GEORGIA STATE DIVISION OF CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY Garland Peyton, Director THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin Number 62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PALEONTOLOGY OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA By A. T. Allen and J. G. Lester Emory University ATLANTA 1954 GEORGIA STATE DIVISION OF CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINING AND GEOLOGY Garland Peyton, Director THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin Number 62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PALEONTOLOGY OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA By A. T. ~lien and J. G. Lester Emory University ATLANTA 1954 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAl_ Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Atlanta, July 14, 1954 To His Excellency, Herman Talmadge, Governor Commissioner Ex-Officio, State Division of Conservation Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin No. 62, Contributions to the Paleontology of Northwest Georgia, by Doctors Arthur T. Allen and James G. Lester of Emory University. This bulletin fulfills a long-standing demand of paleontologists, stratigraphers, economic geologists, structural geologists, and the geology departments of the colleges and universities. Very respectfully your<;, GARLAND PEYTON Director I I CONTENTS Introduction Letter of Transmittal Acknowledgments Cambrian System Cambro-Ordovician System Ordovician System Silurian System Devonian System and Mississippian System Pennsylvanian System Page ll 3 5 13 19 67 79 131 III ILLUSTRATIONS FossiLS OF THE FoLLOWING STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS PLATE Page 1. Conasauga 8 2. Conasauga 10 3. Knox Group 16 4. Lower and Middle Ordovician. 22 5. Middle Ordovician . 24 6. Middle Ordovician . 28 7. Middle Ordovician . 30 8. Middle Ordovician . 34 9. Middle and Upper Ordovician 38 10. Middle and Upper Ordovician 40 11. Middle and Upper Ordovician 44 12. Middle and Upper Ordovician 48 13. Middle and Upper Ordovician ............. . 50 14. Upper Ordovician --------------- ------------- 52 15. Upper Ordovician ----------------- 54 16. Upper Ordovician ----------- ---------------- ------------- 56 17. Upper Ordovician 60 ------------- .. ---------- 18. Upper Ordovician ... ------------------ ------------- ------------- 64 19. Red Mountain 70 20. Red Mountain 74 21. Red Mountain .. . . . .... 76 22. Armuchee Chert, Fort Payne, and Floyd Shale ............. 84 IV PLATE Page 23. Floyd Shale and Fort Payne Chert __ 88 24. Floyd Shale and Fort Payne Chert 92 25. Fort Payne Chert 96 26. St. Louis - 100 27. Ste. Genevieve and Gasper - 104 28. Ste. Genevieve and Gasper ___ ___________________________________ _ 108 29. Ste. Genevieve and Gasper 112 30. Ste. Genevieve and Gasper 116 31. Gasper - ---- --- 120 32. Gasper 124 33. Bangor and Pennington _______ ___ _______________ _ ------ --- -- .128 34. Vandever and Rockcastle .136 35. Vandever and Rockcastle _____ _ 140 36. Vandever and Rockcastle .. 144 37. Vandever and Rockcastle 146 38. Vandever and Rockcastle 148 ILLUSTRATIVE PLATES 39. (A) View of Middle Ordovician limestones exposed in ditch on east side of Georgia highway 151, four miles north of Ring- g~d 152 (B) View of Middle Ordovician limestones in roadcut on east side of Georgia highway 151, 1Y2 miles north of Ringgold 152 40. (A) Exposure of Middle Ordovician limestones in quarry on east boundary of Chickamauga Park ____ 153 (B) Exposure of Upper Ordovician limestones on south side of Georgia highway 143, west flank of Pigeon Mountain 153 v 41. (A) Alternating shales and siltstones of the Red Mountain forma- tion on north side of U. S. highway 41 ; 1 miles east of Ring- gold !.'A 1B) Fort Payne chert exposed on east side of U. S. highway 27 on flank of Taylor Ridge near Gore _ ____ _ 154 42. (A) Erosion ditches in deep red soil overlying the Gasper and the Ste. Genevieve limestones. North end of Cherokee Ridge at the Tennessee-Georgia line. The locality is known as Cave Springs 155 (B) Shale waste on coal mine dump, mile east of Durham 155 INDEX MAPS 1. Conasauga localities west of Rome 7 2. Knox localities west of Trion 15 3. Ordovician localities north of Ringgold 33 4. Ordovician localities along Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway (Ga. Hwy. 143) 43 5. Mississippian localities northeast of Ringgold 103 6_ Pennsylvanian localities east of Durham, Lookout Mountain 135 7. Index map of Paleozoic localities in northwest Georgia in pocket VI CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PALEONTOLOGY OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA A. T. Allen and J. G. Lester INTRODUCTION This report is presented with the hope that it will serve the multiple purposes of aiding the paleontologist in making systematic collections of Paleozoic fossils, aiding the student in taxonomic identifications, and in helping to stimulate the beginner to devote more effort to the collecting and identification of fossil specimens. Much thought has been given as to the best and most orderly method of presentation. At first the idea of grouping the illustrations purely on geographic locality was considered because by so doing directions could be given easily. However, confusion would result from the close proximity of formations of different geologic age and repetition would be necessary in making complete lists in different areas. Therefore, it has been decided to list the specimens by arbitrarily chosen stratigraphic units and to show their geographic occurrence on the small index maps which are included with the plates and also on the larger location map in the pocket. The plates are arranged according to the stratigraphic units listed m the table that follows. In order to avoid confusion these units are correlated with the nomenclature of formations established by Charles Butts (1948). Although, the authors are aware that these are inadequate and erroneous at the present time. Stratigraphic Units *Butts' Pottsville formation Pennsylvanian This Report Lee Group Pennington shale Bangor limestone Bangor (restricted) limestone Hartselle sandstone Golconda limestone Gasper limestone Ste. Genevieve limestone St. Louis limestone Ft. Payne chert Mississippian Bangor-Pennington Hartselle-Golconda Ste. Genevieve-Casper St. Louis Ft. Payne -Floyd Chattanooga shale Armuchee chert Devonian Chattanooga shale Armuchee *See Bulletin No. 54, Georgia Division of Mines, Mining and Ge-ology 1948. 2 GEoRGIA GEoLoGICAL SuRvEY Red Mountain formation Red Mountain Sequatchie formation Silurian -------------------------------------------- Maysville limestone Upper Ordovician Trenton limestone Lowville-Moccasin limestone Ottossee (Sevier) shale Tellico formation Athens shale Holston marble Lebanon limestone Lenoir limestone Mosheim limestone Murfreesboro limestone Ordovician Middle Ordovician Newala limestone Knox dolomite CambroOrdovician Lower Ordovician Knox Group Conasauga formation Rome formation Shady dolomite Weisner quartzite Cambrian Conasauga A short generalized statement describing each formation is included with the plates illustrating the fossils. The reader is referred to Butts (1948) for lithologic and stratigraphic discussions and for localities where the various formations are exposed. Each fossil plate is accompanied by an explanation which includes a brief description of each fossil, location of occurrence, the magnification of the photograph, acknowledgment of the source of the specimen, and the accession number of the Emory Geology Museum. Where a source is not acknowledged it is to be understood that the collection was made by the authors, by members of the Geology staff, or by students in attendance at the Emory University Geology Field Camp during the summers from 1947 to 1953. The fossils are available for examination and study by any interested persons. The small index maps which are included show localities where collecting is good and where fossils of several species may