GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA W. S. YEATES, State Geologist BULLETIN NO. rr. A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA BY THOMAS L. WATSON, PH.D. Assistant Geologist BAUXI TE DEPOSI TS OF GEORG IA FRONTI SPI ECE - P L ATE I THE DRYING PLANT AND OFFICE OF THE SOUTHERN BAUXITE COMPANY, CAVE SPRING, FLOYD COUNTY, GE ORGIA. THE ADVIS' ORY BOARD of the Geological Survey of Georgia (Ex-Officio) His ExcELLENCY, J. M. TERRELL, Governor of Georgia PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD HoN. 0. B. STEVENS HoN. W. B. MERRITT HoN. R. E. PARK HoN. W. A. WRIGHT BoN. PHILIP COOK HoN. JOHN C. HART Commissioner of Agriculture Commissioner of Public Schools . State Treasurer Comptroller-General Secretary of State Attorney-General TABLE OF CONTENTS THE ADVISORY BOARD .. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . Page 4 9 8 II-!2 CHAPTER I DISTRIBUTION AND GENERAL OccuRRENCE oF BAUXITE, WITH A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE KNOWN WORKA- BLE ~A-REAS . . . . . . . . . ' . . . The Occurrence and Distribution of Bauxite . European Localities . France .. . Germany .... Ireland French Guiana . I3-27 I3 13-18 I3-I5 IS-I7 17-18 rS CHAPTER II American Localities . Arkansas .... . New Mexico .. . Georgia- Alabama A Brief Sketch of the Discovery of Bau."{ite in Georgia ............... THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE BAUXITE REGION IN GEORGIA Topography . . . .. . Stratigraphy ..... . The Cambrian Rocks. TheWeisner Quartzite . The Rome Formation . The Conasauga Shales . The Silurian Rocks . The Knox Dolomite . . Structure ....... The Minor Thrust Faults The Major Thrust Faults Minerals Associated with the Bauxite . Gibbsite .... Halloysite .. Kaolin or Clay . Iron .... Manganese .. IS-24 IS-23 23 24 25-26 28-40 28-30 30-31 31-34 3I 3I-32 32-34 34-36 34-36 36-37 36-37 37 37-40 37-38 38 38-40 40 40 (5) 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER III CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES OF 'tHE GEOR- GIA BAUXITE . . . . . . . . . . . 4I-56 I Chemical Composition of the Bauxite . Rt3sumt3 . . . . ... 2 Varieties of the Bauxite 4I-53 53-54 54-56 (I) Pebble Ore 55 (2) Pisolitic Ore . 55 (3) Oolitic Ore . 55 (4) Vesicular Ore 55 (5) Amorphous Ore 56 CHAPTER IV DIS'l'RIBU'l'ION AND DESCRIPTION OF 'tHE INDIVIDUAL BAUXITE DEPOSITS IN GEORGIA . 57-II8 I The Hermitage District .. 58-88 Description of the Individual Deposits 6o-88 2 The Bobo District . . . . . . . . . 88-II3 Description of the Individual Deposits . go-n3 3 The Summerville District. . . . . . . II3-II7 Description of the Individual Deposits . . II4-II7 4 Isolated Deposits . . . . . . . . . II7-II8 Description of the Individual Deposits . . II7-II8 CHAPTER v GENESIS, AGE, ES'I'IMA'I'ION AND USES OF 'tHE GEORGIA BAUXITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II9-I32 I Genesis of the Georgia Bauxite Deposits . . rrg-I3o 2 Age of the Bauxite Deposits . . . I30-I3I 3 Method of Estimating the Ore-bodies . . I3I 4 Uses of Bauxite . . . . . . . . . . I3I-I32 CHAPTER VI THE TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE IN 'tHE MANUFACTURE OF ALUMINUM AND ALUM I33-149 I Aluminum Manufacture. . . 133-I38 The Cowles Brothers' Process . 136-I37 Hall's Process . . . I37 The Ht3rault Process r38 Production . . . . . 138 Uses . . . . . . . . . I38-145 Action of Various Acids on Aluminum Foil . I40 Metallurgical Use . . . . . . . . . . . . I4I-I42 Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I42-143 Composition of Certain Alloys of Aluminum I43 Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I43-I45 Aluminum Imported and Entered for Consumption in the United States from r87o to I89r . . . . . 145 Imports of Cmde and Manufactured Aluminum from I89I to r8g8 . . . . 146 2 Alum Manufacture. . . . . . 146-149 Material for Alum Manufacture 147-149 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 Page CHAPTER VII METHODS OF MINING, TRANSPORTATION AND PREPA- RATION OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE FOR SHIPMENT . 150-157 Nature of the Deposits to be Mined . rso-rsi The Present Methods of Mining . . . . . . . ISI-I52' Mining Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . rs:c Preparation of the Ore Previous to Shipping . I52-I54 Effect of Calcining on the Solubility of Alumina. Markets . . . . I54-I55 .orss Transportation ISS Streams rss SUGGESTIONS . BIBLIOGRAPHY .. ISS-IS? . rscrr64 INDEX ..... . I6s LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES r Frontispiece- Southern Bauxite Company's Drying Plant, Cave Spring, Ga. 2 Exposure of Knox Dolomite, H~:w~rd Cement_ Qu,arry, Bartow County, Ga. 3 Exposure of Red Shale, Floyd County Rock Quarry, near Rome, Ga. 4 Another View in the Floyd County Red Shale Quarry, near Rome, Ga. 5 The "Fat John" Bauxite Mine, Floyd Co., Ga. 6 The Gulliver Bauxite Mine (formerly the Armington Mine), Walker Co., Ga. 7 General View of the Gulliver Bauxite Plant, Walker Co., Ga. 8 The Dean Limestone Quarry, on the Summerville Road, Rome, Ga. 9 The Church Bauxite Mine, Floyd Co., Ga. ro The Watters Bauxite Mine, Floyd Co., Ga. 1 r Machinery of the Republic Mining and Manufacturing Company's Bauxite Drying Plant, Hermitage, Floyd Co., Ga. 12 General View of the Bauxite Drying Plant of the Republic Mining and Manufacturing Company, Hermitage, Ga. FIGURES 1 Generalized Stratigraphic Section of the Georgia Bauxite Field (Scale, 2,ooo ft.= I in.). 2 Section Showing the Relations of the Bauxite and the Residual Mantle (after Hayes). 3 Section through the Mary Bauxite Mine, Floyd County, Georgia (Scale 44 ft.= I in.). MAP r General Map Showing Occurrence of Bauxite. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA, Atlanta, :March 20, 1903. To His Excellency, J. M. TERRELL, Governor. SIR:- r have the honor to submit the report of Dr. Thomas L. Watson, formerly Assistant State Geol9gist, on the Bauxite De- posits of Georgia, to be published as Bulletin No. r r of this Survey. ' Very respectfully yours, W. S. YEATES, State Geologist. INTRODUCTION This report embodies the results obtained from a detailed .fieldstudy of the bauxite area in Georgia, supplemented by subsequent laboratory-study of the material collected in the field. The results are based on field examinations of all the known deposits of this mineral in the State, and a study of the general geologic conditions of the region, that bear directly on the economic features and genesis of the ore-bodies. As seen from the accompanying map, the distribution of the bauxite deposits is limited for the most part to the Coosa Valley region of the State. This area includes five of the central and southern northwestern counties of the so-called Paleozoic Group. The bauxite belt begins with the most northerly dep.osits of Gordon and Walker counties, and extends in a southwesterly direction for approximately 6o miles in Georgia, and is continuous for nearly a like distance and direction in Alabama. The field-work was greatly facilitated by the carefully prepared topographic and geologic maps of the United States Geological Survey, based on a detailed survey of the region by Dr. C. W. Hayes; and also, by similar work of former State Geologist J. W. Spencer. Owing to an extended and detailed study of the region in question, by the National and State Surveys, its general geology is the most complete of any area in the State. Apart from a detailed study of its general geology, both Hayes and Spencer have given special attention to the deposits of bauxite. Hayes has published numerous papers and monographs on the various structural and economic phases of the geology of the Paleozoic Group in Georgia, which have appeared, from time to time, in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America ; the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers ; and the Annual Reports and Folios of the United States Geological Survey. Spencer's report on the Paleozoic Group of Georgia con- ( II) I2 INTRODUCTION tains much information on the bauxite deposits, that is of value. The writer has drawn freely from these various papers 1 in the prepare~:tion of this report, for which credit is given in the text. Owing to the careful manner, in which the general geology of the region has previously been worked up and reported, the writer's efforts were directed more particularly to the individual deposits of bauxite and their economic bearing. In conclusion, I wish to acknowledge the generous aid of numerous gentlemen, afforded me in the prosecution of the work, without which a much lot1.ger time would have been necessary for its completion. More particularly, am I indebted to Mr. John H. Hawkins, of Hermitage, Georgia, Superintendent of the. Republic Mining and Manufacturing Company; Mr. R. S; Perry, of Cave Spring, Georgia, General Manager of the Southern Bauxite Mining and Manufacturing Company; Mr. B. F. A. Saylor, of Rome, Georgia, General Manager of the Dixie Bauxite Company ; a:nd Mr. A. W. Bobo, of Van's Valley, Georgia; for valuable help and information. I wis.h,. also, to acknowledgemy. in<:lelited:niess to Prof. W. S. Yeates, State Geologist, for making the negatives of the various subjects, illustrated by half-tone plates in this bulletin. 