sampling, as believed, then most of the gold in Habersham County has been derived from auriferous veins too low-grade for lode mining. Elsewhere there are many gold-producing districts where rich placers have developed from low-grade veins. More exhaustive search still might lead to the discovery of rich gold lodes in Habersham County. . --/--"' r--- .I i l ... r.~lr3 l.&.li.&:I~~~;--I')OD COUNTY I / 35 . ....... __ --, \, ) ( I'TU.,If;.JJ,I. " I / '( ' T.._.,_,,., __ \ 1.......... '-,_;/..... c:.. '-\ ---\ \ ... , \., \ / \ 11COO--.-HH[ 1lt..C.~ "' \ -Uot c i rc / c I< /"-IC " 1 ,,~ r . .~<1 " ....... GOLD ASSAYS k==~==,;2 llollln . ...... -. \ sampled quartz vein, barren. aampled quartz voln, aurlflroua. alluvial aample. --- I _/ t, ) / I / \ _) I r' '-. '-. / / '- ..._ \i 'v Figure 14 ----- _..J' Figure 15 THICKNESS OF QUARTZ VEINS HABERSHAM COUNTY ( 115 veins) 15% 1- ~ c 5-a 10% i- ClJ Lt 5/o . \.0 C"") I l ..__ '- 2 . 3 I ' 4 56 l a 10 20 30 40 70 Vein thickness in inches (Logarithmic scole) 37. All known prospects and uld mLnes including Lhosz~ not mcnt:ioned in pn'vious records, have been reexamined. The field data arc presenled in Appendix II. Below are reports on individual areas. Upper Segue River and Tributaries The Soque River and its tributaries north of Batesville contain the largest volume of known gold-bearing gravel in the county. Several small parts of this area have been worked in ye<.rs past and one adit has been opened to explore their quartz veins. At pre:;ent, Mr. John Kennedy is experimLnting with a goldrecovery machine of his own construction in a rich placer west of Soque River on a tributary to Goshan Creek. Gold - Segue Club, Atlanta, Georgia (Everett McKinney, President) Possibly old Hood Mine. (P63) - Location: Habersham County; 5800' NNE from top of Goshen Mountain; on southward flowing tributary of Soque Branch, near Rabun County line; 19700' FNL and 8000' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Placer first worked about 1890-95 on this small stream locally known as Gold Branch. No estimate of gold removed. Jones (1909) reported panning of unworked gravels yielded some free gold, but that gravels available were limited. Old workings covered an area approximately 800-1000 feet long and as much as 300 feet wide, in a rather narrow valley. Alluvial material is primarily quartz and hornblende gneiss, with some amphibolite. Cobbles and boulders are quite angular and could not have been transported far. This placer is somewhat unique in that it is approximately 400 feet higher than the main valley of Soque River, indicating that other high-level valleys should be checked for alluvium. Hornblende gneiss, mica schist (both garnetiferous) and amphibolite compose the bedrock in this area. All are traversed by, and include, numerous thin veinlets, bands, and pods of quartz. Gold - Fred Wilson (was J.P. Woods). (P64) - Location: Habersham County; east of Goshen Mountain, in the valley of Soque River, on the west side of the river; 19500' FSL and 8500' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. According to Mr. Fred Wilson, his great grandfather, John Wilson, worked a placer on this property about 1895, recovering some gold. All of the area has been cultivated for many years since and no signs of the old workings remain. Gold - Robert Brooks (P84) - Location: Habersham County: approximately 500' ESE of Soque River and 4000' ESE of top Goshen Mountain; 19000' FSL and 9600' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Adit trends N 14 E, along strike of country rock for approximately 15 feet. It follows very thin quartz stringers concordant with layering in schistose feldspathic quartzite. Assay of composite sample of quartz stringers showed no gold. Gold -U.S. Government, National Forest (was Williams). (P65) -Location: Habersham County; 6500' SSW of top of Goshen Mountain, at headwaters of Southward-flowing tributary of Goshen Creek; 14500' FSL and 2800' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. 38. Placer worked about 1900. No estimate of gold recovered. Piled gravel indicates area about 600 feet long and 100-300 feet wide was worked. Gravel is primarily quartz, with considerable hornblende gneiss and scattered pieces of pegmatite. Fragments are quite angular, have been transported only a short distance, as is substantiated by the topography and the relatively high level of the alluvium. Gold -John and Frank Kennedy. (P66) - Location: Habersham County, 10600' NNW of Providence School, on southward-flowing tributary to Goshen Creek; 10500' FSL and 2300' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Small amounts of gold have been panned from this property for a number of years. John Kennedy tried recently to operate the placer with an inefficient washer. He has now constructed a better machine and plans to evaluate the placer in the near future. Alluvial material covers a minimum of 8 to 10 acres north of the Kennedy house. Gravels 2 to 4 feet thick with 1 to 4 feet of overburden have been exposed by trenching. Panning tests of these gravels yielded from 2 to 16 coarse particles of gold per pan; owner reports recovery of as many as 52 coarse particles per pan. Cobbles and boulders are primarily hornblende gneiss and amphibolite, blocky and fresh, with thin quartz stringers. Quartz is next in abundance, making up perhaps 30 percent of the material removed by trenching. Minor amounts of mica schist and pegmatite material are present. Approximately 500 feet (north) up the valley, several feet of gravels are exposed in the creek bank, Panning the lower portion of these yielded gold. The valley extends south for approximately 2500 feet below the Kennedy house before joini.ng the wide alluvial valley of Goshen Creek. This material has not been tested. Property is on same drainage as the old Williams placer operation (P65) but about 170 feet lower in elevation. This placer is promising and should be evaluated in detail. Gold - Kate and Mildred B. Barron (LaPrade Mine, also known as the Shelton Mine). (P30) - Location: Habersham County; on Oakey Creek, 1500' southwest of Oakey Mountain Church; 5000 1 FNL and 18400' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Work on this placer was begun about 1840. Yeates, McCallie, and King in 1896 reported the placer to be pretty well exhausted. At that time approximately 3 acres had been worked, yielding an estimated 1000 to 1500 ounces of gold. Several nuggets were found, one reported to weigh 3~ pounds. The deposits consisted of heavy beds of gravel and water-worn boulders, mostly quartz, overlain by a thin layer of soil. The country rock is predominantly granite gneiss and mica schist. Three samples were taken: a 24-inch quartz vein exposed on the west side of the placer; a 12-inch quartz vein which crosses the road 100 feet northwest of the lane to Oakey Mountain Church; and alluvium at the junction of a small tributary with Oakey Creek. The assays show no traces of gold. 39. Gold -Hoyt Adair (was Matthews, was Andy Nichols, was John Whitener, was Hampton Striff). (P48) -Location: Habersham County; 4300' east of Mr. Pleasant Church; near headwaters of unnamed tributary to Glade Creek, parallel to and immediately northwest of the old Tallulah Falls Railroad; 4800' FSL and 11300' FWL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. Placer first mined about 1840. After 120 years it is difficult to determine how much of the placer has been worked, or how many times the gravel has been turned. The upper, or northeastern, portion appears to have been worked most recently. Yeates, McCallie, and King (1896) reported the workable placer to be nearly exhausted after working about 5 acres, which yeilded an estimated 1000 ounces of gold. Most of the gold was fine, though nuggets weighing as much as 225 pennyweights were found. The recovered gold was 75.80 percent fine, the chief impurity silver. The placer reportedly has a thickness of 6 to 8 feet. The old workings show this to be predominantly pegmatite debris and vein quartz. Much of the vein quartz exhibits comb structure. Cobbles are mostly less than 6 inches in diameter, with occasional boulders greater than 2 feet in diameter, both predominantly angular. The placer is worked out to the northeast. There is alluvial material to the southwest, toward the tributary's junction with Glade Creek. Gold- Hal Woods, et. al. (wasT. S. Bean). (P55) -Location: Habersham County; in corporate limits of Clarkesville; on Rocky Branch where it is crossed by road leading east from U.S. Highway 23 (approximately 0.5 mile SE from courthouse square) to connect with Georgia Highway 115; 5100' FNL and 5400' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Alluvial gravel of Rocky Branch reported to be auriferous. Placer covers several acres and has not, to knowledge of old residents, been worked. Some residents report recovery of small amount of gold by panning. The gravel is 2 to 4 feet thick and covered with thin overburden near branch, which has cut through alluvium and into bedrock - contorted granite gneiss and pegmatite. The gravel is mostly quartz, but contains considerable granite gneiss, some hornblende gneiss, and pegmatite debris. Gold - Mrs. Imogene English. (P74) - Location: Habersh~m County; immediately north of Georgia Highway 17, 1200 feet northwest of Victory Church, immediately east of dirt road intersection; 1800' FNL and 14900' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. According to local report, tunnel was dug prior to 1890 in search for gold. Entry is near the top of a low hill and tunnel was driven aQout 200 feet. When new highway was constructed, tunnel was cut into and filled. Only a small depression remains to mark the entrance and the material removed has been covered by soil and cultivated for years. Roadcut over tunnel shows mica schist, a few boulders of finely crystalline pegmatite and one thin quartz pod. There is no evidence that this was a likely gold prospect. 40. Chattahoochee River Tributaries The old prospects along tributaries draining west and southwest into the Chattahoochee appear less promising than the tributaries of the Soque River. Gold - Mrs. Belle Davis. (P88) - Location: on tributary of Rogers Creek, approxtmately 10000' north of Aerial, east of Georgia Highway 255 alternate; 22400' FNL and 800' FEL of Helen quadrangle. A small placer has been worked on this property. Few visible signs of the workings remain, although evidence of sluicing can still be seen. Panning yields colors of fine gold. Gravels to the west and north, in the wider alluvial valley of Rogers Cr~ekj have not been tested. On the ~rest of a low ridge above the placer, a shaft, 10 ieet in diameter, was sunk. to a depth of about 50 to 60 feet; encountered mica schist and hornblende gneiss with very thin stringers of quartz. An assay of these quartz stringers showed no trace Df gold. Gold - Charlie F. Allen (was Williams). (Pl5) - Location: Habersham orCounty; south of Mauldin Mill Creek, west of Georgia Highway 17, 900' southwesl Georgia Highway 17 bridge over Mauldin Mill Creek; 14700' FSL and 7500' FEL of Helen quadrangle. Gold was prospected 50-60 years ago, by trenching, The trench is about 30 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet deep; trends N 25 W; most- ly filled and overgrown; no rock exposed. Quartz boulders in and around trench of contain some limonite boxwork and pyrite. Samples taken for analysis shows no trace gold. . Gold - Chatman Estate. (P56) - Location: Habersham County; approximately 5000' southwest of Return Church in the Fairview neighborhood, west of Georgia Highway 105, and near the Chattahoochee River; 14300' FNL and 2500' FEL of Leaf quadrangre. Gold placer worked around 1890 or 1900, on small scale. Approximately one acre shows old pits. Mr. Chatman reported to have recovered $450,00 of gold one spring season, working alone. Local resident reports panning one ounce from small pocket, but finding no more. Pits are badly slumped and show no gravel. Exploratory holes would be required to determine thickness and areal extent of placer. A sample collected from scattered quartz boulders and cobbles contains no gold. Gold -Oscar Prewitt (was Tom Elrod). (P57) -Location: Habersham County; approximately 1600' WSW of Return Church, in Fairview neighborhood, west of Georgia Hi-ghway 105; 12300' FNL and 50' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Minor prospect~ Very small amount of alluvial gravel in narrow valley. A grab sample of quartz cobbles shows no gold. Gold - John Loudermilk (was John Perkins), (P62) - Location: Habersham County; approximately 1.9 miles SW of View Courthouse and 0. 7 mile NW of paved road leading SW from Georgia Highway 105 to Lula; approximately 6500' FSL and 4200' FEL of Leaf quadrangle. 41. Placer on small branch worked by Tilman Perkins about 1900-1905. Gravel and sand at this point is restricted in rather narrow stream valley. Less than one acre shows signs of work. Gravel is 3 to 4 feet thick, with thin soil and humus cover; it is composed predominantly of quartz, with lesser amounts of granite gneiss and pegmatite debris, some hornblende gneiss. A grab sampll' chippl'd from qu.:.trt z cohbJv:-; and botJld<'rs show:-; no t.racl's of gold. Gold - L. W. Bowen (was Rev. James Crow). (P61) -Location: Habersham County; approximately 3 miles southwest of old View Courthouse and 0.5 mile northwest of paved road from Georgia Highway 105 to Lula, along and southwest of dirt road to Chattahoochee River; 2500' FSL and 7900' FEL of Leaf quadrangle. First prospected around 1900. Jones (1909) reported a 20-foot shaft exposing a 6 to 12 inch quartz vein which contained a moderate amount of pyrite and some free gold; saprolite yielded gold to pan. The shaft has been filled and cultivated over. Boulders of vein quartz in the vicinity contain considerable pyrite; however, a grab sample taken for analysis shows no traces of gold. About 1935, a Mr. Barnes reportedly recovered some free gold by panning along small stream which traverses the veins. He obtained a lease on the property and set up a small washer to work alluvial gravel approximately 1200 feet south of the outcrops. Operation apparently unsuccessful. Summary None of the quartz veins sampled in Habersham County are rich enough to be worked as lodes, but several placer deposits can be mined. These are mostly on Soque River and its tributaries. Promising placer areas not previously reported are (1) along Shoal Creek, east of Grassy Mountain and (2) along Beaverdam Creek, 5 miles west of Clarkesville. Both areas are unprospected. Figure 16 gives the location of known gold prospects in Habersham County. 42. HABERSHAM COUNTY .---' \ I / - ., \ " / '\ / / / / I ~ GOLD PROSPECTS lodo placor \ ............ l._, \ ..... ~-. \ / '-') ~ 0 () ( ; /) , ) .....(. I i ------ --.-- _.-----~ i ; i ~~ ! \ t ' ', ' ,, ',,',.,.,_ / / ( \ ( / /- ( ' i ' ' ) ,1 Figure 16 Sam12le No. 3BL 4BL 5BL 8A-BL SB-BL SC-BL 9A-BL 9B-BL lOA-BL lOB-BL lOC-BL llBL l3BL l4BL l6BL l7BL 19BL l9A-BL 23BL 24BL 22AC lC 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C sc 9C lOC llC 12C l3C l4C 15C l6C 17C l8C l9C 20C 21C 23C 24C 7CNE l6CNE l8CNE 50A-CNE 50B-CNE 43. TABLE I - GOLD VALUES OF ASSAYED SAMPLES, HABERSHAM co. (for location of samples see fig. 12) Gold value Dollars/ton ND''< II II II II ND T'"" ND II II " " II II II II II II " " II II " " II " " II II II II II II II II II II II " " II II " II " ND T ND T Sam12le No. 50C-CNE 55CNE 63CNE 66CNE 84CNE 85CNE lllA-CNE lllB-CNE lllC-CNE ll2CNE ll3CNE ll4CNE ll5CNE ll6CNE ll7CNE llSCNE ll9CNE 120CNE l21CNE l22CNE l23CNE 124CNE 125CNE 126CNE 127CNE 128CNE 129A-CNE 129B-CNE 130CNE l31CNE l32CNE 133CNE l34CNE 135CNE l36CNE l3 7CNE l38CNE l39CNE l40B-CNE l40C-CNE l41CNE l42CNE 143CNE l46~NE 145CNE l46CNE 14 7CNE l48CNE l50CNE Gold value Dollars/ ton ND ND ND T ND ND II II " II " II II II II II II II II II II II II II " II II " " II II II II II II $4.55 ND II II II II II II II II II II II ND Gold value SamE le No. Dollar.s/ton l51CNE l52CNE N,, D 153CNE " .154CNE l55CNE ,", l56CNE II 15 7CNE II l58CNE II l59CNE II l60CNE II l61CNE II l62CNE II l63CNE II l64CNE " l65CNE " l66CNE II 167CNE II 168CNE II 169CNE II 170CNE II 171CNE II 172CNE II 173CNE II 174CNE " 175CNE " 176CNE II 177CNE II Pl5 " "30A II 11 30B II 11 30C II "48 II "5J II "55 II "56 " "61 II "62 II "63 II 11 64 II "66 II "72A II 11 72B II 11 72C II 11 72D II P72E II lGK-4BB-17 II 2 II II 9 II II 15GK-4BB-17 T * T trace ND not detected 44. Gold value SamEle No. Dollars/ ton l6GK-4BB-17 ND 17 II T 18 II ND 19 II Nii 24 II T 29 II ND 30GK-4BB-17 II lGK-4BB-25 II 36GK-5BB-267 II 37 II II 38 II II 39 II II 40 II II 41 II II 42GK-5BB-267 ND 43 II If 44GK-5BB-267 II 4GK-5BB-27l II 8A-GK-5BB-273 II 8B-GK-5BB-273 II lGK-SBB-275 ND 2 II T 4GK-5BB-275 ND Gold value SamEle No. Dollars/ ton 5A-GK-5BB-275 8GK-5BB-275 ll II 16 II 18 II 21 II 23 II 54 II 55 II 61 II 62 II 84GK-5BB-275 227 255 256 259 267 282 283 284 298 299 302 $1.75 ND ND ND ND T ND ND ND ND T ND II II II II II II II II II II II SamEle No, 303 312 315 327 355 357 362 374 378 390 391 411 425 430 466 473 479 501 521 537 545 546 566 Gold value Dollars/ ton ND 11 11 II II II 11 II 11 li 11 II II II II 11 II II II II II II II 45. Graphite Three types of occurrence have been noted in Habersham County: (l) Fine flake graphite in mica schist, particularly in the belt of kyanite-mica schists; (2) interstitial graphite in bladed aggregates of vein kyanite and quartz; and (3) flake graphite in vein quartz. The first two types of occurrences are known at several localities and are discussed under "kyanite". Large enough concentrations to warrant separate exploitation have not been noted, though. There are deposits where graphite might be economically recovered as a by-product of kyanite mining. The third type, flake graphite in vein quartz, was noted at one locality, described below. Graphite -Judge Pitts (was John P. Fort). (P87) -Location: Habersham County; approximately 250' southeast of the Southern Railroad, northeast of Mount Airy, and about 0.5 miles southwest of Welcome Home Church; 11800' FSL and 8700' FWL of Ayersville quadrangle. Scattered boulders of vein quartz contain an estimated 4 to 6 percent of flake graphite. Quartz is "float" material; vein could not be located. Iron From the Piedmont College Farm east of Demorest, limonite was mined during the nineteenth century. The ore was fired in a furnace on the site of what is now Habersham Mills, northwest of Demorest. This is the deposit described below. Iron - W. C. Moore (P49) - Location: Habersham County; 2800' southwest of Turnerville; 20800 1 FSL and 17800' FEL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. On the W. C. Moore f~rm in a field north of an abandoned house, the surface is liberally strewn with limonite in clumps as large as 6 inches in diameter. Much of it is siliceous and micaceous, particularly on the outside of the larger pieces. Hazeltine (1924), described the ore as fracture fillings and layers in mica schist, associated with more or less quartz, the quartz grains often cemented together to form a sort of breccia. Probably the ore originated by the weathering of sulphide.masses in the mica schists. The amount of ore exposed, while conspicuous, is too small to encourage mining for iron. Of greater interest might be the underlying parent veins. Efforts to locate veins underneath the gossan float are described under sulphides. 