Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for the State of Georgia Summary Report of 1990 2005 baselines and detail on the 2005 inventory, developed using the U.S. EPA State Inventory Tool 2005 Georgia Sector Totals: CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion Residential 4% Commercial 2% Industrial 11% Electric Power 45% MMTCO2e tons/year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Transportation 38% Annual Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 250 Georgia (1990 - 2005) 200 150 100 50 0 Gross Emissions Net Emissions Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division Air Protection Branch November 2008 Report on Georgia's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Introduction During recent deliberations in developing Georgia's first comprehensive energy strategy, much discussion related to preparing Georgia for future climate change policies. As a result, the Governor's Energy Policy Council unanimously recommended that Georgia update its greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory (originally released in 1999) and develop a process to keep it current every three years. This report is, in part, a response to that charge. Since that recommendation, the likelihood of mandatory GHG reporting and reduction programs in the United States has become even more apparent1,2,3,4, further supporting the need for a systematic inventory of statewide GHG emissions. Available tools and estimation techniques have greatly improved since Georgia developed its first greenhouse gas inventory in 1999. However, this updated inventory is still only a gross estimate due to the lack of necessary data inputs. This updated inventory identifies the major categories of GHG emission sources and their annual trends from 1990 to 2005 using the US EPA's State Inventory Tool version released on July 22, 2008. The GA Environmental Protection Division (EPD) intends to identify areas in this inventory that would benefit most from for further refinement using more accurate currently available or easily obtained data, collect necessary data, and update the inventory as needed or as possible. Recently, Congress has required the US EPA to release a proposed mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule by the end of September 2008, with a final rule required by the end of June 20095. This rule will require mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases "above appropriate thresholds in all sectors of the economy", including both upstream production and downstream sources. The EPA is responsible for determining the reporting thresholds, frequency, and mechanisms. In addition, in response to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Massachusetts v. EPA, the US EPA released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for public comment on Regulating Greenhouse Gas Emissions under the Clean Air Act 6(July 11, 2008). This greenhouse gas inventory is an initial step for the Georgia EPD in preparing to respond to these potential upcoming federal programs. 1 "US ready for 'binding' reductions of greenhouse gases - official UPDATE", Feb 25, 2008, accessed March 5, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/afxnewslimited/feeds/afx/2008/02/25/afx4691077.html 2 A Comparison of Legislative Climate Change Targets in the 110th Congress as of Sept 9, 2008, http://www.wri.org/chart/comparison-legislative-climate-change-targets-110th-congress-1990-2050 , accessed September 12, 2008. 3 March 11, 2008 Reps. Waxman and Markey "Moratorium on Uncontrolled Power Plants Act of 2008" addressing permitting and emission allowances for new coal-fired power plants proposed without controls on their global warming emissions. .http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20080311104934.pdf . 4 Greenhouse Gas Accountability Act of 2007 (H.R. 2651) , National Greenhouse Gas Registry Act of 2007 (S. 1387) , and FY 2008 Interior Appropriations Bill with Feinstein-Boxer Measure to support mandatory economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions registry. 5 http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgrulemaking.html, accessed September 12, 2008. 6 http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/anpr.html , accessed September 12, 2008. 2 Method The GA GHG inventory was prepared using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) State Inventory Tool (SIT)7 with the state-specific defaults provided with the tool. Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydroflurocarbons (HFCs), perflurocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are calculated. This set of 6 gases (gas categories) is standard in GHG analysis, inventory development, and emission reduction programs. Results are presented in units of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2E), often in million metric tons (MMT), for each gas for comparative purposes following the guidance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change8, a widely accepted procedure for greenhouse gas analysis. Selected results for emissions in Georgia during the years 1990 - 2005 and a more detailed description of the 2005 inventory are presented here. More information on the SIT is provided in Appendix A. Results Results are presented for annual trends in overall GHG emissions between the years 1990 and 2005 and in more detail for the year 2005, which corresponds with the most recent detailed inventories for other types of emissions submitted under the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)9. Results are presented in the following order: Annual Trends A. Annual Trends by Sector B. Annual Trends by Gas C. Annual Trends by Gas per Sector: Detailed Emissions for the Year 2005 Annual Trends Gross GHG emissions in Georgia are estimated to have increased by 33% between 1990 and 2005, with a minimum of 145.0 MMTCO2E tons/year emissions in 1991 and a maximum of 202.2 MMTCO2E in 2005 (Figure 1). Net emissions, which includes the carbon flux of forests (discussed later), increased by 36% due to a slower rate of increase in carbon sinks (26%) than in emissions. Gross emissions trends differ when evaluated with respect to changes in population or gross state product (GSP), a measure referred to as `emissions intensity'. Emissions intensity decreased by 5% per capita and by 89% per annual GSP between 1990 and 2005 (Figure 2). These results indicate that, while overall emissions increased, they did not increase as rapidly as population or GSP. 7 Information available at http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/stateandlocalgov/analyticaltools.html . The version applied was publicly released on July 22, 2008. 