be found. In order to spot more definitely the collecting ground, the exact area has been shaded. The large map shows the location sites indicated on the plates and on the small index maps and the best highways and roads leading to them. These locations should not be considered as the only ones where the illustrated fossils may be found. At many of the localities shown on the map, fossils other than the ones described also occur. The identifications have been made by companson of the specimens PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 3 with available descriptions, many of which are listed in the Selected References. The emphasis has been on identification of known forms rather than differentiation of new species. This is indicated by the many forms which only are identified generically and others which are identified as being similar to some particular form. This study should be considered as an introduction rather than as the completed study of the Paleozoic fauna and flora. Many problems have been brought to our attention by it which offer fertile areas for further detailed investigations in paleontology, sedimentation, and stratigraphy. Acknowledgments: The authors are indebted to many people for aid in the preparation of this report. Although it is impossible to adequately acknowledge our gratitude to all of them, we would like to express our appreciation to Dr. G. Arthur Cooper, Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleobotany, United States National Museum for making the fossils collected by Dr. Charles Butts available for study and photographing; to Miss Lewis Lipps, Biology Department of Shorter College for the loan of several specimens; to Mr. M. L. Fisher of Chickamauga for the use of several lower Ordovician cephalopods; to Louis Vest, Craig Wright, F. T. Ingram, Robert Crisler, and many other geology students from Emory University. Financial aid has been given by the Emory University Research Committee and by the Georgia Division of Mines, Mining, and Geology for expenses in the collecting of the specimens and in the reproduction of the plates. The project could not have been completed without this help. CAMBRIAN SYSTEM 6 GEoRGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY CONASAUGA FORMATION The Conasauga is composed of massive blue to black crystalline limestones, fine-grained, light-gray limestones, and greenish to yellow shales. On weathering the calcium carbonate is leached from the argillaceous limestones and the percentage of shale in outcrops appears much higher than in the unweathered rock. In some of the shale zones, clay concretions develop and many of the recognizable fossils occur on the surface of these concretions. Fossils are sparse in the Conasauga in Georgia. Those figured arc from three general localities: 1. West of Rome m the vrcrmty of Livingston and m the bend of the Coosa River near the Spann Farm. 2. In the Bluffs of the Coosa River at Cedar Bluff, Alabama. 3. Northeast of Dalton. PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA INDEX MAP 1 7 A- SPANN FARM (J.S.BENTON) &-ROADCUT SOUTH OF THE COOSA RIVER GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY BuLLETIN 62 PLATE l 1 FossrLs oF THE CoNASAUGA FoRl\1ATION PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 9 PLATE 1. FossiLs oF THE CoNASAt"GA FoRMATION Explanation FIGURE 1. Brooksella ? cf. Brooksella alternata Walcott. Upper surface of filling of internal cavity, X 2. Collected by L. Lipps on road between Benton farm and Cedar Creek Church. Index Map 1. Loaned by Shorter College. *Note: This form has not been positively identified but is included with the hope that other investigators may find additional specimens. GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL S u RVEY B u LLETIN 62 PLATE 2 2 7 J 4 6 6 8 23 12 9 24 17 13 14 16 22 15 21 25 II 19 20 FossrLs oF THE CoNASAUGA FoRlVIATION PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 11 PLATE 2. FossiLs OF THE CoNASAUGA FoRMATION Explanation FIGURE 1-4. Elrathiella buttsi Resser. Complete specimens, X 1. Collected on Spann Farm, western part of Floyd County, Index Map 1, location A. Specimens 1 and 2 loaned by Shorter College. 5. Elrathia sp. Complete specimen, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. Specimen loaned by Shorter College. 6. Elrathiella buttsi Resser. Complete specimen, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1350A. 7, 8. Armonia elongata (Walcott). Complete specimens, X 1. Collected north of Livingston, Floyd County, Index Map 1, location B. E. G. M. No. 474. 9, 13. Coosia superba (Walcott). Nearly complete specimens, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. Specimen 9 loaned by Shorter College. Specimen 13 loaned by Mrs. J. S. Benton. 10, 11. Blania gregaria (Walcott). Nearly complete specimen, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. Specimen loaned by Shorter College. 12. Coosia cf. Coosia superba (Walcott). Cephalon, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1379. 14. Elrathiella buttsi Resser. Concretion with cephalons of this form, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1397. 12 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 15, 17. Coosia superba (Walcott). Genal spine and cephalon, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1378. 16. Coosia superba (Walcott). Pygidium, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1406. 18. Eteraspis glabra (Walcott)? Pygidium, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1380. 19. Coosia superba (Walcott). Cephalon, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1397A. 20, 21. 1'ricrepicephalus cedarensis Resser. Casts of nearly complete specimens, X 1. Collected at Cedar Bluff, Alabama. E. G. M. No. 1398. 22. Coosella curticei Resser. Complete specimen, X 1. Collected by R. E. Cribb near Oak Grove School, 14 miles east of Dalton, location 1 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1401. 23. A.1phelaspis hamblensis Resser. Complete specimen, X 1. Collected by R. E. Cribb near south edge of Dalton near Dug Gap Church, location 47 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1408. 24. Solenopleurella buttsi Resser. Cornplete specimen, X 1. Collected by R. E. Cribb at same location as fig. 22. E. G. M. No. 1320. 25. Asaphiscus sp. Incomplete specimen, X 1. Collected north of Livingston. Floyd County, at same location as fig. 7. E. G. M. No. 1411. CAMBRO ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM 14 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE KNOX GROUP The formations constituting the Knox group are of upper Cambrian and lower Ordovician age. At present, the Copper Ridge formation is considered to be upper Cambrian, and the Chepultepec, the Longview, and the Newala formations to be lower Ordovician. Although Butts separates the Newala from the Knox in Georgia because of its easily recognizable lithology, it is the correlative of the upper Knox formations in Tennessee. The Knox dolomite comprises one of the most widespread groups in northwestern Georgia. Together with the underlying Rome and Conasauga formations it occupies the eastern one-half of the Paleozoic province. The strata are composed of massively bedded dolomite and limestone with interbedded chert layers and nodules. The dolomite predominates in the lower part and the limestone is more common in the upper part. Outcrops of the Knox are rare because of the easily soluble nature of the limestone and dolomite and only can be found as scattered exposures or along the major streams. Normally the group can be recognized by the characteristics of the chert residuum and by its topographic expression. Seldom are fossils found except preserved in the secondary chert. The fossils figured on plate 3 are from the Longview formation and many of them were collected from two localities; Butts' specimens from an isolated exposure on Bam,by's Farm two miles west of Trion and from chert residuum along Chickamauga and Hurricane Creeks in the vicinity of Graysville. PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA INDEX MAP 2 15 r' ,-- N ,,,,,,,- ~Y' "' BAMBY'S FARM, 2 MILES WEST OF TRION, GA. (;EORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 62 PLATE. 