46. Kyanite From the early 1930's to the late 1940's kyanite was mined on a relatively small scale at different localities in Habersham County, Placer, residual, and "in-place" kyanite crystals were recovered, with the dominant activity centered around placer concentrations. Accurate production records are not available, but it is apparent from tl1e extent of the worked-over areas that a large volume of ore was marketed. It is equally clear that a much larger volume remains and can be recovered economically. This report concerns only the placer and residual concentrations. It does not deal with the possibilities of recovering "in-place" kyanite crystals from the great volume of kyanite-mica-schists. The accompanying maps do show, however, the areas along the kyanitic belt where crystals are largest and most abundant. These coincide with the areas recommended for placer and residual kyanite operations. The worked and unworked kyanite placers and residual concentrations and the distribution of major kyanite-mica schists are shown in Maps 1, 2, and 3. Future lease arrangements should include provisions for mining all 3 types of deposit. Operations should be planned for the recovery of by-products, as mica, graphite, possibly sand and gravel. The placer deposits will contain free flake mica which can be recovered, The kyanite crystal aggregates and the kyanite-mica schists contain up to a percent or more of graphite which is recoverable. Prospecting of Placers Samples are taken from test holes so spaced that a reliable 3-demensional pattern can be obtained of overburden and kyanitic gravel. The pattern much include percentage of kyanite and its size distribution, the size distribution of the matrix, thickness of overburden, etc. Common augers or post-hole diggers are seldom satisfactory for making the test holes. Dug pits, trenches, or special-purpose augers are better. Spacing of the test holes is generally 50-100 feet though a closer spacing is sometimes desirable. ProSpecting Residual Concentrations A series of test holes extending to bedrock is dug across and along the residual concentration. A spacing of 50 feet between holes and 100 feet between traverses is usually adequate. The material from each 1-foot interval of each hole is bagged separately. The analysis of these samples can give a detailed 3-dimensional picture of the deposit and can facilitate advance planning with regard to depth of mining, barren or lean lenses, and mechanical character of the matrix. Factors that relate to the mining of Residual Concentrations Residual concentrations of kyanite are a product of weathering and are derived from the underlying kyanite-mica schist. Weathering disintegrates the 47. rock; the lighter components, chiefly mica and quartz, are preferentially winnowed away; kyanite, being heavier and of a shape that resists movement, lags behind and is concentrated. East and southeast of the North Georgia Trade and Vocational School is a large acreage where the surface is strewn, and in some places almost entirely covered, with large residual kyanite crystals. Past mining largely ignored this source of material, though local residents did occasionally collect from these surface concentrations and sell to the mining companies. These residual concentrations could be worked on a large scale. Generally the upper 6 inches of soil in which the residual kyanite crystals are concentrated is friable and the kyanite can be separated simply by dry screening. Though the grade is variable and the minable layer thin, the grade is high and separation easy. Some expense would be involved in clearing the land of trees. In view of the present trend toward clearing woodland and converting it to pasture, it might be possible to negotiate credit for clearing and respreading the top soil along with payment of royalties. The kyanitic soil might be processed by portable screens, on site, thereby minimizing haulage costs. One of the major obstacles to mining deposits of this type in agricultural regions is the residents' objection to denudation of the land. The suggestions above might overcome this block. Land could be returned to agricultural use at once, and would be considerably improved by the removable of the kyanite, which is only inert rubble to the farmer. Residual concentrations might advantageously be operated in conjunction with placer deposits. Placer can be worked the year round. The dry screening of residual deposits, on the other hand, can be done only during dry weather. If placer and residual deposits are worked together, water for final processing of the dry-screening concentrates is available at the placer operation, and equipment used in the residual operation can be shifted to the placer operation during wet weather. One milling plant can serve both. Total reserves are increased with little additional investment in plant and machinery. Kyanite - Mac Eller, Hugh Inglis (P41) (P89) (I in Map 3) - Placer kyanite is revealed by spoil banks of drainage ditches, which show clean bleached crystals. Present stream drainage does not expose gravels. Overburden in this area would be relatively thick, particularly in the southwestern end of the valley where drainage enters Deep Creek. Both geologic ~nd topographic conditions indicate a kyanite placer here, but the determination of its extent and grade will require testing. The gravels that have been removed from this property for road surfacing are rich in kyanite. Kyanite - Kollock Estate (P40) (II in Map 3) - There are surface and nearsurface residual concentrations of kyanite south, southwest, and northeast of the residence. The residual concentrations to the southeast extend onto adjoining properties. A previous report of vein kyanite in the vicinity of II A (see Map 3) could not be verified. In the 1930's kyanite was mined at Sleepy Hollow (liB and P44), where weathered kyanite-mica-schist was removed by open-pit methods and milled to 48. ~...... I //,-' KYANITE DEPOSiTS MAP 3- TALLULAH FALLS QUADRANGLE HABERSHAM COUNTY 00 =========1 Mile 11183 LEGEND Kyanlte mlca-achlat ,~Mined Rasldual . ~. Mined concentratloo .....d Prospecting recommendod Placar Min ad P~~g~~~~ded Voln / / .---- ... - ............-~...... .--~:'1 .... ~- ~ ............ / ----.._/ --- _; ...,.-~ ',_-"'i=.::...-.-..".'.. -.I. I ...., I -.. ..,.....~ .. t''' I I I I I ...,.,\ ...~-:;::~-:,.. ', ":------..... \ !j{~,- .. .,....... .- ........ -.. .~ ... _ \ \ ~ I I /. :....::.. ,... ' -,~" -,_. . i . ._ r : ':cr', :~. '::-~---- .,, .-~........................ / -~.--- ,+ ,' \ .._ ......... --,_ -, ''",~- \. --... --- ..-:~.....' . ' ,J' ......"' ,.- " ' ~ . 49. recover kyanite crystals. Extensive areas would lend themselves to the removal of residual concentrations. Much of the forested area consists of scrub growth and would be greatly improved by removal of vegetation, dry screening of topsoil and conversion to pasture. A report on the Kollock property was prepared in 1934 by W. Harry Vaughan, Consulting Ceramist. Vaughan made a preliminary estimate of reserves of "float" kyanite based on three samples. Sampl('s W('rc oblai.nllnty i.n wl1al is knt>wn :u; Lhv Brevard hell OnC' map pub] ished in 1948 by Teague cILII) . / ::: Vem quartz and vom quartz float / ::..: Gatson outcrops and QD&San float ....' ' lithoto;ic contact, dashed whore approximate Inferred contact Figure 17 ,..,,,., .. ,,.... ~"'' 57. The best quality marble will be found (l) adjacent to Davidson Creek in the Chattahoochee National Forest, (2) from the old Walker kiln and quarry to the outcrops on Hoy's farm, and (3) on Little Mud Creek between the South Habersham county line and the Wilbanks property. In general the Brevard marble is siliceous and dolomitic. Often it is pyritic and/or micaceous. Recent diamond drilling afford more detailed information at two localities: (1) the Wilbanks property, and (2) Davidson Creek. Brevard Marble on The Wilbank's Property During August-September, 1963, three holes were drilled on the Wilbanks prgperty by the Vaughn Company. The first hole (see Figure 18) was inclined 60 to the NW and reached a depth of 167.2 feet. Table 2 is a brief lithologic log of this hole. Drill hole No. 2 was also inclined 60 to the NW and reached a depth of 79 feet. The third hole penetrated 57 feet of overburden before encountering marble and was not drilled further. Representative samples from holes No. 1 and No. 2 were digested in HCL to obtain approximate figures for total carbonate. The results are given in Table 3. Though the Brevard marble on the Wilbank's property might be used as aggregate, it is not generally satisfactory for agricultural lime. Southwest of the Wilbank's property the quality of the marble appears to be better. Brevard Marble on Walker Branch During September, 1963, the Vaughn Company dug several test pits and trenches along Walker Branch. They drilled 4 vertical holes through the overburden to the marble along the narrow field west of Walker Branch, between the projected courses of holes 1 and 2, and they cored holes 1 and 2. The cored holes and the two principal trenches are located on Figure 19. Table 4 is a brief litholcJiC log of holes 1 and 2 which were inclined 30 from the horizontal and were projected so as to cross-cut the marble band. Both holes started near the east edge of the marble. Hole No. 1 penetrated 153 feet, hole No. 2 145 feet. The marble at this site is satisfactory for both agricultural lime and aggregate . .S,urrnnary The Brevard marble belt extends across Habersham County from Mud Creek on the southwest to Davidson Creek on the northeast. On the southwest, the marble is dolomitic and siliceous. Quality decreases, on the average, toward the northeast by increase in quartz, mica and pyrite and might be absent in the Piedmont College farm to Georgia Highway 115 portion of the belt. Farther northeast, quality improves. Quality generally is best adjacent to Davidson Creek in the extreme northeast. It is emphasized, however, that the quality can vary within a short distance along strike. Only by diamond drilling can the quality be adequately appraised, 58. DRILL LOCATIONS WILBANKS PROPERTY HABERSHAM COUNTY N EXPLANATION I DRILL HOLE SHOWING PLUNGE 0 330 Feet Figure 18 TABLE 2 59. Brief Lithologic logs of Hole No. l and Hole No. 2 drilled by the Vaughn Company on the Wilbanks property, southwest Habersham County, August 1963. For location of the holes see Figure 18. Depth in feet 0 - 62 62-65 65 - 66.6 66.6 - 69.2 69.2 - 72 72 - 79 79 - 82 82 - 96 - 97.5 97.5 - 98 98 - 101 101 - llO 110 - 129 129 - 132 132 - 145.5 145.5 - 156 156 - 162 162 - 167.2 Hole No. 1 Log Overburden Brecciated bluish, fine-grained impure dolomitic marble. Weathered seams. Fine scattered sulphide. Cavity Slightly purer fine-grained blue-gray dolomitic marble. Scattered fine sulphide, Some carbonaceous matter. Cavity As above. Occasional thin weathered seam. Sample No. 1 at 75.8', typical on average. Fresh fine-grained blue gray dolomitic marble, Sample No. 2 at 80.5' Same as above, but a little higher proportion of fine mica in streaks. Sample No. 3 at 87' talcose? Fine-grained blue gray impure dolomitic marble. Brownish by phlogopite. Sample No. 4 at 98'. as 96 - 97.5. Brownish from phlogopite. Sample No. 5 at 105'. Fine-grained bluish gray dolomitic marble with small quartz blades? Sample No. 6 composited sample. Mottled gray with reddish phlogopite. Talcose? Sample No. 7 at 130'. Fine-grained bluish gray dolomitic marble, impure. Sample No. 8 composited. Darker more carbonaceous marble. Sample No. 9 composite. About same as 132 - 145. Darker more carbonaceous and micaceous, locally finely pyritic. Sample 10, composited. 60. ~th in feet 0 - 55 55 - 69.2 69.2 - 72 72 - 79 79 - Hole No. 2 Log Overburden. Fine-grained blue-gray dolomitic marble, weathered for first 5I Cavity Same as 55-69.2 First foot increasingly micaceous, Remainder is mottled by brownish phlogopite. Sample No. 1, Composited, 61. TABLE 3 Total carbonate in representative samples from Holes No. 1 and No. 2, Wilbanks Property, Southwestern Habersham County Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % insoluble 42 33 ? 48 70 77 63 74 48 59 Identity of the Insoluble Quartz, granular (sand-size) in coarse lumps, pyritic. Quartz, fine sugary, slightly pyritic and graphitic? Quartz and phlogopite Quartz, granular and phlogopitic. Slightly pyritic Quartz and phlogopite Graphitic quartz plus a little straw brown chondrodite? Sugary quartz, phlogopitic Quartz grains, slightly phlogopitic, pyritic. Sugary and granular quartz, slightly sericitic and phlogopitic Sugary quartz, slightly sericitic and phlogopitic Total Carbonate 58 67 52 30 23 37 26 52 41 Hole No. 2 cut 24 feet of marble. A composite sample made up of representative portions of the core from this hole was found to contain 65% insoluble, consisting primarily of quartz but including some scattered pyrite and phlogopite, and having a total carbonate content of 35%. 62. DRILL LOCATIONS WALKER BRANCH HABERSHAM COUNTY \ ...- ...- .... \ / / I / I ...- ...- / I I I N Figure 19 EXPLANATION DRILL HOLE SHOWING PLUNGE " PROSPECT TRLNCH 0 330 Feel 63. TABLE 4 - Brief Lithologic logs of drill holes 1 and 2, Walker Branch, NE Habersham County. Depth, Ft. 0 - 12 12 50 50 - 79 79 - 134 134 - 145 Drill Hole No. 1 Lithologic Character Overburden. Grey and dark grey massive dolomitic marble, locally micaceous. Micaceous dolomitic marble. Light gray, massive, dolomitic marble, locally micaceous. Dark grey, very micaceous marble to calcareous schist. Depth, Ft. 0 - 39 39 - 41.5 41.5 - 49 49 - 59.6 59.6 - 63 63 - 64.5 64.5 - 78 78 - 84.2 84.2 - 117 117 - 120 120 - 123 123 - 130 130 - 135.2 135.2 - 137 137 - 139 139 - 141.2 141.2 - 146 146 - 149 149 - 153 Drill Hole No. 2 Lithologic Character Overburden Dark grey, impure dolomitic marble. Grey dolomitic marble, highly fractured. Micaceous grey dolomitic marble. Grey dolomitic marble, moderately micaceous. Dark grey, impure highly fractured, dolomitic marble. Grey massive dolomitic marble. Light grey massive dolomitic marble. Grey massive dolomitic marble. Grey dolomitic marble, highly fractured. Core loss ? Grey massive dolomitic marble. Cavity. Light grey massive dolomitic marble. Cavity. Light grey dolomitic marble. Massive grey dolomitic marble. Moderately micaceous, dark grey, dolomitic marble. Grey massive dolomitic marble. Previous efforts to evaluate the Brevard marble have been unsuccessful becuase its exact location was not known in sufficient detail for a reasonable drilling program to be planned. This handicap has been removed. The accompanying map shows where the marble can be sampled. The belt should be explored, first of all, by inclined holes at intervals of 400' along the belt. Holes . should be inclined 30-60 northwest to cross-cut the SE-dipping marble zone. (see Figure 17) Sulphide bodies are associated with faults in the Brevard belt, particularly in the Hoy's farm to Walker Branch area, the Piedomnt College farm area, and the Little Mud Creek to Ward 1s farm area. These are described under "pyritepyrrhotite." Large tonnages of dolomitic marble suitable for road aggregate and agricultural l~e can be developed in Habersham County. 65. HICA Pegmatites are common in Habersham County, and many of them contain mica. Generally, the exposed mica books are small or "A" or "wedged" often greenish and marked by impurities. Becuase of the relative scarcity of good quality sheet mica in the County, only a limited number of prospects have been opened in search of the mineral. Sheet mica of commercial quality has been mined at two localities: Mica - John Cross. (P58) - Locati.on: Habersham County; 1.5 miles northeast of Turnerville, along U.S. highway 23, west of highway, 4200' south of Shirley Grove Church; 16600' FNL and 11900' FEL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. A medium-grained pegmatite, partially exposed by an open cut, trends N 70 E, dips 45-50 SE, enclosed by quartzite and quartzose feldspathic mica schist. The dimensions of the pegmatite are not determinable from present exposures. A small quantity of sheet and scrap mica has been marketed from this property. Mr. Cross reports that most of the mica recovered was 3- and 4inch, although some trimmed 10 inches. Though the pegmatite cannot be accurately appraised from available data, is is apparent that the potential has not been thoroughly explored. An open cut along the surface trend would determine whether further development is warranted. Mica - C. P. Wilbanks (was Will Trotter). (P69) - Location: Habersham county; west of Alec Mountain, 600' SSW of Rogers Creek where it crosses the old Piedmont Orchard Road up Ivy Branc~; 20200' FEL and 4900' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Mined approximately 40 years ago for sheet mica. Reportedly, sheet trimmed as large as 12 inches square. Old workings consist of a circular pit 20 feet diameter, 12 feet deep, and two smaller pits, aligned in N 55 W direction. Dump shows massive quartz with sheet mica as large as 6 x 5 inches which would trim a 3-inch square. Most of the mica on dump is scrap, either ruled, stained, wedge, or A-mica. Judging from the amount of trimmings piled in the vicinity of the old trimming shed, a considerable quantity of sheet was removed from this pit. The old workings are slumped and partially filled so that the pegmatite is completely obscured. Cleaning out and extending the pits to determine whether commercial mica remains is justified on the basis of: (1) Massive quartz on the dumps, indicating zoning of the pegmatite, (2) Mica crystals 6 x 5 inches, which would trim 3-inch sheet. (3) The quantity of trimmings in the vicinity of the old trimming shed. Another prospect has been found, during the course of this study, to contain sheet mica of commercial size and quality. Mica - Jim Carter. (P77) - Location: Habersham County; at base of Lynch Mountain, on east side, 7500' NNE of Georgia Highway 17 where it crosses Mauldin Mill Creek, near Habersham-White County line; 22800'FNL and 3200' FEL of Helen quadrangle. 66. The pegmatite crops out in a small branch (P77A) and again 100 feet to the north, at the forks of the branch. Mica was prospected years ago only a few feet west of P77A. Mr. Carter has recently dug a foot or two into the creek bank at P77A and approximately 75 feet to the south; the pegmatite contains good quality mica at both places. The mica is ruby,flat and hard. Books as large as 6 inches in diameter and 4 inches thick were extracted at P77A. At P77B, approximately 250 feet N 75 E of "A", a small (2 x 2 feet) trench uncovered a large quantity of 4 to 7-inch diameter mica, but mostly A-mica or wedge. At P77C, approximately 900 feet S 10 E of "B", small, 2 and 3-inch diameter, flat hard ruby mica is strewn on the surface. No attempt has been made to expose the pegmatite, Residual and float material indicate a large area underlain by pegroatites. One pegmatite (P77A) is known to contain commercial sheet mica, At the exposed portion the feldspar is weathered and the mica books easily extracted. This is one of the most promising properties. At several localities in the County are pegmatites which contain sheet muscovite of commercial size, Although the presence of "A" mica, wedge, and ruled mica on the dumps of these prospects is discouraging, large mica crystals are found there and it is possible that mica of commercial quality can be developed. Mica - Mrs. C. H. Black (PS8A) - Location: Habersham County; 2 miles west of Clarkesville city limits, on Georgia Highway 17; approximately 750' NNE from Church's store, along crest of low north-trending ridge; 2700' FNL and 16700' FWL of Clarkesville quadrangle. Trench, dug about 1930, is 25 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet deep; encountered massive quartz carrying sheet mica in pegmatite. From material on the dump, it appears that conditions were good for forming large sheets (4 x 5 inches) but majority of material is either ruled, wedge or A-mica, with considerable stain. Mica - Roy Stephens. (P67) - Location: Habersham County; 5200' WSW of Stonepile Church (Church erroneously located on map), 1400' north of Beaverdam Creek; 11700' FSL and 1200' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Pegmatite boulders, 4 to 6 inches in diameter. However, tle mica exposed here is either ruled, wedged, stained, or A-mica, Mica - Felton Shoal (P80) - Location: Habersham County; 7500' SSE of Batesville and 800 1 west of Georgia Highway 255; 8000' FNL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small pit, 20 feet long, 15 feet wide, 8 feet deep, dug in prospecting for mica, Pegmatite is 6 feet (+) in width, medium-graiPed, and carries considerable mica~ However, most is A-mica and/or ruled; sheets lS large as 7 inches indiameter. 67. Mica -U.S. Government, National Forest (was Newton Holcomb). (P82) Location: Habaersham County; 11300' SSW of Batesville and 1000' west of Georgia Highway 255; 11800' FNL and 1400' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small prospect pit, 8 feet in diameter, 4 feet deep, exposes mica-bearing pegmatite. Sheets are as large as 8 inches in diameter but all visible is either A-mica or ruled. Mica -Monroe Colson (was Dave English). (P85) - Location: Habersham County; approximately 2700' NNW from bridge on Georgia Highway 115 where it crosses Yellowbank Creek, and approximately 600' west of the creek; 8800' FNL and 6800' FWL of Clarkesville quadrangle. A series of trenches and pits, 4 to 6 feet deep, extend for approximately 150 feet, aligned in a N 37 E direction. Near the southwest end a shaft was sunk 12 to 15 feet. Pegmatite, composed of feldspar, mica, and massive quartz, is intruded into mica schist. Slump and fill mask relationships. Mica sheets, as large as 6 inches in diameter, are mostly A-mica; a few goods, as large as 3 inches in diameter, were noted. M.......,i.:c.;::a:...--~Y-=a:..::u:..<:g:.:.h:.:.n:.....::C:.:a:.:r:..:s:..;;o:..:n-=-.(:...;i:o.:n;o..._c.,..a_r.,...e_o--'-f_::..:R.o.e_e_d_;;:L;.:.o..,g..g..""ic:cn:..:;s..t.)-'.