1 Hayes, C. W., The Overtlwust Faults of the Soutlzern Appalachians, Bull., Geol. Soc. America, r8gr, Vol. 2, pp. I4I-I54 " Report on tlze Geology of North-Eastern Alabam'a, and Adjacent Portions of Georgia and Tennessee, Geol. Surv. of Alabama, 1892, pp. r-85. Geology of a Portion of the Cdosa Valley in Georgia and Alabama, Bull., Geol. Soc. America, 1894, Vol. 5. pp. 465-480. The Geological Relations of the Southern Appalachian Bauxite-Deposits, Trans., Amer. Inst. Min. Engineers, Virginia Beach Meeting, Feby., 1894, pp. I-12. Bauxite, Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., Part III, 1893-'94 (1895), pp 547-597 " Tlte Sozetlzern Appalachians, National Geographic Monographs, 1895, Vol. I, No. ro, pp. 305-336. " Physiography of the Clzattanooga District in Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, Nineteenth A:nn. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1897-'98. (1899), Part II, pp. 1-58.~ Hayes, C. W., & Campbell, M. R., Geomorphology of the Soutlzern Appalacltians, National Geographic Magazine, r8g4, Vol. VI, pp. 63-126. Willis, Bailey, & Hayes, C. W., Conditions of Appalachian Faulting, Amer. Jour. Science, 1893. Vol. XLVI, pp. 257-268.. Spencer, J. W., The Paleozoic Group, Geol. Surv. of Georgia, 1893, pp. 1-4o6. McCalley, Henry, Report on tlte Valley Regions of Alabma. Part II, On the Coosa Valley Region, Geol. Surv. of Alabama, 18.97, p.p. r-862. THE BJ-1\UXITE DEPOSITS OF. GEORGI-Lt\ CHAPTER I THE DISTRIBUTION AND GENERAL OCCUR. RENCE OF BAUXITE, WITH A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE KNOWN WORKABLE AREAS THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE The known distribution of bauxite in commercially workable deposits is exceedingly limited. At present, the known workable deposits of this mineral are limited exclusively to a few localities in Europe and the United States. Its occurrence in Europe is in France, Germany, Austria and Ireland; and, in the United States, in the Coosa Valley of Georgia and Alabama, and in Arkansas and New Mexico. A majority of these localities have been worked, to some extent, resulting in the removal of a considerable quantity of bauxite from most of them; and all, thus far exploited, indicate large, but somewhat limited, supplies of the ore. EuROPEAN LocALITIES FRANCE. -Bauxite was first discovered in 1821, by the famous chemist, Berthier, at the Village of Baux, Bouches du Rhone, in Southern France, from which locality the mineral takes its name. This is described as a highly ferriferous, pisolitic variety of bauxite. The Baux deposits were the first to be worked, and are, accordingly, the most widely known deposits of the mineral. The French deposits have been extensively and almost continuously (I3) I4 OCCURRENCE AND DZSTRZBUTZON OF BAUXITE worked, since r872, resulting in the production of large quantities of the ore. They vary between 66 and 79 per cent. in aluminum oxide. As described by Coquand r and Auge, 2 the ore is of the pisolitic type. The deposits are 30 feet or more in thickness, and occur alternating with beds of limestone, pisolitic sandstones and clays, of Upper Cretaceous age. The rocks of the region are described as having been much disturbed, and are highly tilted. . Both the bauxite and the overlying alternating .beds are distinctly stratified, and bear the same characteristics as similar beds deposited in lacustrine or estuarine bodies of water. According to those geologists, who have studied them in greatest detail, it is thought, that they represent the products of a Cretaceous lake or estuary. The Baux deposits, discovered by Berthier, are characterized by Laur 3 as impure, more or less ferruginous and siliceous. bauxite. The deposits at Thoronet and Villeveyr.ac are very similar in geologic occurrence to those at Baux. They rest on an eroded surface of limestone, of Cretaceous or Jurassic age, and alternate with various lacustral formations. The Villeveyrac deposits are characterized in general by their prevailingly small amounts of iron oxide; while those at Thoronet are non-pisolitic, breaking with a conchoidal fracture, and are dark-red in color. In the Thoronet type, the silica is said to be almost wholly replaced by ferric oxide. The following is an analysis of the bauxite found near Villeveyrac (Herault, France) :-4 Al203 Fe20 3 SiOz . H20. Undetermined. Total ... 82.00 O.IO 2.00 I4.20 I.70 IOC>.OO I Coquand, M. H., Sur les Bauxites de la chaine des Alpines (Bouches-du-Rltone) et leur rige geologique. Bulletin de Ia Societe Geologique de France, znd Ser., r87o-'7r, XXVIII, pp. 98-II5, . 2 Auge, M., Note sur la Bauxite, son origine, son dge et son inzpmtance geologique. Bulletin de la Societe, Geologiqzte de France, 3rd Ser., r888, XVI, p. 345 3 Itaur, Francis, The Bauxites: A Study ofa New Mineralogical Family, Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers, Virginia Beach Meeting, February, 4 Ibid. 1894 OCCURRENCE AND D.!STR.!BUTZON OF BAUXZTE IS Laur states, that this "is a native monohydrate of alumina, Al 2 0 3 H20." The deposits at Puy-du-Dome, France, differ from the other French deposits, in resting directly on an eroded surface of gneiss instead of limestone, and they are covered by basalt and clays of Miocene age. The Puy-du-D6me beds will average from 15 to 75 feet in thickness, and are said to be associated with gneissic and basaltic rocks. The entire section is marked by the absence of associated limestone; and, in mode of occurrence and associated rocks, the Puy-dn-Dome deposits bear a striking resemblance to those of Germany. Both Coquand and Auge ascribe the French deposits to the action of hot springs and geysers in lakes, in whichthe material was deposited along with other sediments. The following analyses of the bauxite from Baux will give some idea of the composition of the ore: - 1 Ah03 . Fez 03 . SiOz .. H20 .. 6o.o 25.0 3-0 12.0 75.0 12.0 1.0 12.0 GERMANY.-Bauxite occurs at a number of localities in Germany, characterized, as a rule, by a marked difference in type from the French ores. The deposits in the vicinity of Vogelsberg are perhaps the best known of the German beds. The mineral occurrence is in small masses embedded in a vari-colored clay. .Associated in the same clay with the bauxitic masses, are similar masses of iron ore and weathered fragments of basalt. The clay, . containing the masses of ore and basalt, is further characterized by a rather pronounced stratification in places. Petrographic study of these deposits, by several of the German geologists, indicate, that certain of them are derived from the decomposition of the closely associated basalt. The following notes relating to the occurrence of the German deposits are taken from George P. Merrill's "Guide to the Study of the Collections in the Section of Applied Geology. TheNon- z Richards, Joseph W., Aluminium, Baird & Company, Philadelphia, 3rd Edition, I896, p. 42. r6 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE metallic MineraiJs" [U. S. National J Museum 1 , 1n which he quotes from a paper by R. L. Packard:- 2 \ "The first is a paper by Lang [in the Berz'chte der Deutschen Chemz'schen Gesellschaj't, XVII, 1884, p. 2892]. He describes the bauxite in Ober-Hessen, which is found in the fields in round masses up to the size of a man's head, embedded in a clay which is colored with iron oxide. The compositi~n varies very widely. The petrographical examination showed silica, iron oxide, magnetite, and augite. The chemical composition and petrographical examination show the bauxite to .be a decomposition p1ioduet of basalt. By the weathering of the plagioclase feldspars, augite, and olivine, nearly all the silica had been removed, together with the greater part of the lime and magnesia; the iron had been oxidized and hydrate of alumina formed as show~ byits easy solubility in hydrochl<;>ric acid. The residue of the silica had crystallized as quartz in the pores of the mineral. ''The more detailed account of the derivation of bauxite from basalt is given in an inaugural dissertation by A. Liebreich, abstracted in the Chemz"sches Centralblatt, 1892, p~ 94 This writer says that the well-known localities of bauxite in Germany are the southern Slope of the Westerwald near Miihlbach, Hadamar, in the neighborhood of Lesser Steinheim, near Hanau, and especially the western slope of the Vogelsberg. Chemical analyses