8 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assigned each GHG a GWP based on properties such as solar radiative forcing and average atmospheric lifetime and is often reported as an equivalent mass of CO2 (GWP = 1) integrated over a 100-year period. SIT GWPs are largely based on the IPCC Technical Summary of Working Group I, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/247.htm. 9 CERR Final Rule. Published in the Federal Register on June 10, 2002 (FR Volume 67, Number 111, pp 39602 - 39616). The CERR requires State agencies under the Clean Air Act to submit emissions inventories for SOx, VOC, NOx, CO, Pb, and PM10 for the year 2002 and every 3 years afterward, with delayed reporting requirements for PM2.5 and NH3. 3 MMTCO2e tons/year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 250 200 150 100 50 0 Gross Emissions Net Emissions Figure 1. Annual Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Georgia (1990 - 2005) 25 20 15 10 5 0 MMTCO2e tons/year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 per Capita per GSP / 100 Figure 2. Annual Trends in Gross Emissions of GHGs per Capita and per Gross State Product (x10-2) 4 A. Annual Trends by Sector The overall sectors and their gases inventoried are shown in Table 1. These sectors are further broken down as shown in the Appendix. As with other U.S. states, the majority of Georgia's GHG emissions and its increasing trend are largely due to increased energy production and use (Figure 3). The increasing trend is slightly offset by increased sequestration of carbon (carbon removed from the atmosphere, indicated by negative emissions values) caused by extensive re-forestation and other tree planting activities reflected in the Land Use, Coverage, and Forestry sector (LUCF) (Figure 3a and 3b). Category Energy Industrial Processes Agriculture LUCF Waste Sector CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion Gases CO2 Stationary Combustion Natural Gas and Oil Coal Mining Mobile Combustion Industrial Processes Agriculture Land Use Change and Forestry CH4, N2O CO2, CH4 CH4 CH4, N2O CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 CH4, N2O CO2, CH4, N2O Municipal Solid Waste Wastewater CO2, CH4, N2O CH4, N2O Industries/activities included transportation, electric utilities, residential, commercial, industrial, international bunker fuels residential, commercial, industrial, electric utilities transmission, distribution, flaring surface, underground, abandoned on-road, non-road, aviation, marine, locomotive cement production, lime manufacture, electric power transmission and distribution manure management, residue burning soil liming, fertilization, forest fires (nonCO2), urban trees, forest management (sources and sinks) landfill and waste combustion municipal and industrial (pulp and paper, food production) Table 1. Sectors and their associated emissions inventoried using the US EPA SIT. 5 MMTCO2E tons/year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 MMTCO2E tons/year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Energy Industrial Processes LULUCF 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 Natural Gas and Oil Systems Agriculture Waste (a) Natural Gas and Oil Systems Industrial Processes Agriculture LULUCF Waste Energy (non CO2 f rom FFC) (b) Figure 3. (a) Sector Specific Annual Trends in GHG Emissions and (b) excluding CO2 from Energy Production. While the increase in carbon sequestration by forested land is believed to reflect actual changes in land management starting during the late 1980s (which has a delayed impact on sequestration)10, representation of the timing and extent of these changes may be refined. Other sectors slightly contributing to the inventory include Agriculture (e.g. soil management, enteric fermentation, and manure management), Industrial Processes (e.g. electric power transmission and distribution systems, cement manufacture, ammonia and urea production), non-CO2 Energy production emissions, and Waste (e.g. municipal solid combustion and wastewater). Note that emissions from the Energy sector are 98-99% due to CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and 1-2% from CH4 and N2O emissions 10 Georgia Forestry Commission, Nathan McClure, personal communication with Michelle Bergin, March 2008. 6 from mobile and stationary combustion sources. Emissions estimates for the sectors Natural Gas and Oil Systems and Coal Mining are zero for Georgia. B. Annual Trends by Gas Viewing the inventory by gas shows that of the six greenhouse gases inventoried, the large majority of emissions and growth is from CO2, followed by N2O, CH4, and combined emissions of HFC, PFC, and SF6 (Figure 4). The HFC, PFC, and SF6 category, representing a number of compounds with extremely long atmospheric lifetimes, is shown to be steadily increasing. 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 (MMTCO2E) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (MMTCO2E) Gross CO2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CH4 N2O HFC, PFC, and SF6 (a) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 CH4 N2O HFC, PFC, and SF6 (b) Figure 4. Annual Trends in Emissions of (a) CO2, CH4, N2O, and HFC, PFC, and SF6, and (b) excluding CO2. 7 The large majority of emissions and growth is from CO2 emitted during fossil fuel combustion from petroleum use in the transportation sector and coal use in the electric utility sector (increasing by 30% and 26% from 1990 to 2005, respectively) (Figure 5). The remainder of CO2 emitted during fossil fuel combustion is estimated to be from the industrial sector, followed by residential and then commercial activities (mostly natural gas combustion). MMCO2E tons/year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Residential Transportation Commercial Electric Pow er Industrial Figure 5. Annual Trends in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. C. Annual Trends by Gas per Sector A further look at emissions by source sector reveals the differences in contribution to individual greenhouse gases (Figure 6). First, as previously stated, we see that the emissions of CO2 are much higher than of CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, and SF6 (up to over 180 MMTCO2E compared with slightly over 16.5 MMTCO2E of the other gases combined). CO2 