--'(..:::P...:8...:6-'-) - La ca t ion : Haber sham County; approximately 2800' NNE from bridge on Georgia Highway 115 where it crosses Yellowbank Creek, and approximately 500' east of the creek; 8600' FNL and 8100' FWL of Clarkesville quadrangle. Prospect is very slinilar to P85. Several pits, 12 to 20 feet in diameter and 6 to 8 feet deep, are aligned in a N 40 E direction. Offset to the northwest, a shaft was sunk 12 to 18 feet. Pegmatite, with mica and massive quartz, is enclosed by sillimanite-mica schist. Mica sheets, as large as 6 inches in diameter, are mostly A-mica. A few good sheets, as large as 3 inches in diameter, were noted.. Mica - C. W. Lindsey. (Pl7) - Location: Habersham County west of Georgia Highway 17, 2200' south of Aerial; 12200' FSL and 6000' FEL of Helen quadrangle. A pegmatite crosses woods road at Pl7 and another approximately 1200 feet to the southwest (Pl7A), trending N 60 E. Quartz is dominant on outcrop, but there is a fair amount of feldspar; scrap mica is abundant. Largest sheets noted were 3 inches in diameter, although local residents report picking up sheets 8 to 10 inches in diameter irmnediately to the northeast of Pl7 when field was in cultivation; this area now wooded and surface covered with pine needles. Much of the mica is either stained, A-mica, or ruled. Area has never been prospected for mica. Mica -U.S. Government, National Forest. (P22) -Location: Habersham County; west of Raper Creek, 1400' SSW of mouth of Long Branch; 400' FSL and 12700' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Prospected by W.L. Morrison about 1950. Recovered only scrap mica; none sold. Mica exposed is of little quantity and poor quality. Feldspar is well weathered and soft. 68. Pegmatite is 2 to 3 feet thick, with core of massive "bull'' quartz and well zone of feldspar, quartz, and greenish mica. Prospect tunnel, approximately 40 feet long, parallels the strike of the pegmatite, which forms the roof, Pegmatite is concorgant with enclosing mica schist and quartz-feldspar-mica gneiss, striking N7 E and dipping approximately 40W. Mica - Arrendale Feed Company (was Alec Addison). (P34) -Location: Habersham County; 3800' west of Sutton Mill Creek, 9500' NW of North Georgia Vocational Schcol; 10000' FSL and 17600' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Three small prospect pits aligned in east-west direction along ridge. Scrap mica showing along with fragments of quartz and feldspar. No commercial mica recovered. Mica - Kollock Estate (Sleepy Hollow). (P44A) - Location: Habersham County; 2000' SSE of mouth of Porters Mill Branch, on Soque River; 7300 1 FEL and 2600' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Near western limit of kyanite pits, and in one of the old pits, a shaft was sunk for mica; approximately 10 feet deep now. Pegmatite is obscured by slump, but a few small sheets of good qualtity muscovite 2 x 3 inches were noted on dump. Mica -Clifford Lyon. (P78) -Location: Habersham County; 2000' north of Rogers creek, 3500' south of mouth of Ivy Branch; 21000 1 FNL and 1800 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Shallow trench near top on south slope of ridge; exposes pegmatite, mediumcrystalline, with muscovite sheets as large as 3 inches in diameter. Little of the exposed material is suitable for sheet, being either ruled, wedge, or A-mica and mostly small. Platinum The discovery of platinum in Habersham County is described under Distribution of Alluvial Platinum, page 17. Sulphides Metal sulphides, mainly sulphides of iron but also of lead, copper and zinc, ate widely disseminated in thin blebs, stringers and veins. Where exposed, the sulphides have weathered to a porous, ferruginous material, gossan, which resists further decomposition. Abundant gossan float litters the surface in many areas where no veins are exposed, indicating that veins once were exposed in the area or that veins now underlie the surficial weathered mantle. Principal gossan localities in Habersham County are shown in Figure 20. Panther Creek Area A large sulphide vein has been prospected in the Panther Creek Drainage (Figure 21). This is P72 in Appendix II. It is in the U.S. National Forest and is known as the old Panther Creek prospect. Its location is 800 feet N8E from HABERSHAM COUNTY 69. --'\,_ / ' P72 X \.. ---. '\ / / ,/ / P49 37 CNE J I ( ICM GOSSAN FL.OAT AND SUL.PHIDE LOCALITIES oonan float sulphide vein Figure 20 70. ~. PYRRHOTITE PROSPECT BIG SHOAL BRANCH HABERSHAM COUNTY SAMPLING GRID N ~ ...'. 6"\lll' . --=-:s:::::::::=-=-' \ Figure 21 \ \\ \\ \ \ \\ \\ ~\ \ \\\ c. ~~\ \ \\ \ "~\ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ~....... \\ 71. the mouth of the creek known locally as Horse Creek but labeled "Big Shoal Branch" on the topographic sheet, the next creek to the west being labeled "Horse Creek"; 19900' FSL and 200' FWL of Tugalo Lake, S.C.-Ga. quadrangle. The prospect openings are on the side of a steep cliff east of Big Shoal Branch and north of Panther Creek at an elevation of approximately 1150 feet. A small nose interrupts the steepness of the cliff here and a shallow trench, about 30 feet long dug across this nose exposes massive quartz with thin sulfide veinlets along fractures (now almost completely oxidized). Much of the quartz is vugular, with poorly crystallized quartz in the vugs. On the steeper part of the cliff, and 30 to 40 feet higher in elevation, are two openings, approximately 30 feet apart and connected by a ragged tunnel. The southern opening exposes a sulfide vein 6-18 inches thick in the middle of a quartz vein enclosed in mica schist. Tiny veinlets fill fractures in the quartz, which has been brecciated to some extent. The sulfide is badly weathered and mostly oxidized. The opening to the north again exposes the sulfide vein. This opening is about 45 feet wide and extends 35 feet into the hillside with a 25foot face at the rear. The pyrrhotite vein is 20-36 inches thick and contains only a minor amount of quartz breccia at this exposure. The vein rolls considerably but strike generally north and dips 20-30 east. Shearer and Hull (1918) reported this to be the largest known pyrrhotite vein in Georgia. They considered the deposit to have a maximum length of 75 to 100 feet and an average thickness of perhaps two feet. According to Shearer and Hull, there is no gossan as the outcrop is on a slope of nearly 45 degrees and material is removed by erosion before it has time to weather. (Shearer and Hull, 1918). Actually there is visible gossan at several places in the vicinity of the vein, but exposures are too few to permit accurate delineation. In an attempt to delineate the vein by measuring the trace metal content of the soil a sampling grid was laid off and 235 samples collected. The starting point for the grid is the northern prospect pit described above, at a 6" diameter tulip poplar tree which is marked "0-00". The base line extends north for 1300 feet and south for 500 feet. East-west traverses are on 50-foot intervals along the traverses. Each sample station is marked by a stake showing traverse numbers, distance and direction from the base line. The procedure for sample collecting was to scalp off humus and the top 2-4 inches of soil, drill a hole about a foot deep with a 3" diameter soil auger, and take a representative sample from the augar cuttings. In the laboratory the samples were dried overnight at 117C. and the -200 mesh fractions sieved off. Ten milligrams of each fine fraction were mixed with the same weight of spectrographically pure graphite and loaded into a graphite electrode. After preheating in a Brunsen burner, the electrodes were fired in a De arc at 350 volts and 13 amps, and the Sprecra recorded on SAl plates. Sensitive lines for copper, lead, silver, antimony, arsenic in the 2400-3400 A region were measured with a Leeds and Northrup densitometer. 72. E... tG 0 --Ir:.-- . r>tfoT- . 0-- ... - -' -:_;:: - .. ' 0 N .. ~- -. . + - . - ... - <:t E}- 1 ' ... ' ' ' . . ".. . . ---- .:..- --- -- ....... -- ----+. " . II i rCJ -lo> ""'""'' . 0 PYRRHOTITE PROSPECT BIG SHOAL BRANCH HABERSHAM COUNTY SAMPLING GRID 0 100 r=== 200 '00 FEET t ==::J Sample station 0 GoS~on Figure 22 73. Piedmont College Farm (P51) The gossan at this locality is scattered along the Brevard marble belt. For a description see Iron above. The entire area is blanketed by a thick layer of soil. Relief is low, and the gossan fragments show no signs of having been transported. They probably are residuum from the weathering of sulphide pods or veins. Unweathered portions of the veins might underlie the gossan float. An effort was made to determine whether there are veins by investigating trace element anomalies in the soil. A sampling grid was laid off to cover the gossan-strewn area. The zero station is an electrical power pole about 500 feet northwest of the pole marked "Co-op, B, 16." The base line extends N45E for 2400 feet and S45 0 W for 2100 feet. Northwest-southeast traverses are spaced 300 feet apart, 8 to northeast (+), 7 to the southwest (-). Each traverse extends 500 feet to the northwest and 500 feet to the southeast of the base line; sampling was at 50-foot intervals (Figure 23). A total of 336 samples were collected and processed in the same manner as the Panther Creek samples described above. W. C. Moore Property (P49) Residual gossan nodules up to 8" across are liberally scattered over the W. C. Moore property southwest of Turnerville, Habersham County. The area is 20800' FSL and 17800' FEL of the Tallulah Falls quadrangle. The source of the gossan is concealed by the weathered mantle. An effort has been made to detect underlying sulphides by the systematic collection of soil samples and their spectrographic analysis. The zero station of the sample collection grid is a telephone pole bearing the inscription "76-26-9"; it is in the open field 20 feet east of a dirt road that leads south from W. C. Moore's home. The base line was extended 900 feet northeast (+) and 1800 feet southwest (-). The first 5 traverses (0, +1, -1, +2, and -2) cross the base line at intervals of 150 feet. The other traversPs ar.e at intervals of 300 feet. Sample spacing along traverses is 50 feet (Figure 24). A total of 495 samples were collected and processed in the same manner as described above for the Panther Creek samples. Other gossan localities Gossan was noted at other localities. About five miles east of Clarkesville, at map station "2 Ayersville", gossan as large as 12 inches square and 6 inches thick is scattered over a 75' x 50' area at the home of Thomas Owenby (Figure 20). The material is yellow to brown, nodular, and contains quartz and mica. On adjoining properites to the southwest, gossan is scattered for a distance of approximately 2000 feet, though the pieces are not as abundant nor as large. At map stations 37CNE and 5GK-4BB-17 fist-size gossan is associated with kyanite-mica schist and amphibolite, respectively. At numerous other localities gossan occurs in the kyanite-mica schist as thin stringers and pods. 74. p 51 PIEDMONT COLLEGE FARM HABERSHAM COUNTY SAMPLING GRID 0 1100 FEU Sample station 0 Goaaan """''' Figure 23 75. P49 Y2 MILE SW OF TURNERVILLE HABERSHAM COUNTY SAMPLING GRID "=====:::l300P'UT 1913 Sample atation 0 Goaaan, pyrite, limonite ---- -- -- Figure 24 .B@eult$ of qeochemical sampling in gos~an areas All :samples collected at localities P49, PSJ. and P72 have been processed and have not yielded satisfactory anomalies. Possibly metal anomalies do not exist at these localities. More likely they exist but are below the detection l:l.mft of the method used. This method has been used before successfully. Mequa.te samples are still available for a rerun, The method will be modi- fied, and another run made. This second effort will not be a part of the final report. If successful it will be reported later as an addendum. 77. Soapstone and Talc Soapstone and talc are widely scattered over Habersham County, both generally associated with asbestos. Dozens of occurrences are described in field notes; many are mentioned in the "Asbestos" section of the report; all of them are not described here individually because their small size prohibits economic development. Five soapstone deposits which have little or no associated asbestos and therefore not discussed in the "Asbestos" section are described below. Only one (P83) shows economic promise. The others are small and the soapstone of poor quality. Talc, while often pure and of good quality, is usually only a minor constituent of these bodies. Soapstone - J. W. Wykle (was L. B. York and T. P. Wilson). (P23) Location: Habersham County; along Georgia Highway 197, west of Raper Creek, 8500' SSW of Habersham-Rabun County line; 8500' FSL and 11400' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Soapstone crops out in bank west of highway and in Raper Creek east of highway, associated with green hornblende gneiss. Soapstone -Mrs. W. T. Arrendale (was w. V. Morrison). (P26) -Location: Habersham County; along Georgia Highway 197, southeast of Batesville, 7200' SE of junction with Georgia Highway 225; 6500' FNL and 8500' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Soapstone float in cultivated field across highway from Arrendale home; in roadcut southeast of house (see P26 A, under "Asbestos"). Soapstone - Terrell Barron. (P27) - Location: Habersham County; west of Georgia Highway 197, 6700' SE of junction with Georgia Highway 255 at Batesville; 6800' FNL and 7100' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Old quarry pit measures approximately 30' x 20' x 5' deep. Soapstone blocks taken out for hearthstones, chimneys, tombstones, etc. Pit mostly filled, but partially sawed blocks still visible. Small amount of poor quality cross fiber and mass fiber asbestos in narrow veins in soapstone. Soapstone - C. W. Stambaugh Estate. (P53) - Location: Habersham County; in Demorest, at old C. W. Stambaugh residence, at north end of lake; 20700' FNL and 11700' FEL of Clarkesville quadrangle. Soapstone and chloritic schist exposed at street in front of residence. Steps leading from street level to sidewalk have been out in outcrop. No asbestos. Soapstone - U. S. Government, National Forest (P83) - Location: Habersham County; immediately south of paved road leading east from Georgia Highway 197 to Burton Dam, approximately 1300' east of the junction, on Rabun County line; 15000' FSL and 16700' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Soapstone, talc, and a little mass fiber asbestos, with minor serpentine and chlorite crop out in ditch and south of highway. Exposure measures approximately 75 x 50 feet. Float extends across highway to the north, where two 78. small (8 feet by 4 feet by 3 feet) prospect trenches have been dug. Body trends N40 - 45 E and dips to the northwest, apparently concordant with enclosing country rock, a schistose hornblende gneiss. Three hundred feet to the south southeast another similar body crops out; exposure measures 8 by 3 feet. Surface between the two outcrops is strewn with soapstone float. 79. Mineral Collecting Localities The hobby of mineral collecting is said to rank second only to boating in the total number of persons involved. Mineral collectors are attracted to a good locality from all parts of the country. Collecting localities can be a strong enough tourist attraction to appreciably affect the economy of an underdeveloped area. Incidental to the mineral resource survey 41 localities were noted where crystals or unusual specimens of one or more of the following minerals may be collected: Amphibole Asbestos Beryl Chalcopyrite Chlorite Biotite Chromite Corundum Cryptomelane Epidote Feldspar Garnet Gold Graphite Ilmenite Kyanite Limonite Magnetite Marga rite Marble Muscovite Pyrite Phrrhotite Quartz Crystals Rutile Sillimanite Talc Tourmaline Amphibole A large group of minerals which are calcium, magnesium, iron silicates are referred to collectively as amphiboles. They are usually green but may be any color. They are moderately hard and possess two good cleavages about 56 apart. As small anhedral grains the amphiboles are common rock-forming minerals. Under unusual conditions they grow as euhedral crystals. Fine six-sided crystals may be collected in Habersham County. Asbestos Asbestos is a commercial term applied to several of the naturally fibrous minerals, as anthophyllite, actinolite, tremolite, and chrysotile. All the known asbestos in Habersham County is the variety anthophyllite, which is a magnesium~iron silicate. Its color ranges from gray to brown. Mass-Fiber is the descriptive term for asbestos exhibiting a matted, criss-crossing, or interlocking arrangement of the individual fibers. Cross-fiber refers to a regular arrangement of the fibers perpendicular to the vein walls; slip-fiber refers to a general orientation of the fibers parallel to the vein walls. All three types are in Habersham County, though mass-fiber predominates. The principal commercial use of asbestos is the manufacture of friction materials, as brake linings and clutch facings. Asbestos fabrics are made into fire-proof clothing, theater curtains, electrical insulation products, conveyor 80. belts for hot materials, and gaskets. cated pipe, shingles, and wallboard. From asbestos mixed with cement is fabri- Beryl Nearly clear to pale green hexagonal crystals of beryl are found sparingly to some of the pegmatite. Beryl is harder than quartz. Blue-green varieties are aquamarine. The green variety is emerald. Beryl is a beryllium aluminum silicate. Biotite Biotite is dark brown to black mica. Typically it occurs as small flakes in gneiss and schist. In pegmatites it may crystallize as books several inches across. Chalocopyrite The most common and important ore mineral of copper is chalcopyrite. It is a brass yellow color, a little deeper yellow than pyrite, brittle, and only moderately hard. During weathering it is apt to tarnish or become iridescent. Chlorite Green micaceous minerals having flexible but generally inelastic cleavage folia are called chlorites. They are hydrous aluminosilicates of iron and magnesium. Large chlorite books which make handsome displace specimens are associated with asbestos in Habersham County. Chromite Chromite occurs as black opaque octahedrons, grains or irregularly shaped masses. It resembles magnetite, but differs in that it has a brown streak and is not magnetic. Chromite is associated with the dark basic rocks. Corundum The prime characteristic of corundum is its hardness which is second only to diamond. Its color ranges from gray through red, yellow, blue to almost black. It is found in cleavable masses or in stubby hexagonal crystals. The corundum in Habersham county is partly altered to a fine-grained mica, margarite, When colored, corundum is highly prized as a gemstone. Blue corundum is sapphire. Red corundum is ruby. Cryptomelane Cryptomelane is a black potassic manganese mineral. It has been reported from manganiferous breccia along the Brevard Marble belt, but the identification has not been verified during this study. 81. Epidote Occasional grains or granular masses of yellow-green epidote are in the dark colored rocks of Habersham County. At one locality it occurs as green veinlets in altered gneiss. Locally, small epidote crystals project from the walls of cavities in the rocks. Epidote is a calcium iron aluminum silicate. It is almost as hard as quartz and has a good cleavage. Epidotic rocks may be cut and polished as ornamental stones. Feldspar Feldspars, aluminosilicates of calcium, sodium and potassium, are hard, generally light colored and have two cleavages that intrsect nearly at right angles. Large crystals of feldspar may be collected from some of the pegmatites. Feldspar is used as a mild abrasive in soaps and cleaning powders. Its main use is in glass, fired clay products and enamels. Iridescent or colored varieties are used as gemstones. Garnet Small twelve-sided garnet crystals are abundant in some of the schists in Habersham County. At a few places the crystals are as large as 3" across. Garnet is hard and has no cleavage. When transparent it can be cut into gems. Gold Many of the quartz veins in Habersham County contain small irregularly shaped masses of native gold. As the veins disintegrate at the surface, the gold particles shell out and are moved slowly downhill by erosion to be concentrated in the str~ams. The larger particles, being very heavy, settle tc the bottom of the valley gravels, while "flour" gold or "colors" may remain at the surface. Where the lowest gravels in the stream bed can be collected and panned they generally yield some gold. Gold is yellow and malleable. It can be distinguished from all varieties of "fool's gold" by the fact that it flattens rather than distintegrates when hit with a hammer. Nuggets weighing several ounces have been found. Graphite Graphite, elemental carbon, it one of the softest minerals. It is black, often found in small flakes. When rubbed on a sheet of paper it leaves a black streak. It is used as a lubricant, a paint additive, in crucibles and in pencils. 