GEOLOGICi\L SURVEY OF GEORGIA S. W. McCALLIE, State Geologist BULLETIN NO. 45 SHALES AND BRICK CLAYS OF GEORGIA BY RICHARD W. SMITH Assistant State Geologist 1931 STEIN PRINTING COMPANY ATLANTA, GEORGIA THE ADVISORY BOARD OF THE Geological Survey of Georgia IN THE YEAR 1931 (Ex-Officio) His ExcELLENCY, RICHARD B. RUSSELL, JR., Governor of Georgia PRESIDENT oF THE BoARD RoN. JOHN B. WILSON_______________________Secretary of State RoN. W. J. SPEER_______________________________State Treasurer HoN. W. B. HARRISON _____________________ Comptroller-General HoN. GEORGE M. NAPIER____________________Attorney-General RoN. EUGENE TALMADGE__________ Commissioner of Agriculture HoN. M. L. DUGGAN______________ Commissioner of Public Schools m LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA, ATLANTA, SEPTEMBER 1, 1931. To His Excellency, RrcHARD B. RussELL, JR., Governor and President of the Advisory Board of the Geological Survey of Georgia. SrR: I have the honor to transmit herewith for publication the report of Mr. Richard W. Smith, Assistant State Geologist, on the Shales and Brick Clays of Georgia. This report is the fourth report published by the State Geological Survey on the ceramic materials of the State. The first report, published in 1898, was confined entirely to the Cretaceous clays of south Georgia, the second report included not only the Cretaceous clays of south Georgia but gave a general description of the clays of the entire State, the third report was confined solely to the sedimentary 'clays of the Coastal Plain, including not only the Cretaceous clays but also the Eocene clays of the Tertiary age, whereas this report is confined to the shales and the brick clays of the entire State. The large amount of information brought together in this report will 'be of great assistance in the expansion of the heavy clay products industry of Georgia that will accompany the industrial growth of the South. Very respectfully yours, S. W. McCALLIE, State Geologist. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Page HISTORY 0 F THE INDUSTRy__------------------------------------------------------------------ PROPERTIES OF CLAYS________________________________________________________________________________ Classi:fication of clays ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chemical properties-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Physical properties -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Properties in the raw state____________________________________________________________________________ Properties in the fired state____________~------------------------------------------------------------- 1-4 5-18 5-6 6-10 IG-18 IG-13 13-18 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS FOR THIS REPORT________ Field methods---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'------------Laboratory methods------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Correlation of laboratory tests and plant practice---------------------------------------- 19-27 19 19-25 25-27 USES OF RED-FIRING SHALES AND CLAYS--------------------------------------Building brick______-----___--------------------------------------------------------------------------___----------5 tructural tile______-----------------------------------------_____-------------------------------------------------Roofing tile_______-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------__ Quarry tile-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sewer pipe_--.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Drain tile-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Conduits--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Acid tower packing--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paving brick_______--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- __________ Light-weight aggregates__________________------------------------------------------------------------------- 27-44 27-30 8o-36 86 86-37 87-38 38-40 40 40 4o-41 41-44 . FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF CLAY DEPOSITS 44-46 SHALE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA D ISTRIB UTI0 N-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GEOLOGY OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA____________________________________________________ Stratigraphic and p hysiographic historY--------------------------------------------------------Geological formations------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cambrian system-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ordovician or Cambrian systeiTL----------------------------------------------------------------Ordovician systenL----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Silurian system_____------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Devonian systeiTL------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mississippian or Devonian system------------------------------------------------------------Ca rboniferous systenL------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47-49 5o-67 50-52 52-67 53-57 57-59 49-60 61-62 62-63 63 64-67 v DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS BY COUNTIES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68-76 Polk County------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68-72 Floyd County....-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72-118 Ch_at tooga County..------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 119-1~ Dade CountY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122-136 Walker County--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136-172 Catoosa CountY---------------------------------------c---------------------------------------------------- 172-173 Whitfield CountY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173-193 Murray CountY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 193-11 Gordon County----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211-241 Bartow County------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ~41-276 RESIDUAL AND. ALLUVIAL CLAYS RESIDUAL CLAYS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU---------------------------- 277-293 Origin..__-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 277-278 Distribution and description of deposits------------------------------------------------------ 278-293 Hall CountY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 278-280 c Fulton CountY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28D-284 Richmond CountY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 284-291 Washington County------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 291-293 Baldwin County~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29.3 ALLUVIAL CLAYS OF THE FALL LINE------------------------------------------------ 293-325 Origin....------------------------------~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2!)3-294 Distribution and description of deposits by districts---------------------------------- 294-325 Columbus District------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ~94-300 Ma con District..----------------------------------------------~----------------------------------------------- 30D-308 Milledgeville District..------------------------------~------------------------------'----------------------- 308-315 Augusta District--------------------------------------------------~---------------------~------------------ 316-325 ALLUVIAL AND RESIDUAL CLAYS OF SOUTH GEORGIA_________ 36-330 FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY......--------------------------------------------------------------- 331-333 APPENDIX NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BENTONITE IN GEORGIA_ 335-840 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES F.A.CING P.A.GE I. W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company, Sewer Pipe Plant No. 11, near Flintstone, Walker County---------------------------------------------- (Frontispiece) II. A. Shale pit, Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company, near Lavender Station, Floyd County. B. Outcrop of Red Mountain shale on the J. 0. McCallie property near Cenchat, Walker CountY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 III. A. Overthrust fault in the Red Mountain formation, J. R. McFarland property, two miles south of Rossville, Walker County. 13. Alluvial clay pit of the Columbus Brick and Tile Company, Columbus, M uscogee County---------------------------------------------------------- 166 IV. A. Face brick plant of the Chatsworth Clay Mfg. Company, Chatsworth, Murray County. B. Outcrop of Conasauga shale on the Davis and Street properties, Tennessee Highway near Ramhurst, Murray County-------------------------------------------.------------------ 196 V. A. Face brick plant of the Plainville Brick Company, Plainville, Gordon County. B. Shale pit of the Plainville Brick Company, Plainville, Gordon County--------------------------------------------------- 232 VI. A. Roofing tile plant of the B. Mi:ffiin Hood Company, Adairsville, Bartow County. B. Clay pit of the B. Mifflin Hood Com- pany, Adairsville, Bartow County.....c------------------------------------------ 246 VII. A. North Clay pit of the Chattahoochee Brick Company, Chattahoochee, Fulton County. B. Scove brick kilns at the Chattahoochee Brick Company, Chattahoochee, Fulton CountY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 282 VIII. A. Paving brick and sewer pipe plant of the Georgia Vitrified Brick Company, Campania, Columbia County. B. Main "shale" or weathered phyllite pit of the Georgia Vitrified Brick Com- pany, Belair, Richmond CountY------------------------------------------------ 286 IX. A. Structural tile machine in operation, Cherokee Brick Company, Macon, Bibb County. B. Round down-draft kilns at the Cherokee Brick Company, Macon, Bibb CountY-------------------- 302 X. A. Open-air drying sheds, Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Richmond County. B. Haigh brick kilns, Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Rich- mond County------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 822 VII TEXT FIGURES Page 1. Diagram of the Hue circle with the Munsell hue notation.......................... 23 2. Diagram showing Hue, Value, and Chroma in their relation to each other---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 8. The Appalachian Valley and the Lookout Plateau of Georgia__________________ 49 4. Structure section showing relation of hard rocks to Sand and Lookout Mountains------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51 5. Graphs showing totai linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Rockmart slate from near Rockmart, Polk County. B. Floyd shale from the Romega Clay Products Company pit, West Rome, Floyd County. C. Clay from the Romega Clay Products Company pit, West Rome, Floyd County. D. Floyd shale from the W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company pit, 3 miles west of Rome, Floyd CountY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77 6. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Floyd shale from the Thomas Berry property, Berryhill Station, Floyd County. B. Residual clay from the Thomas Berry property, Berryhill Station, Floyd County.' C. Floyd shale from the Berryhill Estate, 7 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. D. Floyd shale from the S. Levinson property, 8 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd CountY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 7. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Weathered Floyd shale from the pit of the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company, 9 miles nol'thwest of Rome, Floyd County. B. Floyd shale from the west side of the T_. A. Long property near Lavender Station, Floyd County. C. Floyd shale from the east side of the T. A. Long property near Lavender Station, Floyd County. D. Shale from the J. L. Johnson property near Oreburg, Floyd CountY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 8. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the Joe Martin property, Oreburg, Floyd County. B. Conasauga shale from the Evans and Russell properties near Early and Mt. Hope stations, Floyd County. C. Conasauga shale from the Williams and Cooper properties, Turner Bend, Coosa River, Floyd County. D. Conasauga shale from the Mrs. P. M. Foster property, Sixmile Station, Floyd County________________ 105 9. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the J. M. Graham property, I! miles south of Rome, Floyd County. B. Conasauga shale from the .B. MifHin Hood Company, North Rome, Floyd County. C. Alluvial clay from the B. Mifflin Hood Company, North Rome, Floyd County. D. Conasauga shale from the J. D. Taylor property, 2 miles southwest of Summerville, Chattooga CountY-------------------------------- 115 VIII 10. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Red Mountain shale from the Newsom Highway on the B. W. Newsom property, Rising Fawn, Dade County. B. Red Mountain shale from north of Rising Fawn Furnace, B. W. Newsom property, Rising Fawn, Dade County. C. Red Mountain shale from the C. E. Coppinger property, 3 miles south of Rising Fawn, Dade County. D. Red Mountain shale from the T. B. Blake property, Sulphur Springs Station, Dade CountY--------------------------------------- 131 11. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Red Mountain shale from the Misses MeWhorter property, Bronco, Walker County. B. Red Mountain shale from near the middle trestle, Southern States Coal & Iron Company, Estelle, Walker County. C. Red Mountain shale from near the east trestle, Southern States Coal & Iron Company, Estelle, Walker County. D. Red Mountain shale from the Iv.Irs. J. F. Shaw property, Cassandra, Walker CountY-------------------------------------------------------- 147 12. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Red Mountain shale from the G. W. Mallicoat property, one mile north of High Point Station, Walker County. B. Weathered Red Mountain shale from the Mrs. W. W. Scott property, H miles north of High Point Station, Walker County. C. Red Mountain shale from the M. Q. Long property, Cenchat, Walker County. D. Red Mountain shale from the J. 0. McCallie property, one mile west of Cenchat, Walker CountY--------------- 159 13. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Sandy weathered Red :Mountain shale from the J. R. McFarland property, 2 miles south of Rossville, Walker County. B. Red Mountain shale from the Mission Ridge Brick Company, Mission Ridge Station, Walker County. C. Red Mountain shale from the T. W. Brown property, just south of the Mission Ridge Station, Walker County. D. Shale from the Ike Duckett property, one mile east of Varnell, Whitfield County--------------------------------------------- 171 14. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Rome shale from the West and Thomas properties, 2 miles east of Dalton, Whitfield County. B. Rome shale from the J. H. Smith property, 2 miles southeast of Dalton, Whitfield County. C. Conasauga shale from the Dalton Brick & Tile Company, 3 miles south of Dalton, Whitfield County. D. Conasauga shale from the Buell Stark property, 4 miles south of Dalton, Whitfield County.......... 185 15. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Weathered Conasauga shale from the Thomas properties, 4~ miles south of Dalton, Whitfield County. B. .Conasauga shale from the W. C. Martin property, 5 miles south of Dalton, Whitfield County. C. Weathered Floyd shale and clay from the Mrs. Nannie Masters property, Carbondale Station, Whitfield County. D. Shale from the Chatsworth Clay Mfg. Company, Chatsworth, Murray County--------------------------------------------------------------- 191 IX 16. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the Swanson and Barkesdale properties, 2 miles south of Chatsworth, Murray County. B. Cona- sauga shale from the, T. P. Anderson property, 3 miles south of Chatsworth, Murray County. C. Conasauga shale from the Wilbanks and Clayton properties, 2 miles north of Ramhurst, Murray County. D. Conasauga shale from the Davis and Street properties, Ramhurst, Murray County---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 205 17. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Residual clay from the J. B. Butler property, H miles east of Ramhurst, Murray County. B. Hard red shale from the S. M. Carter property, Carters Station, Murray County. C. Conasauga shale from the Calhoun Plant of the B. Mifflin Hood Company, Calhoun, Gordon County. D. Conasauga shale from the Chapman properties, one mile northwest of Calhoun, Gordo:n County 213 18. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, anti modulus of rupture of: A. Colluvial, clay from the D. L. Prater property, two miles northeast of CaJhoun, Gordon Coun.ty. B. Conasauga shale from the Pendley and Freeman properties, 3i miles north of Calhoun, Gordon County.. C. Conasauga shale from the A. L. Edwards property, half a mile east of Resaca, Gordon County. D. Weathered Floyd shale from the John Russell property, 1i miles south of Sugar Valley, Gordon County____ ----------------------------------------------~------------------------~-- 221 19. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale froni the Plainville Brick Company, Plainville, Gordon County. B. Conasauga shale from the Maddox and Matthews property, 3 miles north of Plainville, Gordon County. C. Conasauga shale from the H. R. Bennett property on theN. C. & St. L. By., justnorth of Bartow County in Gordon County. D. Clay and shale from the Boyd Orchard Compa~y, Adairsville, Bartow County......-------------------"----------------------------------:__________________________________ 235 20. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Colluvial clay from the B. MifHin Hood Company, Adairsville, Bartow County. B. Conasauga shale from the B. MifHin Hood Company, Adairsville, Bartow County. C., Conasauga shale from theW. E. Pearson property, one mile south of Adairsville, Bartow County. D. Red Conasauga shale from the Clemmons and Greenfield properties, Halls Station, Bartow CountY-------------------------------- 249 21. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Residual clay from the W. D. Pittard prop.erty, Cassville, Bartow County. B. Conasauga shale from the W. D. Pittard property, Cassville, Bartow Oounty. C. Hard shale and clay from the Mrs. T. Q. Richardson property, half a mile southeast of Cass Station, Bartow County, D. Clay and weathered shale from the Dr. R. E. Adair property, Cartersville, Barto.w County-------- 269 X 2i!. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Soft shale and clay from the Black, Randolph, Guyton, and Ward properties, 1! miles southeast of White, Bartow County. B. Cartersville shale from the T. A. Bennett property, White, Bartow County. C. Colluvial clay from the Chattahoochee Brick Company, Chatta,hoochee Station, Fulton County. D. Colluvial clay from the Chattahoochee Brick Company, Chattahoochee Station, Fulton County___---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- !fl75 23. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Colluvial clay from the Hudson Brick Company, Gainesville, Hall County. B. Weathered phyllite or "shale" from the Georgia Vitrified Brick Company pits at Belair, Richmond County. C. Alluvial clay from the Mrs. L. M. Kendrick property, 2~ miles south of Columbus, Muscogee County. D. Alluvial clay from the Columbus Brick & Tile Company, Columbus, Muscogee County__________ 287 24. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Alluvial clay from the Cherokee Brick Company, Macon, Bibb County. B. Alluvial clay from the Bibb Brick Company, Macon, Bibb County. C. Mixture of alluvial and residual clay from the Milledgeville Brick Works, Milledgeville, Baldwin County. D. Alluvial clay from: Plant No. 3, Hagler Brick Company, Augusta, Richmond CountY----------------------------------------------------------- 305 25. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Alluvial clay from Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Richmond County. B. Alluvial clay from the McKenzie pit, Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Richmond County. C. Residual and colluvial clay from the Arnold Brick Yard, 2 miles northeast of Thomasville, Thomas County. D. Alluvial clay from the Bainbridge Brick Company, Bainbridge, Decatur County---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 332 MAP FACING PAGE Geological map of the Appalachian Valley and Lookout Plateau of Georgia------ 66 XI PREFACE Two reports on the clays of Georgia were issued prior to 1926 by the Georgia Geological Survey. Bulletin 6, A Preliminary Report on a Part of the Clays of Georgia by Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, issued in 1898, was concerned only with the sedimentary kaolins along the Fall Line. Bulletin 18, A Second Report on the Clay Deposits of Georgia by J. 0. Veatch, issued in 1909, was a comprehensive report on all the clay resources of the State and did much towards furthering their utilization. Since Veatch's report was issued, the clay mining and working industries of Georgia have shown a remarkable progress. The production of sedimentary kaolin from Middle Georgia for filler, white ware, and refractory uses was in 1927 over five times that of 1909. The brick and tile industry using the alluvial clays of Middle Georgia has greatly increased. The shales of Northwest Georgia have found an extensive use in the manufacture of brick, tile, and sewer pipe. The increasing interest in the industry has lead to the discovery of many deposits unknown. at the time of Veatch's investigation. The need of a new detailed survey of the clay resources of the State was imperative. The writer began his investigation of the clays of the State in July, 1926. The field seasons of 1926 and 1927 were spent in Middle and South Georgia simultaneously investigating the kaolins, bauxites, brick clays, and fullers earths. The ceramic tests on the kaolin and bauxite clay samples collected were made by the writer in the winters of 1926-27 and 1927~28 at the Ceramic Laboratory of the Georgia School of Technology. The mass of data on these sedimentary kaolins and bauxitic clays alone was so great that it was written up and pub- lished in 1929 as Bulletin 44, The Sedimentary Kaolins of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. The writer spent the summer and fall of 192~ and the spring of 1930 investigating the shales of Northwest Geprgia. The ceramic tests on the shale samples, together with the brick clay samples previously collected from Middle and South Georgia, were made in the winter of 1929-30 and the summer and fall of 1930 at the Ceramic Laboratory of the Georgia School of Technology under the direction of Dr. A. V. Henry, Director of the Department of Ceramics. During a part of the time the writer was assisted by one of the ceramic students. All of the chemical analyses that accompany the laboratory tests were made by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Acting Chemist of the Georgia Geological Survey. This report has been written for two very different types of readers: the average man who is interested in the mineral resources of Georgia or who is interested in the possible uses and value of one of the deposits described in this report, and the ceramist or heavy clay product manufacturer who is thinking of locating a plant in Georgia and wishes accurate information as to the location and character of the raw rna- XII terials he needs for his ps.rticular product. The average man will not understand all of the detailed properly descriptions and ceramic tests without a careful study of the introductory sections of the report, particularly those on Properties_of Clays and Uses of Red-firing Shales and Clays. The ceramist or heavy clay product manufacturer will :find the basic facts that he desires, along with much explanatory matter that has long been familiar to him, and will make his own interpretation of the data given. Neither should fail to read the concluding chapter on the Future of the Industry. The writer wishes to acknowledge his thanks to Mr. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of Georgia, for criticism and advise; to Dr. A. V. Henry, Prof. W. H. Vaughan, and the other members of the Ceramic Department of the Georgia School of Technology, who cooperated so willingly in the laboratory work and gave much valuable advice during the writing of the report; to Katherine Cox Smith for measuring the colors of the test bars and for preparing the drawings of Figures 5-2-5; to Mr. J. M. I\!Iallory, General Industrial Agent of the Central of Georgia Railway for assistance and information; to the Munsell Co1or Company, Inc., Baltimore, Md., for criticism of the description of their color system and for the use of the electrotypes for Figures 1 and 2-; to Mr. Julius Rink, Mr. J. L. Rowland of LaFayette and Mr. J. l\.1. Dobbins of Cassandra for freely giving of their time in showing the writer the shale deposits of Walker County; to the secretaries of the Chambers of Commerce of Rome, Macon, Augusta, and Columbus for valuable publicity and assistance; to the newspaper editors in all the counties visited for publicity; to the managers and superintendents of all of the shale and clay pits and brick, tile, and sewer pipe plants visited for their help and courtesy; and to the many citi.zens without whose interest and cooperation the investigation would not have been a success. Richard W. Sm.ith, Assistant State Geologist. Atlanta, Georgia, September 1, 1931. XIII SHALES AND BRICK CLAYS OF GEORGIA HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY The first brick used in the colony of Georgia were brought from England. Examples of these brick may be seen today in some of the colonial houses of Savannah and Augusta. The "Old Pink House" in Savannah, built for James Habersham in 1789; the "Owens House" on Oglethorpe Avenue, built in 181~ or 1815; and the outhouses of the ''Read House" at 118 East State Street are built of English brick. 1 The brick in the ."Old Clayton Home" on Greene Street, Augusta, and in the wall around St. Paul's churchyard are reputed to have been brought from England. The first brick manufactured in Georgia were probably made at Ebenezer on the Savannah River in Effingham County. According to Veatch 2: "A colony of Salzburgers settled here in I 733 and in 1769 built a brick church, the bricks being made at this locality, which is at the present time in a state of tolerable preservation and is still used for religious services. The brick are a dark red, a little larger than standard size, and quite sandy and porous." Building brick were often made on the larger plantations in the early days. An annular pit about three feet deep and eight to fifteen feet in diameter v.ras dug near a deposit of swamp or bottom-land clay on the plantation. A revolving post in the center of the pit supported one end of a pole that passed through the center of a disk-shaped stone, like a mill-stone. A mule fastened to the other end of the pole served as power for making the stone travel around the pit, tempering the clay to the consistency of paste. The bricks were fashioned in handmade molds, air dried, laid in the form of a rough rectangular kiln, and fired with wood fires. Permanent brick works were probably soon established where there were deposits of alluvial clays near the larger settlements. One of these old brick works near Savannah has recently been described 3 as follows: "Henry McAlpin, a native of Scotland, heir of a 'goodly inheritance,' well educaed, came from Charleston, South Carolina, to Savannah about 1805. Soon after his arrival at Savannah, he began to purchase adjoining tracts of land in its vicinity, and these in entirety became the planatation known as the '1Iermitage'-the original name of the plot whel"eon is now the ruins of his mansion and where his railroad was located. He stocked the plantation with horses and slaves and with the assistance of these, constructed a brick manufacturing plant for the purpose 1Personal correspondence with J. M. Mallory, Savannah, Ga. 2Veatch, J. 0., Second report on the clay deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 18, p. 322, 1909. 3Colquitt, Dolores Boisfeullet, America's first railroad was built in Jan., 1820 at Hermitage Plantation here, Savannah Morning News, Dec. 1, 1929. 2 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGI.!:I. of utilizing a stratum of clay found on the premises which proved admirably suited for bricks. "The railroad built by McAlpin in January, 1820, ran between the kilns of this brick manufactory which was ~ocated about fifty feet away from the bank of the Savannah River and three hundred yards south of the present mansion ruins at the 'Hermitage.' Its purpose was to transport from kiln to kiln a large frame house, fifty-one by forty-five feet with a nearly square pitched roof which was used to cover a kiln while it was being filled with green or unburned brick, and removed when the kiln was fired. This house was carried on the railroad by an enormous, strong, four-wheeled truck set upon flanged iron rails. "* * * Horses were doubtless the motive power used for McAlpin's railroad, for ,it is .kn.ovvn .that he kept many 'Of the.se .animals., and besides,- at the time of the building of his railroad, the steam locomotive was unknown. * *. * "The manufacturing proved a success, turning out, over a period of about half a century, great quantities of bricks noted for their size and durability, and they are. what are known today as 'Savannah gray brick.' These went into the construction of buildings, many of which are in existence, erected in this city during its thri-ving commercial era preceding the Civil War. The old culverts of the Central of Georgia Railway are built of 'Hermitage' bricks." Mallory 1 states in regard to these culverts: "* * * the culverts or viaducts under our railroad, just as you leave Savannah were built of these brick. One of the viaducts was completed in 1852 and the other in 1859. Both are in splendid condition and have served the heavier motive power and equipment which have been added throughout the years/' Another early brick plant was the Delaigle Brick Yards in Augusta, established in 1808 by Nicholas del'Aigle, a French refugee, who came to this country 'in 1804, and about whom many legends still exist. This plant was sold in 1868 to Dennis Hallahan, who operated it for many years. The following description of the plant is by M. J. Halla- ~n, 2 son of the owner and for many years superintendent of the busi- ness. "The outfit, consisting of a mule. and six men, could ,manufacture 7,000 green brick a dGI.y. * * * The clay (alluvial from the flood-plain of the Savannal! river) was dumped into a 'pug' mill and mixed into a dough. The 'pug' mill was a large cylindrical vat into which fitted a pulverizer, or what could be termed a dasher, which turned and sometimes acted as a plunger in pulverizing the clay. It turned by means of a long pole, which protruded therefrom, that turned around accord- ing to the pace set by a walking mule. ' "After being sufficiently pulverized, the soft dough was put away into molds at the mill and toted to the drying section a few yards away. Two bricks were mould- ed and laid out to dry at the same time. The molds were turned bottom up and With expert hands, the laborer lifted the molds without making an imprint on the soft brick. "This was the first step in manufacturing hand-made brick. As the brick dried on one side and then ~he other, they were set on end, on edge, and, as they hard- ened, other brick were stacked upon them, leaving enough room for the air to cir- culate. At times a heavy rain came up and washed the stacks of grew brick to the ground. "In those days it took a week to run off a'kiln of brick. The kiln was constructed much simpler than the present ones and was big enough to turn otit tons upon tons of the .product. No means of equalizing the heat so as burn br~ck at the top and bottom of the kiln at.the same degree was then used. This resulted in three grades of brick. Those stacked in the center of the kiln were the most beautiful * * * and the durability excellent. The upper layer did not ~eceive the full benefit of the heat, resulting in a softer .and most undependable brick. This product sold 1Mallory, J. M., Gen. Industrial Agent, Cent. of Ga. Ry., letter to writer, Jan. 31, 1931. 2From interview by Jack Bates, courtesy of the Augusta Chamber of Commerce. HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY 3 cheapest and was used for inside construction. The bricks stacked next to the fire were overheated, giving the product a dark, purplish hue. These were used in the rear of the less-seen sections of structures. However, they were durable. "The season for making brick extended from March 1 to the middle of October. Some seasons not more than one or two kilns were run off. At most, one a month. The Delaigle yards sold brick over a wide range of territory. Often the product was used as ballast in ships plying North and South as means of shipping. * * * The dwelling on Greene Street in Augusta, known as the John D. Twiggs place was the summer home of Nicholas de l'Aigle and was constructed of the finest speci- men of the Delaigle plant." Brick plants were also early established at Macon, Columbus, Milledgeville, Atlanta, and other centers of population. By 1888 the industry was well established, as shown by the following figures collected by the U. S. Geological Survey1 : Brick production of Geor~~a in 1888 Albany...................__________________________________________________________________ 3,000,000 Atlanta -------...... --------------------------------------------------------------------- 22,000,000 Augusta....------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15,000,000 Columbus ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 12,000,000 Dublin......------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,500,000 Fort Gaines...------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 500,000 Macon..........................~------------------------------------------------------------- 25,000,000 Milledgeville................................................................................ 1,600,000 Rome............................................................................................ 15,000,000 TotaL.------------------------------------------------------------------------ 95,600,000 The shale deposits of Northwest Georgia were not used for the manufacture of brick untill905. The Rome Brick Company, now the Rome Plant of the B. Mifflin Hood Brick Company (see page 11~), used a mixture of Conasauga shale and alluvial clay to manufacture common and pressed brick. Soon after this the Legg Brothers Company, now the Calhoun Plant of the B. Mifflin Hood Brick Company (see page ~1~), at Calhoun used. Conasauga shale for the manufacture of face brick. Vitrified paving brick were first made at Campa!a, about ~0 miles west of Augusta, by the Georgia Vitrified Brick Company (see page ~85) in 190~. The first commercial manufacture of sewer pipe in Georgia was at Stevens Pottery in Baldwin County in the late sixties or early seventies. W. P. Stapler, president of the former Stevens, Inc., states2 : ''Mr. Henry Stevens of Cornwall, England, came to Georgia in the fifties. He bought a large tract of land at what is now known as Stevens Pottery for the timber. This timber was sawed and kaolin was discovered on this land. He sent back to England and imported some potters, and in 1861 began the manufacture of jugs, jardinieres, vases, urns, etc. ''He operated the property until his death; at which time Mr. W. C. Stevens, his eldest son, and Mr. J. H. Stevens, his second son, took over the management of Stevens Pottery. They continued ma.lcing the potteries and added to this line, flower pots and sewer pipe. A hollow tree was rounded out with a smooth plunger attached and through this the mud was forced out into a hollow pipe, and the col- lars were put on by hand. * * * "In about 1900 the pottery business was discontinued and the pottery section of the plant was devoted to the manufacture of fire brick. In the meantime, the sewer pipe business had been extended until it was the largest portion of the production. 1Day, D. T., U. S. Geol. Survey Mineral Resources, 1888, p. 558, 1890. 2Stapler, W. P., personal correspondence with the writer, 1928. 4 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d urn 1916 fire destroyed the fire brick or pottery plant. A large new plant was rebuilt * * * and equipped solely for the produc.tion of fire brick. !3ince t~at time, both Mr. W. C. and Mr. J. H. Stevens have d1ed, but the fire briCk busmess has increased to the extent that in 1926, we discontinued the manufacture of sewer pipe." The manufacture of heavy clay products is now one of the most important industries in Georgia dependent on mineral resources, as shown by the following table of production statistics: Production of Heavy Clay Products in Geor[fia1 Product 1928 -r-~:-a---- J 1926 Common brick: Number establishments__________________ T h o u s a n d s .... ___________________________________ _ Value_________________________________________________ $ 13 149,002 1,216,910 $ 14 175,232 1,405,268$ 14 227,218 1,885,416 Face brick: Number establishments..________________ T h o u s a n d s.. -------------------------------------Value....--------------------------------------------- $ 6 24,902 . 346,188$ 6 26,557 382,027$ 6 34,256 562,413 Hollow brick, Terra colla, Flue lining: Number establishments....------------ 5 4 4 T ons ____ -------~---------------------------------- 10,738 10;617 13,054 Value..................-------------------------------- $ 556,310$ 459.445$ 646A86 1-----------1-----~~-1----------- Hollow building tile: Number establishments__________________ 6 6 7 Tons---------------------------------------- Value'-----------,----------------------------- $ 115,720 596,179$ 89,411 475,605$ 158,967 902,421 Roofing life, Drain file: Number establishments__________________ Squares-------------------------------,------------Tons.... -------------------------------------------Value.------------------------------------------------ $ 6 7,184 2,631 106,089$ 4 7,184 2,538 106,914$ 5 16,193 3,849 242,171 Pa~ing block.r, Fire brick, Segment block.r: Number establishments__________________ 6 5 Thousands.--------------------------------------- 13,460 25,090 VToalnuse...._______-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-___-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- $--------3--1--5--,-0--8--9_$-----------6--0--8--,-7---8--4- $ 11 20,355 600 574,980 Sewer pipe, chimne,!J pi.pe and top.r: Number establishments__________________ VToanlsu--e--_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ $ 8 7 6 41,068 92,826 98,180 492,819$ 1,407,364$ 1,115,106 Wall coping: Number establishments__________________ -------------------- ------------------------ Tons-------------------------------------------------- a V a l u e.... ----------------------------------- a a . a $ Total Value ( ___________________________________ $ 3,630,441 $ 4,853,942 $ 3 693 8,702 5,957,486 aNot given separately, but value included in total. bincludes value of miscellaneous products not given separately above. 1From Mineral Resources, U. S. Bureau Mines, 1926, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF CLAYS 5 PROPERTIES OF CLAYS1 Clay may be defined as "an earthy or stony mineral aggregate consisting essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when sufficiently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreous when fired at a sufficiently high temperature. " 2 CLASSIFICATION OF CLAYS Clays may be classified according to their origin, chemical and physical properties, or uses. The first classification is, perhaps, of most interest to the geologist, the second and third, which are related, to the technologist or ceramist. An example of a classification according to origin is the following by Ries,3 modified slightly by the writer: Ries's Classification A. Residual clays. Formed in place by rock alteration due to vanous agents, of either surface or deep-seated origin. I. Those formed by surface weathering, the processes involving solution, disintegration, or decomposition of silicates. (a) Primary kaolins, white in color and usually white firing. Parent Rock Shape Granite, Pegmatite, Rhy- Blankets; tabular steeply olite, Limestone, Shale, dipping masses; pockets Feldspathic Quartzite, or lenses. Gneiss, Schist, etc. (b) Ferruginous clays, derived from different kinds of rocks. Red and buff .ring. (Ex. Residual days of Georgia derived from schist and gneiss.) II. White residual days formed by the action of ascending waters possibly of igneous origin. (a) Formed by rising carbonated waters. (b) Formed by sulphate solutions. III. Residual days formed by action of downward moving sulphate solutions. IV. White residual days formed by replacements, due to action of waters supposedly of meteoric origin. B. Colluvial days, representing deposits formed by wash from the foregoing and of either refractory or non-refractory character. 1Much of the information in this section was obtained from: Ries, H., Clays; their occurence, properties, and uses: 3d ed., 1927. Veatch, J. 0., Second report on the clay deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 18, 1909. Stout, Wilbur, and others, Coal-formation clays of Ohio: Ohio Geol. Survey 4th ser., Bull. 26, 1923. 2Standard definition. The standards report for the American Ceramic Society for 1928: Am. Ceramic Soc. Jour., vol. 11, p. 347, 1928. 3Ries, H. Op. cit., pp. 36-37. 6 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY O,F GEORGI.d C. Transported clays. I. Deposited in water. (a) Marine clays or shales. Deposits often of great extent. (Georgia shales) White-firing clays. (Sedimentary kaolins, ball clays) Fire clays or shales, buff-firing. Impure clays or shales. f Calcareous. \Non-calcareous. (b) Lacustrine clays. (Deposited in lakes or swamps.) Fire clays or shales. Impure clays or shales, red-firing. Calcareous clays, usually of surface character. (c) Floodpla:in days. Usually impure and sandy. (Alluvial brick-days .of Georgia.) (d) Estuarine clays. (Deposited in estuaries.) Mostly impure and :finely laminated. (e) Deltaclays. II. Glacial clays, found in the drift, and often stony. May be either red or cream-firing. III. Wind-formed deposits. (Some loess,.) IV. Chemical deposits. (Some flint-clays.) Other classifications are based on physical properties or uses. One of the best of these is that of Parmelee,1 based on both the physical properties and uses of days. A shale is a thinly stratified, consolidated sedimentary clay, originally of marine or lacustrine origin, with well marked cleavage parallel to the bedding. Fine grinding or weathering of a shale will restore more or less of the plasticity and other characteristics of the original clay. Further metamorphism of a .shale by heat and pressure results in slate; in which form fine grinding produces little or no plasticity. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Clay, in its simplest form, would consist entirely of hydrated aluminum silicate, such as kaolinite or allied minerals. Since clays are formed from the decomposition of the earth's crust, simple clays are rarely ever found. All clays contain more or less accessory constituents in addition to the hydrated silicates of aluminum. The quantity of accessory constituents varies greatly in different clays; ranging from a few per cent in the case of some of the sedimentary kaolins to 50 or more per cent in the case of some of the brick and other clays of common occurrence. All the constituents of clay influence its behavior in one way or another, their effect often being noticeable when only small amounts are present. The various accessory constituents in clay have different properties. Most of them 'promote fusion, but some are far more active than others. A few are influential also in the development of colors. In a general way, the finer the accessory minerals and the more evenly they are distributed in the clay, the greater their effect 1Parmelee, C. W., and Schroyer, C. R., Further investigations of Illinois fire clays: Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 38, pp. 278-280, 1922. CHE.JfiCAL PROPERTIES 7 in producing changes. The chemical analysis of a clay may give some indication of its properties, but its value is limited because it does not show the exact minerals in which the elements are combined, the fineness of the grains, and other factors upon which the physical properties depend. The influence of the various components usually found in clays can perhaps best be discussed individually. SILICA Silica is present in clay in two forms, namely, uncombined as silica or quartz, and in silicates. The uncombined silica is usually quartz, but flint, chalcedony, or hydrous silica may be present. The silicates may be kaolinite or other hydrous aluminum silicates, micas, feldspars, glauconite, hornblende, garnet, etc. In the chemical analyses accompanying this report, the free and the combined silica are reported together. Probably over half of the silica found in the shales is free silica. ALUMINA Most of the alumina found in clays is in combination with silica, as a. silicate. Kaolinite (89.8 per cent alumina) and other hydrous aluminum silicates account for most of this, but some of the alumina may be present as feldspar, mica, and other silicates. The average alumina content of the shales and brick clays of Georgia, as shown by the chemical analyses that accompany this report, is about ~0 per cent, slightly more than half of the amount in theoretically "pure clay." iliON Iron may be present in clays in the form of: limonite or other yellow and brown hydrous iron oxides; hematite, the red iron oxide (Fe20.); ma~netite, the black iron oxide (Fe304); pyrite or "fool's gold" (FeS2), siderite (FeCO.), and ~lauconite, a green hydrated silicate of potash and iron. 1\1ost of the accompanying chemical analyses report the iron as ferric oxide, Fe20a, although in some of the analyses the ferrous oxide, FeO, has been separately determined. The common ferrous minerals found in clays are pyrite (FeSz) and siderite (FeC03). The iron oxides have both a coloring action and a fluxing action. In general, clay containing less than 1 per cent ferric oxide fires white; from 1 to~ per cent fires to a light cream-color; and increasing amounts over~ per cent fire to cream, buff, and red colors. However, the color to which a clay will fire cannot accurately be predicated from the amount of ferric oxide shown by the chemical analysis. The color and depth of shade probably depend upon: (1) the amount of iron in the clay; (~) the minerals or chemical combination in which the iron is present; (8) the size of the particles; (4) the presence of other minerals that may influence the color; (5) the temperature of firing; (6) the degree of fusion; and (7) the condition of the kiln atmosphere. For example, two of the shales sampled for this report had 5.~6 per cent ferric oxide (dry basis). At cone 8 one fired to a light brownish-red and 8 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d. the other to a good red. The fl.uxing action of iron oxide probably depends upon similar factors. The iron oxide content of the samples of shales and brick clays of Georgia ranged from ~.65 per cent to 14.05 per cent, with an average of about 7.00 per cent. TITANIUM Titanium is an element which is very common in cl~tys~ usually in the form of rutile (Ti02), but occasionally as titanite (CaTiSi05 and ilmenite (FeTi03). These minerals are usually in the form of very minute crystals or needles, visible only with the aid of a microscope. Titaniuni seems to have both a fluxing and a coloring act~on. Even very small amounts will lower the vitrification point of a clay and increase the coloring action of othe:r coloring agents present. The shales and brick clays of Georgia usually contain less than one per cent of titanium dioxide. ALKALIES The alkalies commonly present in clays include soda (Na20) and potash (K20). Several common minerals may serve as sources of these alkalies, but probably most of it is furnished by feldspar and mica. The alkalies are considered to be the most powerful fluxing agent that clay contains. They serve, in firing, to bind the particles together in a dense, hard body, permitting the ware to be fired at a lower temperature. Alkalies alone seem to exert little or no coloring influence on the fired clay, although in sbme instances .potash appears to deepen the color of a ferruginous clay in firing. The alhi'vial clays of Georgia generally contain less than one per cent of soda or potash. The average of 43 analyses of typical shales showed 1:06 per cent soda (Na20) and 1.60 per cent potash (K20). LIME Lime is found in many clays, and in the low-grade ones may be present in large quantities. Quite a number of minerals may serve as sources of lime in clays, but all fall into one of the three following groups: . 1. Carbonates: calcite (CaCOa), dolomite (CaMg (COa)2). Lime in this form if finely divided has a marked fluxing action, shortens the vitrification range, increases porosity, and decreases the coloring action of iron. 9G. Silicates: some feldspars, garnets, and amphiboles. The effect of these is much less pronounced than that of lime carbonate. They serve as .fluxes, but do not cause a rapid softening of the clay. 3. Sulphates: gypsum. Gypsum, when found in clay, has grobably been. formed by sulphuric acid, liberated by the decomposition of iron pyrite, acting on lime carbonate. On firing, the chemically combined water is first driven off, then the gypsum decomposes with the evolution of sulphur trioxide (SOa), often causing swelling or blistering of the ware. CHEli11CdL PROPERTIES 9 The shale deposits of Georgia, especially those of the Conasauga and Red Mountain formations, often contain lime carbonate in the form of irregular lenses and horses of limestone, interbedded layers and thin partings of limestone, and layers of shale containing more or less lime in the form of calcite crystals and lime carbonate nodules. The limestone is easily recognized. The limy shale often has a light- blue cast. In either case the presence of lime carbonate can be de- tected by testing with dilute acid. The majority of the chemical analy- ses of the samples collected for this report show no lime. The alluvial clays often show very small amounts of lime, probably in the form of small nodules of lime carbonate. Experience with these clays has shown that this lime seldom causes trouble in the manufac- turing processes. MAGNESIA Iv[agnesia (MgO) rarely occurs in clay in larger quantities than one per cent. When present, its source may be any one of several classes qf compounds, that is silicates, carbonates, and sulphates. Silicates, such as the black mica or biotite, are probably the most important source. Biotite deconippses readily, and, its chemical combination being thus destroyed, the magnesia is .Set free, probably in the form of a soluble compound, which may be retained in the pores of the clay. Magnesia acts as a flux, making the clay soften slowly. The shales and alluvial clays of Georgia all contain small amounts of magnesia, ranging from a trace to 1.94 per cent. The average is less than half of one per cent. SULPHuR Many clays contain at least a trace of sulphur, an:d some of them show appreciable quantities. It may be present as: 1. Sulphate, such as gypsum (CaS04.H20), epsomite (MgS04.7H20), or melanterite (FeS04.7H20). . Sulphide, as pyrite (FeS2). Sulphur in any form is one of the most detrimental impurities in clays, as its compounds are instrumental in scumming, lowering of fusion point, bloating of body, and blistering. Less than half of the shales and alluvial clays sampled contained even traces of sulphur, and the average is only a fraction of one per cent. PHOSPHORIC ACID Phosphorus, or the phosphoric acid radical, P 205, is common in small quantities in clays. It may be present in the form of the phosphate of lime, the phosphate of iron, or even other phosphates. Its effect in small quantities is not known, but in sufficient quantities it may act as a flux at moderate temperatures. Nearly all of the shales and alluvial clays of Georgia contain at least traces of P 20;, but of those sampled the maximum (an alluvial clay) was only 0.64 per cent. 10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA WATER IN CLAY Water is present in clays as free water and chemically combined water. Free water: This includes that which is held in the pores of the !=!lay by capillarity and surface tension. It may include water o plasticity, shrinkage water, and pore water. Water of plasticity is that which is driven off when the clay is dried from a condition of maximum plasticity to nooc. Shrinkage water is that portion of the water of plasticity which is driven off up to the point where shrinkage ceases. Pore water is that portion of the water of plasticity which is driven off from the point where shrinkage ceases until the clay has reached approximately constant weight at l10C. The water of plasticity is therefore equal to the sum of the shrinkage and pore water. The samples collected and tested by the writer were all rather thoroughly air-dried before the chemical analyses were made. The moisture determined was therefore usually less than 1 per cent and represented only a portion of the pore water. In order that the analyses given in the report may be directly compared, they have all been recalculated on a dry basis, eliminating the free water. Chemically combined water: Chemically combined water is that which occurs in the clay in chemical combination:, the water of crystallization of the hydrous minerals. That which is combined in hydrous aluminum silicates passes off chiefly between 400C. and 600C. Muscovite loses its water between 500C. and 700C., and hydrous iron oxides dehydrate between 150C. and 850C. In the analyses accompanying this report, the chemically combined water is reported in the Loss on I~nition. Loss on ignition also includes any carbon dioxide, sulphur, and organic matter which may be present in the clay. PHYSICAL PROP;ERTIES OF CLAYS The physical properties of a clay in the raw or green state, and its reactions to the forming and firing processes necessary to produce clay ware of any sort, are, to a large extent, the deciding factors in determining the value of the clay and the uses to which it is best suited. A knowledge of these properties and the tests by which they are de- termined is essential to a correct understanding of the descriptions and tests given in a subsequent part of this report. In this descrip- tion emphasis has been placed upon the most important physical prop- erties. of the shales and brick clays o Georgia. PROPERTIES IN THE RAW STATE GRINDING Shale, being a rock form of clay, must be ground before it can be tempered with water to a plastic condition and formed into clay prod- PHYSIC.!lL PROPERTIES ll nets. The ease of grinding of shales varies considerably. Some are soft and readily crush into flaky fragments which in turn grind readily to a powder. Others are brittle and grind to a powder with little difficulty. But some shales, especially those that are slightly metamorphosed, are tough and require long grinding. The alluvial clays require no grinding to develop plasticity. In many cases, however, a preliminary crushing is advisable to break up lumps and to insure a uniform mixture of the materials. SLAKING The slaking of clays is the property they have, when dry, of crumbling and disintegrating into a pulverulent mass when immersed in an excess of water. The time required for this varies from a few minutes in the case of soft porous clays to several weeks for tough shales, and some may be incompletely disintegrated even after that. In slaking, the water first fills the pore spaces of the clay; then the particles of clay are entirely surrounded by a film of water, being separated from each other by the thickness of the film, thus causing an increase in the volume of the clay. In an excess of water, the clay grains become so far separated from each other that the clay mass crumbles. The process seems to be entirely physical and it is doubtful if any disintegration is due to chemical action, as in the slaking of quick lime. The slaking property is one of some practical importance, as easily slaking clays temper more. readily when worked. A number of the Georgia shales, especially if but little weathered, are slow slaking. This can be overcome, to a considerable extent, by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot water, or the use of certain electrolytes. PL.<\STICITY Plasticity may be defined as the property which many clays possess of changing form under pressure, without rupturing, which form they retain when the pressure ceases, it being understood that the an:}:> -~ol, ............-1,..-i,J.J.v v VJ.U.i.llv _,: VJ. ___,... --~c~ pu.l c;-i:>pa. c between the clay particles, expressed in percentages of the total ap- parent volume of the clay, and depends upon the shape and size of the particles making up the mass. There are two types of pores in fired clays, open and closed. The volume of the latter cannot be directly measured. Thus there are two types of porosity; true porosity, which represents the volume of the open plus the closed pores; and apparent porosity, which represents-the volume of the open pores only. Absorption is a measure of the apparent porosity represented by the quantity of water a unit weight of the body will take up. Absorption in a fired clay decreases as the firing continues and the firing shrinkage decreases the volume of the pore space, approach- ing zero as the clay approaches vitrification. It has an important bearing upon the strength of a fired clay body, its behavior as an ab- sorbent, and its resistance to weathering, shock, abrasion, erosion, and discoloring agents. FillED STRENGTH The fired strength of heavy clay products is an important measure of their durability. The transverse strength is most commonly mea- sured, as described above under green strength, using fired bars instead of the air-dried bars. It is expressed as the fired modulus of rupture in pounds per square inch or in corresponding metric units. As clay ware is fired to increasingly higher temperatures up to the point of vitrification, the fired strength increases gradually but not always uniformly. The strength of ware fired beyond the vitrification point often decreases, due to the formation of a brittle, glassy struc- ture. COLOR The color of fired clay ware is largely due to iron oxide, although other factors enter in so that the color to which a clay will fire cannot be determined from the amount of iron oxide shown in the chemical analysis. The colors which a fired clay may show depend upon: 1. The quantity and surface factor of iron oxide contained in the clay. Usually at least four or five per cent of iron oxide is necessary to give a good red color to the fired clay. Other conditions being equal, increasing amounts of iron tend to deepen the red color. 2. The other constituents of the clay accompanying the iron. The presence of lime in small quantities often prevents the development of a good red color in the fired clay. An excess of alumina sometimes PHYSICdL PROPERTIES 15 appears to form compounds with the iron that give the fired clay a yellow color. Certain fluxes, such as potash, appear to deepen the red color of ferruginous clays. 8. The composition of the fire-gases during the firing. Oxidizing conditions are necessary to produce a good red color in firing a ferruginous clay. Lack of oxygen or the presence of sulphur dioxide atmosphere, especially during the period when the water of crystallization is being driven off, often reduces the iron oxide from the ferric to the ferrous condition_ with the production of complex iron silicates which give the vitrified clay a black color and sometimes cause bloating. 4. The degree of vitrification. The vitrification of ferruginous clays progressively darkens their red color and often changes it to brown, green, or black, due to the formation of ferrous silicate. 5. The temperature at which the clay is fired. The red color of ferruginous clays becomes deeper as higher temperatures are reached, due to increased oxidation. WARPAGE AND CRACKING Warpage and cracking in a fired clay body are due primarily to unequal shrinkage during either or both the drying and the firing stages. Such conditions are very difficult to avoid with clays having a high shrinkage. The shales of northwest Georgia showed but little warpage. The test bars of the Fall Line alluvial clays showed slightly more warpage, with the exception of those con_taining enough s:8.ndy material to redu~e the shri.n;kage and warpage: Some of the highly plastic residual and alluvial clays of Sou_th Georgia showed considerable warpage and, in a few cases, were badly cracked. SCUMMING The appearance of a white coating on the surface of heavy clay products following drying, firing, or even after use, is known to the clay worker as scum. Scumming is due to the presence of watersoluble salts, usually sulphates of lime and magnesia, derived from the clay itself, from the tempering water, from the action of kiln gases, or even,, when the scum appears after use, from the mortar or from absorbed ground water. The term efflorescence is sometimes used to designate those accumulations of soluble salts upon the surface which have been brought there in solution and deposited when the water evaporated. The term scum would therefore be restricted to those deposits of soluble salts formed by the action of gases upon the wares during drying and firing. A few of the shales and clays tested for this report showed traces of scumming, or more properly efflorescence. This scum was probably formed from soluble salts contained within the shale or clay. It is not definitely known how much soluble matter is permissible in a clay without danger of its forming a white coating, but it is probable that less than 0.1 per cent may cause trouble. 16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA FIRING RANGE The process of vitrification of a clay is usually a gradual one. Im- mediately after a clay has been dehydrated it shows its maximum porosity. As the temperature is raised, some of the clay particles begin to soften by fusion, binding the mass together. As the tem- perature continues to rise, more of the mass becomes softened, and more of the clay body goes into solution so that the composition of the sof- tened portion changes. It will be seen, therefore, that while in the -"'a.,.ln .,to_ g<=>"' nf tl,.,..,...,. TY><>u_ 'ht:> nnn.,.;;!..,..,.., hlo nn-,.,o c7-.<>r>o h..,._ V .I...LJ u1t.,.1-hn<~+1nn ........._'LI!J.J IJVilAI '-'U .....,..... 'f .... ._,.... .._,&....&.'-'LU'-'A'-'....... ,' 'U........'-".&."' J:"""'.J..'-' IV'"'-' .._.. ...... ......._U.A""-"'.I........,.._,A'-' 1-Jj:-'~-- .._,..._, tween the grains, these will be gradually filled by fused material, provid- ed there is a. sufficient quantity of it.. We may recognize three stages in the vitrification process as follows: I. Incipient vitrification, in which just enough of the clay material has softened to stick the mass together. 2. Complete vitrification, at which point the interspaces are filled with fused material, the mass, however, being still able to support its own weight without distortion. 8. Fusion at yvhich point the body has softene. 0P< . '::S ct:: a(/) ..d' ~ ::J p.,bh ~ .s:.a ..s..~~>:!:.<1l=: _fj ~ .... (/) 0 Maximum Average Absorption by Standard Boiling Test, per cent Shale and FireClay Tile SurfaceClay Tile Concrete Tile bD b<1Jl),,~_. ~ C~1l ~;..>P<<1l a(/) ,.J:r ~J;> P< :p:J......-O< ;..> 4-< ~ . .s. s::J J;>,bD ~ ~ ~:.=: ~.>-,1:!_r.c.J (_/P<<1l per cent Shale Surand face- Con- J;> P< . . s(/)4! P-<::3 ct:: ::J ~ ,_. ,.!:\ C1l s:;:l J;>,"tn ~ ~ >:::.=: FireClay Tile Clay Tile - - - - crete Tile ..... ~ <1l .~..>.:.! r..c.J.. 0.... (_/f)j Maxim-um Average Ab- sorption by Standard Boiling Test, per cent Shale and FireClay Tile SurfaceClay Tile Concrete Tile 4 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 10 1600 7 11 5 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 10 1600 7 11 6 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 10 1600 7 11 8 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 10 1600 7 11 10 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 10 1600 7 11 12 800 11 14 12 1200 9 13 10 1600 7 11 15 1000 11 14 12 1300 9 13 10 1600 7 11 18 1400 9 13 10 1800 7 11 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42a ,g <1l ;..> ;t.s:..l <1l P< ;..> ;:cJ a..-..1..<..-1...'l ... <1l P< ;..> ,.-. rcJ a.-...1..<..-1...'l ... <1l P< ;..> ~ _.<,_1,l ..s..;....>.. <1l 1550 1700 1850 2000 2150 P< ;..