emissions are overwhelmingly dominated by fossil fuel combustion (Figure 6a), which has been generally increasing since 1992 and was 184 MMTCO2E in 2005. Methane and N2O total emissions combined were 12.5 MMTCO2E in 2005 (about 6% of total inventoried greenhouse gas emissions). The HFC, PFC, and SF6 category, responsible for approximately 2% of the total inventory in recent years (3.80 MMTCO2E in 2005), is considered to be emitted entirely from industrial processes. Methane emissions are largely emitted from waste processes, including waste combustion and industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Agricultural processes, including enteric fermentation and manure management are also contributors, and lower emissions result from mobile and stationary source combustion (Figure 6b). These emissions are estimated to have been fairly steady since the mid 1990s. 8 N2O emissions are emitted at an overall similar level to CH4, with dominant contributions from agricultural processes including soil and manure management, followed by mobile and stationary combustion, and then wastewater treatment (Figure 6c). These emissions are estimated to have increased between 1992 and 1996 and then to have begun to gradually decrease until the early 2000s, mostly due to changes in mobile combustion and agricultural soil management practices. It should be noted that other anthropogenic gases, such as NF3, may be required for inclusion in greenhouse gas emissions inventories in the future. (MMTCO2E) 200 CO2 Emissions by Source 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 (MMTCO2E) CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Note: LULUCF values were negative and are not included. 8 CH4 Emissions by Source 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Waste (a) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Stationary Combustion Burning of Agricultural Crop Waste Manure Management Mobile Combustion Waste Enteric Fermentation Wastewater (b) 9 (MMTCO2E) 9 N2O Emissions by Source 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Stationary Combustion Wastewater Mobile Combustion Manure Management Agricultural Soil Management (c) 4 HFC, PFC, and SF6 Emissions by Source 3 2 1 0 (MMTCO2E) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Industrial Processes (d) Figure 6. (a) CO2 , (b) CH4, (c) N2O, and (d) HFC, PFC, and SF6 emissions by source. 10 Detailed Emissions for the Year 2005 Gross emissions during the year 2005 were 202 MMTCO2E, with source patterns typical of other recent years. The majority of emitted Global Warming Potential (GWP), approximately 92%, was due to CO2 emissions from activities related to energy production and use (Figure 7 a,b). GHG Emissions by Sector, 2005 Agriculture Industrial Processes 3% Waste 2% 3% GHG Emissions by Gas, 2005 CH4 3% N2O 3% HFC, PFC, and SF6 2% Energy 92% Gross CO2 92% (a) (b) Figure 7. GHG Emissions in Georgia by (a) sector and (b) gas during 2005. Gross emissions were 202 MMTCO2E. Viewing the inventory in more detail, it can be seen that the large majority of GHG emissions from energy production and use were contributed by CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion (Figure 8a), largely resulting from the electric power (45%) and transportation (38%) sectors (Figure 8b). 2005 GHG Emissions from Energy Production and Use (186.6 MMTCO2E) Stationary Combustion 0% Mobile Combustion 1% 2005 CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion (183.6 MMCO2E) Commercial 2% Transportation 38% Electric Power 45% CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion Residential 98% 4% (a) Industrial 11% (b) Figure 8. GHG Emissions in Georgia from (a) energy production and use and from (b) fossil fuel combustion during 2005. 11 Of the three fossil fuels calculated, combustion of coal (45%) and petroleum (43%) resulted in the largest emissions of CO2 (Figure 9a). Coal was mostly used for electric power generation (95%) (Figure 9b) and petroleum was mostly used was for transportation (88%) (Figure 9c). Natural gas emissions are more evenly split from use by the industrial (37%) and residential (30%) sectors, with smaller contributions from the electric power (18%) and commercial (13%) sectors (Figure 9d). 2005 Georgia Fuel Type Totals Natural Gas 12% Coal Industrial 5% Petroleum 43% Coal 45% (a) Electric Power 95% (b) Petroleum Com m ercial 1% Electric Power 0% Indus trial 10% Res idential 1% Residential 30% Natural Gas Transportation Commercial 2% 13% Electric Power 18% Trans portation 88% (c) Industrial 37% (d) Figure 9. Georgia 2005 CO2 contributions from fossil fuel combustion by (a) fuel type and by sector for each fuel type, including (b) coal, (c) petroleum, and (d) natural gas. 12 Future Activity In its Fiscal Year 2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 2764; Public Law 110161), Congress directed the US EPA to draft a mandatory GHG reporting rule by September 2008 and a final rule by June 200911. This rule will cover both "upstream" and "downstream" sources (e.g. fossil fuel and chemical producers and importers and direct emitters such as large industrial facilities, respectively). The GA EPD is preparing to respond to this rule and will continue to explore ways to refine and improve future GHG inventories. More accurate data may available for some sources from information already routinely collected by the EPD for permitting and for the derivation of criteria pollutant emissions inventories, and some sectors will likely be identified for the collection of additional data. The state of Georgia is a member of The Climate Registry12, with five companies in the state already signed onto the Registry as Founding Reporters. Further industries may join the registry, providing an additional, reliable source of greenhouse gas emissions data. The years 2002 and 2005, which align with GA EPD detailed emissions inventories assembled in compliance with the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR), will likely be targeted for more detailed analysis and refinement. For questions, comments, or suggestions, please contact: Chuck Mueller, Senior Policy Advisor, Acting Chief of the Air Protection Branch, GA Member to Board of Directors to The Climate Registry Environmental Protection Division (404) 363-7016 (404) 657-5949 Chuck.Mueller@dnr.state.ga.us Michelle Bergin, PhD Environmental Engineer Air Protection Branch Environmental Protection Division (404) 362-4569 Michelle.Bergin@dnr.state.ga.us 11 http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgrulemaking.html 12 The Climate Registry is a U.S. state-led international organization with currently 39 U.S. states, 1 Mexican state, 3 Canadian provinces, and 3 Native American tribes signed as members. The Registry is expected to open to voluntary reporters early in 2008. http://www.theclimateregistry.org/ . 