82. Ilmenite Black granular masses or platy fragments that resemble magnetite but are not magnetic are generally ilmenite, an oxide of iron and titanium. Tabular ilmenite crystals are found in a few of the quartz veins. Ilmenite grains are common in the dark colored rocks. Kyanite Hard gray to blue blades of kyanite are abundant in some of the schists. Being resistant to weathering, the kyanite accumulates on the surface. Large areas are littered by kyanite crystals (see Maps 1, 2 and 3.) Kyanite finds application in spark plugs, laboratory ware and furnace linings, as a refractory. Limonite Hydrous iron oxide, limonite, forms during the weathering of ferruginous minerals. When the crystal shape of the weathering mineral is retained, the limonite develops as pseudomorphs. Brown pseudomorphs of limonite after pyrite are locally abundant. Where limonite has developed in large enough masses it may be mined as iron ore. Magnetite Magnetite, an ore mineral of iron, is black, heavy and strongly magnetic. Its black streak helps to distinguish it from other similar minerals. It is a common accessory mineral in the dark colored rocks where it occurs typically as minute octahedrons, occasionally in larger masses. Marble The band of marble along the east side of Habersham County is a recrystallized dolomite. Exposures of it are generally poor because it is more soluble than the bounding rocks, but there are good exposures at a few places, particularly along Davidson Creek. The marble is white, gray, pale brown and pale pink. Dolomitic marble may be crushed and sold as aggregate or as agricultural lime. Margarite Corundum in Habersham County is often altered marginally to a light colored, calcium-rich mica, margarite. Muscovite White mica can be split into thin sheets which are flexible and elastic. It is colorless, gray, pale green or pale red and transparent. The principal use is in electronic parts as insulators. Large clear sheets may be worth 83. several dollars per pound. Pyrite Yellow iron sulfide crystallizes in cubes and octahedrons as well as in anhedral grains. It may nsemble gold, and llaH h('('fl call(d "fool'H gold", but it is easily distinguished by its brllt](rwsl:l. Pyrfl.l is a cnmmon mlrwral in veins and is found sparingly in mos l of the rocks. I L weathers to 1irnonit.c. Pyrrhotite A second sulphide of iron, pyrrhotite, is found locally in Habersham County. It has a gray to bronzy color, metallic luster, and is slightly magnetic. It rarely occurs in crystals. More often it is found in granular masses associated with pyrite and other sulphides. Quartz Crystals Crystals of quartz are hexagonal prisms capped by pyramidal faces. Most of them are clear to gray. A few are smoky to amethystine. Quartz is hard and without cleavage. When colored it may be fashioned into semiprecious stones. Clear untwinned quartz is cut into oscillator plates for radio transmitters. Rutile Rutile is red brown to black, hard, and has an adamantine luster. It is a principal ore mineral of titanium. A few black crystals up to one inch long have been picked up along the kyanite belt. Sillimanite Acicular crystals and gray fibrous masses of sillimanite are widespread as a constituent of gneiss and schist. In and along some of the veins the crystals are coarse. Sillimanite is hard, transparent to translucent. The larger pieces can be polished as semiprecious stones. Soapstone Massive rock the chief constituent of which is talc is called soapstone. Its composition is very variable, it being a common alteration product of basic rock. The talc content may be as low as 50%. Chlorite is another common component. Soapstone is greenish gray and characterized by a soapy feel. It may be easily cut or sawn into slabs or structural shapes. Being acid resistant and refractory, soapstone is used for sinks, fume hoods, table tops, electrical switchboards and cores for electrical heating elements. ~. Talc Talc is a soft, foliated or massive, gray to green mineral, It is the principal constituent of soapstone. Masses of more or less pure talc are ground to powder and used in paint, rubber, insecticides, paper and ceramics. Massive talc is shaped into foundry faces and crayons. Tourmaline Most of the tourmaline found in Habersham County is in black, striated, prismatic crystals, the largest several inches long. Typically it is in pegmatites and quartz veins. Other colors may be found. Tourmaline is hard. When colored, it is prized as a gemstone, Locality 1 Gold About one mile north of the junction of Georgia Highways 197 and 255 at Tatum's Store, a new road has been constructed which swings west toward Helen. About a mile along this new road from Georgia Highway 197 a dirt road forks off to the north. The junked cars marked on Locality Map No. 1 are about 4000' up this dirt road. At site B, gold-bearing gravel can be dug from the stream bed or from old alluvial gravels exposed in the stream banks and panned in the nearby creek. Site A marks an old placer where a large amount of gravel was worked about 1900. Panning at both sites yields several gold colors per pan and an occasional small nugget. Locality 2 Chlorite, Talc and Soapstone The pits are about 600 feet south of the top of Mack Mountain. An old logging road can be followed to the pits from the edge of a field 1200' west of Alonzo Tatum's store (locality Map No. 2). This area was prospected for asbestos about 60 years ago. Several trenches have been cut recently. Chlorite, talc and soapstone can be collected from the p-rospect ~renches. Small corundum crystals have been reported. Locality 3 Chlorite The collecting site is on the hill slope behind the Lovell home, a brick house on the west side of Georgia Highway 197 about 1.4. mile north of Wikle's Store. REFERENCE MAP MINERAL COLLECTING ~OCALITIES 85. - \ '- ., ....... ,., ______ J' .-- Figure 25 86. Cl<1{ GRAVEL VAGUl: OLO ROAD B SEVE~AL JuNKED CARS N ~ CUrCK&N ~ -\-------------J HOU:IE5 \ 0 87. - Ol-D SAIJMILL SliT c., ~j0"" N 1..0 ~$ ~C) ~t~~ 1 Q;l/f %AT Jooe>ft 88. Large boulders and cobbles of coarsely crystalline chlorite are scattered over the hillside. The chlorite to green to gray green. Large attractive specimensare easy to collect. Locality 4 Aebestos; Garnets, Sel~entine, Soapstone Si.te A is a road cut 0. 7 mile north of Wikle's Store on Georgia Highway 197 The soapstone crops out in the road cut and also on the west bank of nea~by Raper Creek. At site B a series of pits were dug in 1905 prospecting for asbestos and corundum. The outcrop is serpentine containing short fiber asbestos, No co~undum was noted. About 300 feet northeast of B rough weathered garnets as latge as 3" in diameter can be collected. Locality 5 Limonite Cubes Go north one mile from Wikle's Store on Georgia Highway 197. A dirt road on the left leads to a farmhouse, Park near the house and follow a logging road to the ndrthwest past an old sawmill set. About 2000 feet west of the sawmill set the logging road curves abruptly to the right around the nose of the ridge. The pegmatite containing the limonite cubes is exposed on both sides of the nose. The best collecting is on thenorth side. The cubic limonite pseudomorphs after pyrite are up to .lz" across and may 6e found loose in the soil. Locality 6 Amphibole, Asbestos, Chlorite, Kyanite, Muscovite; Quartz crystals, Serpentine The collecting sites are southeast down Raper Mountain road from Wikle's Store; which is on Georgia Highway 197. Site A is an open cut about 20 feet long which exposes mass-fiber, cross- fiber, and slip-fiber asbestos enclosed in hard green serpentine. Coarse green chlorite is associated with the asbestos. Large books may be obtained. At site B, southwest of an old barn, quartz crystals are scattered over the surface, The larger crystals, some up to 8" long, are milky and imperfectly formed. The small crystals are mostly clear. At site C a coarse~grained amphibolite crops out from which subhedral to enhedrai amphibole crystals can be collected, At site D, books of muscovite as wide as 4" are scattered along the road and near the entrance of an old adi.t. Most of the mica is ruled, wedge or Amica. It comes from a pegmatite which the adit follows for about 40 feet. Loose boulders irt the walls and roof of the adit render its entry unsafe. DIRT ROAO 89. HOUSE 0 zooo ft '-------~ 90. 4 I ~ Oa:'OUTC~OP COL.U:CTIHC BE'T OH NORTI-(E.ND C,+ ~,i,fl.,. eouLO&:~.s ow WCT SIDE OF I A .. - ~t1otALI. cATTLt LOADING /i>f:j)/ C~K HOiJS&:..--<$! ~ ~ BiRiil I IOAAAGE -DIRT ROAD I I ., 0 /..,_ORVEST RouTE TO B. I>'IAVCOLLI!:Cr kALI.. GA~NETS ON \IAV. I SMAL.L ~c:H N 0....__ _ _ ___:z::ojoo ft 91. 5 92. 6 A. ASiil!tStOs ,C~LoRtTI:; 5!RP~NTINI!- PIT 1!1 APPRojf. SOO'sw or: ClfiC:K~N IIOIJS. A~O 90 1 N'WOF P'AFtM I.A.Ni:. N 1 ~ASH DUMP . JIIM 'M.AIL. 0.1MI. pr,q\)M WIICLt':J 5 TCHtf...- DUT ~i.. OI'J~CI'!!:S'r OF 5MAL.l tf!OI;.K, P1T1$AIOi"'IQOJt. 400'~cwt ~OAp. 93. At site E, an old prospect pit, are coarse blades of kyanite in masses greater than one foot in diameter. The blades range from colorless to bright blue. Excellent specimens may be trimmed. Locality 7 Quartz crystals From Georgia Highway 197 take Pither the Rap(r Mountain road from Wtkle'A Store or take the dirt road which corsses Soque River just south of Grandpa Watt's Mill and proceed to the junction of these roads near Raper Creek. Cross Raper Creek and continue east toward Oakey Mountain Church. Just west of Mate's Branch a logging road leads off to the north up a low ridge. Follow this logging road past two old sawmill sets to a cluster of large dead cedar trees. West of this point, near the base of the ridge are thin veins .containing quartz crystals. Though mostly less than 111 long, the crystals are clear and well formed. Attractive clusters may be collected. Locality 8 Gold Go south on Georgia Highway 197 from Batesville past Grandpa Watt's Mill and turn left across Soque River on a dirt road. Continue to the first fork and turn right. Cross Raper Creek and follow the road past Oakey Mountain Church. Stop at the first house on the right (Mrs. Kate Barron). Behind the barn an old logging road leads to pits which are a part of the old LaPrade gold mines. This area was worked extensively during the 1800's. Gravel from the pits can be panned in Oakey Creek. Large nuggets have been found here, Locality 9 Asbestos, Beryl, Kyanite, Rutile Soapstone, Tourmaline The Arrendale home is 1.4 miles south of Batesville on Georgia Highway 197. Site A is 250 feet southeast of the Arrendale house where a soapstone body containing cross-fiber asbestos crops out. A single crystal of clear beryl 111 long in quartz was fou~d at this site. At B vein quartz float contains black slenaer tourmaline crystals up to 4 11 long. Reddish rutile crystals one inch long by 1/16 11 in diameter may be collected also from the quartz float. At C kyanite schist yields crystals as large as l.l,z 11 x .l,z11 x ~~~, which litter the surface. Locality 10 Beryl, Tourmaline From Clarkesville take Georgia Highway 197 towards Batesville and go 5 miles beyond the North Georgia Trade School. A culvert is at this point; a short distance further is a steel gate on the right. Two hundred feet further, on the NE side of the road, is the pegmatite bearing beryl and tourmaline. The beryl crystals are hexagonal prisms 111 long and ~~~ thick. The tourmaline crystals are about the same size but are black and have terminal faces. 94. 1 QLO SAWMILL. Sst N 1 I TQ GA. ~h. !9 7 anow GMt.~OP4 VA'fl''s MILL 95. ~ - - ~ ~"O\AKE:'( MOUNTAIN CH URCii zooo+t 0 %. 9 / : AR RE.NDrJ.I.e. 1-lousr. ~;;;;:::...~.(...---- GARAG.[ )(A-- SOAPSTONE;~ I::TC. N 0 97. IATI!$YIW... ~AASSY-- FoRESf ~AD 10 _..--SMALL I~OUSf. II)!!I'IALl BARNS ,,l,l, ; ,,,II,,,II DtG.PiiARS' FR!:Sio/ ANO VJI-IIT" WHE:qE: PRE:S~Iff. 109. Two pegmatites crop out in a tributary to Beaverdam Creek. Fresh specimens of massive feldspar can be collected from both. A sledge and chisel will facilitate collecting. Locality 20 Kyanite, Muscovite From Georgia Highway 17 on the west side of Habersham County follow a dirt road to the crest of Ale.c Mountain which is twelve-fifteen hundred feet east of Amos Creek. Follow the crest of Alec Mounatin to the collecting site. Unusual and attractive specimens of kyanite in a pegmatite can be collected at this locality. The kyanite blades are scattered throughout the pegmatite. Blades are clear to blue. Locality 21 Asbestos, Corundum, Garnet, Magnetite, Serpentine, Soapstone, Talc About 6 miles west of Clarkesville, on the west side of Alec Mountain, is Amos Creek. A hundred feet west of the bridge over Amos Creek is a farm road leading north past a small farm house. Follow this road past an old sawmill set and across small creek. Beyond the creek, the road forks. A hundred feet up the right fork is the edge of the collecting area. A tunnel and several trenches were dug here in prospecting for corundum. The tunnel is now caved, On a bouldery knoll are serpentine and chlorite schist containing magnetite octahedra as large as a 1/2 inch in diameter and brittle mass-fiber asbestos. The same rock types are exposed at the pit, where coarse dark green hornblende in gneiss and dark blue, speckled corundum can be collected Brown garnets are scattered through some of the amphibolites. Locality 22 Asbestos, Talc, Tourmaline Locality 22 is along a new road between Bethlehem Church, west of Clarkesville, and Batesville. For its location see Figure 25. A series of 4 pits were dozed out in 1967 mining for asbestos. Excellent specimens of asbestos and talc can be collected. The best talc is in the easternmost pit. Northward near an old sawmill set, residual quartz boulders contain black tourmaline crystals, the largest up to 1-1/2 inches long. Locality 23 Kyanite, Quartz Crystals, Tourmaline Travel Georgia Highway 197 north from Clarkesville almost to the North Georgia Trade and Vocational School. Site A is across the road from the campus canteen of the school. At site A,B,C and D abundant kyanite blades can be collected. They vary from pale gray to clear to blue in color and may be l/2 to 3 inches long. The blades have weathered out from the underlying kyanite schist, 110. 20 I< I(AN I Tl< W,\LK U, GA!ST orr RIO~! 0 21 MIN[ TUN"'I:LAWD PITS 111. ----------------~--------------2z~oooft 112. N 1 22 /.000 ft VA~UE LOGGING ROAD! OL.O GQOW'II! OVER >1Ul 23 DIM 1\~D s h-.), () ~\-(): \, (($ ~ ~-c;. .SCHc>oL 131JILOI~G SIJRF"AC f '!"HICKL Y LITTEREp IJITH RarOUAL KYA~ITEl CRYSTALS W()OOS c \\ ROAD--.....,.. ) !,j- -\- ?,~- .\' // k X .\' >: # -'\" X // WOOPLA~-!.P ~, ~, ~ - N j 0 2~00 ft ..w....... ~ J cr u ~ ---------- 1-' 1-' w 114. In the area marked E, quartz cobbles and pebbles scattered on the surface contain small crystals of black tourmaline, the largest 1 inch long. At site F, a quartz vein is exposed in the southeast bank of a dirt road, Fragments of the vein littering the baak and the road contain pretty shaped quartz crystals and small vugs which are lined with perfect small crystals. Locality 24 Epidote, Feldspar, Tourmaline Locality 24 is about 1 mile northwest of Bethlehem Church. At site A, a pegmatite curring garnite gneiss contains black tourmaline crystals as large as a half inch in diameter, as well as small garnets. At site B, unusually attractive specimens of "Unakite" may be found as float. The unakite consists mainly of pink feldspar, quartz, and epidote (green), The unakite takes a high polish. Unusually attractive ornamental stones can be fashioned from it. Locality 25 Graphite, Kyanite, Tourmaline Follow Georgia Highway 197 north from Clarkesville about 0.5 miles to Bethlehem Church. Turn right on the dirt road and then follow Locality Map No. 25. At site A, 3 kyanite exploration pits were dug about 1935. The first pit is approximately 300 feet northwest of the barn on locality Map 25. In the pit are large masses of kyanite crystals, and the field between the pit and the barn is liberally strewn with kyanite blades. The second pit is 200 feet northeast of the first. It exposes quartz with some kyanite, and sheets of muscovite up to 2" across. The third pit is 500' northeast of the second. It exposes fine specimens of kyanite in a quartz matrix. Small flakes of graphite are in the kyanitic masses. At site B the field is littered with kyanite crystals. This area was extensively mined from 1934 to 1942. At site C, abundant kyanite crystals and some quartz cobbles containing black tourmaline can be collected in the field and along the stream. Locality 26 Quartz Crystals From Clarkesville take Georgia Highway 197 to the North Georgia Vocational School. Just past the school, take the first paved road to the right. Follow it across Soque River to the collecting site. At the point marked A a quartz vein containing cavities that are filled with clusters of small quartz crystals crosses an old abandoned road, The crystals are somewhat cloudy but are well developed. They range from 1/8 to 1 inch in length. Attractive clusters of crystals may be collected, Locality 27 Kyanite Follow U. S. Highway 441 north 1.3 miles from Clarkesville. Turn left at Dixon's Store and go 1.3 miles to Gene's Food Store. Turn left on a private dirt road about 200 feet north of the store, and then follow the details on llS. 24 1400' rRoM ROAD TO 5TRE"A11 I="ORD - - ,/' .....__ / / I I \ \ I I \ I I -- / / N _ _ _ _ _ .0..._ :zooo ft 1 ~ 25 116.~------------------------------------------------------, A 0 GWAATZ wrrH IIrTt: AUt> MleA ... BETHLEHEM CHUI'\c.H N 26 D PARK HERE. I OLO WOODEN HOUS~ 500' PROM TVRNOJ:r 1"0 OIRT 1'(040 TO &TONI: H0115[ 117. SOTLO.NDE - - - HOIJS i!:.1!i' 118. 27 < PlAT ROllO STH'-'"n:M Ctt&IRC.Jol o..._ _ _ _ _ __::;uoo H ROAD SPL.IT.S HERE AND aCOM!S VAGUE ~-, / I _~ I 01..0 SA\o/MII..t. Of>RATION KVAIJIT' 13t.ADES UP TO .5"Jivi..'ENGn1 AI.ONG ROAD. SoMe; f>DOR 2''MtC.A CAN AL.$0 13 FOUND \ L.&N(;f"~ CIF RoAO ASOVI: j.,Pv:iO)II. 1200 1 119. Locality Map 27. During the 1930's, there was extensive mining for kyani.te and scrap mica in this area. Many of the old pits are still open and offer good collecting. Blades as large as 4" x l" x ~" of kyanite can be obtained. Locality 28 Kyanile For the location, refer to Figure 25 and to Locality Map No. 28. Coarse blades of kyanite litter the fields and farm road ;n the Kollock Estate. Color varies from gray to deep blue. Locality 29 Garnet, Kyanite, Quartz Crystals, Ruti]t For the location see Figure 25 and Locality Map No. 29. Large solid masses of kyanite blades crop out in the dirt lane and can be found loose in the surrounding area. These are very attractive specimens, some of the blades being very clear, deep blue, or clear with a deep blue stripe in the center. Black rutile and garnet crystals can be found along the same road. Both are as large as 1" in diameter. The garnets are usually weathered and of poor quality but some of the rutile specimens are very good. A short distance to the southeast, quartz crystals as large as 2~" in diameter have been found. Locality 30 Mica Take Highway 441 north from Clarkesville to Turneville and about 1 mile beyond. One can park across the road from the Cross home. Muscovite was mined from a pcgmat ite near th c Cross home several years ago. Some of the sheets trim down as large as 10" squan. Most of what remains on the dumps now is scrap mica, but excellent specimens might be obtained by digging. Locality 31 Limonite The collecting site is a short distance west of Turnerville. Brown limonite nodules up to 10" across litter the fields. They have formed by the weathering of sulphide masses which, presumably, lie below. Local residents refer to the limonite as "iron rock" or "iron ore". The colors are brown, red, and yellow-brown. Locality 32 Asbestos Take U. S. Highway 441 Porth out of Clarkesville to Hollywood, and then follow Locality Map No. 32. From 1924 to 1927 a large quantity of asbestos was mined and milled at this locality. The pits have slumped and are partly grown over, but still offer good collecting. The asbestos is short mass-fiber and either harsh to the feel or soft, depending upon the degree of weathering. 120. 28 BARNS OL-D SAWMILL. S'ET 0 .2000 f.t 121. 29 I _..:..-QUA~Tl lfE.IN WITI.j )f/5 1 ~ so' uP THt.. RoAo y~oM PowRLI1'41:. C.ROSSING 0 122. 30 .0..___ _ _ _ _--=1.:-:o:.011ft 123. 31 / / N 1 124. 125. Locality 33 Gold Travel U. S. Highway 441 north from Clarkesville to Glade Creek. Just north of Glade Creek turn right on a dirt road and continue past ponds and barn to the old railroad bed. Follow the old railroad bed northward to the pit. The same pits may be reached by continuing U. S. Highway 441 to Hollywood, turning right on Georgia Highway 17 for 500' and then right again on to the old rialroad bed, which can be followed south to the pits. This site was first worked for gold about 1860. Several acres have been worked over. The gravel still yields several colors per pan. Locality 34 Marble Follow U. S. Highway 441 to Hollywood, turn right on Georgia Highway 17. After crossing Walker Branch, take the first road to the left and follow it to Lawson Lake. Many years ago marble was quarried at this locality and burned for use as agricultural lime. The site is known as the old Billy Walker Quarry. The marble exposed here is gray to bluish gray and finely crystalline. Remains of the old lime kiln are still visible beside the road. Locality 35 Chalcopyrite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Quartz Crystals Travel north from Toccoa on Georgia Highway 184 to Yonah Lake on the Tugalo River. Then follow Locality Map No. 35. Two openings have been blasted on the side of a steep slope, above Big Shoals Branch, locally known as Horse Creek. Boulders and cobbles of quartz, pyrrhotite and pyrite, and limonite litter the area. A 3-foot thick vein of pyrrhotite and pyrite with scattered chalocopyrite is in the northermost opening. Most of the sulphide minerals are dark r.nd oxidized on the surface, but fresh specimens can be readily obtained by breaking open the boulders. Small quartz crystals are in veins associated with the sulphide minerals. Locality 36 Mica The Church Grocery Store and service station is about 2 miles west of Clarkesville on Georgia Highway 17. An old steam engine is parked near the store. A trail leads northeast from the store into the woods to an old sawmill set. The prospect trenches are just beyond. The trenches were dug about 1930. They encountered sheet mica up to 5" across most of the mica that remain on the dumps is ruled, wedged, or A-mica and is suitable only for scrap. Still, attractive specimens can be collected and collecting is easy. 126. HoLLYwooP AR~A TOO ROU~Iol r"ORCAR +t ,0.._ _ _ ____:;:..ooo ORRr.IVBE I.)Pco;"tLJ:P;---------------------J R.R.eeo. 127. 