> 2300 9 9 9 9 9 9 13 13 13 13 13 13 10 2100 10 2400 10 2700 10 3000 10 3300 10 3600 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 11 11 11 11 11 ~ z 0 '---' 0 ~ z 0 '-' 2450 2600 9 9 13 13 10 3900 10 4200 7 '1 11 11 9 9 ~ ~ 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ----- aLarger sizes recommended as standard are as follows: 45, 48, 54, and 60 in. C>l ~ 40 GEOLOGJC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Freezing and thawing tests may also l?e demanded by the purchaser, or, in case the tile fail to meet the absorption requirements, by the manufacturer. "The number of freezing and thawings to be endured shall be as follows: For farm drain tile, 24; for st~ndard drain .tile, 36; for extra-guality dr.ain tile, 48." "Failure under the freezmg and thawmg treatment shall be considered to be reached when: (a) The specimens show supercial disintegration or spalling with loss of weight of more than 5 per cent of the initial dry weight; or (b) The specimens are badly cracked in other than lamination planes; or (c) The specimens show evident se:rious loss of structural strength." Tile that have passed the freezing and thawing tests cannot be rejected for failure to meet the absorption requirements. CONDUITS Conduits are vitrified salt-glazed pipes or tile suitable to receive and protect underground electric wires, telephone cables, etc. Alluvial clays are usually not satisfactory for this purpose, but any shale or similar clay that will meet the specifications for first-class sewer pipe, particularly the resistance of a hydrostatic pressure of 15 pounds per square inch for 15 minutes, will probably be satisfactory for the manufacture of conduits. ACID TOWER PACKING Shapes suitable for packing the towers used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid are made from red-firing clays and are vitrified but are not usually salt-glazed. The clay must be one capable of withstanding strong reducing action, as a combination of the iron as ferrous silicate, at least on the surface of the ware, is desired. PAVING BRICK Fired clay bricks have been used for road paving since the days of the Ro~ans. With the advent of the automobile their popularity increased. When well made and properly laid they make an excellent road, durable and non-skid. But many a mile of paving brick road was laid with such insufficient foundation that irregularities and even holes soon developed. This, together with the popularity of the concrete road, gave paving brick a bad name that has materially reduced their production in the last decade. Recent experiments indicate that paving brick laid on a thin layer of tar or asphalt over a thick concrete base; while by no means cheap, has a wearing power under heavy traffic superior to that of concrete and would be desirable for heavy traffic trunk-line highways. Another possibility of great interest is the laying of paving brick on a base of some noncorrosive sheet metal, such as stainless steel. This would do away with a larger part of the foundation cost, and yet give a paving brick road that would not become wavy. USES 41 Clays that will form a hard dense body and that have a long vitrification range are desirable for the manufacture of paving brick. Those most frequently employed are shales and fire clays, these being often found to give the desired vitrified body at not too high a temperature. The laboratory tests of a clay, to be suitable for the manufacture of paving brick, should show a green modulus of rupture of at least 70 pounds per square inch; a vitrification range of at least four and preferably six cones; a total shrinkage of less than 14 per cent; and a fired modulus of rupture of not less than :Z,OOO pounds per square inch within the vitrification range. The absorption should be less than 8 per cent and should not vary more than two per cent throughout the vitrification range. Paving brick are usually formed on a stiff-mud brick machine, but are often repressed before firing. They are fired to vitrification, usually in round or rectangular down-draft kilns. The specifications for paving brick of the American Society for Testing Materials1 provide that the brick shall pass a visual inspection which shall eliminate brick varying in size by more than 1/8 inch in either transverse dimension, or more than 1/4 inch in length, and all broken, chipped, cracked, warped, kiln-marked, or obviously underfired brick; and a rattler test made according to definite specifications in standard apparatus. Ten brick, together with a charge of large and small cast-iron balls, are placed in the rattler and revolved 1800 times at a rate of 30 revolutions per minute.. "The percentage of loss in the rattler test of the respective sizes of paving brick specified shall conform to the following maximum requirements: Size of Brick Transverse Dimen- Length sions, In. In. Loss in Rattler Test, per cent ZYz by 4 26 3 by 3:1 26 3 by 4 24 3Yz by 4 22 LIGHT-WEIGHT AGGREGATES A new industry of recent years has been the manufacture of artificial light-weight concrete aggregates for building construction. The scope of this industry has been described by Hughes2 as follows: "The trend in modern building construction is definitely toward the use of weightreducing materials. The basic advantage of lighter structural weight is obvious; reduction of dead load with retention of equivalent strength affords the possibility of increasing the live load, or if this is not desirable or necessary it makes feasible a reduction in size of structural steel members and corresponding savings in other plases of construction. * * * "Burned shale aggregate now available in many sections of the country will make concrete weighing only 100 lb. per cubic foot, saving roughly 35 per cent in weight 1Am. Soc. Testing Mats., Standards: Pt. II, pp. 170-178, 1930. 2Hughes, H. H., Scope of the light-weight aggregates industry: Am. lnst. Min. & Met. Eng., Tech. Pub. No. 405, 1931. 42 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGid and sacrificing none of the strength of a rock-sand mix. It may be more expen~ sive, but actual experience has shown that the saving in dead load will effect are- duction in structural steel which in many instances will more than offset the in- creased cost of the aggregate. The vesicular nature of most light-weight aggregates gives the concrete especially good insulating, erties; yet absorption is comparatively low. *fir*ep*rooTfihneg and soundproo:b.ng proplargest outlet at present for light-weight aggregates is in the manufacture of precast building units. . u All light-weight aggregates fall into one of three divisions, depending upon their source: (1) Those which occur naturally, such as volcanic cinder, tuff, pumice and coal; (2) those formed as by-products in industrial processes, including cinders, slag and sawdust; and (3) those manufactured specifically for use as concrete aggregate." Included in the third group are thJ.:"ee products made from clay; Haydite, Lytag, Cel-Seal. "Haydile is a light-weight burned shale aggregate, developed and patented by the late Stephen J. Hayde. * * * Haydite is a vesicular, clinkerlike aggregate which, because of its semivitri:6.ed nature, has exceptional strength, considering its light weight and cellular structure. It is produced by burning in a rotary kiln a clay or shale, which retains its original chemical moisture content as it enters the kiln. Preheating at the charging end of the kiln vitrifies a thin layer on each particle, which prevents the gradual escape of gases during burning. Near the discharge end the material is subjected to high temperature and the resulting semifusion permits the sudden release of pent-up gases, causing each particle to expand into a porous clinker. After cooling and thorough wetting, the material is crushed and screened. One fine and two coarse sizes are produced. The average screen analysis of the sand-size Haydite is 17 per cent retained on 14 mesh, ranging to 12.5 per cent passing 100 mesh with a fineness modulus of 2.65. The coarse grade is composed of ;!.i in. to 4-mesh particles and the intermediate grade of Yz in. to 4-mesh; their fineness moduli are 6.70 and 6.20, respectively. Absolute control of the process insures uniformity ofthe product. "The weight of Haydite varies from 1500 to 1600 lb. pet cubic yard for the sand size to about 1200 lb. for the % in. * * * Haydite aggregate is especially desirable for structural concrete for all purposes where weight and strength are important factors. The average weight of Haydite concrete is only 100 1b. per cubic foot, a decided reduction from concrete made with ordinary natural aggregates. * * * About one-half of the totalHayditeproductionatthe presenttimeis used as aggregate in the manufacture of precast light-weight building units, which are highly satisfac- tory for all purposes where light-weight units can be utilized advantageously. * * * "Haydite is less dependent upon special raw materials than other aggregates of the light-weight group. Practically any shale or clay is satisfactory, although material containing some carbonaceous matter gives the best results. Judging from the present trend, Haydite appears to be moving toward the Atlantic seaboard markets, but the manufacturers certainly will not overlook the large potential markets of the South and Southwest, where burned shale aggregates will be free from competition of other members of the light-weight group which are excluded from those areas because of the lack of raw materials." "Lylag is the trade name -of-a .light-weight-aggregate now 'being produced experimentally in Chicago. It is ,a burned .shale or. clay product .manufactured under patents which protect the process as well as the machinery used .in its manufacture. Practically every shale, day, .and even sand orJoam will show vesicular structure when sintered by the Lytag process, but easily fusible common.shale;and.cl~y :will ,give a more satisfactory product at a cheaper -operation cost. "The'sin:tering :process for making Lytag is :unique in the light~weight neld. Shale crushed to n~mesh fineness is mixed with a small proportion of granulated coal in a pug mill, an im.portan:t feature of the process :being the addition 'of moisture. It is then spread over suction chambers and :ignited by a flame applied for only about 30 seconds. Combustion without flame continues downward, aided by down draft. USES 43 The combustion process may be likened to smoking a pipe, a match lights it, suction keeps it ignited and theashescorrespond to the sinter that remains in the grate. The machine employed apparently corresponds, at least in principle, to the DwightLloyd sintering machine extensively used for roasting and calcining ore. "The properties of the sinter are more dependent upon the process itself than upon the raw shale. The operator may vary the shale-coal ratio or the moisture content, he may change the speed of revolution or the depth of the charge, or he may add other constituents to the mix. All these variations will alter the nature of the product and this flexibility of operation is one of the principal advantages of the process. A peculiar feature is that the vesicular sinter shrinks in size rather than expands as is characteristic of other burned shale aggregates. "No commercial production of Lytag has yet been attempted and no accurate information regarding properties and tests of the material has yet been published." "Cel-Sea! * * * is a burned clay product * * * that has scarcely passed the ex- perimental stage as yet. "Cel-Seal is made by pugging a mixture of soil and clay and forcing it through a die. It is then broken or cut into pieces of various sizes, eachoneofwhichiscovered with a thin coating of fine silica sand, the sand coating serving to keep the fragments from sticking together. After burning in a rotary kiln the resultant clinkered particles are screened to the desired sizes." It would seem from the above descriptions that nearly all of the shales and clays of Georgia have possibilities for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates, and that the controlling factors would be primarily accessibility and market. In regard to this market Hughes1 states: "The Southern, Southwestern and Pacific Coast States must not be overlooked. Slag is available in the Birmingham district, * * * but elsewhere in this extensive area burned shale aggregates could be manufactured with little competition from other members of the light-weight group. Either Haydite expansion or introduction of new burned shale products now in the experimental stage will no doubt extend the field of light-weight aggregates to include the principal cities in these sections of the country." The pioneers in this market will undoubtedly have to do considerable educational work convincing the consumers of the economy of using light-weight aggregates in their proper function. No specific tests were made on the samples collected for this report to determine their suitability for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates. Probably a low vitrification point, together with a rapid development of a glassy and vesicular structure when carried beyond that point, are the properties most desired. Therefore some of the shales and clays that are the least desirable for the manufacture of heavy clay products may be the best suited for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates. Lack of specific mention of this use for any of the clays described in the report does not indicate that the writer considers them to be unsuited for this use. lHughes, H. H., Op. cit., p. 15. 44 GEOLOGIC.d.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.d. FACTORS AFFECTING THE UTILIZATION OF CLAY DEPOSITS A number of factors, in addition to the quality of the clay~ must be considered in determining the possibility of mining and utilizing any deposit of clay or shale. These factors are discussed in brief below with special reference to the shales and brick clays of Georgia. They are given as much consideration as possible in the detailed descriptions of deposits that make up the bu,lk of this report. MARKET Heavy clay products, because of their relatively lo~ value and high weight per unit, will not usually stand the cost of shipping to long distances. Therefore a local or a nearby market is essential, and the producer nearest to a large market has the advantage in that market. The market for a heavy clay product depends upon:. . (I) The consumption of the product within the area considered. (~) The source of the product now being used, whether locally made or shipped in from a distance. If largely locally made, the new producer can only hope to monopolize the market by producing a superior product or selling at a lower cost. If largely shipped in from a distance, a local producer, assuming manufacturing costs to be equal, would have the advantage of the freight rate on his competitor's product. ACCESSIBILITY The value of a clay deposit decreases sharply with its distance from railroad transportation. The clay, either in a raw state or in the form of a finished product, must be transported to its market. Spur tracks from the railroad to the. deposit can be built only at a considerable cost. The problem is usually solved by narrow-gauge tram haulage of the crude clay from the mine to a plant built near the railroad, but if the distance is long or the grade steep, the haulage and maintenance costs are high. The limit of distance from a railroad beyond which a clay deposit cannot be economically worked depends upon the quality and value of the clay or the product made from it. At the present time in Georgia no heavy clay product manufacturer would consider building a plant to use a clay deposit more than a mile from the railroad. As deposits nearer the railroads are exhausted in the future this limit may be extended. SIZE OF DEPOSITS The tonnage of clay in a deposit must be at least approximately determined by prospecting before going to the expense of opening up the deposit for mining. A modern plant for the manufacture of heavy clay products requires a large investment and should only be undertaken with a sufficient tonnage of the clay in sight to insure production long enough to amortize the investment. This in most cases would be 35 to 40 years. FACTORS AFFECTING UTILIZATION 45 CHARACTER AND UNIFORMITY OF DEPOSITS The ideal clay deposit would be uniform in character throughout the entire deposit, so that a ton of clay mined from any place would be exactly like a ton mined from any other part of the deposit. Such an ideal condition is rarely ever found in a clay deposit. Shale deposits, while sometimes of remarkable uniformity, often vary considerably across the strata. The amount of weathering of the beds, as well as the presence of such impurities as silica and lime, may have a marked effect on the properties of the shale. The presence of layers, lenses, or "horses" of limestone that must be discarded or avoided add greatly to the cost of mining. The alluvial clays are noted for their lack of uniformity and their variation in sand content. Great care should be taken in prospecting a clay deposit to note variations in the clay and impurities. Auger borings and drill holes should be supplemented by prospect pits or wells which better expose such variations. OVERB1JRDEN Overburden consists of any material overlying a deposit that must be removed and thrown away in order to mine the deposit. The shale deposits of Georgia are usually found in rather steeply inclined beds, and therefore where sufficiently weathered to be of ceramic value are practically free from overburden. The alluvial clays are sometimes covered with a thin laver of sand or loam, but the overburden is seldom thick enough to offer ~ serious obstacle to mining. DRAINAGE Surface water is often very troublesome to a clay producer. The operator of a deposit located on a slope sufficiently high above the streams can dig drainage ditches to prevent a greater part of the surface water from entering the pit and to quickly remove that which does find its way in. The operator of a deposit located in a fiat valley bottom must install and operate at a considerable expense pumping equipment to remove the rain water and often a considerable seepage from nearby streams. WATER SUPPLY A nearby supply of pure soft water is desirable for the operation of the boilers of any steam-powered equipment used in mining a clay deposit, or operating a ceramic plant, and for the purpose of tempering the clay. Many of the Georgia shale and clay deposits are located with abundant streams conveniently near to the deposits or the plant sites. CLIMATE Advantages of the climate of one region over another often means lower mining and manufacturing costs for that region. The climate 46 GEOLOGIC.!.I.L SURVEY OF GEORGIA. of Georgia is suitable for mining and all types of plant operations the year around. The warm weather of the summer has no effect on the colored labor commonly employed for unskilled labor. Rain may cause slight interruptions of mining operations in the winter months, but cold weather or snow practically never. Plant buildings need not be heavily constructed, and heating costs are low. Less fuel is required for power or the manufacture of ceramic products because of lessened radiation losses. Living conditions are ideal. LABOR Georgia has the advantage of low-priced and plentiful labor. Unskilled labor adapted to the climatic conditions is supplied by the colored population. The white population is of intelligent native American . stock capable of being trained to fulfill any class of skillful labor necessary. The cost of living is and will remain cheaper than in the more rigorous climate of the North. POWER Power is necessary for any mmmg or ceramic operation. Lowpriced coal from Alabama and Tennessee and an abundance of interconnected hydro-electric power insure lowered mining and manufacturing costs in Georgia. Natural gas, the ideal ceramic fuel; piped from Louisiana is available in the Atlanta and Macon districts and over a good part of Northwest Georgia that is underlain by the shale deposits. DISTRIBUTION 47 SHALE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA DISTRIBUTION1 The shale deposits of Georgia are found in the northwest part of the State in the area of Pa)eozoic sedimentary rocks known as the Appalachian Valley, or simply "The Valley", so called because its generalsurface, though 600 to 800 feet above sea level and made up of ridges as well as stream valleys, is 1,000 to 9l,OOO feet below the summits of the mountains on either side. It is a continuation of the Vallev of Tennesee, the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, the Cumberland ~Valley of Pennsylvania, and the Kittatinny Valley of New Jersey. In the other direction it continues into central Alabama, where it passes beneath the sediments of the Coastal Plain. The Valley in Georgia is bounded on the east and south by the Cohutta Mountains and the Piedmont Plateau, and on the northwest by the Lookout Plateau. It includes all or parts of the following counties: Polk, Floyd, Chattooga, Dade, Walker, Catoosa, "Whitfield, Murray, Gordon, and Bartow. The Valley may be divided physiographically into three parts: the Rome Valley, the Armuchee Ridges, and the Chickamauga Valley (see figure 3). The Rome Valley is a broad fertile valley extending from the Tennessee line on the north to the Alabama line on the west. It is almost entirely drained by the Coosa River and its tributaries, the Etowah, Oostanaula, Coosawattee, and Conasauga rivers. Its south and east boundary is that of the Valley. Its north and west boundary follows the foot of a series of ridges including Lavender, Horn, and Chattoogata mountains. It includes some of the richest farming land in the State and some of the best of the shale deposits described in this report. The principal towns are Rome, Dalton, Cartersville, Cedartown, and Calhoun. It is served by a number of railroads including the Atlanta to Chattanooga lines of the Southern Railway and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway; the Atlanta to Knoxville line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad; the Macon to Chattanooga line of the Central of Georgia Railway; and the Atlanta to Birmingham line of the Seaboard Air Line Railway. The middle section of the Valley, which may be called the Armuchee Ridges, lies west and north of the Rome Valley. Its south and east boundary has been described above. Its northwest boundary follows the foot of Gaylor and Taylor ridges and V\7hite Oak Mountain. The whole area is made up of a series of long, narrow and roughly parallel ridges rising some 700 feet above the floors of the intervening valleys. 1Physiographic descriptions largely from Campbell, M. R., Physical Geography of Georgia: The Valley Province: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 42, pp.l33-l47, 1925. 48 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGI/1 These ridges, although not very high, are steep-sided and have been quite a barrier to trant3portation in an east-west direction. Two improved highways and two railroads only cross them. The Central of Georgia Railway from Rome to Summerville follows a winding route around the end of Lavender Mountain and between Gaylor and Taylor ridges. The west branch of the Dixie Highway between Rome and Summerville follows a natural gap between the ridges at Armuchee and Crystal Springs and crosses Taylor Ridge through a high wind gap. The east branch of the Dixie Highway and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway from Dalton to Ringgold cross the ridges through water gaps at Rocky Face and Ringgold. The section of the Valley here called the Chickamauga Valley, lying between the Armuchee Ridges on the east and the Lookout Plateau on the west, is drained by the Chattooga River on the south and Chickamauga Creek on the north. The divide between them, however, is so low as to be scarcely noticeable. A few low hut fairly continuous ridges, such as Missionary Ridge and the Shinbone Ridge that parallels the foot of the Lookout Plateau, rise above the fairly level and smooth floor of the valley. The area is traversed by the Macon to Chattanooga line of the Central of Georgia Railway and the Chattanooga. to Gadsden line of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. The principal towns in the area are LaFayette and Summerville. Certain of the shale deposits described in this report occur in this area. The Lookout Plateau of Georgia is a continuation of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee and Kentucky and the Alleghany Plateau of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. It consists of two flat~t9pped ridges, Sand Mountain and Lookout Mountain, separated by the narrow valley of Lookout Creek. These ridges rise to a height of slightly more than a thousand feet above the valleys in a steep slope capped by almost vertical cliffs of sandstone from 200 to 300 feet in height. Only a small part of Sand Mountain, which is an extension of Walden Ridge in Tennessee, crosses the northwest corner of Georgia. Lookout Mountain as it enters the State from Alabama has a width of about nine miles. Near the Alabama line a great spur, known as Pigeon Mountain, branches off from Lookout Mountain and extends for about ten miles northeast into the Valley. The main ridge of Lookout Mount~in continues a little east of north, with an average width of two miles, to Chattanooga, where it ends in the famous Lookout Point overlooking the city. The V-shapped valley between Pigeon and Lookout mountains is known as McLamore Cove. The valley of Lookout Creek between Lookout and Sand Mountains averages three miles in width. It is mostly underlain by limestone, although deposits of shale, de.scribed later in detail, ou:tcrop in a series of low ridges parallel to each aide of the valley and similar to the Shinbone Ridge that parallels Pigeon Mountain and the west side of I,ookout Mountain in the Valley. In fact tbe valley of Lookout Creek might be considered as an arm of the Valley extending between Lookout and Sand mountains, much as McLamore Cove extends between Lookout and Pigeon mountains. DISTRIBUTION 49 .Cedartown 10 Figure 3. The Appalachian Valley and the Lookout Plateau of Georgia. 50 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OE GEORGIA GEOLOGY OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA STRATIGRAPHIC AN:O PHYSIOGRAPHIC HISTORY The sedimentary rocks of the Valley and the adjoining Lookout Plateau consists of shales, limestones, and sandstones, and range in age froni Early Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. They are compOsed of material derived from a land mass to the southeast, the ancient continent of Appalachia, and deposited in a shallow sea; the sandstones nearest the shore line, the shales (as clay) further aw:iy from the shore, and tile limestones in the clearest water. As the shore line oscillated back and forth or conditions of erosion and deposition changed during this time, the various materials" were laid down one on top of the other. The deposition was interrupted at times by elevation above sea level and even erosion. Thus thousands of feet of sediments were deposited, the record from which we can read the several cycles of sedimentation, interruption, and erosion. The smaller of these cycles mark the division of the rocks into geologic formations, the larger into series and systems (see table on page 53). At the close of the Pennsylvanian time the area was elevated above sea level, and the period of the formation of the Appalachian Mountains began. The forces that thrust up these mountains, of which we now see a small remnant, exerted tremendous lateral pressure from the southeast against this area of horizontal sedimentary rocks, forcing them into hugh folds .. As the pressure increased the folds in the eastern and southeastern part of the area nearest the mountains were compressed, overturned, and in places faulted or broken. Beds were thrust over each other. The beds in the adjoining edge of the Piedmont Plateau and the Cohutta Mountains were metamorphosed or recrystallized almost beyond recognition and thrust over the less metamorphosed beds, forming the Cartersville fault that marks the eastern and southern boundary of the Valley. All the beds in the eastern and southeastern part of the area are on edge and some are partly metamorphosed, sandstones to quartzites and shales to slates. In the Rome district and extending northeast from it the Cambrian shales have been thrust for at least four or five miles over the younger Mississippian rocks. This overthrust fault is known as the Rome Fault, and is described in more detail in the description of the geology of Floyd County on page7s. In the northwest part of the Valley and the adjoining Lookout Plateau the beds were left in large and fairly gentle folds. The land gradually elevated in the geologic ages that followed, allowing the streams to cut down into it and carry off the debris into the ocean. This elevation and erosion did not take place uniformly, but in cycles of elevation, a rapid cutting of V-shaped valleys by the streams, a more gradual widening of these valleys, sometimes progressing long enough to reduce the land to a low peneplain (almost a plain) over GEOLOGY 51 which the streams sluggishly meandered, and then another elevation and a repetition of the cycle.1 One of these cycles is believed to have been far advanced in Cretaceous time, at the end of which the region had been reduced to an almost level plain from which the Cohutta Mountains and a few small hills in northwest Georgia rose like islands. The flat, nea:rly level top of the Lookout Plateau and a portion of the Piedmont Plateau are remnants of this peneplain, preserved because they were underlain by hard rocks that resisted erosion during the following cycles. This Cretaceous peneplain in what is now the Valley was soon deshoyed in the erosion that followed the next elevation of the land. The beds in t;his region were all on edge, exposing mostly soft and easily eroded shales and limestones, with only narrow beds of hard chert and sandstone between. The beds in the Lookout Plateau region were only in fairly gentle folds. Figure 4 shows how heavy beds of sandstone protected the synclines or troughs of these folds from erosion, while on the anticlines or arches the sandstone beds were worn through exposing the softer and more easily eroded limestones and shales beneath, forming the valleys of Lookout and Willis creeks and McLamore Cove. SAND MOUNTAIN Figure 4. Structure section showing the relation of hard. rocks to Sand. and. Lookout mountains, The next peneplain of which we have definite traces left is believed to have reached an advanced stage at the end of the Eocene time, although evidences of it are poorer in Georgia than in Middle Tennessee where it forms the Highland Rim. However, much of the floor of the Valley between streams in the Rome and Chickamauga valley areas rises to a uniform height of about 1,000 feet above sea level. These areas probably represent the remnants of this Eocene peneplain. One of the largest of these areas is on either side of the Etowah River valley northwest of Cedartown and north and northwest of Cartersville. The main beds of sandstone and chert in the Armuchee Ridges area, narrow as they are in their upturned position, resisted erosion sufficiently to remain well above the peneplain. The third cycle has only just ended, geologically speaking. It was not as long or as marked as the other two and only the areas of softer 1See Hayes, C. W., Physiography of the Chattanooga district, in Tennessee, Geor gia and Alabama: U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. l-58, l899;and. Johnson, D. C., Tertiary history of the Tennessee River: Jour. Geology, val. 13, pp. 194-231, 1905. 52 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d and more easily eroded rocks along the main stream valleys were base- leveled to a plain. The broad, flat valleys of the Coosa River and its tributaries form the largest area of this peneplain, which is often called the Coosa Peneplain. The area west of Rome called the "flatwoods", parts of which are capped with water-worn gravels, is typical of this peneplain. Smaller plains have been formed adjacent to Chickamauga and Lookout creeks. The altitude of the Coosa Peneplain varies from 700 feet at the southern edge of the valley to 800 feet at the north- ern edge. . The elevation of the land that marked the beginning of the Quarter- nary or Recent geologic period' established new base-levels for the streams, toward which they have only just begun to cut their beds. The present river flood plains are some 20 to 80 feet below the Coosa Peneplain. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS1 The Appalachian Valley and the Lookout Plateau of Georgia are underlain by sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Lower Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. These rocks have been intensely folded and broken over much of the area so that they are highly inclined, striking in a general northeast-southwest direction and dipping to the southeast, their sequence interrupted or repeated by normal and thrust faults. The processes of erosion have carved them into plateaus, ridges, and valleys. . The various formations into which these beds can be divided are shown in the table on page 53, followed by a description of each with especial emphasis placed on those containing shale of economic impor- tance. Their distribution is shown on the geologic map facing page 66. This map is largely the result of the geologic work of C. W. Hayes over thirty years ago. Detail work in a few areas by other geologists have made a few changes. Recent work in the adjoining states indicates that detailed geologic work in Georgia would result in many changes in the geologic map. Some of these changes would consist in splitting up certain formations into two or more new formations as outlined in the following descriptions. Others would consist in there-correlation of certain beds. The Georgia Geological Survey hopes to undertake this much needed geologic work within the next few years. 1Largely compiled from: Hayes, C. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Ringgold folio (No.2), 1892; Stevenson folio (No. 19), 1895; and Rome folio (No. 78), 1902. Spencer, J. W., The Paleozoic group: the geology of ten counties of northwest Georgia; Georgia Geol. Survey, 1893. Maynard, T. P., Limestones and cement materials of North Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 27, 1912. Shearer, H. K., The slate deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 34, 1918. Hull, J.P. D., LaForge, Laurence, and others, Manganese deposits ofGeorgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 35, 1919. Butts, Charles, Geology of Alabama: The Paleozoic rocks: Alabama Geol. Survey, Spec. Rept. No. 14, pp. 41-230, 1926. GEOLOGY 53 GENERALIZED TABLE OF GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS OF THE PALEOZOIC OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA SYSTEM SERIES I I FORMATION THICKNESS IN FEET I I r/l ::i I Pennsylvanian Walden sandstone_______________ 930-1000 Lookout sandstone______________ 400---500 ;0... ~ Mississippian Pennington shale__________________ 0-515 ~ 0 ..D ;.., <0 () "Bangor lime- ~Probably stone equivalent I in time Floyd shale J 500-900 0-2000 Fort Payne chert._______________ 0-510 ------M--i-s-s-is-s-i-p-p-ia-n-o--r-D--e-v-o-n-i-a-n------ Chattanooga black shale ____ 0-30 Silurian Red Mountain formation.. 600-1800 Ordovician -------O-r-d-o-v--ic-i-a-n--to--C--a-m-b--ri-a-n------- ---------------------------------~- Cambrian Rockmart slate ~ePqauritvlaylent Chickamauga) in time (see limestone page 60) Knox dolomite______________________ Conasauga formation__________ Rome formation ~Probably 7g~valent Cartersville J 1n time formation Shady limestone.________________ Weisner quartzite______________ 0-2500 100-1800 3000---5000 1000---2000 700---2500 600-1000 800---1500 2000-5000 CAMBRIA.."N" SYSTEM WEISNER QUARTZITE The Weisner quartzite crops out in the vicinity of Indian Mountain which extends from Alabama into the northwest corner of Polk County, and in a belt about 15 miles long just east of Cartersville, where deposits of ochre are associated with it. The formation consists of vitreous quartzite, quartz-sericite schist, lenses of conglomerate, and considerable beds of softer sandv shales. The thickness of the formation is uncertain because of w~athered outcrops, repetition by faulting, and because the base is nowhere exposed, the beds passing under the Cartersville thrust fault. Some of the conglomerate lenses suggest a delta origin, according to Hayes.1 1Hayes, C. W., Geological relations of the iron ores in the Cartersville district Georgia: Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans. vol. 30, p. 405, 1901. 54 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d SHADY LIMESTONE The Shady limestone was formerly called the Beaver limestone in the United States Geological Survey folios of this region and the publications of the Georgia Geological Survey. According to Butts1, it has been discovered that the typical "Beaver, limestone of Beaver Ridge, Tennessee, is not the same as the limestone here described but is a younger formation. The limestone 'in Georgia formerly called "Beaver, and now called "Shady" has been definitely correlated by stratigraphic and fossil evidence with the Shady limestone of Shady Valley, Johnson County, Tennessee. The Shady limestone in the Valley of Georgia overlies the Weisner quartzite and forms a narrow belt near Cartersville and also in the vicinity of Ind1an Mountain in Polk County. It consists of argillaceous, dolomitic limestone, but is generally deeply weathered to a darkred residual clay. Deposits of brown iron ore, manganese, and barite are found in this residual clay in the Cartersville district. CARTERSVILLE FORMATION The Shady limestone in the Cartersville district is overlain by a belt of slate, shale, and feldspathic sandstone, most of which is characterized by an unusually high content of potash. This formation has been named and described by Shearer2 as the Cartersville formation". According to him the formation can probably be correlated with the Apison shale or the Rome formation of the Rome, Ringgold, and Cleveland quadrangles, and the Watauga shale of the Roan Mountain quadrangle of Tennessee, although the exposures are not continuous and the lithologic character is quite different. The Cartersville formation forms a belt with an average width of about half a mile, extending from the Etowah River through CartersviHe and for 15 miles northwest through White to a point on the Cartersville Fault about two miles northeast of Rydal. Between Cassville and McCallie the formation has been repeated in several irregular belts by folding or faulting. The greater part of the formation is made up of soft, light-colored shale, usually weathering to a gray clay. With the shale are occasional lenses, with a maximum thickness of 50 feet, of gray or purplish-gray slate, and thin beds of feldspathic sandstone and common siliceous sandstone. The structure is complicated and the relation of these beds to each other is uncertain. The thickness of the formation is. probably not more than 1,00.0 feet and it may be considerably less. Almost all of the beds, according to Shearer, are characterized by a potash content of from 4 to 9 per cent, and attempts were made during the World Wrur to utilize some of the beds as a source of potash. 1Butts, Charles, Geology of Alabama: The Paleozoic rocks: Alaham:a Geol. Survey, Spec. R'eph No. 14, p. 64, 1926. 2Shearer, H. K., The slate deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. .34, pp. 48-49, 128-1.32, 1918. GEOLOGY 55 Two samples of more or less weathered shale from the Cartersville formation are described on pages ~63 and ~67. It is interesting to note that neither of these samples showed an unusually high content of potash. ROME FORMATION The Rome formation is the oldest strata showing over much of the Appalachian Valley of Georgia, and underlies the Conasauga formation, from which, at places it can only be distinguished with difficulty. In its type locality south of Rome it is characterized by thin-bedded, fine-grained sandstones and sandy shales in various shades of red, purple, green, yellow, and white, often of a distinctly banded appearance. Northeast of Rome the upper portion of the formation consists chiefly of shale. Bayes1 has mapped the Rome formation in three long narrow bands striking across the Valley in a general northeast direction. The longest of these outcrops of the Rome formation starts on the southern edge of Floyd County and continues in a northeast direction through Rome, crossing Gordon County to the .west of Plainville, Calhoun, and Resaca, and in VVnitfield County widens and, near Tilton, is split into two bands that extend north, one almost to and the other beyond the Tennessee line. The lithological characteristics of the formation in its type locality at the southern end of this long outcrop have been described above. The northern end of the outcrop, as observed by the writer east of Dalton, consists of soft brownish-and greenish-drab shale with fairly numerous thin partings of fine-gra,ined sandstone or chert. It differs from the overlying Conasauga shale only in being less fissle, in containing the sandstone partings, and in containing no visible lenses of limestone. Another narrow band of the Rome formation begins near Villanow in the southeastern part of Walker County and extends northeast through the western edge of "\Vhitfield County and the eastern edge of Catoosa County to the Tennessee line, Hayes2 has described these beds as follows: "The lower portion of the formation is composed of alternating layers of sandstone and shale. Passing upwards the proportion of shale gradually increases so that toward the top only a few thin siliceous beds occur which can scarcely be called sandstone. The shales are usually brown or dark olive green, while the sandstone beds are reddish, brown, or purple, with occasional thin layers of white quartzite." The third large area of the Rome formation as mapped by Hayes extended from the Etowah River northward through Bartow, Gordon, and Murray counties. Part of this irregular area in Bartow County has been described and mapped by Shearer as the Cartersville forma- 1Hayes, C. W., U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Ringgold folio (No. 2), 1892; Rome folio (No. 78), 1902; and unpublished manuscript maps of the Cartersville and Dalton quadrangles. 2Hayes, C. W., U.S. Geol. SurveyGeol. Atlas, Ringgold folio (No.2), 1892. 56 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGIA tion, as described above. North of Pine Log in Bartow, Gordon, and Murray counties, the shales mapped by Hayes as belonging to both the Rome and the Conasauga formations have in places been more or less metamorphosed into slates, concealing the differences that exist between these formations in other sections. The writer's field work in this area has convinced him that the shales in some places mapped by Hayes as belonging to the Conasauga formation cannot be distinguished lithologically from others mapped by Hayes as belonging to the Rome formation. In the geologic map that accompanies this report all of this area north of the Cartersville formation has been mapped as the Conasauga formation, with the exception of a small area north of Chatsworth. Certain of the shale areas of the Rome formation, as now mapped, have possibilities for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The writer is of the opinion, however, that future detail mapping of the Rome-Conasauga boundary, with the increased knowledge derived from geologic work in adjoining states, may change its location considerably from that shown on the accompanying geologic map. CONASAUGA FORMATION The Conasaug;:t formation occurs in the western part of the Valley in narrow bands extending from the Alabama line northeast through Chattooga, Walker, the western part of Whitfield, and Catoosa counties to the Tennessee line. The valleys of the Coosa, Oostanaula, and Conasauga rivers contain broad outcrops of the form,ation, the western edge of which has been thrust over and is resting on younger rocks. The formation on the eastern edge of the Valley. in general occupies broad valleys and is intimately associated with the Rome formation. Hayes1 has described the Conasauga formation as follows: "At its f:ype locality, in the Dalton quadrangle to the northeast, it consists of a great thiclilless of fine clay shales with occasional beds of limestone. The latter var:v in thickness from a few inches to several hundred feet, and are always rather pur'e,. blue limestone. In the vicinity of Rome and northeastward to 'the margin of the quadrangle the formation consists at the base of several hundred feet of fine olive cla~ shale, then beds of oolitic limestone, and finally 1000 or more feet of calcareous shales, interbedded toward the top with blue limestone. Southward from Rome the formation changes considerably by an increase in the amount of limestone.' The broad "flatwoods" area of the Coosa Valley is largely underlain by another type of the Conasauga formation. The upper part of the formation outcropping along the eastern margin of the valley is made up largely of siliceous shales, sandstones, and clay shales containing numerous siliceous concretions. The intermediate division is composed of clay shales containing varying amounts of limestone, at some places thinly interbedded with the shales and at others in massive beds. The lower portion of the formation consists wholly of clay or slightly sandy shales. 1Nayes, C. W., U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Rome folio (No. 78) pp. 2-3, 1902. GEOLOGY 57 The shales of the Conasauga formation in the eastern part of Gordon County and in Bartow County south and east of Adairsville have been more or less metamorphosed to a green slate which weathers to a reddish siliceous-appearing shaly soil. Massive lenses of limestone occur in the eastern part of Gordon County. . The limestones of the Conasauga vary from pure, oolitic, and dark blue to light gray, argillaceous, and earthy. They are characterized by the absence of chert and by the presence of white secondary calcite veins. In the crushing to which these rocks were subjected by earth movements, the shales readily adjusted themselves by folding, while the limestones, being more rigid, were fractured. The openings thus produced were filled with calcite deposited by percolating waters containing lime in solution. Butts1, in his work in Alabama, has discovered that, in addition to lithologic differences, the southeastern areas of the Conasauga formation, which correspond to the areas in Floyd County, Georgia, southeast of the belt of the Rome formation, contain a totally different group of fossils from the northwestern areas of the Conasauga formation that correspond to the Coosa Valley areas of Georgia. The southeastern areas contain an Arctic fauna of Middle Cambrian age. So far as at present known, the northwestern areas contain none of this Middle Cambrian fauna, but have different assemblages of early Upper Cambrian fossils of Rocky Mountain, Pacific, Mississippi Valley, and European types. This suggests a barrier between the two areas during the time of deposition. If latter investigation should prove this to be true, the southeastern areas now mapped as Conasauga should be separated and given a new name. There are many areas of Conasauga clay shale comparatively free from limestone in Floyd, Bartow, Gordon, Whitfield, and Murray counties. The unweathered shale is too hard to develop the plasticity needed in the .manufacture of ceramic products without fine grinding and long pugging. But over most of these areas surface weathering has softened the shale to a depth of 25 to 30 feet so that it makes an excellent material, with the proper treatment, for the manufacture of certain heavy clay products. ORDOVICIAN AND ORDOVICIAN OR CAMBRIAN SYSTEMS KNOX DOLOMITE The Knox dolomite of Georgia unconformably overlies the Conasauga formation. The formation attains a thickness of 3,000 to 5,000 feet, being the thickest formation, as well as having the most extensive outcrop, of the Paleozoic group in Georgia. The Knox dolomite underlies a broad area in the southeastern part of the Rome Valley, as well as smaller areas in the northern part of that physiographic district. In the Armuchee Ridges district it underlies a portion of the narrow valleys 1Butts, Charles, The geology of Alabama: The Paleozoic rocks: Alabama Geol. Survey Spec. Rept. No. 14, pp. 67-78, 1926. 58 GEOLOGICLIL SURVEY OF GEORGILl between the sandstone ridges. A large part of the Chickamauga Valley region is underlain by the Knox dolomite, which here often torms long narrow ridges such as Missionary Ridge. The Knox dolomite in Georgia consists of more or less massive beds of dolomite or dolomitic limestone, usua1ly deeply weathered so that fresh outcrops are infrequent. The basal portion of the formation usually weathers to red loamy soils comparatively free from chert, while the upper portions on weathering give rise to considerable chert, sometimes compact and flint-like and sometimes porous. These cherty beds are sometimes overlain by more non-cherty dolomite, and in the eastern part of the Valley the upper part of the formation contains some sandy beds. The Knox dolomite was formerly placed at the base of the Ordovician, but for a number of years it has been known that the fossils found in the lower portion of the formation most nearly resemble thos.e of the upper Cambrian, while the fossils found in the upper portion of the formation are more like those of the Ordovician. Butts1 has divided the beds in Alabama that probably correspond to the Knox dolomite of Georgia into the following five formations: Age Formation Characteristic Chert Lower Ordovician Beekmantown series Newala limestone.----------- Non.:c'herty Longview limestone.....______ Compact but brittle and fragile; weathers to small fragments. Chepultepec dolomite._______ Soft, porous and fossiliferous Ordovician or Cambrian Copper Ridge dolomite ____ Dense, hard, jagged, almost flinty. Ketona dolomite________________ Non-cherty The Ketona dolomite may correlate with the basal chertless portion of the Knox dolomite in Georgia. The Copper Ridge and the Chepultepec dolomites are most certainly present in Georgia. The Copper Ridge forms the principal chert ridges characteristic of the Knox dolo- mite and the Chepultepec is known to be present at Dalton and near Rocky Face. Butts has mapped the rocks of Beekmantown age as extending into Georgia in the Big_ Willis Valley (south o Johnson Crook, Dade County), and Ulrich2 has observed them near Ringgold. 1Butts, Charles, Op. cit., pp. 78-99. 2Ulrich,""E. 0., Revision of the Paleozoic systems: Geol. Soc. America Bull., val. 22, 672, 1911. GEOLOGY 59 It is possible that they are present elsewhere, although non-cherty members may have been mapped with the Chickamauga limestone. Butts personally favors Ulrich's1 Ozarkian system for the "Ordovician or Cambrian," but makes no mention of Ulrich's Canadian system for the beds of Beekmantown age. ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM CHICKAMAUGA LIMESTONE The Chickamauga limestone in Georgia includes all the rocks of Ordovician age lying above the Knox dolomite and below the Red Iv.!ountain formation, with the exception of the Rockmart slate described below. It includes beds of Stones River, Black River, Trenton, and Richmond ages, not all of which are present at any one area of the formation. During most of the Ordovician time a northeastsouthwest barrier of Knox dolomite, probably located somewhere along the eastern edge of the Chickamauga Valley, separated the Appalachian Valley into two basins which usually had no connection with each other and were alternately invaded by arms of the sea. Thus the deposits on one side of this barrier differ in both lithologic character and fossil content from those on the other side of the barrier. The Chickamauga formation is exposed in long narrow areas where the rocks are steeply dipping, and broad valleys where exposed on the crests of gentle anticlines. Lookout Valley is underlain by deposits of hard ilaggy blue limestone of Stones River, Black River, and Trenton age; overlain, at least in the northern end of the valley, by reddish thin-bedded limestones and calcareous shales and sandstones of Richmond age which have formerly been mapped with the Red Mountain (Rockwood) formation. The type area in the valley of West Chickamauga Creek and at the eastern foot of Lookout and Pigeon Mountains consists of thin-bedded blue limestones with some beds of earthy, purple and dove-colored limestone. Further east at the foot of Taylor Ridge and in the valley west of Summerville, the formation consists of earthy limestone and calcareous shale. Bentonite, a clay derived from the alteration of volcanic ash, occurs in a bed 1 to ~0 feet in thickness in limestone of Black River (Lowville) or basal Trenton age in the valleys of Lookout and West Chickamauga creeks. It is of interest chiefly because it shows that during Ordovician time there were active volcanoes near enough to the Appalachian Valley for the ash to be carried by wind and deposited in the sea. The Chickamauga formation on the east and southeast side of the barrier described above is increasingly earthy and sandy. The beds are of lower Stones River, Blount, and Black River age. In the vicinity of Rocky Face between Dalton and Tunnel Hill, the top of the formation consists of brownish and reddish sandy shales of Black River (Low- 1Ulrich, E. 0., Op. cit., pp. 627-64,6. 60 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA ville) age that were formerly mapped as a part of the Red Mountain (Rockwood) formation. Near Dalton and east of Varnell in Whitfield County and near Loughridge in Murray County are outcrops of the Athens shale and Tellico sandstone of Blount age that have been included with the Chickamauga limestone on the accompanying geo- logic map. According to Butts\ these beds are probably equivalent to the Rockmart slate in Polk County. The Chickamauga limestone underlying the Rockmart slate in the southeastern part of the Valley consists of fine-grained high-calcium limestone interbedded with gray to grayish-blue magnesium lime- stone, and is probably of Stones River age. . The Chickamauga limestone, therefore, is a name given to an aggregate of calcareous deposits that were laid down in seas that invaded portions of the Valley at widely separated intervals, between which the region was probably low land that was undergoing slight erosion. The sites of these seas did not always coincide, so that the sequence and ages of the beds of this comprehensive stratigraphic unit differ greatly from place to place. Ultimately the several units of which the Chickamauga is composed will be separately mapped and described and the name will then pass out of use. ROCKMART S'LATE The Rockmart slate crops out in Polk County on the southern edge of the Valley. It overlies Chickamauga limestone of Stones River age, and is probably of Blount age and therefore equivalent' to the Athens shale and Tellico sandstone of Tennessee, and to the interval between the Stones River and the Black River beds of the Chickamauga limestone elsewhere in the Valley. The lower 1500 feet of the formation in the vicinity of Rockmart consists largely of dark blue to black shales and slates of remarkable uniformity in lithologic character and chemic.al composition. It weathers to flaky fragments or massive indurated clays of gray, olivegreen, yellow, and reddish-brown colors. The upper portion is more variable, containing highly ferruginous sandstones suggestive of the Tellico sandstone, cherty limestones, arrd conglomerate. Near the Cartersville Fault the Rockmart slate has been metamorphosed into a true schist. Westward from Rockmart the slate is interbedded with impure limestones (a common facies of the Athens shale) and is generally softer and more calcareous than that near Rockmart. Several samples of the softer weathered and shaly phases of the Rockmart slate are described on pages 69-7~. 1Butts, Charles, Op. cit., p. 107, and personal correspondence. GEOLOGY 61 SILURIAN SYSTEM RED MOUNTAIN FORMATION The Red Mountain formation has been described and mapped as the Rockwood formation in most of the Georgia Geological Survey publications, following the usage of Hayes1 in several geologic folios of the United States Geological Survey. The name "Red Mountain," given it by the Alabama Geological Survey2 from one of several mountains of that name in Alabama, has priority and was used by Spencer in the first report on this region by the Georgia Geological Survey. The Red Iv.Iountain formation is found in the ridges of the Armuchee Ridges division of the Valley and ina series of low ridges paralleling the foot of Lookout, Pigeon, and Sand mountains. The formation in Georgia admirably illustrates the progressive change in lithologic character usually observed in a sedimentary deposit in approaching the shore line of the sea in which it was deposited. In the valley of Lookout Creek in Dade County the formation consists of about 600 feet of more or less calcareous shale with some thin interbedded limestone. East of Lookout Mountain the formation is somewhat thicker and contains no limestone, but some beds of sandy shale with thin sandstone layers. A persistant thin layer of red fossiliferous iron ore is found near the middle of the formation in both of these areas. In White Oak Mountain and Taylors Ridge the formation consists of heavy brown sandstone with occasional beds of sandy shale. The red iron ore has become thinner and in places has disappeared. Beds of brownish and purplish sandy shale that were formerly mapped at the base of the formation near Rocky Face and south along Chattoogata Mountain are now correlated with a part of the Chickamauga limestone as described on page 59. The base is therefore now placed at a heavy bed of white sandstone or quartzite resembling the Clinch sandstone of Tennessee. In Lavender and Horseleg (l\1ount Alto) mountains in Floyd County, the Red Mountain formation is composed almost entirely of heavy-bedded sandstones. Thus we see an increase in thickness and in the coarseness of the clastic material as the shore line of the ancient sea i~ approached. 1Hayes, C. W., The overthrust faults of the southern Appalachians: Geoi. Soc. America Bull., vol. 2 p. 143, 1890. Geology of the Northeastern Alabama and adjacent portions of Georgia and Tennessee: Alabama Geol. Survey Bull. 4, p. 43, 1892. U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Ringgold folio (No. 2), 1894; Stevenson folio (No. 19), 1895; Rome folio (No. 78), 1902. 2Tuomey, Michael, First biennial report on the geology of Alabama: Alabama Geol. Survey, p. 10, 1850. 3Spencer, J. W ., The Paleozoic group: The geology of ten counties of northwest- ern Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, pp. 48-49, 1893. 62 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Butts1 has the following to say as to the age of the Red Mountain formation in Alabama: "As determined by Ulrich, thr~ugh the stqdy of its fossils, the Red Mountain formation is correlated with two divisions of the general Silurian stratigraphic suc- cession. The lower part, which differs in thickness from place to place, is of late Medina (Albion) age, and the upper part is of early Niagara (Clinton) age. The Medina part extends to the top of the Irondale seam.**The Medina part of the Red Mountain formation corresponds to the Brassfield limestone of Ohio and Kentucky and perhaps in part or in whole to the ClinchsandstoneofTennessee ~d Virginia.** The white s'andstone at the base of the Red Mountaib. in Beaver Creek Mountains east of Asheville and in Colvin Mountain is also regarded as of Medina age. **The Clinton age of the upper p!J.rt of the Red Mountain formation is very definitely e5ltablished by the presence of Penlameru.r oblongu.r, one of the most characteristic Clinton fossils." Detailed geologic work will be necessary to determine whether both Medina and Niagara rocks are represented in the Red Mountain for- mation of Georgia. The white sandstone forming the cliff on Chattoo- gata Mountain at Rocky Face is probably Medina. . The weathered clay shales of the Red Mountain formation in Walker and Dade counties are in many places suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products and are described on pages 122-172. The resistant Fort Payne chert that overlies the Red Mountain formation has formed a series of ridges, known as Shinbone Ridge, parallel to the foot of Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains. The shales are exposed on the slopes towards the Valley and the beds are all dipping towards the mountains at angles usua]ly ranging from 20 to 60. The shales are o!ten artificially exposed by the mining of the red iron ore. Above the iron ore and for a short distance ,below it the shale is fine-graip.ed, olive or yellowish-green, and weathers into flat fragments an eighth of an inch or more in thickness, rather than flaky. The shale below the iron ore often grades downward into beds thatweather into brown and red clay with thin' sh'aly layers, probably residual from calcerous beds. There is a possibility that these beds will be found to be of Richmond age of the Ordovician (classed as Silurian by Ulrich2) and more properly classed with the Chickamauga limestone rather than the Red Mountain formation. DEVONIAN SYSTEM ARMUCHEE CHERT FROG MOUNTAIN SANDSTONE The Armuchee chert of the Devonian wa:s mapped by Hayes3 on Horseleg Mountain, the northeastern portions of Lavender and Sims mountains, a portion of Taylor Ridge, Turkey Mountain, and, on John and Horn mountains, extending about 10 miles into the Ringgold quandrangle. He regarded it as probably equivalent in age to the Frog Mountain sandstone. 1Butts, Charles, The Geology of Alabama: The Paleozoic rocks: Alabama GeoL Survey, Spec. Rept. No. 14, pp. 139-141, 1926. 2Ulrich, E. 0., Revision of the Paleozoic: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 22, p. 339, 1911. 3Hayes, C. W., U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Rome folio (No. 78), 1902. GEOLOGY 63 Butts1 regards the typical Frog Mountain sandstone of Onondaga age, but uses the term to include any Devonian sandstone that underlies the Fort Payne chert or the Chattanooga shale. In regard to its extension into Georgia he states: "The Frog Mounta;in sandstone extends still farther northeastward into Georgia, where it is present in Lavender Mountain and in Horseleg Mountain, about l mile west of Rome, in Floyd County, and was mapped by Hayes in the Armuchee chert. At the last place Spiri}er macrolhyri.roccurs in coarse, soft reddish sandstone. Both in Lavender and Horseleg mountains this sandstone is j,mmediately underlain by fossiliferous chert which is clearly the Armuchee chert of Hayes as described in the Rome folio. This chert is well exposed in the railroad cut at the southwest end of Lavender Mountain about half a mile west of the railroad station at Lavender. At this place it is about 50 feet thick. From this chert at the north end of Lavender Mountain, Rhipidomella, Stropheodonla ma,qni}ica, Chonele.r hud.ronicu.r, Lfnoplia nucleolala, .il1eri.rlefla ro.rleLlala, Spiri}er lribuli.r, and PLaly.rloma penfrico.ra, all of Oriskany age, have been collected. A collection of silicified fossils from Catoosa County, Ga., 40 miles north of Rome, contains Ealonia peculiari.r and a Spirijer of the type of S. murchi.roni or S. angulari.r. Both species of Spirifer are Oriskany forms, and the Ealonia, although recorded rarely from beds of Onondaga age, is of more common occurrence in older beds, as those of Oriskany or even still older (Helderberg) age." MISSISSIPPIA...~ OR DEVONIAN SYSTEM CHATTANOOGA SHALE The Chattanooga shale is a jet-black highly fissle shale usually ranging from 1 to 40 feet in thickness, overlain at places by 1 to 3 feet of a blue or greenish clay shaie conts.ining rounded phosphatic concretions. The formation is usually found on the slopes of the ridges of the VaHey, overlying the Red Mountain formation and underlying the Fort Payne chert, but as it weathers easily outcrops are seldom seen except in bluffs and highway and railroad cuts. Such outcrops are often coated with a white to yellow scum of sulphur or alum salts derived from the weathering of pyrite or "fool's gold" which is often present in nodules and scattered crystals. In addition to the carbonaceous matter which causes the blackcolor, the shale contains a substance called "kerogen", probably derived from microscopic plant spoor, which when heated distills into mineral oil. This, while of no economic importance at the present time, has often caused the shale to be mistaken for coal. The Chattanooga shale is occasionally mined for use as a paint pigment. The Chattanooga shale was formerly thought to be Devonian in age and equivalent to the Genesee and Portage shales of New York. Butts2 follows Ulrich in believing that in Kentucky and Virginia the 500 feet of the Chattanooga formation contains beds of Devonian age at the bottom and Mississippian age at the top. As these beds extend south through Tennessee they become thinner by the gradual disappearance of the lower beds, so that in southern Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama the Chattanooga shale is all of Mississippian age and equivalent to the Sunbury shale of Ohio. 1Butts, Charles, Op. cit., pp. 148-158. 2Butts, Charles, Op. cit., pp. 158-161. 