3 2 3 4 ' 5 6 7 8 I I 9 10 12 13 14 20 16 I 5 17 18 19 21 FossiLS oF THE KNox GROUP PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 17 PLATE 3. FossiLS oF THE KNox GROUP Explanation FIGURE 1. Lecanospira compacta (Salter). External mold, X 1. Collected at intersection of old Alabama Road (Ga. highway 151) and Georgia highway 2, Index Map 3, location A. E. G. M. No. 1780. 2. Ophileta complanata Vanuxem. Internal mold, X 1. Collected on Hurricane Creek east of Graysville, location 2 on map in pocket. 3, 4, 6. H elicotoma tennesseensis Ulrich and Scofield. Internal molds, X 1. Collected at same location as fig 2. E. G. M. No. 1708. 5. Lecanospira sigmoidea Ulrich and Bridge. External mold, X 1. Collected by C. Butts on Bamby's farm, 2 miles west of Trion, Index Map 2, location indicated by shaded area. Locality No. 594 B. 7. Orospira sp. Internal m:old, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, same location as fig. 5. 8. Lecanospira compacta (Salter). Internal mold, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, same location as fig. 5. 9. Lecanospira knoxvillensis, Butts? Internal mold, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, same location as fig. 5. 10. Ophileta cf. Ophileta grandis Ulrich. Internal mold, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, same location as fig. 5. 18 GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY FIGURE 11. Chepultepecia leisonella ( ?) Internal molds, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, location unknown. 12. 0 phi/eta sp. Internal mold of umbilical side. Collected by C. Butts, location same as fig. 5. 13. Lecanospira cf. Lecanospira salteri Ulrich and Bridge. Internal molds in chert, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, 1Y2 miles northwest of Taylorsville, loca- tion 3 on map in pocket. Locality No. 593Z. 14. C eratopea cf. Ceratopea calceoliformis Oder. Ventral view, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, 1500 feet northeast of Kensington, location 4 on map in pocket. Locality No. 593X. 15, 19. Ceratopea sulcata Oder. Dorsal and ventral views, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, one mile south of Chickamauga, location 5 on map in pocket. Locality No. 593W. 16, 20. H ormotoma sp. Internal molds, X 1. Collected along L & N railroad east of Graysville, location 6 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1842. 17. Orospira sp. Internal umbilical mold, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 16. E. G. M. No. 1846. 18. Helicotoma cf. Helicotoma tennesseensis. Internal mold, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, locality unknown. 21. Slab of chert containing casts of gastropods, X I. Collected at same location as fig. 2. E. G. M. No. 1918. ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM 20 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LOWER ORDOVICIAN The Lower Ordovician beds are restricted to the '"Newala" formation as presently defined. It overlies the Knox and in some areas the boundary is marked by basal clastics and an unconformity; in other areas the change in lithology from the Knox is transitional. The beds include finely crystalline, light-gray massive dolomite, coarsely crystalline dark-gray dolomite, red, yellow, and purple mottled argillaceous limestones and gray to black calcilutites. The varicolored strata near the middle are easily identified and are used extensively for commercial building stone. Very little or no chert occurs in the fresh rock or in the residual soil. Where exposed in open fields the rock weathers to smooth, rounded surfaces possessing a light blue-gray color. Fossil fragments are abundant in some layers and weathered sections of gastropods frequently can be seen on the surface of the boulders. MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN The rocks which comprise the Middle Ordovician are predominantly limestones, but facies of siltstones and shales appear in the lower and upper parts of this group of rocks. Chert is common throughout the section and occurs as dark gray to black nodular masses very irregular in shape, size, and orientation within the limy strata. The resistance of the chert to weathering allows it to stand out in relief on exposures of the limestones or to accumulate in the residual soils derived from them. The limestones are dominantly gray in color but frequently strata of dark brown to black calcilutites are interbedded with the limestone. Near the top of the section a change in facies from limestone to red and yellow siltstones occurs in the eastern part of the Paleozoic area. Weathered exposures of the Middle Ordovician strata vary from thinbedded, shard-like surfaces to massive, rounded and fluted boulders. Fossils are numerous in the limestones but the siltstones and shale strata seldom produce identifiable remains. According to Butts' terminology of Ordovician formations, the rocks of the "Murfreesboro", "Mosheim", "Lenoir", "Lebanon", "Holston", "Athens", "Tellico", "Ottossee", and "Lowville-Moccasin" formations comprise the Middle Ordovician. PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 21 UPPER ORDOVICIAN The Upper Ordovician section is composed essentially of limestones with interbedded bentonites in the lower part, argillaceous limestones in the middle part, and argillaceous limestones with interbedded siltstones in the upper part. Lithologic changes are both transitional and sudden. The limestones are fine- to coarse-grained, massive- to thin-bedded, light gray to dark gray in color. The bentonites, interbedded with the limestones, are green to yellowish green in color, friable and are seldom exposed except in quarry faces and in roadcuts. Beneath the bentonites thin beds of gray to brown secondary chert are found replacing the underlying limestones. The chert beds are very resistant to weathering and are. therefore, ideal horizon markers. The limestones, upon weathering, generally break up into discoidal shards which cover the eroded slopes or are exposed as disconnected boulders with highly fragmented surfaces. Massive strata are frequently exposed as light gray, rounded to fluted boulders which follow the strike. Fossils are more abundant in this part of the Ordovician than in any other and are well-pre",erved when replaced by silica. Butts' formations which have been placed in the Upper Ordovician are the "Trenton", Maysville", and "Sequatchie". GEO ROIA (}EoLoGI CAL SuRVEY. BtJ LLETIN 62 PLATE 4 2 1 3 4 F o:ss rLs oF TJ-rE Lo\VER ANn .v11ouLE ()RnovrciAN FoR:VI ATio~s PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 23 PLATE 4. FossiLS OF THE LowER AND MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONs Explanation FIGURE 1. Maclurites magnus Lesueur. Cross section of specimen showing whorl, X Y2 . Collected by C. Butts on Tennessee highway 60, Y4 mile north of Georgia state line, location 7 on map in pocket. Locality No. 594R. 2. Coelocaulus linearis (Billings) . Weathered cross section showing arrangement of whorls, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, 500 feet east of road and 2 miles southwest of Chickamauga, location 8 on map in pocket. Locality No. 594E. 3. Orthoconic cephalopod. Natural cast of cone X 1'2 Collected in Fisher's Quarry south of Chickamauga, location 8 on map in pocket. Loaned by Mr. M. L. Fisher. 4. Gonioceras anceps Hall. Part of specimen showing septal arrangement, X Y2 Collected by Robert Murphy in Rabbit Valley, 1~/2 miles north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location C. E. G. M. No. 1894. GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BuLLETIN 62 PLATE 5 2 3 4 I 5 9 10 . 