34 LO\ol CARS/ -1--f. --COLLeCTING i- OLO 81L.'- y WA.tK~~ QvARRY N 1 . . _ r THIS PORl"JON OF ROAD '""PASSABLE ~ ~ PARI'C "4RE ANI> COHTINU OPoi PoOT 128~-------- 0 129. 36 I OLD ST,4M i~ACTOQ )( ----=-'-- .- - C'I-IURC!H'SGRo.; ...._ SliR111C!: $7A . ...,..,.__WHITE HOU5fL o..__, u f t - [NGLISJ./'~ GAs SrATION 130. Locality 37 Chromite, Fuchsite, Sillimanite Follow Georgia Highway 17 about 1~ miles west from Clarkesville. About 700 1 beyond the first intersection, take a dirt road to the right and follow it 0.35 miles to site A. Small grains of black chromite can be found in prospect pits that were dug about 1900. Associated with the chromite is a vivid grassgreen mica, fuchsite, which is a chramiferous muscovite. Locality 38 Biotite, Feldspar, Hornblende, Garnet, Tourmaline On Locality Map No. 38 is a large abandoned granite quarry, where fresh specimens of biotite, feldspar, and granite gneiss can be collected. Small garnets are found throughout the quarry, but are especially abundant in quartzose zones 'ilhich cut the granite. Some of the quartz veins contain tourmaline crystals. Site B j_s a. smaller quarry about 200' north of A. Large pods of hornblende, biotite, and feldsyar, and smaller pods of garnetiferous quartz yields very attractive specimens. Locality 39 Limonite Go east from Piedmont College at Demorest past the old Demorest Railroad Station toward Mount Airy. Continue to the Piedmont College Farm, The wide valley which makes up a large part of the farm is liberally strewn with limonite fragments, particularly on the northwest slope of the valley. The limonite is brown, yellow-brown and red-brown in color. It is secondary product derived from the alteration of massive sulphide. Locality 40 Magnetite ;. Locality 40 is about 2 miles southeast of Demorest. see Locality Map No. 40. For the exact location, The magnetite occurs as residual fragments some of which show crystal faces scattered over the ground. The largest fragments are 1~11 across. Apparently the magnetite was derived from the weathering of veins in the underlying sillimanitic schist. Locality 41 Cryptomelane, Graphite, Manganese Oxide Follow U.S. Highway 123 north from Mr. Airy for 2 miles then refer to Locality Map No. 41. Black manganese oxide and cryptomelane (?) can be collected from old pita at site A, where this material was mined many years ago. same of the pieces show botryoidal structure. Diagnostic of these manganese minerals is their black streak. At site B, coarse flakes of black graphite are in vein quartz. The vein has not been located, but the graphite can be collected from residual boulders. 131. HOUSE 37 LAI< SPILlWAY loiiTH SILLII'!AHI1i. ElCPo.5EO OIAT RO..O wHITE' SCHOOl SVS WAITING ISU0 - 0 132. 38 133. DAM 39 ............ TAO.NOU.51.'J-4h"ftAiVI1J~2':(5 134. ~TO DMORES1 40 A"' LA R.;: 1 1101..1\ill: D OAI( ON NV 510&: 01' ROAD _______ 0 _.:.z.:..o, utt 135. 41 ------------~--------_J1oft 136. Water Habersham County is in the Piedmont Mountain Province which is characterized by high water yields. Average annual precipitation ranges from 53 to 70 inches and the average annual runoff ranges from 27 to 37 inches. The surface water is very soft with an average of pH 6,0 - 6,8 and an iron content ranging from 0.01 - 0.13 ppm The minimum 12 months flow (in cubic feet per second) of Habersham's rivers and streams during the 1954 drought (Cherry, 1961) are: Panther Creek Chattahoochee River Soque River Glade Creek Beaverdam Creek Hazel Creek Little Hazel Creek Little Mud Creek King Branch cubic feet/second 5.8 274 49 10 23 25 6.6 7.8 0.95 The minimum flow per square mile during the 1954 drought was 200,000 to 500,000 gallons per day. The average flow per square mile during 1937-55 was 1,630,000 gallons per day. Weathering of the rocks in Habersham County has produced a mantle 5 to 80 feet thick, which serves as a giant sponge, absorbing ground water during wet seasons and slowly releasing it during dry periods. A large volume of ground water is stored in this residuum and in cracks and crevices in the underlying rocks. The rock structures are a primary controlling factor for movement and storage of water. Schists and gneisses, particularly hornblende gneiss and amphibolite, usually have a good foliation and joint systems which facilitate movement and storage. The yield of wells is greatly influenced by their location with respect to topography. Those located in a valley are favored by three conditions: (1) ground water moves from the higher to the lower elevation; (2) the amount of residut'.tO. available for storage is usually greater in the valley; and (3) surface drainage is from high to low ground. The ground water is soft to moderately hard. Large volur.1es of high quality water are available, 137. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS J .r. Tl'<) Now (1914) owned by D. L. Pitner, F. G. Jones, A. F. Haygood; R. C. Canady. Near the White-Habersham County line in the north part of the county on lot 61, 6th district. It adjoins the John Martin place on the west and is 1~ miles a little north of west of Sogue and 11~ miles airline northwest of Clarkesville on the Tallulah Falls Railway. It is 7 miles by airline from Nacoochee. The prospects are located on the west and southwest slopes of Wolfpit Mountain at an elevation of 400-600 feet above the valley of Chickamauga Creek to the west. Property occupies 245 acres. Asbestos and associated soapstone deposits are located in a northeastsouthwest belt which crosses the ridge extending west from Wolfpit Mountain. Most outcrops are on the south slope. Also contains metaperidotite. Several openings show cross and mass fiber asbestos. Other small intrusions occur in this immediate vicinity. (4)(7) A. E. Berrong Prospects: 8.5 miles airline northwest of Clarkesville, on the south side of the soil road between Sogue and Helen in White County and 2.25 miles due west of Yellow Mountain in western Habersham County. Three separate deposits. Northernmost on south side of soil road. Basic intrusion about 75 feet long and 30 feet wide with long axes extending about north-south, and dipping at a moderate angle to the west. A large part of the body at the southern end is massive serpentine. Along the eastern edge is a considerable quantity of high grade mass fiber. (Also olivine and peridotite). A pit along the east side of the intrusion exposed several tons of mass fiber mixed with serpentine. The fiber is developed along the cracks in the serpentine and grading out from the cracks the fiber becomes less abundant. The two other deposits are located 300-500 yards south of above. Deposit at 300 yards lies one exposure of high grade mass-fiber rock. (7) J. J. Holcomb Property: 3 miles east of Nacoochee and 1~ miles south of Aerial are three outcrops. The deposits are south and southwest of Holcomb's house and near the Chattahoochee River. (7) E. P. West Estat~: Lot 118, 11th district, (1 mile south of Aerial). Natural exposures practically absent. * Once in White County, now in Habersham County. 141. (7) G. L. Lyons Property: 5 miles north of Sautee and ~ mile north of A. E. Berrongs' property, and~ mile south of John Martins' property. The dyke of basic rock crosses the creek a short distance west of Lyons house while the prospect pits are found near the crest of the ridge on the south side. (7) W. V. Morrison Property: 1 mile east of Sogue and 10 miles northwest of Clarkesville, a small dyke of soapstone exposed in the field opposite his house. (7) Ellis Lovell Property: 2 miles northeast of Soguc, a dyke J0'-10' wi.dc is 1/L mile southwest of Lovell's house and on the north side of a small branch. Some soapstone fragments seen on the surface. An open cut 20' long exposes a hard serpentine rock with some cross and slip fiber asbestos. (7) F. M. Wood Property: Lot 30, 11th district 2~ miles northeast of Sogue, a dyke of altered basic rock 40' wide, on the east bank of a creek near his house. Some corundum prospecting done here. (7) L. B. York and T. P. Wilson Properties: A short distance north of Wood's property there is an outcrop of soapstone on the north side of the public road. Lot 17, 13th district, near the dividing line between these two properties. Other out- crops reported further northeast. (7) Soapstone: Robert McMillian Property: 4 miles northwest of Cornelia. A small opening about 6' wide shows a chloritic schist with a strike north 20 east and dip 30 east. Similar material has been found in the town of Demorest near the residence of C. W. Stambaugh, at the north end of the lake. CHALCEDONY (8) Occurs 2 miles west of Clarkesville. CHALCOPYRITE (9) Occurs in Habersham County. CHLORITE (10) Secondary mineral formed with asbestos. (See anthophyllite). Outside deposits of boulder asbestos on Mack Mountain. CHROMITE (11) Found associated with asbestos. (See anthophyllite localities). CORUNDUM (12) Occurs in connection with the same basic intrusives as asbestos. (13)(15) Ruby corundum of sub-gem quality occurs at Alex Mountain in Piedmont Orchards, 6 miles northwest of Clarkesville, as nodules encased in a shell of margarite. Red corundum from Habersham County fluoresces ruby red under the mercury arc. 142. (14)(16) Corundum has been prospected from lots 125, 126, 127, 131, 132 and 133 of the 11th district of the county, at Alex Mountain. They lie close together in the southwest corner of the county and are accessible from Clarkesville (Clarkesville NE quadrangle, 1957) by way of the road up Beaver Darn Creek or from the r~ad which extends from the vocational school past Stone Pile Church and up the headwaters of Beaver Darn Creek. Actual access must be by jeep or on foot. The deposit is 100 yards wide at several points. On lot 133, a trench 5 x 10 x 5 feet has been dug on the slope near the top of a small hill. 50 pounds of good corundum enclosed by rnargarite was removed. Lot 134 has a third type of vein consisting of black hornblende, lirnesoda feldspar and corundum, as shown by surface specimens. (14) Mack Mountain Area: As good asbestos is mined here, corundum is also expected though no important occurrences have been noted as yet. It does occur on the John Martin property. (see asbestos). Small hexagonal crystals of corundum have been found on the dump from Tunnel Pit. Small cuts have been made in the search for corundum on lot 65, district 11 now owned by Ruel White, formerly by G. L. Lyons. The lots occur in the north west corner of Clarkesville NW quadrangle, 1957, and approximately where the quadrangle connects with the next one to the west (Helen quadrangle, 1957). The area is accessible by road up Sautee Creek from Nacoochee Valley or by Ga. 197 from Clarkesville. The mountainous district containing this material lies west of Batesville (Clarkesville NE quadrangle). (16) Other localities: Lot 16, 3rd district, and lot 129, 11th district, contain corundum. These two lots connect the Mack Mountain and Alex Mountain districts; they also include lot 17, 16th district (6th?) a lot 17 in Habersham County directly south of lot 16 mentioned may be the 'one referred to. Some prospecting has been done on lot 30, 11th district, 2~ miles northeast of Sogue. (17) Old mine near Mount Airy. DIAMOND (18) Habersham County reported to have yielded diamonds. Most reports of diamond finds in Georgia lack verification. (19) Find reported by J. T. Henderson. FELDSPAR, MICA AND PEGMATITES (21) Several pegmatite dykes found along Tallulah Falls Railway, particularly in the quartzite between Tallulah Falls and Turnerville. The larger bodies occur 1~, 2, 2~ and 3 miles below the falls. Some of the dykes are of coarse crystallization. Strike of the dykes is usually north 600 east. From Hollywood north for H, miles there are numerous ledges of pegrnatitic granite, some 10 or more feet wide. Feldspar here mixed with quartz and considerable muscovite, biotite is scarce. 143. 1~-3~ miles northwest of Cornelia are pegmatite dikes up to 6' wide. Carry an abundance of muscovite plates up to l-2 inches diameter. 3 miles east of Cornelia pegmatite lenses are exposed in bj.otitc gneiss along the Southern Railway - largest lens has a maximum width of 14 feet - contains an unusually high percentage of quartz with some biotite. Feldspar and mica reported from northwest part of county also. GALENA (22) The Commissioner of Agriculture (Jones, 1876, p. 18, 31) reports galena from Habersham County. GOLD (23) Two major productive gold belts in northeast Georgia. One of which lies in Habersham County and strikes northeast-southwest through the center. There are small isolated occurrences known in northwest part of the county. (24) Habersham County is traversed by the Hall County gold belt in a southwest- northeast course. Clarkesville is near this belt. Properties near the Chattahoochee River in the southwest part of the county. (24) Lot 57, lOth district. Some quartz veins of varying width - from 6" - 1' contained some pyrite and some free gold. (24) Lots 55 and 62, lOth district. Some placer work done on a small branch. (24)(25) Nichols Mine: 6 miles east of Clarkesville on lots 92, 120, in 12th district and close to the Tallulah Falls Railway. About 5 acres of placer. In narrow valley bottom alluvial deposit varies from 3 to 8 feet in thickness. Some gold found in adjacent hill slopes. The Dahlonega belt traverses a narrow portion of the northern part of the county. (21;) Placer Jcposi.ts along the Sogue River: Some placer mi.ning has been done on the property of J.P. Woods, also along the ri.ver on lol 28, 11th district and lol 20, 11th district which is to the northeast of lot 28. (24) Hood Mine: Lot 22, 13th district. Situated on the crest of a high ridge at the headwaters of the Sogue River. Quartz vein and placer deposit. Some gold in isolated localities has been found between the Hall and Dahlonega belts. (25) Lot 51, 11th district, 7 miles north of Clarkesville. Auriferous veins cut the country rock at right angles. Wilbanks property (1896) lot 147, 3rd district, located on the Chattahoochee River (T. G. Edwards property). (25) T. S. Bean property: Within corporate limits of Clarkesville. Gold occurs in the alluvial deposits along a small stream, flowing through eastern part of the town. 144. Lots 20 and 22, 13th district and lot 69, 6th district are small placer workings near the headwaters of the Sogue River. Deposits are chiefly in beds of the streams. (24)(25)(26) LaPrade Placer: Lot 135, 11th district, at the base of Tallulah Mountain, 10 miles north of Clarkesville. Located at junction of two small streams. Area covers three acres. Deposit consists of heavy beds of gravel and water-worn boulders, overlain by a thin layer of earth. Also known as: (26) Shelton's Gold Mine: The mine is on the waters of the Sogue, branch of the Chattahoochee River and with ranges of lots in the fifteenth district, forms the dividing ridge between the Sogue and Tallulah, a branch of the Savannah River. The Ooky Mountain is to the north of lot 35, 11th district,. about a mile, and from the top of it, Clarkesville can be seen. The surface of the lot is uneven, one corner of the lot appeared to be 800' above the level of the branch. Gneisses predominate; there are strata of mica and talcose rocks and fragments of quartz abundantly scattered over the surface,' A great deposit of gold was found on "No. 1" branch (of the stream) and some rich specimens on "No. 2" (a small simple map in the paper, but little labelling, so no use). GRAPHITE (20)(27) Saved by flotation in the milling of kyanite near Clarkesville. IRON (28) An iron mill was established on the site of the Habersham Cotton Mills, 4 miles from Clarkesville. (29) Limonite ore may occur in commercial quantity on lot 73, lOth district, which is known as Piedmont Farms property and is owned by the Piedmont College at Demorest. Ore can be seen here ~mile east of railroad station at Demorest where the iron lead crosses the public road. The ore occurs as fracture fillings and layers in the schist, associated with quartz. ITACOLUMITE (30) 12 miles south of Tallulah Falls in the bed of the river is a vast ledge of itacolumite. Habersham County contains marble and vast quantities of vein ores and four gold veins exist which are true and fissure veins. The Mathis Mine is near Clarkesville (Stephens Co.?). KYANITE (31)(33) Kyanite deposits are well known from tre vicinity of the North Georgia Vocational School, just north of Clarkesville (Clarkesville NE quadrangle). Crystals are strewn along the highway opposite the college for ~ mile, and thickly distributed over the college yard and the adjacent land. Outcrops show kyanite in the bedrock 1"'5. which can be followed through the field and woods to Soque River. A few hundred feet west o the college, along the road near a schoolhouse there is a fine exposure of schist containing kyanite and the crystals are abundant in the yard (Prindle, 1935, p. 11). Visits by the writer also indicate abundant kyanite in the schists and soil south of the school and west of highway 197. (31)(33) W. E. Black property: A small stream about one mile long heads in the area ~mile east of the college, flows south and enters Soque River one mile above the bridge at Clarkesville. According to Prindle, the valley about ~ mile above its mouth is limited on the west by the rather steep slope of a ridge, less than 50 feet hiKh. This ridge extends southward tongue-like from the main upland surface towards the valley floor of Soque River (Clarkesville, NE quadrangle) and the stream i.s small hut beneath it, and overlying the decomposed bedrock, is a bed of gravel two feet or more thick, thinning in some places and thickening in others, overlain by two or three feet of overburden. The gravel beds are about 300 feet or more wide. It is at least ~ mile long and may extend much further unless cut away by Soque River. This gravel is so rich in kyanite crystals that it is reported to carry in places as much as 40 lbs. to the cubic foot and mining has been done in this locality. One half mile north of placer mine is a belt of mica schist similar to that of Alec Mountain (where kyanite recovered from decomposed mica schist) and striking northeast parallel to it. According to Prindle along the strike of the kyanite schist, northeastward from the college, exposures are found in the woods near the west side of Soque River on property owned by the Kollock family. Crossing the river to the cast side, the schist continues northeast across part of the Kollock property and part of the Heyward property (Clarkesville NE quadrangle). (31) Soque River makes an abrupt bend in this part of its course and is limited on its left by a steep cliff about 1000 feet long and 100 feet high. The bedrock for 70 feet above the level of the river is composed of gneisses but the uppermost 30 feet of the cliff is made up of kyanite schist with some interlayered pegmatite, biotite-quartzite, and a thin, folded bed of vitreous quartzite. Nearly 25 feet of this part of the section contains kyanite. To the west, towards Soque River, in tl .e vicinity of Sleepy Hollow, the surface of the ground is covered with an abundance of residual kyanite crystals over a width of 300-400 feet. Many of the crystals are of finger length and there are scattered pieces of kyanite crystals in masses. (31) At Woodlands locality (continuing with Prindle) three miles northeast of Clarkesville, the schist 300-400 feet or more wide crosses a part of the property of W. A. Nicholson and the Kollock property south of the residence at Woodlands (Tallulah Falls quadrangle, 1953). Several large pieces of kyanite crystals of the No. 1 type, a foot or more in diameter have been found in this vicinity. An instructive section is shown where the kyanite schist crosses the farm road that extends from the main road south to Deep Creek, east of Woodlands. In addition to the residual crystals, kyanite is also present in w~ter-worn gravel at a level of about 80 feet above Deep Creek. The schist belt crosses the farm road 200 feet farther south, and the fine- textured alluvial beds extending from a higher level towards Deep Creek contain thin Layers of kyanite. The kyanite schist belt in this area is about 200 feet or more wide but the width over which kyanite is present is increased by occurrences of placer kyanite. (31) J. M. Inglis farm farther northeast from No. 4. The kyanite belc widens to about 600 feet and then