13 Appendix The EPA's State Inventory Tool (SIT) The SIT is a set of Microsoft Excel based workbooks and is composed of 10 `modules', each addressing a different sector and/or gas type. Six greenhouse gases/categories are accounted for by this system, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and are reported in units of million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2E) based on the gas' Global Warming Potential (GWP). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assigned each GHG a GWP based on properties such as solar radiative forcing and average atmospheric lifetime, and is often reported as an equivalent mass of CO2 integrated over a 100-year period.13 Contribution of these gases to the inventory may differ if normalized over different periods (e.g. 200 years, 500 years.) The SIT modules are as follows: Module Name 1 CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion 2 Stationary Combustion 3 Natural Gas and Oil 4 Coal Mining 5 Mobile Combustion 6 Industrial Processes 7 Agriculture 8 Land Use Change and Forestry 9 Municipal Solid Waste 10 Wastewater Gases CO2 CH4, N2O CO2, CH4 CH4 CH4, N2O CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 CH4, N2O CO2, CH4, N2O CO2, CH4, N2O CH4, N2O Examples transportation, electric utilities, residential, commercial, industrial, international bunker fuels residential, commercial, industrial, electric utilities transmission, distribution, flaring surface, underground, abandoned on-road, non-road, aviation, marine, locomotive cement production, lime manufacture, electric power transmission and distribution manure management, residue burning soil liming, fertilization, forest fires (nonCO2), urban trees, forest management (sources and sinks) landfill and waste combustion municipal and industrial (pulp and paper, food production) These sectors are further categorized as: Energy Industrial Processes Agriculture CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion Stationary Combustion Mobile Combustion Coal Mining Natural Gas and Oil Systems Industrial Processes Enteric Fermentation Manure Management Rice Cultivation 13 SIT GWPs are largely based on the IPCC Technical Summary of Working Group I, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/247.htm . Appendix p. 1 LUCF Waste Agricultural Soil Management Burning of Agricultural Crop Waste LUCF Municipal Solid Waste Wastewater The following tables contain a summary of these modules for the state of Georgia through 2005. Appendix p. 2 Appendix to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for the State of Georgia September 2008 The following tables are from the summery sheets of each module of the US EPA State Inventory Tool calculated for the state of Georgia. Module names 1 CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion (e.g. energy production, transportation) 2 Stationary Combustion (CH4 and N2O emissions) 3 Natural Gas and Oil (e.g. transmission, distribution, flaring) 4 Coal Mining 5 Mobile Combustion (CH4 and N2O emissions) 6 Industrial Processes (e.g. cement production, lime manufacture) 7 Agriculture (CH4 and N2O, e.g. manure management, residue burning) 8 Land Use Change and Forestry (sources and sinks) 9 Municipal Solid Waste (landfill and combustion) 10 Wastewater 1 CO2 from Fossil Fuel Combustion (e.g. energy production, transportation) MMTCO2E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Residential 5.87 6.23 6.95 7.42 6.82 7.29 7.94 7.33 Coal 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 Petroleum 0.95 0.97 1.05 1.12 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.09 Natural Gas 4.91 5.26 5.88 6.30 5.76 6.24 6.89 6.23 Other - - - - - - - - Commercial 3.77 3.52 3.85 3.91 3.80 4.02 4.03 3.95 Coal 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.01 0.04 Petroleum 1.03 0.73 0.85 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.70 0.79 Natural Gas 2.69 2.78 2.93 3.13 2.95 3.07 3.33 3.12 Other - - - - - - - - Industrial 19.18 19.58 19.92 19.34 20.04 20.91 21.20 20.66 Coal 5.22 4.91 4.18 4.01 4.51 4.57 4.64 4.77 Petroleum 5.32 5.76 6.55 6.38 6.26 6.57 6.93 6.58 Natural Gas 8.64 8.91 9.20 8.94 9.28 9.78 9.64 9.30 Other - - - - - - - - Transportation 48.57 47.32 47.79 53.21 53.91 56.35 59.51 57.20 Coal - - - - - - - - Petroleum 48.17 46.91 47.38 52.83 53.53 55.93 59.04 56.75 Natural Gas 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.45 Other - - - - - - - - Electric Power 61.45 55.08 52.88 57.33 59.77 63.91 63.67 68.20 Coal 61.19 54.95 52.69 56.94 59.54 63.09 63.08 67.05 Petroleum 0.15 0.09 0.12 0.23 0.16 0.22 0.28 0.24 1998 6.82 0.00 0.97 5.85 - 3.57 0.02 0.53 3.02 - 19.12 4.61 5.78 8.73 - 59.15 - 58.72 0.43 - 68.66 66.13 0.72 1999 6.44 0.00 1.06 5.38 - 3.16 0.04 0.75 2.37 - 18.72 4.59 5.99 8.14 - 61.23 - 60.72 0.50 - 69.96 67.54 0.65 2000 8.78 0.00 1.17 7.60 - 4.01 0.02 0.82 3.17 - 19.87 4.75 6.42 8.70 - 61.31 - 60.98 0.33 - 73.79 70.81 0.72 2001 7.43 0.00 0.85 6.58 - 3.67 0.02 0.87 2.78 - 19.29 4.77 7.19 7.33 - 61.19 - 60.76 0.43 - 68.58 66.40 0.31 2002 7.69 0.00 0.81 6.88 - 3.27 0.01 0.61 2.64 - 19.46 4.40 7.49 7.56 - 61.35 - 60.89 0.46 - 73.32 70.02 0.23 2003 8.05 - 0.85 7.19 - 3.37 - 0.58 2.78 - 20.43 4.24 7.60 8.59 - 62.84 - 62.40 0.44 - 73.37 71.29 0.33 2004 7.94 0.00 0.93 7.00 - 3.71 0.01 0.65 3.05 - 20.55 4.23 7.68 8.64 - 66.14 - 65.75 0.39 - 75.41 72.75 0.15 2005 7.57 0.01 0.76 6.79 - 3.51 0.10 0.52 2.89 - 20.22 4.05 7.92 8.24 - 69.18 - 68.82 0.36 - 83.14 78.92 0.21 Appendix p. 3 Natural Gas Other International Bunker Fuels Petroleum TOTAL Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Other 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.16 0.07 0.60 0.31 0.91 1.81 1.77 2.26 1.87 3.07 1.75 2.51 4.01 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - - - - 0.00 0.00 0.01 - 138.84 66.47 55.63 16.75 - 0.00 131.74 59.88 54.46 17.40 - 0.00 131.38 56.96 55.95 18.47 - 0.00 141.22 61.00 61.29 18.92 - 0.00 144.34 64.11 61.78 18.45 - 0.00 152.48 67.79 64.57 20.12 - 0.00 156.36 67.72 67.99 20.64 - 0.00 157.33 71.87 65.45 20.02 - 0.00 157.33 70.77 66.72 19.84 - - 159.51 72.18 69.17 18.16 - - 167.76 75.58 70.11 22.07 - - 160.17 71.20 69.97 18.99 - - 165.07 74.43 