O f the 41 species of snakes known from Georgia, only six (6) species are venomous: Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus), Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), Timber / Canebrake Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), Pigmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius), and Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius). No single venomous snake species is found over the entire state, and only a portion of the Georgia Coastal Plain is inhabited by all six venomous species. Although differentiating among all 41 species can be difficult, becoming familiar with the colors and patterns of Georgia's six venomous snake species will enable you to determine whether any snake encountered is venomous or non-venomous. The information contained in this brochure is intended to aid in the identification of the venomous snake species found in Georgia through the recognition of physical traits, pattern, and color. Caution should be used when approaching any snake, and snakes found in the wild should only be handled by experienced persons after proper identification. Only the Timber Rattlesnake, Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake, and Cottonmouth realistically represent even an outside threat to human life. Although the possibility of incurring a venomous snake bite should be taken seriously, risk of snakebite is undeniably remote when compared to other environmental hazards such as lightning, and it is obvious that snakes do not pose a legitimate threat to humans in our society. According to the National Lightning Safety Institute, 756 deaths due to lightning were recorded within the United States from 1990-2003, or an average of 61 deaths annually. According to the American Association of Poison Control Centers, from 1983-2004 an average of 1,283 venomous snake bites were reported annually within the United States; only 18 (0.0006%) of all bites reported, during this same period, were fatal (an average of less than one fatality annually within the entire United States). Despite the relatively low level of danger posed by venomous snakes, many people consider their fear, no matter how irrational, sufficient justification for killing any snake. Venomous and non-venomous snakes alike serve invaluable roles in the natural environment as both predator and prey. In Georgia it is illegal (misdemeanor, punishable by up to a $1,000 fine and 1 year imprisonment) to possess or kill many of the State's nongame wildlife species, including Georgia's non-venomous snakes (O.C.G.A. 27-1-28). NoNgame CoNservatioN seCtioN Quick Reference Guide to Georgia's Non-venomous Snakes Rough Green Snake Mud Snake Rainbow Snake Eastern Indigo Snake Black Racer Coachwhip Black Rat Snake Yellow Rat Snake Gray Rat Snake Eastern Worm Snake Eastern Kingsnake Black Kingsnake Corn Snake Mole Kingsnake Eastern Hognose Snake Southern Hognose Snake Pine Woods Snake Eastern Milk Snake Scarlet Kingsnake Scarlet Snake Northern Pine Snake Florida PIne Snake Striped Crayfish Snake Glossy Crayfish Snake Plain-Bellied Watersnake Banded Watersnake Northern Watersnake Brown Watersnake Eastern Green Watersnake Queen Snake Black Swamp Snake Brown Snake Red-Bellied Snake Ringneck Snake Southeastern Crowned Florida Crowned Snake Snake Smooth Earth Snake Rough Earth Snake Eastern Ribbon Snake Federally Protected State-protected Species Of Conservation Concern Common Garter Snake The recognition of a snake's color and pattern (presence or absence of encircling rings, bands, blotches, or longitudinal stripes) is perhaps the best method for identifying any of Georgia's snake species, although the appearance of some species can vary significantly among individuals and among different geographic areas. The photographs above show a fairly characteristic example of each snake species, but do not account for variations in appearance. Furthermore, the young of several species, such as the black rat snake and black racer are more boldly patterned than their adult counter-parts. Copperhead, Highland Moccasin Agkistrodon contortrix Cottonmouth, Water Moccasin Agkistrodon piscivorus DESCRIPTION: Medium-sized snakes reaching a maximum length of about 4.5 ft, but most are less than 3 ft. The background coloration is usually light brown or gray, but individuals range from rusty orange to pinkish to nearly black. This species is easily identifiable by a pattern of 10 21 dark-brown, hourglass or saddle-shaped crossbands, which are wider at the sides of the body and become narrower along the back. Adult, Long Co., GA Adult, Floyd Co., GA HABITAT: Occur in most forested habitats but are particularly common on rocky wooded hillsides in the mountains and swamp and river edges in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. Habitats with abundant logs, leaf litter, and rocks for cover are favored by this species while open habitats such as old-fields and agricultural areas are generally avoided. Juvenile, McIntosh Co., GA NON-VENOMOUS SPECIES OFTEN CONFUSED: Black, Gray, Yellow Rat Snakes; Corn Snake; Northern, Brown, and Banded Watersnakes; Eastern Hognose Snake STATUS: Uncommon to common. Copperheads are apparently more tolerant of urban development than many snake species, and populations often persist in suburban neighborhoods as long as some patches of forest remain. DESCRIPTION: Relatively large, heavy-bodied snakes reaching a maximum length of nearly 6 ft, but