64 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM MISSISSIPPIAN SERIES FORT PAYNE CHERT The Fort Payne chert when fresh, exposures of which are seldom seen, is a siliceous and somewhat argillaceous limestone. On weathering it gives rise to a very characteristic chert. This chert generally has a porous stony texture and is gray, splotched with black or rust-colored stains. It is usually intersected with fine fracture planes along which it breaks into fine fragments. It is also highly fossiliferous, the most characteristic forms being large crinoid stems and large brachiopods of the Spiri}er type. The Fort Payne chert i;n the northwestern part of the Valley has acted as the resistant bed that formed the "Shinbone Ridge".- parallel to the base of Sand, Lookou_t, and Pigeon mountains. In the Armuchee Ridges area it is less resistant than the sandstone of the Red Mountain formation and is usually found near the foot of the slopes of the ridges. The greater part of the Fort Payne chert is of Keokuk age. The base of the Fort Payne in Alabama, according to Butts1, includes beds of ~ew Providence or Burlington age. These beds may extend into Georgia. WARSAW AND ST. LOUIS LIMESTONES The Fort Payne chert in the northern part of Alabama is overlain by limestones mapped as the Tuscumbia limestone but known to be equivalent to the Warsaw and St. Louis limestones of Middle Tennessee and the Mississippi Valley. The St. Louis limestone and perhaps the Warsaw extends as a thin bed from Alabama into Georgia on the west side of Lookout Mountain, where it has been included. with the Bangor limestone on the geologic map. Detailed mapping may reveal these limestones elsewhere in Georgia. FLOYD SHALE The Floyd shale together with the Bangor limestone illustrate, as did the Red Mountain formation, the progressive change away from the original shore line from clastic sediments to limestones. West and north of Rome practically the entire Chester group of the Mississippian and perhaps equivalents of the Warsaw and St. Louis limestones are represented by the sandy shales and fine clay shales of the Floyd. In Texas and West Armuchee valleys to the northwest the bottom of the formation is fine clay shale while the top has been replaced by a thin bed of the Bangor limestone. Still further northwest in Lookout and Sand Mountains the formation consists almost wholly of limestone with a few shaly beds and has been mapped as the Bangor limestone, described below. The Floyd shale in the broad valley west of Rome and north of the Coosa River is a black, dark-brown, and dark-green shale of a crumpled 1Butts, Charles, Op. cit., pp. 162-167. GEOLOGY 65 and fragile, crumbling texture, so that it breaks up o;n handling into small and still smaller flakes with slickensided and greasy-looking 1mrfaces. Some of the black portions resembled much weathered Chattanooga shale. Interbedded with it at a few places are some layers and lenses of impure limestone. Seven samples of the Floyd shale from this region are described on pages 75-99. The Floyd shale to the north in Gordon and Whitfield counties just east of Horn and Chattoogata mountains is more sandy and much less fissle. Samples of this sandy phase are described on pages 190, 2~4 and ~~9. The shaly member at the base of the Bangor limestone at the foot of the east slope of Lookout Mountain could be called an extension of the Floyd shale .. BANGOR LIMESTONE The Bangor limestone as mapped in Georgia on the slopes of Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains probably includes only rocks of Chester age, and is thus nearly equivalent in age to the Floyd shale west of Rome. Maynard1 has described the lithologic character of the Bangor limestone as follows: ''The Bangor formation, consisting of limestones and shales, varies considerably in thickness within a small area. In the valley of Nickajack Creek the lower portion of the formation contains much nodular chert imbedded in a heavy-bedded dark bluish~gr.ay, high calcium limestone, while the upper beds at this point are largely concealed. Along the eastern side of Sand Mountain the B~ngor formation consists of limestones in the lower portion of the formation and they reach a thickness of 800 feet, while the shales in the upper portion are largely concealed by the soil derived from these shales and the float derived from the overlying formations. The limestones of the Bangor formation in this area are only occas~onally exposed over the mountain side and contain a very considerable amount of nodular chert imbedded in a heavy-bedded dark grayish~blue, high-calcium limestone. The limestone also contains many beds ofinterstratified, fine-grained, dark-blue, magnesium limestone. "Along the western side of Lookout Mountain the lower portion of the Bangor lime,stone contains a considerable amount of chert while the upper portion is largely free from chert. The limestone also contains some argillaceous and interstratified magnesian limestone. The shales are yellowish-green, red, carbonaceous, black, and brown. "The limestones along the eastern side of Lookout Mountain near the Tennessee line are very thin and are succeeded by a considerable thickness of shales (Pennington) which have been included in this formation. As we proceed to the south the limestones become thicker. "Pigeon Mountain, which is a spur of Lookout Mountain, contains the greatest thickness of the Bangor limestone in the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia. At this point the limestones reach a thickness of 900 feet, while they are overlain directly by the Lookout sandstones and shales. In the northern portion of the mmmtain the overlying formations have been entirely eroded away and have left the Bangor limestones forming a mountain of 800 to 900 feet in height without a covering. The Bangor limestone to the east of Lookout Mountain is largely free from chert. The formation attains a thickness in Little Sand Mountain of about 500 feet." 1Maynard, T. P., Limestones and cement materials of North Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey, Bull. 27, pp. 105-106, 1912. 66 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Butts1 has restricted the Bangor Limestone in Alabama to the upper part of the Chester group. The base of the Bangor as thus restricted is equivalent to the Glen Dean limestone of lllinois and Kentucky, and the top is overlain by the argillaceous limestones and shales of the Pennington formation. Butts2 states that on the north end of Lookout Mountain in Tennessee, beneath the Bangor limestone (restricted) are outcrops, in ascending order, of Ste. Genevieve limestone (presumably overlying the St. Louis limestone), the Gasper limestone, the Golconda formation, and the Hartselle sandstone, all of lower Chester age. The chert mentioned above as occurring in the base of the Bangor limestone as mapped in the northwest corner of Georgia may indicate that these beds are to be correlated with the St. Louis or the Ste. Genevieve limestones, both of which give rise to chert elsewhere. The Oxmoor sandstone described by Hayes3 as occurring between the Floyd shale and the Bangor formation on Judy and Rocky mountains in the Rome quadrangle may be equivalent to the Hartselle sandstone. PENNINGTON SHALE Overlying the Bangor limestone as restricted by Butts, but included in the top of it as now mapped in the northwest corner of Georgia, are the argillaceous limestones and shales, of which the predominant color is red, of the Pennington formation. The ceramic possibilities of the shales of this formation have not" been investigated for this report because of their inaccessible position on the upper slopes of Sand and Lookout Mountains. PENNSYLVANIAN SERIES LOOKOUT FORMATION The Lookout formation, which fo:rms the base of the "Coal Measures'' of Georgia, consists of sandstones, conglomerates, and shales with a few seams of coal. The lower portion of the formation is made up of sandstone above which occur interbedded sandstones and shales, followed by coarse sandstone and conglomerate. The upper limit of the formation is at the top of a heavy bed of sandstone and conglomerate which forms the cJiff along Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains. The coal seams of the Lookout formation are thin and unimportant in Lookout Mountain, but on Sand Mountain they are thick enough in places to have been mined in the vicinity of Cole and Castle Rock. The Lookout formation crops out as a rather narrow band around the brow of Pigeon and Lookout Mountains and a wider area on Sand Mountain. Its preservation in these mountains or plateaus is due to the synclinal structure of the rocks. Where the rock structure was in 1Butts, Charles, Geology of Alabama: The Paleozoic rocks: Alabama Geol. Survey, Spec. Rept. No. 14, pp. 195-199, 1926. 2Butts, Charles, OJ?. cit., p. 192. 3Hayes, C. W., U.S. Geot Survey Geol. Atlas, Rome folio (No. 78), 1902. GEOLOGJ: 67 the form of an anticline or arch, as over Lookout Valley and McLamore Cove, the Lookout formation has been entirely removed. That the Lookout formation once extended much further to the southeast than Lookout MoUJ;ltain is shown by its presence capping Rocky Mountain in Floyd County and Little Sand Mountain in Chattooga County, some fifteen miles southeast of Lookout Mountain. These isolated outcrops are due to small local synclines. The formation was once continuous as a broad arch with that of Lookout Mountain. WALDEN SANDSTONE The Walden sandstone includes all those sandstones and shales which overlie the massive sandstone and conglomerate bed that marked the top of the Lookout formation. The formation includes several seams oi coal, one of which has been mined for years at Durham on Lookout Mountain. The Walden sandstone forms the capping over most of Lookout and Pigeon mountains and the highest portions of Sand Mountain. 68 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS BY COUNTIES POLK COUNTY Polk County, of which Cedartown is the county seat, is the southernmost county in the Appalachian Valley region of Georgia. The county is drained by Cedar and Euharlee creeks and their tributaries. The Atlanta to Chattanooga line of the Southern Railway crosses the eastern part of the county, passing through Rockmart and Aragon. The Atlanta to Birmingham line of the Seaboard Air-Line Railway crosses the county from east to west, passing through Rockmart and Cedartown. The Cartersville Branch of this railroad extends northeast from Rockmart to the Bartow County line. The Macon to Chattanooga line of the Central of Georgia Railway crosses the middle of the county in a north-south direction, passing through Cedartown. The Cartersville Fault that separates the Appalachian Valley of Georgia from the Piedmont Plateau roughly parallels the southern and eastern boundary of the county at an average distance of two miles. The fault line is not marked by distinct differences in topography, as is the case north of Cartersville, because metamorphism has extended to the Ordovician rocks below the fault plane. The greater part of the middle and northern parts of Polk County are underlain by the Knox dolomite, which has here formed nearly flat or gently rolling land with only a few. of the cherty ridges characteristic of the formation in other counties. The Chickamauga lime~tone overlies the Knox dolomite, occurring in large outcrops in the vicinity of Cedartown and north of Aragon and in narrow bands elsewhere below the Rockmart slate. The Rockmart slate forms three very irregular belts or areas in the eastern and southern portions of Polk County. One of these areas extends from east of Portland and Aragon, south of Rockmart, and then southwest a!most to Hightower Mill. Another band about a mile in width extends from just south of the Seaboard Air Line Railway at Fish southward almost to the Cartersville Fault. Its position, surrounded by a narrow band of the Chickamauga limestone except where cut by a fault on the south, shows its structure to be a syncline or basin, The third area, with an average width of three miles, extends from just south of Cedartown southwestward to the Cartersville Fault. Its structure is also that of a syncline. The lower 1500 feet of the Rockmart slate in the Rockmart area consists of uniform fine-grained dark-colored slate and shale. Above this is shale interbedded with limestone conglomerate, sandy shales, and sandstone. Near the Cartersville fault the shales have at places been metamorphosed to schist which is hardly distinguishable from the older metamorphic rocks on the east side of the fault. Westward from Rockmart, in the Fish and Cedartown areas, the slate is softer and more POLK COUNTY 69 calcareous than near Rockmart, at places resembling a hard shale although the cleavage is usually distinctly slaty. These outcrops of the Rockmart slate form a range of irregular hills and ridges, the highest of which are capped by Fort Payne chert. The deeply-weathered basal portion of the Rockmart slate has been used at Rockmart for the manufacture of paving brick, but because of slow slaking it was difficult to process. Other samples of the softer weathered Rockmart slate from representative outcrops proved, as described below, to be even slower in slaking. The softer sandy shales of the upper part of the Rockmart slate, where examined by the writer, appeared to be too siliceous for use in the manufacture of heavy clay products. These slates and shales of the Rockmart formation might prove to be satisfactory for the manufacture of lightweight aggregates (see page 41). RHODES, SMITH, AND WHITE PROPERTIES The A. G. Rhodes Estate (A. W. Farrar, Rockmart, local agent) of about 160 acres is just southwest of Rockmart, south of Euharlee Creek, on both sides of the Rockmart-Buchanan road and crossing the Seaboard Air Line Railway south of the depot. The land is mostly a series of northeast-southwest ridges underlain by slate and shale of the Rockmart slate. East of the railroad the outcrops are all of hard blue slate which has at places been quarried in the past. Along the Rockmart-Buchanan road are outcrops of hard drab to greenish-drab sha1e or weathered slate, somewhat resembling that of the brick company pit but slightly more fissle and shale-like. The Rhodes Estate is joined on the south by the Dr. R. B. Smith (Rockmart) property of 40 acres west of the road and theN. A. White (Rockmart) property of some 300 to 400 acres, including the top and south slope of the slate ridges and extending south into the valley. The outcrops on top of the ridge are of hard olive-green thin-bedded, slaty shale or weathered slate. The shale or weathered slate underlying the north slope of this ridge is probably much like that in the brick company quarry. A flat plant site just south of Euharlee Creek would have abundant water and could be reached by a short spur-track from the railroad. C. O. WHITEHEAD PROPERTY The property of C. 0. Whitehead (Rockmart, Box ~05) consists of 37 acres between the Rockmart-Dallas Highway and the Seaboard Air Line Railway, 1,%' miles south of Rockl;nart. About 6 acres of the property are in the first series of ridges south of Van "\Vert. The cuts of the highway on this ridge show hard drab-colored shale resembling the "Caen rock" of the brick plant. The cut of the railroad, which has a maximum depth of 40 feet, shows the following section from north to south: 70 feet (horizontal distance) of red argillaceous sandstone, 35 feet of hard, waxy-looking, olive-green shale, 1~5 feet of hard blue slate with occasional thin shaly beds, 100 feet of hard drab to olive- 70 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d green shale, and 100 feet mostly of reddish-brown argillaceous sandstone. The cleavage of the slaty beds strikes N. 60 E. and dips 55 SE. JOE GRICE PROPERTY The Joe Grice (Rockmart) property of about 80 acres is 2 miles south of Rockmart at the overhead bridge where the Rockmart-Dallas Highway crosses the Seaboard Air Line Railway. The low railroad cuts east of the bridge show alternating beds of yellow argillaceous sand and soft to semi-hard, "short" and "punky" drab and reddish-drab shale. Some of the shale is soft and somewhat flaky, some siliceous and porous, and some semi-hard, streaked with red in narrow irregular bands so that pieces of it resemble cedar-wood that has been exposed to the weather. The whole deposit is much cross-bedded. Taken as a whole, it appears to be too siliceous to be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay .products. The railroad for three-quarters of a mile west of the highway rq,ns through a series of deep cuts mostly in hard blue slate and sandstone. The last of these cuts on the Whitehead property is described above. MRS. J. G. RANDALL PROPERTY (Map location No. 2) The Mrs. J. G. Randall (Rockmart) p~operty is one mile east of Aragon and half a mile to three-quarters of a mile east of the Cartersville Branch of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, and consists of about 80 acres in Land Lots 435 and 436, 18th Land District, 3d Section, Polk County. The property includes the series of ridges that mark the boundary between the Rockmart slate and the underlying Chickamauga lime~ stone. The ridge nearest the railroad ;is saidto haveoutcrops of limestone on the west side and of slate or shale on the east side. A prospect pit on the south slope of the next ridge to the east showed limestone, but scattered outcrops indicate that most of the ridge is underlain by hard gray slaty shale. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of this are given below. .Laboratory tests on a grab sample of hard gray slaty shale from the .Mrs. J. G. Randall property, one mile east of.!l.tagon, Polk County. Chemical Lf.na{Yfi.r: Loss on Ignihon.------------------------------------ 3. 46 Soda (Na20) ..---------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 IP.oimtaesh(C(aKO2)0-)-~--------------------------------...----------------------------------------- 2. 02 00 Magnesia (MgO)---------- trace Alumina (Al20a)...........:.............---------- 18.22 Ferric oxide (Fe20a)--------- ----------------------- 6. 45 Manganous oxide (MnO)------------------------------ trace Titanium dioxide (TiOz) --------------------------- 1.02 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ----------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P206)-------------------- .14 Silica (Si02) -----------------------------'- 68 .13 99.88 POLK COUNTY 71 Grinding: Hard, tough. Ground Color: Light grayish-brown. Slaking: Very slow. Plaslicily: Almost none. llfoLding Behavwr: After aging five days the material did not have sufficient plasticity to form test bars on the Mueller roll-press. The sample was therefore discarded as unsuitable, by itself, for the manufacture .of heavy clay products. M. O. HUNTINGTON PROPERTY (Map location No.3) The M. 0. Huntington (Cedartown, Rt. 4) property of 3~0 acres is on the Central of Georgia Railway 3 miles south of Cedartown and south of Cedar Creek. A small pit beside the old Cedartown-Buchanan road, just east of the railroad at the section houses, shows hard brownish-drab siliceous shale weathering into splintery fragments an inch or two long. This shale was formerly used for road material. The shale is striking N. 10 E. and dips 55 SE. Similar shale is showing in the road cuts south to the railroad crossing and underlies several low ridges east of the railroad. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of this shale from the pit and the road outcrops are given below. More shale of this type crops out beside the road at the southern end of the property three-quarters of a mile south of the railroad crossing. A road cut on the slope of the ridge west of the section houses exposes hard light-gray very sandy shale. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of hard brownish-drab shale from the M. 0. Huntington property on the Central of Georgia Railway, three miles south of Cedartown, Polk County. Chemical ~na{y_.ri.r: Leiss on 1gn1bon........................................................................................ 6. 53 Soda (Na20)............................................................................................ 1.09 Potash CK20)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 47 Lime (CaO).............................................................................................. .00 Magnesia (MgO)...................................................................................... trace Alumina (Al20:)...................................................................................... 19.77 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ................................................................................ 6. 51 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)........................................................................ .98 Sulphur trioxide (SOa)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 03 Phosphorus pento:x:ide (P20s)------------------------------------------------------------- .18 Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63. 53 100.09 Grinding: Fairly easy. Ground Color: Light brown. SLaking: Slow Plaslicily: Very poor, grainy. llfoulding Behavior: Plasticity too poor, even after aging 5 days, to form test bars with the Mueller roll-press. The sample was therefore discarded without further tests as not suitable, by itself, for the manufacture of heavy clay products. There is a possibility, however, that this shale might be suitable for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates (see page 41). 72 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA DR. LEADBETTER ESTATE (Map location No.4) The Dr. Leadbetter Estate (C. H. Graves, Cedartown, Admins.) consists of SOG-400 acres on both sides of the Seaboard Air Line Railway, 2 to 2,%" miles southwest of Cedartown. The railroad follows a valley formed by a narrow outcrop of Chickamauga limestone. The ridge west of the railroad is underlain by the red clay and chert of the Knox dolomite. The ridge east of the railroad rises to 75 to 100 feet above the valley and is underlain by the Rockmart slate. Ou'tcrops along the road show hard slaty brownish-to grayish-drab shale striking N. 40 E. and dipping 60 SE. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of this are given below. Probably 50 to 75 acres of the property are underlain by this shale or weathered slate. Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of hard, slaty brownishdrab shale from the Dr. Leadbetter Estate, 2~ miles southwest of Cedartown on the Seaboard .IJ..ir-Line Railway, Polk County. Chemical LJ..na~y'!iJ-: Loss on 1gn1hon----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. 94 Soda (Na20)------------------------------------------- .19 Potash CK20)-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 59 Lime (CaO) ----------------------------------------------"------------------------------------------- 00 il~:!acA~b~].-.:==~~~~~:~:~~~:~~~~::::::::::~::~::~~::::::~~:::~::~~::::::~~~:~:::::~:~:~::::~:~~ ~3a_c39 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. 04 Mp.nganous oxide (IvlnO)---------------------------C-------------------------------------- trace Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ----------------------------------------------------------------- .91 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------------------------------------------- . 05 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) ----------------------------------------------------- 49 'Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------- 60 .46 100.06 Grinding: Difficult, tough. Slaking: Very slow. Pla.rlicity: Almost none. il1oLding Behavior: After aging 5 days the plasticity was too poor to form test bars on the Mueller roll-press. The sample was therefore discarded without further tests. The shale or weathered slate, by itself, is not suited for the manufacture of heavy clay products. It might possibly be suited for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates (see page 41). FLOYD COUNTY Floyd County, north of Polk County, is in two of the physiographic divisions of the Appalachian Valley of Georgia (see figure 8, page 49). The northern part of the county is in the area of long, narrow steep..sided ridges known as the Armuchee Ridges, from the settlement of Armuchee nine miles north of Rome. The rest of the county is in the broad valley area known as the Rome Valley. The Oostanaula River from the north and the Etowah River from the east unite at Rome to form the Coosa, which flows westward to the Alabama line. FLOYD COUNTY 73 Rome, the county seat, is a busy industrial and distributing center, the sixth city in population in Georgia. The Atlanta to Chattanooga line of the Southern Railway and the Macon to Chattanooga line of the Central of Georgia Railway cross at Rome, the Southern Railway continuing north in the valley of the Oostanaula River, the Central of Georgia Railway turning westward to the west end of Lavender Mountain and then north through a winding gap to the Chattooga and Chickamauga Valley. The Rome to Gadsden and Attalla line of the Southern Railway extends westward across the Coosa Valley. The Rome to Anniston line of the Southern Railway extends southwest through Cave Springs where the State School for the Deaf is located. The Rome Branch of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway follows the Etowah River from Kingston in Bartow County. The southeastern third of Floyd County is underlain by the Knox dolomite which forms a gentle rolling plateau or series of ridges the tops of which rise to a common level, that of the Eocene peneplain (see page 51). A band of the underlying Cambrian rocks occupies the east side of the valley of the Oostanaula River, and south of the Coosa River broadens into the wide valley area known as the "Flatwoods" country. The northwestern third of the country is underlain by the Silurian and Mississippian rocks. This middle belt of Cambrian rocks was the most affected by the period of deformation that closed the Paleozoic age (see page 50). It, a region of relatively soft shales, was caught between the more rigid areas of Knox dolomite on the southeast and the sandstones of the Red Mountain formation on the northwest. These shales were finely plicated and intersected by many faults, two of which were of major importance. During the early stages of the deformation the shales of the Conasauga formation were thrust at a very low angle for miles over the younger Silurian and Mississippian rocks. The effect of this thrust fault was to strengthen the area, which had previously been structurally weak, and the subsequent compression resulted in the development in folds and faults on either side of the belt. The overthrust and underthrust rocks acted like one and were, together with the fault plane, gently folded. Later as the region was elevated the overthrust beds, and to some extent the underlying beds, were removed from the anticlines but were preserved in the synclines. This has resulted in the very sinuous fault line, describe_d by Hayes1 as the Rome Fault, that forms the western border of the Cambrian belt. The second fault, which is comparable in size to the Rome Fault although differing from it materially, forms the western boundary of the Rome formation and has been named the Coosa Fault. The siliceous shales and sandstones of the Rome formation are thrust over the Conasauga shales at an angle of about 15. This fault probably took place during a later part of the deformation than did the Rome fault. The LHayes, C. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Rome folio (No. 78) p. 5, 1902. 74 GEOLOGICLI.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.d fault plane ha_s therefore not been subsequently deformed, and its in- tersection with the present rurface is much more regular than that of the Rome fault. The Rome formation of the Cambrian forms, to the north of Rome, a band averaging a mile in width just west of and parallel to the Southern Railway. South of Rome the outcrop is much narrower and is roughly parallel to and west of the Rome to Anniston line of the Southern Railway. The entire western border of the formation is the Coosa thrust fault described above. In the vicinity of Sixmile, Vans Valley, and Cave Springs, minor faults have caused small forks to extend southward from the main outcrop. The Rome formation in Floyd County consists of sandy shales and fine-grained sandstones, usually brilliantly colored red, purple, green, and white. Its siliceous character causes it. to be more resistant to erosion than the beds on either side and to form a series of low ridges. The shales are too siliceous to be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The outcrops of the Conasauga formation in Floyd County appear as a narrow band east of the ridges of the Rome formation, and as areas of varying width west of those ridges. Southwest of Rome the formation underlies the broad "Flatwoods" area south of the Coosa River. The lithologic character of these two areas of outcrops is somewhat different. The eastern area at Rome and northeastward in Floyd County is composed of several hundred feet of clay shales at the base, then beds of fairly pure oolitic limestone, and finally 1000 feet or more of shales; calcareous at places and interbedded tow?-rd the top with blue limestones. South of Rome, as at Vans Valley and Cave Sprirtgs, the easter:J?. area of the formation is composed almost wholly of limestone. fu the broad Coosa Valley outcrop, the upper part of the Conasauga formation along the eastern margin of the valley is made up largely of siliceous shales. The middle of the formation is composed of clay shales containing varying amounts of limestone, at some places thinly interbedded with the shales and at others in massive beds. The lower portion of the formation consists wholly of clay shales which at places are slightly sandy. The clay shales of the Conasauga formation at places in Floyd County, as near Rome and along the Gadsden line of the Southern Railway west of Oreburg, are suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The deposits in these areas are described below. Good shale undoubtedly occurs in other areas of the Conasauga, but too far from transportation to be of economic value. The Red Mountain formation of Silurian age in Floyd County is composed almost wholly of relatively resistant sandstone, exposed on the crests of anticlines and forming Horseleg (Mount Alto), Lavender, Sims, and John mountains. The synclinal areas between Horseleg and FLOYD COUNTY 75 Lavender mountains, between Lavender and Sims mountains, and east of Johns Mountain are largely underlain by the Floyd shale of Mississippian age. The Floyd shale in the broad area west of Rome and south of Lavender Mountain is a dark-green, dark-brown, and black fissle shale of a crumpled ar{d crumbling, fragile texture, weathering into thin soft and easily broken flakes, often with slickensided and greasy-looking surfaces. It is usually easily distinguished from the thicker flakes and flat pieces of the Conasauga shale, which in places overlies it due to the Rome overthrust fault described above. A number of deposits of the Floyd shale in this area west of Rome are described below. Floyd shales, perhaps equally suited for ceramic purposes, underlie Big and Little Texas valleys north of Lavender Mountain and the valley of John Creek in the northern extension of Floyd County, but are too far from transportation to be of value. The commercial shales of Floyd County are therefore to be found in both the Conasauga formation and the Floyd shale. The Floyd shales are usually softer and process better than those of the Conasauga, but the fired colors, as a whole, are not as good. In prospecting the shales of either formation, the presence of lime must be watched for and avoided. ROMEGA CLAY PRODUCTS COMPANY PROPERTY THE BERRY SCHOOLS (Map location No. 5) The Romega Clay Products Company property, now owned and operated by the Berry Schools (Mount Berry), is on the northeast side of the Central of Georgia Railway and the Rome to Gadsden line of the Southern Railway at their intersection in West Rome. It consists of 57U acres in Land Lots 9l03 and 38, 3d Distrjct, 3d Section, Floyd County. The plant was built in 1907 by the Crucial Fire Brick Company. This company for several years manufactured fire brick from a mixture of bauxite and bauxite clay or kaolin from the Hermitage or Bobo districts of Floyd County and alluvial or semi-alluvial cl&y from the south pit des.cribed below. These fire brick are reported to have given satisfactory service in the kiln fire boxes of several North Georgia brick plants. Later the Romega Clay Products Company manufactured building brick and structural tile from a mixture of shale and clay. In the spring of 1930 after a year of idleness~ the plant was sold to the Berry Schools and is now being operated by the students under the direction of a superintendent. The entire production of building brick, made from the shale only, is being used for the construction of new school buildings. 76 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Shale Pit The shale pit or "North Pit" is about an eighth of a mile north of the plant near the Central of Georgia Railway's spur track to the Berry Schools. The pit is about 50 feet wide and 100 feet long, and the average height of the face is 10 feet. The shale, which appears to belong to the Floyd shale, is greenish-brown with considerable black stain and breaks into semi-hard small to medium sized flakes or flat pieces. Interbedded with it are frequent layers averaging 8 inches in width of plastic brown clay sometimes containing fine sand. The beds are striking nearly east-west and dipping about 80 to the south, with the exception of an area in the middle of the east side of the pit where the dip was 40, due probably to slumping. The clay streaks were probably originally argillaceous limestone, the lime having dissolved out during surficial weathering, leaving the clay behind. The shale is mined with a steam-shovel with a 1-cu.bic yard dipper, loaded into mine cars, and hauled to the plant by a gasoline locomotive. Laboratory tests are given below on a six-foot groove sample of the shale, including one clay streak, from the west side of the pit. Laboratory tests on a six-foot groove sample of semi-hard greenish-brown Floyd shale from the North Pit of the Romega Clay Products Company property (Berry Schools) in West Rome, F'loyd County. Chemical.d.nalysi;;: ~~d.~eN-~0~~~-~~~::::::.~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7:g~ Potash (K:iO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .66 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 n~!~:\~~\\.~~~?---~~=~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::~:::~~~~:~:~~:~:~:::::::~::::::::::::~::~~::~:~::::: i? 25: Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ---------------------------------------------------- 6; 30 Ferrous oxide (FeO)------------------------------------------------ . 60 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .93 Sulphur trioxide (SOa)-------------------------------------------------------------- . 35 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) --------------------------------------------------------------- .11 Silica (Si02) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57. 99 Grinding: Easy. 100.14 Gtound Color: Light brown. Slaking: A little slow. Pla'J'licily: Poor and grainy at first, good after aging overnight .ilfolding Behaflior: Good. Drying BehafJior: Test bars slightly warped. Water of Plasticity: 26.1 per cent. Linear Drying Shrinkage (based on pla.rlic length): 4.2 per cent. FLOYD COUNTY 77 Figure 5. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Rockmart shale from Rockmart, Polk County. B. Floyd shale from the Romega Clay Products Co. pit, West Rome, Floyd County. C. Clay from the Romega Clay Products Co. pit, WestRome,FloydCounty. D. Floyd shale from the W. S. Dickey ClayMfg. Co. pit, 3 miles west ofRome, Floyd County. 78 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Firing Te.rt.r: Cone ljnear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on [elastic ength)a. per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. !!er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3.6 7.9 16.9 844 Silmon Slight (YR-7/B)h 04 4.9 9.0 13.9 1005 Salmon Slight (YR-7/6)h 02 5.6 9.7 11.6 1435 Light red Slight (R-YR-'6/6)h 1 8.1 11.7 9.2 1663 Medium red Some (R-YR-'5/5)h 3 7.6 11.7 6.2 2261 Deep red Consider- (R-YR-5/4) b able 5 8.5 12.2 6.2 226p Dark red Some (R-YR~5j3)h asee graph, Figure 5-B, page 77. hColor notation according to the. Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 1-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 01-4. Clay Pit The clay pit or "South Pit" is .200 ya_rds southeast of the plant ad- joining the right of w.ay of th~ Southern Railw,ay. It .is about 300 feet long and 75 feet wide with a face on the north side averaging ~0 feet in height. The face shows an extr-emely variable reddish-brown to mottled yellow clay containing, especially near the top and in the north end of the face, numerous angular to water-worn chert pebbles Up to several inches in diameter. The clay as a whole has a sticky, gummy plasticity, although, like the color and chemical composition, the plasticity varies considerably in short distances.. The clay is said to extend for some distance below the floor of the pit, but was not mined deeper because of lack of drainage would have prohibited the use of the small steam-shovel used in minin,g. The clay shows but few recognizable signs of bedding, but these appear to be nearly horizontal. The origin of the deposit is obscure. 'l;he chert resembles that of the Fort Payne chert which underlies the Floyd shale, and a glance at the geologic map facing page 66 will show that the Fort Payne has been mapped as extending nearly to this point. The water-worn chert pebbles point to an alluvial origin. Yet the angular pebbles are in the majority, and the deposit as a whole can probably be classed as colluvial, or a mixture of residual material from the Floyd shale and the Fort Payne chert, slumped and partly transported to its present site. FLOYD COUNTY 79 The laboratory tests given below are on a sample consisting of two six-foot grooves from different places in the pit. Laboratory tests on a groove sample of clay from the South Pit of the Romega Clay Products Company property (Berry Schools) in West Rome, Floyd County. Chemical _An_afy.ri.r: Loss on 1gmhon..--------- 7. 75 PSoodtaas(hN(Ka220)0__)_-_-_-_-_-__________-__________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-___-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-__-__-___ 1.. 5713 Magnesia (MgO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 80 Alumina (Al20a)......------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l 0 . 58 Ferric oxide (Fe20a)---------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 .4! Titanium dioxide (TiO:) ---------------------------------- . 91 Snlphur trioxide (SOa) -------------------- . 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20~) ---------- ....... trace Silica (Si02) ------------- 69.49 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Yellow. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicily: Excellent. Jl1oLding BehaPior: Excellent. Drying BehaPior: Little or no warpage. Water of Pla.rficify: 31.6 per cent. Green .i!fodulus of Ruplure: 172.7 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (based on pla.rlic length): 7.2 per cent. Firing Te.rls: 100.18 Cone ---- Linear Firing Shr~nk- age (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cenl Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .rq. in. Color Warpage 06 l.l 8.2 23.0 64,9 Salmon (YR-7 j9)b 04 2.0 8.5 20.8 817 Salmon (3YR-7/6)b 02 2.3 9.3 19.8 953 Salmon red (R-YR-6/7)b l 3.1 10.3 18.3 9.76 Light red (R-YR-5j7)b 3 3.0 10.5 18.9 1051 Fp.ir red (R-:-:YR-5/6) b 5 3.5 10.5 17.3 ll43 Medium red (R-YR-5/S)b asee graph, F1gure 5-C, page 77. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Not reached. Little or none Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight 80 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Plant Under the management of the Romega Clay Products Company, building, brick and structural tile were manufactured from a mixture of two parts of clay from the South Pit to one of shale from the North Pit. The materials as brought in from the pits were dumped in separate storage piles. The clay, before use, was dried by spreading it in a thin layer on a drying floor made of welded steel plates underlain by steam ducts. The larger chert pebbles were culled by hand. The clay and shale were mixed and ground in two 9-foot dry pans. These discharged into bucket elevators, from which the clay went through stationary screens into a storage bin. The oversize of the screens is said to have consisted largely of the chert fragments from the clay and was discarded. The ground clay was tempered and pugged in two 8-foot pug mills, extruded as a column from a combined pugmill and stiffmud brick and tile machine, and automatically sidecut into brick or tile. These were hacked onto metal cars and dried in an 8-tunnel, 19t0-foot, waste-heat drier. They were fired in a 9t5-foot round downdraft kiln, two 30-foot round down-draft kilns, and four 15 by 30-foot rectangular down-draft kilns, all forced draft. When visited by the writer in 199t9 the kilns were all in rather bad shape. No structural tile were in stock, but the brick were mostly fair quality face brick in a pleasing range of colors. The underfired brick were sold for common brick. When again visited in the spri11g of 19.30 at. the. beginning of the operation of, the plant by the Berry Schools, the bricks were being made from shale from the North Pit only. This appears to be a very advisable change as, ju~ging from the above tests, -t4e only desired property derived from the clay of the South Pit was increased plasticity and ease of processing the brick, the fired properties being undesirable. Probably an increase in the fineness of grinding and in the length of pugging would sufficiently increase the plasticity of the shale. The difficulty of drying the clay from the South Pit before grinding added considerably to the cost of manufacture. The distance to which the shale pit can be extended to the northwest is limited by Little Dry Creek, but there is said to be more shale between the Berry Schools spur track and the main line of the Central of Georgia Railway, and large deposits of similar shale to the north on the main Berry Schools property. W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. COMPANY Headquarters: Kansas City, Mo. (See also pages 164 and 307). Rome Shale Pit: Three miles west of Rome on the Central of Georgia Railway. (Map location No. 6). FLOYD COUNTY 81 Rome Plant: East Rome on Southern Railway just south of Etowah River. I. T. Woodward, Local Manager. Shale Pit The Rome shale pit of theW. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company is on the Central of Georgia Railway on the outskirts of West Rome and about a mile west of the Romega Clay Products Company property described above. The property extends south to the Gadsden line of the Southern Railway and consists of 100 acres in Land Lot 201, 23rd District, 3d Section, Floyd County. The shale pit was opened in 1920 and is said to have been worked steadily for the first years and rather intermittantly since then. When visited in 1929 about 10 acres had been mined to an average depth of 20 feet. The pit was irregular in shape and extended south nearly to the Southern Railway. This irregularity was partly due to avoiding areas of interbedded shale and sandstone. Some of the "sandrock" or porous sandstone in these siliceous areas was black and resembled clinkers. The shale varied considerably in lithologic character from place to place in the pit. Near the Central of Georgia Railway on the northeast corner of the pit it was soft, reddish-brown in color, and almost clay-like. Much of the shale was dark-brown and dark gray in color, crumpled in appearance, and broke ip.to soft fragile flakes. Occasional patches were black and finely fissle, resembling the Chattanooga black shale. On the west side of the middle of the pit was an area of rather hard shale that broke into thin curved (concoidal) fragments rather than flaky. The shale at the south end of the pit was greenish-drab to drab, breaking into semi-hard thin pieces or flakes, and resembled that of the North Pit of the Romega Clay Products Company property described above. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of the shale, including all of the types described above. No limestone was observed in the pit, but the presence of lime in small quantities in the shale at places near the bottom of the pit and on the east side is said to have given some trouble. The best of the shale yet unmined is said to lie west of the present pit. The greater part of the shale undoubtedly belongs to the Floyd shale formation. Yet the Rome fault, on the western border of the area of the overthrust Conasauga formation that is preserved in the syncline northwest of Horseleg Mountain, must lie close to the property and probably accounts for some of the variations in lithologic character and attitude of the beds. Some of the shale may even belong to the Conasauga formation. The shale was mined by steam-shovel and loaded directly into standard gondola freight cars for shipment to the Macon, Chattanooga, and Rome plants of the company. 82 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of soft to semi-hard Floyd shale from the ,Rome shale pit of the W. S. Dickey Clay Mft. Company, Jifl'est Rome, Floyd County. Chemical ::J.n:z{y.ri.r: Loss on Ignihon_________________________________________________________________________________ 6 .16 Soda (Na20) ____ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 74 Potash (K20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ l .88 L~:im~Ye!(:C!aaO(A)~--t---~--?---~-~----~-=-~-~-~-:-:-:-:-~-:-:-:--:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-~-:-:-:--~-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-~-:-:-:-:-:-~--:-:-:-~-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:--~-~-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-~-:-:-:-:-:--:-:-: ~~.00 16.: Ferric oxide (Fe20s)------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. 33 . Ferrous oxide (FeO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Manganous oxide (MnO) --------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 Titaniu,m dioxide (Ti02) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- . 55 Phos~horus pentoxide CP205) ------------------------------------------------------------- .27 Silica (Si02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 .94 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Light brownish-gray. Slaking: Fairly rapid. Pla.rlicity: Fairly good. ll1olding Behat~ior: Good. Drying Behat~ior: Test bars all slightly warped. Waler ojPlculicity: 25.7 per cent. Green llfodulu.r of Rupture: 144.8 pounds per square inth. Linear Drying Shrinkage (baifed on plastic length): 3.6 per cent. 100.01 Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- a,ge (based on Absorp- plastic tiona length)a , per cent per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. l?er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 2.5 6.1 19.9 778 Pinkish-tan VerY" (YR-'8/4)b slight 04 3.9 7.5 16.5 1209 Buff-pink tan Very (Y'R-7/5)b slight 02 4.8 8.2 13.4 1522 Tan-brown Very (YR-7/5)b slight 1 6.0 9.4 13.2 1569 Light brown Slight (YR-6/6)b 3 6.2 9.6 11.9 1705 Dead Light- Some brown (YR-6/5)b 5 6.3 9.6 10.5 1987 Dead light- Slight brown (YR-5/5)b asee graph, Figure 5-D, page 77. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 1-5 and higher. FLOYD COUNTY 83 This shale is not used by itself at any of the plants, but in a mixture containing a shale from Tennessee and fire clay from Alabama. Rome Plant The Ro:me Plant of theW. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company is in East Rome on the Southern Railway south of the Etowah River. This plant was built in 1906 as the Morrison & T:rammel Brick Company, manufacturing building b;rick from alluvial clay from the terrace of the Etowah River adjoining the plant. It was purchased by the W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company and turned into a sewer-pipe plant in 1915. This plant makes sewer pipe from a mixture of shale from the Rome Pit described above, shale from a pit at Graysville, Tennessee, and fire clay from the Birmingham District of Alabama. The materials are mixed and ground in a 9-foot dry pan, and tempered and pugged in two 9-foot wet pans. The sewer pipe are formed from the plastic clay on a steam-cylinder sewer-pipe press, and are dried from 4 to 6 days in steam-heated drying room,s. The pipe are fired in ten 30-foot round down-draft kilns, of which two are on one stack and the rest have individual stacks. They are fired to about 1860F. and then salt-glazed~ Electrical pyrometers are used to regulate the heat, standard pyrometric cones to determine the end point, and trial pieces to regulate the salt glaze. The firing takes about 5 days, or about 8 to 10 days for a complete turnover of each kiln. The capacity of the plant is about 50 tons per day of good quality sewer pipe in sizes from 4 inches to ~4 inches in diameter, including the necessary "Y's", "T's", a~d. bends. The plant has not been in opera- tion since 19~8. CAMP AND KNOWLES PROPERTIES A cut on the Central of Georgia Railway about half a mile west of Dickey's Rome shale pit described above and 3 miles northwest of of Rome just beyond the section houses at mile post S-374.7 shows outcrops of Floyd shale. South of the railroad is the property of Mrs. W. C. Camp (Rome) of no acres, arid north of the railroad is the 368 acre property of "\.A. Knowles (Rome). The cut is probably in Land Lot 126, 4th District, 4th Section, Floyd Cou;n.ty. This cut, which averages about 6 feet in depth, exposes gray to brown semi-hard fissle shale with fairly frequent interbedded layers of chert or sandstone less than an inch in thickness. These chert or sandstone layers may be derived from the weathering of layers of very siliceous limestone. The beds are striking about N. 65-70 E. and dipping about 65 to the south. The cut is on a low ridge of about 80 to 100 acres between two branches of Little J)ry Creek, and the shale could probably be mined to a depth of ~0 feet with natural drainage. The following tests by Henry1 are a sample of the shale collected by him. 1Henry, A. V., Official report as Consulting Geologist, Industrial Development Dept., Central of Georgia Railway Company, Savannah, Ga. 84 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Laboratory tests by Dr . .!l. 11'. Henry on a sample collected by him from a cut at .Mile Post S-37.1;..5, Chattanooga Division, Central of Georgia Railway, 2 3//;. miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. .il1aterial: Shale, dark brown, stratified an:d unweathered. Location: At Mile Post S-374.5, Chaftanooga Division, 2 3/4 miles north of Rome, Georgia. Outcrop approximately 10 feet high and 125 feet long. Exposed in old cut immediately west of section house. OrJerburden: None. Pla.rticity: Fair. CaLcium carbonate: None. Drying Shrinkage: 3.8 per cent. Green .il1oduluJ" of Rupture: 92 pounds per square inCh. Burned to 1995 F.: Color: Spotted, salmon. Density: Fair. Total Shrinkage: 7. 5 per cent. Burned lo 2174: F.: Color: Medium red. Density: Good. Total Shrinkage: 8. 3 per cent. H. A. DEAN PROPERTY The H. A. Dean (Rome) property is adjoining and north of the Central of Georgia Railway at mile post S-375, 3:7( miles northwest of Rome. On it is a pit covering less than an acre and not over 15 feet in depth from which Stevens, Inc, (now out of business) mined shale for several years prior to 1!}26 and shipped to their plant at Stevens P9ttery, Baldwin County, Georgia, for use in the manufacture of sewer pipe. The sha;le, which belongs to the Floyd shale formation, is striking N. 50 E. and dipping about 50- NW. Across the southwestern corner of the pit is a band, 25 feet in width, ()f hard shale, dark gray in color with some brown streaks, breaking into layers a quarter to half an inch in thickness. To the northwest of this is a band, 50 feet in thickness, of soft light-brown, gray, and white shale in layers a quarter to a half inch in thickness. A few thin cherty layers and nodules are showing, but the chert is not abundant. The greater part of the mining has been in this soft shale. It is bounded on the northwest by a 15 foot band of hard gray sandy shale or argillaceous sandstone breaking into layers 3 or 4 inches across. The extreme northwest corner of the pit showed a few feet of alternating layers a foot or two in thickness of the soft brown and hard gray shales. The shale in this pit has quite a different lithologic aspect from the soft dark-brown to black crumpled and flaky type of shale most common in the Floyd shale formation. The writer is of the opinion that these beds are toward the base of the formation. The following tests by Henry1 are on a sample collected by him from this pit. 1Henry, A. V., Op. cit. FLOYD COUNTY 85 Laboratory tests by Dr. A. V. Henry on a sample of shale from the property of H. A. Dean, lJ miles north of .Rome and I% miles south of Morrison on the Chattanooga Division of the Central of Oeorgia Railway. 0fJerburden: None. Water Supply: Obtained from small creek about one-fourth mile distant from deposit. Drainage: When propterly mined, can be readily drained. CaLcium Carbonate: None. Pla.Jticity: Good. Drying Shrinkage: 4.6 per cent. Burned to 1950 F.: Total Shrinkage: 8. 7 per cent. Color: Mottled red and white. Density: Fair. Burned to 2110 F.: Total Shrinkage: 9.2 per cent. Color: Fair red mottled with white. Density: Good. Remark.J-: Working properties of this clay are excellent but the color is such as not to be well adapted to the manufacture of face brick. However, it could be used succeSsfully in the production of hollow tile and common building brick. F. J. KELLEY PROPERTY The property of F. J. Kelley (~030 E. 7~nd St., Chicago, Ill.), known as the Old Webb Place, consists of 615 acres lying between the Rome to Lavender Station road south of Huffaker and the Central of Georgia Railway, 4,Vz to 6 miles northwest of Rome. It fronts for nearly a mile and a half along the railroad, from mile post S-376 to S-377.5. Soft plastic shale is said to have formerly been exposed in the ditch beside the railroad track at mile post S-377.~, but none was visible when visited by the writer. Hard gray fissle sandy shale outcrops at several places on the slope towards the south and the Lavender Station road. It appears to be too slow slaking to be of much value. THOMAS BERRY PROPERTY (Map location No.7.) The Thomas Berry (Rome) property consists of about ~60 acres on both sides of the Central of Georgia Railway at Berryhill Station, 6.Yz miles northwest of Rome. South of the railroad the land is gently rolling and does not rise more than ~0 to ~5 feet above Berryhill Branch of Beach Creek. Floyd shale outcrops in the ditches and cuts along the Rome to Lavender Station road south of Berryhill Station. Near the house this shale is soft dark-gray to black and weathers into fine waxy Lakes, but it gradually becomes harder and more sandy towards the railroad. Half way from the house to the railroad is a 10 foot bed of dark-blue argillaceous and siliceous limestone. Beyond this nearly to the railroad are outcrops of soft dark-gray to brown waxy shale slightly less flaky than that near the house. The only outcrops in the fields west of the road are of soft flaky but rather sandy gray shale, possibly derived from the weathering of the argillaceous and siliceous limestone described above. Laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of the shale 86 GEOLOGICd SURVEY OF GEORGid from the outcrops along the road and in the field. The property should be prospected to determine the extent and the character of the shale away from the outcrops described above. Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of soft flaky ~ray to brown Floyd shale from the Thomas Berry property at Berryhill Sta- tion, 6U miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical.!J.na{y'!i.r: ~~d~(N-~c:w~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~::::::::::~:::~::::~~~:::~:~::::::~::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5:~ Pota:sh (KzO). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 .21 Lime (CaO) __________:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 n Magnesia (MgO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l .51 ~~~:axi~1(~~o;)-~:::::::::::::::~~~~~~:::~~:~:~:~::::~::~~:::::~::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::~:: 1~: Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------.----------------------------------------------.------------------ .37 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) --------------------------"--------------------------------.---- trace Silica (Si02)--------------------------""------------------------------------------------------------------ 69 . 75 Grinding: Easy. 100 .13 Grouir.:d Color: Light brown. Slaking: Fairly rapid. Pla.Yticity: Grainy at first, good after aging overnight . .il1olding BehaPior: Fair. Slight tendency of bars to swell, crack, and tear at edges, requiring high oil-pressure. Drying .Behapior: Good. Water o}Pla.rlicily: 23.5 per cent. Green lf:foduluJ' of Rupture: 161.9 pounds per square inch. Linear 1Jrying Shrinkage (ba.red on 'pia.rtlclength): 2. 9 per cent. Firing Tul.r- Cone Linear Firing ShrinkRge (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .Yq. in. Color Warpage 06 1.9 4.8 17.6 918 Pale salmon None (YR-8/4)b 04 2.6 5.4 16.2 1043 Light salmon None (YR-7 /6)b 02 3.6 6.5 14.1 1419 Reddish- salmon None (YR-7/5)b 1 5.0 7.8 12.1 1720 Light brown- Very ish-red slight (YR-6/6)b 3 5.8 8.4 10.3 1967 Medium Consider- brownish- able red (YR-6/5)b 5 5.9 $.8 8.8 2310. Medium Some (one brownish- test bar red consider- (YR-5/5)b able) asee graph, Figure 6-A, page 89. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. FLOYD COUNTY 87 Firing Range: Cone 3-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 1-5 and possibly higher. The above tests indicate that, except for the fired color, the shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick, structural tile, and possibly roofing tile. The addition of a red-firing shale or even a su.rface clay, such as the one described below, might improve the fired color. Laboratory tests are given below on a sample of stiffly-plastic deep brick-red residual clay collected by the owner from several outcrops on low ridges north of the railroad. This clay is probably residual from an impure limestone layer of the Floyd shale formation. Prospecting would be necessary to determine its extent and thickness. Laboratory tests on a sample, collected by the owner, of stifflyplastic deep brick-red residual clay from north of the railroad on the Thomas Berry property at Berryhill Station, 6Yz miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical Analy.ri.J: Loss on ignition------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. 42 Soda (Na20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 68 Potash (K20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .44 Lime (CaO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 00 Magnesia (MgO)---------------------------------------------------------------------- . 45 Alumina (AlzOa)--------------------------------------------- 14. 69 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. 98 Titanium dioxide (TiOz)----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 38 Sulphur trioxide (SOa)-------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) .... ------------------------------------------------------------ trace Silica (SiOz) ------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63.0 l 99.05 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Reddish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. PLa.rlicity: Good, somewhat sticky. lffolding Behavior: L,aminated considerably in coming through the die. Drying Behavior: Test bars warped slightly. Water of PLaclicily: 39.8 per cent. Green lffodu[u.y of Rupture: 174.5 pounds per square inch. The laminations caused considerable variation in the individual results. If lamination could be avoided the green strength would probably be higher than indicated above. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on plaJ'lic lenglh): ll .3 per cent. 88 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .rq. in. Color Warpage 06 3.9 14.8 17.5 940 Salmon Slight (YR-6/6)b 04 4.0 14.9 15.8 973 Dark salmon Slight (7YR-J5)b 02 5.2 15.9 14.1 541 Fair re Slight (R-YR-5/S)b 1 6.6 17.1 12.5 1058 Fair red Slight (R-YR-5/S)b 3 4.9 15.7 13.2 1178 Good red Consider- (R-YR-5/S)b able 5 5.4 16.1 11.9 995 Good red Some (R-YR-5/S)b asee graph, Figure 6-B, page 89. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see pag~ 23. Remark.r: The lack of uniform results is, to a considerable extent, due to the laminated structure of the test bars. This is shown by checks and crack's in the fired test bars, and curved rather than straight fractures on the broken ends. Firing Range: Cone 04--5 and higher. The above tests indicate that by itself this clay is suitable only for the manufacture of common bu,ilding brick. If add.ed to the shale south of the railroad in amounts up to possibly one part of clay to two parts of sha~e, it shouldimprovethe color of the fired product without detrimental results. BERRYHILL ESTATE (Map location No.8) The Berryhill Estate (Mrs. C. A. Berryhill, Rome) consists of 160 acres lying on both sides of the Central of Georgia Railway half a mile west of Berryhill Station and 7 miles northwest of Rome. A small cut on the railroad near the Lavender Station road shows a few feet of soft waxy gray to drab shale striking NE-SW and dipping about 45 SE., overlain by hard black shale resembling the Chattanooga shale and underlain by hard sandy shale which under cover is probably calcareous. ~hese rocks probably belong to the Floyd shale. The land south of the railroad is a series of low ridges and knolls ~5 to 80 feet in height. In the valley between two of these low ridges, a quarter of a mile south of the railroad on the private road that leads south to the Alabama Road, are outcrops of soft gray to drab and grayish-lavender flaky and waxy shale. Apparently both of these ridges and perhaps all of this section of the property are underlain by this shale. Laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of shale from these outcrops. FLOYD COUNTY 89 Figure 6. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Floyd shale from the Thomas Berry property, Berryhill Station, Floyd County. B. Residual day from the Thomas Berry property, Berryhill Station, Floyd County. C. Floyd shale from the Berryhill Estate, 7 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. D. Floyd shale from the S. Levinson property, 8 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. 90 GEOLOGICLI.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.d. Laboratory tests on a flra'b sample of soft !lray to drab flaky and waxy Floyd shale from the Berryhill Estate, 7 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical A,na!Y..ri.r: Loss on Ignihon.------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6.. 07 Soda (Na20) ..----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .47 Potash (K20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ,86 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------:.._______________________ 00 Magnesia (MgO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 05 AIumnia (Al20a)----------------------------------------------------------:............. 21. 67 F.erric oxide (Fe20a)---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. 26 Titanium dio;xide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ----------------------------------------------------~--- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P206) ----------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02)-------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 .02 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Drab. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicily: Good. lHolding Beha~Jior: Good. Drying Beha~Jior: Good. Water of Pla.rlicily: 24.9 per cent. Green .J1oduiusoj Rupture: 199.1 pounds per square inch. LinearDrying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic length): 4.6 per cent. 99.95 Firing Tut.r: Cone Linear Total Firing Shrink- .. Linear Shrink- age age (based (based (on dry on plastic length) length) a per cenl per cent Absorp~ tiona per cenl Modulus, of Rupture a Lb. l?er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 2.4 6.7 16.7 10&3 Pale salmon .Slight (YR-'"7 j4)b 04 2.8 7.2 15.4 1'294- Light salmon Slight (YR-7 /5)b 02 4.6 8 ..9 12AQ 1789 Medium None salmon (YR-7 j6)b 1 5.7 10.2 10.4 1943 Light brown- None ish-red (YR-6/6)b 3 6.3 10.5 10.0 1982 Liiht brown- Slight is -red (YR-6/6)b 5 6.5 ll.2 9.1 2184 Medium Slight brownish-red (YR-6/S)b asee graph, Figure 6-C, page 89. bColor notation according to the Munsell system1 see page 23. FLOYD COUNTY 91 Firing Range: Cone 1-5 apd higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 01-5 and possibly higher. The above tests indicate that, except forthe fired color which is poor, this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick, structural tile, and possibly roofing 'tile. The color might possibly be improved by adding some surface or residual clay such as the red clay sample from the Thomas Berry property described above. It may be possible that the less weathered portions of the formation contain more iron and would fire to a deeper red color. The property should be pros;pected to determine the extent and thickness of the shale deposit. s. LEVINSON PROPERTY (Map location No. 9.) The S. Levinson (Rome) property is south of the Rome to Lavender Station road and on both sides of the Central of Georgia Railway, 1~ miles west of Berryhill Station and 8 miles northwest of Rome. It consists of 80 acres in Land Lot 81, 4th District, 4th Section, Floyd County. A cut on the Lavender Station road near a small church shows semihard to hard gray flaky shale. South of the railroad several shallow gu1lies show soft gray flaky shale striking NE-SW and dipping 75 SE. The shale is overlain by about five feet of clay and gravel. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of this shale from three outcrops about 15 feet apart. The property is gently rolling and is probably nearly all underlain by shale (of the Floyd shale formation) which could be mined to a depth of 15 to 20 feet with natural drainage. It is impossible to tell without prospecting whether or not the sample taken is representative of the deposit as a whole. Laboratory tests on a [frab sample of soft [fray flaky Floyd shale from [fully outcrops on the S. Levinson property on the Central of Georgia Railway, 8 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical L'lnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition------------------------------------------------- 7 .10 Soda (NazO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 .48 Potash (KzO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 36 Lime (Ca0) .......---------------------.......----------------------------------------.------------------ trace rr~~:i!acl~b~{-.~=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19:f~ Ferric oxide (Fez03) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 84 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 74 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Phosphorus pentoxide CP20s) --------------------------------------------------------------- . 34 Silica (Si02) ..-------------------------------------------------------- 66 .94 100.15 92 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Grinding: Easy. Ground COlor: Brownish-gray. Slakinp: Rapid. PiMticily: Good. .Molding Beha"ior: Excellent. Drying BehaPior: A little slow in drying. Warped slightly. Water of Pla.rticily: 26.8 per cent. Green J!1odulu.r of Rupture: 224.6 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic Length): 5. 7 per cent. Firing Tut.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. r;er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 2.5. 8.1 17.2 1059 Pale salmon.. Slight (6YR-7 /5)b 04 3.7 8.7 14.5 1266 Light salmon Some (7YR-7 /5)h 02 5.2 10.6 12.0 1728 Light salmon Some (7YR-7/5)b 1 7.2 12.2 8.5 1987 Medium sal- Some mon (4YR-6/5)b 3 6.5 11.7 8.0 1968 Light brown- Consider- isli~red able (3YR-6/4)b 5 7.3 12.3 7.2 2130 Medium Some brownish-red (3YR-5/3)b asee graph, Figure 6-D, page 89. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone l-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 1-5. The above tests indicate that the shale sampled, except for the fired color which is poor, is suitable for the manufacture of building brick, structuralt tile, and possibly roofing tile. The color might be improved by the addition of some surface or residual clay such as the red clay described on page 87. It may be possible that the deeper and less weathered portions of the shale contain more iron and would fire to a better color. OCONEE CLAY AND SHALE PRODUCTS COMPANY (Map location No. 10.) Headquarters: Milledgeville, Georgia. (See page 313). The shale pit of the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company (Milledgeville) is on a 10 acre tract on the south side of the Central of Georgia "Railway, 7/8 of a mile west of Hillery Station, 13/8 miles east of Lavender Station, and 9 miles northwe~t of Rome. FLOYD COUNTY 95 The pit was opened about the first of 19~9, and when visited by the writer in July of that year was about 75 feet long, 30 feet wide, and the working face at the western end was 15 feet in height. The Floyd shale, as exposed in the pit, has at this point weathered to a soft mottled gray, brown, and red clay showing little or no shaly structure or bedding and more nearly resembling an impure mottled kaolin in appearance. The lower six feet of the face is mostly a light-gray clay having a pseudoplasticity when rubbed between the fingers. The clay under the bottom of the pit is said to be harder and with depth passes into a true shale. Laboratory tests are given below of a groove sample from two places on the face of the pit. The clay is mined by hand, the bottom of the face being undermined, the face shot down with a small charge, and the lumps broken up with picks to a convenient size to handle. The clay is loaded into standard gondola freight cars by a gasoline-driven Dlechanical loader. It is shipped to the company's plants at Milledgeville where it is used, mixed with a residual clay, in the manufacture of structural and drain tile (see page 313). Laboratory tests on a ~roove sample of soft mottled graY' brown, and red clay or weathered shale from the pit of the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company, Central of Geor~ia Railway, 9 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical .dnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .42 Soda (Na20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l. 72 Potash (K20)..----------------------------------------------------------C------------------------------- l. 32 Lime (CaO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- __________________ . 00 ~~~~~!a(A~5~?_-_-_-_-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 24:~~ Ferric Oxide (Fe203) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. 05 Ferrous oxide (FeO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 31 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ l. 09 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .ll Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ---------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 .39 Grinding: Easy. 99.90 Ground Color: Light grayish-brown. SLaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicily: Very good. Jf1olding BehafJior: Excellent. Drying BehafJior: All somewhat warped. Water of Pla.rticily: 27.0 per cent. Green lf1odulu.r of Rupture: 157.9 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 6.0 per cent. 94 GEOLOGIC.tlL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Modulus Absorp- of tiona Rupturea Lb . .per per cenl I .rq. in. :1 Color Warpage 06 2.3 8.7 18.2 895 Salmon Some (YR-7 j5)h 04 3.6 8.9 16.7 1235 Salmon Some (3YR-6/5)h 02 5.0 10.2 13.9 1543 Salmon Some - i (1YR-6/4)h l 6.3 12.0 10.3 1837 Salmon:.:red Some (2YR-6/4)h 3 6.2 11.8 9.5 1859 Light-red . Some (R~YR-:-5/5)h 5 8.1 13.3 1.4 2187 Fair-red Consider- (R-YR-5/4)h able. asee graph, Figure 7-A, page 97. ' hColor notation according to the ~unsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 3-;.5and highet." T. A. LONG PROPERTY (Map location No: 11). The T. A. Long (Rome, Rt. 5) .property of.766 acres nearly surrounds the 10 acres of the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company, which w'e;re originally a part of this property, and extends west for nearly a mile along both sides of the Central of Georgia Railway to a quarter of a mile east of Lavender Station, and north to and across the Rome to Lavender Station road. Shale of the Floyd formation outcrops at a number of p'laces.scattered over the property and the owner estimates that at least 100 acres are underlain by shale. A foot or so of fissle black shale resembling the Chattanooga black shale is showing in the cut. of the Rome to Lavender Station road at the foot of the slope of a low ridge near the western edge of theproperty, a quarter of a mile east of Lavender Station and an eighth of a mile north of the Central of Georgia Railway. It is overlain by 8 to 10 feet of fairly soft waxy brown shale breaking into thin flatpieces rather than fine flakes. Similar outcrops are showing beside the road on the next low ridge an eighth of a mile tq the east. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of the black and the brown shale from both outcrops are given below. At both places the shale appears to be striking about N. 60 E. and dipping about 15 to ~wo to the southeast, although slumping made the measurements uncertain. FLOYD COUNTY 95 Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of soft waxy brown and fissle black shale from outcrops on the western side of the T . .fl. Lon~ property, a quarter of a mile east of Lavender Station, Floyd County. Chemical Analy.Ji.r: Loss on ignition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. 50 Soda (N a20)...----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 _05 Potash (K20) _--------_______-------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 76 Lime (CaO) ______---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 Magnesia (MgO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace AIumnia (A120s)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 . 03 Ferric oxide (FezOs) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 . 50 MFearnroguasnoouxsidoexi(FdeeO)(M--n-O--)-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- ..0302 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ____ -------------------------------------------------------------------- . 56 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzO5) ---------------------------------------------------------------- .14 Silica (Si0 59.91 2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light brown. Slaking: Rapid. PLa.rlicily: Good. ll1oLding Behavior: Excellent. Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped. Wafer o} PLMlicily: 29.3 per cent. Green ll1odulu.J oj Rupture: 235.7 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinka.qe (ba.Jed on plMlic length): 6.5per cent. 100.77 Firing Tal.J: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on olastic le;gth)a per cent Absorptiona per cenl Modulus of Rupture a Lb. !?er .Jq. Ln. Color I ~Warpage 06 4.9 11.7 14.8 1803 Light-red (YR-6/7)b 04 5.6 12.2 12.0 1798 Fair-red (R-YR-5/6)b 02 6.8 13.0 10.0 1681 Good red (R-YR-5/4)b 1 7.4 13.3 9.2 2278 Medium red (R-YR-5/6)b 3 7.4 13.1 7.3 2300 Dark red (R-YR-4/5)b 5 7.5 13.6 5.8 2584 Excellent dark red (R-YR-4/4)b asee graph, Figure 7-B, page 97. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Slight Slight Slight Slight Some 96 GEOLOGIC.II.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.!l Remark.r: The test bars show a slight tendency to lamination which may have somewhat affected the green and fired moduli of rupture. The fired bars all show slight traces of scumming or efflorescence, probably not enough to hurt the commercial value of heavy clay products made from the shale. The bars fired to cones 04 and 02 show traces of black-coring. Firing Range: Cone 04--5. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-3. The tests given above indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick, structural tile, roofing tile, and possibly quarry tile, conduits, and sewer pipe. More of the Floyd shale is exposed in the cut of the Rome to Lavender Station road about a mile and a quarter east of Lavender Station and nearly half a mile due north of the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Products Company pit, where the transmission lines of the Georgia Power Company cross the road. At this place the several feet of shale showing is fairly soft and weathers into layers a quarter to one inch in thickness. The surface when cut with a knife has a waxy appearance. The color ranges from dark gray to chocolate-brown. Laboratory test$ are given below on a grab sample of the shale from this outcrop. The owner states that the holes dug in erecting the transmission line disclosed similar shale for a short distance north of the road and along the whole distance south of the road to the r~ilroad. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of soft dark-gray to chocolate-brown Floyd shale from 'the eastern side of the T . .!/.. Lonf! property, 1;1. miles east of Lavender Station, Floyd County. Chemical .!lnaly.ri.r: Loss. on ignition.---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .66 Soda (Na20') ---------------------------- 1. 55 Potash (K20)......c..................................................................................... 1.21 Lime (CaO) ------------- .00 ~~:.~!aci~~~?-~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17:i~ Ferric oxide (Fe 20a) .......------------------ 13.86 F etrous oxide (FeO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 19 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) .... -------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .11 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) .... ------------------------------------------------------------ trace Silica (Si0 58.28 2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100.05 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Grayish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicity: Good. Very sticky at first, then stiffer. J'/1olding BehafJior: Good. Drying BehafJior: Good, only slight warpage. Water of Pla.rticity: 31.4 per cent. Grew Jf1odulu.r of Rupture: 228.9 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkagl! (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 6. 5 per cent. FLOYD COUNTY 97 Figure 7. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Weathered Floyd shale from the pit of the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company, 9 miles northwest of Rome, Floyd County. B. Floyd shale from the west side of the T. A. Long property near Lavender Station, Floyd County. C. Floyd shale from the east side of the T. A. Long property near Lavender Station, Floyd County. D. Shale from the J. L. Johnson property near Oreburg, Floyd County. 98 Firing Te.rl.r: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cenl Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .f'q. in. Color Warpage 06 4.3 10.7 19 ..1 1483 Salmon Slight . (6YR-7j5)h 04 5.1 ll.5 16.1 1739 Salmon Some (3Yl{.-'{)j6}h 02 7.0 12.9 11.1 2134 Salmon Slight (3YR-6/6)h 1 8.8 13.5 7.3 2639 Fair red Some (R-YR-5/6)h 3 8.6 14.0 7.4 2375 Medium red Slight (R-YR-5/5)h 5 9.9 15.2 4.4 2784 Dark brown- Some to ish-red Consider- (R~YR4/4)h able asee graph; Figure 7-C, page 97. . hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 1-5. Commercial kiln: -Cone 02-4. The above test's indica;te that thi,s shale is suitable for the manufact~re of building hrick, structural ti]e, and possibly roofing tile and sewer p1pe. The property should be thoroughly prospected to determine the thickness and extent of the workable shale. The writer is of the opinion that the property contains a considerable deposit of shale similar to the two samples described above. There are several flat plant sites along the railroad. Th'e nea~est supply of surface water sufficient for manufactu,ring purposes is Cabin Creek, half a mile or more south of the rail- road, but deep wells might furnish a sufficient supply. F. H. SCHLAPBACK PROPERTY The F. H. SchJapback (Silver' Creek) property is west of and adjoining the T. A. Long property described above. The cut of the Central of Georgia Railway an eighth of a mile east of Lavender Station and the ridge to the south of the railroad show outcrops of hard light to dark-gray siliceous shale, apparently too non-plastic to be of value for ceramic pu~poses. The next cut to the east shows semi-hard gray to brown shale c"ontaining some thin inter-bedded chert layers. This eaStern edge OI the property may C()ntain some plastic shale like that sampled on the adjoining end of the Long property and described above. FLOYD COUNTY 99 The following tests by Henry1 are on a sample collected by him of mottled light and medium tan, soft and weathered shale from a cut on the Central of Georgia Railway at JV,[ile Post S-381.5, three-quarters of a mile east of Lavender Station, presumably the cut on the eastern edge of the Schlapback property. Laboratory tests by Dr. A. Ji". Henry on a sample of weathered shale from a railroad cut three-quarters of a mile east of Lavender Station at .Mile Post S-381.5. OCJ~rburden.: None. Pia.rlicity: Excellent. Calcium Carbonate: None. Drying Shrinkage: 6.2 per cent. Green Jf1odu!u,r of Rupture: 200 pounds per square inch. Burned to 1900 F.: Color: Salmon. Density: Fair. Total Shrinkage: 10.4 per cent. Burned to 2174 F.: Color: Deep red. Density: Good. Total Shrinkage: 13.5 per cent. J. L. JOHNSON PROPERTY (Map location No. 12.) The J. L. Johnson (Rome, Rt. 5) property, formerly known as the Barry Wright Place, consists of 500 acres south of the Rome to Gadsden line of the Southern Railway between Robinson and Oreburg stations and about three-quarters of a mile from each. It is about 7}0. miles west of Rome. When visited by the writer in 19~9, a well had just been dug for water at the house, which is on a spur extending north from a low ridge to the south of the railroad. This well passed through 8 feet of soil and sub-soil containing water-worn gravel, and 2.0 feet of soft plastic yellowish-brown shale breaking into small waxy-looking flakes. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of the shale thrown out of the well are given below. The shale is said to have been slightly harder at the bottom of the well. Semi-hard brown to drab-colored shale outcrops at several places around the edge of the ridge. This property, as can be seen on the geologic map facing page 66, is close to the Rome fa-ult line where the Conasauga shale is thrust over the younger Floyd shale. The writer is of the opinion that the shale sampled belongs to the Floyd shale formation. 1Henry, A. V., Official report as Consulting Geologist, Industrial Development Dept., Central of Georgia Railway Company, Savannah, Georgia, 1926. 100 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Laboratory tests on a !ffrab sample of soft yellowish-brown shale from a well on the J. L. Johnson property, three-quarters of d mile east of Orebur!!, Floyd County. Chemical Analy.Yi.Y: Loss on ignition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. 99 Soda (NazO)...------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~---- . 75 Potash (KzO) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .48 Lime (CaO) -----'---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 MAlaugmniensaia(A(M1zg0O))_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-__-_-_-_______ 211..1974 3 Ferric oxide (Fe20 9. 36 3) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Ferrous oxide (FeO)------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Manganous oxide (MnO).....--------------------------------------------------- . 58 Titanium dioxide (TiOz) -------------------------------------------------- .56 Sulphur trioxide (S03) -------------------------------------------------------- 28 Phosphorus pentoxide (Pz0 5) ------------------------------------------------------ 53 Silica (Si0 57 . 43 2) __ ---------------- ________ ------------------------------------------------------ Grinding: Easy. . Ground Color: Yellowish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. P la.Ylicily: Good. .Molding Behavior: Good. Drying Behavior: Good, very little warpage. Wafer of Pla.Ylicily: 32.4 per cent. Green .Modulu.Y of Rupture: 148.5 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Yed on plaolic length): 5.4 per cent. 100.07 Firing Tesf.y: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. !?er .Yq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3,2 8.5 21.6 742 Salmon (YR-6/6)b 04 4.0 9.4 20.2 799 Light red (2YR-6/5)b 02 5.8 11.1 16.8 1065 Light red (3YR--6/5) h 1 7.6 12.7 12.8 1478 Medium red (R-YR-5I 5) h 3 7.2 11.9 12.5 1707 Good red (R-YR-5/4)h 5 8.0 12.8 11.6 1698 Good red (R-YR-4/4)h asee graph, Figure 7-D, page 97. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Slight Slight Some Some Some Firing Range: Cone 1-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-5. FLOYD COUNTY 101 The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick and medium-fired structural tile. The property should be thoroughly prospected to determine the extent, thickness, and character of the shale. The overburden of 8 feet in this well probably represents nearly the maximum overburden in the ridge. The shale in the ridge could probably be mined to a depth of 20 to 25 feet with natural drainage. JEFFRIES, .4...LLEN, AND WALKER PROPERTIES The J. H. Jeffries (Rome, Rt. 5) property of 1Z6 acres is south of the Alabama Road and extends from the side-road to Oreburg Station east for half a mile and on the eastern end extends south to and across the Rome to Gadsden line of the Southern Railway. It is adjoined on the east by the Johnson property described above. Holes dug for the poles of the transmission line of the Georgia Power Company, which crosses the eastern part of the property, struck soft flaky greenish-buff shale. The land has a gentle slope and is not over 10 feet above drainage. The cut of the road from the Alabama road to Oreburg Station on the western edge of the property exposes about 15 feet of fairly soft flaky gray shale with a crump'led and broken structure. The low ridge between the Alabama Road and the railroad is evidently underlain by this shale. The property west of the cross-road and adjoining the Alabama Road is owned by W. H. Allen. Adjoining the railroad on both sides of the road to Oreburg Station is the 40 acre tract of W. L. Walker. An examination of the geologic map facing page 66 shows that the line of the Rome Fault is quite irregular at this place. The crumpled flaky shale along the road to Oreburg Station is evidently the Floyd shale, but part of the Jeffries and Allen properties must be underlain by the Conasauga shale. These properties should be prospected to determine the character, extent, and thickness of their shale deposits. JOE MARTIN PROPERTY (Map location No. 13.) The Joe Martin (Rome, Rt. 8) property is adjoining and south of the Rome to Gadsden line of the Southern Railway just west of Oreburg Station, 8 miles west of Rome. It consists of 77X acres in Land Lot 186, 4th Land District, 4th Section, Floyd County. The land rises fairly rapidly from the railroad to a ridge some 80 to 100 feet above the level of the railroad. The top of the ridge is capped 102 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d by about 10 feet of silt, sand, and water-worn gravel, a river-terrace deposit of the Coosa peneplain stage (see page 5~). Debris from this capping covers the surface of the slopes to varying depths. Beneath the gravels are shales of the Conasauga formation. The property is said to have been prospected thoroughly by the W. S. Dickey Clay Manufacturing Company. The prospecting wells and borings are said to have been continued through the overburden and shale until water was struck at depths varying from 30 to 40 feet on top of the ridge to 10 feet on the lower slopes. The maximum overburden-is said to have been 10 feet and the average less than 5 feet. The shale is said to have been soft and-plastic, and processed well. The fired color, strength, and absorption are said to have been satisfactory, but the total shrinkage was greater than the company desired. The option was renewed. once after the prospecting and was then dropped. When visited by the writer in 19~.9, the prospect wells had been filled in. The only outcrop visible on the north slope of the ridge. was 3 feet of soft plastie brownish~red shale in .a gully unde:t_5 feet of silt and gravel. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of this are given below. It may or :rrtay not be representative of the whole deposit. Laboratory tests on a trab sample of soft brownish-red Cona- sauga shale from a B foot ~wUy ou.torop on the Joe Martin prop- erty at Orebur~. Station, 8 miles west of Rome, Floyd County. ChemicalAnaly.ri.r: . ~~~~'(~~~;~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~:~~~~~~~~::~~~~::~~::~~~::::::~~:~:~~~::~~~~~: 8 :~~ if!~s1d~?~~~~~~:::~::::::::~:~::::::~:~~::::~:::~:~~::~~~:~~:~~:::::~~~~::::::~::~::::::::~~~::::~:::~ :gg Magnesia (MgO) _______............................................................................. .23 Alumina (AbOa) -----;--------""-''': 17.76 Ferric oxide (FezOa) ---------- 6. 85 Ferrous oxide (FeO)................................................................................ . 79 Manganous oxide (MnO).....---- .00 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) " 56 Sulphur trioxide (SOa)............................................................................ .24 Phosphorus penioxide (P 02 6) .19 63.01 Silica (Si02) ---""--- Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Reddish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicily: Good. Molding Beharior: Good. Drying Beharior: All test bars slightly warped. Waler oj Pla.rlicily: 34.6 per cent. Green Modulu.r oj Rupture: 208.9 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 6.9 per cent. 100.10 Firing Tut.r: FLOYD COUNTY Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cenf Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cenf Modulus of Rupture a Lb. l?er .Jq. tn. Color 103 Warpage 06 4.1 04 5.7 02 6.3 1 10.4 3 9.2 5 10.3 10.4 11.5 14.0 16.0 14.9 16.5 20.3 16.9 13.6 8.1 8.5 6.7 997 1249 1542 2197 1849 2053 Salmon Slight (4YR-6/7)h Salmon-red Some (2YR-6/8)h Light-red Very (R-YR-5/7)h slight Good red Some (R-YR-5/6)h Dark red Consider- (R-YR-4/S)h able Dark brown- Some to ish red consider- (R-YR-4/4)b able asee graph, Figure 8-A, page 105. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone l-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 01-4. The above tests indicate that this shale should be satisfactory for the manufacture of building brick and pqssibly for structural tile and sewer pipe. The total shrinkage is high, which might cause warpage and make it difficult to maintain uniform size of finished products. The addition of a harder or more siliceous shale might improve the ceramic properties. EVANS AND RUSSELL PROPERTIES (Map location No. 14) The road from Lavender Station to Early Station forms, at King Creek 1 3/8 miles east of Early Station, the bou,ndary between the Cicero Evans (Coosa) property of 190 acres north of the road, and the George Russell (Gaylesville, Ala.) property south of the road. The Russell property of 160 acres extends south to the Alabama Road, and its southern boundary is only a few hundred feet north of the Rome to Gadsden line of the Southern Railway, half way between Early and Mt. Hope stations a.nd 14 miles west of Rome. The cut of the road between the properties for 75 feet on the slope east of King Creek exposes soft olive-green to drab Conasauga shale weathering flaky at places and splintery at others. The outcrops are striking N. 70 W. and dipping 45 to the north. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of shale from this outcrop are given below. The shale evidently underlies the ridge north of the road on the Evans property 104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGid and a similar ridge on both properties west of King Creek, all in Land Lot 101, 15th District, 4th Section. The main ridge on the Russell property west of King Creek and between the two roads is partly underlain by the Knox dolomite, but fragments of shale are said to be plowed up in the fields along the slopes of the ridge and along the Alabama Road. Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of soft olive-~reen to drab Gonasau~a shale from the Cicero Evans and Geor~e Russell properties north of the Southern Railway between Early and :Mt. Hope stations, 11;. miles west of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical f1-nr;z~y.ri.J: Loss on Igruhon...._................................................................................... 7. 89 Soda (Na20).--- . 72 Potash (K20).............................................................................:.............. 1. 63 Lime (Ca:O) .............................................................................................. .00 ~::~!ac~t~L~~:::~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2V~s6 Ferric oxide (Fe20a)...........................~--- 5. 91 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)........................................................................ .81 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ............................................................................ .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ................................................................ trace Silica (Si02).............................................................................................. 55.43 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Light grayish-brown. Slaking: Fairly rapid. Pla.rticity: A little grainy at first, good after aging overnight. L11olding Behapior: Good. Drying BehaPior: Good. Little or no warpage. Water ofPla.fticity:. 27'A per cent; Green .Modulu.r of Rupture: 153.2 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (based on pla.rtic length): 5.0 per cent. Firing T e.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .rq. in. Color 99.95 Warpage 06 5.4 10.3 12.0 1259 Dark salmon Slight 04 5.8 . 10.5 10.3 1463 (1YR-6/8)b Light red Slight (1YR-5/7)b 02 6.6 11.3 1" 9.1 13.6 3 7.0 11.5 5 6.7 11.4 7.2 2060 Medium red Slight (1YR-5/5)b 3.8 2589 Good red Some (1YR-4/4)h 3.1 1839. Deep chaco- Bad late-red (2YR-3/5)b 2.1 2570 Deep chaco- Consider- late able. (2YR-3/3)b asee graph, F1gure 8-B, page 105. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 1-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-4. FLOYD COUNTY 105 Figure 8. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the Joe Martin property, Oreburg, Floyd~County. B. Conasauga shale from the Evans and Russell properties near Early and Mt. Hope stations, Floyd County. C. Conasauga shale from the Williams and Cooper properties, Turner Bend, Coosa River, Floyd County. D. Conasauga shale from the Mrs. P. M. Foster property, Sixmile Station, Floyd County. 106 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick and possibly for structural tile, sewer pipe, and the shingle type of roofing tile. The properties should be thoroughly prospected to determine the e:Ktent of the shale. An outcrop beside the Alabama Road near Mt. Rope Station about a mile west of these properties shows similar soft flaky olive-green Conasauga shale, but the shale is cut by several veinlets of white calcite, principally as a coating or filling of joint planes. The shale is striking N. 70 E. and is nearly vertical. Similar outcrops of soft flaky olive-green Conasauga shale with veinlets of white calcite are exposed beside the road to Foster Bend one mile south of Early Station. SHALE DEPOSITS ALONG THE COOSA RIVER The Coosa River is officially classed as a navigable stream, and the Government operates locks at Mayo Bar about 6Yz miles (air-line) southwest of Rome. Steamboat service was formerly maintained between Rome and Gadsden, Alabama. At the present time there is considerable agitation for a Government-operated barge line from Rome down- the Coosa and Alabama rivers to the Gulf at Mobile. Through the courtesy of the Rome Chamber of Cpmmerce, the writer made a reconnaissance trip by motor-boat down the Coosa River to the mouth .of Cedar Creeknear the Alabama line: Government Locks Just below the Government locks on the south bank of the river is an outcrop of hard gray crinkly-looking shale striking about N. 60 E. and dipping at an angle of 80 to the southeast. It is overlain at the locks by massive limestone and underlain by a thin bed of impure limestone. ' Turner Bend (Map location No. 15). On the south bank of the river at Turner Bend, 10 miles (air-line) west of Rome, near the line between the Mrs. J. B~ Williams (Rome, Rt. 6) and the L. N. Cooper properties in La;nd Lot ~86, 4th District, 4th Section, is a bluff rising to about 50 feet above the river. A lens of massive lime~tone is exposed near the water-line on the up-stream side of the bluff, but the rest of the bluff is an outcrop~ about 50 feet across, of soft olive-green Conasauga shale breaking into thin flat pieces and flakes having a waxy look. The shale appears to contain no limestone. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of the shale from near the top of the bluff are given below. FLOYD COUNTY I07 Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of soft olive-green Conasauga shale from the .Mrs. J. B. Williams and the L. H. Cooper properties, Turner Bend, Coosa River, 10 miles west of Rome, Floyd County. ChemicaL .dnaLy.ri.r: Loss on ignition---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 .I8 Soda (Na20) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Potash (K20) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I .24 Lime (CaO) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .48 Magnesia (M gO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .04 Alumina (A120s)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------_______ 20 .84 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) __ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. 32 Ferrous oxide (FeO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 64 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) __ --------------------------------------------------------------------- .93 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- .24 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) --------------------------------------------------------------- .12 Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60.92 99.95 Grinding: Fairly easy. Ground CoLor: Brownish-drab. SLaking: Fairly rapid. PLa.rticity: Good. (Clay was a little too wet and bars swelled slightly) . ..i!1oLding BehaPior: Good. Drying Behapior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of Pla.rticity: 26.8 per cent. Green Jl1oduLu.r of Rupture: I71.2 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pLa.rlic Length): 4.5 per cent. Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrir+kage (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. !?er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3.5 7.9 I6.8 701 Salmon Slight (3YR-6/7)b 04 4.4 8.5 I4.I 1107 Light red Slight (R-YR-5/5)b 02 5.4 9.7 I2.9 13I8 Medium red Slight (R-YR-5/3)b I 6.8 10.8 10.5 I636 Fair red Slight (R-YR-5/4)b 3 7.4 11.7 7.3 2032 Deep red Consider- (R-YR-4/5)b able 5 8.4 I2.5 6.4 2203 Very-deep Some red (8R-4/3)b aSee graph, Figure 8-C, page I05. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range. Cone 1-5 higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-5. 108 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of bu1ilding brick and possibly structural tile, roofing tile, and sewer pipe. The cuts of the Rome to Livingston road at Hampton Swamp Creek .on the same Mrs. J. B. Willi~s property, IX miles east of Livingston and half a mile south of the Coosa River, expose soft to semi-hard waxy greenish-drab to brown Conasauga shale containing occasional streaks less than half an inch in thickness of waxy white clay. The shale outcrops are overlain by about 5 feet of river-terrace silt and gravel. Near Anniedelle The south bank of the river north of. Anniedelle and south of Mt. Hope station on what is known as the Curtin Place shows a 15-foot outcrop of soft to semi-hard gray and olive-green Conasauga shale, overlain by 10 to 15 feet of river-terrace sand and gravel. Morton Bend At Morton Bend, ~ miles south of Early Station, the north-west bank of the river shows a 300-foot outcrop of fairly soft flaky olive-green Conasauga shale much like that sampled at Turner Bend but containing occasional stringers 1 to 3 inches across of white calcite. A few chert nodules are also showing. The shale appears to be striking nearly east-west and dipping 75-80 to the north. About 100 yards upstream is an outcrop of hard calcareous shale or argillaceous limestone full of the same white calcite stringers. Foster Bend The shallow and more rapid stretches of the river at Foster Bend south of Anniedelle are caused by outcrops of hard gray to black calcareous and carbonaceous shale !tnd impure limestone. Two miles to the east of Foster Bend along the .road between Foster Mills and Livingston are outcrops of fairly soft greenish-drab Conasauga shale more or less interbedded with thin limestone layers. MRS; P. M. FOSTER PROPERTY (Map 'location No. 16.) The Mrs. P. M. Foster (Rome, Rt. 6) property of about 115 acres is half a mile north of Sixmile Station on the Rome to Anniston line of the Southern Railway and on the Rome to Cave Spring highway. Semi-hard to hard greenish-drab to brown Conasauga shale is showing for nearly 500 feet in the cuts of the highway. The beds are apparently striking N. ~5 E. and dipping about 65 to the east. At the southern end they pitch gently to the south and at the northern end more steeply to the north. The shale at each end of the outcrop is semi-hard and somewhat fissle, but in the middle of the outcrop it is harder, less fissle, and appears to be more siliceous. Laboratory tests are given below on a sample of the shale composed of a 6 foot groove sample from the southern end of the putcroP', a grab sample from the middle, and a 3-foot groove sample from the northern end. The low ridge between the highway and the railroad and p_robably a part of the slope west of the highway are underlain by this shale. FLOYD COUNTY 109 Laboratory tests on a sample of semi-hard to hard ~reenish drab to brown Conasau~a shale from the Mrs. P. M. Foster property, half a mile north of Sixmile Station, FZoyd County. Chemical Analy.ri.r: Loss on ignition.._____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. 76 Soda (Na20) ___ .____ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 . 17 Potash (K20).................--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 94 Lime (Ca0) _____________------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Magnesia (MgO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .13 AIumina (A1203) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 .92 Ferric oxide (Fe203) ---------------------------------------------------,---------------------------- 7. 80 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 Sulphur trioxide (S03)---------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 59 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) ---------------------------------------------------------------- . 26 Silica (Si0 2)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 . 94 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Light brown. Slaking: Slow. PLMticity: Poor and grainy, even after aging a week. Molding Behavior: Poor. Bars swelled and cracked. Drying Behavior: Slight warpage. Wafer oj Pla.rticity: 20.7 per cent. Green .Jfodulu.r oj Rupture: 75.1 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Jed on pla.rtic length): 2.0 per cent. 100.06 Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. l?er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 4.8 6.7 9.7 1879 Light red (2YR-6/7)b Slight 04 c c 6.9 c c c 02 4.6 6.4 1 .6.8 8.7 3 6.4 7.8 5 8.2 10.0 7.2 2383 Medium red Some (R-YR-5/S)b 4.9 2534 Good red Consider- (R-YR-4/4)b able 1.9 2034 Deep brown- Bad ish-red (R-YR-3/S)b 2.4 2934 Deep brown- Bad~ ish-red (R-YR-3/4)b asee graph, Figure 8-D, page 105. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. cAll the bars at cone 02 broke in handling. Absorption measured on two half bars. 110 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGILl Remark.r: The bars at cone 3 showed more or less black-coring. Those at cone 5 showed the beginning of a glassy structure and were somewhat kiln-marked, due to over-firing. Firing Range: Cone 06-3. Commercial kiln: Cone 06-l. The above tests indicate that this shale would be satisfactory for building brick and possibly structural tile. The slow slaking and poor molding behavior could probably be overcome by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot water for tempering, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. The relatively low temperatures at which a glassy and vesicular structure develops indicates that this shale might have advantages for the production of light-weight aggregates (see page 41). CURRY AND PRIMROSE TAPESTRY COMPANY PROPERTIES Hard shale is showing in the cuts of the road from the Rome-Cave Spring highway to the Primrose Tapestry Company plant on the Rome to Anniston line of the Southern Railway, 4 miles south of Rome. The beds are striking N. 30 E. and dipping 45 southeast, . Near the railroad on ~he Primrose Tapestry Company property the shale is dr:ah-colored and somewhat fissle, put to the west near the highway on the property of J. W. Curry (Rome, Rt. 60 it is thicker-bedded and is almost a sandstone. These beds form a ridge to the south and may belong to the Rome formation. This shale is probably too hard to be of value for the manufacture of heavy claypTOducts, but possibly it might be suitable for the manufacttlire of light-weight aggregates. MRS. FLORA McAFEE JONES PROPERTY The property of Mrs. 'Flora McA:fee Jones (Rome) is a long narrow property extending for a mile a~ong the Central of Georgia Railway from 2-,U to 3,% miles south of Rome between the old Lindale road and the new Rome-Lindale Highway. The boundary between the Conasauga shale on the west and the Knox dolomite on the east is close to the new Lindale highway. The topmost .beds of the Conasauga shale, as .shown by outcrops on the highway'near the southern end of the property and in a low cut of the railroad near the northern end, are hard gray to drab shale containing more or less thin interbedded chert. The'low ridge west of the railroad is underlain by semi-hard to soft fissle to almost flaky olive-green and greenish-drab Conasauga shale striking N. ~0 E. and dipping about 75 to the east. Near the northern end outcrops are showing only on the east slope of the ridge, but on the private road crossing the southern end of the property the outcrop is fully 300 feet across. At this plac~ there are several layers 6 to 8 inches in thickness of s~ndy red cl~y;and a 6 inch layer, parallel to the bedding, of a light-colored dense fine-grain,ed siliceous and feldspathic rock which resembles felsite (an igneous rock) but is more likely an arkose, a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of silica and feld- FLOYD COUNTY 111 spar. This rock thickens near the middle of the property to a lens 15 feet in thickness, where it has been quarried at one time, but it can be traced only a short distance north of the quarry. The property should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the shale deposits. The shale seen appears to be similar in character to that on the Graham property described below. J. M. GRAHAM PROPERTY (Map location No. 1_7.) The property of J. M. Graham (Rome) consists of about 20 acres in Land Lot 324, ~3d District, 3d Section, on the west side of the Southern Railway just north of New Rome and lJ{ miles south of Rome. A low knoll or ridge a quarter of a mile in length between the railroad and Silver Creek to the west shows outcrops of semi-hard to hard greenish-drab Conasauga shale weathering into small flat pieces and long splinters. The beds are striking N. 2.0 E. and are nearly verti- cal. The laboratory tests oo a grab sample of this shale are given below. The top of the ridge is about 30 feet above the railroad and 50 feet above the creek on the western side. The only part of the ridge showing no traces of shale is a strip about 100 feet wide along the railroad. - Laboratory tests on a grab sample of semi-hard to hard greenish-drab Conasauga shale from the J. M. Graham property on the Southern Railway 1}5 miles south of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical .!lnaly.;i.r: Loss on ignition---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 . 12 Soda (NazO) -----------------~----------------------------------------------------------------------- . 90 Potash (KzO) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 . 72 Lime (CaO) _____--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 Magnesia (MgO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Alumina (A1z03)"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 . 34 Ferric oxide (FezOa) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .45 Titanium dioxide (TiOz) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- l .09 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P 02 5) ---------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si0 2) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 . 32 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. 99.94 Ground Color: Light brownish-gray. SLaking: Very slow. Pla.;licily: Very poor, even after aging a week. Molding BehafJior: Poor. Test bars swelled, cracked, and tore on edges. Drying BehafJior: All somewhat warped. Water of Pla.;ticity: 24.1 per cent. Green l11odulu.; of Rupture: 44.3 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.;ed on pla.;lic Length): 3.6 per cent. 112 GEOLOGIC/lL SURVEY OF GEORGI/1 Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink~ age (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrink~ age (based on plastic length) a per cenl Absorp~ tiona per cenl Modulus of Rupture a Lb. r;er .Jq. Ln. Color Warpage 06 3.3 6.7 14.2 726 Dark salmon Some (3YR-6/8)b 04 5.0 8.3 9.8 1588 Light red Consider~ (1YR-5/5)b able 02 5.0 8.2 10.3 1260 Medium red Consider~ (2YR-5/6)b able 1 5.5 8.8 9.0 1773 Medium red Consider~ (lYR-5/5)b able 3 5.9 9.3 5.2 1809 Good red Bad (R-YR-4/4)b 5 7.3 11.2 2.3 2547 Deep brown~ Bad ish~red (R-YR-3/4)b asee graph, F1gure 9~1\, page ll5. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Remark.J: Broken ends oftest bars at cone 5 show a vitrified and slightly.glassy structure. Firing Range: .Cone 02-3. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-2. The above tests indicate that this shale would be satisfactory for the manufacture of building brick if the plasticity and molding. behavior could be improved. This could probably be done by finer grinding, longer pugging, the use of hot tempering-water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering-water. The comparitively low tempera- ture at which a vesicular and glassy structure would develop indicates that it might have advantages for the manufacture of light~weight ag- gregates (see page 41). B, MIFFLIN HOOD COMPANY ROME PLANT (Map location No. 18.) Headquarters: Daisy, Tennessee. B. Mifflin Hood, Pres. Rome Plant: North Rome. J. K. Keith, Local Supt. The Rome plant of the B. Mifflin Hood Company was built in 1895 and operated for nearly 20 years by the Rome Brick Company, making common and pressed brick from a mixture of alluvial clay and shale. Soon after its purchase in 19~5 by the B. Mifflin Hood Company it was converted to the manufacture of roofing tile. For this purpose a mixture of about six parts of alluvial clay to one part of Conasauga shale are used. The shale pit is just east of the plant and is about 100 feet in length and 75 feet across, with a face averaging 25 feet in ,height. The soft brownish~drab Conasauga shale is striking N. 8'()0 E. and is nearly FLOYD COUNTY 113 vertical. It is overlain by 5 to 15 feet of overburden consisting of weathered shale and clay and high-terrace silt. and gravel. The shale is mined by hand, loaded into mine cars, and transported to the plant by gravity. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of this shale taken from the storage pile at the plant. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of soft brownish-drab Conasauga shale from the pit of the B. Mifflin Hood Company, North Rome, Floyd County. Chemical A_na{y_.Ji.J: Loss on 1gn1hon_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5 . 83 Soda (Na20) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 . 55 Potash (K20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 . 66 Lime (CaO) ..-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 Magnesia (MgO).----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 14 Alumina (A120a)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 .65 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 .07 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) ---------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62.20 Grinding: Easy. 99.99 Ground Color: Brownish-tan. Slaking: Rapid. PLa.Jticily: Fair, a little "short". llfolding BehaPior: Fair. Column of clay tore some at edges and broke easily. Drying BehaPior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of PLMlicity: 27.2 per cent. Green llfodulu.J of Rupture: 62.0 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Jed on pLMtic Length): 3.1 per cent. Firing Tut.J: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per ant Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. l?er .rq. m. Color Warpage 06 5.0 7.8 15.7 992 Salmon Slight (4YR-6/6)h 04 4.8 7.7 15.7 1122 Salmon Slight (2YR-5/5)h 02 5.9 8.7 12.9 1423 Dark salmon Some (2YR-6/5)h 1 8.8 11.5 8.8 1958 Fair red Some (R-YR-4/4)h 3 9.9 12.9 5.8 2342 Good red Consider- (R-YR-4/3)h able 5 10.9 13.8 2.8 2775 Deep choco- Consider- late-red able. (R-YR-3/3)h asee graph, F1gure 9-B, page 115. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone Ol-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-4. 114 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid 'Dhe alluvial clay pit is south of the pl~nt on a terrace of tP.e Etowah River, about 10 feet above lo:w-water level. Th,e clay is a plastic blue to brown alluvial clay containing more or l~ss fine sand and some fine mica flakes. After removing about 8 inches of soil as overburden, the cl~y is mined by pick and shovel to a depth of 6 feet, loaded into mine cars, a.nd hauled up an incline to the plant. 'I)he laboratory tests on a grab sample of this alluvial clay from the storage pile at the plant are given below. Laboratory tests on a !frab sample of plastic blue to brown alluvial clay from the pit of the B . .Mifflin Hood Company near the Etowah River, North Rome, Floyd County. Chemical Lf.na{yfiJ': ~~a~ eN-~()~-~~~.-:-~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~:~:~~:~::::::::::::::: i ~~~ Potash (K20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .78 Lime (CaO)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .10 Magnesia (MgO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- .23 Alumina (A120a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 .68 Ferric Qxide (Fe20a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 .50 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- .46 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ----------------------------------------------------------------'---------- .35 Phosphorus pentoxide (Pz05) -------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 .95 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Dark buff. Slaking: Rapid. PLMticity: Good. . .il1oldirig Behaf!ior;:.., .Exce1l~nt...... Drying Behavior:. Good,. very little warpage. Water of PLMticily.: 26 A per. cent. Green .il1oduluJ' of Rupture~ 344.2 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (hMed on plaJ'tic length): 8.1 per cent. Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per J'q. in_. Color 99.91 Warpage 06 2.0 10.1 16.2 1140 .Light salmon Very (YR-7/6)b slight 04 2.0 9.9 15.1 1227 Salmon Slight (4YR-6/6)b 02 3.5 11.3 12.7 1260 Dark Salmon Very (1YR-6/5)b slight 1 4.2 12.2 12.4 1346 Light red Very (2YR-5/5)b slight 3 3.0 10.4 12.5 1388 Medium- Slight light red (1YR-5/6)b 5 4.1 11.9 11.2 1385 Medium red Slight (lYR-5/4)b asee graph, F1gure 9~C, page 115. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 02-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 01-5 and higher. FLOYD COUNTY 115 Figure 9. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the J. M. Graham property, 1! miles south of Rome, Floyd County. B. Conasauga shale from the B. Mifflin Hood Company, North Rome, Floyd County. C. Alluvial clay from the B. Mifflin Hood Company, North Rome, Floyd County. D. Conasauga shale from the J. D. Taylor property, 2 miles southwest of Summerville, Chattooga County. 116 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGid Plant At the plant the shale and clay from the storage floor are mixed in the proper proportions by shoveling and are fed by a conveyor belt to a dry pan which grinds and further mixes them. F-rom the dry pan the mixture goes to vibrating screens of 1!'l to !'lO mesh, depending on the type of ware, the oversize being returned to the dry pan, the undersize going to a storage bin. The ground clay from the storage bin is fed to a pugmill where water is added and the clay tempered and pugged. This discharges into a stiff-mud brick machine which forces the clay through dies and extrudes it as a ribbon which, for some varieties, is automatically cut off into roofing tile, or with other varieties, is cut off into slugs which are repressed into tiles. The formed tiles are stacked in cars and dried at 100 F. in a 7 track coal-fired tunnel drier. The tile are fired to cone 05 to 06 or about 1960 F. to 1980 F. in three SO-foot and three !'l5:..foot round down-draft kilns. Both electrical pyrometers and standard pyrometric cones are used to control the heat. The capacity of the plant is about 10,000 pieces per day, mostly of shingle tile of the following types: Machine finish: 6 inches by 15 inches. "Old Europe" (rough surface and odd colors): 7 inches"by 13 inches. Repressed: 6' inches by 13 in<;hes. Curved and S-shaped Spanish tile have been made. WATTERS AND LACY PROPERTIES The J. T. Watters (Hermitage) property of 160acres is west of and adjoining the Southern Railway, 1% miles west of Hermitage and 6_% miles northeast Qf Rome, in Land Lot69, !'l3d District, 3d Section. An outcrop beside the public road shows very hard dar,k-:red.siliceous shale belonging to either the Conasauga or the Rome formations. It is too hard and non-plastic to be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay products, but might be suitable for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates. Similar shale is showing in Land Lot 5!'l adjoining on the north {tnd belonging to V\T. T. Watters (Hermitage). Hard olive-g~een to reddish-brown Conasauga shale slightly softer than that described above crops out on the Rome-Calhoun Highway just north of the road to Hermitage and three-quarters of a mile east of the Southern Railway, The land west of the highway is the M.rs. A. E. Watters Estate (in charge of J. T. Watters, Hermitage), and that east of the highway belongs to J. B. Lacy (Rome, Rt. !'l). HOGAN AND PIERCE PROPERTIES The T. M. Hogan (Rome, Rt. !'l) property of about 100 acres is on the road leading north from the Rome-Calhoun Highway to Pinson Station and is east of and adjoining the Southern Railway about a mile south of Pinson Station. The southern boundary of the property is a road leading west to the railroad and then south to Shannon. South of this road is the !'lO acre property of J. H. Pierce (Shannon). FLOYD COUNTY 117 Hard greenish-drab siliceous shale is exposed on both sides of the Pinson Station road on the Hogan property, and a low ridge east of the road is underlain by it. Similar but more reddish-colored shale is showing on the Shannon road near Mr. Pierce's house. These shales resemble those sampled on the W. T. Watters property described below, and are probably too hard to be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay products. W. T. WATTERS PROPERTY (Map location No. 19.) The W. T. Watters (Hermitage) property of 115 acres is in Land Lots ~56 and ~57, ~4th Land District, 3d Section, and is west of and adjoining the Southern Railway at Pinson Station, 10 miles northeast of Rome. The property extends north from Pinson Station along the railroad for a quarter of a mile and corners with the National City Bank Property described below. A low cut just north of the station and the ridge to the west of the railroad show outcrops of hard brownish-red shale weathering into !labs 1 to 2 inches thick, probably belonging to the Conasauga formation. The next knoll or ridge to the northwest shows alternating outcrops of limestone and similar shale striking N. 45 E. and dipping about 65 to the southeast. Another knoll near the northern edge of the property has outcrops of hard brownish-red shale similar to that on the adjoining property of the National City Bank. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of the shale from the outcrops on both ends of the property are given below. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of hard brownish-red Conasauga shale from the W. T. Watters property at Pinson Station, 10 miles northeast of Rome, Floyd County. Chemical dnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition.._----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 . 85 Soda (Na20) __ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 10 Potash (K20) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 . 31 Lime (CaO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Magnesia (MgO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Alumina (A l20a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 . l 0 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. 50 Ferrous oxide (FeO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 76 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- . 90 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .17 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20 5) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Silica (Si02) __-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 . 04 99.93 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Reddish-brown. Slaking: Very slow. Pla.rlicily: Very poor, even after aging a week. Jl1olding Behaf.Jior: Had so little plasticity that the sample was discarded with- out further tests. 118 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d The above tests indicate that this shale, by itself, is not suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products. It might, however, be suitable for the manufacture of light-weight aggregates. Adjoining on the north and across the Southern R.ailway from the National City Bank property described below, is the property of W. J. Biddy (Plainville), underlain by a continuation of the same shale. NATIONAL CITY BANK PROPERTY (Map location No. 20.) A prope'rty of about 30 acres belonging to the National City Bank (Rom'e) is on the east side of the Southern R,ailway, a quarter of a mile to half a mire north of Pinson Station, in Land Lot 257, 24th District, Sd Section, Floyd County. A railroad cut exposes 12 to 15 feet of hard reddish-brown to gray Conasauga shale weathering into slabs and breaking into sharp splintery fragments. A few layers are softer but are slightly sandy. The laboratory tests are given on a 12-foot groove sample from this outcrop, together with a few pieces of more weathered shale from a shallow prospect hole near the road. Laboratory test on a sample of hard ~ray to brownish-red Conasau!ffa shale from a railroad cut on the National City Bank property, a quarter of a mile north of Pinson Station, Floyd County. Chemical Lf.na{Y..r~;r: Loss on .xgmhon.._______________________________________~------------------------------------------- 5. 32 Soda (Na20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .76 ti!:~~~?~--~~::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::: 1:gg Magnesia (MgO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .20 Alumina (A120a)--------------~----------------------------------------------------------------------- 22.05 Ferric oxide (Fe20a)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 .62 Ferrous oxide (FeO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Manganous oxide (MnO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- .43 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 54 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ---------------------------------------------C------------------------------ .12 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ---------------------------------------------------------------- .13 Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 .67 99.69 Grinding: Fairly eas7, brittle. Ground Color: Reddish-brown. Slaking: Very slow. Pla;rlicity: Very poor, even after aging a week. .Molding Behapior: The ground shale had so little plasticity that the sample was discarded without further tests. The above tests indicate that this shale is not suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products. In 1928 and 1929 the property was optioned and prospected by parties interested in using the shale for the manufacture of haydite, a light-weight aggregate described on page 41. The shale is said to have been found satisfactory. CH.dTTOOG.d COUNTY 119 CHATTOOGA COUNTY Chattooga County is north and west of Floyd County, separated from it by Simms and John mountains with a gap between them at .Crystal Springs. The Georgia-Alabama state line forms the western boundary, and Walker County adjoins on the north. The Macon to Chattanooga line of the Central of Georgia Railway enters the county on its southern border at Sprite and passes through a winding gap between Gaylor Ridge, Simms Mountain, and Taylor Ridge into the valley of the Chattooga River near Lyerly. Following the valley northward, the railroad passes through Summerville, the county seat, and Trion. an important mill town. The Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia Railroad from Gadsden, Alabama to Chattanooga, Tennessee, enters the county near Menlo and follows the valley between Shinbone Ridge and Lookout Mountain. The west branch of the Dixie Highway passes north through West Armuchee Valley to Gore, crosses Taylor Ridge through a high windgap to Summerville, and follows the Central of Georgia Railway northward through Trion to Walker County. A State highway extends westward from Summerville through Menlo to Cloudland, a summer . resort on the brow of Lookout Mountain. The synclinal valley of West Armuchee Creek in the eastern part of the county is underlain by the Floyd shale and Bangor limestone of Mississippian age, with an isolated outlier, Little Sand Mountain, of the Lookout formation of Pennsylvanian age. The Floyd shale in this valley contains considerable interbedded limestone, but there are areas of clay shale comparatively free from limestone that would probably be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay products if railroad transportation were available. Taylor Ridge, formed by the sandstone beds of the Red Mountain formation of Silurian age, acts as a barrier between West Armuchee Valley and the railroad in Chattooga Valley. Chattooga River flows in a belt of the Conasauga shale of Cambrian age, and to the west and separated from it by a low ridge of the Knox dolomite, is a narrower belt of the Conasauga formation. Several shale deposits from these belts are described below. Another long narrow outcrop of fhe Conasauga formation fol1ows the valley of Teloga Creek on the west side of the broad are;:t of Knox dolomite and Chickamauga limestone known as B,roomtown Valley. Only one outcrop of shale was noticed by the writer in this area, which may be largely underlain by limestone. Shales, which are more or less sandy, sandstone, and thin beds of fossiliferous iron ore of the Red Mountain formation are exposed on Dirtseller Mountain, 2~ miles southwest of Lyerly, and all along the 120 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Shinbone Ridge that parallels the foot of Lookout Mountain. The shales on Dirtseller Mountain are too far from the railroad to be of commercial value. The Red Mountain shales observed by the writer in crossing Shinbor~:e Ridge at several places were all too hard or siliceous to be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay products. It is entirely possible, however, that more careful investigation and prospectin-g might reveal deposits of shale suitable for this purpose. TAYLOR FARM The old Taylor Farm (J. D. Taylor, Summerville) of 188 acres is on the north side of the Chattooga River on the Bolling Bridge road, 9l;Vz miles south of Summerville and l;Yz' miles east of the Central of Georgia Railway. The cut of the road just north of the bridge exposes soft to semihard greenish-brown Conasauga shale full of very thin interbedded layers of hard brownish-drab sandstone, almost a chert at places. These sandstone or chert layers are usually less than an inch in thickness, but probably make up at least a third of the mass of material. The shale itself might be suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products, but with this amount of siliceous material included, the shale would be very "short" and the green and fired properties would probably be unsatisfactory. TAYLOR'S DICK DENSON PLACE (Map location No. 9l.l) The Dick Denson Place, owned by ,J. D. Taylor (Summerville) is just west of the Central of Georgia Railway two miles southwest of Summerville on the old road to Berryton and Lyerly. An outcrop beside the road between the railroad crossing and the small branch exposes soft olive-drab Conasauga shale showing no trace of sandy or cherty layers. The shale is striking N. 9l0 E. and dipping 75-80 E. The strike is at only a slight angle to the road, so that although the shale is exposed for about 75 feet along the road, the outcrop represents a stratigraphic thickness of only about ~0 feet. The laboratory tests are given below of a grab sample of the shale from several places along the outcrop. Some flakes of shale are showing in the soil of the field between the road and the railroad, several hundred feet to the east. Laboratory tests on a f!rab sample of soft olive drab Oonasauf!a shale from J.D. Taylor's Dick Denson place, 2 miles southwest of Summerville, Chattoof!a County. CH.dTTOOG.d COUNTY 121 Chemical .dnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.17 Soda (Na20) __ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 .88 Potash (KzO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ___ 2 .19 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Magnesia (MgO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------"------------------ 1.03 Alumina (A1203) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 .27 Ferric oxide (Fe203) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .95 Ferrous oxide (FeO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .46 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .60 Sulphur trioxide (S03)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20o)------------------------------------------------------------------------ .40 Silica (SiOz) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 56 .11 Total_____________________________ ---------------------------------------------------------------------100 06 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Brownish-drab. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicity: Good after aging overnight. ll:lolding Behavior: Good. Drying Behavior: Test bars all warped slightly. Water of Pla.rlicity: 26.3 per cent. Green Jffodulu.r of Rupture: 126.3 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 4.4 per cent. Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cenl Modulus of Rupture a Lb.r. per .rq. ln. Color Warpage 06 4.8 9.1 14.7 858 Dark salmon (2YR-6/7)b 04 6.5 10.7 9.7 1426 Light red (R-YR-5/6)b 02 6.9 11.0 7.9 1673 Medium red (R-YR-4/4)b 1 9.6 13.2 6.9 2065 Good red (R-YR-4/S)b 3 5.2 9.4 5.4 1672 Good choco- late-red (R-YR-4/3) b 5 9.2 13.3 4.6 2408 Good choco- late-red (R-YR-4/3) b asee graph, F~gure 9-D, page 115. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Some Slight Some Bad Considerable to bad. Firing Range: Cone 02-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-4. 122 GEOLOGICLI.L SURVEY OF GEORGILI. The above tests indicate that this clay is suitable for the manufacture of b,uilding brick and possibly structural tile, sewer pipe, and roofing tile. The cut of the road an eighth of a mile south of the outcrop sampled and just south of_ the house, exposes a little siliceous shale too "short" to be of value for ceramic purposes. This is west of a continu,~tion of the strike of the beds sampled. The property should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the shale deposit. The land is n~arly level and mining pits would not have natural drainage. NORTH OF SUMMERVILLE The outcrops in the belt of the Conasauga formation north or north- west of Summerville are nearly all of residual red clay, occasionally quite sandy: The cU:ts and ditches of the Dixie Highway on a low knoll 1.7 miles northeast of Summerville expose some soft greenish-drab shale containing a little chert at one place. Traces of sha,le are showing in the field east. of the road on the J.P.~ Henry property~ _e ;s 5on "Oad ~---~:.-. u,;l=~n U~ '-"'t::U~o,l(l. .Llaa,.J..lVVc:lt~ J. ~h.~,;~- GJ.rUVUL -l!a,.+ -.-..ro"'+ ,-..4! +"he VV .J.VV\.o l'V.::JL V.l. l.r.LJ. .L " The Central A small outcrop of similar shale is showing in the highway cut 3.6 miles northeast of Summerville, but no shale is showing in other cuts to the north and south. DADE COUNTY Dade County, in the extreme northwest corner of Georgia, is bounded on the east by Walker County, on the north by Tennessee, and on the west by Alabama. The COll;lltY lies wholly within the Lookout Plateau physiographic division. The valley of Lookout Creek separates the plateau into Sand Mountain on the west and LookJior: Rather poor. Tendency of clay column to tear at edges. Drying Behailior: All test bars somewhat warped. Water of Pia.Jticity: 19.8 per cent. Green l!fodu!u.J of Rupture: 100.0 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Jed on pla.Jtic Length): 2. 7 per cent. Firing Tut.J: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cenf Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cenf Modulus of Rupture a Lb. l?er .Jq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3.6 6.0 10.7 996 Light red (2YR-6/7)h 04 4.1 6.5 10.4 1209 Medium red (R-YR-5/6)h 02 5.0 7.6 8.0 1807 Fair red (R-YR-5/5)h 1 6.2 8.9 6.3 2248 Good red (R-YR-4/5)h 3 5.7 8.4 4.1 2331 Deep red (R-YR-4/4)h 5 7.2 9.8 3.1 2652 Deep choco- late red (R-YR-4/4)h asee graph, Figure 10-D, page 131. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Some Some Some Some Considerable Considerable Remark.J: The bars fired to cone 3 had a pimply surface and were slightly blackcored. Those fired to cone 5 were slightly kiln-marked and showed the beginnings of a glassy structure on their broken ends. Firing Range: Cone 04--3. Commercial kiln: Cone 05-2. The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable, if properly handled, for the manufacture of building brick. The slow slaking and lack of plasticity could probably be overcome by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. The property should be prospected to determine the extent and the character of the shale. It is possible that some of the shale below the iron ore is suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products. In prospecting, careful watch must be kept for the presence of lime. 134 GEOLOGICLI.L SURT!EY OF GEORGILI. TATUM .A.ND BL.AK.E PROPERTIES The f0llowing geologic section is probably representative of the beds of the Red Mountain formation and the overlying beds on the west side of the valley south of Rising Fawn. The section was measured along a private roa;d west of .the Chattanooga to Birmingham highway at the junction with the road to Sulphur Springs Station two miles south of Rising Fawn and one mile west of the Alabama Great Southern Railroad of Cloverdale Station~ The land south of the private road is owned by Jack Tatum and that north of the roadby T. B. Blake (Sulphur Springs). The beds are striking N. 80 E. and are mostly dipping about 50 to the. northwest. Geolo~io seotion west of Ohattanoo~a-Birmin~ham Hi~hway, !B miles south of Ris.in~ Fawn, Dade County. Thickness in feet Mississippian: Bangor limestone: + 1178.. CMoavsesrievde__g__r__a__y___t_o____b__l_u__e___c__r__y__s_t__a__l_l_i_n__e___l_i__m___e__s_t_o___n__e__._._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 100+ Fort Payne chert: 16. Fairly thin~bedded chert with 6 inch layer at base. Sooty, black materialin cracks and joint planes for 4 feet above basal layer------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 15. Red clay with a few black st:r:eaks......-------------------------------------------- 3 14. Soft blackcla;Y-----------------------------------------------------------------------------:... 2Y2 15. Mostly''brown and red clay, grading into alternate layers of sandy brown shale and chert at bottom. Some of chert is a breccia cemented by brown and black :iron ore............................ 36 Mississippian, or Devonian: Chattanooga shale: 12. Light bluish~gray shale containing fine sancL..........._____________________ 11. Massive fissle black shale.-------------------------------------------------------------- Silurian: Red Mountain formation: 10. Covered and red clay. Near top is outcrop of gray plastic clay 9. Fairly fissle hard olive~green to drab shale containing a few thin layers of sandstone.....--------------------------------------------------------------8. CoverecL-----------------------------------------------"---------------------------------------------67.. FRiesdslefohssairldifetrooussemiroi-nhaorrde,, ohlaivseb-gereenenmisnheacleL-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ 5, Semi~hard tb hard green ib drab shale with frequent thin beds of sandstone. Shale gets softer and sandy towards base............ 4. Sseoafmt r_e__d___f_e_rrugineous sandstone, the lower or "sandy" iron ore c __________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 3. Alternate layers of sandy shale and red clay, gradually getting flatter then dipping the other way 25 feet west of the highway Chattanooga-Birmingham Highway. . 2. Red clay with a few beds of sandy shale partly covered and structure uncertain....-----------------------------------------------------------------'"- Ordovician: Chickamauga limestone: 1. Massive limestone------------------------------------------ 3 23 60 21 20 81 . 3+ 200+ 6 60+ 100+ + 738Y2+ DLIDE COUNTY 135 The shales of beds (5), (7), and (9) should be prospected. About 40 feet of hard olive-green shale, probably from above the iron ore and corresponding to bed (7) of the above section, is showing in the bank of a small branch on the Neuman property about a mile south of this section and half a mile west of the highway. HAWKINS AND HALE PROPERTIES The R. L. Hawkins (Rising Fawn, Rt. ~) property occupies the south end ~nd the Graham Hale (Rising Fawn) property the north end of a ridge south of Rising Fawn between Lookout Creek on the west and the Alabama Great Southern Railroad on the east. The steep bluff on the south end of the ridge above Lookout Creek, one mile south of Rising Fawn and just east of the Birmingham-Chattanooga Highway shows the following geologic section: Geologic Section on the R. L. Hawkins property, 1 mile south of Rising Fawn, Dade County. Thickness in feet Mississippian: Fort Payne chert: + 9. Hard gray shale....---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Hard white finely-divided silica or tripoli with thin layers of chert----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 . 7. Hard fissle gray shale..---------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Mississippian or Devonian: Cha6t.tanFoiosgslae sbhlaalcek: shale__________________________________:_____________________________________________ 15 Silurian: Red Mountain formation: 5. Hard, slightly-fissle reddish-brown shale and a few layers of fossiliferous limestone..---------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 4. Semi-hard to hard fissle olive-green shale with a few layers of 3. Rsaneddstoirnoen---o--r--e---t-h--a---t--h--a--s---b--e--e--n---m---i-n--e--d--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_--_ 100+ 3}1 2. Mostly covered but a few outcrops of shale and sandstone________ 100+ 1. Heavy beds of sandstone..-------------------------------------------------------------- 10+ 268}1+ The beds are striking N. ~0 E. and dipping about ~5 to the northwest. The shale of bed (4) is said to underlie the east slope of the ridge all the way to the railroad, half a mile to the north, and should be prospected. The cuts along the railroad on the Graham Hale property show only the shale below the iron ore_ The north end shows 5Z5 to SO feet of hard to semi-hard fissle oli""e-green shale, underlain by layers of shaly limestone and calcareous shale, and then alternate layers of shale and sandstone. 136 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid. LOOKOUT VALLEY The shales of the Red Mountain formation were examined at a number of places where exposed in the Shinbone Ridges on both sides of Lookout Valley from Pudding Ridge on the Alabama line past Trenton, New England, Morganville, and Wildwood to the Tennessee line 18 miles to the northeast. In every case thin interbedded layers of limestone are of such frequent occurrence that the shales are unfit for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The most complete exposure is in the cuts of a new road from Morganville west across the ridge to Sligo Valley at the foot of Sand Mountain. The geologic section exposed is given below: Geolo~ia Seation alan~ road from Morganville to Sli~o V'alley on the east slope of the Shinbone Rid~e, Dad-e County. Thickness in feet Silurian: Red Mountain formation: 4. Semi-hard to hard flaky olive-green shale with thin interbedded limestone layers about every 5 feet____________________________________ 50+ 3. Alternate beds up to 1 foot in thickness of dark-blue to reddish- brown crystalline limestone and drab to olive-green shale,~------ 30+ 2. Brown sandy shale and clay with a few layers of flaky greenish-drab shale----------------------------------"-----------------------------:----------------- Ordovician: 40 + Chickamauga limestone: . 1. Massive limestone------------------------------------------------------------~---------------- + 120+ The shales above the iron ore observed at other outcrops in the valley are very similar to bed (4) above. WALKER COUNTY Walker County'- which is east of Dade and north of Chattooga counties, includes portions of the Armuchee Ridges and Chickamauga Valley divisions of the Appalachian Valley, and the east edge of the Lookout Plateau (see Figure 3, page 49). The Macon to Chattanooga line of the Central of Georgia Railway and the West Branch of the Dixie Highway follow the ChattoogaChickamauga Valley, passing through the county seat, LaFayette, through Chickamauga, Chickamauga Park which is the scene of the famous battle, and Ros,Sville, on the Tennessee line. A branch of the Central of Georgia Railway extends from Chickamauga to the coal mines on top of Lookout Mountain at Durham. The Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad between Gadsden and Chattanooga follows the base of Pigeon Mountain, cross~s to McLamore Cove at Estelle, and follows the base of Lookout Mountain from Cassandra to Chattanooga. WdLKER COUNTY 137 The southeastern part of the county is crossed by the Armuchee Ridges, which here are composed of Taylor Ridge on the west, Horn and Mill Creek mountains on the east, with Dick Ridge between them separa#ng the East and West Armuchee valleys. These ridges are formed by resistant sandstone beds of the Red Mountain formation, which here contains no shale suitable for ceramic purposes. East Armuchee Valley is underlain by shales of the Rome and Conasauga formations, the Knox dolomite, and the Chickamauga limestone. West Armuchee Valley is underlain by the Floyd shale. The shales of the Conasauga and Floyd formations may at places in these valleys be suitable for the manufacture of heavy clay products, but are too isolated to be of commercial value. The broad Chattooga-Chickamauga Valley is underlain by narrow to broad northeast-southwest bands of the Knox dolomite and the Chickamauga limestone, and by one belt of the Conasauga formation passing through LaFayette. This belt of the Conasauga formation is composed of argillaceous limestones with some calcareous shales and is largely valley-forming. The writer observed no outcrops of shale in it that appeared to be suited for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The more cherty layers of the Knox dolomite form long ridges such as the famous Missionary Ridge that extends from Chattanooga southwestward into Walker County. The western boundary of the county is on top of Lookout Mountain, passing close to the west brow at the northern end and the east brow at the southern end. Near the southwest corner of the county a spur of the Lookout Plateau, known as Pigeon Mountain, extends northeastward into the Valley. It is flat-topped for a}::>out 9 miles from the main plateau, and then continues as an irregular ridge and a series of foothills for another 9 miles. Figure 4, page 51, shows the synclinal structure of Lookout and Pigeon mountains and the anticlinal structure of McLamore Cove between them. As was the case in Lookout Valley in Dade County, a series of comp~ratively low ridges, generally known a13 Shinbone Ridge, parallel the foot of Lookout and Pigeon Mountains at an average distance of half a mile from them. Shitibon.e Ridge is caused by the relatively hard and resistant chert beds of the Fort Payne chert, which usually outcrops near its crest. The beds are always dipping gently towards the mountain. The Red Mountain formation underlies the slope of the ridge away from the mountain; that is, the east slope of the ridge parallel to the foot of Lookout Mountain and on the east side of Pigeon Mountain, and the west slope of the ridge on the west side of Pigeon Mountain. The Red Mountain formation is also exposed by faulting in a V-shaped area that extends some 5 miles southward from the Tennessee line, the eastern side of which forms the west slope of Missionary Ridge for some distance. The Red Mountain formation is composed largely of fissle olive-green clay shales, with some interbedded sandston~ and a few calcareous 138 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d beds. Near the middle are one or more thin seams of red iron ore that have .been mined at a riu,mber of places. The lower part of the formation below the iron ore grades into brown and yellow residual clay, often somewhat sandy, containing only scattered layers and flakes of shale. A number of deposits of shale suited for the manufacture of heavy clay products are despribed below. They are generally slow slaking and at first have rather poor plasticity, but if properly handled have excellent fired properties. The best results couJ.d probably be obtained in niost cases by a mixture of the shale from the middle and upper parts of the formation and some of the plastic residual clay from the lower part of the formation. The Bangor limestone occupies the lower slopes of Pigeon and Lookout Mountain.~ and the valley between their base and the Shinbone Ridge. The Lookout sandstone forms the upper slope and the cliffs at the brow of the mountains, and theWalden sandstone underlies their nearly flat tops. MCWHOR~ER PROPER~Y (Map location No. 25) The property of Misses Carrie and Julia McWhorter (LaFayette, Rt. 5) consists of 80 acres, mostly on Shinbone Ridge at the foot of Pigeon Mountain, an eighth of a mile west of Bronco Station on the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. The cuts of: the Bronco to 'CatnpbeU-Gulf road show outcrops of soft to semi~hard greenish-drab shale from the Red Mountain formation, pr~bably above the iron ore.. The beds are striking N. 20 E. and dipping about '10 W. The road~at this place makes orily-a slight angle with the strike of the beds, so that the shale exposed probably represents a stratigraphic thickn~ss of not more than 20 feet. The labora- tory tests are given below on a grab sample of the shale from several places along the outcrop. Laboratory vests on a sample of soft tJo semi-hard Red Moun- vain shale froJn the .Misses M_cW!wrter property on Shinbone Rid~e at Bronco Station,, Walker County. Chemical .dnaiy.ri.r: Loss ori igllitron..~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 .61 Soda (Na20) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 Potash (K20) ------~-----~-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------~------------------------------ .00 Magnesia (MgO)------------------------------~---------------------------------------------------------- .00 Alumina (Al iOa)~-- ...... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 .45 Ferric oxide (Fe20aY--------------------:.................................. ~...... "----""---"--""""'-----~-------- 7. Ol Titanium dioxide (TiOz) ----------------------------~-----~-------------~--------------------"---- .55 Sulphur trioxide (803) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (Pz06) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Silica (Si0 63.72 2) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ T otal------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 .98 W.dLKER COUNTY 139 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light brown. Slaking: A little slow. Pla,rlicily: Grainy at first, better after aging overnight. Molding Behm,ior: Fairly good. Slight tendency for column of clay to tear at edges. Drying BehafJior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water oj Plasticity: 22.0 per cent. Green l'dodulu.J oj Rupture: 95.6 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Jed on pla.Jtic Length): 2.8 per cent. Firing Tul.J: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. f?er .sq. ln. Color Warpage 06 3.4 5.9 14.8 954 Salmon Slight (2YR-6/7)b 04 4.0 6.9 12.9 1175 Dark salmon Slight (R-YR-5/7) b 02 5.6 8.5 10.1 1548 Fair red Some (R-YR-5/5)b 1 6.7 10.2 7.7 2200 Good red Slight (R-YR-5/4)b 3 7.7 10.1 4.6 2327 Good red Some (R-YR-4/5) b 5 8.1 10.2 4.8 2664 Deep red Some (R-YR-4/3)b aSee graph, Figure 11-A, page 147. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Remark.J: The bars fired to cones 02 and 3 were slightly black-cored. Those fired to cone 5 showed the beginnings of a glassy structure on th.e broken ends. Firing Range: Cone 02-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 03-3. The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick and possibly structural tile. It is impossible to tell without prospecting whether or not the sample is representative of any sizable deposit. The deposits would have natural drainage and are situated close to and above the level of a flat plant site on the railroad. Water could be obtained from a creek a quarter of a mile to the south or from Duck Creek east of the railroad. WATSON PROPERTY MARSH MINING COMPANY The Watson property, surface rights owned by R. P. Watson (LaFayette), mineral rights owned by the Marsh Mining Company (cjo Mrs. Emma Marsh, Chattanooga, Tenn.) is on the Blue Bird Gap road 140 GEOLOGICd.L SURVEY OF GEORGid at Shinbone Ridge, two miles west of LaFayette and seven-eighths of a mile east of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. It is in Land Lots 41 and 68, 7th District, 4th Section, Wal~er County. The cuts along the road where it crosses Shinbone Ridge expose rocks of the Red Mountain formation a,s shown in the following section by Maynard1, beginning where the road crosses the grade of an old spur track from the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad: Geolo[!ia Section alonf! Blue Bird Gap Road at Shinbone Ridf!e, 2 miles west of LaFayette, Walker County. Unit No. Description of Units Horizontal distance Thickness feet feet 20 Concealed----------------------------------------------------------------- 400 19 Olive-green shales with many beds of green and some soft brown sandstone________________________________ 70 18 Yellowish-green and red argillaceous shales with some thin bedded sandstones; light- brown fossiliferous sandstone at the bottom; pentamerou.r sp. abundant.---------------------------,--- 170 17 Concealed..---------------------------------------------------------------- 370 16 Shales, largely concealed.. ____ ---------------------------------- 40 15 Brown sandstone and arenaceous shale________________ 40 14 Shallow syncline of sandstone.------------------------------- 60 13 Yellowish-green shales, largely concealed____________ 300 12 Olive-green and yellowish-green shale with some arenaceous splintery shale------------------------ 200 11 10 SChoanlceesa, lleadrg..-e--l-y---c--o--n--c-e--a--l-e-d--_---_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_ 210 80 9 Olive-green and yellowish green shale__________________ 125 8 Yellowish-green shale with some flaggy sand- stones. Iron ore bed 16 inches thick at top.... 50 7 Yellowish-green shales with some flaggy sand- stones.-------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 6 Concealed..----------------------------------------------------:___________ 230 5 Yellowish green shale and thin bedded flaggy soanndthsetownee.athSehreadlessuormfaecwe_h___a__t__r__e__d___a__n___d___b___r_o___w___n___ 70 4 Yellowish-green fissile somewhat arenaceous shale.--------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 3 Co,ncealed.........--------------------------------------------------------- 250 2 Arenaceous yellowish-green and ol,ive-green shale--------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 1 Yellowish- green and olive- green arenaceous Roscokmweowohda-Ct hhaicckldaymashuaglae..c.-o--n--t--r-a--c--t-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 100 30.6 43.8 ll5.4 12.7 10.9 3.5 7.9 91.2 147.8 47.2 70.2 49.3 56.7 179.9 68.2 72 93.5 39.3 97.8 The writer is of the opinion that, of the shales exposed, the best for the manufacture of heavy clay products would be units (1) and (4) on the east slope of the ridge about seven-eighths of a mile from the rail. road. . The shales _would probably be slow slaking and would require lMaynard~ T. P., Limestones and cement materials of North Georgia; Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 27, pp. 232-233, 1912. WALKER COUNTY 141 fine grinding and long pugging. The shales of unit (9), largely concealed when visited by the writer, should also be prospected. SOUTHERN STATES COAL AND IRON COMPANY ESTELLE HOLDINGS (Map location No. 26) The Southern States Coal and Iron Company (F. K. Rosmond, Sec., Chattanooga, Tenn.) owns the mineral rights over a large area on the west side of Pigeon Mountain at Estelle Station on the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. The red fossiliferous iron ores have been extensively mined at various times for a mile north of the railroad and for 3 miles south of the railroad as far as the "Pocket", a nearly enclosed valley 1Yz miles south of Blue Bird Gap. The shales and the iron ore of the Red Mountain formation are underlying a series of irregular ridges, sometimes attaining an elevation of 300 feet above the general stream level, parallel to the foot of Pigeon Mountain. Some of the ridges are connected with the main slope of the mountain by narrow saddles, through which tunnels had to be cut for the tram line used during the iron ore mining. The beds are striking about N. 40 E. and dipping gently (5 to 15) to the southeast. Frequent hollows at right angles to the strike of the beds caused an extensive outcrop of the iron ore, which was mined by both open cut and underground methods. The mines have been idle for about 10 years, and the faces of the pits have slumped and their surfaces grown over until it is often difficult to distinguish them from overburden dumps. J The cuts of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad in Land Lots Z5Z, 254, 255, 256 and 85, 8th District, 4th Section, expose the following geologic section from the top of the Chickamauga limestone, 500 yards west of Estelle Station, to the Chattanooga shale at the mouth of the tunnel, a mile and a quarter to the east. Geologic section along the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad at Estelle, Walker County. Thickness Feet Inches Mississippian or Devonian: Chattanooga shale: 29. Massive fissle black shale, over tunnel mouth. Said to be 30 feet thick.---------,--------------------------------------------------------------------- 10+ 28. Hard massive dark-brown and black sandstone, varying rapidly in thickness-------------------------------------------------------------------- 3+ 27. Crumpled black shale with fragments showing slicken- 26. sided Very surfaces, thickest where bed above is hard dark-green shale breaking with tah,ih.naecskt l-y---f--r-a--c------ 0 0 to 6 ture and weathering on the surface to a sticky clay____________ 5 Silurian: Red Mountain formation: 2254.. HCoavrderegdra. y Vshaallel-e--y---n--e--a--r--m---o---u--t-h---o---f--t-u---n--n--e---L---_-_-_-_-_-_._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_--_ 4 20+ 23. Soft sandy brown and drab shale and thin layers of brown sandstone----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 142 GEOLOGIC.IlL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d 22. Cov:ered. Big or east trbtle-----------------------------------------------21. Solid; massive brovm sani:lstone....c------------------------20. Alternate layers of sand;y drab shale and brown sand- stone, averaging 2 inches m thickness with a maximum of 6 inches...------------------------------------------------------------------- 19. Hard greenish-drab shale breaking with a small hackly . fracture, almost flaky. A few Yz-inch beds of brown sandstone. The second sample described below is a par- 30 2 30 + tial groove sample of this shale...----------------------------------------- 14 18. Thin-bei:lded gray to red limestone and light-blue calcare- ous shale..-------~------------~-------------------------------------------~-------------- 11 17. Soft to semi-hard greenish-d;rab shale, har:d:er and more compact riear. top. Occasional th'in streaks of brown sandstone. The first sample described below is a 5-foot groove sample from west of the middle trestle and an 8foot groove sample from east of the trestle. The middle is mostly covered----------------------------------------------------------------------- 45+ 16. Massive sandstone breaking blockY--------------------------------------- 1 6 15. Soft red iron ore...------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 6 . 14. Cross-bedded sandstone, siliceous limestone, and a little hard shale. No beds over 6 inches thick.-------------------------- 18 13. Red iron ore, at places siliceous......~---,-------------------------------- 0 10 12. Cross-beddedsandstone and hard greenish-gray shale........ 3 11. Solid, massive slightly calcareous shale...------------------------':...... 1 2 10. Thinly interbedded sandstone and soft red iron ore............ 3 9. Thin interbedded layers of brownish sandstone and hard greenish-gr;ay shale. Sandstone and shale in about equal amounts at bottom but sandstone increasing towards top. Solid 14-inch layer of sandstone 5 feet below top._______________ 110+ 8. Hard greenish~gray shaJe with frequent thin sandstone layers. Some of shale is light bluish-gray and contains lime--'----------------------~----------~--------~-----------.------------------------ 30 West trestle 7. Hard . sandy shale .and thin'-bedde-d soft sandstone. Weathers rough and irregular atbottom, but with shaly structure at top..----------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 6. Reddish-brown to drab somewhat. sandy clay with a few thin shale layers-----------------------------"-----------,---.;-------------------- 5 5. Soft drab and reddish-brown shale weathering to flat piec;es l/8 inch to X inch thick, interbedded with drab to reddish-brown "short" siliceous claY------------------------------------ 25. 4. Covered................-------------------------------------------------------------------- 5+ 3. Soft greenish-drab sandstone and sandy shale in beds 1 + inch to l foot in thickness--------------------------------------------------------- 25 2. Covered..----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Ordovician: Chickamauga limestone: + - - - - - - 1. Gray' to blue thin-bedded argillaceous limestone..........~-------- + Total.____________________________________________________________________________________..467:Yz feet The following laboratory tests w~re made on a sample df the shale from unit (17) of the above geologic section. The sample consisted of a 5-foot groove sample from the base of the unit west of the middle trestle, and an 8-foot groove sample from the top of the unit east of the trestle. The middle of the unit is only poorly exposed in the hollow crossed by the trestle. W.dLKER COUNTY 143 Laboratory tests on a sample of semi-hard ~reenish-drab Red .Mountain shale from both sides of the middle trestle of the Tennessee, .!llabama and Georgia Railroad, Southern States Coal and Iron Company property, Estelle, Walker County (Unit 17, ~eolo~ic section above). Chemical .dnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 .26 Soda (Na20) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------~-------------------- 1 . 06 Potash CK20)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .81 Lime (Ca0) ______---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Magnesia (MgO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .42 AIumina (A120a) __ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 .36 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.16 Titani dioxide (Ti0 urn. 2) ____ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 Sulphur trioxide (S0 trace 3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ____ -------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:---------------- 61 .29 Total -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 .09 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Brown. SLaking: Slow. PLa.rticity: Poor at first, somewhat better after aging 5 days. Molding BehaPior: Fair. Slight tendency of clay column to tear at edges. Drying Behapior: Test bars all somewhat warped. Water of PlCLJ'ticity: 18.9 per cent. Green Jl1odulu.r of Rupture: 87.5 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pLa.rlic Le.nglh): 2.6 per cent. Firing Tut.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb.r. per .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3.6 6.2 11.4 1150 Dark salmon (1YR-5/7)b 04 3.3 5.8 9.9 1235 Dark salmon (R-YR-5/6)b 02 4.9 7.5 8.2 1764 Fair red (R-YR-5/5)b 1 6.4 8.7 6.4 21134 Good red (R-YR-4/S)b 3 4.6 7.2 5.7 2006 Brownish-red (R-YR-4/5)b 5 5.8 8.3 3.9 2365 Deep brown- ish red (R-YR-4/3)b asee graph, Figure 11-B, page 147. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Some Some, to considerable Some Slight Considerable Considerable 144 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Remark.r: The test bars fired to cone 3 have a slight pimply appearance on the surface, and are slightly black-cored, showing evidences of reducing conditions. Those fired to cone 5 have a pimply appearance on the surface, are slightly kilnmarked, and show a dark somewhat glassy fracture. All of the test bars show slight traces of bluish-white scum, probably not enough to affect their use in the manufacture of heavy clay products. I' Firing Range: Cone 03-2, best at cone 01-2. The following laboratory tests are on a partial groove sample of a 14-foot bed of hard greenish-drab shale, unit (19) in the above geologic section, outcropping east of and stratigraphically above the previous sample. Laboratory tests on a sample of hard greenish-drab Red .Mountain shale east of the middle trestle of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad, Southern States Coal and Iron Company property, Estelle, Walker County (Unit 19, geologia section above). Chemical Analy.ri.r: Loss on ignition ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 .42 Soda (Na20) ------------------------------------------------- I . 31 Potash (K20) ----- ------------------------------------------ 1 . 64 Lime (CaO)---------------------------------- . 00 ~~~e:!aci~b~L---~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~:~:~~ 18:~g Ferric oxide (Fe20a)---------------------------------- 8. 08 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)--------------------------------- . 73 Sulphur trioxide (S0 3).................................................................................... trace Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)........................................................................ .12 Silicia (Si02)-------------------- 63.69 Total-..............---------------------------- 99.99 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Brownish-drab. Slaking: Rather slow. Pla.rlicily: Poor at first, fair after aging 2 days. Molding BehaPior: Fair. Slight tendency for clay column to tear on edges. Drying Behapior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of Pla.rticily: 18.0 per cent. Green Modulu.r of Rupture: 103.5 pounds per square inch. Linear DrJJing Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic length): 2.8 per cent. Firing Tul.r: W.d.LKER COUNTY Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a .Lb. f!er .rq. tn. Color 145 Warpage 06 3.1 5.9 10.6 1505 Dark salmon Slight (1YR-6/6)b 04 3.5 6.4 8.8 1754 Dark salmon Little or (R-YR-5/5)b none 02 4.0 6.7 6.5 2169 Good red Slight (R-YR-5/5)b 1 6.6 9.3 4.6 26Z2 Deep red Some (R-YR-4/5)b 3 2.3 5.1 3.2 2012 Brownish-red Bad (R-YR-3/6)6 5 2.3 4.8 2.2 2202 Deep brown- Bad ish red (R-YR-3/4)6 asee graph, F1gure 11-C, page 147. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Remark.r: The bars fired to cone 02 were somewhat black-cored, indicating re- ducing conditions in the kiln. The bars fired to cones 3 and 5 had a vitreous, pimply surface and a dark, somewhat glassy fracture. Firing Range: Cone 04-2. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-l. The above tests indicate that both of these shales, if properly handled, should be satisfactory for the manufacture of building brick and structural tile. Their worst feature is their slow slaking and the resulting poor green strength and structure of the test bars. This could probably be largely eliminated in plant practice by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. The old iron ore mines south of Estelle, when visited by the writer, had largely slumped in and grown over, so that mining dumps were far more common than actual outcrops of shale. Hard greenish-drab shale containing thin calcareous layerg was showing at the mouth of the first tunnel of the old tram line. The good shale probably overlies this, but is not exposed. Blue Bird Gap The old road from McLamore Cove across Blue Bird Gap intersects the old tram line of the Southern States Coal and Iron Company in Land Lot 307, 11th District, 4th Section, about 1,% miles south of the .:t 146 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad at Estelle~ The public road up the slope east of the tram line exposes the following geologic section, as measured by Maynard1: Geolo ~io seation alon~ the Blue Bird Gap road on the west side of Pi~eon Mountain, Walker County. Unit No. Description of Units Thickness feet 7 Chattanooga black shales------------------------------------------------------------ 15 6, Rockwood [Red Mountain] shales; concealed------------------------- 60 5 Olive-green hackly _arenaceous shale with many sandy.laye:s. Haly.rite.r sp. occur about 15 feet below the top of this umL 25 4 Olive-green and yellowish-green somewhat hackly arena- ceous shale---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3 Thin-bedded gray and brown sandstones and interbedded hackly and fissle olive-green shales. About 10 feet below the top of this unit the sandstones are heavy-bedded__ 30 2 Olive-green, fissle shales practically free from sandstone________ 80 1 Yellowish-green, interbedded shales and sandstones. At the'bottom ofthis unit occurs heavy-bedded brown sandstones above which there is a "bed of re& ore; at the top of the unit there is a thin bed of red ore_____________________,_____________ 30 Intersection.ofBIU:e BirdGap road. 'The sect~on .erids with the base of the .Rockwood [Red Mountain] formation; . however,_fhe. contact of the Rockwood and.the underly- .i:iig'Cl:iickamaugalimestone is :Some di#ance to the.west~ due to the gentle dip of the rocks----------------------------------------- -------------------- 255 . The writer believes that the 80 feet of semi-;hard olive..green fissle shale of unit (~) in the section above would develop more plasticity than the shale sampled at Estelle. Only a few beds of sandstone not over an inch in thickness were observed. The beds appear to be dipping slightly to the west, but this may be due to slumping. The top of this shale bed is at a gap with a straight slope north to Estelle. At one time, before construction of the tram road last used, the iron ore was hauled up an incline to this gap and then was lowered down ,an incline to Estelle. The writer was able to recognize the next three units above these shales as given in the section above, but could find no trace of the Chattanooga shale. Shale enough to supply a large heavy clay ptoducts plant could. be obtained from the slope near this section. The writer is of the opinion, however., that prospecting nearer the railroad might reveal similar deposits. 1Maynard, T. P., Limestones and cement materials of North Georgia: Georgia GeoL Survey Bull. 27, pp. 234-235, 1912. WALKER COUNTY 147 Figure II. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Red Mountain shale from the Misses McWhorter property, Bronco, Walker County. B. Red Mountain shale from near the middle trestle, Southern States Coal and Iron Co., Estelle, Walker County. C. Red Mountain shale from near the east trestle, Southern States Coal & Iron Co., Estelle, Walker County. D. Red Mountain shale from the Mrs. J. F. Shaw property, Cassandra, Walker County. 148 GEOLOGICl'lL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The Pocket The nearly enClosed valley or natural amphitheater known as "The Pocket" is on the west side of ':Pigeon Mountain 1% miles south of Blue Bird Gap and 3 miles south of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad at Estelle. It was the terminus of the Southern States Coal and Iron Company's tram line from Estelle. The company is said to have done considerable stripping but very little mining of the red iron ore in this valley during their last operations. The bluff ov~r the stream and the mouth of the tram-lin(f. tunnel (the 7th south of Estelle) on the north side of The Pocket showed hard green and gray shale containing traces of lime and a few sandstone layers. The road up the slope of Pigeon Mountain shows the following section: Geologia section on west side of Pigeon Mountain at "The Pocket"~ 3 miles south of Estelle, .Walker County. ' Approxi- mate thickness in feet Mississippian: Bangor limestqne: 8. Massive gray-blue lim.estone....------------------------------:-----------~-------- + Fort Payne chert: _ . . . 7. . Thin-bedded gray chert weatheriqg blocky__,____,,__~c''--c,..-,..-,-------- 20 Mississippian or Devoriiari: . . Chattanooga shale:: . ,6. Mostly covered but , . wifh fragments of fissle black .shal..e,.,,________ 20 Silurian: Red Mountain formation: 5. Hard olive-green shale with thin sandstone layers-------------,------ 10 4. Small weathered outcrops of semi-hard (?) olive-green shale, some sandstone fragments, and covered--------------------------~--------- 30 3. Hard olive-green shale with hackly fracture------------------------------- 10 2. Covered..--------------~-----------------------------------------------~--------"----'-C-"----------'1. Level of iron ore workings.---------------------------------------------------------- 40 + 130 Thus the ~10 feet of the Red Mountain formation above the iron ore at Bll,le Bird Gap has apparently thinned to about 100 feet. THE GLENN-WARTHEN PROPERTY . (Map location No. ~7) The property owned by R. M;.. W. Glenn and S. M. Warthen (LaFayette) consists of about 4,~00 acres on the northern end of Pigeon Mountain in a single tract some two .miles wide (east-west) and 4 miles long (north-south). The outcrops of the iron ore and shales of the Red Mountain formation cross tP,e property in a northeast-southwest direction. W.d.LKER COUNTY 149 The writer examined several outcrops of shale above and below the iron ore in Catlett Gap in Land Lot ~11, 8th District, 4th Section. This is two miles northeast of the Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama Railroad at Estelle, and is three miles west of the Central of Georgia Railway at Warren Station. These all seem to be hard gray to drab shale with a hackly fracture, a few layers containing traces of lime. The bluff above the stream in a small hollow on the north side of the road showed about 10 feet of hard gray to drab shale with no traces of lime or sandstone. The laboratory tests on a 5-foot groove sample from this outcrop are given below. Laboratory tests on a 5-foot ~roove sample of hard ~ray to drab Red Mountain shale from the Glenn-Warthen property, Catlett Gap, 2 miles northeast of Estelle, Walker County. Chemical .dnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.. 35 Soda (Na20)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .47 Potash (K20)..-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.00 Lime (CaO) ___----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 ~=:~aci~FfJ~L~-~~:::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::: 1~~o? Ferric oxide (Fe203) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. 68 j~h.~r~r1!~i~~ec~Rs?-~~::_~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~ Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ____ ----------------------------------------------------------------- 08 Silica (Si 02)____------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 . 50 Total_______________________________________________________________~-----------------------------------------100. 01 Grinding: A little difficult. Shale is tough rather than brittle. Ground Color: Brownish-drab. Slaking: Very slow. Pla.rlicily: Very poor, even after aging a week. jjfoLding BehafJior: Too poor plasticity to form bars on Mueller roll-press. The sample was therefore discarded without further testing. The southwestern corner of the property is the next land lot to the west. The whole property therefore is rather far from railroad transportation to pay to prospect in the hopes of finding a deposit of better shale. D. M. BULLARD PROPERTY The property of D. M. Bullard (Kensington, Rt. ~) is on the Bowers Gap branch of :Mill Creek, one mile southwest of Cassandra and the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. The branch from Bowers Gap of Lookout Mountain in cutting through the Shinbone Ridge has been exposed about 60 feet of semihard olive-green Red Mountain shale containing only a few thin beds of sandstone. These beds overlie the iron ore which is in three rather thin seams separated by 10 to 15 feet of shale. The beds are striking N. :too E. and are dipping about 40 to the west. The Chattanooga 150 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA black shale is showing more than 10.0 feet to the west of the top of the 60 feet of olive-green shale. This shale underlies the west slope of Shinbone Ridge and could easily be mined. The pits would have natural drainage. MRS. J. F. SHAW PROPERTY (Map location No. 28) The Mrs. J. F. Shaw (LaFayette) property is onemile northwest of Cassandra on Mill Creek and a road known locally as the "Terrapin Trail". It is five-eighths of a mile West of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad in Land Lots 157 and 158, 11th District, 4th Section. The cuts of the road where the Terrapin Trail crosses the Shinbone Ridge expose rocks of which the following is a geologic section: Geolofiic section alonfi the Terrapin Trail on the .Mrs. J. F. Shaw property, one mile northwest of Cassandra, Walker Coun- ty. Approxi~ rriate thickness Mississippian or Devonian: Chattanooga shale: ' . 4. Partly covered and outcrops of massive fissle black shale__________ Silurian: in feet 30+ Red Mountain formation: . 3. Covered..~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Hard to semi-hard olive-green and greenish-drab shale, some layers more fissle than others, and several layers of sandstone and inch or two in thickness. (See tests on sample below)________ 25+ 153 1. Alternate layers of greenish-drab shale and brown sandstone. Heavy sandstone beds at top. Partly covered at bottom________ 120+ Creek 328+ The beds are striking N. 20 E. and are dipping 35 to the west. The Chattanooga black shale outcrops near the top of the ridge, so that nea:rly the whole eastern slope is underlain by the shales of the Red Mountain formation. The "iron ore horizon is probably near the base of unit (1) in the above section, although no outcrops. of it are showing. The following laboratory tests are on a sa;mple consisting of pieces coJlected every two feet along the outcrop of unit (2) of the above sec- tion. Laboratory tests on hard to semi-hard olive-fireen to fireenish drab Red .Mountain shale from the .Mrs. J. F. Shaw property, one mile northwest of Cassandra, Walker County,.: Wd.LKER COUNTY 151 Chemical .dnaJy.r_i.r_: Loss on lgDihon___ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. 84 Soda (Na20) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .80 Potash (K20) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I .11 Lime (Ca0) ..----.---------------------------------------------------------..-------------------------- .00 Magnesia (MgO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .06 Alumina (Al20s)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21.63 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 . 76 Titaniu:m dioxide (Ti02) __ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 .09 Sulphur trioxide (S0 trace 3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s)------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Silica (Si02)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 .89 100.18 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Brownish-gray. Slaking: Very slow. PLaJ"licity: Very poor and grainy at first, fair after aging two days. llfolding Behavior: Poor. Tendency for column of clay to crack and tear on the edges. Water of PlaJ'licity: 18.0 per cent. Green ll1oduluJ' of Rupture: 179.5 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (baJ'ed on p[a.rlic Length): 3.1 per cent. Firing TeJ'lJ": Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. f!er .Jq. tn. Color Warpage 06 2.5 6.1 12.3 985 Salmon (2YR-6/8)h 04 3.9 7.1 9.8 1495 Dark salmon (!YR-6j7)b 02 4.6 7.3 7.6 1990 Light red (2YR-6j7)b 1 5.8 8.5 5.7 2317 Good red (R-YR-5/4)b 3 5.5 8.0 4.9 2522 Good red (R-YR-4/4)b 5 6.1 8.6 2.3 3348 Brownish-red (R-YR-3/4)b asee graph, Figure 11-D, page 147. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Slight Little or none Slight Some Some to considerable Remark.J: The bars fired to cone 5 have a vitrified and pimply looking surface and the fracture shows traces of a glassy structure. Firing Range: Cone 02-4. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-'3. 152 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The above tests indicate that, if properly handled, this shale should be suitable for the manufacture of building brick and structural tile. The slow slaking and the resulting poor plasticity and green strength could probably be remedied by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. The property should be prospected to determine the extent of the shale deposits. It is possible that the. lower part of the Red Mquntain formation below the iron ore may contain a deposit of plastic residual clay that, mixed with the shales tested, would improve the working qualities. S. F. EVANS PROPER\TY The S. F. Evans property is on the Cooper Gap road, three-quarters of a mile west of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad and ~,%' miles north of Cassandra. The cuts of the road crossing the Shinbone Ridge show about 60 feet of semi-hard to hard greenish-drab shale similar to that on the Shaw property described above, overlf'!,in by interbedded shale and sandstone. These beds are probably ov~rlying the iron. ore. The Chattanooga black shale outcrops near the forks of the road o:n the west side of the ridge. The top and east slope of the ridge should be prospected to determine the quality and extent of the shal~. HENRY BROTHERS PROPERTY The property of the Henry Brothers (Rex Henry, Cassandra, in charge) is about ~ miles north of Cooper Heights and three-qu~rters of a mile west of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. The property includes about three-quarters of a mil_e of the Shinbone Ridge that parallels th~ foot of Lookout Mountain. Red iron ore in two beds about 30 feet apart with 'hard greenish-drab shale between is showing at the eastern foot of this ridge. No outcrops were observed above the top iron ore heel. For about 50 feet vertically above the iron ore there are no fragments of sandstone showing on the surface of the ground, but above this is a sma11 outcrop of massive sandstone, then tor 80 feet the slope is strewn with sandstone fragments. The top of the ridge is covered with chert fragments from the Fort Payne chert. The eastern slopes of the ridge for som:e distance above the iron ore shoula be prospected to determine the character and extent of the shale. JONES PRO' PERTY MARSH MINING COMPANY The Mrs. J. W. Jones property, mineral rights owned by the Marsh Mining Company (Mrs. Emma Marsh, Chattanooga, Tenn.), is one- half to three-quarters of a mile west of the Tennessee, Alabama and W.d.LKER COUNTY 153 Georgia Railroad at High Point Station, in Land Lots 305 and 306, lOth District, 4th Section. Hard olive-green shale, similar to that on the Mallicoat and Southern States Coal and Iron Company properties described below, is exposed just above the iron ore near the foot of the chain of hills known as Shinbone Ridge. The east slope of the ridge above the iron ore should be prospected to determine the character and extent of the shale. SOUTHERN STATES COAL AND IRON COMPANY HIGH POINT HOLDINGS G. W. MALLICOAT PROPERTY (Map location No. ~9) The G. W. Mallicoat (Alton Park, Tenn., Rt. 6) property is just west of the Chattanooga Valley road three-quarters of a mile north of High Point Station in Land Lot ~71, lOth District, 4th Section. Adjoining and to the west of the Mallicoat pr,operty in Land Lots ~71 and 272 is the property of the Southern States Coal and Iron Company (F. K. Rosmond, Sec., Chattanooga, Tenn. (see page 141). The properties .are drained by a small branch rising on the slopes of the Shinbone Ridge and flowing into Chattanooga Creek just east of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. A local variation in the dip of the rocks, forming a small syncline, has caused the red iron ore of the Red Mou:ritain formation to crop out on both of these properties. The iron ore on the Mallicoat property is at one place overlain by an outcrop of QO feet of hard gray to greenishdrab shale dipping gently to the west. Further west up the hollow near the eastern edge of the Southern States Coal and Iron Company a bluff exposes 30 feet of hard olive-green shale with one or two thin sandstone layers, dipping 15 to ~wo to the east.. The laboratory tests on a grab sample of this shale are given below. The Chattanooga black shale forms a bluff and has been mined for paint pigment to the west just across the line on the J. W. Thomas (St. Elmo, Tennessee) property in Land Lot 269. This black shale, which is 10 feet in thickness, solid, and massive, is overlain by the Fort Payne chert and underlain by about 15 feet of hard gray shale weathering on the surface to a mealy clay. The beds at the mine are nearly level, but just to the west they start to dip to the west again, the natural dip of the beds that form the Shinbone Ridge. Laboratory tests on a sample of hard olive-green Red .Mountain shale from the G. W . .Mallicoat and the Southern States Coal and Iron Company properties, three-quarters of a mile north of High Point Station, Walker County. 154 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Chemical d.nqly~i.r_: ~~d.~(N-~o~-1~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:=~::::~::::~::::~~~~::~::~~:~~:~ 4:~i Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 83 Lime (CaO) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Magnesia (MgO)-----------~----------------------------'-------------------------------------- . 55 ~:r:~:i~1c~!~o;).---~~:::::~:~~::~~~~~~~~:~~~:~~~~~~~~:~~=~::~~~:~~~~::~~~~::::~~~:~:~~~~:~:~::::::~~~~~~ 2~: ~~ Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -----------------------------------------------------------'---------------- 1 .09 Sulphur trioxide (SOa)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20o) ---------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 .84 100.01 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Gray. Slaking: Very slow. Pla.slicity: ,Very poor and grainy at first, fair after aging 4 days. ..MoldiTJg BehaPior: Fair. Clay column has slight tendency to crack and tear on the edges. Drying Behapior: Test bars somewhat warped. Water of PlaJ'licily: 16.5 per cent. Green ..Modulu.s of Rupture: 116.8 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.sed on p[a.slic Length): 2.5 per cent. Firing Tut.s: Cone Linear Firing. Shrink. age (based on dry . length) per cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorp tiona per cent 06 1.9 4.3 11.9 04 2.4 4.8 10.6 02 2.8 5.3 10.1 1 4.6 6.8 7.3 3 2.6 5.0 4.0 5 4.1 6.5 5.2 Modulus of Rupturea Color Warpage Lb.r. per .sq. in. 799 1283 c 1708 2100 2515 Light salmon (3YR-6/7)6 Dark salmon (1YR-6/6J6 Light re ~R-YR-5/5)6 Good red (R-YR-4/5)6 Deep red . (R-YR-4/4)6 Brownish-red (1YR-4/4)6 Some Some Some Some Some Consider- able aSee graph, Figure 12-A, page 159. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. cAll test bars broken in handling. Remark.s: The test bars fired to cones 06 to 1 showed slight traces of scum or efflorescence, not present on those fired to cone 3 and 5. This scum was not enough to give serious trouble in manufacturing heavy clay products. The test bars fired W.d.LKER COUNTY 155 to cones 3 and 5 were slightly kiln-marked, had a pimply surface, and their fractured ends showed traces of a glassy structure. Firing Range: Cone 02-2. Commercial kiln: Cone 03-l. The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick and possibly structural tile. Its tendency to slow slaking and poor plasticity could probably be overcome by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. The firing range is only three cones. These properties should be prospected to determine the character and extent of the shale deposits. It is possible that the lower part of the Red Mountain formation, below the iron ore, contains some plastic residual clay that, if mixed with the shale, might improve the working qualities. These properties are favorably situated close to the railroad, with natural drainage, and with a sufficient water supply in Chattanooga Creek east of the railroad. HAYES AND HARTLINE PROPERTIES The S. G. Hayes (Alton Park, Tenn., Rt. S) property is north of and adjoining the Mallicoat and the Southern States Coal and Iron Company properties described above, west of the Chattanooga Valley road and one mile north of High Point Station, in Land Lot 69, lOth District, 4th Section. Hard olive-green shale below the red iron ore is showing in the next hollow to the north of the outcrops described above. The beds are dipping 60 to 70 to the west. Only a few small outcrops of similar shale but containing a few thin beds of sandstone are showing above the iron ore. The east slope of the Shinbone Ridge on this and the Mrs. M:. J. Hartline (Alton Park, Tennessee, Rt. 3) property adjoin- ing on the north should be prospected to determine the character and extent of the shale deposits. MRS. W. W. SCOTT PROPERTY (Map location No. SO) The Mrs. W. W. Scott (Alton Park, Tenn., Rt. 3) property is west of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad at the Chattanooga Valley road crossing, one and a half miles north of High Point Station and one mile south of Cenchat. It includes parts of Land Lots 217 ~nd 252, 9th District, 4th Section, Walker County. Limestone of the Chickamauga limestone formation is showing at the house. The back yard is said to be crossed by a bed of the bentonite, a plastic clay derived from the weathering of volcanic ash, that crops out on the Parrish property adjoining on the south. 156 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d About 400 yards west of the railroad at the foot of a low ridge is a small pit from which several cars of plastic red and mottled drab and red residual clay were mined several years ago. The clay was shipped to the W. S. Dickey Clay :Mfg. Company plant near Flintstone (see page 164) and was used with shale in the manufacture of sewer pipe. This is probably near the base of the Red Mountain formation. The slope above this pit shows a few outcrops of soft brown weathered shale, striking about N. 20 E.. and dipping about 30 to the west. Only the part of the Red Mountain formation below the iron ore is underlying this property. The following laboratory tests are on a sample of soft brown sandy shale and residual clay collected by the owner from three feet beneath the sutface in two prospect pits dug after the writer's visit to the property. Laboratory tests on a sa.mple of soft sandy brown shale and plastic residual clay from the base of the Red .Mountain formation on the .Mrs. W. W. Scott property, one mile south of Cenchat, W,alker County. Chr;mical .dnaly;ri.r: Loss on ignition.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .25 Soda (Na20)___.:____________________----------------------C--------------C----------"------------------ I .24 .if!~12~o?-~:==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::~~~~~:~~:~~:~:::::::::~:::::::::::::~~~~~::=::::~:~::~~:~~ 1:gg ~=~~~~~~6~~~~~=::::::::::::::::~~~:~~~~~~~::~~~~:~~~:~:::=:~::~::::~~:~::::::::::~:~::::~:~:::~:~ 21~~i ~~~!it:_udi~~~= ~~0~~:~:::_----~~:::~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~:~~~:~::~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~::~~~~:~~::~:::~:~: tr~~3 Sulphur trioxide (SO:i) --"-""''"'-''--c'-'"-"""'""--"--------------''":------------------- ,00 Phosphorous pentoxide (P205)......------------------------------------------------------------ . 10 Silica (Si02) -------------~-------------------------------------------------------~-------------- 56. 75 99.95 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light br.own. Slaking: Rapid. Plairticitg: Fair. A little "short". Moulding BehafJior: Good. Drying BehafJior: Good. Little or no warpage~ Walt:r of Pla:.rticity: 33,,9 per cent. Grun ..Modulu.r of Rupture: 168.7 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 7.9 per cent. Firing Tut.r: W..dLKER COUNTY Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) pa cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorp tiona per cent Modulus of Rupturea Lb. f!t:r .rq. Ln. Color 157 Warpage 06 7.0 14.3 13.9 2072 Light red (1YR-6/7)b 04 9.5 16.6 8.7 2731 Fair red (R-YR-5I 5) b 02 9.1 16.5 7.0 2259 Good red (R-YR-4/5)b 1 13.7 20.6 2.6 3713 Good red (R-YR-4/4)b 3 12~8 19.6 2.1 2615 Dark red (R-YR-3/6)b 5 13.7 20.2 0.9 3975 Dark red (R-YR-3/5)b a.See graph, Figure 12-B, nage 159. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Little or none Slight Some Slight Some Some Remark.J: The bars fired to cones 04, 02, and 3 were all more or less black-cored. Those fired to cones 3 and 5 had a vitreous appearance and the fractures showed a glassy structure. Firing Range: Cone 04-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-3. The above tests indicate that this clay has too high a shrinkage to use by itself in the manufacture of heavy clay products. It is very likely, however, that a mixture of this clay and a slow slaking shale, such as is found in the Red Mountain formation above the iron ore in this vicinity, would process better and would have qualities better suited for the manufacture of heavy clay products than either the clay or the shale by itself. This mixture of soft weathered shale and residual clay is probably derived from the weathering of beds of very argillaceous limestone with frequent shaly layers. It is doubtful if the clay of this character extends more than 15 or ~0 feet below the surface of the ground. The property should be carefully prospected to determine the extent and the character of the deposit. M. Q. LONG PROPERTY (Map location No. 81) TheM. Q. Long (Alton Park, Tenn., Rt. 3) property lies between the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad and the Durham Branch of the Central of Georgia Railway, half a mile to one mile southwest of 158 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Cenchat, the crossing of the two railroads. It con,sists of 230 acres in Land Lots 199 and 234 of the lOth District, 3d Section, and, Larrd Lot 216 of the 9th District, 3d Section, Walker County. In addition, the mineral rights, except the iron ore, are owned on 2.5 adjoining acres of the Samuels property on the west side of the Durham Branch of the Central of Georgia Railway. The property is adjoining and is north and west of the Mrs. W. W. Scott property described above. The west side of the property consists of a series of irregular ridges 50 to 100 feet in height, a part of the Shinbone Ridge that parallels the Roo east slope of, Lookout Mountain. It is underlain by shale and red fossiliferous iron ore of the Mountain formation, striking about N. 5 E. and dipping 15 to 20 to the west. The iron ore is said to be 2~ to 3 feet in thiokness and is the "Upper Seam." The soft ore was mined out some 2.6 to 30 years ago, leaving a number of small pits now partly slumped in. These pits and natural outcrops expose 2.0 to 50 feet of hard olive'-green fissle shale. No limestone beds or partings were seen. Laboratory tests are given below of a composit sample of two 5..:foot g_roove samples from nearby mirun;g pits. The main iron ore bed is underlain by a considerable thickness of shale which is re- ported to contain two iron ore seams 6 to 8 inches in thickness. These shale beds are covered and their character could not be determined. Fairly p.umerous thin sandstone fr.agmen~s coverthe su:rface of the ground, indicating sandstone partirrgs in this shale. The northeast corner of the property slopes gently towards the Ten- nessee, Alab.ama and Georgia Railroad and Chattanooga .Creek, and is underlain by soft weathered shale and brown and red clay, proba.bly similar to that on the Mrs. W. W. Scott property described above. Laboratory tests on hard olive-~reen Red Mountain shale from the .M. Q. Lon~ property, three-quarters of a mile south of Genohat, Walker County. Chemical AnalyJ'iJ': Loss on ignition................................................................................................ 