70.03 20.61 - 0.00 168.05 75.53 71.76 20.76 - 0.00 173.75 77.00 75.16 21.58 - 0.01 183.61 83.08 78.23 22.29 - 2 Stationary Combustion (CH4 and N2O emissions) 2a. Stationary Combustion N2O emissions MMTCO2E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Residential 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.027 0.026 0.026 Coal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Petroleum 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Natural Gas 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Wood 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.021 0.020 0.020 Other - - - - - - Commercial 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 Coal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 Petroleum 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Natural Gas 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Wood 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 Other - - - - - - Industrial 0.248 0.239 0.238 0.241 0.247 0.260 Coal 0.026 0.025 0.021 0.020 0.023 0.023 Petroleum 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.012 Natural Gas 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 Wood 0.207 0.200 0.200 0.205 0.208 0.220 Other - - - - - - Electric Utilities 0.307 0.275 0.265 0.286 0.297 0.315 Coal 0.306 0.275 0.264 0.285 0.297 0.314 Petroleum 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 Natural Gas 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Wood - - - 0.000 0.000 0.000 Other - - - - - - TOTAL 0.579 0.539 0.529 0.561 0.577 0.608 Coal 0.333 0.300 0.286 0.305 0.320 0.337 Petroleum 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 Natural Gas 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 Wood 0.221 0.215 0.216 0.228 0.231 0.242 1996 0.027 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.020 0.007 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.264 0.023 0.013 0.005 0.222 0.315 0.314 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.612 0.337 0.019 0.011 0.245 1997 0.023 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.016 0.007 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.278 0.024 0.013 0.005 0.237 0.337 0.334 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.645 0.358 0.019 0.011 0.257 1998 0.020 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.014 0.006 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.260 0.023 0.011 0.005 0.222 0.338 0.334 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.624 0.358 0.017 0.011 0.239 1999 0.021 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.015 0.006 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.260 0.023 0.012 0.004 0.221 0.344 0.342 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.632 0.365 0.018 0.010 0.239 2000 0.024 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.016 0.007 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.254 0.024 0.013 0.005 0.213 0.361 0.358 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.646 0.382 0.020 0.012 0.232 2001 0.017 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.011 0.006 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.225 0.024 0.014 0.004 0.183 0.338 0.336 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.585 0.360 0.020 0.010 0.195 2002 0.017 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.011 0.005 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.331 0.022 0.015 0.004 0.290 0.357 0.354 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.710 0.376 0.019 0.011 0.304 2003 0.018 - 0.002 0.004 0.011 - 0.005 - 0.002 0.002 0.002 - 0.241 0.021 0.015 0.005 0.200 - 0.363 2004 0.018 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.012 - 0.005 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 - 0.254 0.021 0.016 0.005 0.212 - 0.370 2005 0.018 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.012 - 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 - 0.238 0.020 0.017 0.004 0.196 - 0.402 0.361 0.368 0.399 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 - - - 0.627 0.647 0.663 0.382 0.389 0.420 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.214 0.225 0.211 Appendix p. 4 Other - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2b. Stationary Combustion CH4 emissions MMTCO2E 1990 1991 1992 1993 Residential 0.079 0.082 0.088 0.121 Coal 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 Petroleum 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 Natural Gas 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.012 Wood 0.066 0.069 0.072 0.105 Other - - - - Commercial 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.022 Coal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Petroleum 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.002 Natural Gas 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 Wood 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.014 Other - - - - Industrial Coal 0.123 0.012 0.119 0.011 0.119 0.009 0.120 0.009 Petroleum 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 Natural Gas 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 Wood 0.105 0.102 0.102 0.104 Other - - - - Electric Power 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.013 Coal 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.013 Petroleum 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Natural Gas 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Wood - - - 0.000 Other - - - - TOTAL 0.231 0.229 0.234 0.276 Coal 0.026 0.024 0.023 0.023 Petroleum 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 Natural Gas 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.021 Wood 0.178 0.178 0.182 0.223 Other - - - - 1994 0.114 0.001 0.003 0.011 0.099 - 0.022 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.013 - 0.123 0.010 0.004 0.003 0.106 - 0.014 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.272 0.024 0.010 0.020 0.219 - 1995 0.116 0.001 0.003 0.012 0.099 - 0.022 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.014 - 0.130 0.010 0.004 0.004 0.112 - 0.015 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.282 0.026 0.010 0.021 0.224 - 1996 0.120 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.103 - 0.022 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.014 - 0.131 0.011 0.005 0.004 0.113 - 0.015 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.288 0.025 0.010 0.023 0.230 - 1997 0.098 0.000 0.004 0.012 0.082 - 0.022 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.014 - 0.139 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.120 - 0.016 