most are less than 3 ft, 3in. Although these snakes are characterized by wide, Adult, Liberty Co., GA dark bands along the body on a lighter brown or olive-colored background, individual coloration varies within and among populations. As these snakes mature, many become very dark, and the bands become totally obscured. Adult, Liberty Co., GA HABITAT: Semi-aquatic, prefering swamp-like habitats and can be very abundant in these areas. Sometimes found along rivers or in more open areas such as around large lakes. Cottonmonths may move overland long distances and can sometimes be found great distances from any water source. They generally hibernate in dry, upland areas, often in stump holes. Juvenile, Liberty Co., GA NON-VENOMOUS SPECIES OFTEN CONFUSED: Several species of the large watersnakes (genus Nerodia; Plain-belly, Northern, Brown, Banded, and Green) are often mistakenly referred to as Cottonmouths because of their similarity in appearance. However, the dark stripe on the side of the jaw, heat-sensing pit on the face, and the behavior of gaping and vibrating the tail are distinctive to Cottonmouths. STATUS: Abundant. Predicted Species Range Documented County Ocurrence Outside of Species Distribution Predicted Species Range Documented County Ocurrence Outside of Species Distribution Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Timber/ Canebrake Rattlesnake Crotalus horridus DESCRIPTION: Georgia's heaviest- bodied and one of Georgia's longest snakes, reaching or possibly exceeding 7 ft, but more typically measuring 3 - 5 ft in total length. The tail has 3 10 brown and white bands Adult, Thomas Co., GA and possesses a "rattle" (one or more loose rings of hard keratin) that makes a loud whirring noise when shaken. The upper surface of the body is patterned by a long row of 24 35 dark brown diamond- like blotches, fringed by thin yellow to cream borders. These blotches are broader than long and are linked together at their tips. HABITAT: This occupies upland habitats with an open canopy, especially native longleaf pine forests on sandhills, clayhills, and flatwoods. Found in numbers TTaaleil and Rattle on barrier islands, especially within interdune meadows containing dense bunch grasses alternating with shrub thickets and in the dense edges of saltmarsh. They are also found in mixed pine-hardwood forests that develop on abandoned agricultural sites, in and around open woodlots, brushy pasture borders, and abandoned homesites in suburban and rural areas. However, these snakes almost never enter houses. STATUS: Rare, Georgia Species of Concern. Human impacts have caused the species to decline throughout its range. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are the most serious threats to the species because its upland habitats are in high demand for agriculture, silviculture, and residential development. Unfortunately, Eastern Diamondbacks are killed by most people whenever they are encountered. The widespread practice of gassing burrows of the Gopher Tortoise to kill rattlesnakes or to evict them for use in "rattlesnake roundups," often harms this species, and is a detriment to a large assemblage of up to 300 other species of animals that use tortoise burrows. DESCRIPTION: Large, heavy-bodied snake reaching a maximum length of nearly 6 ft in the Coastal Plain and about 5 ft in the mountains, but most range from 3 to 5 ft in length. The background color ranges through various shades of pink, yellow, tan, gray, Adult, Lumpkin Co., GA brown, and olive to velvety black. A series of brown to black chevron-shaped cross-bands (15-34) typically cross the body. The tail is black and tipped by a segmented rattle. Very dark or solid black individuals are common in higher mountains of the northeastern part of the state but are rare elsewhere. Adult, Liberty Co., GA Tail and Rattle HABITAT: Common in much of the heavily wooded country of the Coastal Plain, but in more open areas, it is primarily limited to wooded stream corridors. The range is spotty on the barrier islands and along the immediate coast. In the Piedmont, the distribution is highly fragmented due to habitat loss and is primarily associated with heavily wooded stream corridors and isolated small mountains. In the Georgia mountains, the distribution is somewhat localized around suitable denning sites (including root and stump holes, mammal burrows, old home sites and debris piles, and, especially in upland regions, rock crevices). STATUS: Common(locally abundant). Common in much of the Coastal Plain but the range is highly fragmented in the Piedmont and under increasing pressure from residential development. Timber Rattlesnakes are hunted to some extent in the mountains, where in many areas they appear to have declined in recent years. Predicted Species Range Documented County Ocurrence Outside of Species Distribution Predicted Species Range Documented County Ocurrence Outside of Species Distribution Pigmy Rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius Eastern Coral Snake Micrurus fulvius DESCRIPTION: Smallest of the rattlesnakes, with the maximum total length reported of 31 in, but pigmy rattlesnakes usually reach a size of 16-23 in. The ground color is usually gray or tan, but occasional individuals can be reddish or almost black in some populations. The pattern consists of a series of light-edged dark blotches or spots (22-45) on the back as well as from one to three rows of dark spots on the sides. There