show certain differences in the composition of bauxite from different places, the smaller amount of water in the French bauxite referring it to diaspore, while the Vogelsberg mineral is probably gibbsite (h;ydrargillite). The bauxites of Ireland, of the Westerwald, and the Vogelsberg, show by certain external indications their derivation from basalt. The bauxite of the Vogelsberg occurs in scattered lumps or small masses, partly on the surface and partly embedded in a grayish white to reddish brown clay, which contains also similar masses of basaltic iron ore and fragments of more or less weathered basalt itself. Although the latter was associated intimately with the bauxite, a direct and close connection of the two could not be found, but an examination of thin sections .of the Vogelsberg, bauxite showed- that most specimens still possessed a basaltic (anamesite) structure, which enabled the author to determine the former constituents with more or less certainty. The clays from different points in the district carrying basalt, basaltic iron ore, and bauxite were examined, some of which showed clearly a sedimentary character. Some of the bauxite nodules were a foot and a half in diameter and possessed no characteristic form. They were of an uneven surface, light to dark brown, white, yellowish, and gray in color, speckled and pitted, sometimes finely porous and full of small colorless or yellowish crystals of hydrargillite. The thin sections showed distinct medium-granular anamesitic structnre. Lath-shaped portions filled with a yellowish substance preponderated (the former plagioclases) and filling the spaces between these were cloudy, yellow, brown, and black transparent masses which had evidently taken the place of the former augite. Laths and plates of titanic iron, often fractured,, were commonly present and the contours of altered olivine could be clearly made out. The anamesitic basalt of the neighborhood showed a structure fully corresponding with the bauxite. Olivine and titanic iron oxide were found in the clay by washing. The basaltic iron ore also showed the anamesite structure." I Report of tlie U. S. National Jl!.fusezmzfor I899 (1901), pp. 231-233. 2 Mineral Resources oft!te United States, r8gi, p. r49 et seq. e Bourlle --- -----fliJIU w Scale b4 Map Showing the Distribution of the Bauxite Deposits of Georgia. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION O.F BAU..JUTE 17 Important deposits of the mineral are said to be found in Styria at Wochein, and at Freistritz in Austria. The mineral from the former locality, Wochein, is called Wocheinite. It is said to differ from the French mineral in being dense and earthy in structure. The following are analyses of the dark and light colored Wocheinite :-1 Alz 0 3 Fez03 SiOz NazO} KzO H2o . . Dark Light 72.87 . O.J9 . 8.34 8.so The following analyses of the German bauxite, representing three different localities, will indicate to some degree the composition of the ores : - 2 Al:20 3 Fez 03 SiOz (Na+K) zO. HzO Hadamar . 45-76 r8.96 6.41 0.38 27.6I Hesse 55.6! 7-I7 4-4I 3233 Klein Steinheim 76-3 6.2 1I.O 26.4 Langsdorf! 50.85 49.02 14-36 5.14 12.90 10.27 0.26 0.31 28.38 25-9! IRELAND. -The deposits of bauxite in Glenariff Valley, Ireland, are said to resemble those of Germany, in that they are intimately associated with volcanic rocks, from which they have been probably derived by decay. The ore occurs in the form of bedded deposits; and, in this particular, they resemble the French deposits. They are associated with flows of dolorite and beds of tuff, wh1r.h both underlie and overlie the bauxite deposits, with the beds further overlain by pisolitic iron ore and clays. Hayes says, 3 that both the beds of iron ore and bauxite are probably lacustral deposits derived from the decay of the underlying dolerite and tuff; and that they probably represent both alteration in place and secondary replacement of the beds of volcanic rock. The Irish bauxites are said to range high in alumina, silica and I Richards, Joseph W., Loc. Cit., p. 42. 2 Ibid. 3 Si.>:teenth Ann. Report, U. S. Geol. Survey, Part III, I895, p. 549 I8 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE titanium oxide. The best material ranges as high as from 8 to II per cent. of silica, with about 6 per cent. of titanium oxide, and froth 0.5 to r.s per cent. of iron oxide. Those, averaging low in silica, contain considerably over IO per cent. of iron oxide. The composition of the Irish bauxite is shown, to some 4egree, in the following analyses :_r Irish Hill County Antrim Glenrave Al203 Fe203 Si02 H20 . 48.!2 2~36 795 . 40.33 43-44 2.!! !5.05 3570 6!.89. !.96 6.or 27.82 FRENCH GurANA.-Deposits of bauxite are also reported as occurring in French Guiana; but our knowledge concerning the mineral in this locality amounts to hardly more than a mention of its existence. AMERICAN LOCALITIES Thus far, the American localities include only three known areas of bauxite in commercial quantities. These are the GeorgiaAlabama district ; the Arkansas district ; and a small area in southwestern New Mexico. Only two of these, the Coosa Valley deposits of Georgia and Alabama, and those of Arkansas, are available at present. The New Mexico deposits, should they prove to be in workable quantities, are not yet available, on account of inaccessibility and the lack of transportation facilities. The extent and character of the New Mexico deposits are but meagerly known. ARKANSAS. -The bauxite deposits of Arkansas have been known since I89I, when they were discovered by the Geological Survey of Arkansas. They have been described by Branner, 2 Williams3 and Hayes.4 In I89I, Dr. John C. Branner, State Geologist of Arkansas, published an account of these deposits in the American Geologist, in which he advocated their genetic relationship to the eruptive syenites of that State. ; I Richards, Joseph W., Aluminium, Baird & Co., Phila., r8g6, 3rd E;dition, p. 42. 2 Bauxite in A1kansas, American Geologist, March, r8gr, Vol. XII, pp. rSr-183. The Bauxite Deposits of Arkansas, Jour. of Geol., r897, Vol. V. n 3 Jgneozts Rocks of Arkansas, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Arkansas, 1890, Vol. II, pp. 22, 29-3r, 124-125 and 162. 4 The Arkansas Bauxite Deposits, Twenty First Ann. Rept. U.S. Geol. Surv., Part III, pp. 435-472. OCCURRENCE AND DIS7RIBUTION OF BAUXITE Dr. Branner says : - "The Arkansas beds occur near the railway in the vicinity of Little Rock, Pulaski County, and near Benton, Saline County. The exposures vary in size from an acre to twenty acres or more, and aggregate over a square mile. This does not in all probability include the total area covered by bauxite in the counties mentioned, for the method of occurrence of the deposits leads to the supposition that there are others as yet undiscovered by the Survey. In thickness the beds vary from a few feet to over 40 feet, with the total thickness undetermined; the average thickness is at least IS feet. "These Arkansas deposits occur only in Tertiary areas and in the neighborhood of eruptive syenites ("granites"), to which they seem to be genetically related. In elevation they occur only at and below 300 feet above tide level, and most of them lie between 26o and 270 feet above tide. They have soft Tertiary beds both .above and below them at a few places, and must therefore be of Tertiary age. As .a rule, however, they have no covering, the overlying beds having been removed by erosion, and are high enough above the drainage of the country to be readily quarnea. Erosive action has removed a part of the bauxite in some cases, but there are in all probability many places at which it has not yet been even uncovered. It is pisolitic in structure, and, like all bauxite, varies more or less in color .and in chemical composition. At a few places it is so charged with iron, that attempts have been made to mine it for iron ore. Some of the samples from these pits assay over so per cent. of metallic iron. This ferruginous kind is exceptional, :however. From the dark-red varieties it grades through the browns and yellow to pearl-gray, cream-colored, and milky-white, the pinks, browns and grays being the more abundant. Some of the white varieties have the chemical composition of kaolin, while the red, brown, and gray have but little silica and iron, and a high percentage of alumina.'' The deposits form somewhat continuous beds, varying in thickness; and are beginning to attract considerable attention. Although known since r89r, only a small quantity of the ore has yet been shipped; but it is now stated, that preparations are being made for a large output in the near future. As a rule, the Arkansas .deposits are less pure, and of a lower grade than those of the Georgia-Alabama area. The following results closely approximate the general average .composition of the Arkansas bauxite:- SiOz AlzO 3 Fez03 TiOz HzO Total White IO.O 52.0 4.0 Red 4.0 S30 IO.O 4.0 4.0 30.0 29.0 - IOO.O IOO.O 20 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE Dr. C. W.. Hayes, of the U. S. 