contracts again to about 300 feet in crossing the next valley through the farm of J. M. Inglis about 4 miles northeast of Clarkesville (Tallulah Falls quadrangle). Here dornicks of type one kyanite are present along with crystals 146. in gravel deposits on the farm of J. M. Inglis which were used for roads in the town of Clarkesville and found to be rich in kyanite crystals. The schist crosses the next ridge to the northeast where it is about 250 feet wide, judging by the distribution of crystals which litter the ground. It continues ~ mile farther, crosses Deep Creek where the crystals are much smaller and seem to terminate a short distance beyond. A mile further northeast, however, there is another area of schist that contains not only the crystals of kyanite but also a small amount of kyanite of type 1. (31) Deposit near Turnerville. West of Turnerville there is kyanite schist present according to Prindle, on both sides of a low ridge, trending north and shedding its material with small streams on each side (Tallulah Falls quadrangle). Masses of the No. 1 type of kyanite, rather common on this ridge, mingle with the crystals. Along the east side of the ridge there is a small deposit of placer kyanite extending ~ mile down stream from the east-west road at an altitude of 35 feet ahove the stream and 200 feet west of it. A road exposure shows 6 to 12 inches of gravel under an overburden of three to five feet. The kyanite schist of this area does not appear to extend far beyond Turnerville. (31) Addison property. From the college, the schist belt is traceable to Sutton Mill Creek (Clarkesville NE quadrangle) where it appears on the north side of the road east of the creek. The belt trends northwest and widens to a 1000 feet or more at the Addison property, 3\ miles northwest of Clarkesville where kyanite crystals are distributed over the width of the belt. West of this belt there is another belt of kyanite schist which contains smaller crystals and still further westward another belt with fine- to medium-sized crystals and still another belt about 100 feet wide with many large crystals more or less wrapped in muscovite. (31) Stonepile Church and Alec Mountain. The schist continues towards the north- west from No. 7 (Clarkesville NE) and about ~ mile from Stonepile Church is exposed for a width of about 250 feet in an old road that runs southwest from the church. There is a fine display of crystals beyond the woods and in the fields to the northwest. The belt is traceable over the ridges and across the valleys to the Piedmont Orchard Company property on Alec Mountain where the decomposed schist has been mined. Corundum has been found at two localities in this area in the decomposed gneiss about ~ mile south of the mine. At the Alec Mountain mine the schist is abOl.t 250 feet wide but further east contains nunerous garnets with only a few small kyanite crystals. (31) Segue River and Rapor Creek. From Alec Mountain northeastward to Soque River (northern part of Clarkesville NE quadrangle) and still further to Raper Creek, the gneiss contains a good key bed for locating the position of the schists west of them. The abundance of residual kyanite along the continuous exposures of schist from Alec Mountain to Soque River indicates a good percentage of kyan'ite in the bedrock. A subordinate belt of kyanite schist 500-1000 feet or more west of the main belt occurs at several places from Soque River northeastward to the mountainous region toward Burton Dam. (Tallulah Falls quadrangle). There are fine exposures of the main belt from Soque River to Rapor Creek and if it becomes desirable to mine kyanite in hard rock, the schist at Rapor Creek could be mined northeast and southwest along the strike of the rocks for long distances. The amount of kyanite is sufficient for prolonged m~n~ng. The percentage may only be roughly es t'imat.ed but some of the material would appear to carry as much as 10 percent of kyanite. Thus, this area serves as a potential reserve of possible importance in the future. (32) Localities - Map is included in the book. (1) Sleepy Hollow, (2) Kollock Home, (3) I. M. Inglis home, (4) Addison Home, (5) Alec Mountain Mine. 14 7. The bed of kyanite schist is an unsymmetrical U shaped body, total length 30 miles, with the western links longer than the eastern. The width of the outcrop ranges from 100 1 to !z; mile or more. The dip is nearly horizontal to vertical. Kyanite schist is not found between Turnerville and Tallulah Falls, but reappears some 5 miles southeast of Lakemont, near Camp Creek. Kyanite is produced at Alec Mountain and l mile northeast of Clarkesville from stream gravel. MARBLE (34) (I) !z; mile south of the mouth of Little Panther Creek. A greyish-blue massive magnesium bearing marble. (II) Billy Walker Quarry: 2% miles southwest of the mouth of Panther Creek along the southeast side of the Turnerville public road. The rock is a grey, massive, magnesium marble. MANGANESE (35)(36)(37) John P. Fort property: The only place where found in this county of commercial quantity is the John P. Fort property, lot 177, lOth district, 2 miles northeast of Mount Airy in the southern part of the couocy. The occurrence of the deposit is on the southeast side of the Southern Railway in the mica schist which is cut by quartz veins and dioritic dikes. The location is on the Chattahoochee River at an elevation approximately 1,550' above sea level overlooking the valley of Broad River at its source. Manganese oxide occurs as cement in a brecciated quartz vein cutting the mica schist; also, as seams along schistose planes and as cement between quartz grains in res.idual clay, and sand from the mica schist. At one of the shafts sunk here in one opening made is a massive ore at less than 3 feet below the surface which is formed of crystalline steel-grey manganese, cementing together small grains of quartz. Analysis shows 54.16% manganese. No workable manganese has yet been found (1908). (38) (39) MARGARITE Found at Alec Mountain in Piedmont Orchards as a shell around corundum. See corundum reference for directions to Alec Mountain. MUSCOVITE (40) Pre-Cambrian kyanite mica schist of Habersham County is composed partly of muscovite. Mica, muscovite and biotite, have been sold commercially after the milling of kyanite in the Clarkesville area. OLIVINE (41) Found in Habersham County associated with asbestos as the crystallized form 148. of the basic intrusive lava. (See anthophyllite for locality directions). OPAL (42) Wax opal occurs in Habersham County near Clarkesville. PYRITE - PYRRHOTITE (43) Map showing position (roughly) of pyrite prospect in extreme east of county where it joins South Carolina. Map indicating this county has 2 granite quarries. (44) A pyrrhotite vein is present on lot 208, 12th district, owned by the Appalachian Corporation (1918). Panther Creek Prospect: The outcrop is on the mountain side northeast of the junction of Horse and Panther Creeks, 325 1 above the level of the creeks and 200 1 below the top of the hill. It is 2~ miles airline from Turnerville and 2 miles from the nearest point on the Tallulah Falls Railroad but is in an area with very rugged and broken topography. The vein is from 1-3 feet thick and strikes north 25 east and dips 20 southeast approximately the same as the schistosity of the country rock. The pyrrhotite vein is in the center of a larger vein of quartz. PYROLUSITE (45) Has been reported in Habersham County. PYROXENE (46) Found with olivine in the asbestos areas. PYRRHOTITE (47) It is found 2.5 miles northeast of Turnerville on Panther Creek. This has been analyzed and found to show Fe 54.96: S 36.09 which indicates 4.5% excess sulphur over that required by the formula, possibly due to admixture of some pyrite. QUARTZ (48) Found in Habersham County. Following varieties noted: Amethyst - between Tallulah and Blue Ridge. Chalcedony - 2 miles west of Clarkesville. Agate - 2 miles west of Clarkesville. SILVER (17) Small deposits were reported near Currehee Mountain (Stephens County) but none in paying amounts. 149. TALC (49) It is found in Habersham County associated with the asbestos deposits. At Mack Mountain. Take Georgia 194 from Clarkesville and 12 miles north of this town is Sogue. Turn left on to a soil road and then to the right on a "new" woods trail in the national forest on the south side of Mack Mountain. The asbestos deposit is in the form of a boulder-like knob. The exterior of this knob is mainly talc and chlorite. TOURMALINE (SO) In the Tallulah Gorge, which is mainly quartz schist, thin seams of lenticular masses of intercalated, highly graphitic margarite schist, carry crystals of tourmaline. VERMICULITE (51) Found in asbestos deposits as a secondary mineral. See (35) for directions to Mack Mountain. (1) (2) (3) (!.+) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (ll) 02) (13) (14) (15) (16) (J7) REFERENCES - HABERSHAM COUNTY Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 1' p. 11. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1951, Vol. IV, Issue 2, p. 81-82. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1960, Vol. XIII, Issue 4, p. 169. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1956, Vol. IX, Issue 1' pp. 3, 4, 5' 6. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6' p. 5. Georgia Geological Survey, 1910, Bull. No. 23, p. 33. Georgia Geological Survey, 1914, Bull. No. 29, p. 154, 271. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 1' P 11. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1952' Vol. v, Issue 5' p. 138. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6, p. 5. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6' p. 5. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6' p. 5. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 2, p. 48. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1960, Vol. XIII, Issue 4, p. 169. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1959, Vol. XII, Issue 3, p. 103. Georgia Geological Survey, 1894, Bulletin No. 2, p. 96. Pamphlet material - Habersham County. 150. (18) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6, p. 10. (19) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1959, Vol. XII, Issue 3, p. 103. (20) Georgia Geological Survey, 1910, Bull. No. 23, p. llO. (21) Georgia Geological Survey, 1915, Bull. No. 30, p. 124. (22) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1960, Vol. XIII, Issue 3, p. 126. (23) Georgia Tech Special Report, 1946, No. 21' p. 71, 80. (24) Georgia Geological Survey, 1909, Bull. No. 19, p. 125' 229, 269. (25) Georgia Geological Survey, 1896, Bulletin No. 4, p. 102. (26) American Journal of Science (Sillimans Journal) Journal 24. (27) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1949, Vol. II, Issue 4, p. 12. (28) History and Resources of the Hills of Habersham Co., 1937, (Dept. Education Habersham County), p. 39. (29) Georgia Geological Survey, 1924, Bull. No. 41, p. 133. (30) Geology and Mineralogy of Georgia, M. F. Stephenson, 1871, p. 114. (31) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1960, Vol. XIII. (32) History and Resources of the Hills of Habersham Co., 1937, (Dept. Education Habersham County), p. 39. (33) Georgia Geological Survey, 1934, Bull. No. 46, p. 6. (34) Georgia Geological Survey, 1912, Bull. No. 27, p. 110. (35) u. s. Geological Survey Bull. No. 427, 1910, p. 45. (36) Georgia Geological Survey, 1919, Bull. No. 35, p. 209. (37) Georgia Geological Survey, 1908, Bull. No. 14, p. 169-171. (38) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 2, p. 48. (39) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1960, Vol. XIII, Issue 4, p. 169. (40) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1949, Vol. II, Issue 4, p. 9' 13. (41) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6, p. 5. (42) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 1, p. 12. (43) Pamphlet Material - Georgia Minerals. (44) Georgia Geological Survey, 1918, Bull. No. 33, p. 204. (45) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 6, p. 213. l5l. (46) (47) (48) (49) (SO) (51) Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6, p. 5. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1949, Vol. II, Issue 2, p. 10. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1950, Vol. III, Issue 1' P 10. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6, p. 5. American Geologist, Vol. 27, 1901, p. 71. Georgia Mineral Newsletter, 1948, Vol. I, Issue 6, p. 5. 152. APPENDIX II MINE AND PROSPECT EXAMINATIONS HABERSHAM COUNTY Pl* Asbestos -John Tatum (was A. E. Berrong, was H. A. Lyon). (4) Location: Habersham County, on Georgia Highway 255, north of Sautee Creek, 2300' WNW of mouth of Ivy Branch; 15200' FNL and 150 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. First mined about 60 years ago; operator unknown. Mass fiber asbestos occurs along and adjacent to cracks and joints in haru massive serpentine. Asbestos is hard crystalline except for small boulders which have been thoroughly weathered. Prospected and mined area measures approximately 100' EW by 100 1 NS. Two trenches have been cut into a small knoll. Trenches are 12 to lS feet deep, now partially filled and wooded. Eastern trench trends N 35 W, western trench N S0 W. Relationship of serpentine to bounding rock units difficult to determine. However, soapstone outcrop north of highway is concordant with enclosing mica schist which strikes N and dips 39 W. Pegmatite float, medium-crystalline, 1. 75 1 west of trenches. P2 Asbestos - John Tatum (was A. E. Berrong, was H. A. Lyon). (4) Location: Habersham County, south of Georgia Highway 255 and south of Sautee Creek, 1.400 1 WSW of mouth of Ivy Branch; 16000' FNL and 1000 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Prospected about 60 :>ears ago, but no asbestos removed. Powhatan Mining Company, Baltimore, Maryland, opened small pit in spring of 1962 and remove1 small amount of asbestos. Work supervised by Mr. Mett. Open trench along side of hill, at elevation of approximately 14SO', trends N S0 W. Considerable quantity of mass fiber boulders on slope and in trench. Minor amount of cross fiber in veins up to 1.5 11 wide cutting mass fiber. Color predominantly green, with some yellow (contains large amount of clay and mica). Float indicates prospect is bounded by mica schist, garnetiferous, and hornblende gneiss. Garnetiferous mica schist and hornblende gneiss crop out approximately 200' SE of prospect. * Prospect number, th( order in which examined. The numbers below, in parentheses, refer to the refcrenc2s at the end of Appendix I. Footnote: Prospects are located by coordinate distances from the map boundaries. For example, "1000 1 FNL and 500 1 FEL of Clarkesville quadrangle" means 1000 1 From North Line (north boundary) and 500' From East Line (east boundary). 153. P3 Asbestos - W. C. Lyon (was H. A. Lyon). (4) Location: Habersham County; south of Georgia Highway 255 and south of Sautee Creek, 900' west of mouth of Ivy Branch; 15,600' FNL and 1500' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Outcrop of mass fiber asbestos, very hard, in recently stripped area north of dirt road. Body exposed measures approximately 25' long strike by 8' wide. Strikes N 18 W, dips WSW at moderate angle. Chlorite schist with octahedral crystals of magnetite (less than 1/8") along strike to north. Asbestos bounded on ENE by interlayered garnetiferous gneiss, mica schist, and amphibolite, all cut by quartz veins. Quartz veins contain magnetite, which has resulted in miniature placers along small gulleys and in ditches. P4 Asbestos - W. C. Lyon (was H. A. Lyon). Location: Habersham County, south of Sautee Creek and west of Ivy Branch, 2000' WSW from mouth of Ivy Branch; 17200' FNL and 1100' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small prospect pit, 8' x 12' x 5 1 deep, opened about 60 years ago. Filled now, no rock exposed. Small amount of mass fiber asbestos around pit. Pit is on south side of crest of E-W trending spur. Similar pit on north side of spur, about 100 feet distant shows some mass fiber with small -~ount of cross fiber. Longest fibers seen were 2 inches. Bearing between two pits is N 12 W. Granite gneiss boulders on south side of spur. PS Asbestos - E. K. Davis. Location: Habe~sham County; south of Sautee Creek, west of Ivy Branch, 2700' SSW of mouth of Ivy Branch; 18000' FNL and 1250' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Mined in spring of 1962 by Powhatan Mining Company, Baltimore, Maryland. Small amount of asbestos removed. Work supervised by Mr. Mett. Outcrop of mass fiber asbestos; small amount of cross fiber on dump, along with boulders of serpentine, and several slabs of quartz-mica schist with scattered small garnets. Prospect contains large quantity of hard mass fiber, some soft mass fiber, a little cross fiber. Granite gneiss with medium-crystalline pegmatite pods crops out 75' down on north slope. P6 Corundum -E. K. Davis (was Kirksey Davis). Location: Habersham County; west of Ivy Branch, 1900 1 south of mouth of Ivy Branch, 600' south of W. C. Lyon residence; 17300' FNL and 2800' FWL 154. of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Mine opened 1890-95. Tunnel driven into slope and timbered. According to natives, a small amount of ''white11 corundum was removed. Opening sti 11 visible, but caved. No corundum found on dump. Several small slabs of chlorite schist ncar opening. Outcrop of very hard mass fiber asbestos, fibers very short, near tunnel. P7 Garnet - Earnest Jackson. Location: Habersham County; east of Sautee Creek, south of Cove Branch, 500 ESE of mouth of Cove Branch; 12200' FNL and 5600' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Residual concentration of garnets along old farm road east of Sautee Creek, south of mouth of Cove Branch. Garnets have weathered out of garnet-mLca schist which strikes N 27 E, dips 35 NW. Garnetiferous beds cross di rL road at old Henry Harris homeplace. Garnets as much as 2 inches in diameter. PB Garnet - W. Z. Wood. Location: Habersham County; east of Sautee Creek, south of Cove Branch, 2100' south of mouth of Cove Branch; 14400' FNL and 5200' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Minimum 100-foot wide residual concentration of garnets as large as 2 inches in diameter. Garnet-mica schist stri~es N 20 E and dips 27 SW. P9 Garnet - County road. Location: Habersham County; east of Sautee Creek and south of Cove Branch, 750 1 southeast of mouth of Cove Branch; 12700 1 FNL and 6000' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Residual concentration of garnets along county road between Batesville and Piedmont Orchards. Garnets as much as 3 inches in diameter. PlO (7) (14) (16) Asbestos - Ruel White (was G. L. Lyon). Location: Habersham County; along unnamed tributary draining south to Sautee Creek, 3000 1 north of mouth of tributary; 12000' FNL and 300' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Mine worked about 1895 or 1900; small amount of asbestos removed. Pit dug in serpentine and chlorite schist, with some poor quality mass fiber. Fifty feet south a small dug pit is now covered and shows nothing. Thirty feet further south a larger pit, 12-15 feet wide, shows mass fiber intermixed 15 5. with mica and chlorite schists, and a small fault fissure (3"-3~" wide) carrying good slip fiber asbestos. Fibers 8" to 10" long are exposed for about 5 feet vertically along vein. A tunnel at the bottom of this pit was driven for approximately 15 feet, apparently following vein. Large quantity of hard mass fiber crops out between pits. Pll (3) (4) Asbestos - U. S. Government, National Forest (was John Martin). Location: Habersham County; south of Mack Mountain and east of Sheep Knob, at head of unnamed south-flowing tributary of Sautee Creek; 8000' FNL and 350 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Explored by shaft about 60 years ago. Trenched 12-14 years ago by Powhatan Mining Company, Baltimore, Maryland. Work supervised by Mr. Mett. No asbestos recovered. Nose of ridge trends approximately N-S and has been trenched across in five places. Northernmost trench is described first: 1. 10' wide, 50' long, 5' deep. Mica schist, with small amount of sericite; no asbestos. 35' to center of next trench. 2. 12' wide, 150' long, 6'-8' deep across nose. Mica schist, with sericite, and large quantity of fairly soft mass fiber; small amount of cross fiber. 50' to center of next trench. Mass fiber asbestos crops out between pits. 3. 10 1 wi.de, 125' long, 10' deep in C(~nlQr. Rock i.s deeply weathered but shows good mass Uber, with considcr:-~blc rni.ca and chloritP, some cross fiber, and a 6" to 10" layer of cry!:ltallLne chlorite. 75' to center of next trench. Hard mass fiber crops out between trenches. 4. 10' wide, 75' long, 5' deep. Primarily mica schist and sericite. Mass fiber float continues on surface, with big boulders of hard sericitic mass fiber outcrop 75' south. 100' to next trench. 5. 