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.000 - 0.274 0.026 0.010 0.021 0.216 - 1998 0.087 0.000 0.003 0.011 0.073 - 0.019 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.012 - 0.130 0.010 0.004 0.003 0.113 - 0.016 0.015 0.001 0.001 0.000 - 0.253 0.026 0.009 0.021 0.198 - 1999 0.091 0.000 0.003 0.010 0.077 - 0.019 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.013 - 0.130 0.010 0.004 0.003 0.112 - 0.017 0.015 0.001 0.001 0.000 - 0.256 0.026 0.010 0.018 0.202 - 2000 0.101 0.000 0.004 0.014 0.082 - 0.022 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.013 - 0.126 0.011 0.004 0.003 0.108 - 0.018 0.016 0.001 0.001 0.000 - 0.267 0.027 0.011 0.024 0.204 - 2001 0.070 0.000 0.003 0.012 0.054 - 0.017 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.010 - 0.111 0.011 0.005 0.003 0.093 - 0.016 0.015 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 0.214 0.026 0.010 0.021 0.157 - 2002 0.071 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.055 - 0.017 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.010 - 0.165 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.148 - 0.017 0.016 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 0.270 0.026 0.010 0.022 0.212 - 2003 0.074 - 0.003 0.014 0.058 - 0.017 - 0.002 0.005 0.010 - 0.120 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.102 - 0.017 0.016 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 0.228 0.026 0.010 0.023 0.170 - 2004 0.076 0.000 0.003 0.013 0.059 - 0.018 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.010 - 0.126 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.107 - 0.018 0.017 0.000 0.001 0.000 - 0.237 0.026 0.011 0.023 0.177 - 2005 0.077 0.001 0.003 0.013 0.061 - 0.017 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.010 - 0.118 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.100 - 0.020 0.018 0.000 0.002 0.000 - 0.231 0.028 0.010 0.023 0.171 - 3 Natural Gas and Oil (e.g. transmission, distribution, flaring) Emissions (MMTCO2 Eq.) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Natural Gas Oil - - - - - - - - - - - - Emissions by Gas (MMTCO2) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Natural Gas - - - - - - 1996 - 1996 - 1997 - 1997 - 1998 - 1998 - 1999 - 1999 - 2000 - 2000 - 2001 - 2001 - 2002 - 2002 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - 2003 - 2004 - 2005 - Appendix p. 5 Flaring 4 Coal Mining Emissions (MTCO2E) 1990 Coal Mining - Abandoned Coal - Mines Vented - Sealed - Flooded - 1991* - 1992* - - - - - - - 1993 - - 1994 - - 1995 - - 1996 - - 1997 - - 1998 - - 1999 - - 2000 - - 2001 - - 2002 - - 2003 - - 2004 - - 2005 - - 5 Mobile Combustion (CH4 and N2O emissions) CH4 Emissions from Mobile Sources (MTCO2E) Fuel 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Type/Vehicle Type Gasoline 200,47 201,42 206,90 200,95 201,17 Highway 2 2 2 9 1 Passenger Cars 123,51 116,919 117,78 0 2 112,87 9 113,20 8 Light-Duty 63,755 70,360 75,571 75,301 74,855 Trucks Heavy-Duty 12,512 13,420 12,778 12,003 12,289 Vehicles Motorcycles 695 723 771 777 819 Diesel Highway 710 745 770 801 878 Passenger Cars 7 6 7 6 6 Light-Duty 15 17 19 21 22 Trucks Heavy-Duty 687 722 744 774 850 Vehicles Non-Highway 14,204 11,619 12,839 12,000 11,933 Boats 1,665 1,665 3,529 2,656 2,016 Locomotives 1,307 988 1,022 920 1,143 Farm 2,845 1,878 1,733 2,182 2,017 Equipment Construction 1,491 1,254 1,332 1,334 1,461 Equipment Aircraft 5,468 4,458 3,896 4,544 4,899 Other* 1,428 1,376 1,327 364 397 Alternative 273 288 304 385 404 Fuel Vehicles Light Duty 94 100 108 116 115 Vehicles 1995 193,80 8 108,56 6 72,236 12,152 854 934 6 23 906 13,340 1,614 1,238 3,298 1,604 5,225 362 540 218 1996 186,92 6 104,58 8 70,309 11,208 821 971 6 24 942 13,961 1,502 1,442 3,538 2,102 5,028 350 711 280 1997 180,41 4 100,31 8 69,060 10,235 801 1,047 6 26 1,015 13,105 1,415 1,880 3,201 1,772 4,487 349 974 476 1998 172,64 2 96,727 65,815 9,305 794 1,082 6 27 1,049 13,161 1,238 1,397 3,875 1,967 4,344 340 1,087 527 1999 156,05 9 90,913 55,699 8,572 874 1,040 5 26 1,009 13,426 1,086 1,379 3,505 2,186 4,458 812 1,176 582 2000 151,21 5 87,851 54,711 7,771 881 1,126 5 28 1,093 12,648 1,110 1,284 3,604 2,156 3,668 825 1,358 646 2001 149,10 7 82,250 59,762 6,301 794 1,158 5 30 1,123 13,867 1,011 1,326 4,606 2,664 2,857 1,402 1,765 763 2002 125,99 0 74,506 44,735 5,977 771 1,176 5 29 1,142 14,360 2,158 2,134 3,863 2,373 2,423 1,409 2,062 872 2003 115,14 4 67,296 41,526 5,565 757 1,166 5 30 1,131 13,809 2,403 1,890 2,756 2,469 2,899 1,392 2,725 965 2004 107,18 7 62,635 38,471 5,288 793 1,203 5 31 1,167 16,303 4,239 1,989 2,557 2,470 3,416 1,632 3,049 984 2005 98,145 56,354 36,070 4,926 795 1,180 5 32 1,143 17,097 4,624 2,014 2,567 2,724 3,592 1,577 2,674 842 Appendix p. 6 Heavy Duty 99 98 97 129 143 175 275 328 377 397 505 781 942 1,477 1,750 Vehicles Buses 80 90 99 139 146 147 155 170 183 197 207 221 247 282 314 Total 215,65 214,07 220,81 214,14 214,38 208,62 202,56 195,54 187,97 171,70 166,34 165,89 143,58 132,84 127,74 9 4 5 4 6 2 9 1 2 1 7 7 7 4 1 * "Other" includes snowmobiles, small gasoline powered utility equipment, heavy-duty gasoline powered utility equipment, and heavy-duty diesel powered utility equipment. 1,557 275 119,09 5 N2O Emissions from Mobile Sources (MTCO2E) Fuel 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Type/Vehicle Type Gasoline 1,975, 2,134, 2,347, 2,411, 2,549, Highway 268 214 795 387 046 Passenger Cars 1,254,2 1,263,6 1,340,6 1,338,7 1,399,8 87 81 55 06 69 Light-Duty 685,99 829,01 963,99 1,029,1 1,101,8 Trucks 6 6 5 38 84 Heavy-Duty 33,987 40,480 42,039 42,430 46,118 Vehicles Motorcycles 997 1,037 1,106 1,114 1,175 Diesel Highway 10,132 10,631 10,995 11,431 12,518 Passenger Cars 227 208 212 204 202 Light-Duty 348 390 445 472 500 Trucks Heavy-Duty 9,556 10,032 10,338 10,755 11,816 Vehicles Non-Highway 113,69 92,104 93,734 94,522 99,662 2 Boats 8,548 8,547 18,119 13,639 10,351 Locomotives 6,173 4,666 4,829 4,345 5,397 Farm 7,467 4,928 4,549 5,726 5,293 Equipment Construction 9,785 8,229 8,736 8,755 9,587 Equipment Aircraft 72,354 56,705 48,792 59,668 66,428 Other* 9,366 9,029 8,708 2,389 2,606 Alternative 3,736 3,554 3,390 4,277 4,124 Fuel Vehicles Light Duty 885 880 888 940 872 Vehicles Heavy Duty 2,736 2,544 2,358 3,135 3,040 Vehicles Buses 115 130 144 203 212 Total 2,102, 2,240, 2,455, 2,521, 2,665, 828 503 915 617 349 1995 2,600, 653 1,405,8 79 1,145,6 02 47,948 1,224 13,298 192 518 12,587 108,02 6 8,285 5,846 8,655 10,521 72,345 2,374 4,082 1,011 2,867 205 2,726, 058 1996 2,677, 845 1,421,3 