'Geological Survey, spent some time, during the spring of 1900, in a detailed field-study of the Arkansas bauxite deposits; and his results are incorporated in a. very full report, issued by the U. S. Geological Survey. I The principal points developed in this study by Doctor Hayes have been abstracted and are briefly outlined below by the present writer. The bauxite area is 20 miles long by three to four miles wide,. and extends in a southwesterly direction from near Little Rock. The deposits are spread out in beds or layers, ranging in thickness. from nothing to 40 feet, with a probable average of ro to rs feet. The area is divided into two districts, which occupy the extremities of the area. Several scattered deposits occur between the two districts. In the Bryant district, which is the most southwesterly one, the ore occurs in two distinct forms: (r) granitic bauxite, and ( 2) pisolitic bauxite. The former, or granitic variety, forms. the basal portions of the beds; and, in most cases, it rests immediately on a layer of kaolin derived by decay from the syenite. This type of ore is spongy in texture, showing partial traces of the granitic structure, in which the individual feldspars are replaced by a porous skeleton of alumina. It is probable, says Hayes, that this variety of bauxite is, in every case, derived, directly from the syenite, by the decomposition of the feldspar and elceolite; and,. the removal in solution of silica, lime and alkalies, the alumina. alone remaining, of the original constituents. The pisolitic type of ore is more uniform, than that of the Georgia-Alabama district; and it forms the upper parts of the beds. In the same section, the two types of the ore are not sepa-rated, as a rule, by any sharp and definite line. Thus far, only the pisolitic type of ore has been found in the Fourche mountain district, which, when nearest the syenite mar-gin, rests directly on a layer of kao1in, as in the Bryant district. Those deposits, more distant from the syenite margin, are prob-ably interstratified with sedimentary beds of Tertiary age. The few scattered deposits, found between the two districts, are I Tlze Bauxite Deposits of Arkansas, Twenty First Ann. Rept., U.S. Oeol. Surv., Part III, pp.. 435472 OCCURRENCE AND DZSTRZBUTJDN OF BAUXITE 2I said to resemble, in their mode of occurrence, the Georgia-Alabama deposits. The chemical composition of the Arkansas bauxite varies within wide limits. The granitic type is the purest; and, in selected samples, it contains less than three per cent. of silica and one per cent. of iron oxide. It corresponds in composition to the formula Al 2 0 3 3H 2 0-the trihydrateof alumina, gibbsite. In the white bauxitic kaolins, the silica ranges as high as 20 to 30 per cent., and the iron oxide assays a~ much as 50 per cent. in some of the highly ferruginous types of material. Concerning the origin of the Arkansas deposits, Dr. Hayes says, that they are so intimately associated with the igneous rocks of the region, that genetic relationship between the two is at once suggested. The characteristic pisolitic structure of the upper portion of the deposits indicates chemical precipitation. The granitic bauxite, forming the lower or basal portions of the beds, and the boulders, are evidently of a different origin from the pisolitic variety. The bauxite was probably laid down on the syenite rather than on the kaolin, as there is no indication that the kaolin is an intermediate product between the fresh syenite and the bauxite. In his report on the igneous rocks of Arkansas, Dr. J. Francis Williams suggested two theories, to account for the deposition of the bauxite. r The first theory was, that the bauxite was formed by the decomposition of a bed of clastic material, which was derived principally from the syenite. The second one, which he regards as the more probable, involved the action of the waters of the Tertiary sea on the still highly heated igneous rocks, by which, under high temperature and pressure, the constituents of the syenite were dissolved and brought to the surface in solution, the water emerging as hot springs. Dr. Hayes has pointed out, however, a number of serious objections to this theory; and, after a clear statement of the main or essential facts, which a theory for the origin of the bauxite deposits must explain, he has outlined the following one :-2 1 Op. cit. p. 124. 2 Twenty First Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., Part III, pp. 464-465. 22 OCCURRENCE AND D.!STR.!BUT.!ON OF BAUXITE '' The syenite of the bauxite region was intruded under a light cover of Paleozoic rocks. These were subjected to rapid erosion and the surface of the syenite was exposed. Either its subjacent portions retained a considerable portion of their original heat or a fresh supply of heat ~as furnished by renewed intrusions or dynamic disturbances. The region was then covered by a body of water probably cut off from the sea, and salt or highly alkaline. The alkaline waters by some means gained access to the heated portions of the syenite and dissolved its minerals. The heated waters returned to the surface heavily charged with the constituents of the syenite in solution. They were still efficient solvents, however, and acted upon the syenite at the surface, removing most of the silica along with the lime and alkalies, but leaving the alumina and depositing in place of the constituents removed about as much more alumina as the rock originally contained. Some of the alumina brought to the surface in solution was thus deposited by this metasomatic process, replacing a part of the silica removed from the syenite, but a larger part was thrown down as a gelatinous precipitate on the bottom of the water body and somewhat evenly distributed over the undulating syenite surface, at the same time acquiring the pisolitic structure and becoming mingled with the boulders of aluminized syenite. Most of the spring exits were in the immediate vicinity of the syenite areas, so that there the water was most. strongly impregnated with the various salts in solution and hence precipitation of the alumina was most rapid. Wherever the ascending solutions found their way to the surface by an isolated conduit through the Tertiary sediments already deposited a local deposit of greater or less extent was formed. The precipitation of the alumina must have taken place almost immediately after the solution emerged from the conduit, otherwise the bauxite would have been much more widely disseminated, or even entirely dissipated, in the surrounding sediments. " The formation of the bauxite bed marks a single episode in the history of the region, during which conditions were very exceptional. This episode was abruptly inaugurated and as abruptly terminated. Conditions returned to the normal, and the change from the unusual chemical deposits to the ordinary sedimentary beds is sharp and distinct. The formation of the chemical deposits may have been terminated by a cessation of circulation of the chemical solvent, by a sudden exhaustion of the heat supply, or by a change in the conditions of the water body in which the deposits were being formed. The latter cause appears the more probable one for the production of so abrupt a change. If such a water body were comparatively small, of exceptional composition, and protected from the incursion of detrital sediments, as appears probable, the establishing of free connection with the open sea would introduce changes which might completely alter the character of the deposits being formed." Dr. Hayes says; that the theory outlined above is the best at present available; though-it is, he says, confessedly unsatisfactory and incomplete. The following analyses will indicate the character and composition of the bauxite from Pulaski county, Arkansas: _r I Spencer, ]. W., Tlze Paleozoic Group, GeoL Surv. of Georgia, r893, p. 236. OCCURRENCE AND DZSTRZBUTZON OF BAUXITE 23 Alz 03 Fez 03 Si02 TiOz HzO . 55-59 . 6.o8 . IO. I3 . 28.99 Total . 100.79 57-62 I.83 II.48 28.63 99-56 ss.s9 I9-45 5-II 46-40 22. rs 4-89 I7-39 26.68 97-84 roo. r2 58.6o 9-II 3-34 28.63 99-68 62.05 r.66 2.00 3-50 30-31 99-52 55-64 I.95 10.38 3-50 27.62 5I.90 3.16 r6.76 3-50 24.86 99- 09 roo.28 NEw MExrco.