6 7 8 I I 12 t3 14 15 16 19 17 18 20 23 24 21 22 2 8 27 25 26 29 FossiLS oF THE MIDDLE 0RnovrcrAN FoRlVIATioNs PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 25 PLATE 5. FossiLS oF THE MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Explanation FIGURE 1, 2. Hesperorthis tricenaria Conrad. Views of ventral and dorsal valves, X 1. Collected on eastern boundary of Chickamauga Park, location 9 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1749. 3. Archaeorthis elongata Ulrich and Cooper. View of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1802. 4. Orthoambonites eucharis ( ?) Ulrich and Cooper. View of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1737. 5. Lingula sp. External view of valve, X 1. Collected south of Ringgold on Georgia highway 151, Index Map 3, location A. 6. Pionodema subaequata Conrad. View showing ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1754. 7. H ebertella sp. View showing ventral valve, X 1. Collected on Stringfellow's farm in Rabbit Valley north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location F. E. G. M. No. 1743. 8. H ebertella sp. View showing ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 7. E. G. M. No. 1743. 9. Zygospira recurvirostris Hall. External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 7. E. G. M. No. 1745. 26 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY FIGURE 10. Ancistrorhyncha costata Ulrich and Cooper. External view of dorsal valve, X 1. Collected in quarry west of B. M. 120 in Rabbit Valley north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location E. E. G. M. No. 1641. 11. Rhynchotrema minnesotense Sardeson. External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected on east side of Georgia highway 151 north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location B. E. G. M. No. 1760. 12. Strophomena filitexta Hall. View showing incomplete valve, X 1. Collected in roadcut on Georgia highway 151 north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location B. E. G. M. No. 1713. 13. Rafinesquina nasuta Conrad. View showing exterior of valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 12. E. G. M. No. 1803. 14. Dinorthis (Valcourea) deflecta Conrad. Interval view of valve, X 1. Collected near power substation 4 miles north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location F. E. G. M. No. 1647. 15. Finkelnburgia virginica Ulrich and Cooper. Internal cast, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 10. E. G. M. No. 1660. 16. Calliops cf. Calliops callicephala (Hall). Pygidium, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 10. E. G. M. No. 1739. 17. Bathyurus extans Hall. Pygidium, X 1. Collected north of Cloud Springs road in East Ridge Quadrangle, location 11 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1728. 18. Raphistomina sp. Internal cast, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 12. E. G. M. No. 1670. PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTH.,\'EST GEoRGIA 27 FIGURE 19. H elicotoma declivis (Safford). View of internal cast, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. I. E. G. M. No. 1730. 20. Trochonema sjJ. Lateral view of internal cast, X I. Collected at same location as fig. 12. 21, 22. Rafinesquina minnesotensis (Winchell) Ventral and Dorsal valves, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 12. E. G. M. No. 1845. 23. Sonerbyella lebanonensis (Bassler). Exterior of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. I. E. G. M. No. 1923. 24. Glyptorthis bellarugosa (Conrad). Exterior of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. 25, 26. Trocholina sp. Leperditia sj;. Internal casts, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 10. E. G. M. No. 1690. 27. Rhinidictya sp. Lateral view of branching zoarium, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 10. E. G. M. No. 1801. 28. Leperditia sp. Complete carapace, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. I 0. E. G. M. No. 1721. 29. Pelecypod. Internal mold, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 12. E. G. M. No. 1840. GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY BuLLETIN 62 2 5 I 7 6 3 Foss iLS OF THE ~1IDDL E ORDOVICIAN FoR1VIATIONs PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 29 PLATE 6. FossrLs oF THE MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Ex planation FIGURE 1. Solenopora compacta Billings. View showing colonial structure, X 1. Collected by C. Butts, 2Y2 miles north of Catlett Gap, location 12 on map in pocket. Locality No. 595-0. 2. Solenopora compacta Billings. Polished section showing internal structure, X 30. Collected by L. Vest on Mill Creek, northwest corner of the Kensington Quadrangle, location 13 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1873. 3. Hesperorthis tricenaria Conrad and Sowerbvella lebanonensis Bassler. Slab of limestone showing numerous specimens of both, X 1. Collected along railroad in Kensington Quadrangle, east of the McLemore Cove Road, location 14 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1922. 4. Solenopora compacta Billings. Thin section, X 30. Collected at same location as fig. 3. 5. Multicostella sp. Exterior view of ventral valve, X I. Collected at same location as fig. 2. E. G. M. No. 1853. 6. Lophospira sp. Internal mold, X 1. Collected by L. Vest south of Viniard Field, Chickamauga Park, location 15 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1856. 7. Tetradium columnare, Hall. Top view of calyx, X 4. Collected by L. Vest at same location as fig. 2. E. G. M. No. 1881. G E ORGIA G E OLOGICAL S u RVEY B u LLE TIN 62 PLATE 7 l 2 4 FossiLS oF T}IE MIDD L E 0RoovrciA N F o R l\IATION s PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 31 PLATE 7. FossiLS OF THE ~fiDDLE ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Explanation FIGURE 1, 2. Tetradium fibratum Safford. Fig. 1 shows longitudinal v1ew of the closely packed corallites, Xl. Collected by R. Murphy in Rabbit Valley north of Ringgold, Index Map 3. E. G. M. No. 1906. Fig. 2 is top view of the corallurn showing the polygonal shape of the corallites and the four septa, X 1. Collected by L. Vest in Quarry 1Y2 miles north of Cooper Heights, location 16 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1904. 3, 4. Lichenaria carterensis (Safford). Fig. 3 is bottom view of corallurn showing the closely packed corallites, X 1. Fig. 4 is top view of same corallurn showing the polygonal shape of the corallites and the complete absence of septa. Collected by Willis Holland at the intersection of Crawfish Creek and Glass Mill Road, south of Chickamauga, location 17, on rna p in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1865. GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2 3 r B u LLETIN 62 PLATE 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 t2 10 II 13 I 5 14 17 16 19 18 20 24 21 22 23 25 21 FossiLS oF TI-IE 11IDDLE ORDOVICIAN FoRl\1A'rioNs PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 35 PLATE 8. FossiLS OF THE MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN FoRMATioNs Ex planation FrGl"RE 1. Idiostrophia costata ( ?) External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected in Rabbit Valley, 1Y2 miles north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location C. E. G. M. No. 1797. 2. Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall). External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected east of highway in Rabbit Valley, 1Y2 miles north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location C. E. G. M. No. 1808. 3, 4. Rhynchotrema minnesotense Sardeson. Views showing exterior of dorsal and \Tntral valves, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 2. E. G. M. No. 1760. 5, 6. Rhynchotrema increbescens Hall. Views showing dorsal and ventral valves, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 2. E. G. M. No. 1748. 7. Plaesiomys meedsi (Winchell and Schuchert). View showing dorsal valve, X 1. Collected in roadcut on Georgia highway 151, north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location B. E. G. M. No. 1763. 8. H ebertella sub jugata Hall. External view of dorsal valve, X 1. Collected on eastern boundary of Chickamauga Park, location 9 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1736. 