5 .12 Soda (Na20)...................................................................................................... .69 Potash (K20)...............................................................................-..................... 1.81 Lime (CaO)...................................................................................................... . 00 Magnesia (MgO).............................................................................................. trace AlTI.miria (A120a).............................................................................................. 23.80 Ferric oxide (Fe20s)........................................................................................ 7.90 Titanium dioxide (Ti'02) ................................................................................ .85 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) .................................................................................... trace Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) ................................:....................................... .15 Silica (Si02) ....................................................................................................~. 59.96 100.28 Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Grayish-drab. Slaking: Slow. Pla.rlicily: Poor and grainy at first, fair after aging 2 days. Jl1olding Behavior: Fair. Slight tendency for clay column to tear at edges. WALKER COUNTY 159 Figure 12. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Red Mountain shale from the G. W. Mallicoat property, one mile north of High Point Station, Walker County. B. Weathered Red Mountain shale from the Mrs. W. W. Scott property, 1,%' miles north of High Point Station, Walker County. C. Red Mountain shale from the M. Q. Long property, Cenchat, Walker County. D. Red Mountain shale from the J. 0. McCallie property, one mile west of Cenchat, Walker County. 160 GEOLOGICLI.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Drying Bt:hapior: Good. Little or no warpage. . Water of PlaJ'licily: 18.4 per cent. Gri!m l!1oduLuJ' of Rupture: 114.5 pounds per square inch. Linl!ar Drying Shrinkage: (bMed on p[Mlic length): 3.3 per cent. Firing Te.rlJ': Cone Linear Firing Shrink~ age (based on . dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink~ age (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona percml Modulus of Rupturea Lb. f!i!r J'q. tn. Color Warpage 06 4.2 7.1 10.5 1165 Fair red Very (1YR-5/7)b slight 04 4.6 7.6 9.2 1482 Fair red. Slight (R-YR~5/7)h 02 3.5 6.8 8.3 H)73 Good red Some (R-YR-5/S)h 1 7.1 '10.1 5.4 2086 Good red Slight (R-YR-4/5)b 5 4.9 8.4 5~o 2165 Good red Some - (R-YR-4/S}h 5 6.2 9.2 2.6 2717 Dark red 'Consider- (R-YR-3/5)b able aSee .graph~ F.1gure 12-C, page 159.. . . . . .. hColor notation 'according to the Munsell system, see page 23. RemarkJ': Some of the ba~s fired to cones 04, 02, and 3 were hlacbcored. The bars .fi'red to cone 5 showed slight traces of kiln-marking and their fracture had a slight glassy look. . Firing Range: Cone 04-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-3, The above tests indicate that the shale sampled is suitable for the manufacture of building brick, structural tile, roofing tile, and possibly sewer pipe. The tendency towards slow slaking and the resulting low green modulus of rupture could probably be overcome by'fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. The addition of a ~mall amount ofa plastic residual clay, such as that on the Mrs. W. W. Scott property described above, might make the shale easier to process without the loss of the other desirable qualities. The owner estimates that about 75 acres of the Long property and 5 acres of the Samuels property are underlain by shale with little or no overburden. The shale could be mined by steam.'shovel and the pits would have natural drainage. The shale outcrops adjoin the Durham Branch of the, Central of Georgia Railway, but the topography is such that the best plant site is probably one on the east side of the property about half a mile from the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. WLlLKER COUNTY 161 Water could be obtained from the small branch north of the Central of Georgia Railway or from Chattanooga Creek east of the Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia Railroad. The shale underneath the iron ore and the soft weathered shale and clay on the east side of the property should be prospected and tested, as well as the shale over the iron ore represented by the sample tested. Careful watch should be made for the presence of lime. J. O. MCCALLIE PROPERTY (Map location No. 32) The J. 0. McCallie (Alton Park, Tenn., Rt. 3) property is on the Durham Branch of the Central of Georgia Railway, one mile west of Cenchat. It consists of 338 acres in Land Lots 199, 200, 233, ~34, 235, and 236, lOth District, 4th Section. The greater part of the shale deposits described below occur in Land Lots 199 and ~34. The property is adjoined on the east by theM. Q. Long property, described above. The railroad makes a horse-shoe bend across the property, cutting southwest along the edge of the Shinbone Ridge that parallels the slopes of Lookout Mountain and then swinging northward along the foot of the main slope of the mountain. Within the bend of the railI'!Oad and paralleling the eastern side is the valley of a small branch which has been dammed to form Ce:q.chat Lake. Hard olive-green fissle shale of the Red Mountain formation is exposed for about 1,000 feet in the cuts along the eastern side of the horseshoe bend of the railroad (see Plate II-B, facing page 94). This shale is above the red fossiliferous iron ore and is overlain by the Chattanooga black shale, which is mined near the curve of the railroad. The beds are striking N. ~0 E. at a slight angle to the railroad track, and, except for a few minor variations, dip about 30 to the west. The stratigraphic thickness of the shale deposits is probably about ~00 feet. Some heavy beds of sandstone are showing near the middle of the outcrops, but the shale on either side shows only a few thin sandstone partings. The land rises rapidly south of these cuts to a ridge, the top of which is some 350 feet above the railroad. Shale is exposed to the very top of this slope. The shales below and above the iron ore are exposed at places on the more gentle slope southwesfand west of Cenchat Lake between the arms of the horse-shoe bend of the railroad. A few tons of shale have been mined from a pit near the lake. To the west and about 80 feet above this, more shale has been exposed by the minin:g of iron ore. The ore is said to have averaged three feet in thickness. No sandstone is showing at either of these exposures. The shales which are exposed in the railroad cuts extend under the slopes west of this last outcrop. The laboratory tests are given below on a sample of the shale from the two outcrops between the bends of the railroad and at intervals along the railroad cuts. 162 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Laboratory tests on a sample of hard olive-~reen shale from above and below the iron ore of the Red .Mountain formation on the J. 0 . .McCallie property, one mile west of Cenchat, Walker County. Chemical .dnaly.ri.r: Loss dn ignition._______.......................................................................-- 4 .85 Sioid:a:~(Nd~?a.!2::0:~)~-~-~~-~-~-~-~-~~~~~~~-~~::~::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~:~-~::~~~~~:~~~~-~~-~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~::-~ 1:.651~ Magnesia (M'gO).----------- trace FAelurrmicinoaxi(dAe1(2F0es2)-0-s-)-~-------- 22,.'22 7. 00 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)................................................................................ l .01 Sulphur trioxide (S03) --------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)."----------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02)------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62.80 Grinding: Fairly easy. Slightly tough rather than brittle. Ground Color: Grayish-drab. Sldkirig: Slow. Pla.rHcity: Poor an:d grainy at first, fair after aging 2 days. .Molding Behapior: Good. Dryi!J.g Behapior: Test bars all slightly warped. 'Water of Pla.rlicity: 19.6 per cent. Green il1oduht.r of Rupture: 11],.9 pounds per square in:ch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla;;tic length): 2.6 per cent. lOO.ll Firing Te;;t.r: .. ''" Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per ;;q. in. Color Warpage 06 2.9 5.3 11.8 1157 Dark salmon 04 2.9 ' 5.7 11.7 1205. (ZYR-6/S)b Fair red (R~YR-6/7)b 02 3.6 6.0 10.6 15'22 Good red (R-YR.5/6)b 1 5.2 7.5 7.7 1912 Good red (R-YR-5/5)b 3 4,6 7.2 5.1 2413 Good red (R~YR~4/4)b 5 7.i' 9.4 3.1 3147 Dark red (R-YR-3/4)b aSee graph, Figure 12~D, page 159. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 2'3. Slight Slight Some Some Considerable Considerable Firing Range: Cone 04-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-3. WALKER COUNTY 163 The above tests indicate that the shale sampled is suitable for the manufacture of building brick, structural tile, roofing tile, and possibly sewer pipe. The tendency to slow slaking and the resulting low green strength could probably be overcome by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain elect,rolytes in the tempering water. The shale sampled, while not strictly surficial material, was more or less weathered. It is possible that 10 to 20 feet under the surface the shale would be too hard and non-plastic to use by itself. This property evidently contains a very large deposit of shale with little or no overburden, so located that it could be mined by steam shovel. The pits would have n,atural drainage. A good plant site near Cenchat Lake is already connected with the railroad by a spur track. Sufficient water for a ceramic plant could be obtained from Cenchat Lake. In prospecting the property care should be taken to watch out for the presence of lime in the shale. Even small quantit,ies might cause sc'umming and narrow the firing range. J. L. KNOX PROPERTY The J. L. Knox (Alton Park, Ten:dessee, Rt. 3) property is at the foot of Lookout Mountain half a mile due west of Eagle Cliff Station on the Tennessee, Alabama anP. Georgia Railroad. The Durham Branch of the Central of Georgia Railway is not far to the west of the property line, but is well 1W on the slope of the mountain above the property. The property consists of 200 acre,s in Land Lot 162 of the lOth District, 4th Section, and Land Lot 145 of the 9th District, 4th Section, Walker County. Near the eastern edge of the property is a small pit from. which a few carloads of stiffly plastic red and brown residual clay were mined several years ago. Th~s clay, according to the owner, was mined for the Flintstone Plant of the W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company (see page 164) to mix with their shale to increase the plasticity and processing qualities, but it was evidently not satisfactory for this purpose. A pros,pect well near the pit is said to have passed through 35 feet of this clay. The cuts of the private road to the west show a similar red clay with occasional partings of -reddish-brown shale, probably from the base of the Red Mountain formation. This clay has the appearance of that sampled on the :Mrs. W. W. Scott property and described on page 155. Still further west is a low ridge, the northern end of the Shinbone Ridge, rising orily 25 or 30 feet above the general level of the property. Along this ridge are trenches where the soft iron ore, apparently 20 to 30 inches in thickness, was mined years ago, but the sides have slumped in and very little shale is showing. A small valley ~00 feet across lies between the ridge and the main slope of the mountain. 164 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGid A little hard. greenish-,drab shale (under the iron ore) is showing by the house on the Z. C. Patton Estate adjoining this property on the south. Both of these propertie~:r should be prospected and the shale and residual clay deposits tested. W. S. DICKE:Y CLAY MFG. COMPANY FLINTSTONE PLANT, NO. li. Headquarters: Kansas City. Missouri. (See pages 80 and 307). Flintstone Plant : Blowing Spring Station (Flintstone P. 0.), Walker County, Georgia. W. G: Evans, Supt. The Flintstone or No; 11 Plant (see Plate I) of the W. S. Dickey Ohiy Mfg. Company is just east of the Tennessee, Alabama and Geor- gia Railroad at Blowing Springs Station, two miles north of Flintstone and three"'qliarters of a mile south of the Tennessee State Line. This plant was built about 1905 by the American Sewerpipe Company, using an alluvial clay from the valley. of Chattanooga Creek for the manufac- ' ture of sewer pipe, drain tile; and wfl,ll coping. Later shale of the Red Mountain formation from near Flintstone was mixed with the clay. The plantwas purchased bythe W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Company about 1915. Still later as the shale and Clay .deposits were exhausted; the sewer pipe were made ftom a mi:xttire of shale from the 'eompany~s pits ~at Rome, Georgia (see page 80), and robably last a heavy clay products plant for many years. DAVIS AND STREET PROPERTIES (Map location No. 48) The S. B. Davis (Tails Creek) property of about 200 acres is south of and adjoining the Mrs. Fannie Clayton property described above. It extends along the Tennessee Highway from Yellow Creek on the north to the top of the hill just north of Pisgah Church, a distance of about half a mile. The property extends eastward to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and westward for about a quarter of a mile from the highway. South of the Davis property is the Mrs. Ida Street (Ramhurst) property of about 300 acres. The Street property ex- 204 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d tends southward along the highway to just south of the road to Ramhurst, a distance of about half a mile, eastward to the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, and westward to the Spring Place-Ramhurst road. The highway cut~ on the hill south of Yellow Creek and on the hill or ridge near the south end of the Davis property show semi-hard to hard olive-drab Conasauga shale weathering into thin flat pieces and, at the hardest places, into long splintery or pencil-shaped fragments. At places the weathered shale is stained red. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample a,t a number of places along the outcrop (see Plate IV-B) near the line between the DavisandStreet properties. Highway cuts on the Street property near Pisgah Church, recently cut at the time of the writer's visit, exposed an olive-green shale somewhat harder than that sampled but with an almost translucent and greasy look and a soapy feeling. The shale near Mrs. Street's house at the junction of the road to Ramhurst and the Tennessee Highway is still harder but not exactly slaty. Hard slaty shale is said to be exposed in a railroad cut north of Rarnhurst. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of semi-hard to hard olive- green Oonasau[ffa shale from outcrops on the S. B. Davis property near the Mrs. Ida Street property, Tennessee Highway near Pisgah Church, three-quarters of a mile northwest of Ramhurst, Murray County. Chemical .!lnaly.ri.r: Loss on ignition.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 . 59 Soda (Na20) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I .I7 Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 97 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 00 rr~:i~!acl~5~l-~~-~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::~:~~~~~: I6: ~~ Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .26 Ferrous oxide (FeO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I .03 ~~:!i~x:di~~f1: mo~~~~:~-~~~~~~~~::~~~~:~~~~~~~~:~~~~~:~:~:~:~:::~~~~::~:~:~~::~:::::::~:~:~::::::: :g~ Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Phosphorous pentoxide (PzOo) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67.93 Grinding: Easy. 100.12 Ground Color: Light brown. Slaking: A little slow. Pla.rlicity: Grainy at first, fair after aging 3 days .Molding BehaPior: Fair. Tendency for clay column to crack and tear on edges. Drying Behapior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of P!a.rlicily: 2I.4 per cent. Green .Jfodulu.r of Rupture: 100.9 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 1.9 per cent. llfURR.dY COUNTY 205 Figure 16. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the Swanson and Barksdale properties, 2 miles south of Chatsworth, Murray County. B. Conasauga shale from the T. P. Anderson property, 3 miles south of Chatsworth, Murray County. C. Conasauga shale from the Wilbanks and Clayton properties, 2 miles north of Ramburst, Murray County. D. Conasauga shale from the Davis and Street properties, Ramhurst, Murray County. 206 Firing Te.rt.r: GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Cone Linear Total Firing Linear Shrink- Shrink- age . age ! Absorp- (based on (based on tiona dry plastic length) len,gth)a, per.cenl per cent per cent Modulus of , Rupturea, Lb. per iiq.in. :Color Wa~page 06 2.9 5.0 17.8 934 Salmon Slight (3YR-6/7)h 04 3.4 5.3 14.9 1472 Salmon red Slight (1YR-6/6)b o.z 4.8 6.6 12.5 1809 Salmon red Some (R-YR-5/5)b 1 6.3 7.9 9.4 2330 Medium red Some (R-YR-5/4)b 3 7.5 9.2 6.8 2922 Medium red Some (R~YR-4/4)'b : 5 7.9 9.3 5:7 3337 Dark red S~me (R-YR-4/3)b aSee graph, Figure 16-D, page 205. bColor notation according to the Munsell ~ystem, see page 23. Remark.r: One of the test bars fired to cone 02 was .black~cored, indicating slight reducing conditions. Firing Range: Cone 1-5 and higher~ Commercial kiln: Cone 1"""5. The above tests indicate that this shale is suited for the manufacture of building brick and possibly structural tile, roofing tile, -and ,sewer pipe. 'The tendency towards slow slaking and the resulting poor plasticity and molding behavior could probably be .overcome by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the addition of certain electrolytes to the tempering water. The area between the Tennessee Highway and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad about half a mile to the east is made up of rolling and irregular knobs and ridges, topography typical of land underlain by shale. The few orltcrops seen were of shale similar to that sampled. The writer estimates that at least 100 acres of these two prope_rties are underlain by the Conasauga shale. The shale between the railroad and the highway alone would probably last a heavy clay products plant for a generation, even taking into consideration that the weathered shale probably does not e:h.'tend more than 10 to 9W feet beneath the surface. The property should be thoroughly prospected and separate tests made on each variety of shale found. MIDDLETON AND NELSON PROPERTIES The H. Middleton (Ramhurst) property is on the east side of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad at Ramhurst, and touches the railroad at the north end and again at the south end of the property on either side of the settlement of. Ramhurst. The property extend.s for MURRAY COUNTY 207 three-eighths of a mile east along the Fields Gap of the RamhurstEllijay road and for half a mile each way north and south of the road. It consists of about ~00 acres in Land Lots 3 and 4, ~5th District, 3d Section. The property of W. W., J. H., and J. R. Nelson (Ramhurst) is an L-shaped property of about ~00 acres adjoining the Middleton property and west and south of it. It extends from Rock Creek south along the west side of the railroad to the southern edge of the Middleton property and then on both sides of the railroad for a quarter of a mile further south. The western edge of the property is west of the Tennessee Highway. A railroad cut south of Ramhurst and Rock Creek between the Middleton and the Nelson properties expose semi-hard to hard somewhat fissle greenish-drab shale in alternate bands 15 to 20 feet across. Some of these layers resemble the shale sampled on the Davis and Street properties adjoining on the north and described above. Similar shale, striking N. 35 E. and dipping 60 SE., is exposed along the RamhurstEllijay road and probably underlies the irregular knobs and ridges north and south of the road. About three-quarters of a mile south of Ramhurst on the Nelson property the railroad cut known locally as "The Big Cut" exposes very hard slaty shale unsuited for the manufacture of hea.vy clay products. This ridge, known as "The Backbone" also crosses the Tennessee Highway. The Middleton property and the part of the Nelson property north of the Backbone should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the shale deposits. J. B. BUTLER PROPERTY (Map location No. 49) The J. B. Butler (Chatsworth) property of 160 acres is on the Fields Gap or the Ramhurst-Ellijay road, a quarter of a mile south of old Dennis post office on Rock Creek and one and a quarter miles due east of R.amhurst and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Cuts along the Fields Gap road expose soft "short" somewhat plastic clay in thin stratified layers striking N. ~0 E. and dipping 30 to 35 to the southeast. Some of these layers are a bright yellow ochre color, some red with thin shale-like partings, and there is one band 15 feet in width of soft red shale. The clay and shale all contain some fine sand, giving them a "short" and mealy texture. These outcrops extend for a mile along the road. The clay is said to underlie the fields west of the road, where it was formerly exposed in gullies ~0 to 40 feet deep, now largely filled in. It has probably been derived from the weathering of an argillaceous and siliceous limestone layer of the Conasauga formation. The deposits do not extend very far up the slope to the east of the road, being cut off by the Cartersville Fault that forms the eastern boundary of the Appalachian Valley of Georgia. Laboratory tests are given below on a sample composed of a 3-foot groove sample from each variety of the clay from the road outcrops. 208 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Laboratory tests on a sample of soft plastic yellow to red clay and soft red shale from the J. B. Butler property on the Fields Gap Road, 1;1. miles east of Ramhurst, Murray County. Chemical .d.naly.ri.r: ~~dsao(W!g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5:~~ Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.30 Ljme (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 00 Magnesia GMgO) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Alumina (A120a)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 .69 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) __ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- q .20 ~~:~=UJi~~i1: ?~o3~~=~~~~~~::~~::~~:::~:::::~:::::~~~~:::~~~~~~~:~~~~~:~~~:~~~::~:~~~:~~::~:~:~~: tr~8o Sulphur trioxide (S03) ------------------------------------------------,----------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20o)------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1.11 Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------___ 63 . 80 100.03 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Red. Slaking: Fairly rapid. Pla.rticity: Poor. "Short" and mealy. ..Molding Behapior: Rather poor. Tendency for the clay column to crack and to tear at the edges. Drying Behapior: Test bars all slightly warped. Waler oj P La.rtici:ly: 36 .1 per cent. _ Green ..Modulu.r oj Rupture: 44.0 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 2.7 per cent. Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupturea Lb. l?er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3.8 6.6 27.8 521 Salmon (2YR-6/6)b 04 5.4 7.9 23.3 988 Salmon (1YR-5/4)b 02 6.2 8.5 21.4 1084 Salmon red (R-YR-5/5)b 1 9.0 11.4 17.5 1575 Good red (R-YR-4/4)b 3 10.2 12.0 15.4 1741 Good red (R-YR-4/3) b 5 11.2 13.4 11.5 1951 Dark red" (R-YR-4/2)b aSee graph, Figure 17-A, page 213. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Some Some Some Considerable Considerable Jl1URR.dY COUNTY 209 Remark.r: The test bars fire to cone 04 were slightly flashed, indicating reducing conditions at the end of the firing period. Firing Range: Cone 1-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 1-5. The above tests indicate that this clay is suitable only for the manufacture of building brick. The worst feature is its low green strength and the high rate of shrinkage and absorption within the firing range as shown by the steepness of the curves in Figure 17-A, page 213. S. M. CARTER PROPERTY (Map location No. 50) The S. M. Carter (Carters) property is a large plantation of several thousand acres north of the Coosawattee River and south of Sugar Creek on both sides of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. A large part of the plantation is rolling blue-grass land underlain by a broad belt of limestone of the Conasauga formation. But between Mineral Springs Branch and Wilbanks Branch, and again east of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad just north of Carters Station, are irregular hills and ridges underlain by more or less metamorphosed slaty shales of the Conasauga formation. The shale between Mineral Springs Branch and Willbanks Branch is exposed in two cuts on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad one mile north of Carters Station and one mile south of Coniston Station. The cuts show a hard slightly fissle slaty shale varying in color from light green where unweathered to a reddish brown on the weathered surface. None of this material, weathered or hard, would develop sufficient plasticity to be suited for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The cuts on the new location of the Tennessee Highway just north of the Coosawattee River at Carters Station expose a hard reddish to greenish-drab somewhat slaty shale weathering on the surface to a bright red color with some flat pieces striped red and drab and resembling chips of weathered cedar wood. The weathered material, although fairly soft, is somewhat "short" and crumbly. The outcrops are overlain by about 4 feet of red and brown alluvial clay full of rounded quartz gravel. The first cut north of the river is about 500 feet in length. The alluvial clay only is exposed to the north of this nearly to the top of the hill, where a similar but slightly harder shale is exposed. Limestone, soft red shale, and red and brown clay are exposed on the north slope of the ridge towards a branch of Willbanks Branch. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of the partly weathered and weathered reddish-brown to red shale from the 500 foot outcrop, with a few pieces from the harder outcrop at the top of the hill. 210 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid Laboratory tests on a sample of semi-hard to hard reddishbrown and red shale from the S . .M. Carter property near Carters Station, .Murray County. Chemical Analy.ri.r: ~~d~(N-~gi~~~:~~:~~~=::~~~:::=:::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::: 5:~~ ti!~~d~?-~:-~=::~:::::::::::::::=~::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::=:::::=::: 1:g~ Magnesia (MgO)------~--- trace Alumina (A1z0a)-- 17. 63 FTei trarni ci uomxiddeio(FxeitzeOa(T) iO-z-)--~------- 8. 57 . 91 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) --- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P206) ------ .12 Silica (Si02) ----~------- 65 .35 100.07 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Red. Slaking:. Slow. Pla.tticity: Poor. Short and grainy even after aging. .Molding BehafJior: Plasticity too poor to form test bars on the Mueller roll--press, and bars were made by hand in a slop mold. Drying BehafJior: Rapid, with practically no warpage.. Water of Pla.rlicity: 27.0 per cent. Green llfodulu.r of Rupture: 35.3 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic Length): 1.9 per cent. Firing Te.Jt.r: Cone Linear Firin~ Shrin age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age. (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupturea Lb. !!er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 1.1 3.1 21.8 564 Salmon (3YR-6/6)b 04 2.6 4.5 19.1 1195 Salmon red (IYR-6/6)h 02 3.3 5.1 18.5 826 Salmon red (1YR-5/5)h 1 4.6 6.1 15.1 1414 Medium red (R-YR-5/4)-h 3 4.2 6.1 14.2 1419 Medium red (R-YR-4/5)b 5 4.8 6.5 13.7 1222 Good red (9R-4/4)h aSee graph, Figure 17-B, page 213. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Little or none Little. or none Slight Little or none Some Some Firing Range: Not reached in these tests. li1URRdY COUNTY 211 The above tests indicate that this shale, by itself, is not suited for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The green and fired strengths are low and the absorption. is very high. The fired colors from cone 1-5 are good and with a small amount of a more plastic shale or an alluvial clay to act as a binder, the material might be used. GORDON COUNTY Gordon County is south of Whitfield and Murray counties, northeast of Floyd County, north of Bartow County, and, at its northwest comer, touches both Walker and Chattooga counties. It is almost wholly within the Rome Valley physiographic division of the Appalachian Valley of Georgia (see Figure 3, page 49). The county is drained by the Oostanaula River and its tributaries, including parts of the Conasauga and Coosawattee rivers. Three railroads cross the county in a north-south direction. The Atlanta to Chattanooga line of the Southern Railway crosses the western part of the county, passing through the settlements of Plainville, Oostanaula, Sugar Valley, and Hill City. The State owned Western and Atlantic Railroad (leased to the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway) crosses the middle of the county, passing through Calhoun, the county seat, and Resaca. The western part of the county is crossed by the Atlanta to Cincinnati line of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, which passes throu,gh Fairmount, Ranger, and Colima. The East Branch of the Dixie Highway parallels the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and State Highway No. 61, known as the Tennessee ?ighway, parallels the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The oldest rocks exposed in Valley area of Gordon County are the siliceous shales of the Rome formation. These enter the county on the Floyd County line west of Plainville and continue northward to the Whitfield County line in a belt averaging a little over a mile in width, passing west of Calhoun and Resaca. The Conasauga formation outcrops on either side of the Rome formation and in a broad belt in the eastern part of the county. The belts of the Conasauga formation crossed by the Southern Railway and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway are composed of fissle olive-drab clay shales together with more or less limestone in irregular lenses and beds. A number of these shale deposits are described below. The eastern belt crossed by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad is composed of shales which have largely been metamorphosed to hard slaty shales and green slates unsuited for the manufacture of heavy clay products. Hayes1 mapped a strip through the 1Hayes, C. W., Manuscript geologic maps of the Dalton and Cartersville quadrangles. 212 GEOLOGICLI.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.d middle of these as belonging' to the Rome formation, bu:t the field work of the writer has convinced him that these cannot be distinguished from the ones mapped by him as metamorphosed Conasauga shales and slates. The belt is bounded on the east by the Cartersville Fault. The western edge of the Conasauga has been thrust over beds of sandy shale and clay belonging to the much younger Floyd shale. Two deposits of this are described below. This thrust fault is the Rome Fault described on pages 50 and 73. The extent of the thrusting can be seen on the road between Sugar Valley and Resaca two miles east of the main Rome Fault, where the Conasauga shales have been worn through, exposing a large area of the !i'ort Payne chert. The ridges on the western edge .of the county are caused by the resistant sandstone beds of the Red Mou,ntain formation. B. MIFFLIN HOOD COMPANY (LEGG PLANT) (Map location No. 51) Headquarters: Daisy, Tenn. (See pages 112 and 243). B. Mifflin IIood, President. Legg Plant.: Calhoun, Georgia. J. A. White, Superintendent., The L~gg Plant of the B. Mifflin Hood Company is between the Dixie Highway and the Nashville,~Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway on the north side of Calhoun. It was built in 1906 by the Legg Brothers, who manufactured face brickby the dry-press process from Conasauga shale. The kilns were at first fired by coal but later by producer gas manufactured at the plant. The plant was sold to the B. Mifflin Hood Company in 1919. In 1927 the plant was remodeled, changing to the stiff-mud process of forming the brick and to the use of coal rather than ,producer gas for firing. Shale Pit The shale pit extends for half a mile north of the plant, parallel to the Dixie Highway. At the northern end where it was being worked when visited by the writer in 1930, the pit was about 50 feet wide and 8 feet deep. The shale, which belongs to the Conasauga formation, varies from soft and light brown at the top, through semi-hard and greenish-drab in the middle, to hard and dark gray on the bottom of the pit. Horizontally 'the &hale grades at places into a mottled red and light-brown clay with traces of a shaly structure. The laboratory tests on a grab sample including all varieties of the shale and clay are given qelow. The material is mined with an electric shovel and loaded GORDON COUNTY 213 Figure 17. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Residual clay from the J. B. Butler property, one and a quarter miles east of Ramhurst, Murray County. B. Hard red shale from the S. M. Carter property, Carters Station, Murray County. C. Conasauga shale from the Legg Plant of the B. Mifflin Hood Company, Calhoun, Gordon County. D. Conasauga shale from the Chapman property, one mile northwest of Calhoun, Gordon County. 214 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA into side-dump mining cars which are hauled to the plant by a gasoline locomotive on a narrow-gauge tram line. The shovel bucket in scrap- ing up the face of the pit effectively mixes the hard unweathered shale from the bottom and the weathered shale from the top. The clay areas are not mined in wet weather because it is difficult to dry the clay sufficiently to prevent clogging of the screens at the plant. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of soft brown clay and soft brown to hard gray Conasauga shale from the pit of the B . .Mifflin Hood Company's Legg Plant, Calhoun, Gordon County. Chemical Analy.Yi.Y: Loss on ignition....."--------------------------------------------------------------"------------------------- 5 .3;5 Soda (Na20) ________ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .37 ii!::~c~o?-~~~~:::::~~~~::::~:::~:::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::~::::=::~:::::::::::::::::::~ 2:g6 Magnesia (;MgO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 55 Alumina (A120a)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20. 79 F eri'ic oxide (Fe20a)__ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 . 50 Ferrous oxide (FeO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 89 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)----------~------"----------------------"------------------------------------- .92 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ___________:------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20a) ____ ----------------~--------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) ___--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 .44 100.12 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light brownish-gray.. Slaking: Rather slow. Plaolicity: Poor and grainy at first, Jair after aging overnight. Molding BehafJior: Fair. Tendency for clay column to crack and tear on the edges. Drying BehafJior: Little or no warpage. Water of Plaolicity: 22.7 per cent. Green J/1odulu.Y of Rupture: 75 .5 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.;ed on plaolic length): 2.1 per cent. GORDON COUNTY 215 Firing Tal.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based. on dry length) per cent T,otal Li:O:ear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cenl Absorptiona per cenl I Modulus of Rupture a Lbs. per .Jq. tn. Color Warpage 06 3.6 5.5 16.8 912 Salmon (4YR-6/7)b 04 4.1 6.0 14.3 1019 Dark Salmon (2YR-6/6)b 02 6.2 7.5 11.4 1386 Light red (R-YR-5/5)b 1 7.5 9.3 8.5 1674 Good red (R-YR-4/5)b 3 7.5 9.5 5.6 1638 Deep red (R-YR-3/5)b 5 8.5 10.3 4.9 2231 Deep-red (R-YR-3/4)b aSee graph, Figure 17-C, page 213. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Little or none Slight Slight Considerable Considerable Considerable Remark.;: The test bars fired to cone 5 had a vitrified appearance on the surface and their broken ends showed the beginnings of a glassy structure. Firin.q P.ange: Cone 1-3. Commercial kiln: Cone 01-2. Plant The shale brought into the plant from the mine is dumped in a storage shed. A belt conveyor under the storage shed removes the shale as needed and feeds it to a dry pan where it is ground. The ground shale is screened by a vibratory screen, the oversize going to a second dry pan for further grinding and then to a second vibratory screen. The screens used are 15 mesh for the manufacture of smooth-face brick and 10 mesh for rough texture brick. The undersize from both screens drops to a storage bin. The ground and screened shale is fed to a long single-shaft disintegrator where tempering is accomplished. This disintegrator discharges into a combination double pug mill and auger brick machine, which forces the clay out in a continuous column which is automatically cut off into side-cut brick. The green brick are hacked onto steel cars and dried at 200 F. in a steam-heated 6-track tunnel drier. The kilns consist of one long rectangular down-draft chambered kiln, the alternate chambers consti- 216 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGIA tuting separate kilns, remodeled from the old continuous kiln; -and two smaller rectangular Eudaly kilns. The long kiln is fired with induced draft, the short kilns each have two stacks. The brick are fired to cone 07 or about 1750 F. in the bottom of the kiln. Electrical pyremeters, standard pyrometric cone~, trial pieces, and the amount of settling are all used to regulate the firing and determine the end-point. The brick are an excellent quality shale face brick made in smooth, "velvet", and "rough" texture surfaces and a "Sand-Harvard" roughtexture Colonial brick. The colors range from cherry red to dark flashed browns and blacks. The underfired and second quality brick are sold as common brick. The capacity of the plant is about 41,000 brick per day. R. L. HILL PROPERTY The property of R. L. Hill (Calhoun, Rt. 3) is north of and adjoining the shale pit of the B. Mlfflin Hood Co:rp.pany, one and a quarter miles north of Calhoun, between the Dixie Highway and the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. About four of the six acres in the property are underlain by a continuation of the shale sampled from the pit of the B. Mifflin Hood Company and described above. CHAPMAN, LEWIS, AND HENDERSON PROPERTIES. (Map location No. 52) . The W. H. and Jr; E. Chapman (Calhoun, Rt. 3) property is on the east side of the Oostanaula River, one and a quarter .miles north of Calhoun and half to three-quarters of a,. mile, west ;o:Lthe .Nashville, Chattanooga and St:Louis Railway and the B. Mifflin Hood Company's brick yard. It consists of ~48 acres in Land Lots 154 and 156, 14th District, 3d Section. The C. E. Lewis (Calhoun, Rt. 3) property of 70 acres is east of the Chapman property. The J. S. Henderson property is north of the Chapman groperty and corners with the Lewis property. A series of low ridges extending north from the river across these properties is underlain by shales and clay of the Conasauga formation. The ridge on which the Chapman house is located is entirely underlain by soft to semi-hard drab shale much like that in the pit of the brick plant but slightly less fissle. The east side of the next ridge to the west shows only stiffly plastic red clay, probably residual from a very argillaceous limestone layer, but on the south end and west side of this ridge are more outcrops of shale similar to that on the first ridge. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of this shale from several places on both ridges. The owner estimates that about 75 acres of the Chapman property are underlain by this shale. The deposits also extend onto the Lewis and Henderson properties. At places on these properties river terrace deposits of water-worn gravel and sand cover the top of the ground for a foot or two ,and would have to be removed as overburden. Shale pits would have natural drainage. A tram line to a plant at the railroad could be constructed with little or no grading. GORDON COUNTY 217 Laboratory tests on a sample of soft to semi-hard drab Conasauga shale from the W. H. and J. E. Chapman property on the Oostanaula River 17{. miles north of Oalhoun, Gordon County. Che:mical .dnah;.ri.J: ~~d.~eN~~~-~~~~=~~=~~~~~:~:~::::::~~~~~~~::~~~~~:~~=~:~~~~:~~~=:::~:::~~~~~::::~~~~:~~~~~~:~~~~~~~:::::::: 5:;& Potash (K20)__________------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 .05 Lime (CaO) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Magnesia (MgO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .21 Alumina (Al20s) ...-------------------------~------------------------------------------------------- -------- 24 . 62 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) __ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.05 Ferrous oxide (FeO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 82 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ..----------------------------------------------------------------------------- .92 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs)----------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (SiOz) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58. 62 100.06 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light brown. SLaking: A little slow. Plaolicity: Grainy at first, fair after aging overnight. ll:!olding BehaPior: Fair. Slie:ht tendency for clay column to tear at the edges. Drying Behapior: Test bars ~~slightly warped. Water of P!aoficity: 21.1 per cent. Green /Jfodulu.J of Rupture: 77.8 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Jed on p/a.Jlic Lenglh): 2. 6 per cent. Firing Teol.J: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona per cenl Modulus of Rupture a Lb. f!er .Jq. tn. Color Warpage 06 4.2 7.1 11.6 1326 Dark salmon (2YR-6/7)b 04 4.1 7.0 10.4 1560 Light red (R-YR-5/6)b 02 4.8 7.1 10.2 1713 Fair red (R-YR-5/S)b 1 6.3 9.0 7.8 1733 Good red (R-YR-4/S)b 3 7.5 9.5 3.8 2189 Deep red (R-YR-3/S)b 5 8.0 10.2 3.0 3004 Deep red (R-YR-3/3)b aSee graph, Figure 17-D, page 213. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Some Some Some Bad Bad 218 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid Firing Range: Cone 01-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-4. The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manu~ facture of building brick. The green modulus of rupture is probably too low for the manufacture of structural tile, roofing tile, or sewer pipe. Th~s ,could probably be improved by the addition of some of the residual red clay noted on one of the ridges, or by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water; or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. These three properties should be thoroughly prospected and further ceramic tests made on representative samples. JACKSON, KEYS, AND JOLY PROPERTIES The Lewi's and Henderson properties described above are adjoined on the north by the E. L. Jackson (Calhoun) property of 80 acres, two miles north of Calhoun and three-quarters of a mile west of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway. Several low knolls or ridges are underlain by soft drab Conasauga shale and red clay. The shale is similar in appearance to that sampled on the Chapman property and in the pit of the B. Mifflin Hood Company, both described above. Outcrops of the stiffly plastic red clay with an occasional outcrop of shale are showing on the Mose Keys property to the southeast and the Chett Joly property to the east and north, between the Jackson property and the railroad. These properties should all be prospected to determine the extent and character of the deposits. D. L. PRATER PROPERTY (Map location No. 53) The D. L. Prater (Calhoun) property is miles northeast of Calhoun on the Newtown road. A foot or two of plastic yellow clay is showing at the edge of a flat meadow east of the road. A well at a tenant house nearby is said to have passed through 30 feet of similar clay. The clay is probably residual or colluvial in origin and has been derived from an area of the Knox dolomite that is comparatively free from chert. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of this clay from sh.fi,Llow outcrops at the edge of the meadow. The clay probably underlies all of the flat land which is at least 10 acres in- extent. The property is only a mile and a quarter due east of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, but between them is a chert ridge so that a tram line would probably have to follow down the road to Calhoun, a distance of two miles. Laboratory tests on a sample of plastic yellow clay from the D. L. Prater property, two miles northeast of Calhoun, Gordon County. J GORDON COUNTY 219 Chemical ..dnl!lY.S:i~: Loss on lgilltlon____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 .32 Soda (Na20) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- . 59 Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 Lime (Ca0) ____------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 00 Magnesia (MgO)----,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 28 Alumina (A120s)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 . 01 Ferric oxide (Fe20s) __ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 . 24 Ferrous oxide (FeO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 72 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 93 Sulphur trioxide (SOs)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) __ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 50 100.03 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light tan. Slaking: Rapid. PLa.rticity: Good. Sticky. .Molding Behavior: Good, except that the clay column had a tendency to stick to the metal platen over which it was travelling. Drying Behavior: Test bars all very slightly warped. Water oj Pla.rticity: 32.8 per cent. Green .Modulu.r oj Rupture: 241.2 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic length): 6. 7 per cent. Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorp tiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. f!er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 0.4 04 0.3 7.3 24.8 7.1 25.3 672 Pinkish ivory Very (YR-7 /6)b slight 906 Pale pinkish Very tan (YR-7/6) b slight 02 0.8 7.4 23.6 1241 Light pinkish Very tan slight (YR-7 /S)b 1 1.3 8.3 24.1 1022 Medium pink- Slight ish tan 3 1.0 (YR-6/7)b 7.4 23.6 1251 Pinkish Very salmon slight (4YR-6/6)b 5 1.8 8.5 22.5 1204 Pinkish Slight salmon (3YR-6/6)b <~See graph, F1gure 18-A, page 221. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. 220 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid Firi~g Range: Above Cone 5. The above. tests indicate that this clay, because of the high absorption, is suitable only fer the manufacture of flower pots and crude pottery such as jugs and churns, with the possible exception of lightcolored and highly porous roofing tile suitable for use in Southern climates only. Small amounts of this clay would greatly aid the plasticity and molding ability of a slow slaking shale. PENDLEY AND FREEMAN PROPERTiES (Map location No. 54) The J. J. Pendley (Calhoun, Rt. 8) property is three and a half miles north of Calhoun and just north of Damascus Church. Its eastern edge fronts on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway for half a mile, and the western edge is just east of the Dixie Highway. It consists of 75 acres in Land Lot 8, 14th District, 8d Section. The Pendley property is adjoined on the west side by the 85 acre property of Mrs. Lucille Freeman (Calhoun, Rt. 8), most of which lies west of the Dixie Highway. , The land on these two properties is gently rolling with low ridges and knolls rising about 50 feet above the general drainage level. These ridges on the Pendley property are underlain by soft to-semi-hard drab Conasauga shale as shown by fragments on top of the grouJ;J.d and several shallow washes. The Dixie Highway cuts through one of these ridges on the Freeman property exposing the shale to a depth of 2-5 feet and for a distance of about flOO feet. The 'beds are striking northeast and dipping about 45 tQ .the southeast~ A few beds of plastic red clay not over a foot in thickness are showing between much thicker beds of shale. The following .laboratory tests were made, on a grab sample of the shale from the shallow outcrops on the Pendley property and the highway cut on the Freeman property. Laboratory tests on a sample of soft ~o semi-hard drab Conasau~a shale from the J. J. Pendley and Mrs. Luoille Freeman properties, 3% miZes north of Calhoun, Gordon County. Chemical .tlnaJy.r_i.r_: Loss on Ignition..----------- 7. 20 Soda (Na20).--------------------------------------------------------------- 99 Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. 52 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00 Magnesia (MgO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .05 Alumina (A120a)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26.25 Ferric oxide (Fe203) __ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 25 Ferrous oxide (FeO)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------____ 50 Titanium dioxiP.e (Ti02)__..----------------------------------------------------------------------- 92 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) --------~----------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)---- -------------------------------'--------------------------------- .14 Silica (SiO~) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 .23 100.05 GORDON COUNTY 221 Fipure 18. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Colluvial clay from the D. L. Prater property, 2 miles northeast of Cal- houn, Gordon County. B. Conasauga shale from the Pendley and Freeman properties three one-half miles north of Calhoun, Gordon County. C. Conasauga shale from the A. L. Edwards property, half a mile east of Resaca, Gordon County. D. Weathered Flovd shale from the John Russell property, one and a half miles south of Sugar Valley, Gordon County. 222 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Grinding: Fairly easy, brittle. Ground Color: Yellow. SLaking: Fairly rapid. Pla.rlicily: Fair. _ Molding BehaPior: Fair, Slight tendency for clay column to crack and to tear on the edges. Drying BelzaPior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of Pla.rlicity: 21.8 per cent. Green ll1oduluJ' of Rupture: 89.4 pounds per square inch. Linear Dr)Jing Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic lengllz): 3.0 per cent. Firing Te.rlJ': Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based dn dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length)a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupturea Lb. per J'q. in. Color Warp~ge ,- 06 2.9 04 4.0 02 4.5 1 5.7 3 6.5 5 7.2 6.5 16.9 766 - Salmon (2YR-6/6)b 7.0 13.2 1162 Light red (R-YR-5/4)b 7.4 11.5 1229 Good red (R-YR-4/4}h 8~0 12.0 1517 Good red (R-YR~4/5)b 9.1 7.0 1690. Deep red (R-YR-4/3)b 9.5 7.7 1855 Deep red (R-YR-3/3)b aSee graph, Figu:re 18-B, page 221. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Slight Slight. Some Some Some Firing Range: Cone 1-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 01-:-4. The above tests indicate that this shale is suitable for the manufacture of building brick and possibly medium-fired structural tile. The plasticity and the green strength could probably be improved by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the addition of certain electrolytes to the tempering water. These properties and the Tate Estate (in charge of A. H. Tate, Cal- houn, Rt. 3), adjoining on the east, south, and southwest, should be prospected ~o determine the extent and character of their shale deposits. GORDON COUNTY 223 A. L. EDWARDS PROPERTY (Map location No. 55) The A. L. Edwards (Dalton) property extend'S from the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway just north of Resaca to and across the Resaca-Chatsworth road, half a mile to the east, and extends north to the Conasauga River. It consists of 334 acres in Land Lots 30~, 303, 311, 31~, and 313, 13th District, 3d Section. Two northeast-southwest ridges, separated by a valley a quarter of a mile in width, cross the property, the eastern one being higher and longer than the western one. Limestone of the Conasauga formation underlies the west side of the west ridge, the land between it and the railroad, and the valley between the two ridges. But the east side of the west ridge and both sides of the east ridge are underlain by semihard to hard drab to reddish-brown shale, fissle and flaky at places and more massive at others. The following laboratory tests are on a grab sample of this shale from the west side of the western ridge in outcrops along the Resaca-Chatsworth road from its junction with the Fites Ferry road almost to the Conasauga River. Lavoratory tests on a sample of soft to hard drab to reddishbrown Conasauga shale from the A. L. Edwards property, half a mile east of Resaca, Gordon County. Chemical Anc;ly.s_i~: Loss on 1gn1t1on________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. 63 Soda (NazO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 48 Potash (KzO)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 48 Lime (CaO) _______ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ________ ------------ 00 Magnesia (MgO).--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Alumina (Alz0 19.89 3) .. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ferric oxide (Fez0 5. 26 3) __ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ferrous oxide (FeO)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 . 29 Titanium dioxide (Ti02).------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOo)------------------------------------------:----------------------------- trace Silica (SiOz) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64.22 99.98 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Light brown. Slaking: A little slow. Pla.Jticily: Fair. Molding Behavior: Fair. Tendency for clay column to crack and tear at the edges. Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of Pla.Jticily: 19.9 per cent. Green Modulu.J oj Rupture: 79.2 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.Jed on plMlic Length): 2.0 per cent. 224 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinka:ge (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (ba,ses:l on :Qldstic length) a per cent -~ Ab~.orp- tiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .rq. in. Color Warpage 06 2.7 04 3.9 02 4.8 1 5.3 3. 6.5 5 7.1 4.5 17.9 656 Light salmon (3YR-6/6)b 5.7 15.5 909 Salmon (2YR-6/5)b 6.8 12.5 1199 Deep salmon (1YR-6/4)h 7.5 10.9 1625 Medium red (R-YR-5I 5) b 8.3 10.4 1636 Good red (R-YR-4/5)h 8.6 8.0 2035 Deep red (R-YR-4/3)h aSee graph, Figure 18-C, page 221. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Slight Slight Slight Considerable Considerable Firing Range: Cone 01-6. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-5. The above. tests indicate that this shale is. suitable for the manufac- ture of building brick and possibly structural tile and :roofing tile. The tendency to slow slaking with the resulting poor plasticity andJow green strength could probably be overcome by fine grinding, long pugging, the use of hot tempering water, or the use of certain electrolytes in the tempering water. This property, together with the Byron Nation (Resaca) property of 40 acres which adjoins on the south, should be prospected to determine the extent of the shale. Careful watch should be made for the presence of lime, even small amounts of which might cause scumming and shorten the firing range. A plant located on the railroad just north of Resaca or at the northern end of the western ridge could get shale from both ridges with a haul of not over half a mile. The shale pits would have natural drainage. Plenty of water could be obtained from either the Oostan:aula or the Conasauga rivers, depending on the plant location. GEORIGE BANDY PROPERTY (Map location No. 56) The George Bandy (Hill City) property is on both sides of the South- ern Railway from a quarter of a mile to one mile south of Hill City. It GORDON COUNTY 225 consists of about 400 acres in Land Lots 305, 316, 318, and 320, 18th District, 3d Section. A railroad cut half a mile south of Hill City exposes a mixture of soft weathered brown and drab shale and red or mottled red and gray clay, overlain by a foot or two of waterworn gravel or gray gravelly clay. The cut is about 500 feet long and 10 to 15 feet deep. The north end of the cut shows red clay with a few shale fragments on the east bank but only gravel on the west bank. The amount of shale in the east bank increases to the south, and the west bank shows mottled red and gray clay with a little shale, overlain by the gravel. The laboratory tests are given below on a 3 to 6 foot groove sample from three different places in the cut. The land on either side of the railroad is gently rolling and is covered with a gray gravel1y soil with no shale showing. to The shale and clay exposed in the cut belongs the Floyd shale of Mississippian age, which in this county is an argillaceous and somewhat sandy limestone, with some shaly layers, that weathers to shale and clay deposits of the type seen. A glance at the geologic map facing page 66 shows that the fault line separating the Conasauga formation from the Floyd shale is just to the east, and on the southern end of the property swings west across the railroad. Laboratory tests on a sample of soft brown and drab Floyd shale and mottled red and gray clay from the George Bandy property, half a mile south of Hill City, Gordon County. Chemical Analy.ri.r: Loss on ignition..........-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. 95 Soda (Na20).-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .45 Potash (K20) ----------------------------------------------------------------- ___________------------------- .98 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Magnesia (MgO)......-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Alumina (A l20s) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14. 88 Ferric oxide (F e20 8 .28 3) __ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Manganous oxide (MnO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ____ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .92 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) __ -------------------------------------------------------------------- . 06 Silica (Si02) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67.64 Grinding: Easy. Ground Color: Brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicity: Good. .Molding Beharior: Good. Drying Bt:harior: Test bars all considerably warped. Water of Pla.rlicily: 36.5 per cent. Green llfodulu.r of Rupture: 232 .1 pounds per square inch. Lint:ar Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic Length): 8. 3 per cent. 100.16 226 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d. Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrlink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) per cent Absorption per cent Modulus of Rupture Lb. f!er .rq. tn. Color Warpage 06 5.2 04 5.7 02 6.1 1 9.0 3 9.5 5 10.0 14.0 14.2 14.2 16.3 17.1 17.6 17.7 15.9 14 ..4 10.5 7.3 6.0 1411 1590 1482 2088 2249 2398 Light salmon (3YR-6/7)a Medium salmon (2YR-6/7)a Salmon (4YR-6j7)a Ljght red (lYR-5/S)a Mediuni red (R-YR-4/4)a Good red (R-YR-4/3) a aColor notation-according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Considerable Considerable Considerable Considerable Considerable Considerable Remark.r: The clay has a slight tendency to lami_nate in coming through the die of the Mueller roll-press. One of the test bars fired to cone 04 was slightly blackcored. Firing Range: Cone 01~6. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-5. The above tests indicate that'this material has a rather high shrinkage and a tendency to laminate. If mixed with a more siliceous material or an ordinary rather slow slaking shale it should be satisfactory fo'r the :ina:tmfacture of building brick, structural tile, roofing tile; and possibly sewer pipe. More red and brown shale and red clay, much like the more shaly parts of that sampled in the cut, is showing in the road cuts at the cross roads just east of the railroad a quarter of a mile south of the cut. A drainage ditch, recently cut when visited by the writer, in a small hollow a few hundred yards north of the cross roads exposed a very plastic gray and brown day containing some grit. A similar clay was showing in a shallow gully half way up the slope. The clay is said to outcrop in other hollows in the vicinity. At the writer's request a prospect pit was dug at a point about an eighth of a mile north of the cross roads and a few hundred feet east of the road of Hill City, just above one of these smaH hollows or valleys. Clay was struck six inches below the surface and the pit went through 5 feet of very plastic lightgray and brown-stained clay containing some grit. The bottom foot GORDON COUNTY 227 graded into a bright blue color, and at one comer of the pit soft brown shale was struck. The laboratory tests are given below of a 4 foot groove sample of the clay from this prospect pit. This clay is probably residual from an impure limestone layer of the Conasauga formation, although it might be an alluvial clay deposited by a former stream. Such a stream woUld account for the existance of the water-worn gravel and sandy gray clay that covered the surface on the north end of the property. Prospecting would be necessary to determine the extent of the deposit of this plastic clay. The owner estimates that 30 to 50 acres of the property have a similar topography with hollows and swampy bottom land. The Luke Pitman (Sugar Valley, Rt. 1) property of 40 to 50 acres adjoining and south of the Bandy property is said to be largely swampy land that might be underlain by such a plastic clay. Laboratory tests on a sample of plastic li~ht-~ray to blue and somewhat brown-stained clay from a prospect pit on the Geor~e Bandy property, three-quarters of a -,nile south of Hill City, Gordon County. Chemical Anc:ly~i.s_: Loss on 1gn1hon__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3 26 PSoodtaash(N(aKzOzO)-)--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ ..4478 Lime (CaO) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .51 Magnesia (MgO)--------------------------------------------------------------.------ __________------------- .41 Alumina (AlzOa)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 .20 Ferric oxide (FezOa) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 .17 ~if~ci~~xlf:x~ee?tio;)~~-~--~~~~~~~~~~=::::~~~=:~:::~=~~~~~~~~~~=~~:::::::~::::~~~~:::~~:~~~:~::~~~~ Y~fo Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs) __ ..------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si0 84 . 35 2) ____ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Grinding: Easy. 99.95 Ground Color: Light brownish-gray. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.slicity: Good but very sticky. .if:folding Beharior: Good, but slight tendency to laminate. Drying Beharior: Test bars all show considerable warpage. Water oj Pla.s-ticity: 26.3 per cent. Green .if:fodufus oj Rupture: . 