83 1,201,0 14 54,258 1,189 13,826 188 549 13,089 107,72 4 7,710 6,813 9,284 13,788 67,833 2,296 4,415 1,137 3,063 216 2,803, 810 1997 2,750, 256 1,427,5 79 1,261,3 71 60,135 1,171 14,897 189 593 14,115 98,234 7,265 8,882 8,401 11,628 59,767 2,292 4,919 1,370 3,322 227 2,868, 306 1998 2,783, 926 1,441,8 09 1,275,0 53 65,895 1,169 15,379 182 612 14,585 97,614 6,357 6,601 10,170 12,906 59,352 2,229 5,123 1,438 3,439 246 2,902, 042 1999 2,606, 301 1,386,0 00 1,157,6 97 61,323 1,281 14,789 171 599 14,019 101,03 9 5,576 6,516 9,200 14,343 60,079 5,326 4,799 1,442 3,089 268 2,726, 929 2000 2,624, 281 1,380,5 06 1,179,7 65 62,712 1,297 16,010 170 645 15,196 91,930 5,699 6,065 9,458 14,148 51,145 5,414 5,429 1,709 3,448 272 2,737, 651 2001 2,560, 214 1,321,7 34 1,180,0 88 57,218 1,174 16,459 157 698 15,604 89,064 5,191 6,266 12,089 17,480 38,841 9,197 6,499 1,927 4,281 290 2,672, 235 2002 2,251, 528 1,224,4 83 965,96 7 59,934 1,143 16,695 157 667 15,871 85,314 11,078 10,082 10,138 15,569 29,204 9,242 7,535 2,265 4,945 325 2,361, 072 2003 2,091, 437 1,132,1 01 897,02 9 61,181 1,125 16,572 157 690 15,725 88,388 12,339 8,930 7,232 16,202 34,555 9,131 8,819 2,511 5,937 371 2,205, 216 2004 1,974, 277 1,079,9 85 829,39 6 63,715 1,181 17,094 162 706 16,227 100,94 9 21,765 9,395 6,711 16,204 36,165 10,708 9,552 2,659 6,481 413 2,101, 871 2005 1,834, 115 997,44 6 773,76 8 61,716 1,186 16,777 162 726 15,889 105,94 9 23,742 9,511 6,736 17,869 37,743 10,348 8,343 2,369 5,612 361 1,965, 183 Appendix p. 7 * "Other" includes snowmobiles, small gasoline powered utility equipment, heavy-duty gasoline powered utility equipment, and heavy-duty diesel powered utility equipment. 6 Industrial Processes (e.g. cement production, lime manufacture) Emissions were not calculated for the following sources: Nitric Acid Production, Adipic Acid Production, Semiconductor Manufacturing, Magnesium Production, HCFC-22 Production, and Aluminum Production. Emissions in MTCO2E Carbon Dioxide Emissions Cement Manufacture Lime Manufacture Limestone and Dolomite Use Soda Ash Ammonia & Urea Iron & Steel Production Nitrous Oxide Emissions Nitric Acid Production Adipic Acid Production HFC, PFC, and SF6 Emissions ODS Substitutes Semiconductor Manufacturing Magnesium Production Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Systems HCFC-22 Production Aluminum Production Total 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1,039,2 04 491,34 2 - 976,82 4 435,76 0 - 1,007,6 18 445,93 8 - 1,445,8 15 815,84 0 84,887 1,526,5 56 830,01 5 76,383 1,588,2 40 845,23 6 86,407 1,286,8 40 421,68 3 78,683 2,291,3 50 424,83 1 - 2,373, 871 450,91 4 - 2,249,1 84 465,59 6 - 2,337, 387 509,71 6 - - 70,681 477,18 0 - - - 68,436 472,62 9 - - - 69,516 492,16 4 - - - 69,700 475,38 8 - - 27,877 70,314 521,96 8 - - 56,958 73,786 525,85 3 - - 76,550 73,310 636,61 4 - - 105,53 0 75,179 596,83 2 1,088,9 79 - 132,30 5 76,811 610,94 2 1,102,8 99 - 75,680 76,213 600,44 2 1,031,2 53 - 57,395 77,338 546,08 9 1,146,8 48 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 800,58 5 8,634 - 772,36 5 16,807 - 815,58 2 45,948 - 916,31 3 145,69 1 - 1,045,6 09 332,15 7 - 1,465,4 81 780,42 3 - 1,738,2 60 1,097,0 73 - 1,999,7 88 1,414,7 53 - 2,128,8 93 1,609,8 55 - 2,360, 038 1,828,0 46 - 2,627, 603 2,103,1 53 - - - - - - - - - - - - 791,95 755,55 769,63 770,62 713,45 685,05 641,18 585,03 519,03 531,99 524,45 0 8 5 2 2 8 8 5 8 2 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1,839,7 1,749,1 1,823,2 2,362,1 2,572,1 3,053, 3,025,1 4,291,1 4,502, 4,609, 4,964, 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2,273, 061 496,93 3 - 2,391,8 71 458,85 1 - 2,320, 718 420,27 4 - 2,287, 053 420,44 3 - 2,039, 265 391,04 8 - 48,237 46,642 31,952 38,225 43,926 78,199 431,60 0 1,218,0 93 - 79,629 577,72 2 1,229,0 27 - 78,298 463,66 6 1,326,5 28 - 79,052 513,88 4 1,235,4 49 - 79,250 490,93 5 1,034,1 07 - - - - - - - - - - - 2,847, 917 2,326, 716 - 3,073, 250 2,558, 988 - 3,288, 228 2,798, 447 - 3,561,5 10 3,053, 682 - 3,800, 410 3,295, 997 - - - - - - 521,20 514,26 489,78 507,82 504,41 1 2 1 8 3 - - - - - - - - - - 5,120,9 5,465,1 5,608, 5,848, 5,839, Appendix p. 8 Emissions 88 90 00 28 65 721 01 39 764 222 990 79 22 946 562 675 7 Agriculture (CH4 and N2O, e.g. manure management, residue burning) Note: Totals below do not account for emissions from the following animals, fertilizers, crops, or harvested areas: Enteric Fermentation: Manure Management and Ag SoilsAnimal: Ag Soils-Plant- Red Clover, White Clover, Birdsfoot Trefoil, Arrowleaf Clover, Crimson Clover, Residues, Legumes, Histosols: Ag Soils-PlantFertilizers: Organic: Dried Blood, Compost, Other Sewage Sludge, Tankage Rice Cultivation: Ag Residue Burning: The "National Adjustment Factor" is applied to reconcile differences between the methodologies for estimating nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils of the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the State Inventory Tool. The method used in the SIT underestimates indirect emissions from fertilizers and overestimates indirect emissions from livestock and all direct sources of agricultural soils emissions relative to the National Inventory. Other sources will not be affected. Emissions (MMTCO2 Eq.) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Enteric Fermentation Manure 1.852 1.885 1.905 1.883 1.929 1.956 1.880 1.822 1.706 1.687 1.706 1.663 1.637 1.731 1.688 1.669 Management 1.350 1.371 1.391 1.451 1.472 1.473 1.517 1.539 1.630 1.611 1.575 1.598 1.626 1.580 1.598 1.611 Ag Soils 1.659 1.946 1.865 1.941 2.053 2.972 3.282 2.834 2.705 2.268 2.270 2.560 2.348 2.474 2.351 2.920 Rice Cultivation Agricultural Residue Burning 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 TOTAL 4.867 5.210 5.171 5.282 5.462 6.406 6.686 6.201 6.045 5.570 5.555 5.826 5.615 5.789 5.642 6.204 8 Land Use Change and Forestry (sources and sinks) Emissions were not calculated for the following sector: Forest Fires. If you skipped any of these by mistake, please return to the control worksheet and complete each skipped source. Appendix p. 9 Emissions* (MMTCO2E) 1990 1991 1992 1993 Forest Carbon Flux Aboveground Biomass Belowground Biomass (33.07) (33.07) (33.07) (36.68) (10.99) (10.99) (10.99) (10.99) (2.14) (2.14) (2.14) (2.14) Dead Wood (1.11) (1.11) (1.11) (1.11) Litter 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 Soil Organic Carbon Total wood products and landfills (4.04) (4.04) (4.04) (4.04) (15.87) (15.87) (15.87) (19.48) Liming of Agricultural Soils - - - - Limestone - - - - Dolomite - - - - Urea 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 Fertilization Urban Trees (3.11) (3.24) (3.37) (3.50) Landfilled Yard Trimmings and (6.34) (5.42) (5.39) (4.71) Food Scraps Grass (0.52) (0.49) (0.48) (0.39) Leaves (2.56) (2.47) (2.46) (2.17) Branches (2.55) (2.46) (2.45) (2.15) Landfilled Food (0.71) (0.64) (0.64) (0.61) Scraps Forest Fires - - - - CH4 - - - - N2O - - - - N2O from Settlement Soils - - - - Total (42.52) (41.73) (41.82) (44.87) * Note that parentheses indicate net sequestration. 