may be a reddish stripe down the center of the back. The tail is tipped by a segmented rattle, however the interlocking segments of the rattle are poorly notched relative to other rattlesnakes, and occasionally some individuals lack a rattle. Adult, Lincoln Co., GA Adult, Long Co., GA HABITAT: This species can be found in a variety of habitats at elevations of 0-1640 ft (0-500 m) and ranging from dry sandhills TTaaleil and Rattle and longleaf pine forests to wet hammocks and seasonally flooded pine flatwoods. In southern Georgia, they specifically thrive in saw palmetto thickets. NON-VENOMOUS SPECIES OFTEN CONFUSED: Eastern and Southern Hognose Snakes STATUS: Uncommon. In some areas of Georgia, this rattlesnake can be found in very high population densities, but in other places they can be fairly uncommon. However, this species is small and cryptic, and chances are that many individuals are overlooked. DESCRIPTION: Fairly slender, snake reaching a maximum length of 47 inches, but most range from 20-30 inches in length. The body is patterned with broad black and red rings, equal in width, which are separated by narrow yellow rings. The red rings are dotted with numerous black flecks that may coalesce on the Adult, Long Co., GA back into a pair of spots. The rounded snout is black and is followed by a broad yellow band across the head and neck. The tail has three or four broad black rings and two-four narrow yellow rings. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: Coastal Plain populations are typically associated with sandy upland habitats such as longleaf pine sandhills and pine-saw palmetto flatwoods. Live oak and other hardwood hammocks on well-drained soils may also support populations. Eastern Coral Snakes are absent from extensive wetlands and from vast tracts of pine flatwoods underlain by low, poorly-drained soils. Individuals lead highly subterranean lives and shelter in virtually any type of underground refuge, including Gopher Tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows and stump holes. NON-VENOMOUS SPECIES OFTEN CONFUSED: The Scarlet Kingsnake (Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides) also has a color pattern of contrasting red, black, and yellow or white rings but has a red snout, and the light-colored rings are separated from the red ones by black. The Scarlet Snake (Cemophora coccinea) has a red, pointed snout, red back blotches that are outlined by black, and a white, unmarked belly. A helpful rhyme to distinguish them goes: "Red touch yellow, deadly fellow; red touch black, venom lack." STATUS: Rare, Georgia Species of Concern. This species is generally distributed and seemingly fairly common in the lower and middle Coastal Plain of southeastern Georgia. Its status in the Piedmont, upper Coastal Plain, and in the southwestern portion of the state, is poorly known. Predicted Species Range Documented County Ocurrence Outside of Species Distribution Predicted Species Range Documented County Ocurrence Outside of Species Distribution Distribution of Venomous Snakes in Georgia Copperhead Cottonmouth E. Diamondback Rattlesnake Timber Rattlesnake Pigmy Rattlesnake Eastern Coral Snake ABCD E FGH I JK L A 2 34 5 1 B 6 8 14 7 C 15 D E 16 9 12 13 D 10 E 11 F G G K L J K H HI Major impoundments on the periphery and outside of the known range of the Cottonmouth in Georgia Carter's Lake 1 Lake Burton Blue Ridge Lake 2 Weiss Lake Nottely Lake 3 Allatoona Lake Chatuge Lake 4 Lake Lanier 5 Jackson Lake 9 Lake Sinclair 13 6 Lake Juliette 10 Lake Hartwell 14 7 Lake Tobesofkee 11 Lake Russell 15 8 Lake Oconee 12 Clarks Hill Lake 16 CAUTION: Species ranges as depicted reflect current knowledge ! of venomous snake distribution (2010); range margins are estimations and persons using this brochure should be cautious when approaching any snake, which has not been identified. For additional information, please contact: NONGAME CONSERVATION SECTION 116 Rum Creek Drive; Forsyth GA 31029 478-994-1438 www.georgiawildlife.com Production and printing of this brochure made possible by: Georgia Poison Center IN CASE OF VENOMOUS SNAKEBITE 1. STAY CALM. Get the patient 6. DO NOT GIVE THE to the nearest hospital right PATIENT FOOD, DRINK, away! Call 911 or Georgia OR MEDICATION (e.g., Poison Center 1-800-222-1222 pain medications, alcohol, etc.). immediately. 7. DO NOT USE A 2. TRY TO IDENTIFY THE TOURNIQUET. SNAKE BY SIGHT ONLY. 8. DO NOT CUT THE Look for color, markings, and WOUND. head shape. 3. DO NOT TRY TO KILL THE SNAKE; it could bite 9. DO NOT TRY TO SUCK OUT THE VENOM. again. 10. DO NOT PACK THE 4. KEEP THE PATIENT WOUND IN ICE. CALM AND IMMOBILE 11. Bites from nonvenomous (preferably lying down). snakes should be washed with 5. KEEP THE AFFECTED LIMB AT AN EVEN LEVEL warm soapy water; a tetanus shot may be needed. with the rest of the body. Courtesy of Georgia Poison Center www.georgiapoisoncenter.org Species distribution, range maps, and species information are attributed to the Georgia Herp Atlas Project, Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Content: K. H.Andrews, M. E. Dorcas, M. Elliott,T. M. Floyd, J.W. Gibbons, X. Glaudas,W. H. Martin, D. B. Means, R.A. Moulis, P. Spivey, D. J. Stevenson, J. D.Willson Photos: R. Bartlett, G. Beaton, R. Birkhead, S. Collins (CNAH),A. Day,T. M. Floyd, S. Graham, G. Greer, R. Gunwald, P. Hill, G. Hilliard, J. B. Jensen, B. Johnston, T. Luhring, G. Miller, P. Spivey, D. J. Stevenson, D. Steen