307 .I pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.slic Length): 6.9 per cent. 228 Firing Te.rtJ': GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Cone Linear F.iri,ng Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) per cent Absorp- t~on per cent Modulus of Rupture Lb. !!er J'q. Ln. CoEor Warpage 06 0.7 7.3 19.1 990 Yellow cream (7YR-7 /7)a 04 0.8 7.1 19.2 973 Pale salmon (6YR-7 /7)a 02 1.1 7.8 17.6 1203 Light salmon (YR-7 j6)a 1 1.8 8.7 16..4 1382 Medium salmon (4YR-6/6)a 3 2.6 9.3 15.5 1521 Salmon (2YR-5/6)a 5 3.4 10.4 13.9 1683 Salmon (3YR-5/5)a aColor notation according to the Munsell system, ~ee page 23. Considerable Considerable Some Considerable Considerable Bad Firing Range: Cone 3-8 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 2-7 or higher. The above tests indicate that this clay has poor fired colors, a rather high absorption, and a slight tendency to laminate. It should be suitable for the manuf.acture of flow~r pots; crude pottery such as jugs and churns, and possibly for light-colored highly porous roofing tile suitable for use in Southern climates only. JONES, NEIGHBORS, AND CLARIDA PROPERTIES The properties of Richard Jones, Morris Neighbors, and Jeff Clarida (Col.) (Sugar Valley, Rt. 1) all corner near the old Rome-Dalton road half a mile west of the Southern Railway and west of the George Bandy property described above, one mile south of Hill City. Soft drab flaky and fissle Conasauga shale is showing in the road cuts on a low ridge just south of the four corners made by the old Rome-Dalton road and the road from Resaca. The properties should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the shale. This shale, or mixture of it and the shaly clay from the railroad cut on the Bandy property or the plastic,clay from east of the railroad, might be suitable for a number of heavy clay products. GORDON COUNTY 229 W. C. SHUGART PROPERTY TheW. C. Shugart (Sugar Valley, Rt. 1) property of about 500 acres is one and a half miles southeast of Hill City on the south road from Hill City to Resaca. The western edge of the property adjoins the George Bandy property described above, half a mile east of the Southern Railway. The greater part of the property is rolling land underlain by soft brownish-drab Conasauga shale with frequent streaks and bands of red and gray clay. The property should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the deposit. This shale, or a mixture of it and the shaly clay or the plastic clay from the Bandy property, might be suited for the manufacture of a number of heavy clay products. JOHN RUSSELL PROPERTY (Map location No. 57) The property of John Russell (Sugar Valley, Rt. 1) is at the foot of Baugh Mountain on the Southern Railway, one and a half miles south of Sugar Valley, in Land Lot 113, 14th District, 3d Section. A low rise east .of the railroad is underlain by a brown sandy shale, only slightly fissle and .practically a sandy clay, showing numerous casts of Mississippian fossils including gastropods and brachiopods. The material has probably been derived from the weathering of an argillaceous limestone member of the Floyd shale. The fine sand present in the clay makes it a little "short". The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of this material. The low rise known to be underlain by this material covers 1~ to 15 acres and is not over ~0 feet above the drainage level. Prospecting will be necessary to determine the extent of the deposit and the depth of weathering. Laboratory tests on a sample of soft "short" brown Floyd shale or clay from the John Russell property on the Southern Railway, one and a half miles south of Sugar Valley, Gordon County. Chemical /.lnqly.J_i.S:: Loss on 1gn1hon.___________________ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. 35 Soda (N a20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Potash (K20)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l-95 Lime (CaO)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -00 Magnesia (MgO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .66 Alumina (A bOa)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 -66 Ferric oxide (FezOa) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 83 Ferrous oxide (FeO)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Titanium dioxide (TiOz) ____ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- _74 Sulphur trioxide (SOa)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs) ____ ------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73.85 100.04 230 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Slaking: Fairly rapid. Plasticity: Fair. Somewhat "short". .111olding BehafJior: Fair. Slight tendency for clay column to crack and tear on the edges. Drying BehafJior: Test bars all slightly warped. Water of Plasticity: 32.7 per cent. Green .IT1odulu.r of Rupture: 132.2 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (haJ'ed on pLa.rtic Length): 2.5 per cent. Firing Te.rl.r: Co'ne L~near Fi'ring Shrink- age (ba~ed on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shr.i;nk- age (based on . plastic length) a per cent Absprptiona per cent Modulus of Rupturea Lb. per J'q. in. Color Warpage 06 2.2 4.9 24.3 1266 Pale salmon (YR-7/6)b 04 2.8 5.1 22.7 1461 Light salmon (6YR-7 /6)b 02 3.8 6.3 19.5 1770 Medium salmon (3YR-6/6)b 1 6.5 8.6 16.2 2202 Salmon (1YR-5/5)b 3 8.3 10.3 12.5 2491 Lig}lt choco~ late red (R-YR-5/5)b 5 8. 3 10.8 12.0 2700' Medium chocolate red (1YR-4/4)b aSee graph, Figure 18-D, page 221. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Slight Some Slight Considerable Some Some Firing Range: Cone 3-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 2-5. The above tests indicate that this material is suited for the manufacture of building brick and possibly medium-fired structural tile. J. W. AND J. D. HARRINGTON PROPERTIES The J. W. Harrington (Calhoun, Rt. 5) property is on the OostanaulaSugar Valley road, two miles north of Oostanaula and just west of the Southern Railway. A road cut on the north slope of a low ridge exposes outcr:ops of soft .to semi-hard flaky drab Conasauga shale resembling that in the pit of the brick plant at Calhoun. The cuts on the south slope of the ridge, however, showed only stiffly-plastic red clay. More shale is said to be GORDON COUNTY 231 showing on the J. D. Harrip.gton (Calhoun, Rt. 5) property adjoining on the south. The low ridge between tHe public road and the Southern Railroad should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the shale. M. H. BOWEN PROPERTY The M. H. Bowen (Calhoun, Rt. 5) property is on the old RomeDalton road, five-eighths of a mile due west of Oostanaula Station on the Southern Railway. The land is nearly flat or gently rolling and the surface is covered with a deposit ~to 1~ feet in thickness of waterworn gravel and sandy gray and yellow clay, deposited by a former level of the Oostanaula River. About 14 acres of the property east of the road were prospected about 19~7. The prospect pits are said to have passed through ~ to 1~ feet of the alluvial clay and gravel mixture and from 10 to ~0 feet of shaly clay grading from a soft gray-blue and brown plastic clay with soft flaky fragments of brown shale at the top to a hard grayish-drab shale at the bottom. The pits were stopped when the hardness of the shale made further digging difficult. The material left in the dump piles beside these pits was, when visited by the writer in 1930, too weathered to be taken as a representative sample. The shale resembled that of the Conasauga formation. Mining pits would not have natural drainage. H. J. WOODRUFF PROPERTY The H. J. Woodruff (Calhoun, Rt. 5) property of 75 acres is on the east side of the Southern Railway just south of Oostanaula Station. About ~5 acres of the property is flat low-lying land said to be underlain by a deposit of plastic blue alluvial clay, probably deposited by a former level of the Oostanaula River. Several tons of this were mined a few years ago and shipped to the B. Mifflin Hood Compa.ny plant at Calhoun, where it is said to have been pronounced "an excellent tile clay". When visited by the writer in 1930 the pits were full of water and a representative sample could not be obtained without prospecting. The Mrs. G. S. Fulton Estate (in charge of H. J. Woodruff, Calhoun, Rt. 5) is south of and adjoining the Woodruff property. Several acres of river terrace or "second bottom" limd on this property just above the flood plain of the Oostanaula River are said to be underlain by a deposit of alluvial clay. This is said to have been prospected several years ago by Mr. L. N. Legg, formerly of the old Legg Brothers Brick Company at Calhoun and of the Plainvilie Brick Company at Plainville, who pronounced it suitable for the manufacture of building brick. 232 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGL.1 PLAINVILLE BRICK COMPANY, INC. (Map location No. 58) Headquarters arid Plant : Plainville, Ga. H. L. B. Legg, Superintendent and Vice-President. M. H. Hammond, Secretary-Treasurer and General Manager. Atlanta Office: 618 Red Rock Building, Atlanta, Ga. The plant and shale pits of the Plainville Brick Company, Inc. are on the west side of the Southern Railway just north of Plainville, Gordon County. The plant was built in 1928 and has been in practically continuous operation ever since, manufacturing face brick from a deposit of the Conasauga shale. Shale Pit The shale pit is on the east slope of a ridge 80 to 100 feet high that parallels the Southern Railway. It is near the western border of the belt of Conasauga formation that extends northeast from Rome through Gordon and Murray counties. The shale, which is striking N. 45 E. and dipping about 45 SE.; varies from soft and brownish-drab on the weathered surface to hard and grayish-drab at a depth of 15 to 20 feet. It breaks into flat pieces a quarter to one inch in thickness. In it are ,occasional. light-gray, to greenish--gray streaks containing lime. These are disca.rded i,n mining to avoid trouble from scumming or efflorescence. The laboratory tests are given below on a sample of the shale consisting of several green brick taken. at random from the plant. Laboratory tests on a sample of soft to hard btownish-drab Oon_asau~a shale from the Plainville Brick Conipan?;, Inc., Plainville, Gordon County. Chemical Analy.ri.r: Loss on ignition---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. 64 Soda (Na20) ________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 99 Potash (K20)...------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 .18 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 81 it~~~!aci~b~r_-_-_-~.-.-~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-~_-_-_-_- 23 :~~ Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ----------~-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. 32 Manganous oxide (MnO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- .38 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 Sulphur trio:x;ide (803) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .17 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205)----------------------------------------------------------------------- .11 Silica (Si02)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 .96 Grindi~g; Easy. Ground Color: Light brown. SLaking: R~id. Pla.rlicily: Good. 100.98 GORDON COUNTY Molding BehaPior: Good. Drying BehaPior: Good. Little or no warpage. Water of Pla.Jlicily: 21.3 per cent. Green ll1odulu.r of Rupture: 177.8 pounds per square inch. Linear Firing Shrinkage (ba.Jed on pla.rtic Length): 3.0 per cent. Firing Te.rl.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic ~ngth)a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. !?er .rq. ln. Color 233 l Warpage 06 2.2 5.9 15.7 1241 Dark salmon Slight (1YR-5/6)h 04 3.0 6.1 15.1 1631 Light red Slight (R-YR-5/5)h 02 5.3 8.2 9.5 2217 Medium red Slight (R-YR-5/4)h 1 5.7 8.5 8.4 2237 Good red Some (R-YR-4/5)h 3 7.2 9.9 5.2 2679 Good deep red Some (R-YR-4/4)h 5 7.5 10.1 4.8 2797 Good deep red Some l (R-YR-3/4)h aSee graph, Figure 19-A, page 235. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 02-5 and higher. Co=ercial kiln: Cone 01-5. Plant The shale from the pit is dumped into a hopper which feeds it to a knob-roll disintegrator that crushes the larger pieces. From the disintegrator the shale goes to a dry pan for a preliminary grinding before going to a storage bin~ The shale is drawn off from the storage bin as needed and fed to two dry pans for further grinding. The ground shale is elevated to two vibratory screens of about 15 mesh, the oversize being returned to the dry plans and the undersize to a large singlelog pug mill. Water is added to the shale in the pug mill and the material is thoroughly tempered and pugged to a plastic clay. This plastic clay is fed to a stiff-mud auger brick machine which extrudes it as a column which is automatically cut off into side-cut bricks. The green bricks are hacked to steel drying cars and dried at about 2.50F. in an S-track steam-heated tunnel drier. The dried bricks are transported on the drier c~rs to the kilns. The bricks are fired in seven rectangular down-draft kilns holding about 180,000 brick each. Each " 234 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA kiln is slowly fired to about 18'50 F., the firing taking about eight days, and then flashed to darken the color of the brick. Coal was used until the summer of 1930 when natural gas, piped from Louisiana, was introduced. At the present time both coal and gas are in use. The heat is regulated and the end-point determined by electrical pyrometers, trial pieces, and the amount of settling of the brick. Th'e product is an excellent quality shale face brick with a wide range of pleasing colors from light red through deep cherry red to brown, blue, and black flashed colors. The brick are made in smooth, "Velvet", and "Vertex" textures. The capacity of the plant is about 50,000 brick per day. The Plainville Brick Company, Inc., in addition to the deposit of shale on the ridge west of the plant, also owns a large deposit of similar Conasauga shale on the west slope of a ridge three-quarters of a mile east of Plainville and just north of the Plainville-Calhoun road. The valley between this ridg~ and the railroad is underlain by limestone of the Conasauga formation. ALLEN AND DEW PROPERTIES The W. H. Allen (Plainville, Rt. 1) property of 150 acres and the Andy Dew (Col.) .(Plainville, Rt. 1) property of-40 acres are west of the Southern Railway,~thtee-q:uarte~s to one mile north of Plainville. These properties contain a continuation of the same ridge on which is the shale pit of t~e Plainville Brick C,ompany, Inc., described above. Outcrops beside the public road near the boundary between the two prope:rties show a semi-hard slightly fissle reddish..brown to drab shale, with a few layers of red clay. These properties should be prospected to determine the extent and character of the shale deposit. The Dew property contains the north end of the ridge and probably not over 10 acres are underlain by shale. The Allen propertY. to the south probably contains a larger deposit. The Oscar Gunn property and the Mose Goswick property between the Allen property and the Plainville Brick Company also contain a continuation of the shale deposit. PROPERTIES Eft,ST OF PLAINVILLE A series of irregular riq.ges and knobs underlain by shale of the Cona!!latiga formation extend from the Floyd County line northeast for about two miles parallel to and half a mile to one mile east of the Southern Railway~ Soft to semi-hard brownish-drab fissl~ and flaky shale is showing on the B. F. Carden {Plainville, Rt. I) property of 140 acres west of RomeCalhoun highway one and three-quarters miles northeast of Plainville. The shale is striking N. 50 E. and dipping 55 S. E. The de- GORDON COUNTY 235 Figure 19. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modu1us of rupture of: A. Conasauga shale from the Plainville Brick Company, Plainviile, Gordon Countv. B~ Conasauga shale from the Maddox and Matthews property, three miles north of Plainville, Gordon County. C. Conasauga shale from the H. R. Bennett property on theN. C. & St. L. Ry., just north of Bartow County in Gordon County. D. Clay and shale from the Boyd Orchard Company property, Adairsville, Bartow County. 236 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d posits, which possibly cover 40 acres, are in two ridges or series of knol~ with a narrow valley between underlain by red clay derived from the weathering of an impure limestone layer. The shale in the west ridge is harder and less fissle than that of the east ridge. The Scott Floyd (Plainville, Rt. 1) property lies between the Carden place and the Southern Railway. The eastern ed,ge of the Floyd property contains a little shale, but most of the property is valley land underlain by limestone of the Conasauga formation. The shale ridges on these two properties should be prospected. Between the Carden property and the Plainville-Calhoun road the west side of the shale ridges is owned by the Plainville Brick Company, Inc., as described above, and the east side is owned by Jean Goswick on the north and West Walters (Col.) on the south. South of the Plainville-Calhoun road and west of the Rome-Calhoun highway is the Jack Scott property, and south of that to the Floyd County line is the R. J. Gothwick property. These properties should all be prospected to determine the extent and the character of the shale deposits. MADDOX AND MATTHEWS PROPERTY (Map location No. 59) The G. E. Maddox and Aubrey Matthews (Rome) property of 90 acres, known as the Reeves Farm, is west of the Rome-Calhoun highway and south of the road to Curryville, three miles northeast of Plainville. A ridge we;t of the house rises to 80 to H)O feet above the generaI drainage level and contains some 30 to 40 acres. This ridge is underlain by hard greenish-drab to reddish-drab shale breaking into slabs onequarter to three-quarters of an inch in thickness. The beds are striking N. 30 E. and dipping 60 to 75 NW., and belong to the Conasauga formation. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample from outcrops on the east and south sides of the ridge. The deposits are half a mile east of the Southern Railway. A tram line could follow the valley of a small branch northwest to the railroad. Laboratory tests on a grab sample of hard greenish-drab to reddish-drab Conasauga shale from the Maddox and Matthews property, three miles northeast of Plainville, Gordon County. GORDON COUNTY 237 Chemical Analy.siJ": Loss on ignition.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 .24 Soda (N a20) __ -- __ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 98 Potash (K20)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _____ ___ 1 .51 Lime (CaO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .00 ~~i~(~~~]---~~~~~~~=~~~~~:~:::::~:=:~:~~~~:::=::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::=:::::::~::::::::::: 19:~~ Ferric oxide (FezOs) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. 77 Titanium dioxide (TiOz)------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 82 ~m~:alluvial clay from a very smaH deposit in the valley bottom of the small branch was used as a binder. The plant is said to have had a capacity of 30 to 3.5 thousand brick per day. After firing only a few kil(ns of brick, the company went into the han1ds of a receiver. When visited by the writer the spur track from Emerson had been removed but the remains of the buildings and the brick-kilns could be seen. One kiln of fired brick had never been drawn and showed very soft, porous, and crumbly light-pink to salmon-colored brick. Other brick scattered around the place were more dense and hard, although not vitrified, were of pleasing speckled pink and brown colors, and showed numerous quartz grains. They nearly all had one or more large longitudinal cracks, probably due to cracking of the column of clay as it came through the die. The laborfttdry tests below explain why the business was not a success. BARTOW COUNTY 275 Figure 22. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Soft shale and clay from the Black, Randolph, Guyton, and Ward properties, one and three-fourths miles southwest of White, Bartow County. B. Cartersville shale from the T. A. Bennett property, White, Bartow County. C. Colluvial clay from the Upper Pit of the Chattahoochee Brick Company Chattahoochee Station, Fulton County. D. Colluvial clay from the Lower Pit of the Chattahoochee Brick Company Chattahoochee Station, Fulton County. 276 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of dark-~ray to black hard ~raphitic schist from the old .d..tlanta Vitrified Brick Company quarry on the H . .d.. Beard property, two miles south of Emerson, Bartow County. Chemical AnaJy~i~: Loss on Ignlhon...------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 .15 Soda (Na20) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .83 Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .69 M~~~~:~ki~Y-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :~~ t:~~J~!~!~~?~~~~~~~~~~~~::~~:::~~:::~:::~::::~~:~:~::::~:::::::::~:~::~~:::::::::~:::::~:::~~~:~~::~: 29:!! Titanium dioxide (TiOz) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .91 Sulphur trioxide (803) ---------------------------------------------------------------------:......... 66 Phosphorus pentoxide (Pz06) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si02) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~-- 56.40 99.94 Grinding: Fairly easy. Ground Color: Black. Slaking: Slow, if any at all. Pla.rlicily: Practically none. .Molding Behavior: Impossible to form test bars by either the Mueller roll-press or by hand in steel molds. The sample was therefore discarded without further tests as. not suited, by itself, for the manufacture of heavy clay products. The writel' knows of no large deposit of clay in the vicinity that would have sufficient plasticity to blend with this graphitic schist for the manufacture of heavy clay products. PIEDMONT PLATEAU 277 RESIDUAL AND ALLUVIAL CLAYS RESIDUAL CLAYS OF THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU ORIGIN The Piedmont Plateau of Georgia is largely underlain by micaschists, gneisses, and granites of the Pre-Cambrian age. The intense metamorphism which has affected the first two of these rocks is due to at least two major periods of deformation; one previous to Paleozoic time and the other at the close of the Paleozoic (see page 50). Since that time the region has passed through a series of cycles of elevation, ero'sion, reduction to a peneplain, andre-elevation, resulting in a gently sloping plateaU: above which rise a few monadnocks such as Stone Mountain and Kennesaw Mountain. During this long period of elevation and erosion the rocks were weathered to great depths. Exposures of fresh rock are found only along t.he valleys and stream courses where erosion has proceeded faster than disintegration and decomposition. Elsewhere the bedrocks are covered with a thick mantle of the products of their decay. The composition of this weathered material of course varied with the chemical and mineral composition of the parent rock and the processes of disintegration and decomposition. It generally results on the surface in a red stiffly plastic and more or less sandy clay, showing none of the structure of the parent rock. This grades downward through less plastic and more gritty brown and yellow material, to a soft gray crumbly material that retains all of the structure of the original hard rock. The lower layers that retain the original rock structure are a result of disintegration without decomposition. The red upper layers have passed through this state and have then been exposed to further weathering which has produced a decomposition of the original minerals. These residual clays are generally too siliceous and lacking in plasticity to be of value for the manufacture of heavy clay products. At places, however, the composition of the original rock and the processes of weathering have produced clays that have been successfully used by themselves or mixed with other clays in the manufacture of brick, structural tile, and other heavy clay products. At other places in the stream valleys the weathering has been followed by slumping and a partial transportation for short distances that has further altered the clays and made them suitable for use in the manufacture of clay products. Such deposits are more properly called colluvial rather than residual in origin. The writer has made no attempt to locate undeveloped deposits of these residual and colluvial clays of the Piedmont Plateau, but has confined himself to visiting and describing the deposits now in use. 278 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS HALL COUNTY HUDSON BRICK COMPANY Headquarters and Plant: Gainesville, Georgia. M.D. Hudson, Manager. The Hudson Brick Company, on the east side of the Southern Railway near the Gainesville depot, manufacture common brick from residual and colluvial clays. Veatch1 in 1909 described the deposit as follows: "At the yard of M. D. Hudson, opposite that of Wheeler and Son, there is 14 feet of red clay underlain by 5 feet of bluish-white, more plastic clay. These clays are not in place, but are typical, colluvial deposits. They are mixed two-thirds red and o:p.e-third "white." The writer was told that these clays were spread out on the yard and allowed to weather for a year before being used. The clay being used at the time of the writer's visit in 1930 was a mottled brownish-red to gray colluval clay containing considerable fine sand and some mica. It was probably originally derived from a micaceous schist. The deposit was 8 to 10 feet in thickness, the upper foot or foot and a half being bright red in color. The clay bottomed on a mixture of white sand with a little white to gray very plastic "pipe clay". The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of the colluvial clay f:rom several places in the pit. Laboratory tests on a sample of brownish-red to ~ray colluvial clay from the pit of the Hudson Brick Company, Gainesville, Hall County. Chemical Llnaly_.ri.r: . Loss on Igruhon__________________________________________________________________________________ 7. 02 RS:zo!~d~a~~6(;N~~~a~2~~0~~)~-~-~-~--~-~-~-~-~-~--~-~-:-~-~--~-:-:-:-:-~--:-~-~-~-~-:--~-~-~-~-~-~--:-~-~-~-~-~--~-~-~-~-~-~--~-~-~~-~"~~~-~-~--~-~-~-~-~-~--~-~-~-~-~-~--~-~-~-~-~-~--~ fr.~3~8~ Alumina (A120a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19.08 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ..-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 . 94 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 91 ph Sui ur tx:ioxide (S03) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P 02 5) -------------------------------------------------------- trace Silica (Si0 65.22 2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ground Color: Light broWn.. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicily: Fair, J:mt slightly "short". 1Veatch, J. 0., Second report on t;b.e clay deposits of Georgia: Survey Bull. 18, p. 333, 1909. 100.22 Georgia Geol. H.dLL COUNTY 279 Molding Behav-ior: Fair. Tendency for clay column to crack and to tear on the edges, even when wet enough to swell slightly. Drying Behapior: Good. No warpage. Wafer of PLa.rlicily: 27.5 per cent. Green iliodulu.J of Rupture: 99.0 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on. pla.rlic Length): 4.7 per cent. Firing Tul.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cent per cen.l Absorptiona per cen.l Modulus of Rupture a Lb. P_er .Jq. tn. Color Warpage 06 1.3 5.6 21.5 286 Salmon Little or (3YR-6/7) b none 04 1.4 6.0 20.4 369 Salmon Little or (R-YR-5/6)b none 02 2.7 7.7 18.6 460 Salmon red Little or (2YR-6/6)b none l 2.6 7.0 19.1 389 Light red Very (1YR-5/6)b slight 3 2.4 7.0 19.1 407 Fair red Slight (R-YR-5I 5) b 5 2.9 7.3 18.1 552 Good red Slight (R-YR-4/5) b aSee graph, Figure 23-A, page 287. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Not indicated by these tests. This clay is mined by steam shovel, loaded into small side-dump cars, and hauled to the plant by a gasoline tractor-type of engine on a narrow-gauge track. At the plant it is dumped onto a storage pile or is fed to a dry pan and then to a ground storage pile. From this it is fed as needed into a single-shaft granulator which thoroughly mixes it and breaks up some of the lumps. The clay from the granulator is fed to a pug mill where water is added and the clay is tempered and pugged to a stiffiy-p]astic condition. The plastic clay goes to an auger brick machine which forces it through a die as a continuous column which is automatically cut off into end-cut brick. These brick are hacked to single-deck steel drying cars and dried to about ~wooF. in a 4-track waste-heat tunnel drier. The brick are fired to 1950F.-1990F. in five 30-foot round downdraft kilns on one large stack. Electrical pyrometers are used to control the heat and to determine the end point. The capacity of the plant is about ~5,000 brick per day. The product is a fair quality common 280 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGid b:dck in colors ranging from salmon red to deep cherry red, and finds a rea1y sale inNortheast Georgia. Since the writer's visit to the plant in 1930, the company has optioned a shale deposit on the Central of Georgia Railway west of Rome in Floyd County. This ~hale will be mined and shipped to Gainesville for mixing with the colluvial clay described above to increase the green and fired strength~ and to decrease the absorption. A small amount of this shale should greatly improve the product. FULTON COUNTY Fulton County, of which the county seat is Atlanta, is an excellent market for heavy clay products, but its clay resources are very small. Sandy alluvial clays along the Chatta;I:wochee and South rivers have been used in the past for the manufacture of common brick, but the deposits within reach of transportation are practically exhausted. A weathered schist, which could hardly be called a residual clay, was at one time used near Chattahoochee and Bolton in a mixture with a plastic alluvial clay. According to Veatch1 its plasticity and green strength are too low for it to be used alone. The Chattahoochee Brick Company, as described below, are at p'resent using colluvial clays derived from the weathering and partial transportation of this micaceous schist. CHATTAHOOCHEE BRICK COMPANY Headquarters: First National Bank Bldg., Atlanta, Georgia. H. L. English, President. Plant: Chattahoochee Station. A. A. Harvill, Superintendent. The Chattahoochee Brick Company, located near Chattahoochee Station on the Southern Railway, has been producing building brick since 1885. Clay Pits The clay now used by the Chattahoochee Brick Compa~y comes from two pits in the second bottom or terrace of the Chattahoochee River, although the clays from both pits could more properly be classed as colluvial in origin rather than alluvial. The slopes of the river valley are underlain by a micaceous schist which weath:ers to a very short crumbly clay. This has slumped at places and been transported for short distances and then the top of the deposit plained off by the meandering of the river when at a higher elevation than its present bed. 1Veatch, J. 0., Op. cit., p. 328. FULTON COUNTY 281 The upper pit is about one and five-eighths of a mile south of the plant and a quarter of a mile south of the Bankhead Highway. The face shows about six feet of gray to brown somewhat plastic clay containing considerable fine sand and mica flakes, overlain by two feet of brown very sandy clay and soil that is removed as overburden. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample of the clay from several places in the pit. The clay is mined by steam shovel and loaded into side-dump tram cars for transportation to the plant. Laboratory tests on a sample of gray to brown colluvial clay from the upper pit of the Chattahoochee Brick Company, Chattahoochee Station, Fulton County. Chemical Analy.ri.r: Loss on ignition...------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. 80 Soda (Na20)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 86 Potash (K20)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 27 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 00 Magnesia (MgO)...------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 40 Alumina (A120s)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23.30 (F Ferric oxide e203) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. 73 Manganous oxide (MnO)------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Titanium dioxide (Ti02)__ --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 .09 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ----------------------------------------------------- 00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P~Os)----------------------------------- .18 53 Silica (Si0 2) -------------------------------------------------------------- 61 . 100.16 Ground Calor: Yellowish-brown. SLaking: Rapid. Pla.slicity: Fair. A little "short". .ilfoLding Beharior: Fair. Slight tendency for clay column to tear on the edges. (In overcoming this the clay got too wet and swelled slightly on coming through the die.) Drying Beharior: Good. Little or no warpage. W aler oj P La.rlicity: 29. 5 per cent. Gran Jl1odulu.r oj Rupture: 195.6 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic Length): 3. 7 per cent. 282 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Firing Te.rt.r Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cenl p'er cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. P.er .rq. tn. Colo'r Warpage 06 0.8 4.3 25.1 404 Salmon (4YR-6/6)b 04 1.5 5.2 24.0 531 Dark salmon (3YR-5/6)b 02 2.4 6.1 22.3 579 Light red (R-YR-5/5)b 1 1.7 5.1 22.4 508 Fair red (2YR-5/5)b 3 3.6 7.2 20.5 660 Medium red (R-YR-5/4)b 5 4.7 8.0 17.2 997 Good red (R-YR-4/S)b aSee graph, Figure. 22-C, page 275. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. None None None Some Some Consider- able Firing Rang-e: Cone 02-'-5 and higher. Coi:Iuri.ercial kiln; Cone 03-5 and possibly higher. . The lower pit is about three-eighths of a.mile J~ITther down the river from the pit just described and about two miles south of tlie plant. The face of the pit shows about eight feet of mottled yellow and reddish-brown stiffiy plastic clay more nearly resembling an alluvial clay than the clay in the upper pit. The laboratory tests are given below. on a grab sample from several places in .the pit. The deposit is mined by steam shovel and ~oaded into side-dump tram 'cars for transportation to the plant. Laboratory tests on a sample of stiffly plastic mottled yellow and reddish-brown colluvial clay from the lower pit of the Chattahoochee Briok Company, Chattahoochee Station, Fulton County. Chemical Analyfi.r:. . Loss on 1gn1hon...-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 .90 Soda (Na20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Lime (CaO) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 00 Magnesia (MgO).-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .66 Alumina (Al20a)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 .24 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. 29 Manganous oxide (MnO)----------------------------------------------------------------- trace Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.09 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ------------------------------------------------------------ trace Silica (Si02) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59.63 100.07 "' FULTON COUNTY Ground Color: Light brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rticily: Good. Slightly sticky. ilfoLding BehafJior: Excellent. Drying BehafJior: Good. Only slight warpage. Water of Pfa.rlicity: 32.6 per cent. Green ll1odulu.; oj Rupture: 198. 5 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.;ed on p/a.;lic length): 6.1 per cent. Firing TalJ': Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cen.l per cen.l I Modulus Absorp- of tiona Rupturea per cen.l Lb. f?er .Yq. tn. Color 28.3 Warpage 06 2.0 7.9 23.4 429 Salmon None (YR-7/6)h 04 4.0 9.9 20.8 784 Dark salmon Slight (4YR-6/5)h 02 4.7 10.0 18.5 750 I.ight red Slight (2YR-5/5) h 1 5.4 11.0 18.4 1029 Fair red Slight (2YR-5/4) h 3 5.4 11.3 17.6 999 Medium red Slight (2YR-5/4) h 5 6.0 ll.8 15.1 1274 Good red Slight (R-YR-5/4) h aSee graph, Figure 22-D, page 275. hColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 02-5 and higher. Plant At the plant the clays from the two pits are dumped into separate storage bins. The two clays are fed, in the proper amounts to give the mixture desired, onto a conveyor belt that runs under both bins and discharges into a large single-shaft disintegrator of the pug mill type. This disintegrator discharges into a large pug mill where water is added and tempering is accomplished. The plastic clay from the pug mill goes to an auger brick machine which forces the clay through a die and extrudes it as a continuous column that is automatically cut off into endcut bricks. The die on the brick machine is so constructed that a thin film of sand is dusted onto the faces of the clay column being extruded. If, as sometimes happens during the winter months, the clay from the mines is too wet, enough dried but unfired bricks are passed through a roll crusher onto the conveyor belt feeding the disintegrator to bring the mixture to the right moisture content. 284 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGIA The green bricks are hacked onto steel drying cars and dried to about 150F. in a SO-track direct-fired tunnel drier. The bricks are fired in 14 large open-top up-draft scove kilns, a layer of fired bricks being laid over the top course of the green bricks for a roof. The firing is regulated and the end-point determined by the amount of settling of the bricks. The firilig of each kiln.takes about 8 to 10 days. The product, which is of the common brick type, finds a ready market in the Atlanta district and nearby towns. RICHMOND COUNTY The alluvial clays of the Augusta District of Richmond County are described on pages 316-3~5. Just northwest of Augusta and west along the Georgia Railroad as far as Belair, the sands and clays of the Cretaceous are resting unconformably upon the upturned edges of a fissle metamorphic rock resembling a phyllite.. The beds of the phyllite are striking about N. 45 E. and are nearly VerticaL Their outcrop extends northeast to the Savannah River and into South Carolina. The northwestern boundary of the.belt crosses the Charleston andWestern Carolina Railway near Martiilez and strikes the Savannah River near the mouth of Reeds Creek and the Columbia-Richmond county line. The southeastern boundary 'Of the belt is. not defiriitely .known, but it probably emerges from beneath the .Cretaceous sediments within the city limits of Augusta. Thus :the belt has a width ofthree..and.a half to four miles. The contact between the phyllite arid the granite 0r granite-gneiss to the northwest is appal'ently parallel to the strike of the cleavage of th~ phyllite. These beds are probablyy electrical pyrometers and the end points determined by the Veritas system of standard pyrometric disks._ The kilns are coaled with truck tractors and are facing a depressed loading track so that the car doors are on a level with the ground. _ The products are medium-hard fired structural tile in a variety of styles and sizes, good quality clay face brick ip. a range of pleasing colors, and durable end-cut common brick. The culls of the side-'cut brick are also sold as common brick. The capacity of the plant is approximately 200 tons of structural tile and 250,000 brick per day. The production of building brick is usually about equally divided between common and face brick. STEWARD BROTHERS PROPERTY The Steward Brothers property (c/o T. J. Steward, 501 Mulbercy St., Macon) consists of about 900 acres in Bibb and Twiggs counties on the Cochran Road about two and a half to three miles south of Swift Creek Station on the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad. About 400 acres of the property south and southwest of Browns Mountain between the Cochran Road and the Macon to Brunswick line of the Southern Railway is second bottom or swamp land drained by Ocmulgee River and Stone Creek. This is said to have been prospected by auger borings several years ago and to be underlain by a deposit of blue alluvial clay averaging 13 feet in thickness with prac- l!1..c1CON DISTRICT 307 tically no overburden. Samples were sent off to be tested and were reported as satisfactory for the manufacture of building brick and structural tile. The writer was unable to get a sample of this clay. W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. COMPANY PLANTS NO. 22 AND NO. 23 Headquarters: Kansas City, Mo. (See also pages 80 and 164.) Macon Plants: W. H. Mitchell, Superintendent. Plant No. 22 Plant No. 22 (formerly the sewer pipe works of the Bibb Brick Company) is at lOth and Pine Streets, Macon. At this plant sewer pipe in sizes up to 36 inches in diameter, together with the necessary T's andY's, and segment blocks that can be assembled into sewers from 30 inches to 10'8 inches in diameter, are made from a mixture of shale from Rome, Georgia (see page 81), Graysville, Tennessee, and fire clay from the Birmingham District of Alabama. The materials are brought into the plant in open gondola cars and dumped into separate storage bins. A belt conveyor under these bins feeds the materials, in the proper proportions, to three dry pans where they are mixed and ground. The ground material is elevated to vibratory screens with mesh one-:sixteenth of an inch apart. The oversize from the screens .is returned to the dry pans; the undersize is fed to five large wet pans where water is added and the mixture is tempered and pugged to a plastic clay. The sewer pipe and segment blocks are formed on three steam-cylinder sewer pipe presses, and are dried from 3 to 15 days in steam-heated drying rooms. They are fired to about 1900F. in ten 30-foot, nine 32-foot, and seven 36-foot round downdraft kilns an:d are then salt glazed. Electrical pyromters are used to regulate the heat during firing and standard pyrometric cones to determine the end point. The salt glazing is regulated by trial pieces. The ~apacity of the plant is about 160 tons per day of good quality sewer pipe. Plant No. 23 Plant No. 23 (formerly H. Stevens Sons Co. and built about 1885) is near the West Yard of the Central of Georgia Railway at South Macon, about two and a half miles southwest of the center of Macon. At this plant sewer pipe, segment blocks, wall coping, drain tile, and chimney tops are made from a mixture of shale from Rome, Georgia (see page 81), shale from Graysville, Tennessee, and fire clay from the Birmingham District of Alabama; and flue linings are made from the Birmingham fire clay alone. 308 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d The plant is much like the No. 22 plant described in detail above except that there are only two dry pans, two screens, three wet pans, and two sewer-pipe presses. The products are fired in 16 30-foot round down-draft kilns. The sewer pipe, segment blocks, wall coping, and chimney tops are salt glazed. The drain tile and flue lining are unglazed. The capacity of the plant is approximately 1~5 tons per day. . MILLEDGEVILLE DISTRICT The second bottom of the Oconee River near Milledgeville is under- lain by a deposit of fine-grained, plastic alluvial clay ranging in color from brown at the top to blue at the bottom. The deposits range in thickness from 2 to 20 feet and are underlain by the fine water-bearing sand. ~he hills on either side of the river are underlain by granitic rocks, probably a granite-gneiss. They have deeply weathered to a residual clay, bright orange-red and stiffly plastic on top but grading with depth into a grayish-brown and gray soft crumbly material which retains the structure and appearance of the original rock. MILLEDGEVILLE BRICK WORKS Headquarters and Plap.t: Milledgeville, Georgia. K. G. McMillan, President and General Manager. The Milledgeville Brick Works were started by J. W. McMillan in 1883, the first. brickmade being used in the Georgia State Asylum for the Insane near Milledgeville. The company now produces common and face brick from a mixture of alluvial and residual. clays. Clay Pits The alluvial clay pits, when visited by the writer in the fall of 19~6, were in the low terrace or second bottom of the Oconee River a quarter to half a mile south of the plant. The clay is a fine-grained plastic alluvial clay containing more or less sand. Its color varies from brown at the top to gray~drab and gray-blue at the bottom. The deposit averages 18 to 20 feet in thickness, underlain by water-bearing sarid and overlain by a foot or less of soil and sand overburden. The following laboratory tests are on a grab sample of the clay obtained from the storage bin at the plant. Laboratory tests on a sample of plastic brown to blue alluvial clay from the .Milled~eville Brick Works, Milledt,eville, Baldwin County. .MILLEDGEVILLE DISTRICT 309 Chemical AnaJy.rJ.;_: Loss on Ignition______________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 .14 Soda (Na20) ________ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 20 Potash (K20)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 32 Lime (CaO) ________-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------___________ . 84 ~~~:S~aci~t~J_-_~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::~:::::::::::::::::::: 28 :~~ Ferric oxide (Fe203) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. 21 Manganus oxide (MnO).------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Titanium dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .92 Sulphur trioxide (S03) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) ---------------------------------------------------------------- .17 Silica (Si02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 . 66 100.50 .Ground Color: Light-brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rticily: Good (sticky) . .Molding Behavior: Excellent. Drying Beha~>ior: Considerable warpage. Water oj J?la.rlicily: 28.8 per certt. . Green .Modulu.r of Rupture: 559.0 pounds per square mch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rlic Length): 8.4 per ceJit. Firing Tul.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) per Ct!nl Absorption per cent Modulus of Rupture Lb. f?er .rq. Ln. Color Warpage 06 3.2 11.3 14.9 1454 Light red Bad (4YR-6/6)a 04 4.5 12.3 ll.8 1812 Fair red Consider- (1YR-5/5)a able 02 4.2 12.3 12.6 1883 Fair red Consider- (2YR-5/5)a able 1 5.7 13.8 10.5 2048 Good red Consider- (1YR-5/4)a able 3 5.0 12.8 11.2 2138 Good red Consider- (R-YR-5/4)a able 5 6.4 14.2 8.3 2656 Good dark Consider- red able (R-YR-4/4) a aColor notation accordi'ng to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 04-5 and possibly higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 04-5. The clay is mined by an electric slack-line scraper. The mining is done in long narrow pits with a narrow ridge left between the pit being worked and the previous pit to keep out the water which soon fills up the pit. The scraper drags the clay to a hopper over the narrow-gauge 310 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA track, where it is loaded into side-dump cars which are hauled to the plant by a gasoline locomotive. The residual or "hillside" clay pit is on the slope just west of the plant. The generalized section showing in the pit is given below. General section showin~ in the residual or "hillside" clay pit of the .Milled~eville Brick Works, Milled~eville, Baldwin County. Thickness in feet 4. Top soil.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 to 1 3. Tough red clay showing very little trace of the original rock structure, grading downward into orange-red clay showing traces of the gneissic structure..---------------------------------------------------------- 10 to 15 2. Bluish-gray "clay" looking in place like solid rock but is soft and powdery. The feldspars have entirely altered to kaolin, arid the biotite has weathered to soft golden flakes. All of the original structure is preserved including individual grains, gneissic structure, joint planes, etc----------------------------'----------------------------------- 30 to 35 1. Darker blue more solid "clay" like above only not so much weathered. The former feldspar grains have probably not entirely been kaolinized and other minerals are fresher. This material is said to act as a flux for the other clays. It is said to continue below the bottom of the pit, gradually containing more pieces of solid rock until fresh unweathered rock: is reached____________ 10+ Total...-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 to 60 The following laboratory tests are on a grab sample of this residual clay containing all of the types described above in approximately the proportion in which they are mined. Laboratory tests on a sample of soft "short" red to blue-~ray clay residual from the weatherin~ of a ~ra~ite-~neiss, .Milledgeville Brick Works, Milled~eville, Baldwin County. Chemical dnaJy.r_i.r_: Loss on 1gn1hon._____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 . 99 Soda (Na20)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .03 Potash (K20)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .46 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 ~~~i;!aci~s;?:.~=~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~:~~~~~~:~~~~~:~~~:~~~:~:~~~~~:~: 26:~~ Ferric oxide (Fe20s) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 .80 Manganous oxide (Mn0)---------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Titanium- dioxide (Ti02) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 .10 Sulphur trioxide (SOs)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) -------------------------:._____________________________________________ .11 52. 35 Silica (Si02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100.11 Ground Color: Red wi1;h gray specks. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicity: Very poor, "short" and sandy. Jl1olding Be!taPior: Impossible to form bars in the Mueller roll-press. Test bars were made very wet in a slop-mold. .JfiLLEDGEVILLE DISTRICT 311 Drying Beha~Jior: Rapid with no warpage. Water of Plasticity: 26.7 per cent. Green .Jiodulu.r oj Rupture: 31.9 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.sed on pla.slic length): 2.6 per cent. Firing Te.sl.s: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) per cent Absorption per cent Modulus of Rupture Lb. per .f'Q. in. Color Warpage 06 -0.5 04 0.0 02 1.5 1 1.2 3 0.8 5 1.0 2.0 26.8 2.5 27.6 3.9 25.5 4.0 26.1 2.9 26.3 3.4 24.5 a Brownish-red None (3YR-6/7)b a Brownish-red None (3YR-6/7)b 82 Brownish-red None (3YR-5/6)b 190 Medium Slight brownish-red (3YR-5/6)b 194 Dark brown- Some ish-red (2YR-5/5)b 196 Dark brown- Some ish-red (2YR-4/5)b aTest bars broken before strength tests could be made. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Not reached by these tests. The mining of the residual clay is done by an electric slack-line scraper, the clay being dragged to a hopper over a narrow-gauge track and dumped into side-dump cars which are pushed by hand the short distance to the plant. The following laboratory tests were made on a composit sample of equal parts of the alluvial clay and the residual clay whose tests are given above. This is not the proportion of these two clays used by the Milledgeville Brick Works, but is given to illustrate the affect that the residual clay has on the alluvial clay in reducing shrinkage and warpage at the expense of the absorption and fired strength. Laboratory tests on a composit sample of equal parts of alluvial clay and residual or "hillside" clay from the Milledgeville Brick Works, Milledgeville, Baldwin County. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.Iticily: Fairly good, a trifle "short." .Jfolding Beha~Jior: Good. (Clay was a little too wet and the test bars swelled slightly on coming through the die.) 312 GEOLOGIC.d.L SURVEY OF GEORGI.d Drying BehafJior: Rapid with little or no warpage. Water of Pla.rticity: 24.9 per cent.' Green Modulu.r of Rupture: 397 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic Length): 4.9 per cent. Firing Te.rt.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent Total Linear Shrinkage (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupture a Lb. !?er .rq. m. Color Warpage 06 1.4 6.2 18.9 706 Salmon None (4YR-6/6)b 04 2.0 7.0 17.6 797 Salmon red None (4YR-6/4)b 02 2.2 6.8 17.4 717 Light red None (3YR-6/5)b l 2.6 7.2 16.2 908 Fair red Some (2YR-5/5)b 3 2.5 7.3 16.5 870 Medium red Slight (1YR-5/4)b 5 3.4 8.3 15.3 1040 Good red Some (R-YR-4/4) b aSee graph, Figure 24-C, page 305. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Remark.r: The test bars fired to cone 04 were slightly flashed, indicating reducing conditions at the end of the firing. Firing Rango,; Cone 04-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 02-5. Plant The clays at the plant are stored in separate bins from which they are fed, in the proper proportion, through a double-roll granulator to a large pug mill where water is added and the mixture is tempered and pugged to a plastic clay. The plastic clay is fed to an auger-type brick machine which can be fitted with the proper auger, die, and automatic cutter to make either end-cut or side-cut brick. The end-cut brick are automatically stamped with the company's name before cutting by a steel roll that is synchronized with the speed of the column of clay so that the name always appears on the proper place on the brick The brick are hacked to wooden drying cars and dried in a wasteheat or coal-fired 10-track tunnel drier. The drier cars are pushed to the kiln doors and the brick carried into the kiln by a gravity carrier with rubber-covered rolls. The bricks are fired to about l900F. in a Haigh semi-continuous kiln with 31 sections, each holding about 25,000 brick. As each section is set a paper partition is put up between MILLEDGEVILLE DISTRICT 313 it and the next section to regulate the draft so that it will be downdraft in each section. The fire progresses through the kiln, firing a section at a time, each section being water-smoked (see page ~8) and the draft air being pre-heated by the heat from the preceding sections. In addition to the Haigh kiln there is a 36-foot round down-draft kiln which is fired between each complete firing of the continuous kiln to keep the heat up and the draft going in the 15~-foot stack which serves both kilns. The heat is controlled and the end-point determined by electrical pyrometers. The fired brick are loaded from the kiln directly into freight cars. The capacity of the plant is about 45,000 brick per day. The production is about evenly divided between common brick and face brick. The brick are good quality and have a pleasing range in color from salmon-red to deep cherry-red. OCONEE CLAY AND SHALE PRODUCTS COMPANY Headquarters and Plants: Milledgeville, Georgia. J. S. Bone, President. H. G. Bone, General Manager. Frank Bone, Secretary and Treasurer. Russell Bone, General Superintendent. The Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company, formerly the Oconee Brick and Tile Company, have two plants in Milledgeville. At Plant No. 1 sewer pipe, drain tile, and flue lining are made. The sewer pipe is made from a mixture of shale from a pit on the Central of Georgia Railway in Floyd County in northwest Georgia (see page 9~) and red hillside clay, residual from a granite-gneiss, from a pit near Milledgeville. More of the shale than of the clay is used in this mixture. The drain tile are made from a mixture composed largely of the residual clay but with a small amount of shale. The flue lining is made from a mixture of shale, residual clay, and white sedimentary kaolin, formerly mined from a pit on the Georgia Railroad in Hancock County1 but now purchased on the open market. Structural tile and building brick are made at Plant No. ~- The residual clay, together with small amounts of the shale and sedimentary kaolin are used in the manufacture of the structural tile. The building bricks. are made ,from a mixture of the residual clay and the shale. Residual Clay Pit The residual or "hillside" clay pit is on the Georgia Railroad just northeast of Milledgeville. The pit, when visited by the writer in 19~6, had a ~0 foot face. The upper 10 feet showed a tough red clay showing no traces of the original rock structure. This graded downward into 10 feet of bright orange-red clay with some bluish-gray places towards 1See Smith, R. W., Sedimentary Kaolins of the Coastal Plain of Georgja: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 44, p. 296, 1929. 314 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d the bottom that showed some of the gneissic structure of the original rock. The lower layers that were showing in the residual. clay pit of the Milledgeville Brick Works (see page :no) were not reached in this pit. The clay is probably somewhat more plastic than that sampled from the Milledgeville Brick Works pit. Scattered across the face of the pit are several dikes, varying in width from one inch to 15 feet, of some igneous rock that weathers to a soft light buff-colored siliceous material with greenish streaks. These are culled from the clay as much as possible in mining. The mining is done by a steam shovel and the clay is loaded into standard gondola cars for transportation to the plant. Plant No.1 Sewer pipe, drain tile, and flue lining are all made at the No. I plant. The materials, which are stored in separate bins, are mixed and ground in a large dry pan and screened through an 8-mesh vibratory screen. The oversize from the screen is returned to the dry pan; the undersize goes to two wet pans where water is added and the material is tempered and pugged to the consistency of a plastic clay. The ware is. formed on two steam-cylinder sewer pipe presses; The sewer pipe are dried in steam heated drying rooms, the drain tile and flue lining in a 12-'track waste-heat tunnel drier. The ware is fired in seven 30-foot round down-draft kilns regulated by electrical pyrometers. The sewer pipe are fired to about 1900F. and salt glazed. The drain tile are fired to a slightly lower temperature and the flue lining to a slightly higher tem- perature, and neither are salt glazed-. The capacity of the plant is about 60 tons per day of which over half is sewer pipe. Plant No.2 Structural tile and building brick are made at the No. 2 plant from a mixture of the residual clay and small amounts of the shale and (tile only) the sedimental'y kaolin. The materials are stored in separate piles from which they are carried in wheel barrows to a dry pan where they are mixed and group.d. The ground material is scre'ened on an inclined screen with mesh a sixteenth of an inch apart. The oversize is returned to the dry pan, the undersize goes to a wet pan where water is added and the' material is tempered and pugged to a plastic condition. A.t the time of the writer's visit in 1926 the only product was structural tile which were formed on a steam-cylinder tile press. When the manufacture of building brick was started an auger-type of brick machine was installed, from which, with the proper dies, either brick or tile cap. be truded and automatically cut off. The tile were dried in a 15-track tunnel drier U:sing either waste-heat from the kilns or exhaust-steam from the tile press. The drier cars were carried two at a time to the kilns on an electric trolly transfer car. The tile were fired to about 2000F. in seven 30-foot round down-draft li1ILLEDGEVILLE DISTRICT 315 kilns, usi_ng electrical pyrometers to regulate the heat and trial pieces to determine the end-point. The capacity of the plant was about 80 tons per day of structutal tile in a range of sizes. PORTER BRICK COMPANY Headquarters and Plant: Milledgeville, Georgia. C. C. Porter, President. The plant of the Porter Brick Company, manufacturers of common building brick, is on the Georgia Railroad on the east side of the Oconee River about three and a half miles northeast of Milledgeville. The brick are made from a mixture of plastic alluvial clay from the second bottom or terrace of the Oconee River and a red residual or "hillside" clay much like that used by the Milledgeville Brick Works and the Oconee Clay and Shale Products Company. The alluvial clay pits in the second bottom of the Oconee River near the plant show an average of five feet of very plastic blue, sometimes brown stained, clay; overlain by 6 to 18 inches of sandy overburden and underlain by ~ to 3 feet of sandy clay followed by water-bearing sand. The clay is mined by an electric slack-line scraper, the mining being done in long narrow pits with a ridge left between each pit to keep out the water as much as possible. The clay is trammed to the foot of the slope below the plant and then hoisted up an incline to the plant. At the time of the writer's visit to the property in 19~6 the residual or "hillside" clay was being mined from a small pit on the road north of the plant that showed reddish-brown to orange-red somewhat sandy clay showing but little traces of the original rock structure. Quartz veins six inches to a foot in thickness were of such frequent occurrence that the company was planning to open another pit in the low ridge just east of the railroad. This deposit will be mined by steam shovel and trammed across tbe railroad to the plant. The two clays are dumped on separate storage piles at the plant. From those storage piles they are fed in the proper proportion onto a belt elevator which carries them to a double-roll granulator through which they drop to a Jarge pug mill. Here water is added and the mixture is tempered and pugged to a plastic clay. This is fed to an auger-type brick machine which extrudes it as a column which is automatically cut off into end-cut brick. The green brick are dried in a 10-track coal-fired tunnel drier and are then fired to about 1950 F. in three 30-foot and three 40-foot round down-draft kilns. The kilns are regulated and the end-point determined by electrical pyrometers. The capacity of the plant is about 65,000 brick per day. The product is a good quality end-cut common brick in colors ranging from salmon-red to dark red. 316 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA AUGUSTA DISTRICT Deposits of a peculiar residual clay from Richmond County west of Augusta have already been described on pages 284-291. The alluvial clays of the Augusta District underlie the second bottom or terrace of the Savannah River. This terrace, which is about two miles in width and some SO to 40 feet above low water level of the river, is underlain by sand with local pockets of gravel and irregular deposits of sandy and plastic clays. The workable clay generally has a thickness of 6 to 12 feet although a thickness of 32 feet at one place has been reported. The deposits often show rapid variations in the sand content and at places are frequently interrupted by narrow curved "channels" filled with sand. These clays have long been the center of a thriving building brick and, in recent years, structural tile industry. They can be fired to a somewhat porous but very durable dark-red product. At the present time there are six plants on the Georgia side of the river with a combined capacity of about 650,000 brick and 300 tons of tile per day. These plants are all clustered on the outskirts of Augusta between the Central of Georgia Railway and the Charleston and Western Carolina Railway. Their clay pits are on the northern edge of the Phinizy Swamp. It is not known whether or not such clays are underlying the similar terraces on the New Savannah Road and the Central of Georgia RailM way west and south of the swamp. GEORGIA-CAROLINA BRICK COMPANY Headquarters: 748 Reynolds Street, Augusta, Georgia. J. C. Hagler, Presi_dent. The Georgia-Carolina Brick Company is a holding company and sales organization. It controls the production and markets the product of the following subsidiary companies: Hagler Brick Company (two plants); Augusta Clay Products Company; Dunbar Brick Company; Augusta Face Brick Company; and the Hankinson Brick Company. Only the first three of these companies have plants on the Georgia side of the river and will be described below. Hagler Brick Company Plant No.3 The No. 3 plant of the Hagler Brick Company, a subsidiary of the Georgia-Carolina Brick Company, is at the foot of First Street near the southeast corner of the city limits of Augusta. The clay pits, at the time of the writer's visit in 1927, were about a mile south of the plant. The clay pits show an average of seven feet of mottled blue-gray and brown fairly p1astic clay containing near the top some small nodules of yellow and black iron oxide. The sand content is said to be rather AUGUSTA DISTRICT 317 low and fairly uniform. At the bottom it grades into water-bearing sand. The top of the deposit extends to the grass roots, but about a foot is removed as overburden because of tree and plant roots. The clay is mined by a steam drag-line excavator with a l,X'-cubic yard bucket. The deposit is mined in long strips the width of the reach of the machine, leaving a wall the width of the dink7 tracks between each strip to prevent flooding by water from the old pits. The clay is loaded into wooden side-dump cars and trammed to the plant, where the cars are hauled up an incline and dumped into a storage bin. The following laboratory tests were made on a sample of this clay consisting of several green brick obtained from scattered points in the open air drying-shed at the plant. Laboratory tests on mottled blue-gray and brown plastic alluvial clay from the Hagler Brick Company, Plant Xo. 3 of the Geor{fia-Carolina Brick Company, Augusta,, Richmond County. Chemical Analy.J'i.r: Loss on ignition....------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 .10 Soda (NazO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .18 Potash (KzO).