-The New Mexico deposits of bauxite occur in the southwest part of the Territory, near Silver City. They were first discovered some six or eight years ago; but, on account of their inaccessibility, they have never been worked. Exact information concerning these deposits has not yet been published. The most accurate account of them, known to the writer, is that given by Professor William P. Blake. r Mr. Blake describes the deposits of New Mexico in part, as follows : - "In a region about half a mile square, of nearly horizontal strata of volcanic origin, there has been extensive alteration and change by solfataric action, or possibly by decomposition of disseminated pyrites producing aluminous solutions, which, flowing slowly by capillary movement from within outward, suffer decomposition at the surface with the production of sulphate of alumina (alunogen), in crusts and layers upon the outer portions of the rock, attended by the decomposition of siliceous crusts and the separation of ferric sulphate; while the rocks so traversed appear to be deprived of a part, at least, of their silica and of their alkalies with the formation of bauxite. The alunogen is thus an outer deposit, while the bauxite is not a deposit, but is an internal residual mass in place. Its color is generally bluish-white; structure amorphous, granular, without concentric or pisolitic grains. When dried in the sun and air it will still lose about 20 per cent. by ignition. It gives only about r per cent. of soluble matter by leaching with water; is infusible and reacts for alumina. The amount of residual silica and alkalies has not yet been ascertained, and no careful full analysis has been made. The composition is no doubt variable in samples from different places, for the original rocks give evidence of a great difference within short distances. The rocks appear to have been originally highly basic, volcanic porphyries and basalts, accumulated in massive beds of brecciated fragments, the outlines of which have nearly disappeared, so that the mass appears to be homogeneous; careful observation as the rocks are freshly broken out discloses, however, the outlines of former fragments." This description apparently indicates, that the bauxite deposits of New Mexico are somewhat closely similar to, though not entirely like, those at Vogelsberg, derived from a basic volcanic rock, by decomposition and alteration in place. I Blake, Wm. P., Alzmogen and Bauxite of 1Vew JVfexico, Trans. Amer. Inst., Min. Engrs., r894, Vol. XXIV, p. 57r. 24 OCCURRENCE AND D.!STR.!BUTJON OF BAUX.!TJ:; GEORGIA-ALABAMA.- In point of origin and occurrence the Georgia-Alabama bauxites form an important group of deposits, entirely different from those of oth<;r known areas. They do not occur i.n the form of stratified deposits, nor have they been derived from the decay or decomposition of pre-existing rocks. On the other hand, they occur as well-defined compact masses in the form of pocket deposits, entirely different from the enclosing or surrounding material, usually grouped about certain centers and along certain lines~ The bauxite area extends, as an irregular belt, from Adairsville, Georgia, southwest to Jacksonville, Alabama; and, the deposits are limited, for the most part, to the Coosa Valley. The Georgia portion of this area forms the subject of the present report; and, therefore, it does not require further mention here. While the belt of deposits in Alabama is nearly as long as its northeastern correlative in Georgia, work has been entirely limited to an area in Cherokee county, known as the Dyke district, which extends southwestward from the Georgia line for a distance of four miles. This district is one of greater dynamic forces than the corresponding districts in Georgia, resulting in a somewhat larger number of deposits of bauxite, of larger size, and made up usually . of several connecting ore-bodies. So great have been the effects of the dynamic agencies operating in this district, that the rocks are profoundly disturb.ed, rendering :it difficult, if not impossible, frequently to determine their original position and composition. The faults of the Dyke district are quite unlike those of the Bobo district in Georgia. The ore-bodies are distributed along the northwestern base of Indian mountain, which. is an extensive mass of Cambrian (Weisner) quartzite. The following are analyses of the white and red types of bauxite from the Rock Run district, in Cherokee county, Alabama :-1 Al203 . Fe2 03 . Si02 . Ti02. H20. . 58.2r 3.60 2.90 340 . 31.89 White 6r.68 6r.oo 1.20 2.20 2.10 2.!0 3.12 3L45 3!.58 6r.87 2.38 0-40 30.50 Red 4093 53.87 22.6o 8.r6 8.99 452 20.43 24.86 I McCalley, Henry, Repo1t on the Valley Regions of Alabama, Part II. T!te Coosa Valley Region, Geol. Surv. of Alabama. 1897, pp. 779, 78r. BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA PLATE II EXPOSURE OF KNOX DOLOMITE, HOWARD CE:IIENT QUARRY, BARTOW COUNTY, GEORG IA. Ill OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE DISCOVERY OF BAUXITE IN GEORGIA The first discovery of bauxite in America was in r887, at a point a few miles northeast of Rome, in Floyd county, Georgia. A few fragments of the unknown mineral were picked up on the Holland lot, two miles north of the Ridge Valley Iron Company's furnace at Hermitage. The intimate association, in this locality, of the bauxite with deposits of limonite, which latter deposits had been worked to some extent, led to the discovery of the mineral, bauxite. The bauxite fragments were highly ferruginous and .deep-red in color, and were taken by their discoverer, James Holland, to Edward Nichols, President and Acting Chemist of the Ridge Valley Iron Company, thinking they represented an ore of :iron. Mr. Nichols attached no special importance to the find at that time; but, shortly afterwards, he made a chemicalanalysis of the fragments. Finding the percentage of iron low a-nd that of alumina correspondingly high, as compared with iron ores in general, Mr. Nichols identified the material as the mineral, bauxite. He briefly described the discovery and occurrence of the mineral in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers for r887. r Bauxite mining in the United States had its beginning in Georgia, when, in April, r888, the deposits of the mineral on the Holland property, lot 61, 2Jrd district of Floyd county, were first -opened and worked. The first shipments of the ore were made in May, r889, to the Pennsylvania Salt Company at Natrona, Penn., .and to Greenwich Point, near Philadelphia. This lot of ore is said to have been used for the manufacture of both alum and metallic aluminum. In r889, 728 tons of the ore from Georgia in-cluded the total output of bauxite from the United States. Work in the Alabama field, which marks the continuation of the Georgia area to the southwest, was bt;:gun in r89r, when the total output from Alabama, for that year, was 292 tons. The next year, 1893, proved an extremely active one in the Alabama territory, resulting in a greater production than in Georgia; and 1 Nichols, Eclward, An Aluminum Ore, Trans., A.mer. Inst., Min. Eogrs., 1887, Vol. XVI, p. li05. 26 OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE the production for each successive year since, has been greater for Alabama than for Georgia. Companies, operating bauxite deposits in the two States, claim,. that the tardiness in development of this industry in Georgia, islargely to be attributed to the greater benefits and more generous. provisions in property leases, obtainable in Alabama. Vastly more than half of the Georgia-Alabama product is used in the manu~ facture of alum; while the remainder is employed in the extrac-tion of the metal, aluminum. Extensive deposits of bauxite were discovered in Pulaski and Saline counties, Arkansas, in r8gr, by the Geological Survey of that State. 1 Prior to I2 or r8 months ago, the Arkansas deposits. remained practically undeveloped. Since that time, however, theyhave attracted considerable attention; and, in the near future,. they will doubtless contribute very largely to the increase in the production of this mineral in the United States. The New Mexico deposits, discovered several years later, have not yet been seriously considered as workable areas. The following tables show the production of bauxite and alum-inum, respectively, in the United States from r88g to rgoo. The: amounts are stated in long tons ( 2,240 pounds per ton):- Production o..f B auxz"te z"n the United States _from I 889 to I 900 2 ' Years r889 !890 1891 1892 1893 t894 !895 !896 1897 !898 r8gg 4 rgoo 6 Georgia Long Tons 728 r,844 3,30I 5,IIo 2,415 2,050 3,756 7,313 _7_,50_7 3 15,736 20,7I5 Alabama Long Tons ----- 292 5,408 6,764 9,016 13,3I3 rr,o51 13,083 ___ 3 I4,499 65o Total Long Tons 728 r,844 3,593 10,518 9,179 rr,o66 I7,069 I8,364 20,590 25,I493 35,2805 21,365 Value $ 2,366 6,0I2 rr,675 34,183 29,507 35,8I8 44,000 47,338 57,652 75,437 !25,5985 78,310 I Branner, John C., Amer. Geol., I8gr, Vol. VII, pp. 18I-I83. 2 Twentieth Ann. Rept., U.S. Geol. Surv., 1899, Part VI, p. 269. 