10' wide, 60' long, 5' deep. Mostly covered. Banks are residual clay; no asbestos. Schistosity appears to strike generally E-W and dip to the south from 30 to 50, but in places being nearly horizontal. Pl2 Asbestos -Blalock Lumber Company (was J. J. Holcomb). (7) Location: Habersham County; southwest of Georgia Highway 17, 2600' west of Amys Creek Church, 10600' FSL and 3700' FEL of Helen quadrangle. Prospected about 60 years ago, none mined. Trench approximately 30' long, 3' wide, now about 3' deep. No rock visible. A few pieces of short mass fiber asbestos around trench. Another small pit 100' south. 156. Pl3 Asbestos - Blalock Lumber Co. (was J. J. Holcomb). (7) Location: Habersham County; 700' south of Pl2. Description same as Pl2. Pl4 Asbestos - Blalock Lumber Company (was J. J. Holcomb). Location: Habersham County; southwest of Georgia Highway 17, 4000' south of Aerial; 10400' FSL and 5850' FEL of Helen quadrangle. Local report is that area was prospected some 60 years ago, and mined extensively some 12-14 years ago by Powhatan Mining Company, Baltimore, Maryland, under supervision of Mr. Mett. Mining excavations extend along side of ridge, near crest, for about 150', trending N 25 E, and are 50 1 to 75 1 wide. Excavations deeply weathered, slumped, and overgrown - no exposures. Considerable quantity of mass fiber boulders, along with chlorite and mica schist. Pl5 Gold - Charlie F. Allen (was Williams). Location: Habersham County; south of Mauldin Mill Creek, west of Georgia Highway 17, 900' southwest of Georgia Highway 17 bridge over Mauldin Mill Creek; 14700' FSL and 7500 1 FEL of Helen quadrangle. Gold prospect approximately 50-60 years old. Trench is about 30 1 long, 4' wide, and 4' deep; trends N 25 W. Trench is filled and overgrown; no rock exposed. Quartz boulders in and around trc.nch contain some limonite boxwork and pyrite. Sample taken for analysis. Pl6 Asbestos - Blalock Lumber Company (was Metcalfe). Location: Habersham County; east of Chattahoochee River, 6500' southwest of Aerial; 9300' FSL and 10000' FEL of Helen quadrangle. Prospect opened about 10-15 years ago by Powhatan Mining Company, Baltimore, Maryland under direction of Mr. Mett. No asbestos removed. More or less circular pit approximately 50 feet in diameter. Badly slumped and overgrown; cnn Sl!(~ no relationships. Two very large dornicks of' m~E:JH Uhcr .in pit, will! many smaller weathered pieces scatlerc~d over nrc:J. No cross or slip fiber noted. Pl7 Mica -C. W. Lindsey. Location: Habersham County; west of Georgia Highway 17, 2200' south of Aerial; 12200' FSL and 6000' FEL of Helen quadrangle. Area never prospected for mica. 15 7. Pegmatite crosses woods road at Pl7 and again approximately 1200' to the southwest, where it is trending N 60 E. Quartz dominant on outcrop, but fair amount of feldspar. Scrap mica is abundant. Largest sheets noted were 3" in diameter, although natives report picking up sheets 8" to 10" in diameter immediately to the NE when field was in cultivation - this area now wooded and grounrl covered with pine needles. Much of the mica is either stained, A-mica, or ruled. Pl8 Asbestos - Ruel White (was G. L. Lyon). (7) Location: Habersham County; north of Georgia Highway 225 and Sautee Creek, 2000' northwest of mouth of Ivy Branch; 13000' FNL and 500' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Prospected 50-60 years ago. Pit approximately 20' long, 12'-15' wide, 8' deep, trends N 60 W. Very small amount of mass fiber, associated with mica and chlorite schist. No country rock exposed. One boulder of serpentine noted on dump. Pl9 Flagstone - W. C. Lyon, W. Z. Wood, and Claude Cowart. Location: Habersham County; along Sautee Creek, near mouth of Ivy Branch; 15700 1 FNL and 2700' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Belt of amphibolite; should be noted as possible source of flagstone. Splits fairly easily into 2" to 8" sheets, up to 2' x 3', is flat, hard, and fresh rock has good color. Stone from this locality has been used locally for steps, walks, walls, and chimneys. P20 (3)(4) Asbestos - U. S. Government, National Forest (was John Martin). Location: Habersham County; Mack Mountain, near crest and 500'-600' south of crest of Mack Mountain, west of Batesville; 2700' FNL and 600' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. This area has been extensively prospected by trench, pit, and tunnel, but still, with the trenches and pits mostly covered or filled and the tunnel unsafe and caving, little can be seen concerning local relationships of asbestos to country rock. The asbestos, mostly mass fiber exposed, with much mica, talc, and chlorite, occurs with serpentine and thin seams (less than 1 foot) of green and white foliated and crinkled talc and soapstone. Mica schist and garnet-mica schist appear to be the enclosing rock. P21 Asbestos - V. L. Lovell, Jr. (was Ellis Lovell). (7) Location: Habersham County; northeast of Batesville, west of Raper Creek, 158. 6300' east of mouth of Goshen Creek; 2800' FSL and 10150' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Prospect cut made about 50-60 years ago at exposure of 30' to 40' wide basic dike. Open cut is about 20' long. Hard serpentine encloses mass fiber asbestos, with some good cross fiber and slip fiber veins. P22 Mica - U. S. Government, National Forest. Location: Habersham County; west of Raper Creek, 1400' SSW of mouth of Long Branch; 400 1 FSL and 12700' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Prospected by W. L. Morrison about 1950. Recovered only scrap mica; none sold. Pegmatite, 2'-3' thick. Quartz core, muscovite on either side, and feldspar on outside. Prospect tunnel is approximately 40' long, and parallels the strike of the pegmatite, which forms the roof. Pegmatite is concordant wi LIJ enclosing mica schist and quartz-feldspar-mica gneiss, striking N 7 E iliHI dipping approximately 40 W. Mica exposed is of little quantity and poor quality. Feldspar is w~l I weathered and soft. P23 Soapstone - J. W. Wykle (was L. B. York and T. P. Wilson). (7) Location: Habersham County; along Georgia Highway 197, west of Raper Creek, 8500 1 SSW of Habersham-Rabun County line; 8500' FSL and 11400 1 FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Soapstone crops out in bank west of highway and in Raper Creek east of highway, associated with green hornblende gneiss. P24 Chlorite - L. V. Lovell. Location: Habersham County; immediately west of Georgia Highway 197, 4900' southwest of Habersham-Rabun County line; 11700' FSL and 13000' FWL of Burt.on Lake quadrangle. Band of crystalline chlorite crosses property in back of house; outcrop width approximately 60'. North of house, hornblende gneiss crops out, striking N 46 E and dipping 39 NW. Area should be checked closely for asbestos and/or corundum. P25 Asbestos -John Stamie (was F. M. Wood). (7) Location: Habersham County, east of Raper Creek, and 2000' NE of Wykle's Store; 6900 1 FSL and 11200' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Outcrop was prospected for asbestos and corundum some 50-60 years ago - no material sold. 159. Outcrop is serpentine, hard, massive, with small amount of hard mass fiber and some cross fiber. Small prospect pit is mostly covered - measures 30' long, 5' wide, and 4' deep; trends N 35 W. Garnet-mica schist crops out 300' NE of serpentine, striking N 26 E and dipping 31 SE; garnets as large as 3" in diameter. P26 Soapstone -Mrs. W. T. Arrendale (was W. V. Morrison). (7) Location: Habersham County; along Georgia Highway 197, southeast of Batesville, 7200 1 SE of junction with Georgia Highway 255; 6500' FNL and 8500' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Soapstone float in cultivated field across highway from house. P26A Asbestos. Small soapstone dike, with feldspar in contact to SE, garnetiferous mica schist to NW. Outcrop is on NE side of highway, 250' SE of Arrendale house. Small amount of soft cross fiber asbestos in dike. Location is on paved road, easily accessible, and warrants further investigation. Also at this locality is pegmatite quartz float with long acicular crystals of rutile. One crystal of white beryl, l-inch diameter, noted in quartz. P26B Kyanite. Kyanite-mica schist crosses road 800' SE of Arrendale house, striking N 70 W, dipping 34 SW. North of outcrop is residual concentration of kyanite crystals in band about 50' wide. P27 Soapstone - Terrell Barron. Location: Habersham County; west of Georgia Highway 197, 6700' SE of junction with Georgia Highway 255 at Batesville; 6800' FNL and 7100' FWL of Clarkesville ~~-quadrangle. Old quarry pit measures approximately 30' x 20' x 5' deep. Soapstone blocks taken out for hearthstones, chimneys, tombstones, etc. Pit mostly filled, but partially sawed blocks still visible. Small amount of poor quality cross fiber and mass fiber asbestos in narrow veins in soapstone. P28 Mica - Terrell Barron. Location: Habersham County; southwest of Georgia Highway 197, 7800' SSE of junction with Georgia Highway 255 at Batesville; 8100' FN1 and 7000' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small pegmatite: some mica-rich pods with sheets as much as 3 inches in diameter. 160. P29 Kyanite - Swain Wood (was Elberson Mill property). Location: Habersham County; east of Sutton Mill Creek, and 4800' east of Georgia Highway 197 at North Georgia Vocational School; 6300' FSL and 2100' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Scattered boulders of masses of kyanite crystals with quartz. Area is wooded and exact location and extent of deposit could not be determined by preliminary examination. P31 (31) Kyanite -Wooldridge Morrison, Hendricks Free, W. L. Morrison, and William Fry (was Henry Stamie). Location: Habersham County; on Raper Creek, 3000' north of its junction with Soque River; 4500' FNL and 14000' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Placer mine, A. P. Green Mining Co. (Baltimore Md.?) John Stapleton managed operations. Abandoned' 1949-50. Placer was mined and milled at the site. Little can be seen now without trenching. However, from the topography and drainage pattern, it is obvious that more potential placer remains than was mined. With activity so recent, it seems that records of this operation should still be available. These would greatly aid in the evaluation of this kyanite placer area. P32 (31) Kyanite - Mrs. R. N. Watts. Location: Habersham County, north of Georgia Highway 197, 3500' NNW of junction of Raper Creek and Soque River; 4500' FNL and 12000 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small shallow prospect pits on top of ridge encountered kyanite-mica schist. Crystals are less than 2" long and sparingly scattered through schist. P33 Kyanite - U. S. Government, National Forest (or Wykle). Location: Habersham County; west of Raper Creek, 1500' NW of mouth of Long Branch; 2600' FSL and 11900' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Small prospect pit, mostly covered and filled now. Crystalline masses of kyanite and quartz - several hundred pounds in and around pit. Should be investigated further. P34 Mica - Arrendale Feed Company (was Alec Addison). Location: Habersham County; 3800' west of Sutton Mill Creek, 9500' NW of North Georgia Vocational School; 10000' FSL and 17600' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Three small prospect pits aligned in E-W direction along ridge. Scrap mica showing along with fragments of quartz and feldspar. No commercial mica recovered. P34A (31) 161. Kyanite - BOO' east of P34. Kyanite crystals (small, less than 2" long) scattered over surface at few cleared spots. However, land is not now in cultivation, is overgrown, and belts of kyanite as described by Prindle can no longer be determined from surface indications. Trenching would be necessary to determine extent and quantity of kyanite on this property. P35 (31) Kyanite - Bruce Ray. Location: Habersham County; 800' west of Georgia Highway 197, along road from North Georgia Vocational School to Sutton Mill Creek; 6000' FSL and 10000' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Kyanite-mica schist, with numerous tiny garnets, crops out in road immediately west of the Ray house. Belt is approximately 100' wide (minimum) and can be followed easily for about 1000 feet along trend, after which it is obscured by pine woods. Schist is crumpled and true strike and dip could not be determined; trend is N 50-60 W, dipping SW moderate angle. Surface is thickly littered with residual kyanite crystals as large as 3" x 1" x 1/4", and schist, where exposed, contains fair percentage of kyanite. PJO (24)(25) (26) Gold - Kate and Mildred B. Barron (LaPrade Mine, also known as the Shelton Mine). Location: Habersham County; on Oakey Creek, 1500' SW of Oakey Mountain Ch., 5000 1 FNL and 18400' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Little can be added to descriptions of previous writers: "Deposits consist o[ heavy beds o[ grave] and waLcr-worn hot1lders (predominantly (jULlrtz), overlain by a thin Layer of earLI1. Gneisses (very quartzose) predominate (country rock); there are strata of mica (schist) and talcose rocks and fragments of quartz abundantly scattered over the surface." Mine consisted of placer and vein. Sample taken of quartz vein exposed in pit and of stream sediment at junction of small tributary with Oakey Creek. Quartz vein 12" wide crosses road 100' NW of lane to Oakey Mountain Ch.; sample taken. P36 (31) Kyanite -North Georgia Technical and Vocational School. Location: Habersham County; at North Georgia Technical and Vocational School, Georgia Highway 197; 5300' FSL and 9200' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. "Crystals are strewn along the highway opposite the college for 1/4 mile, and thickly distributed over the college yard and the adjacent land. Outcrops show kyanite in the bedrock . . . " (Prindle, 1935). From a preliminary investigation, nothing could be added to these published observations, except to obtain some strike and dip data from recent excavations for new buildings: 162. l. Hornblende gneiss with thin layers of mica schist: strike N 20 W, dip 48 SW. 2. Hornblende gneiss, with 1 to 2 foot layers of mica schist, garnetiferous: strike N 660 W, dip 32 SW; small crinkles in schist form lineation striking N 20 E. 3, Kyanite-mica schist and hornblende gneiss interlayered (4 to 8 foot units). Kyanite crystals sparingly scattered; numerous tiny garnets in schist. P37 Kyanite - F. M. Parham. Location: Habersham County; 3000' SE of North Georgia Technical and Vocational School; 3700' FSL and 6800' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small prospect pits dug about 1935. No kyanite mined. Pit No. 1, 300' NW of barn, is largest, 20' x 8' x 6' deep, and shows greatest amount of kyanite - interlocking-crystal masses in quartz matrix. Cultivated field between barn and Pit No. 1 is liberally littered with crystals. Pit No. 2, 200' NNE from No. 1, shows mostly massive quartz with some kyanite and mica (sheets up to 2 inches in diameter). Pit No. 3, 500' NE from No. 2, shows considerable kyanite, massive, with quartz matrix; kyanite is in garnetiferous mica schist also. Notable amount of graphite with the kyanite. Warrants further investigation. P38 Kyanite -Mrs Carlton Brown (was W. E. Black). (31)(33) Location: Habersham County; 4700' southeast of North Georgia Technical and Vocational School; 2000' FSL and 5900' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Kyanite placer operated in 1934 by Phillips S. Hoyt of Franklin, North Carolina; was producing 1~ to 2 tons of crystals per day in summer of 1934. Placer definitely not worked out, but only a detailed sampling program would show whether there are sufficient reserves to justify reopening. Warrants further investigation, particularly if this placer could be extended to the north and worked in conjunction with pit mining of quartz-matrix kyanite which outcrops on the property of F. M. Parham a short distance to the north. P39 (31) Kyanite - R. H. Kimsey. Location: Habersham County; 3000' southeast of North Georgia Technical and Vocational School; 3400' northeast of Bethlehem Church; 3000' FSL and 7500' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Kyanite and scrap mica mined from 1934 to about 1942, both surface residual material and placer, by Carolina Mining Company (Phillip S. Hoyt), Franklin, North Carolina, and A. P. Green Mining Company, Mexico, Missouri. 163. Several acres have been stripped. A considerable concentration of residual kyanite crystals have accumulated since mining ceased. Kyanite-mica schist is partially decomposed, is already stripped, and possibly could be worked economically. Schist is quite graphitic. Tailings from old washing operations contain small kyanitc crystals. Sampling would determine volume of tailings and percent of kyanite crystals that could be recovered. P40 (31) Kyanite - George Kollock (Woodlands). Location: Habersham County; 9200' south of New Liberty Church; 800' FWL and 8800' FSL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. " ... the (kyanite) schist, 300 to 400 feet or more, crosses a part of the property of W. A. Nicholson and the Kollock property south of the residence at Woodlands". " . the kyanite schist crosses the farm road that extends from the main road south to Deep Creek east of Woodlands. In addition to the residual crystals, kyanite is also present in water-worn gravel at a level about 80 feet above Deep Creek". (Prindle, 1935). P40A (31) Concentration of kyanite in old road - probably derived from highlevel placer described by Prindle (1935). P41 Kyanite -Ralph O'Kelley (was J. M. Inglis). (31) Location: Habersham County; 7400' SSE of New Liberty Church; 11000' FSL and 4000' FWL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. Kyanite-mica schist trends northeastward across the property and has been mapped by Prindle (1935) and Rosengreen (1962). Prindle described the placer deposits briefly: "Farther northeast (from Woodlands) the kyanite belt .. about 300 feet in crossing the ... farm of J. M. Inglis . . . . Here dornicks of massive kyanite are present along with the crystals. " ... kyanite gravel lies 30 feet above the present streams and is overlain in places by 6 feet of fine sandy alluvium.... "The privilege of using this gravel was given to the town of Clarkesville by the owner .... for resurfacing about 25 miles of road. The remnants of this deposit show that the gravel was rich in kyanite, apparently as rich as the placer near Clarkesville". To expand on chese remarks will require detailed mapping and sampling. Area should be investigated further for placer kyanite. P42 (31) Kyanite - L. A. Adams (was Stonepile Church). Location: Habersham County; 2700' southwest of Stonepile Church (Stonepile Church is erroneously located on topographic map); 11800' FSL and 15100' FWL . of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. 164. Kyanite-mica schist crops out along old road leading SW from near Stonepile Church. Crystals are small and scattered, over a 200-ft.-wide band. Schist is bounded by hornblende gneiss striking N 520 W, dipping 25 SW. P43 Asbestos - Willie Groves. Location: Habersham County; 5000' SSE of Stonepile Church (Stonepile Church is erroneously located on topographic map); 9000' FSL and 18400' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Asbestos mined in spring of 1962 by Powhatan Mining Company, 6721 Windsor Mill Road, Baltimore 7, Maryland. Removed about two truckloads. Pits were shallow and ground was leveled after mining ceased so that, although area shows representative samples of rocks encountered, no relationships can be seen. Pit No. 1 - large outcrop of hard massive serpentine and mass fiber asbestos. Dump shows chlorite schist, mica schist, hornblende gneiss, talc, soapstone, and vein hornblende. Pit No. 2 - 100 1 N 65 W from No. 1; no outcrop, but encountered same rocks as in Pit No. 1. - Pit No. 3 225' N 55 w from No. 2' - similar to No. 2. - Pit No. 4 225' N 50 w from No. 3' similar to No. 2 and No. 3. All pits show mass fiber, with some good cross fiber and slip fiber. 6 inches long noted. Fibers At pit No. 3 are several fragments which appear to be dunite (sample to be checked). The rock is light-green to yellow-green, a mass of fine angular grains, now highly weathered and friable, with a vitreous luster. 