9. H ebertella frankfortensis Foerste. External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 8. E. G. M. No. 1850. 36 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRvEY FIGURE 10. Lingula sp. External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 7. 11. Liospira progne Billings. Internal cast, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1789. 12. Heterorthis clytie Hall. External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1923. 13. Rafinesquina sp. Internal view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1783. 14. Hormotoma sp. View showing cross section of spire, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 7. E. G. M. No. 1908. 15. H elicotoma uniangulata (Hall) View showing cross section, X 1. Collected near Pleasant Grove Church m Rabbit Valley, Index Map 3. E. G. M. No. 1710. 16. Columnaria halli Nicholson. Top view showing size, shape, and arrangement of corallites, X 1. Collected by L. Vest on Mill Creek in northwest corner of Kensington Quadrangle, location 13 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1880. 17. T etradium columnare Hall. Top view of colony showing size and shape of corallites, X 1. Note the absence of septa. Collected by L. Vest near head of Chattanooga Creek, location 16 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1898. PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 37 fiGURE 18. Cupulocrinus humilis Billings. Calyx showing the arrangement of basal and radial plates, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 7. E. G. M. No. 1761. 19, 20. Streptelasma profundum (Conrad). Lateral and calicular view, X 1. Collected by L. Vest at same location as fig. 16. E. G. M. No. 1852. 21. Laphospira medialis Ulrich and Scofield. Internal cast, X 1. Collected by L. Vest at same location as fig. 16. E. G. M. No. 1874. 22. Lophospira sp. Internal cast, X 1. Collected by L. Vest at same location as fig. 16. E. G. M. No. 1875. 23. Hormotoma sp. Internal cast, X 1. Collected by L. Vest in quarry 1Y2 miles north of Cooper Heights, location 18 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1872. 24. Calliops callicephala (Hall). Pygidium, X 1. Collected at same location as fig. 8. E. G. M. No. 1733. 25. Pterygomatopus sp. Pygidium, X 1. Collected by C. Butts in quarry 500 feet south of Viniard Field in Chickamauga Park, location 15 on map in pocket. Locality No. 595-S. 26. Cryptophragmus antiquatus Raymond. Cross section view, X 1. Collected by L. Vest near Highpoint, Kensington Quadrangle, location 24 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1869. G E O R GIA GEOLOGI CAL S u R VE'r. B u LLETI N 62 P LATE 9 2 I 3 4 F ossiLs O F T I:.:r:E \1rnDLE AN D "lfr>PER ORDOVIC IA N FoR1\1ATIO Ns PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 39 PLATE 9. FossiLS OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONs Explanation FIGL'RE 1. Camarocladia implicatum Bassler. Slab of limestone showing branches of the colony, X 1. Collected in Rabbit Valley, south of Ringgold and east of old Alabama Road, location 20 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1920. 2. Lichenaria cf. Lichenaria carterensis (Safford). Basal view of the corallum showing the polygonal corallites and numerous tabulae, X 1. Collected in roadcut on old Alabama road north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location B. E. G. M. No. 1892. 3. Orthoceras sp. Fragment of specimen showing septal arrangement, X 1. Collected by Grady Traylor at the junction of McLemore Cove Road and Kensington Road, location 21 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1769. 4. Actinoceras bigsbyi Bronn. Natural cast showing septal arrangement, X 1. Collected east of Georgia highway 151, 1ys miles north of Ring- gold, Index Map 3, location C. E. G. M. No. 1680. GEORGIA G E OLOGICAL SuRVEY B uLLETI N 62 PLATE 10 2 I - ';):;. . J~::.'(':.. ;i:. ;.....,.'* .~,:.,._':;..,~.... .,. -.# . ';~ 6 7 3 4 8 9 10 ~., :....... . . . .; 12 II 13 14 I~ 18 16 IT 19 FossrLs OF T :H E MrDDLE AN D L TPPER ORDOVICI AN FoRJYIAT ION S PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 41 PLATE 10. FossiLs oF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONs Explanation FIGURE 1, 2. Callopora ampla Ulrich. Fig. 1 shows typical zoarium, X 1. Fig. 2 is vertical section showing the arrangement of the dia- phragms, X 8. Collected in roadcut on Georgia Highway 151 north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location B. E. G. M. No. 1832. 3-5. Callopora cf. Callopora ampla Ulrich. Fig. 3 shows typical zoarium, X 1. Fig. 4 is a tangential section of the axial area, X 100. Fig. 5 is vertical section near the outer edge showing the parallel and almost equally spaced diaphragms, X 100. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1813. 6-8. Gallopara incontroversa Ulrich. Fig. 6 shows typical zoarium, V 1. Fig. 7 is a tangential section showing the thin-walled pores and mesopores, X 100. Fig 8 is a vertical section showing the closely spaced diaphragms in the mesopores and the equal spacing in the zooids, X 100. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1828. 9-11. M esotrypa infida Ulrich. Fig. 9 shows the typical round, convex upper surface, X 1. Fig. 10 is a tangential view showing the round pores and curved cystiphragms, X 100. Fig. 11 is a vertical section showing the loose drapeing of the cystiphragms, X 100. Collected at Pleasant Valley Church, north of Ringgold, Index Map3. 42 GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRYEY FIGURE 12-14. Prasopora cf. Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich. Fig. 12 is a top view of the large discoidal zoarium, X 1. Fig. 13 is a vertical section showing the development of paired cystiphragms about equally spaced, X 100. Fig. 14 is a vertical view showing the zooids of equal size and shape, X 100. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1835. 15-17. Prasopora cf. Praso para lenticularis Ulrich. Fig. 15 and 16 are dorsal and ventral views, X 1. Note the small brachiopod which has been encrusted. Fig. 17 is a vertical view showing the arrangement of the curved diaphragms and cystiphragms, X 100. Collected on eastern boundary of Chickamauga Park, location 9 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1834. 18-19. Monotrypa intabulata Winchell and Ulrich. Fig. 18 is a top view of the discoidal zoarium, X 1. Fig. 19 is a vertical section showing the arrangement of the diaphragms, X 100. Collected by Craig Wright on south side of Georgia highway 143 on the west slope of Pigeon Mountain, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. PALEONTOLOGY OF l\;"oRTHWEST GEORGIA INDEX MAP 4 -' + ~\I\ l!1 0 FOSSIL z I ALONG LOOKOUT MTN. SCENIC HWY. (SHADED AREA) GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY BuLLETIN 62 PLATE 11 4 5 2 6 7 3 8 9 10 I I ' 2 14 13 I~ 18 17 18 FossiLS OF TI-IE MIDDLE AND L TPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRlV!ATION S PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 45 PLATE 11. FossiLS OF THE MmDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Explanation FIGURE 1-3. Batostoma libana ? Compressed branches of large zoanum showing small monticules, X 1. Fig. 2 is a tangential section showing the zooids surrounded by mesopores, X 100. Fig. 3 is a vertical section and shows an abundance of diaphragms in the mcsopores, X 100. Collected along Georgia highway 151, north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location indicated by shaded area. E. G. M. No. 1827. 4-7. Prasopora patera ? Fig. 4 and 5 are top and bottom of the large, discoidal zoarium, Xl. Fig. 6 and 7 are tangential and vertical sections, X 30. Collected along the eastern boundary of Chickamauga Park, location 9 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1829. 8, 9. Chasmatopora sublaxa Ulrich. Top view of zoarium, X 1 and X 8. Collected at Pleasant Valley Cemetery m Rabbit Valley, Index Map 3. E. G. M. No. 1787. 