1994 (36.68) (10.99) (2.14) (1.11) 1.08 (4.04) (19.48) - 0.01 (3.62) (4.21) (0.33) (1.96) (1.92) (0.60) 0.03 (44.47) 1995 (36.68) (10.99) (2.14) (1.11) 1.08 (4.04) (19.48) - 0.01 (3.75) (3.53) (0.24) (1.67) (1.62) (0.51) 0.09 (43.86) 1996 (38.72) (13.33) (2.64) (1.30) 0.88 (2.84) (19.48) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 (3.88) (2.90) (0.16) (1.40) (1.34) (0.59) 0.09 (45.38) 1997 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.02 (4.00) (2.83) (0.17) (1.36) (1.30) (0.72) 0.09 (53.26) 1998 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.13) (2.78) (0.17) (1.33) (1.27) (0.87) 0.08 (53.35) 1999 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.26) (2.56) (0.15) (1.23) (1.17) (0.88) 0.07 (53.27) 2000 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.39) (2.53) (0.16) (1.22) (1.15) (1.10) 0.07 (53.37) 2001 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.51) (2.63) (0.19) (1.26) (1.19) (1.07) 0.07 (53.61) 2002 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.64) (2.73) (0.21) (1.30) (1.23) (1.07) 0.08 (53.82) 2003 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.77) (2.26) (0.15) (1.09) (1.02) (1.02) 0.08 (53.48) 2004 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (4.89) (2.03) (0.13) (0.99) (0.92) (1.18) 0.08 (53.37) 2005 (46.53) (22.36) (4.55) (2.03) 0.11 1.78 (19.48) - 0.01 (5.02) (2.13) (0.15) (1.03) (0.96) (1.10) 0.07 (53.61) 9 Waste (municipal solid: landfill and combustion) Total Emissions from Landfills and Waste Combustion (MMTCO2E) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 CH4 2.362 2.388 2.484 2.468 2.687 2.862 3.115 CO2 0.082 0.073 0.073 0.103 0.111 0.112 0.047 1997 2.889 0.071 1998 3.354 0.053 1999 2.980 0.059 2000 3.152 0.054 2001 2.883 0.047 2002 2.717 0.035 2003 2004 2005 2.766 2.660 2.612 0.057 0.083 0.092 Appendix p.10 N2O Total 0.003 2.446 0.002 2.463 0.002 2.559 0.003 2.574 0.003 2.801 0.003 2.977 0.001 3.163 0.002 2.961 0.001 3.408 0.001 3.040 0.001 3.208 0.001 2.931 0.001 2.752 0.001 2.824 0.002 2.744 0.002 2.705 CH4 Emissions from Landfills (MTCO2E) 1990 1991 1992 1993 Potential CH4 2,718, 2,821, 2,928, 3,090, 723 398 419 819 MSW 2,540, 2,636, 2,736, 2,888, Generation 863 821 840 616 Industrial 177,86 184,57 191,57 202,20 Generation 0 7 9 3 CH4 Avoided (94,70 (168,3 (168,3 (348,7 3) 82) 82) 08) Flare - (73,68 (73,68 (254,0 0) 0) 05) Landfill Gas-to- (94,70 (94,70 (94,70 (94,70 Energy 3) 3) 3) 3) Oxidation at 244,61 246,84 256,84 253,99 MSW Landfills 6 4 6 1 Oxidation at 17,786 18,458 19,158 20,220 Industrial Landfills Total CH4 2,361, 2,387, 2,484, 2,467, Emissions 619 714 033 900 1994 3,334, 640 3,116,4 86 218,15 4 (348,7 08) (254,0 05) (94,70 3) 276,77 8 21,815 2,687, 339 1995 3,596, 622 3,361,3 29 235,29 3 (416,3 69) (321,6 67) (94,70 3) 294,49 6 23,529 2,862, 228 1996 3,848, 333 3,596, 572 251,76 0 (386,9 63) (292,2 60) (94,70 3) 320,96 1 25,176 3,115, 233 1997 4,051, 607 3,786, 549 265,05 8 (842,1 30) (674,5 79) (167,5 51) 294,44 2 26,506 2,888, 529 1998 4,418, 149 4,129,1 11 289,03 8 (691,1 36) (523,5 86) (167,5 51) 343,79 7 28,904 3,354, 311 1999 4,630, 400 4,327, 477 302,92 3 (1,319 ,470) (1,151, 920) (167,5 51) 300,80 1 30,292 2,979, 837 2000 4,858, 546 4,540, 697 317,84 9 (1,355 ,978) (1,188, 427) (167,5 51) 318,47 2 31,785 3,152, 312 2001 5,035, 269 4,705, 859 329,41 0 (1,831 ,681) (1,664, 130) (167,5 51) 287,41 8 32,941 2,883, 229 2002 5,319, 622 4,971,6 09 348,01 3 (2,301 ,016) (2,133, 465) (167,5 51) 267,05 9 34,801 2,716, 746 2003 5,721, 596 5,347, 286 374,31 0 (2,648 ,717) (2,481, 166) (167,5 51) 269,85 7 37,431 2,765, 591 2004 6,105, 468 5,706, 045 399,42 3 (3,150 ,378) (2,780, 695) (369,6 83) 255,56 7 39,942 2,659, 581 2005 6,471, 948 6,048, 549 423,39 8 (3,570 ,210) (3,200, 527) (369,6 83) 247,83 4 42,340 2,611, 564 CO2 and N2O Emissions from Waste Combustion (MTCO2E) Gas/Waste 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Product CO2 82,024 72,835 73,104 103,40 110,62 111,74 4 0 6 Plastics 55,009 48,958 48,847 69,303 73,283 74,514 Synthetic 11,981 10,354 10,012 13,824 14,602 13,286 Rubber in MSW Synthetic 15,034 13,522 14,246 20,277 22,734 23,946 Fibers N2O 2,722 2,178 2,227 2,933 3,155 3,155 Total CO2 and 84,746 75,013 75,332 106,33 113,77 114,90 N2O Emissions 6 5 1 1996 46,528 31,030 5,457 10,041 1,222 47,749 1997 70,665 47,672 7,975 15,018 1,812 72,477 1998 52,844 35,671 5,871 11,302 1,330 54,174 1999 58,609 40,128 6,181 12,301 1,413 60,022 2000 54,031 36,756 5,805 11,471 1,267 55,298 2001 46,865 31,747 5,149 9,969 1,046 47,911 2002 34,776 23,547 3,770 7,460 761 35,537 2003 57,006 38,355 6,223 12,428 1,218 58,224 2004 82,751 54,630 11,538 16,583 1,675 84,426 2005 91,886 59,330 15,070 17,486 1,675 93,561 10 Wastewater Emissions were not calculated for the following sources: Industrial Fruits & Vegetables, and Industrial Pulp & Paper. Emissions 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Appendix p.11 (MMTCO2E) Municipal CH4 Municipal N2O Industrial CH4 Fruits & Vegetables Red Meat Poultry Pulp & Paper Total Emissions 0.44 0.18 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.62 0.45 0.18 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.64 0.45 0.19 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.66 0.46 0.19 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.67 0.47 0.20 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.69 0.48 0.20 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.70 0.49 0.21 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.71 0.50 0.21 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.72 0.51 0.22 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.74 0.52 0.22 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.76 0.55 0.24 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.80 0.57 0.25 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.82 0.58 0.25 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.83 0.59 0.25 0.01 - 0.01 - 0.85 0.60 0.26 0.00 - 0.00 - 0.87 0.61 0.27 0.00 - 0.00 - 0.89 Appendix p.12