------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .12 Lime (CaO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .90 Magnesia (MgO)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Alumina (A1z0a)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18.09 Ferric oxide (FezOa) __ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 .ll Titanium dioxide (TiOz) --------------------------------------------------------------------~--------- 1.10 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- trace Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOo)------------------------------------------------------------------- . 16 Silica (Si02) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 _20 99.96 Ground Color: Grayish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. PlMlicily: Good. Molding Behavior: Excellent. Drying Be.havior: Rather slow with some warpage. Wata of Pla.J'licity: 3p.8 per cent. Green .il1odulu.J' of Rupture.: 459.6 pounds per square inch. Line.ar Drying Shrinkage. (ba.J'e.d on pla,rtic length): 9. 7 per cent. 318 Firing Te.rf.r: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage. (based on dry length) per cenl Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length)a p~r cent Absorptiona per cent Modulus of Rupturea Lb. p~r .rq. in. Color Warpage 06 4.8 14.4 12.4 1790 Deep salmon Slight (3YR-6/6)b 04 5.4 14.9 9.8 2178 Light red Slight (2YR-5/5)b 02 6.3 15.2 7.8 2384 Light red Slight (R-YR-5/4)b 1 6.6 15.6 7.2 2478 Medium red Slight (IYR~5/4)b 3 6.2 15.1 6.7 2437 Good red Some (R-YR-5/4)b 5 6.9 15.7 5.7 2418 Good red Consider- (R-YR-4/4)b able aSee graph, Figure 24-D, page 305. bColor. notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. R~mark.r: Two each ofthe bars fired to cones 04 and I and one of the bars fired to cone 3 were black-cored, indicating reducing conditions in the kiln. All of the test bars showed more or less bluish-gray scum or efflorescence oil the corners and top surfaces. Firing Range: Cone 04-5. Commercial kiln: Cone 05-4; _ The clay from the storage bin is fed through a single-shaft granulator into a single-shaft pug mill where water is added and the material is tempered and pugged to the plasticity required. The plastic clay is fed to an auger-type machine which extrudes it as a column which is automatically cut off into end-cut brick. The brick are dried in either a 12-track tunnel drier heated by exhaust steam or on pallets in openair drying sheds (principally used during the summer month~). They are fired to about 1800F. in ten 30-foot round down-draft kilns, using electrical pyrometers to regulate the heat and determine the end-point. The capacity of the plant is about 80,000 brick per day. The product observed by the writer ranged in color from light salmon-red to dark red, had a fair ring when struck together, and would be classed as a good quality common brick. None of them showed evidences of the scumming noted in the test bars. Hagler Brick Company Plant No.8 The No. 8 plant of the Hagler Brick Company is on Gwinnett Street near the foot of Fourth Street, and the clay pits are about three-quarters of a mile to the south. AUGUSTA DISTRICT 319 The clay deposit is said to be much like that of the other plant of the Hagler Brick Company, described above. It is mined by an electric drag-line excavator with a 45-foot boom and a l.X-cubic yard bucket, loaded into side-dump mine cars, and trammed to the plant. At the plant the clay is passed through a granulator of the pug mill type, a disintegrator with two cylindrical rolls, one revolving faster than the other, and a combination pug mill and auger-type brick machine which extrudes. a column of clay that is automatically cut into side-cut brick. The brick are dried in either a 16-track waste-heat tunnel drier or on pallets in open-air drying sheds. They are fired to about 1800F. in nine 30-foot, one 3fl-foot, and two 34-foot round downdraft kilns, using induced draft. The capacity of the plant is about 100,000 brick per day. The product obs-erved by the writer was a good clay face brick in good red colors. Augusta Clay Products Company The Augusta Clay Products Company, a subsidiary of the GeorgiaCarolina Brick Company, is on the New Savannah Road. The plant burned in 1925 and had not been rebuilt when the writer investigated the industry in Augusta in 1927. The plant has since been rebuilt and is now manufacturing structural tile from an alluvial clay deposit nearby. The plant is said to have ten 32-foot kilns and tohaveacapacity df 100 tons per day. Dunbar Brick Company The Dunbar Brick Company, a subsidiary of the Georgia-Carolina Brick Company, is near the foot of Fourth Street. The plant has not been in operation since 1926. The clay deposit, which is about half a mile south of the plant, is said to resemble that of the Hagler Brick Company described above. It was mined by a steam drag-line excavator, loaded into side-dump cars, and hauled to the plant by a tractor-type of gasoline locomotive. The plant consists of a granulator (pug-mill type), a double-roll disintegretor, a pug mill, an auger-type of brick machine with an automatic cutter making end-cut brick, open-air drying sheds and an 18-track steam heated tunnel drier, and eight 30-foot round downdraft kilns on individual stacks. The capacity is about 60,000 brick per day. MERRY BROTHERS BRICK AND TILE COMPANY Headquarters and Plants: Augusta, Georgia. A. H. Merry, President. Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, founded in 1898, now operates two plants. The main plant producing common and face brick and structural tile is on Gwinnett Street between the south ends 320 GEOLOGICdL SURVEY OF GEORGIA of First and Second streets. The old McKenzie Brick Company Plant on the New Savannah Road produces common brick. In addition the company is sales agent for the Electric City Brick Company described below. Main Plant The main plant of the Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company obtains its clay from pits about five-eighths of a mile south of the plant. The pits show from 9 to 11 feet of blue-gray to brown plastic alluvial clay containing some sand, usually with no overburden but occasionally overlain by sand up to three or four feet thick. Some irregular pockets and long narrow streaks of sand or more sandy clay are found in the usable clay and have to be discarded or avoided in mining. One such curved streak of sand about 30 feet wide crossed the entire property and probably marked a former river channel. At the edge of the Phinizy Swamp is a deposit of light-blue clay containing some lime and firing to a buff color. The clays are underlain by water-bearing sand. The following laboratory tests are on a sample of the clay obtained by taking several green brick at random from the plant. This probably gave a more representative sample than one obtain.ed from any one place in the pit. Laboratory tests on a sample of blue-gray to brown alluvial clay from the Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta,. Richmond County. Chemicdl Loss AnaJy.r_i~: on IgnitlOll________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 . 27 Soda (Na:iO).------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .15 Potash (K20)....------------------------------------~-----------------,---------------------------------------- .31 Lime (CaO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:---------------- .00 ii~~~~aci~b~f~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::~~~~~:~~~~:~::~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~:~~~~~~~::~~~~~~~~~:~~~~~::~~:~::~ 20:g~ Ferric oxide (Fe20a) ..----------'--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 .32 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.10 Sulphur trioxide (SOa) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Phosphorus pentoxide (P205) ---------------------------------------------~-------------------------- .06 Silica (Si02) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 .79 97.91 Ground Color: Light grayish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicity: Good. J!1olding BehaPior: Excellent. Drying Behapior: Fairly rapid, with little or. no warpage. Water of Pla.rlicily: 23.6 per cent. Green l!1odulu.r of Rupture: 375.5 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (baJ'ed on pla.rlic length): 7.1 per cent. AUGUSTA DISTRICT 321 Firing Tul.J: Cone 06 04 02 1 3 5 Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per cent 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.6 2.7 Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length)a per cent 8.2 8.3 8.1 9.0 9.0 10.0 Absorptiona per cent 18.4 17.2 > 16.6 16.2 16.1 15.8 Modulus of Rupture a Color Warpage Lb. f!U .Jq. Ln. 651 Salmon None (YR-6/6)b 705 Light red None (YR-6/6)b 732 Light red None (2YR-5/5)b 851 Medium red Very (3YR-5/5)b slight 871 Good red Very (2YR-5/4)b slight 969 Good red Very (lYR-4/4)b slight aSee graph, Figure 25-A, page 323. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 06-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 07-5 and possibly higher. The clay is mined by an electric drag-line excavator, loaded into cars, and trammed to the plant where the cars are hauled up an incline and dumped into a large hopper. Some of the clay from the pit of the McKenzie plant (described below) has at times been mixed with the clay from the main pit although this was not being done at the time of the writer's visit. At the plant the clay was passed through a granulator of the pug mill type and a double-roll disintegrator into large storage bins. From these bins the clay was fed to three units: One, consisting of a pug mill and a combination pug mill and auger-type brick machine, made side-cut face brick; another, consisting of a double-shaft pug mill and an auger-type brick machine made end-cut common brick; the third, consisting of a double-shaft pug mill and an auger-type tile machine, made structural tile. The brick and tile were dried on pallets in an open-air drying shed or on cars in a 50-track waste-heat tunnel drier. They were fired to about 1800F. in four SO-foot round down-draft kilns and two Haigh semi-continuous rectangular kilns 840 and 612 feet in length. These Haigh kilns are so arranged that each chamber is down-draft during the firing, but the fire progresses from one chamber to the next. Electric pyrometers and standard pyrometric cones were used with the round down-draft kilns to regulate the heat and to determine the endpoint. The Haigh kilns were regulated by the amount of settling of 322 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA the brick or tile. The face brick were flashed to improve the color. The capacity of the plant was about 200 tons of structural tile and 250,000 brick per day. The production of building brick was about evenly .divided between end-cut common brick and side-cut face brick. 'The face brick had a good ring when struck together, were very uniform in size, and showed" a good range of pleasing colors. The culls and second quality side-cut brick were sold for common brick. At the time of the writer's visit in 1927 another side-cut brick unit was being installed and plans were made for installing machinery for screening the clay for the face brick units after it had passed through the granulator and disintegrator. The company has also successfully experimented with the addition of small amounts of certain mineral oxides to the clay at intervals to give a wider range of colors in the face brick. McKenzie Plant The plant of the former McKenzie Brick Company is on the New Savannah Road about a mile south of Augusta. The clay pit is a short distance south of the plant adjoining the public road. The clay in this pit is said to average 18 to 22 feet in thickness and 32 feet was mined at one place. The clay resembles that of the other pits in the Augusta district, but is said to have somewhat different working properties. It is said to contain less sand and to be stiffer and less plastic than the clay from the main Merry Brothers "pit, but it processes well in the plant and the fired products have good strength and color. The laboratory tests are given below on a 14-foot groove sample collected from the northwest corner '-of the pit near the public road. This sample ap- peared to contain more rather than less sand than the sample from the m~in Merry Brothers pit. , The continuity of the clay deposit is interrupted by several long narrow curving bodies of sand, probably old river channels. A short distance west of the New Savannah Road, not over 250 yards from the clay pits, is a deep gravel pit. Laboratory tests on a 1.1;.-foot groove sample of blue-gray to brown alluvial clay from the McKenzie pit of the Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Richmond County. Chemical d.nCf:Ly.r,iJ,: Loss on Igruhon._____....................................................................................... 7 .66 Soda (Na20)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .34 Potash (K20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . 97 ~~:J~t~E~~~~:~:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~::::::::::::::::: 19:~~ Ferric oxide (Fe20s)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. 71 Titanium dioxide (Ti02)................................................................................ .99 Sulphur trioxide (SOa).................................................................................... .18 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20&) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ trace Silica (Si0 62. 69 2) ...................................................................................................... 100.26 AUGUSTA DISTRICT 323 Figure 25. Graphs showing total linear shrinkage, absorption, and modulus of rupture of: A. Alluvial clay from Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Richmond County. B. Alluvial day from the McKenzie Pit, Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta, Richmond County. C. Residual and colluvial clay from the Arnold Brick Yard, two miles northeast of Thomasville, Thomas County. D. Alluvial clay from the Bainbridge Brick Company, Bainbridge, Decatur County. 324 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Ground Color: Light-brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rticity: Fairly good, slightly "short" at first. .Molding Behavior: Good. Drying Behavior: Rapid with little or no warpage. Water of Pladicily: 30.3 per cent. Green llfodulu.r of Rupture: 338 .1 pounds per square inch. Linear Drying Shrinkage (ba.red on pla.rtic length): 7.0 per cent. Firing Tul.r: Cone Linear Firing Shrinkage (based on dry lengt4) per i.:enl Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent Absorptiona per cenl Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per J"q. in. Color Warpage 06 2.1. 8.9 21.9 625 Salmon' Very: (4YR~6/6)h .slight 04 2.3 9.0 19.5 994 Dark salmon Very (3YR-6/5)b . slight 02 3.2. 9.8 18.2 1008 Light red Very (R.:.YR~5/5)h. .Sl~ght 1 4.1 "' 11.0 17.8 1122 Medium red Very (4YR-5/5)b . slight 3 3.7 10.6 17.6 . 1158 Good red Some (R-YR-5/5)b .5 4.8 11.2 15.6 1292 Good red Slight (R-YR"5/4)h aSee graph, Figure 25-B, page 323. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Firing Range: Cone 02-5 and higher. Commercial kiln: Cone 03-5 and possibly higher. The clay is mined by a drag-line excavator and is loaded into side- dump tram cars for haulage to .the plant. At the plant the clay is passed through a double-roll disintegrator into a pug mill where water is added bination and pug the clay is tempered. mill and auger-type brFircokmmtahcihs itnheewclhaiychpaesxstersudtoesa acocmol-- umn .of clay that is automatically cut off into end-cut brick. The brick are dried on pallets in open-air drying sheds (used principally during the summer months) or on cars in a ~0-track steam-heated tunnel drier. They are fired to about' 1850F~ in I~ so:..foot round down- draft kilns. The capacity of the plant is about 80,000 common brick per day. .d.UGUST.d DISTRICT 325 ELECTRIC CITY BRICK COMPANY Headquarters and Plant: Augusta, Georgia. W. D. Merry, President. r Sales Agent: Merry Brothers Brick and Tile Company, Augusta. The Electric City Brick Company, established i+t 191~, is on Gwin- nett Street near the Merry Brothers plant. The clay pits are about three-eighths of a mile south of the plant. The clay pits show a deposit of alluvial clay ranging from an average thickness of 10 feet under~ feet of sandy overburden at the north end to a thickness of 1~ or 15 feet with less overburden at the south or swamp end. The clay has a gray-blue to brown color and resembles that in the other pits in the district. That at the south end is said to contain less sand than that of the north end of the deposit. The clay is mined by a steam drag-line excavator and trammed to the plant in side-dump cars. Some of the sandy overburden from the north end of the deposit is mixed with the less sandy clay from the south end. At the plant the clay is fed to a large pug mill where water is added and the clay is tempered and pugged. The plastic clay is fed to an auger-type brick machine which extrudes a continuous column of clay which is automatically cut off into end-cut brick. The brick are either dried on pallets in open-air drying sheds or on cars in a 16-track wasteheat tunnel drier. They are fired to about 1800F. in 1~ 8~-foot round down-draft kilns. Part of the kilns are on individual stacks. The others are operated by the Minter system with induced draft. The capacity of the plant is about 80,000 common brick per day. 326 GEOLOGIC.dL SURVEY OF GEORGI.d ALLUVIAL AND RESIDUAL CLAYS OF SOUTH GEORGIA The flood plains and second bottoms. of the larger streams of South Georgia are often underlai;n by deposits of alluvial clay. The deposits are usually thin and pockety and are usually suitable only for the manufacture of a poor grade of common brick. Veatch1 in 1909 recorded the manufacture of building brick at the following places: Douglas, Coffee County; Bainbridge, Decatur County; Albany, Dougherty County; Lumber City, Jeff Davi.s County; Dublin, Laurens County; Townsend and Darien Junction, Mcintosh County; Mt. Vernon, Montgomery County; Hawkinsville, Pulaski County; Omaha, Stewart County; Thomasville, Thomas County; and Odessa, Wayne County. The only brick plants to survive of those listed above are the plants at Bainbridge and Thomasville, descril:>ed below, and one at Omaha not visited by the writer. Common brick were mad'e at Albany until a few years ago. At the time of the writer's visit in 19~7 the last plant had just been dismantled. At that time sand-lime brick were being manufactured in Albany, but the company has since gone into bankruptcy. Roofing tile were for years made by the Ludowici Roofing Tile Company at Ludowici in Long County, using an alluvial clay from a terrace deposit along the Altamaha River, but the property is now abandoned. Three samples of undeveloped river terrace alluvial clays were collected by the writer; one from the Flint Rive~ at Daphne in Crisp County, and the other two from the Alapaha River one mile west of Stockton in Lanier County. The laboratory tests on these samples proved them to be too sandy to be of value for the manufacture of even common building brick. Four samples of plastic surface or swamp clays were collected; two from Brooks and two from Lowndes counties. The laboratory tests on these clays showed them to be of the "pipe clay" type, and to have a very high drying shrinkage with resulting warpage and cracking, and a very low fired strength. The addition of sandy material to cut down the shrinkage and warpage would increase the absorption too much. It is possible that some of the clay could be calcined until the greater part of the shrinkage had taken place and then mixed with enough plastic clay to form the brick, and thus manufacture a building brick. This method would add to the cost of manufacture and would oniy be warranted in a region distant from a source of building brick. It is very doubtful if the freight rate on Macon brick to this part of South Georgia would be sufficiently high to justify this additional cost of manufacture of local brick. 1Veatch, J. 0. Second report on the clay deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 18, 1909. SOUTH GEORGIA .327 ARNOLD BRICK YARD Headquarters and Plant: Thomasville, Thomas County, Georgia. Adam Arnold, Owner and Manager. The Arnold Brick Yard is on the Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad two miles northeast of Thomasville. Common brick are manufactured from a deposit of sedimentary .clay in the Alum Bluff or Hawthorn formation of Miocene age; the deposit, according to Veatch1, having been somewhat altered from its original condition by having at one time been covered by a pond. When visted by the writer in 1927 the deposit was 10 to 12 feet in thickness. The clay varied from massive white clay resembling sedimentary kaolin to plastic lightr-gray clay like "pipe clay" or impure fullers earth. Much of it is stained red, brown, and yellow and there are .some deep red and purplish-red spots. Some of the clay is sandy and there are frequent sand partings between layers of clay. The laborat()ry tests are given below on a grab sample of the clay. The deposit is overlain by a foot and a half or two feet of sand and loam overburden, and .is underlain by yellow sand and some very sandy clay. Laboratory tests on a ~rab sample of residual or sedimentary clay from the pit of the Arnold Brick Yard, two miles northeast of Thomasville, Thomas County. Chemical .dnaly.;iJ': Loss on ignitioiL------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 _00 Soda (Na20)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .20 Potash (K20)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _10 Lime (CaO) ________---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _00 Mag'Ilesia (MgO)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .10 Alumina (A120s)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 .40 Ferric oxide (Fe20a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 .22 Manganous oxide (MnO).---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .16 Titanium dioxide (Ti02) ____ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .72 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (P20s) .. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 61 Silica ( 0 S~ 2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 . 51 100.02 Ground Color: Very light brownish-gray. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.;ticity: Good, very sticky. Molding BehaPior: Good. Drying Behavior: Fairly rapid. Little or no warpage. Water of Plaoticily: 26.5 per cent. Green Modulu.; of Rupture: 143.4 pounds per square inchLinear Drying Shrinkage (baoed on plaolic Length): 7.2 per cent. lVeatch, J. 0., Op. cit., p. 363. 328 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA Firing Tesl.r: Cone 06 04 02 1 3 5 Linear Firing Shrink- age (based on dry length) per c-ent 1.6 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.4 4.7 Total Linear Shrink- age (based on plastic length) a per cent 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.1 11.0 11.2 Absorptiona per cent 21.5 19.8 19.1 18.0 16.7 15.3 Modulus of Rupture a Lb. per .rq. in. Color Warpage 311 Light pink Slight (4YR-7 /4)b 582 Light tan Slight (YR-Y-8/4)b 622 Pinkish-creain Slight (9YR-8/5)b 6.84 Light pink- Slight ish-tan (7YR-8/4)b 638 Light salmon Some (8YR-7/4)b 808 Light salmon Some (YR-Y-7 /3)b aSee graph, Figure 25-C, page 323. bColor notation according to the Munsell system, see page 23. Remarks: Three of the test bars red to cone 3 were badly checked. Firing Range: Above cone 5. The above tests indicate that this sample was probably not representative of the clay used to manufacture brick. The inclusion of more of the surface material would probably have darkened the color and lowered the firing range. Plant The clay, which is mined by pick and shovel from several places in the pit, is loaded into small cars and hoisted up an incline to the plant. At the plant it is passed through a double smooth-roll granulator into a pug mill where water is added and the clay is tempered and pugged to a plastic condition. The plastic clay is fed to an auger-type brick machine wh~ch extrudes a continuous column of clay that is automatically cut off into end-cut brick. The brick are hacked to a brickyard wheel barrow and carried to open-air drying sheds. The dried brick are fired in temporary up-draft rectangular scove kilns, about 160,000 brick per kiln. The firing takes about eight days, of which about four and a half days is the water-smoking period (see page 28). The :Q.ring is regulated and the end-point determined by the amount of settling of the brick. The capacity of the plant is between 5,000 and 10,000 common brick per day. The brick seen by the writer were a light cherry-red SOUTH GEORGLd 329 in color and showed some white spots and some fused black spots that at places caused blisters. The brick all showed considerable checking. BAI1\'13RIDGE BRICK COMPANY The Bainbridge Brick Company, a subsidiary of the Columbus Brick and Tile Company (see page 294), is on the Flint River just west of Bainbridge, Decatur County. Common building brick are made from a deposit of alluvial clay under the flood-plain of the Flint River. The deposit of alluvial clay underlies the second bottom or terrace which is only a little above the river so that the pits are flooded in high water. The deposit is 100 to 150 yards wide and averages 10 feet in thickness. It is underlain by water-bearing sand and gravel. The clay is blue-gray to brown in color, somewhat sandy and is plastic when wet but dries very hard and stiff. The laboratory tests are given below on a grab sample from the stock pile at the plant. Laboratory tests on a sample of gray-blue to brown alluvial clay from the Bainbridge Brick Company, Bainbridge, Decatur County. Chemical .d.naly.ri.r: Loss on ignition.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. 52 Soda (NazO )------------------------------------------------------------------------------ . 61 Potash (KzO)---------------------------------------------- .27 Lime (Ca0) ..--------------------------------------------- .42 i1~:.:!aci~t~]--.~=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 19:~~ Ferric oxide (FezOs) .. -------------------------------------------------------- 7 .40 ~~:!:ili~:fj: (iio~~~=~==:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: tr~94 Sulphur trioxide (SOs) ------------------------------ .00 Phosphorus pentoxide (PzOs) ----------------- .42 34 Silica (Si0 2) ------------------------------------------------- 62 . 100.92 Ground Color: Light grayish-brown. Slaking: Rapid. Pla.rlicily: Good. .Molding BeharJior: Excellent. Drying BehaiJior: Fairly rapid, with little or no warpage. Water of Pla.rlicity: 31.4 per cent. Green .il1odulu.r of Rupture: 490.3 pounds per square inch. Linear Firing Shrinkage (ha.red on pla.rlic length): 9.3 per cent. GEOLOGIC11L 'SU,. WM.rsM. W. .pCro.,pperrtoyp_e_r_t_y__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 18833 Camr>ania, Olay deposits near_________ 285 Canadian System----------------------- 59 Carbondale, Shale deposits near....... 190 CCaarrbdoenn,if:eBr.oFu.s pSryospteemrt.y._._._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_- 26334 Carter, S.M. property_________________ 209 Carters Station, Shale deposits near.. 209 Cartersville, Shale deposits near...263,265 Cartersville Fault.......50, 68,193,207,212,241 Cartersville Fermation.53, 54, 242, 263, 265, 267, 271 Cartersville shale.----------------------- 54 Tests on samples of-----"-----------263,267 Cass County CourthoUSe, Old, Brick or. 256 Cass Station, Shale deposits near...260,261 Cassandra, Bentonite deposit near.... 338 Shale deposits near.............149,150,152 Cassville. Shale and clay deposits near 255, . 257 Catlett GaP. Shale deposits near...... 148 Catoosa County, Shale deposits in.... 172 Cedartown, Shale deposits near.......71, 72 Cells of structural tile....-------------- 31 Cel-Seal---------------------------------- 43 Cenchat. Shale deposits near ...155,157,161 Central of Georgia Ry.,Brick culverts of______ -----------------.--------------- 2 Shale and clay deposits near..71, 75, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92, 94, 98,110,120,148,157,161, l~,M5,l~W~~~~7.2W,3ffi,003,00~ 313,316,318,319,322,321\ Chalker, Clay deposits near____________ 291 Chamlee, B. I.., proDerty"------------~-- 242 Chapman. W..H .. and-.T. E., property__ 216 Charleston & Western caro1ma Ry., Olay deposits near..289,316,318,319,322,325 Chastain, B. A., property-------------- 339 Chattahoochee, Olay deposits near____ 280 Chattahoochee Brick Oo.~--------------- 280 Chattanooga shale~---------------------53, 63 Chattanooga Valley, Shale deposits in.------------- ----------------------149-164 Chattooga County, Bentonite deposits . iSnh.a--l-e-d--e-p-o--s-i-ts--i-n-----------------------------------------~--_ 339 119 Ohattooga Mountain------------47, 62,65, 174 Chatsworth, Shale deposits near...l94,197, - .. 199;201 Chatsworth Clay Mfg. Co.............. 194 Chemical analyses of clays and shales 19 ChemicallY combined water____________ 10 Chepultepec dolomite__________________ 58 Cherokee Clay Products Co.. _.......301, 332 Chert---------------------------58, 62, 64, 65,66 Chester age, Beds of. in Georgia....... 65 Chickamauga limestone..--------------53, 59 In Catoosa CountY------------------- 173 IInn PDoaldkeCCoounutny_tY__-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 12638 In Walker CountY-------------------137,155 In Whitfield CountY------------------ 174 Chickamauga ValleY------------48,58,136,172 Chimney tops, Plants manufacturing, C.liihnGtoeonrga~gae-,--B-e--d-s--o-f-,~i-n--G--e-o--rg--i-a-.-.-.-_-_-_ 30672 Chlorite. in Georgia clays______________ 284 Chroma----------------------------------- 24 Clarida. Jeff, propertY------------------ 228 Olay, Character and uniformity of de- posits of------------------------------- 45 Chemical properties of--------------- 8 Classification of----------------------- 5 FDaecftionristiaofnfeocft-i-n-g--u--t-il-i-z--a-t-i-o-n--o-f-_-_-_-_-_-_- 464 Physical properties of----------------- 10 Properties of--------------------------- 5 Red-firing, uses of-------------------- 27 Page OClleamytmono,nsM, rCs.. FWa.n, npireo.pperrotpye_r_t_y_.________________ 225021 Climate, of Georgia--------------------- 45 Coal Measures---------~----------------- 66 Cohutta Mountains..-----------.47,50,51,193 Collett. Mrs., propertY------------------ 252 Colluvial claY---------------------------- 5 Samnles of, tested..------78,246,278,281,282 Colonial brick. Future of_______________ 332 ManUfacture of, in Georgia__________ 216 CoDloetreorfmfiinreadticolnaYof-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1243 Columbus, Olay deposits near...294,297,299 Columbus Brick & Tile Co.......294,329,332 Columbus District, Alluvial clays of .the.------------------------------------ 294 Combined silica......------------------- 7 Combined water, chemically----------- 10 Common brick-------------------------- 27 Plants manufacturing, in Georgia.. 278, 280,296,302,306,312,314,316, 318,319,321,324,325,328,330 CoCnoarsraeluagtaiofnoromf..a__ti_o_n__-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_53,5567 IInn CBaatrotoowsaCCoouunntytY__-_-_-__-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 214723 In. Chattooga County_________________ 119 IInn FGlooryddocnoCuonutnyty-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 27141 IInn MWualrkraeyr CCoounutyn_t_y_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-1__9_3,119347 In Whit:ll,ield County------------------ 174 Conasauga shales----------~----------- ~.57 Samnles of. tested.l02, 103,106,109,1111113, 117,.11_8, 120,182,184,187,188,195, 198;200, . 202,204,209,214;217.218,220;223,232,236; .239' 244, 250' 252' 255' 257' 260;'261' 2'7.0,'272, Conduits------------------------~-------c~ 40 Georgia shales possibly suited for... 96 Cones, Stari.dardpy:rometric~---------- - 16 End DOints of...,---~-----"-.-~-----:- . ,17 Use of.c----~-----~~:..c~c-~--------'-------. -18 Cooper. L~ N.:pro'pertY----------~------ 106 Coopers Heights Station, Bentonite denosits near-----~--c.----------------~ '338 Shale denosits near~-~~-------------- 152 CCoooossaa PFeanuenllta.i.n_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 7532 Coosa River, Shale denosits along_____ 106 Coosa Valley, Shale in------------------ 74 Copl)er Ridge dolomite:~~~------------- 58 Coppinger, C. E., Droperty_____________ 127 Cracking of clay ware, Causes of______ 15 Cretaceous System, DeDosits of-.284,289,291 CCrreistpacOeoouusnPtye,nOenlalayind-e-p-o--s-i-t-s-i-n--.-.----------5-1, 122 326 Crown Cotton Mill Co. nroperty_______ 190 Crucial Fire Brick Co., Old------------- 76 Curry, J. W.. nronertY------------------ 110 Curtin Place.---------------------------- 108 D Dade County, Bentonite denositsin... 336 Shale denosits in-~-------------------- 122 Dalton, Shale denosits nea~----177,179;181, 183,188,190 Dalton Brick & Tile Co---------------- 181 Daphne. Olay deDosits near.----------- 326 Darien Junction, Building brick made at--------------------------------------- 326 DaviS, S. B., nroDertY------------------- 203 Dean, H. A., proDerty------------------ 84 Decatur County, ClaY deposits in_____ 329 Deformation of beds, in Floyd County_ 73 Delaigle Brick Yards, Old--------~---- 2 Denson. Dick. Place.------------------- 120 Depression of 1929-31, Affect of, on brick industry of Georgia____________ 331 Devonian System------------------------ 62 INDEX 343 Page Dew, Andy, property___________________ 234 DDoiclkomRiidtgee______-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-___________ 13578 Dickey, W. S., ClaY Mfg. Co., Flint- stone Plant____________________________ 164 Macon Plants__________________________ 307 RRoommee sPhlaanlet-P-i-t_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 8803 Dirtseller Mountain-- _________________ ng, 120 Bentonite deposit near_______________ 339 Dolomite in clay________________________ 8 Douglas. Building brick made at______ 326 Drain tile________________________________ 38 Plants manufacturing, in Georgia,___ 164, 307,314 Specifications of __ -------------------- 39 Dvraailnuaegoef-_o__f__c_l_a_y___d_e_p__o_s_i_t_s_.__A__ff_e__c_t_o_n_ 45 DIYing shrinkage_______________________ 13 Comparison of laboratory and Plant Dteetsetrsm--i-n-a-t-i-o--n--o-f_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 2216 Dressler tunnel kiln- ___ ---------------- 297 Dublin. Building brick made at_______ 326 DDuucckkeCttr,eeIkke. .Bpernotpoenrittye_d__e_p_o__s_i_t_n_e_a_r_______ 313794 Dunbar Brick Co.---------------------316,319 E Eagle Cliff Station. Shale deposit near 163 Early Station, Shale deposit near_____ 103 Ebenezer Church, Bricks used in------ 1 Edwards. A. L . property--------------- 223 Effingham County, Building brick made in-------------------------------- 1 Efflorescence____ --------------------____ 15 Electric City Brick Co----------------320,325 Emerson, Shale deposits near__________ 274 Eocene Peneplain----------------------- 51 Ergoias_i_o_n_,__C_y_c__le_s__o_f_._:_i_n_N__o__r_t_h_w__e_s_t__G__e_o_r_- 50 Estelle, Shale deposits near____________ 141 EEvvaannss,, CS.icFer.op. rporpoepretryt_y___-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 115023 Evseesrhbayrt_.__D__r_.__E_d__g_a_r_.__C__h-e--m--i-c--a-l__a_n_a_l_y_- 19 F Face brick________ ----------------------- 27 Plants manufacturing in Georgia_so, 181, W4,n2.2~.~2.300,3~.~4.~9.~1 RSpeeqcuiifriecmateionntss foofr_c_l_a_y__f_o_r____-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 2297 FaAOlllrliLugviinniaeoliLcn_l_aG_y_es_o_o_rf_g___i__a__-__-__-__-__-__-__-_-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__- 229933 293 Field methods--------------------------- 19 Fireproofing tile, Specifications for___ 34 FiSricnhge,dMuleetohfo__d_s__u_s_e__d__in__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 2221 Firing Range___________ ------ ___________16, 25 Firing Shrinkage_________________ ----- __13, 22 Oomnarison of laboratory and Plant Flastehsitnsg--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-------------_-_-_-_-_-_-_-------------_--_-_- 2269 Flatwoods_------------------- ____ ------- 73 Origin of- _______ --------------- ________52, 56 Flintstone, Shale deposits near________ 164 FlFouotrutirlee-o-f--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 33326 Hollow, speci..fications for____________ 35 Florida Boom, Affect on brick industry of Georgia_____________________________ 331 FloYd County, Shale deposits of_______ 72 Floyd, Scott, property__________________ 236 Page Floyd shale__________ --------------------53.64 In Catoosa County___________________ 173 IInn FOlhoaytdtoCooguantyC_o__u_n_t_y_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 17159 In Gordon OountY--------------212,225, 229 In Whitfield County----------------174,190 Samples of. tested-----76,82,86,88,91,93,95, 96,100,192,225,229 Flue lining, Plants manufacturing, in Georgia--------------------------164,307,314 Production in Georgia_______________ 4 Forrester, Wesley, property_____________ 336 Fort FoInrt DPMaaoyduneneCtocauhiennr._tty--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_---_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_~-_--_--_--531,1296374 In Walker County_____________________ 137 Foster, Mrs. P.M. property____________ 108 Foster Bend. Shale deposit at__________ 108 FFrreeee swialtiecr_a_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 107 Freeman, Mrs. Lucille, property_______ 220 Frog Mountain sandstone______________ 62 Fry, Mrs. Nellie, property______________ 337 Fuller. G. L . cited______________________ 254 Fulton County, Fulton, Mrs. G. sC.l.aEystdaetep_o__s_it_s__in_____________ 280 231 G Gainesville, Clay deposits near________ 278 Gasper limestone________________________ 66 Gaylor Ridge------------------------47,48,119 Geological formations in Northwest Georgia_------------.------_-- ________ -52-67 Table of________________________________ 53 Geologic sectiOilS-----127,132,134,135,136,140, 141,146,148,150,295,310,337 Geology, of Northwest Georgia________ 50 Georgia Brick & Tile Co. Old--------- 243 Georgia-Carolina Brick Co___________i316, 332 Georgia & Florida R. R.. Clay deposits near_----------------------- ----------291,292 Georgia Gravel Oo. :Property----------- 299 Georgia R. R., Clay deposits near--285,289, 308,313,315 Georgia Vitrified Brick Oo______________ 285 Gifford, Mrs. Geo., property___________ 337 Gilmer, B. F . property_________________ 339 Gilmore, John. property_______________ 292 GGllaeunnco, nRi.teMi.nWcl.,aypr-o-p-e--rt-y-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- 1478 G!leiss, Residual clay derived from-310, 313, Goldonda formation___ ------ __________ _ 315 66 Gordon County, Shale deposits in___ _ Goswick, Jean. property ______________ _ 211 236 GGoosthwwicikc,k,MRo.seJ..,prporpoepretryt-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_--_ Graham, J. M., property_______________ 234 236 111 Graphitic schist, Sample of, tested___ _ Grassdale, Shale deposit near_________ _ Greenfield, J. 0., property____________ _ 276 265 252 GGrrieceen, sJotree,npgrtohpoefrtcyl_a_y_s__a_n__d__s_h__a_l_e_s______ __ Grinding of clays and shales__________ _ 12 70 10 Affect on fired products-------------- 25 GGuuyntno,nO. sRc.aLr. ..pprorpoepretryt_y-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ 234 265 Gypsum in clay------------------------- 8,9 H Hagler Brick Co. ----------------------316,318 Haigh kiln______ ----------------- ------313, 321 Hale, Graham, property________________ 135 Hall County, Clay deposits in--------- 278 Hallahan. M. J., Cited_________________ 2 Halls Station, Shale deposits near____ 252 344 INDEX Page HHeammrbiuckrg. ,JO. Mla.y dpreoppoerstiyt_s_n__e_a_r_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 229692 HHaannekyin, sAo.nWB.,ripcrkoCpeo,r_t_Y__-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 321696 Hargis Homestead______________________ 261 Harrington, J. D. property____________ 231 Harrington, J. W.. property____________ 230 HHaarrrtliisnoen, FMarrsm. M__._ :-r-.-.-p-r-o-p--e-rt-y-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_- 219515 Hartselle sandstone--------------------- 66 Hawkins. R. L. propertY-------------- 135 Hawkinsville, Building brick made at. 326 Hawk Place, Old------------------------ 255 Hawthorn formation, Olay deposits in 327 HHaaYyedsi,teo.._-w--.-.--c-it-e-d-.---5-2-,-5-3-;-5-5-,-5-6-,-6-1_.-6-2-,.6.A6,21,71148, 175,177,179,193,211 Geological work in Georgia__________ 52 HHeaayVeYs,cSla. yGp.r.opdruoctrs>__e_rt_Y__-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_- 12575 Future of industry in Georgia_______ 331 History of industry in Georgia______ 1 Market for_____________________________ 44 .Production in Georgia--------------- 4 Helderburg age, Beds of. in Georgia__ 63 HHeenmdaetristeonin. Jc.laSY.,__p-r-o-p-e-r-ty-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- 2167 Hennt. A. v.. cited------~---------19, 83, 84,99 Henry Brothers propertY--------------- 152 Henry, J.P.. propertY------------------ 122 Hermitage, Shale deposits near________ 116 Hermitage Brick Works.---------------- 1" HighPointSchool. Shale.depositsnear 181 High Point Station. Bentonite deposit near----------=----------------"--------- 33.7- ?hale.deposits near..=:.'-_-=~~=:-.---:_--153,155. Hill.-R.L.,-propertY-------------------- 216 Hill City. Shale and clay deposits near. 224, - . ~8.~9 H"Hoiglalsni.dTe". .Mcl:.a,Yp--ro--p-e~r-t-y-.-::-:-_-_-_-_-_3_1_0_,_3_1_1_,__31_.3,311156 Hood, B. M:ifflin Oo., Adairsville Plant 243 Legg Plant, Calhoun_________________ 212 RTeosmtse aPtl.a:nPtl-a-n--t-o-f'._--_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ 12162. Hollow tile, Definition of______________ 31 Holston marble-------------------------- 175 Horn Mountain-----------------.47,62, 65,137 Horselegllountain---------------61,62,63,74 Hudson Brick Oo.---------------------- 278 Hue__ ------------------------------------ 23 Hughes,. H. H . cited-------------------- 41 Hull, J. P. D.. eited--------------------52, 175 Huntington, M. 0 .. pro:perty- __ ------- 71 Hurt Estate------------------------------ 123 I Ignition. Loss on_______________________ 10 Indian Mountain-----------------------53,54 IIrroonn ionrec,ladYe-:-p~o-s-i-t-so--f.-1-2-3-,-1-2-4-,-1-2-9-,-1-3-0-,1--3-2-_,134,7 135,140.141,145,148,152, 153,155,158,161,163,175 Iron oxide in claY, Affect on fired color 7,14 J Jackson, E. L., propertY--------------- 218 JJeafcfkresoy,n,sR..opbreorpte, rptrYo-p-e--r-tY---------------------------- 254: 337 Jeffries. J. A. propertY----------------- 101 John Creek Valley, Shale deposits in - 75 John Mountain.. ----------------62,74,75,119 Johnson. J. L. propertY--------------- 99 Johnsons Creek------------------------- 123 Bentonite deposits in----------------- 336 Shale deposits in--------------------123-135 JolY. Ohett, property----------------"- 218 Page Jones. Mrs. Flora McAfee. property____ 110 Jones, J.P.. propertY------------------- 238 Jones. Mrs. J. W.. propertY------------- 152 Jones. Jones. vR.icBh.a, rpdr,oppreorptYer-t-Y------------------------------- 228 238 Judy Mountain. __ ---------------------- 66 K Kaolinite in clays_______________________ 7 Kelley, F. J,. propertY------------------ 85 Kelley, J. 0 . Sons' :oroperty___________ 291 KKeenndnreiscakw, MMros.uLn.taMin:.,__E_s_t_atcec_______________________ 227977 Keokuk age, Beds of, in Georgia______ 64 Kerogen. ___ ----------------------------- 63 KKeeytos,nMa dosoel,opmriotpe-e-r-t-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 25188 Kilns. Types of-------------------------- 28 Dressler tunnel------------------------ 297 Haigh semi-continuous.------------313, 321 Scove.--------------------------------284,328 King, W. M.. pro:oertY'------------------ 243 Kingston, Shale depoSits near----~---- 254 Knowles, W. A. :pro:perty_______________ 83 KKnnooxx,dJo.loLm. ipter_o_p_e__r_t_Y__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--;531,6537 Correlation oL------------------------ 58 In Bartow OountY------------------242,249' In Catoosa County_------------------ 173 In FloYd-CountY---------------------- 73 In Gordon County-----------------218,238 In Murray County------------------193,194 In Polk CountY----------------------~. u8 In Walker OountY-----------137,1'65,167;169, In Whitfield countY-----------,..,:,_=-J'!1,1'15._ L Labor in Georgia---------""------------ 46 Laboratory tests .o:q clay and shale, . - Osaomrrpelleast.i-o--n--w--i-t-h-p--l-a-n--t-:-o-r-a'-c-ti-c-e-_-.-_-_-_-__- ' .1295 Lacy, if. B., pro:perty_~--~--'-------~---~~ iU6... LaFayette, Shale deposits near-------~ 139 LaForge, Laurence, cited.~--~---------- 52 Lanier County, Clay deposits in_______ 326 Lavender Mountain..-47, 48, 61, 62, 63, 73, 74,75 Lavender Station, Shale deposits near 92, Leadbetter, Dr., Estate_________________94,9782 Legg, L. N.. cited------"---------------- 231 Legg Brothers brick;plant. Old--------2,212 Levinson. S., propertY------------------ 91 Lewis, 0. E . propertY------------------ 216 Liberty School. Sh!ile deposits near___ 238 Light-weight aggregates______________ 41 Market for. in Southeast---------~--- 43 LilYIJond, Shale deposits near. -----238,239 Lime in clay and shale_________________ 8 Affect on .color of fired products..____ 14 LLiimneoanristheriinnkacglea_Y__-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 137 Linwood, Shale deposits neat---------- 252 LLoitntlge, SMarns.dDMe:xotuern.ta:pinro-p-e-r-t-y-_-_--_-_-_--_-_6_5_,_._6_7,121592 LLoonngg,, MT.. AQ...::oprorpoeprteyr_t_Y__-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 15947 Longview limestone--------------------- 58 LoIIonnkWDoauadtlkefeoOrrmCouoanutitnoytn_y_.__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-_~-_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_-1_5223,',11632683 Lookout Mountain.-48,59,61,62,64,65,66,67, 119,120,122,123,127,130, Lookout Plateau__________1__3_6_,1__4_9_,1-4588,,116212.,116336 Lookout ValleY---------48, 51,59,61, 67,122,123 Shales in----------------------- ------123,136 INDEX 345 Page Loss on ignition...------------------------ 10 LoUisville & Nashville R. R., Shale de- posits near__l94,197, 199,201,203,206,207,209, 241, 263, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272 Lowndes County, Clay deposits in---- 326 Lowville age, Beds of in Georgia.._____59,335 Ludowici Roofing Tile Company______ 326 Lumber Oity, Building brick made at. 326 LYerlY. Bentonite deposit near_________ 339 LY"tag___ ----------------- _--------------- 42 M Macon, Olay deposits near___ soo, 301,303,306 Macon District, Alluvial clays of the._ 300 Macon, Dublin & Savannah R. R . Olay deposits near the__________s01,303, 306 Maddox, G. E., propertY---------------- 236 Magnesia in claY------------------------ 9 MMaahganne,tiJte. Bin.,cplraoYpe-r-ty--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_- 2727 Mallicoat, G. W. property_____________ 153 Mallory, J. M., cited____________________ 1,2 Market of heaVY clay products--------44, 331 Marsh, Mining Oo., properties--------139,152 Martin, Joe. property___________________ 101 Martin. W. 0., property_________________ 188 Martinez. OlaY deposits near---------284, 289 Masters, Mrs. Nannie, property________ 190 Matthews, Aubrey, property___________ 236 Maynard, T. P . cited-----------52,65,140,146 McOallie, J. 0., propertY--------------- 161 McDaniels Station, Shale depoSits near------------- __ -______ ----__________ 238 MMccKFealVrlYa.ndT.oJm. ,Rp.r.opperrotyp_e_r_t_Y__--_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_- 216650 McKenzie Brick 00.--------------------- 322 MMecLMaimllaonre'sOborivcek--p--l-a-n--t-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_4_8_,_5_1__,_67,133078 McTier, J. 0 .. property_________________ 255 McWb,orter, Misses Oarrll.e and Julia, property------------------------------- 138 Medina age, Beds of, in Georgia_______ 62 Merry Brothers Brick & Tile Oo.------- 319 Messer. B. E . property_________________ 194 :Metamorphism------------------------277,284 MMiildldOleretoenk,MHo.u.nptarino_p_e_r_t_y_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 210367 Milledgeville, Clay deposits near 308,313,315 Milledgeville Brick Works--------------- 308 Mtihlele__d_g_e_v_i_l_le__D__i_s_t_r_ic__t,__O__l_a_y__d_e_p__o_s_i_t_s__o_f 308 Milner, Mrs. Florence, property________ 254 MMiioncteerneSyagstee,mOolafykoilfn__s_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-2__9_7,332257 Mission Ridge Brick 00.---------------- 167 Mission Ridge Station, Shale deposits near.-------------- ________ -------165, 167, 169 Missionary Ridge--------48, 58,137,165,167,169 Mississippian or Devonian System----- 63 MMiosdsuislsuisppoifarnuSpeturirees,-F--i-r-e-d--.-.-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1644 Determination of______________________ 23 Modulus of rupture, Green.. __________ 12 Determination of______________________ 21 Morganville, Shale deposits near______ 136 Morris, W. M. property_________________ 299 Mount Alt0------------------------------61, 74 Mt. Vernon, BUilding brick made at___ 326 Mueller roll-press. Use of_______________ 20 Mumford, R. S., property______________ 254 Munsell color system____________________ 23 Murray Oounty, Shale deposits of_____ 193 Muscogee Oounty, Alluvial clay de- posits of-------------------------------- 294 Page N Nashville, Chattanooga & St. LoUis Ry., Shale deposits near___ll2,177,179,181, 183, 186, 188, 190,212,216,218,220,223,238, Nation. Bn2o3n9.,2p42ro,2p43e,r2t4y8_,2_5__0_,2_5__2_,2_5__4_,2_6_1,227244 National Oity Bank property__________ 118 Natural gas, Use of, in ceramic in- Nedauls, tAry. Vof..Gpreoopregrtiya_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_4_6,223645 Neighbors, Morris. property____________ 228 NNeellssoonn.. F. J. J., H., :pprroopperetyr_t_y_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- 210871 Nelson. J. R., property_________________ 207 Nelson, Pruitt, property________________ 239 NNeellssoonn.. WW.. WA..,. cpirtoepde--r-t-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 230375 New England, Shale deposits near____ 136 New Providence age, Beds of. in Geor- Negwiaa_l-a-l-im--e-s-t-o-n-e-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 5684 Newsom, B. W., property--------------- 123 Niagara age, Beds of, in Georgia______ 62 Nichols. Rev. J. T .. property___________ 181 Nix. Andrew, property__________________ 181 Nix. 0. Nolan, JLi.m, p, rpo:rpoerptye_r_t_y_____________________________________ 226013 0 Oconee Olay & Shale Products Oo.---92, 313 Odessa, Building brick made at_______ 326 Omaha, Building brick made at_______ 326 Onondaga age, Beds of, in Georgia___ 63 Oostanaula, Shale and clay deposits near-------------_------ ___ ---_ -------230, 231 Ordovician or Cambrian S;vstem_______ 57 Ordovician System______________________ 59 Oreburg Station, Shale deposits near99,lfrl Oriskany age, Beds of, in Georgia_____ 63 Overburden, Affect of, on value of clay Oxdeidpaotsiiotns_p_e_r_i_o_d-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 2458 Ordizing conditions. Affect of. on Oxcmolooorr._sa-n--d-s-to-n-e-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 1656 Ozarkian System________________________ 59 p Parker. J. L., property_________________ 270 Parmelee, 0. W.. cited------------------ 6 PPaartrtoisnh., J. Z. J., 0., Epsrtoaptee_r_t_Y__-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-1__5_5,313674 PaMviannguBfarcitcukr.e. _o_f-,-i-n---G--e-o-r-g--ia--_-_-_-__-_-_--3-, -69,28480 Production of, in Georgia____________ 4 Requirements of clay for_____________ 41 PeSaprseocinf,icWa.tiEo.n,spfroorp.-e-r-t-y--_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 25401 Peebles, Mrs. Frank, property__________ 197 PPeeenbdlleesy,,MJ.oJrt.,, pPrrooppeertrYty-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 220210 Peneplains, Origin of.__________________ 50 Pennington shale. ---------------------53, 66 Pennsylvania SerieS--------------------- 66 Phelps Station. Shale depositslnear.l86, 18&, 190 PPhhionsipzhYoSr iwc aamc ipd__i_n- -c-la-y-_- -_-_-_-_-_- _- -_-_-_-_-_- -_3__1_6 , 3 2 09 Phyllite, Weathered, in Georgia_____284,291 Samples of, testecL__________286,290,291,292 Physiography of Northwest Georgia__ 47 P iOe dr imgoi nn tofP.._l_a_t_e_a_u__. _. __________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_._47,25707 Residual clays oL------------------277-293 346 INDEX Page Pierce, J. H .. property__________________ 116 Pigeon Mountain----------48,59,62,65,66,67, ' 136,137,141,148 Pfuson Station, Shale deposits near___ 116, ' 117,118 PPiipt tea rcdl a, yW- -.- -D- -.,- -p-r-o-p-e-r-t-y-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_-_- 2__7_8 , 322565 Plainville, Shale deposits near..-232,234,236 Plai:ri.ville Brick Oo.--------------------- 232 Plasticity_------------------------------- 11 :,.~water oL __ ----------"----------------- 20 Pocket, The. Shale deposits in--------- 148 Polk Oounty, Shale deposits of~------- 68 PUre Water------------------------------ 10 P0rosity""-------------""'""c"------------ 14 Porter Brick 00.---------"--------------- 315 ;iBPoottaasshh sinhacllea.YM--i-n-i-n-g---o-f.-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 2678 iPower available in Georgia_____________ 46 P-rater, D. L . propertY----------------- 218 P:ctrilrose Tapestry Oo. property________ 110 producer gas, Use of in Georgia~----212,296 iEudding Ridge, Shale deposits near..~ 136 PYrite, in Chattanooga shale__________ 63 ~&:rn claY--------------------------------- 7,9 ~v Q Quarry tile------------------------------ 36 '.;;,,'Georgia shales possibly suited for.96,161769. Quarts in claYS--------w--------------- 7 Affect on shi'inkage---"-----~--------- 13 R Ramhurst. Shale and clay deposits Rnaneadra-l-l-,-M---r-s-. -J-".--G--.--p"-r-o-p--e-r-t2y0__1_,__2_0_3_,_20_:6,20770 . Randolph, Mrs, .Tlili.a. property________ 265 Red Mountain formation---------c ..-..53,61 .~.>.In OhattanoogaQountY----------""-- .-119,_, [. In Floyd OountY--------------~------- 74 ~In Gordon OountY-------------------- 212 In Walker OountY--------------------- 137 Red Mountain shale-------------------- '62 Samples of, tested..~124,126,128,132,138, 143, 144,149,150,153,156,158,162,165,168,170 Red Place, Old-------------------------- 201 Reducing conditions. Affect on color_ 15 Reeves, W. R.., property_________________ .,.289 RReessaidcau,alSchlaaylse__d_e_p__o_s_i_t_s_n_e__a_r_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_2__2_3,2245 OOff tShoeuPthieGdmeoorngtiaP_l_a_te__a_u_.______._:.__________________ 322767 Samples of, tested....87, 156,165, 187,208,218, ~~2~.249,~~2M,w~w~m~s~ RRihcohdaersd,sA. L. G. F..,Epsrtoapteer-ty-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_- 26699 Richardson, Mrs. T. Q., property----~- 261 Richmond age, Beds of, in Georgia....59, 62 Richmond Oounty, Olay deposits of 284,316 Ries. H . cited--------------------------- 5 Rising Fawn, Shale deposits near..123, 127, 129,134,135 Rising Fawn Furnace. ----------------123,127 Bentonite deposit near--------------~ 336' Rockmart, Shale deposits near--------69_,70 Rockmart slate------------ -----------53,60,68 Rockwood formation------------------- 61 Rocky Mountain__________ --------------66,67 Rogers system of kilns------------------ 297 Rome, Shale deposits near. -75,80,83,84,85, 110,111,112 Rome Brick OompanY. Old-------------2,112 Rome Fault--------50, 73, 81, 99,174, 190,212,225 Page Rome fonnation-------------------------53, 55 In Oatoosa OountY------------------- 173 In Floyd Oounty----------~----------- 74 In Gordon OountY-------------------- 211 In MurraY. Oounty_------------------- 193 In Whitfield Oounty---"-------------- 174 Rome shale------------------------------ 56 Samples of. tested-------------------178, 180 Rome ValleY----------47,57, 72,174,193,211,241 Romega Olay Products Oo._____________ 75 Roofing tile----------------------------- 36 Future of industry in Georgia_______ 332 Georgia shales possibly suited for..87, 91, 92,96,98,103,106,122,160,163,167,169;172. 186,203,206,220,224,226,228,241,250,265 Plants manutacturtng in Georgia ___ 116, Production in Georgia_______________2_43,3264 Requirements of claY for_____________ 36 Rossvllle, Shale deposits near....165, 167, 169 Russell, George, property______________ 103 Rydal, Shale deposits near_____________ 272 s Salt glaze-------------------------------- 37 Samples, Collection of------------------ 19 SaPmreupealsraptrioopenrtoyf_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 15208 Sand Mountain--------.48,61,62,64,65,66,67, . . . U2,1g Sagnida_-_l_i_m__e_b--r-i-c-k-,--M--a-n--u-f_a__c_t_u_r:_e__i_n__G__e_o_r_.,. .326, Satterfield, 0. W.. property__ ~---------- 243 _S_ aEvnagnlnisahh,bEriacrklyusberidcikni_n__d_u_s__tr_y__i_n_____-_____' :..1l____ Schist, Colluvial clays derived from...;278,280 Use in manufacture of brick.-----2'14,280 Schlapback, F. H .. property.~______:___ 98 _Scott, Jack; :PropertY:--"-~----------~--.:. :236 Scott; Mrs. W~W.; property:.;;;____"---155,338Scove kilns. Use in Georgia----------~284. 328 Scumming________ ~"--"-----~_:,_"_~~---"-"15,.23 Seaboard Air Line Ry., Shale and clay , - deposits near---------------69, 70,'72,.294, 297 Sugar cones.. --------------------------- 16 Segment blocks, Plants manufacturing in Georgia--------------------------'--- .307 Sericite, in Georgia claYS-----~--------- 284 Sewer PiPS--------------~---------------- 37 Georgia shales possibly suited for~.96, 98, 103, 106, 122, 160, 163,16'1, 169,1'12, 186,203,.206,226 Plants manufacturing in Georgia.83, 164, Production in Georgia___________2_8_9_,_3_0'1,3144 Requirements of claY for_____________ 37 Specifications for.-------------------- 38 Shady limestone. __ -----------------58,5.4,2.42 Shale, Definition oL------------------- 6 FDiirssttriubsuetdioinn Georgia------~---------- in Georgia______________ 473 Origin of, in Georgia_________________ 50 Shaw. Mrs. J. F . property_____________ 150 Shearer, H. K., cited---------------52,54,267 SShheielll,dso.fJsotrhunc,tpurroalpteirltey-_-_-_-_-_-_-_"_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_- .23318 Shinbone Ridge....-418,3672,1, 3684,,113199,,112400,;114239,1115306,, 152,153, 155, 158,161; 163 SShhorianrkesa.gHe .oHf c.l.aycsi_t_e_d__--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 25124 ~=g~==:::::::::: =====J~: ~~ Cotemstsp__a_r_is_o__n__o_f__la__b_o_r_a__to__r_y__a_n__d__p_l_a__n_t 26 Shrinkage water______==_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_______ 10 Shropshire, Ool. Wesley, cited---------- 340 INDEX 347 Page Shugart, W. C. property--------------- 229 SSiildiecraitienicnlacy_la__Y__--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 77 SilUrian System------------------------- 61 Sims Mountain.---------------------62, 74,119 Si.xmile Station. Shale deposit near___ 108 Size of clay deposits. Affect on value of 44 Slaking of clays and shales____________ 11 Smith, G. E . property__________________ 181 Smith. J. H., property__________________ 179 Smith, Katharine C., Color tests by___ 20 Smith, Dr. R. B . property_____________ 69 SSooadkaiinngcplaeyr_i_o__d_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 298 South, Industrial future of.___________ 332 South Georgia, Clay deposits in------- 326 Southern Brick & Tile Co______________ 332 Southern Ry. System. Shale and clay deposits near...--75,99, 101,103,108,111,116, 117,123,127,129,130, 134, 135,174,177' 179,183,186,188,190,224, 228,229,230, 2m.~2.2~~6.~8.~0.Wl,W3,300 Southern States Coal & Iron Co.....l41, 153 SSppeenncceer. ,HJ.. SW.,.,cciitteedd_._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 35325 St. Louis limestone_____________________ 64 Stark, Buell, property------------------ 183 Ste. Genevieve limestone-------~------- 66 Stevens, Inc., Old shale pit of.________ 84 Stevens Pottery, Sewer pipe first made at. __________ ------------------------____ 2 Steward Brothers property------------- 306 SSttooncke.tnJn. BC.lapyrodpeeprotsyi_t_s_D__"_8_,_.__________ 139260 Stone Mountain------------------------- 277 Stones River age, Beds of, in Georgia.59, 60 Street. Mrs. Ida, propertY-------------- 203 Strength of claYS------------------------ 12 Comparison of laboratory and plant tests---------------------------------- 27 m:e%~~= =========I~: ~r Strickland=p=r=o=p=e=r=ty=_=_==_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=_=________ 33S StriPling, Mrs. M. M.. property________ 239 SSttrruiP.clitnugra, lWtil.e_F_.__p__r_o_p__e_r_t_y____________________________ 239 30 Georgia shales and clays possibly suited for.....85, 87, 91, 92, 96, 98, 101,103,106, 110,122,127,139, 145,152,155, 160,163,167,169,172,185,188, 189,199,201,203,206,222,224, 226' 229' 241' 250' 299 Plants manufacturing, in Georgia... 296, 302, W6, 314,319,321 Production in Georgia________________ 4 Reuuirements of clay for_____________ 32 Specification for______________________ 32 Terms relating to_____________________ 31 SSuulglainrsV, aBll.eRY...Sphraolpeedretyp_o_s_i_t_s_n__e_a__r_._._._._. 222790 Sulphur in claY------------------------- 9 Sulphur Springs Station, Shale de- posits near______ .---------- ______ ----129, 130 Summerville, Shale deposits near.... l20, 122 SSwwaanmsponc.laGy.__W__._, -p-r-o--p-e-r-t-y--_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 139276 T TTaatteumEs, tJaatcek__,_p__r-o-p-e--r-t-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 212324 Taylor. J.D., property_________________ 120 page Taylor Ridge.......47, 48, 59, 61, 62,119,137,172 Tellico sandstone_______________________ 60 IInn PMoulkrraCyouCntoy_u_n_t_y_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 16904 In Whitfield County------------------ 174 Tempering of claY----------------------- 28 Tennessee. Alabama & Georgia R. R., Shale deposits near....138, 139,141,148,149, 150,152,153,155,157,161,163,164 Terraces, River_ ______ ....293, 294,297,299,308, 315,316,326,329 Texas Valleys, Big and Little. Shale in 75 Thomas, J. W.. property________________ 153 Thomas, Mrs. N. A. property__________ 186 Thomas, R. L. P . property____________ 177 Thomas, W. F . property_______________ 186 Thomas County, Olay deposits in----- 327 Thomasville, Brick plant near_________ 3~ Tilton. Shale deposits.near____________ 174 Titanium in claY------------------------ 8 Total shrinkage_______ . -----------------22,26 Townsend. Building brick made at ___ 3Z6 Trenton, Bentonite deposit near...... 336 Shale deposits near____________________ 136 Trenton age, Beds of, in Georgia.....59,335 Tunnell kiln----------------------------- 297 TTuurrnkeery, MC.oPu.n,tparionp-e-r-ty-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- Z6432 Turner Bend, Coosa River. Shale de- posits at------------------------------- 100 Twiggs Oounty, Alluvial clay deposit in.... ----------------------------------- 306 u Dlrich. E. 0., cited-------------------58,59,62 Uniformity of clay deposits, At"'fect on use-----------------------------------"- 45 v Valley, The APPalachian. of Georgia.. 47 Value (of color)_________________________ 24 Varnell. Shale deposit near____________ 174 Vaughan, W. H . cited -----------------19,26 Veatch. J. 0., cited....1,278,280,Z84,326,327, 339 Vernon Place, Old. ______ --------------- 257 Vitrification of claYS--------------------13,16 Vonlictean__i_c__a_s_h__._A- -l-t-e-r-a-t-i-o_n___o_f_.__t-o--B--e_n__t_o_- 335 Volcano in Georgia_____________________ 335 Volume shrinkage_______________________ 13 w Walden sandstone..... ------- ___ --------53,67 In Dade CountY---------------------122,123 WIanlkWera. lWke. rLC.opurnoptYert-y-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_- 113081 Walker County, Bentonite deposits in 337 Shale deposits in---------------------- 136 Wall coping, Plants manufacturing, in Georgia.------------------------_______ 307 Wall tile. Specifications for____________ 32 Walters, West, property_________________ 236 Ward. C. J., property------------------- 252 Ward. John, propertY------------------- 265 Warpage ____ --------- __ ----------- -------15, 23 Warsaw limestone_______________________ 64 Warthen, S. M:. property_______________ 148 348 INDEX Page Washington County, Residual claY deposits in----------------------------- 291 Water'in clay---------------------------- 10 Water of PlasticitY---------------------- 10 Determination of__ ------------------- 20 Watersmoking period.------------------ 28 Water supply, Affect on value of .claY Wdaetspoons.itR--.--P-.-.-p--r-o-p--e-r-t-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 14359 Watters. Mrs. A. E., property___________ 116 Watters, .r. T . property---------------- 116 Watters. W. T . propertieS------------116,117 Web, of structural tile-~---------------- 31 WWeesits,n.er.r qAu.a rIt>zroi tpee-rt-y-_-_-_-_-_- -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- -_-_-_5_3_ , 214727 West Armuchee Valley, Shale deposits Wiens-t-e-r-n---&--A---tl-a--n-t-i-c--R--.--R--;--(-s-e-e--N--a-s-h-7-4, 119 ville. Chattanooga & St. Louis Ry.) Wetherwood. Mrs. Mattie L.. :Property_ 201 Page WWhhiittee,, NSh. aAle. dperoppoerstiyt_s_n_e_a_r_-_--_2_6_7_,_2_6_9_,_2_7_0,2'1619 WWhhiitteehOeaadk.M0.ou0n.tapinro"p--e-rt-y-_--_-_-_-_--_-_-_4_7_,_6_1,17629 Whit~ielq. Oounty. Shale and clay de- WPiOlbSaintskIsD. -G-.--W--.--p--ro-p--er-t-y-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- l27031 Wilbanks. Mike, property_______________ 201 WWiillldiwamoos,d.MSrsh.a.lre. deposits near_________ 136 B . propertY--------106,107 WWiolloids eOnr, eMakrsV. Lal.ie0Y.,--p--r-o-p--e-r-t-y--_-_-_-_-_5_8__,_1_22,122732 Woodruff, H . .r.. property-------------- 231 Wright, Barry, Place-------------------- 99 y YanCY, J. M., property________________ 272