3 Production for 1898 not separated by States. The production for Georgia and Alabama.. included together as one total. 4 Twenty First Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv.. I899-I9oo, Part VI, p. 270. 5 Includes 5,045 long tons produced and sold by Arkansas. 6 Tlze Jlifinemllndust1-y, 1902, Vol. X, p. II. OCCURRENCE AND DJSTRZBUTJON OF BAUXZTE Productz"on of Alumz"nztm in the Unz'ted States from z883 to I900 r-.. Calendar Years r883 r884 r885 r886 r887 r888 r88g r8go r8gr r8g2 !893 1894 r895 I8g6 r897 r8g8 r8gg rgoo Pounds 83 150 283 3,000 -' rS,ooo rg,ooo 47,468 6r,28r 150,000 . 259,885 333,629 550,000 920,000 I,300,000 4,000,000 5,200,000 5,200,000 6,ooo,ooo- 1 Twentieth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., 1899, Part VI, p. 267. CHAPTER II 'THE GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE REGION Since the occurrence and distribution of the deposits of bauxite are intimately related to the various geologiC phases of the region, it is very essential, from an economic as well as a scientific viewpoint, that some account of its geology be given. The ore-bodies are observed to occur within certain limits of elevation, and to further sustain fairly definite relations to the ridge-valley topography. They are found somewhat ~rregularly grouped about certain centers, and along certain lines of structural weakness, and :are also definitely associated with certain rock strata. ToPOGRAPHY.- The accompanying map indicates, to some degree, the surface configuration of the region in the contour lines, .and in addition to the ore distribution, shows the various geologic formations and the delineation of the faults of the ordinary Appa1achian type. The distribution of the ore-bodies is limited for the most part to the great Appalachian Valley province, which extends southwestward into Alabama, and is limited on the west, by the Cumberland Plateau, and on the east, by the Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachian Valley province forms a long narrow belt, composed of successively smaller or subordinate north-south valleys, separated by moderately high and fairly steep-sided ridges. 'The valleys are prevailingly deep and narrow, and have been determined by the underlying soft shales and limestones, by the usual processes of erosion. The form and attitude of the ridges .are determined by the character of the rock and the position of the strata composing them. Accordingly, the ridges may vary from approximately symmetrical to unsymmetrical types, the latter type predominating; and from those, with irregular, narrow crests, (28) GEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE REGION to those, of broad and regular fiat tops. As would be expected, the highest aud most persistent ridges of the region are composed of sandstone, which forms the hardest and most resistant rock in the area. The Knox dolomite occupies the entire eastern part of the Valley province, and is rendered highly siliceous by abundantly included masses and lenses of chert or flint, of varying sizes. On weathering, the Knox dolomite surface is covered with a heavy mantle of the insoluble siliceous material, chert and clay, which,. on account of extreme prevalence, rarely leaves an exposure of the magnesian limestone to view. The resistance offered by thisless easily eroded siliceous limestone by the usual processes of weathering, gives rise to a broadly undulating surface, which is. intermediate in elevation between the high sandstone ridges and the corresponding deeply incised valleys, etched in the soft shalesand limestone. Only where the Knox dolomite is cut by faults of . the ordinary Appalachian type, of sufficient throw to expose the underlying soft shales, as in the Bobo district, is it characterized by very pronounced ridges. As pointed out by Hayes, I these topographic features, which owe their present form to the attitude and character of the rocks. and the operative reducing forces, record the geographic cycles, through which the region has passed. A correct interpretation of them enables us to formulate, to some degree, the forces that have been operative, and to reconstruct the past geologic history of the area. As with most land areas, the one in question, has been subjected to at least a series of successive elevations and depressions-land oscillations. The periods of elevation were sufficient, to increase the activity of the streams and to proportionately augment other forces of erosion, in accomplishing the down-wearing of the land-surface. After each elevation, the periods of quiescence were of sufficient duration, to enable the streams to establish a system of uniform base-levels over the entire region ; and. the area was furthermore stationary, for a time sufficient to admit of the interstream areas being reduced to a level, approximating-_ that of the stream base-levels. The hard sandstone rocks proved,. of course, the most resistant, and were, therefore, the last of the: I Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., rSgs, Part III, pp. SSI-554 _,30 GEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE REGION -rock areas to be reduced. These, however, were never entirely -reduced during any single period of erosion; but they marked partially unreduced residuals, standing in slight relief above the general level of the nearly undulating surface of the erosion-plane_peneplain. Accordingly, the present topographic forms indicate traces of three periods of base-leveling and planation. The first and most complete reduction was probably accomplished near the close of Cretaceous time. The surface of the Cretaceous plain is marked by the approximate level of the subordinate sandstone ridges of the region. The higher ridges, such as Indian mountain in Ala-bama, formed residuals on the general upland level of the plain. 'The ridges of sandstone, north of Coosa river, also mark the remnants of this plain. The interval, during which the formation of this peneplain was accomplished, was perhaps the longest, and the planation, the most complete of the entire number. An uplift of the area once more renewed the activity of the streams, and they. were engaged in a second reduction or base-leveling. Only the :.softest rocks, however, were base-leveled during this period, as the region suffered a second uplift before the hard and somewhat in:soluble siliceous Knox dolomite was reduced to the stream-levels. The intermediate surface elevations of this formation, therefore, mark the level of the second plain. The last period of base-leveling was confined to the valleys of the major str.eams, namely, the Coosa and Oostanaula rivers. Cumulative deposits of debris along the lower stretches of the streams indicate .periods of depression, following those of general uplift in this region. The present streams are now engaged in a further lowering of their channels, as a result of the latest recent uplift in the region. I STRATIGRAPHY As seen from the accompanymg map, the rocks of this area range from Cambrian to Carboniferous in age. They include schists, slates, limestones, shales, sandstones and conglomerates, in . 265, 266, z6i. 2 Ibid., pp. z68 z69. 36 GEOLOGY,..OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE REGION III & IV. Light-colored, crystalline limestone~in the valley of Lookout creek, south of Trenton, Dade county,.. Georgia; J. M. McCandless, Analyst. STRUCTURE As is shown in a subsequent part of this report, in an attempt to. explain the genesis of the bauxite deposits, it is observed, that the. ore~bodies bear a definite genetic relationship to the structural. features of the region. The rocks of the region represent unques~ tionable sedimentaries; and, when originally laid down on the sea 'bottom, they must have preserved a more or less horizontal. position. This original position, however, has been profoundly disturbed, as is shown in the tilting and folding of the rocks at. steep and varying angles. In this section, as with Appalachian. folds in general, the folds show unequal dips on the two sides of the arch and belong to the unsymmetrical type. They further: harmonize with the normal Appalachian type in gentle dips on. the southeast sides, and correspondingly steep ones on the north- west. The continued action of the same forces, which produced. the folding, resulted in the fracturing and breaking across of the. strata in many places -jaultz'ng. Two classes of faults have been observed in the region, which. show marked differences in many particulars. These are desig~ nated by Hayes I as (a) minor thrust faults, and (b) major thrust. faults. The two apparently bear no, c-lose relationship to each other. From field evidence, they were probably formed at different. periods of disturbance. The minor thrust faults were likely developed first, and are therefore the older. The two types of fau:lts. usually characterize separate or different parts of the area. THE MINOR THRUST FAULTS. -This type of fault is characteristic of certain portions of the area, namely, Six Mile Station~. Silver Creek and Cave Spring, to the south of Rome; and in general, they represent the ordinary or normal Appalachian type o fault. Hayes describes the minor thrust faults as follows: - 2 I Geology of a Portion of t!ze Coosa 'valley in Geo?