300 1 south of the pits, in the corner of a cultivated field, quartz float contains crystals of black tourmaline. P44 (31) Kyanite - Sleepy Hollow (Kollock). Location: Habersham County; 2000' SSE of mouth of Porters Mill Branch, on Soque River; 7300' FSL and 2600' FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Extensive mining of weathered garnetiferous kyanite-mica schist during the 1930's. Pits are at elevation of approximately 1360-1380. Old logging road shows concentration of kyanite crystals for distance of 850' where it passes among old pits. Crystals are as large as 4" x 1" x 1/2"; small boulders of massive kyanite noted. Schist is very graphitic in places, particularly in close proximity to pegmatite pods. Beds strike N 58 E, dip 25 SE. P44A 165. Mica - near western limit of kyanite pits, and in one of the old pits, a shaft was sunk for mica; approximately 10' deep now. Pegmatite is obscured by slump, but a few small (2" x 3") sheets of good quality muscovite were noted on dump. P45 Kyanite - James Brauson (was Piedmont Orchard Co.; was .:'"im Kinsey). (31) Location: Habersham County; on Alec Mountain, west of old Piedmont Orchard, above headwaters of Rogers Creek; 21500' FSL and 7700' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. "The (kyanite) schist belt at Alec Mountain mine is about 250 feet wide. It is closely crumpled, and greenish quartzite beds interbedded with the schist show minor folds. The schist is underlain by gneisses .... Farther east are schist crowded with small garnets and a negligible amount of small kyanite crystals". (Prindle, 1935). A small spur ridge trends SW from high ridge west of old Piedmont Orchard, at head of Rogers Creek. This spur, as well as higher slope to the north, has been scraped and trenched to recover residual kyanite crystals, and crystals from weathered garnetiferous kyanite-mica schist. Remaining scars indicate that a large quantity of material was removed. Kyanite-mica schist is in places very graphitic and it is reported that graphite was recovered in the milling of the kyanite. Material was washed at a locality on Rogers Creek and on a tributary stream which crosses the road at Piedmont Orchard and enters Soque River to the east. Area,particularly valley of Rogers Creek, should be further examined for placer kyanite, P46 Corundum- U. S. Government, National Forest (was Piedmont Orchard Co., was (13) Jim Kinsey). Location: Habersham County; approximately 1/2 mile south of Piedmont Orchard kyanite mine; 500' north of old road up Ivy Branch to Piedmont Orchard; 19200' FSL and 7200' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Prospected about 1890-1895. No commercial corundum removed. Pit has been reworked over the years, primarily by mineral collectors. Small crystals of ruby corundum, of sub-gem quality and wrapped in green margarite, occur in hornblende gneiss. Thin veinlets of margarite traverse the gneiss, swelling where they enclose corundum. Much of the corundum is platy and high fractured. The gneiss is interlayered with quartzite mica schist, with occasional small pegmatite pods - all thoroughly weathered. Fresh rock could conceivably yield commercial corundum. Several float pieces of talc noted. 166. P47 (4)(7) Asbestos - Claude Adair, Hoyt Adair, L. B. Ivester, Otis Ivester, Charles Medlock, Wrens Spivy (was property (Hollywood) of American National Bank, Nashville, Tennessee). Location: Habersham County; 1/4 mile south of Hollywood Station, between U. S. Highway 23 and bed of old Tallulah Falls Railroad; 7500' FSL and 14300' FWL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. Mined and milled 1924-1927. Deposit said to have been comprised of 5 separate lenses, 50-2SO feet long and 25-50 feet wide. Best ore removed. Fiber is short and at depth, where the rock is not weathered, becomes harsh and hard. Large area has been worked: Between T.J. S. Highway 23 and old Tallulah Falls Railroad, from Georgia Highway 17 southwest to Ebenezer Church. Pits are now badly slumped and filled, some swampy. Asbestos is mostly hard mass fiber, with narrow veins of short cross fiber associated with hard blue-green serpentine. Mica schist and granite gneiss to the northwest; garnetiferous mica schist to the southeast, with some. thin beds of hornblende gneiss. P48 Gold - Hoyt Adair (was Matthews; was Andy Nichols; was John Whitener; was (24) (25) Hampton Skiff). Location: l:labersh111ll County; 4.300' <'Jorley). Location: Habersham County; v'esl side of Alec Mountain, at head of Amos Creek; 16700' FSL and 7100' FWT- of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Tunnel and trench dug in prospecting for corundum about 1890. Not known whether corundum was sold for tnis p~ospect. Tunnel now caved. 170. Near the forks of Amos Creek at its headwaters, a bouldery outcrop forms a low knoll. This outcrop is of basic rocks: weathered serpentine, talcose chlorite schist (with magnetite octahedra as large as 1/2 inch diameter, but poorly formed); hard, very short mass fiber asbestos, and green foliated talc. Across the creek, approximately 500 feet west, similar rocks have been exposed on a steep slope. Five hundred feet N 12 W from the knoll is the old corundum prospect. Tunnel is now caved but area has been trenched intemittently for about 250 feet up the slope in a N 5 E direction. Here, green hornblende has been added to the rock suite, and with the hornblende are corundum, grey, speckled with dark blue; a brownish garnet tentatively identified as andradite; a minor amount of chalcopyrite and malachite; a relatively soft white and pink matrix, unidentified. These minerals occur with hornblende and chlorite schist, as veins and pods. possibly near a contact. The size of this body and the diversity of mineralization warrants further investigation in this area. P61 Gold - L. W. Bowen (was Rev. James Crow). (24) Location: Habersham County; 3 miles SW of View Courthouse a.nd 1/2 mile NW of paved road from Georgia Highway 105 to Lula, along and SW of dirt road to Chattahoochee River. First prospected about 1900. Pits dug at that time, exposing vein quartz, have been filled and cultivated over. Boulders of vein quartz in vicinity of old pits carry considerable pyrite - grab sample taken [or analysis. About 1935, Barnes recovered some free gold by panning along small stream which traverses the veins. He obtained a lease on the property and set up a small washer to work alluvial gravel south of the outcrops approximately 1200 feet. Operation apparently unsuccessful. Granite gneiss outcrops at Mr. Bowens house, north of the prospect pits. P62 (24) Gold -John Loudermilk (was John Perkins). Location: Habersham County; approximately 1.9 miles SW of View Courthouse and 0.7 mile NW of paved road leading SW from Georgia Highway 105 to Lula. Placer on small branch worked by Tilman Perkins about 1900-1905. Gravel and sarrd at this point is restricted in rather narrow valley of stream. Less than one acre bhows signs of work. Gravel is perhaps 3-4 feet thick, with rl.in uoil and humus cover; is composed predominantly of quartz, with lessr~t_ mnounls of granl.te gneiss and pegmatite material; some hornblende gneiss .. Grab samvle chipped from quartz cobbles and boulders. P63 (24) P64 (24) P65 (25) P66 (25) 171. Gold - Soque Club, Atlanta, Georgia (Everett McKinney, President) possibly old Hood Mine. Location: Habersham County; 5800' NNE from top of Goshen Mountain; on southward flowing tributary of Soque Branch, near Rabun County line; 19700' FNL and 8000' FWL of Burton Lake Quadrangle. Placer first worked about 1890-95 on this small stream locally known as Gold Branch. No estimate of gold removed. Old workings covered an area approximately 800'-1000' long and as much as 300 1 wide, restricted in a rather narrow valley. Alluvial material is primarily quartz and hornblende gneiss, with some amphibolite. Cobbles and boulders are quite angular anrl could not have been transported far. This placer is somewhat unique in that it is approximately 400 feet higher than the main valley of Soque River, indicating that either of these high-level valleys should be checked for alluvium. Hornblende gneiss, mica schist (both garnetiferous) and amphibolite compose the bedrock in this area. All are traversed by, and include, numerous thin veinlets, bands, and pods of quartz. Gold -Fred Wilson (was J. P. Woods). Location: Habersham County; east of Goshen Mountain, in the valley of Soque River, on the west side of the River; 19500' FSL and 8500' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. According to Fred Wilson, great-grandson of John Wilson, John Wilson worked a placer on this property about 1895, recovering some gold. The property was once owned by J. P. Woods. All of this area has been cultivated for many years since and no signs of the old workings remain. Gold - U. S. Goyernment, National Forest (was Williams). Location: Habersham County; 6500' SSW of top of Goshen Mountain, at headwaters of southward-flowing tributary of Goshen Creek; 14500' FSL and 2800' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Placer worked about 1900., No estimate of gold recovered. Piled gravel indicates area about 600' x 100' to 300' was worked. Gravel is primarily qua~tz, with considerable hornblende gneiss and scattered pieces of pegmatite materia.l. Fragments are quite angular; apparently have been transported only a very short distance, as is substantiated by topography and relatively high level of the alluvium. Grab sample chipped from quartz boulders. Gold - John and Frank Kennedy. Location: Habersham County; 10600' NN'Yl of Providence School, on southwardflowing tl'ibutary to Goshen Creek; 10500' FSL and 2300' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. 172. Small amounts of gold have been panned from this property for a number o years. John Kennedy tried recently to operate the placer with a very inefficient washer. He has now built a more refined machine and plans to reopen in the spring. Alluvial material covers a m~n~mum of 4-5 acres and reportedly is 2 to 4 feet thick with 1 to 4 feet of soil overburden. Cobbles and boulders are primarily hornblende gneiss, very blocky and fresh, with thin quartz stringers. Quartz is next in abundance, making up perhaps 30 percent of the material removed by trenching. Minor amounts of mica schist and pegmatite material are present. Grab sample chipped from quartz boulders and cobbles. P67 Mica - Roy Stephens. Location: Habersham County; 5200' WSW of Stonepile Church (Church erroneously located on map), 1400 1 north of Beaverdam Creek; 11700' FSL and 1200' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Pegmatite boulders, 4 to 6 feet in diameter, taken out of roadcut, contain books of sheet mica up to 6 inches in diameter. However, the mica exposed here is either ruled, wedged, stained, or A-mica. P68 Quartz crystals - L. G. Hardeman. Location: Habersham County; 9200 1 ENE of Alleys Chapel, approximately 700' west of road which leads from Georgia Highway 197 to New Liberty Church; 13600 1 FSL and 2300 1 FEL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. On a small low knob approximately 4200' north of the junction of Porters Mill Creek and Soque River stands a large three-story stone house, covered with stucco, known locally as "the old stone house". The house is abandoned. A lane; now much eroded, leads northeast from the house and junctions with a private farm road which leads west from the main road. A narrow quartz vein crosses the eroded lane about midway between the house and the farm road. Quartz cryatals are abundant in this vein, which pinches and swells along the few feet which were examined. Most crystals are small, less than 1/4-inch diameter and 1/2 inch length but show clear terminations and can be taken out in attractive clusters. There is a possibility of the vein attaining greater width and cont~ining larger crystals. P69 Mica -C. P. Wilbanks (was Will Trotter). Location: Habersham County; west of Alec Mountain, 600' SSW of Rogers Creek where it crosses the old Piedmont Orchard Road up Ivy Branch; 20200' FSL and 4900 1 FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Mined approximately 40 years ago for sheet mica. Reportedly, sheets trimmed as large as 12 inches square. Circular pit 20' diameter, 12' deep, and two smaller pits; aligned inN 55 W direction. 173. Dump shows massive quartz with sheet mica as large as 6" x 5" which would trim a 3" square. Most of the mica on dump is scrap, either ruled, stained, wedge, or A-mica. Judging from the amount of scrap piled in the vicinity of the old trimming shed, a considerable quantity of sheet was removed from this pit. The pegmatite is along a low ridge, well situated for trench-prospecting. P70 Copper- V. L. Lovell, Jr. (was Ellis Lovell). Location: Habersham County; northeast of Batesville, west of Raper Creek, 6800 1 east of mouth of Goshen Creek; 2800' FSL and 10700' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Tunnel dug prior to 1890, supposedly for copper, according to oldest resident. Tunnel is entirely in garnetiferous mica schist; enters side of low ridge, is nearly horizontal for approximately 70 feet, where it is inclined to a level about 12 feet lower and continues horizontal for another 30 feet. Walls are clean and dry. About midway the tunnel, a thin seam of hornblende gneiss (less than 12") is exposed. This was sampled for platinum analysis. Pyroxenite - west of the tunnel is a bouldery outcrop of pyroxenite, greenish gray and rather coarsely crystalline, cut by narrow quartz veins and containing small amount of iron sulfides. Sampled. Pll (34) Marble - U. S. Goverrunent, National Forest (was Billy Walker Quarry). Location: Habersham County; 8200' SE of Hollywood, 400' WSW from mouth of Wheeler Branch, along and oouth of Davidson Creek; 3900' FSL and 15500' FEL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. Two small rock quarries in hard blue-gray magnesium marble. Toward the bottom of the quarries the marble is massive and appears to be quite pure. Upwards it becomes somewhat schistose and contains zones with considerable iron stain and scattered pyrite, very finely dessiminated. A short distance southwest along dirt road is remains of old lime kiln where stone was burned. P72 Pyrrhotite and pyrite - U. S. Government National Forest (old Panther Creek (44) (4 7) prospect). Location: Habersham County; 800' N 8 E from mouth of creek known locally as Horse Creek, but labeled "Big Shoal Branch" on topographic sheet, the next creek to the west being labeled "Horse Creek"; 19900' FSL and 200' FWL of Tugaloo Lake, S. C. - Ga. quadrangle. Prospect openings are on the side of a very steep cliff east of Big Shoal Branch and north of Panther Creek at elevation of approximately 1150. 174. A small nose interrupts the steepness of the cliff here and a shallow lrenc11, about 30 feet long, was dug across this nose encountering massive quarl~ will1 thin sulfide veinlets along fractures (now almost completely oxidized). Much of the quartz is vugular, with poorly crystallized quartz in the vugs. On the steeper part of the cliff, and 30 to 40 feet higher in elevation, are two openings, approximately 30 feet apart and connected by a ragged tunnel. The southern opening exposed a sulfide vein, 6 to 18 inches thick, in the middle of a quartz vein enclosed in mica schist. Tiny veinlets fill fractures in the quartz, which has been brecciated to some extent. The sulfide is badly weathered and mostly oxidized. The opening to the north again exposes the sulfide vein, which here swells to a thickness greater than 3 feet, with only a small amount of quartz breccia. Vein is fresher at this exposure. The mineralized vein appears to be nearly concordant with the enclosing rock, striking approximately N 27 E, dipping 21 SE. P73 Granite, road aggregate - Claude Kelly. Location: Habersham County; northwest of Demorest, 0.2 mile from city limits, 0.3 mile north of Hazel Creek and west of dirt road which crosses Hazel Creek. Large road aggregate quarry. Granite is traversed by numerous narrow quartz veins; contains many small feldspar pods and quartzose zones liberally sprinkled with garnets. Lineation of tiny elongated pods of biotite and stringers of tiny garnets gives an overall lineation striking generally N 15-20 E; majority of quartz veins dip ESE. Approximately 200' to the north a smaller quarry was opened. Here the rock components are segregated to a greater extent. Much of the rock is granite gneiss, feldspathic zones, quartzose zones, and large pods of biotite and hornblende. Not hardly so well suited for road aggregate. P74 Gold - Mrs. Imogene English. Location: Habersham County; immediately north of Georgia Highway 17, 0.3 mile west of Victory Church, immediately east of dirt road intersection. According to local report, tunnel was dug prior to 1890 in search for gold. Entry is near the top of a low hill and tunnel was driven about 200 feet. When new highway was constructed, tunnel was cut into and filled. Only a small depression remains to mark the entrance and the material removed has been covered by soil and cultivated for years. Roadcut over tunnel shows mica r~hist, a few boulders of finely crystalline pegmatite and one thin quartz po There is no evidence to indicate that this was a J ,ely gold prospect. 175. P75 Chromite - Jackson Estate and Frenchman Carson. Location: Habersham County; approximately 1300' NW of junction of Georgia Highways 17 and 115, east of cemetery on dirt road leading north from Georgia Highway 117 across Beaverdam Creek. A small prospect trench, 15'long, 6' wide, 4' deep. Fuchsite schist was removed from the pit. Fuchsite is grass-green, a v ;ry vivid colo~. ',.roughout the schist and concentrated in small pods, are irregularly shaped grains of chromite. P76 Quartz crystals - U. S. Government, National Forest. Location: Habersham County; approximately 4200' NNE of mouth of Motes Branch (spelled Mates on topo.) approximately 600' west of Branch; 700' FSL and 15900' FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Quartz crystals in narrow veins cutting mica schist and quartzite. Most crystals seen on this visit were small, less than an inch long, but clear. Some attractive clusters could be obtained. Take Raper Mountain road to low ridge just west of Motes Branch, go left (north) on old logging road to second sawmill set, large dead ceder trees stand to the right of the road at this point. Locality is opposite the dead cedars near the foot of the ridge to the left. P77 Mica - Jim Carter. Location: Habersham County; at base of Lynch Mountain, on east side, 7500' NNE of Georgia Highway 17 where it crosses Mauldin Mill Creek; 22800' FNL and 4200' FEL of Helen quadrangle. Pegmatite crops out at fork of small branch. Mica has been shoveled from the stream 100 feet to the south and there is scrap on the side of a small knoll 500 feet to the north. These showings are aligned in a N 8 W direction. Mica is of fair quality, but sheet size of that exposed is small, largest being 3 x 4 inches. P78 Mica - Clifford Lyon. Location: Habersham County; 2000' north of Rogers Creek, 5500' south of mouth of Ivy Branch; 21000' FNL and 1800' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Shallow trench near top and on south slope of ridge; exposes pegmatite, medium-crystalline, with muscovite sheets up to 3 inch diameter. Little of the exposed material is suitable for sheet, being either ruled, wedge, or A-mica, and mostly small. P79 Quartz crystals - U. S. Government, National Forest. Location: Habersham County; on east side of ridge between forks of Alley 176. Creek, 10500' NE of Macedonia Church; ll700' FNL and 2700' FWL of Tallulah Falls quadrangle. Veins and pockets of quartz crystals in mica schist and quartzite. Slabs and clusters of small crystals are abundant, most crystals less than l/2 i.ncll length, but clear. P80 Mica - Felton Shook. Location: Habersham County; 7500 1 SSE of Batesville and 800 1 west of Georgia Highway 255; 8000' FNL and 1800' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small pit, 20 feet long, 15 feet wide, 8 feet deep, dug in prospecting for mica. Pegmatite is 6 feet (+) in width, medium-crystalline, and carries considerable mica. However, most is A-mica and/or ruled; sheets as large as 7 inches in diameter. P81 Mica (?) - Brady Tatum. Location: Habersham County; 5500' SSE of Batesville, 1400' east of Gcorgiil Highway 255; 6350' FNL and 4150 1 FWL of C1arkesville NE quadrangle. Adit trends Nl5W; caved and entrance now completely blocked. Length estimated, from size of dump, to be 20 feet. Country rock is hornblende gneiss. Pegmatite (finely crystalline) float and quartz float in immediate vicinity. P82 Mica - U. S. Government, National Forest (was Ne\Jton Holcomb). Location: Habersham County; 11300' SSW of Batesville and 1000' west of Georgia Highway 255; ll800' FN1, and 1400' FWL of Clarkesville NE quadrangle. Small prospect pil, 8 Cc-~L i.n diameter, 4- J"cet cleep, exposes mica-hc.~aring pegmatite. Sheets as large as 8 inches in diameter hut all visible i.s c~iLhcr A-mica or ruled. P83 Soapstone - U. S. Government, National Forest. Location: Habersham County; immediately south of paved road leading east from Georgia Highway 197 to Burton Dam, approximately 1300 1 east of the junction, on Rabun County Line; 15000' FSL and 16700 1 FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. Soapstone, talc, and a little mass fiber asbestos. Exposure measures approximately 75 by 50 feet. Float extends across highway to the north and to the south sonLheast. 1\ody t r(tHis N 4(/-' -4 5 1\ and c1 ips to the nonhwl's l , appr1 nn LI y concordant wilh L'Jici<>Sitll', cc!IIIJLry rock, a ~;clristosc JroJ:nl>lcnut' gnc~iss. P84 Gold - Robert Brooks. Location: Habersham County; approximately 500' ESE of Soque River and 4000' ESE of top of Goshen Hountain; 19000' FSI. and 9600 1 FWL of Burton Lake quadrangle. 177. Adit trends N 14 E, along strike of country rock for approximately 15 feet. It follows very thin quartz stringers concordanl with .Layering in schislosv [cldspathic quartzite. or Assay composi.lc S[llll]ll< ol qtt:!rl.7. slrin~',(n; shnw