10-12. Prasopora simulatrix Ulrich. Fig. 10 and 11 are top and bottom of the discoidal zoarium, X 1. Fig. 12 is a tangential section, X 100. Collected at same location as Fig. 4. 13, 16. Eridotrypa mutabilis Ulrich. Fig. 13 shows the slender, branching cylindrical stems of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 16 is a vertical section showing the arrangement of the diaphragms, X 8. Collected by Craig Wright along Georgia highway 143 on the west slope of Pigeon Mountain, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. 46 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 14, 15. Amplexopora ampla Ulrich. Lateral view, X 1 and vertical view, X 8. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1826. 17, 18. Prasopara conoidea Ulrich. Lateral and top view of the conical zoarium, X 1. Collected on north side of Georgia highway 2, 1Y, miles east of McLemore Cove Road, Index ~1ap 4, location indicated by shaded area. E. G. M. No. 1831. GEoRGIA GEoLoGICAL SuRVEY BuLLETIN 62 PLATE 12 3 2 I 6 5 4 10 8 7 I I 9 13 12 14 15 FossiLS OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATioNs PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 49 PLATE 12. FossiLs oF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Explanation FIGURE 1-3. Constellaria vera Ulrich. Fig. 1 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 2 and 3 are tangential and vertical sections of fig. 1, showing the arrangement of the diaphragms and monticules, X 8. Collected on north side of Georgia highway 143, on the west slope of Pigeon Mountain, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. E. G. M. No. 1837. 4--6. Constellaria florida Ulrich. Fig. 4 is a lateral view of the zoarium showing the closely spaced stellate monticules, X 1. Fig. 5 and 6 are vertical sections showing the crowded mesopores and diaphragms, X 8. Collected by Craig Wright on south side of Georgia highway 143, on the west slope of Pigeon Mountain, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. 7-9. Dekayella simplex Ulrich. Fig. 7 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 8 and 9 are tangential and vertical sections, X 100. Collected at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1836. 1Q-12. Homotrypa minnesotensis Ulrich. Fig. 10 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 11 and 12 are tangential and vertical sections, X 100. Collected in roadcut north of Ringgold on Georgia highway 151, Index Map 3, location indicated by shaded area. E. G. M. No. 1824. 13-15. Homotrypa cf. Homotrypa subramosa Ulrich. Fig. 13 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 14 and 15 are vertical and tangential sections, X 8. Collected at same location as fig. 10. E. G. M. No. 1833. G EORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BuLL ETIN 62 P LATE 13 ' 2 7 3 5 .di -~ ..:~ . t:: ;:. . 6 8 9 II 10 I 2 13 Fos s iL S OF T H E MrDDLE AND uPPER 0RDO\' ICIAN FoRMATION S PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 51 PLATE 13. FossiLS oF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS h'x planation FIGURE 1-3. Eridotrypa briareus Nicholson. Fig. 1 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1; Fig. 2 and 3 arc tangential and vertical sections, X 100. Collected by Craig Wright on Georgia highway 143 near McLemore Cove Road, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. E. G. M. No. 1812. 4-6. Batostoma decipiens Ulrich. Fig. 4 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1; Fig. 5 and 6 are tangential and vertical sections, X 100. Collected near Woods Station, 5 miles south of Ringgold. E. G. M. No. 1822. 7-9. Dekayella cf. Dekayella milleri Ulrich. Fig. 7 is a lateral view of the massive zoarium, X 1; fig. 8 and 9 are vertical and tangential sections, X 100. Collected in roadcut along Georgia highway 151 north of Ringgold, Index Map 3, location indicated by shaded area. 10, 11. Batostoma cf. Batostoma jamesi (Nicholson). Fig. 10 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 11 is a vertical section, X 8. Collected at same location as fig. 9. E. G. M. No. 1830. 12, 13. Dekayella ulrichi Nicholson. Fig. 13 is a lateral view showing the low monticules, X 1. Fig. 12 is a tangential section, X 8. Collected by Craig Wright at the same location as fig. 1. GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY BuLLETIN 62 PLATE 14 2 4 3 5 I 6 7 8 I I 9 10 14 13 12 Foss iLS OF T H E UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRl\IATIONS PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 53 PLATE 14. FossiLS oF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONs Explanation FIGURE 1-3"'~' lf eterotrypa parvulipora Ulrich and Bassler. Fig. 1 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 2 and 3 arc tangential and vertical sections, X 8. Collected by F. T. Ingram near Morganville, location 48 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1937. 4-6. Dekayella praenuntia Ulrich. Fig. 4 is a lateral view of the massive zoarium, X 1. Fig. 5 and 6 arc tangential and vertical sections, X 8. Collected by F. T. Ingram 1 mile north of Trenton, location 49 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1935. 7-9. Amplexopora columbiana Ulrich and Bassler. Fig. 7 is a top view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 8 is a vertical section. Fig. 9 is an axial section, X 8. Collected by F. T. Ingram 1Y2 miles south of Morganville, loca- tion 50 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1934. 10-12. Monticulopora sp. Fig. 10 is a top vrew of the zoanum, X 1. Fig. 11 and 12 are vertical and oblique sections, X 8. Collected by F. T. Ingram on U. S. highway 11, 1Y2 miles north of the Alabama line, location 51 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1936. 13, 14. Hallopora dalei (Edwards and Haime). Fig. 13 is a lateral view of the branching, nodose zoarium, X 1. Fig. 14 is tangential section, X 100. Collected by F. T. Ingram near Morganville, location 48 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1928. CJ.EoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY BuLLETIN 62 PLATE 15 l 3 2 / 6 4 .. . ..;, ,.~.:~ ~r ; 7 8 9 10 I I FossiL S OF T I-rE UPPER ORDOVIC IA N FoR IVrATI ONS PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 55 PLATE 15. FossiLS oF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Explanation FIG"CRE 1-3. Pachydictya foliata Ulrich. Fig. 1 is a lateral view of a fragment of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 2 and 3 are vertical and tangential sections of the immature area, X 100. Collected by F. T. Ingram near Rising Fawn, location 52 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1929. 4. Michelinoceras sociale Hall. Lateral view of part of cone, X 1. Collected by F. T. Ingram 12 mile west of Cloverdale, location 53 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1964. 5. Byssonchia cf. Byssonchia intermedia (Meek and Worthen). View of right hand valve, X 1. Collected by F. T. Ingram at same location as fig. 4. E. G. M. No. 1963. 6. Cyrtoceras vallandighami ? Lateral view of part of cone, X 1. Collected by F. T. Ingram at same location as fig. 5. E. G. M. No. 1965. 7. V alcouroceras sp. Lateral view of part of cone, X 1. Collected by F. T. Ingram at same location as fig. 5. E. G. M. No. 1962. 8-10. Homotrypa sp. Fig. 8 is a lateral view of the zoarium, X 1. Fig. 9 and 10 are vertical and tangential sections, X 100. Collected by F. T. Ingram near Morganville, location 48 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1933. 11. Stromatocerium pustulosum Safford. Polished transverse slab, X 1. Collected by F. T. Ingram 4 miles south of Trenton, location 54 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1971. GEORGIA G EoLoGICAL S u RVE Y I 2 .~ .. . . ~., -~ ~<. 3 B u LLETI N 62 4 PLATE 16 5 6 7 8 I I 10 9 13 12 14 15 16 F ossiL s oF THE UP PE R ORDOVICIAN FoRMATioNs PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 57 PLATE 16. FossiLS oF THE UPPER ORDoviCIAN FoRMATIONs Explanation FIGURE 1. Dalmanella sp. External view of dorsal valve, X 1. Collected by Louis Vest at Haysville, Fort Oglethorpe Quadrangle, location 24 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1878. 