-gia and Alabama, Bull., G. S. A., 1893, Vol. V,. pp. 465-480. Bauxite, Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U.S. Geol. surv., 1894, Part III, pp. 557-560. :~ Ibid,, PP 473-474 GEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA BAllXITE REGION 37 "A great majority of these faults extend nearly due north and south, and hence intersect the main structure axis of the region at angles of 30 or 40. Immediately south of Rome at least seven of these minor thrusts occur within a belt three miles wide. They vary in length from 3 to 8 miles and overlap along the strike. 'The strata are thus cut into a number of narrow strips which form monoclinals dipping steeply toward the east. In the vicinity of Cave Spring is another series of faults similar in most respects to those south of Rome. "Between Indian and Weisner mountains there is less regularity in the arrangement of the minor thrusts, and their general trend is somewhat east of north. A strip of Knox dolomite from one to four miles in width extends from near Cave Spring toward the southwest, lying north of Indian and south of Weisner mountains. This belt of dolomite is intersected by a series of nearly parallel thrustfaults which cut diagonally across, separating it into irregular monoclinal blocks. The faults disappear in the belt of Conasauga shale on the north, while their throw is greatest at the northern edge of the dolomite, decreasing southward, and in some -cases disappearing within the dolomite area. These faults give rise to the narrow oelts of shale which branch from the northern belt and extend varying distances :toward the south, forming narrow valleys among the dolomite hills." THE MAJOR THRUST FAULTS. -At least three of this type of thrust faults occur within this area, namely, the Rome, Coosa and Cartersville faults. They are characterized by the low inclination -of the fault-plane, approximating to, or quite, horizontal, when visible, and the great horizontal displacement of the rocks. The borizontal displacement is measured in miles instead of in feet. r MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BAUXITE Several aluminous minerals are found associated with the bauxite. These deserve some mention. They are gibbsite, halloysite and kaolin or clay. GIBBSITE.- This mineral differs from bauxite in being crystalline instead of concretionary or clay-like in structure, and in -containing a larger percentage of water. Its chemical formula is AI (OH) 3 , or A1 2 0 3 3H 2 0; and, when pure, it contains 65.4 per cent. of alumina and 34.6 per cent. of water. This mineral is -called hydrargillite, when in crystals, and is sometimes associated with corundum deposits when in this form. As gibbsite, it is 1 For a complete description of this type of thrust-faults, the reader is referred to the following publications by Dr. C. W. Hayes, who describes them in considerable detail, after tracing -them in the field:- Tlze Overtlzrust Faults of tlze Soutlzern Appalaclzians, Bull., Geol. Soc. Amer., r8gr, Vol. II, pp. I4I-I54 Geology of a Portion of t!ze Coosa Valley in Georgia and Alabama, Ibid., 1893. Vol. V, pp. 465-480. Bauxite, Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U.S. Geol. Surv., r8g4, Part III, pp. 558-s6o. 38 GEOLOGY OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE REGION stalactitic in form. It has been observed in the deposits of bauxiteof the Hermitage district in Georgia, where it occurs incrustingcavities in the bauxite. The i1. crustations are colorless and transparent, and have not been observed to be more than one-eighth of an inch in thickness in any case; and, as a rule, it is much less. In some of the Arkansas deposits, gibbsite appears to be moreabundant, and in larger masses, of a slightly reddish-white color,. than in the Georgia ore-bodies. HALLOYSI'I'E. -This mineral has the same chemical composition as kaolin, from which it differs essentially in having a larger + percentage of water. Its composition is H 4 Al 2Si 20 9 AQ., or + 2H 20. Al 20 3 2Si02 AQ.; and, when pure, it contains 435 per cent. of silica, 36.9 per cent. of alumina, and 19.6 per cent. of water. It is usually light (white) in color, and compact in texture,. breaking with a conchoidal fracture; and is easily cut with a knife ; but it can not be scratched with the finger-nail. Its occurrence here is in the form of well defined veins, of varying size, cut-ting the bauxite, and in irregular masses and nodules of variousdimensions, usually small, however. These are often lens-shaped~ and are highly polished and slickensided, indicating subsequent movement in the bauxite masses. KAOLIN OR CLAY. -From an economic standpoint clay is. vastly the most important associate of the bauxite deposits. Likehalloysite, it is also regarded as a silicate of alumina, having thechemical composition, when pure, H 4Al 2Si 20 9 , or 2H 20 .. Al 2 0 3 2Si02, yielding silica, 46.5, alumina, 395, and water,. I4.0. It is very abundant in the bauxite area, where it occurs. surrounding the ore-bodies, and, in many cases, cutting them, in the form of dikes, veins or "horses." It shows considerable vari-ation in texture, color and composition. The clay, associated with the bauxite, is quite different in character, and is readily differentiated from that derived from the weathering of the Knox dolomite. The two types of clay bear no resemblance to each other,. and are always sharply differentiated. The residual clay is very impure, containing, in most cases, commingled fragments of chert and sandstone, in various stages of decay. -These fragments of;.,_ siliceous material are entirely absent from the bauxite deposits. GEOLOGY OF THE GEORG.IA BAUX7TE REG.ION 39' proper, and their associated clays or kaolins; and, in this respect, the deposits of bauxite are entirely different from those of the nearby limonite. The limonite beds are almost invariably intimately associated with large and small fragments of the residual siliceous rocks. In color, the associated bauxitic clay varies from white and cream, through pink and purple, to chocolate-brown~ with the mottled pink-and-white predominating. It varies from hard and compact in texture, resembling halloysite, to a soft, putty-like material. The bauxitic clay and ore are frequently observed to pass by imperceptible gradations into each other. The following is an analysis of specimens of the white clay from the Flowery Branch bauxite deposit in the Hermitage district: - 1 Si0 z (combined) SiO 2 (free sand) Ti02 Alz03 Fez03 MgO NazO KzO Hz 0 (combined) H 2 0 (hygroscopic) . Total . 40-40 o.So !.95 38.6o I.45 0.30 0.02 0.09 r6.35 0.35 . 100.31 An analysis of a pure white, non-gritty, slickensided specimen of kaolin, collected from the Bobo bank in the Bobo district, yielded the writer, in the Survey laboratory, the following re- sults:- Molecular Ratio- SiOz TiOz Alz03 Fez03 CaO MgO NazO KzO HzO, at I00 C. Hz 0, combined Total . 43-3I 6o none 43-08 I02 none none none none none 0-43 14.12 r8 !00.94 .721 I. 70 -422 I.OO r.ss I Spencer, J. W., Paleozoic Group o.f Georgia, Geol. Surv. of Georgia, 1893, p. zSr. 40 GEOLOGY OF THE GEORGiA BAUXITE REGION The ratio of Si0 2 : Al 0 2 3 : H 20 is nearly 2: r: 2, as required by the formula of kaolin, 2H 2 0.Al 2 0 3 .2Si0 2 The bauxitic clays are found in great abundance, and in numer- ous cases they possess a high degree of purity. In view of their abundance and excellence, it is indeed quite remarkable, that they have not thus far been utilized for some purpose. The white and cream-colored clays are the purest, and they apparently possess the important properties of whiteness and plasticity, and harden- ing under heat in an eminent degree, which, in many cases, cer- tainly fits them for use in the manufacture of a fine quality of porcelain. Finely pulverulent silica is found in considerable quan- tity in the same region, frequently along with the clays. If suffi- cient clay be mixed with the silica to bind. it together, the mixture might be successfully employed in the manufacture of fire-brick. 