2. Platystrophia strigosa ? External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected by Louis Vest at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1870. 3. Liospira vitruvia (Billings). Internal cast, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright on south side of Georgia highway 143 on the west slope of Pigeon Mountain, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. 4. Zygospira modesta Say Abnormally wide specimen, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright at same location as fig. 3. 5. Flexicalymene cf. Flexicalymene servaria (Conrad). Well preserved cephalon, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright at same location as fig. 3. 6. Hebertella borealis (Billings). External view of ventral valve, X 1. Collected by Louis Vest in quarry north of Cooper Heights, location 18 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1887. 7, 8. H ebertella occidentalis Hall. External views of dorsal and ventral valves, X 1. Collected by Louis Vest at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1885. 9. Hebertella sinuata (Hall). External view of dorsal valve, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright at same location as fig. 3. 58 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 10. Rafinesquina alternata (Emmons). External view of dorsal valve, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright in quarry on east side of McLemore Cove Road, 1 mile north of Georgia highway 143, Index Map 4, location indicated by shaded area. 11. Platystro phia sublaticosta ? External view of dorsal valve, X 1. Collected by Louis Vest at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1891. 12, 13. Plalj'Slrophia ponderosa Foerste. External view of dorsal and ventral valves, X 1. Collected by Robert Crisler on U. S. highway 11, west of Chattanooga, Tenn. E. G. M. No. 1345. 14. H ormotoma gracilis Hall. Internal cast, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright at same location as fig. 3. 15. H ebertella sinuata Hall. Ventral valve of abnormally large specimen, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright at same location as fig. 3. 16. Orthoceras sp. Portion of orthoconic cone, X 1. Collected by Craig Wright at same location as fig. 1. E. G. M. No. 1879. GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY I I BuLLETIN 62 PLATE 17 12 I 2 I 3 14 15 16 4 -: 5 17 6 18 19 10 25 8 21 20 22 26 23 27 9 24 29 28 32 31 FossrL s OF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATioNs PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 61 PLATE 17. FossiLs oF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN FoRMATIONS Ex planation The specimens illustrated on this plate unless otherwise noted were collected by Craig Wright on the south side of Georgia highway 143 on the west flank of Pigeon Mountain. See Index Map 4. FIGURE 1, 2. Platystrophia precursor Foerste. Views of dorsal and ventral valves, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1901. H ebertella sinuata Hall. Views of ventral valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1893. 4, 6. Platystrophia colbiensis rnutata ? Views of ventral and dorsal valves, X 1. Collected by F. T. Ingram near Morganville, location 48 on map in pocket. E. G. M. No. 1932. 7. H ebertella sinuata Hall. View of dorsal valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1893. 8. Platystrophia precursor Foerste. Small specimen, view of dorsal valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1901. 9. Plectorthis fissicosta Hall. View of dorsal valve, X 1. 10. Hebntella occidentalis (Hall). View of ventral valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1885. 11, 12. Z 12 13 F' oss rL s O F TFr r: BA NGOR AN D T .HE P EN NIN GTON F o Rl\'1ATIONs PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 129 PLATE 33. FossiLs OF THE BANGOR AND THE PENNINGTON FoR:YIATio:-.~s Explanation All fossils illustrated on this plate were collected on Little Sand Mountain, east of Ringgold. See Index map No. 5, location F. FIGL'RE 1. Archimedes magnus Condra and Elias. Lateral view of spiral, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1492. 2. Archimedes sp. Lateral view of spiral, X 1. E. G. M. No. 20. 3. Archimedes lunatus Condra and Elias. Lateral view of spiral, X 1. E. G. M. No. 22. 4. Archimedes halli Condra and Elias. Lateral view of spiral, X 1. E. G. M. No. 21. 5. Euconospira sp. Lateral view, X 1. E. G. M. No. 12. 6. Archimedes stowanowi (?) Top view showing fronds attached to spiral, X 1. E. G. M. No. 23. 7. Nuculites triqueter Conrad. Internal cast, X 1. E. G. M. No. 28. 8. Pentremites sp. Lateral view, X 1. E. G. M. No. 6. 9, 10. Pentremites spicatus Ulrich. Lateral and top view of calyx, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1. 130 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY FIGURE II. Perditocardinia dubia (Hall). View of ventral valve, X I. E. G. M. No. 1637. 12. Orthotetes kaskaskiensis McChesney. View of dorsal valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1608. 13. Marginirugus magnus (Meek and Worthen). View of ventral valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1531. 14. Spirifer sp. View of ventral valve, X 1. 15. Dictyoclostus inflatus (McChesney). View of ventral valve, X 1. E. G. M. No. 1555. PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM 132 GEoRGIA GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY LEE GROUP The Pennsylvania strata in Georgia are of Pottsville age and are divided into five formations: The Lookout sandstone consisting of the Gizzard shale and the Sewanee conglomerate members, the Whitwell shale, the Bonair sandstone, the Vandever shale, and the Rockcastle sandstone. These formations have an aggregate thickness of 950-1000 feet. Fossils occur in all of the formations of the Lee Group and each will be briefly discussed. However, the plant remains figured on the following plates all are from the Vandever shale and the Rockcastle sandstone. Practically all of the coal mining on Lookout Mountain has been in the Durham basin in seams of the Rockcastle formation and where waste material is piled up into dumps the collecting is excellent. GIZZARD MEMBER This is the lower member of the Lookout formation and it lies disconformably on the Pennington shale. The Gizzard is composed of greenish to yellowish, fissile shales with thin interbedded sandstones and siltstones. This member is prominent in outcrops because of the large concretions which frequently occur in the lower part. SEWANEE CONGLOMERATE The Sewanee conglomerate is the top member of the Lookout formation and is composed mainly of highly crossbedded, massive, conglomeratic sandstones. It forms the palisades on the rim of Lookout Mountain. WHITWELL SHALE On Lookout Mountain, according to Renshaw (unpublished thesis), the Whitwell shale is only a few feet thick at the northern end of the mountain and pinches southward, being absent in Johnson's Crook, although it has been recognized in drill holes at Durham. It is composed of about 20 feet of black carbonaceous shale and fine-grained white sandstone. PALEONTOLOGY OF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 133 BONAIR SANDSTONE The Bonair sandstone is comprised of very thinly bedded, highly-crossbedded sandstone. Near the base it becomes more massive but retains its fine sandstone texture. VANDEVER SHALE Wilmarth (1938, p. 2232) defines the Vandever shale as "somewhat ferruginous sandy and clay shale with heavy sandstone beds in lower half. Thickness 200 feet." Renshaw (unpublished thesis) reports the Vandever as about 170 feet thick and composed of a sequence of thin fissile green and brown shales with a few brown sandstones and siltstone beds. ROCKCASTLE SANDSTONE The Rockcastle was named by M. R. Campbell in 1898 for exposures along the Rockcastle River in Kentucky. On Lookout Mountain the thin, crossbedded, medium-grained and wellsorted sandstone is interbec!ded with shales and coal seams. The shales carry a very prolific flora. PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA INDEX MAP 6 135 I . J ( ! --ROUNO / TOP 0c~3'~?\~~-= 1'-!rn~l 0 3 COAL MINE DUMPS AT DURHAM,G4. (SH4DED AREAS) GEORGIA GEoLOGI CAL SuRVE Y B u LLETIN 62 PLATE 34 2 4 3 I - 6 5 II 12 8 7 10 9 PLANT FossiLS OF TI-IE VANDEVER AND THE l~ocKCASTLE FoRlVIATION S PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 137 PLATE 34. PLAJ\'T FosSILS OF THE VANDEVER AND THE RocKCASTLE FoRMATIONs Ex planation Specimens illustrated on this and subsequent plates were collected on a coal mine dump near Durham, Georgia. The location of the mine is shown on the accompanying Index Map No. 6. FIGURE 1-3. Annularia sp. Incomplete specimens, X 1. E. G. M. No. 2027. 4. Alethopteris sp. Terminal portion of frond, X 1. Pinnules lanceolate, alternately attached, bilobed near attachment. E. G. M. No. 2051. 5, 6. N europteris pocahontas White. Single frond, X 1. Pinnules symmetrical m shape, alternately attached. The terminal pinnule attached at end of stem is about twice as long as other pinnules. Normally pinnules to the side of frond are attached alternately. Enlarged part of fig. 5, X 4. Shows venation in the pinnules and angle of attachment. E. G. M. No. 2009. 7, 8. Eremopteris cf. Eremopteris microphylla Lesquereaux. Incomplete specimen, X 1. Trilobate pinnules each attached to rachis by a short stem. Enlarged part of fig. 7, X 4. Shows venation and angle of attachment. E. G. M. No. 2026. 9, 10. Sphenopteris deltiformis Kidaton. Fragments of several fronds, X 1. Pinnules are trilobate, alternately attached with both smooth and ragged edges. Angle of attachment about 50. Enlarged part of fig. 9, X 4. Showing venation of pinnule and angle of attachment. 138 GEORGIA GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY FIGURE 11. Archeopteris sp. Incomplete frond, X 1. Lobate pinnules alternately attached to stem. E. G. M. No. 2617. 12. Pecopteris elliptica? Incomplete frond, X 1. Pinnules small, lobate, attached alternately to delicate rachis, central nerve prominent. The terminal pinnule is multilobate. E. G. M. No. 2001. GEoRGIA G EoL OGICAL S u RVEY B u LLETIJ 62 PLATE 35 I 2 3 4 7 8 9 6 5 PLANT Fo ss iLs oF TJ-IE VAI\"DE\'E R AND THE R oc K CASTLE F oR~lATI ONS PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEoRGIA 141 PLATE 35. PLANT FossiLS OF THE VANDEVER AND THE RocKCASTLE FoRMATIONs Ex planation FIGURE 1. Alethopteris lonchitica Brogniart. Incomplete frond, X 1. Long, lanceolate pinnules alternately attached to rachis without stem, terminal pinnule compound. E. G. M. No. 2022. 2. Pecopteris sp. Incomplete frond, X 1. Pinnules lanceolate attached alternately to rachis without stem. E. G. M. No. 2007. 3. Alethopteris cf. Alethopteris lonchitica Brogniart. Fragmental frond, X 1. Sinuous rachis extending through terminal pinnule. The pinnules are strongly ribbed and veined, about 15mm long. Terminal pinnule about 25mm long. E. G. M. No. 2026. +. 5. Neuropteris biformi.l Lesquereaux. Fragmental frond, X 1. Pinnules alternately arranged and irregularly spaced. Prominent median nerve. Leaves attached to delicate rachis without stem. Fig. 5 enlarged view of pinnule attachment, X 4. E. G. M. No. 2012. 6. N europteris flexuosa Sternberg. External mold of single frond, X 1. Ovate pinnules with well-defined veining. The pinnules attach opposite to one another. The terminal pinnule is larger than laterals, not ovate and is acute at the distal end. E. G. M. No. 2025. 7. Neuropteris sp. Specimen showing several fronds, X 1. Pinnules short, lobate, terminal pinnule compound with median nerve prominent. About 10 pinnules to the frond. Fronds arc attached to rachis alternately at varying angles. E. G. M. No. 2023. 142 GEORGIA GEoLoGICAL SuRVEY FIGURE 8. Sphenopteris hoeninghausi Brogniart. Delicate frond, X 1. Trilobed pinnules which attach to stem opposite or almost opposite each other. The terminal pinnule may be formed of 2 lobes instead of three. E. G. M. No. 2002. 9. Callipteridium cf. Callipteridium membranaceum Lesquereaux. Frond symmetrical and tapering. Pinnules exhibit strong nervation and are attached to rachis with very short stem, 18-20 pinnules per complete frond, X 1. E. G. M. No. 2027. EORGIA GEoLocrcAL SrRVEY Bl' L LETI N 62 P LATE 36 2 I 3 PLANT Fos IL 4 OF T H E VAN DEVER A ND 'T H E 1<. oc i(CASTL E F o R wiATio Ns PALEONTOLOGY oF NoRTHWEST GEORGIA 145 PLATE 36. PLANT FossiLS OF THE VANDEVER AND THE RocKCASTLE FoRMATIONS Explanation FIGURE 1. Calamites suckowi Brogniart. Internal mold of ridged pith cast, X 1. E. G. M. No. 2011. 2. Calamites sp. Internal pith cast, X 1. E. G. M. No. 2050. 3. Cordaites communis Lesquereaux. Internal mold, X 1. E. G. M. No. 2015. 4. Sigillaria sp. Internal pith cast, X 1. E. G. M. No. 2010. GEORGI.-\ GEOLOGICAL St'RVEY B c LLETI N 62 PL A T E I r) - .._i 7 I 4 2 3 5 6 PLANT F ossiLs oF T HE VANDEVER AND TFJE I~ oc 1curvirostris pl. 5 pl. 5 pl. 5 pl. 5 pl. 9 pl. 28 pl. 5, 8 pl. 32 pl. 36 pl. 37 pl. 2 pl. 6 pl. 6, 5 pl. 34 pl. 35 pl. 24, 33 pl. 22 pl. 22, 23, 24, 25, 28 pl. 28 pl. 25, 28 pl. 24 pl. 27 pl. 28 pl. 28 .. pl. 28 pl. 28 pl. 28 pl. 25 pl. 8 pl. 15 pl. 5 pl. 30 pl. 29 . pl. 23 pl. 8, 6 . pl. 7 pl. 2 pl. 22, 23 pl. 23 . pl. 31 pl. 31 pl. 30 pl. 5 pl. 5 pl. 24 pl. 31 pl. 15 pl. 30, 31 pl. 30 pl. 31 pl. 16, 17 pl. 8, 5, 17 SELECTED REFERENCES 166 GEORGIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SELECTED REFERENCES 1. Bassler, R. S. (1932) The Stratigraphy of the Central Basin of Tennessee, Tenn. Geol. Survey Bull. 38. 2. Bassler, R. S. ( 1950) Faunal Lists and Descriptions of Paleozoic Corals, G. S. A. Memoir 44. 3. Bell, W. A. ( 1943) Carboniferous Rocks and Fossil Floras of Northern Nova Scotia, Canada Geological Survey Mem. 238. 4. Butts, Charles ( 1926) Geology of Alabama, The Paleozoic Rocks, Ala. Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. 14. 5. Butts, Charles ( 1941) Geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia, Va. Geol. Survey Bull. 52. 6. Butts, Charles and Gildersleeve, B. ( 1948) Geology and Mineral Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia, Ga. Geol. Survey Bull. 54. 7. Condra, G. E. and Elias, M. K. (1944) Study and Revision of Archimedes (Hall), G. S. A. Spec. paper 53. 8. Easton, W. H. Corals from the Chouteau and Related Formations of the Mississippi Valley, Ill. Geol. Survey Rept. of Investigations, No. 97. 9. Fontaine, Wm. M. and White, I. C. (1880) The Permian or Upper Carboniferous Flora of West Virginia and S. W. Pennsylvania, Second Geol. Survey of Penn. 10. Hall, James (1859) Natural History of New York, Part VI, Paleontology Vol. 1, 2, and 3. II. Jillson, W. R. et. al. ( 1931) The Paleontology of Kentucky, Ky. Geol. Survey. 12. Lesquereux, Leo ( 1870) Atlas of the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania, Second Geol. Survey of Penn. 13. Lesquereux, Leo ( 1866) Description of Plants, Ill. Geol. Survey Vol. 2. H. Schucht'rt, Chas. ( 1897) A Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 8 7. 15. Shimer, H. W. and Shrock, R. R. ( 1943) Index Fossils of North America, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 16. Ulrich. E. 0. ( 1890) Geological Survey of Illinois, Geol. Survey of Ill. Vol. 8. I 7. Ulrich. E. 0. et. al. ( 1895) The Geology of Minnesota, Geol. Survey of Minn. Vol. III. 18. Ulrich, E. 0., Foerste, A. F. and Miller, A. K. ( 1943) Ozarkian and Canadian Cephalopods, G. S. A. Spec. paper No. 49. 19. Wilson, C. W. Pre-Chattanooga Stratigraphy in Central Tennessee, Tenn. Geol. Survey, Bull. 56. 20. White, David ( 1893) Flora of the Outlying Carboniferous Basins of Southwestern Missouri, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 98. 21. White, D. ( 1899) Fossil Flora of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri, U. S. Geol. Survey Mono. 37. 22. Wilmarth, M. G. ( 1938) Lexicon of Geologic J\'ames of the United States, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 896.