'The highly colored types of clay are rendered fusible by the pres- ence of the iron ox:id~ contained in them, and might be utilized, to some degree, :in the manufacture of common pottery or stone- ware and bricks. From an economic standpoint, these clays form an important group of deposits, which, from their quantity and general quality, should be profitably employed for various uses. I RON AND MANGANESE ORES ASSOCIATED WI'rH THE BAUXITE DEPOSITS The bauxite belt is coextensive with a large part of the iron and manganese area. Somewhat extensive deposits of brown iron ore have been worked over a considerable part of the bauxite belt. In the Hermitage district and at several banks in the Bobo dis- at trict, the brown ore is found in nearly direct contact with the bauxite, and deposits of the two mine;als .occur all Hmes in the vicinity of each other. The manganese, while intimately associated with the deposits of brown iron ore, is not :so closely related to the bauxite ; although they are frequently found close together. Fig. 2 ~~:~:~~0:~00{1 ?.:.-.--::---"-._~_0";_~:~~-~~21lb~~"'~~:;~ ~-?>;~:~;-~~~: 'o}Jlsolito/-~6'h_:}:~-:ftt:lf~"~t'o6>'1;;'f.~/~f:.N~'~~o-~ "Z~';,~,J::fi~;J/::~.;~;-;,~~ ~~'~\"\~1~ltft.~;;;{;:'0'~~3~,4~ ~~~ ----- 0 o oo oaoo o v:oo... . :. 0 0 0 0 '"0 ' t \ pt_______ - ( dOepref}l no '\ o o o o o-o0'-f oo oBoutt'o' mof 0 0 0 '[ ""'"" ' / ~1/~Clflt'- TatllS. =:: - / > '-, "--- '" _\-- I I --\ -- d.''-/!Jk.- ' ~ln-own. ---------- - -_- -------- s --------S-t-ion 1lo~->"-l.ng-t~lJe .R-e-la--t-io-n-s--o-[._U__1_e_,B.._auxite an d t'l w.. .R. esl.<1t tal M_antle. (After Hayes). '" l'ig. 3 ~ o J1 o!-;; .. ...~_...,... --- ~ , . ,"I' ;- .:;,o.:',~.~~ ;__f_!__~ ~1f..I,. k ~c~,-~r-t{1,:1J1:i::-:..4~>_:-!..:- c.~11'~'-.~-uI-"-J-Pr.-"3,'-!1"L~,.'t.-,t.~!<>t-.~ Jl~~}li.*'i.~~' ;.f,..i...:~-.J--.l!2'".t'(l.'l."~;~-.-:-<....::-L"._'.f.:'.?l~.l,._.--,.!..-.,-,-o;~~,;.::.:{:~:-'_--.'.q..J,._~_.,9,_-. '_'l.~ :t-~. '?t.'~'t .}., .Jt -~ 1.~1{.;-:,~- v~~$~(~\ 1\L~}.,.'-~ ~ ,~,: ~ ~;o~ ~ g{) ~~ ~ ~ ooo\'-o"~ ~ o<' (r./'o<:j.~"~!~;-~o::-o"::. '~~oc\).:ao~~-~l;~'\""-"(: ~:{/ ~~~ 4 ;.-;-:-; . _..- C r-:..\o ; Q 00 0 0 q o' 0' 9o ~ o0o'Do0oogoOoo o0p#o000oo0oD:ooo4Id6o~o0"ocoQ"o~oO:~a0"00Qo,o6~.0~0o:ooo(1-~ (I,Oo(.v) /v\b\'o "-. \ ,''I.="L---..'._', <'-,(o)..,_-, _"0-'9~:c'iO//-)'~('-- -~') '0\&.}'',\ lo_',_\'l\o C'~,\'-;. ' Z'.,~.._'\,''------.-:-:/_!:/ ~/-::....,___:: c::':\,\'--.I..._'f~"o"~~\o0\o\ 0 .\ f \'o~\Ol t\...~v ~o~ ~0- 'ie--...:..,:~ t1..10' ~ '1:{,~...-..~'~ ~ 'I' r 0 0 o 0 o 0 :/ ____.:=,._--:>-,____ '-~-. . ~ ~o'- 0 \ _o_,__c-,..--t! 0 "' " tl I 0 0 00 0 0 ~ o---/--o-P-TE-0-~---~~-_':_'_-_-_--=7-----~-"'----- 0 --;;;-...... _"_________ -- Sketch of i.h.e Mary Bauxite Mine, Floyd County, Georgia. Scale, 24 Feet= I Inch. A. Main Ore-body (:Fine, Pisolitic Bauxite). B. Pisolitic Bauxite in White Clay. C. Motlled Clay Coli- :aiuing Few Pisolites. D. Hard, Mottled Bauxite. .E. Mottled Clay Containing Angular Chert. Ji: Cherty Clay, Surface Soil. (After Hayes). CHAPTER III I. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION r There are three recognized hydrates of alumina; namely, the monohydrate, Al 2 0 3 .H 2 0, or AlO(OH), known as the mineral .diaspore, and containing- Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.0 per cent. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rs.o " " Alumina . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739 per cent. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill , . . . . . 26.r '' '' ; and the trihydrate, Al 2 0 3 .3H 2 0, orAl (OH) 3 , known as hydrar;gillite and gibbsite, containing- Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65-4 per cent. Water . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 " " The chemical formula generally given for bauxite is Al 2 0 3 .2H20 or A1 2 0(0H) 4 2 , the dihydrate of alumina, containing the percentages of alumina and water as given above. Some analyses, however, give Al 2 0 3 H 2 0 like the mineral diaspore. Roscoe and Schorlemmer 3 give the formula (Al,Fe) 0 2 (OH) 4 for bauxite; but, as Phillips says, 4 this seems not to apply to the Georgia- Alabama material. Phillips and Hancock conclude, 5 after a chemical investigation of the Georgia-Alabama bauxite, based upon the solubility of the alumina in different strengths of sulphuric acid, that it consists of 1 Watson, Thomas L., Tlze GeM-gia Bauxite Deposits; Their Clzemica! Constitution and Genesis; Amer. Geologist, Vol. XXVIII, July, 1901, pp. 25-45. 2 Dana, E. S., A System of lvfineralogy, 1893, Sixth Edition, p. zsr. 3 Roscoe and echorlemmer, A Treatise on Clzemistry, Vol. I, p. 444 4 Phillips, W. B., and Hancock, David, The Commercia! Analysis of Bauxite, Jour., Amer. Chern. Soc., 1898, Vol. V, p. zrr, 5 Ibid., pp. 2IO, 213-216. (4I) 42 CHEMICAL COMPOSZTZON a mixture of the trihydrate, A1 2 (0H) 6 , or A1 2 0 3 .3H 2 0, with. clay, and probably a lower hydrate, Al 2 0 3 .2H 2 0, the trihydrate being the base or essential part. In the reports issued by the United S~ates Geological Survey,. on the Mineral Resources of the United States, the mineral, bauxite, is referred to as the trihydrate of alumina. In a report, "On the Coosa Valley Region of Alabama," Henry McCalley concludes, 1 after a study of the same belt of bauxite deposits in Alabama, that the mineral is a trihydrate of alumina. Dr. C. W. Hayes says, 2 that the chemical composition of the Arkansas bauxite varies within wide limits, of which the granitic type is the purest. He states, that this type corresponds to the formula, Al 2 0 3 3H2 0, the trihydrate, gibbsite. After a study of many hundreds of analyses of the French baux- ites, Laur makes the following statement, concerning the compo- sition and chemical constitution of bauxite:- 3 "When these minerals [bauxitesJ are studied, not in isolated specimens but iu mass, it is quickly noticed, that there is in their composition one constant, so to speak, namely, the general proportion of anhydrqus alumina, Al 2 0 3 , the average of which is about 66 to 69 per cent. This figure is given by the analyses of thou- sands of shipments.. Representing this constant by A, we find three variable ele- ments, e, besides, namely, water, silica, and ferric oxide; and it is a remarkable fact, that the sum of the weights of these is constant also at about 27 per cent. We will represent it by Pe. "Finally, the various accessory substances (titanium, vanadium, etc.) which occur even in the purest bauxites, present a constant total of about 3 to 4 per cent.. + These we represent by C. "Thus, the centesimal formula of the bauxites : 68 to 70 Alz 0 3 27 (SiO z ,. Fez 03, Hz 0) +4 (sundry accessories) may be written in general form as A+Pe +C. "But the three variable elements of Pe have the singular property of replacing one another, in whole or in part, separately increasing, diminishing, or totally dis- appearing, without change of the total of 27 per cent., and without altering the fixed mineral species, which is, according to our view, the bihydrate of alumina,. forming the base of the mineral. These varying substitutions give rise to the different types . . . . '' I McCalley, Henry, Report on the Valley Regions of Alabama, Part II, On tlte Coosa ValleY' Region of Alabama, Geol. Surv. of Alabama, 1897, pp. 79-84. 2 Hayes, C. W., op. cit. 3 I,aur, Francis, Tlze Bauxites: A Study of a LVew Mineralogical Family, Trans., Amer. In st. Min. Engrs., Virginia Beach Meeting, February, r894. Author's separate, 9 pages, p. 4 ~ CHEMICAL COlJ1POSITION 43 Continuing, Laur distinguishes four types of bauxite, whose formulce are given as follows : - r $ " (r) Mixed bauxite of Baux, A+ Pe, . (2) Pale bauxite of Villeveyrac, A+ Pe, . (3) Red bauxite of the Var, A+ Pe, .. + (4) Pure ba=ite of Alabama, A Pe, . f YzHz 0 L YzSiO z + { YzHz 0 YzFez 0 } 3 C . [ 2Hz0 J+ C." Laur says:- 2 "And it may be affirmed that the basis of the bauxite is the bihydrate of alumina or hydrargillite, with about 27 per cent. of water, which has not yet been, but may be some day, developed in workable deposits." In referring to the Georgia-Alabama type, Laur gives the following description : - 3 "HYALINE BAUXITE. -Finally, there has been discovered in Alabama and. Georgia, and in the Yellowstone National Park, a fourth variety of bauxite, in which silica_ and ferric oxide are not found, and two equivalents of water determine the type. It is this form which occurs as an easily discernible admixture in the siliceous bauxite of the Villeveyrac variety. As may there be observed, the miner- alogical type remains the same, only the particles of bauxite have a more glaucous,. translucent, slightly horny appearance, and are soft, easily scratched with the :finger-nail. This is the bihydrate of alumina, and the formula is, therefore, A+ Pe [2HzO] + C " It is nothing else than amorphous hydrargillite, nearly pure, with 3 to 4 per cent. of accessory constituents and 27 per cent. of water. "This variety has not yet been thoroughly tested by continuous exploitation and. repeated analyses. It is yet in the beginning of its development, and what has. been produced so far is a pale bauxite of the Villeveyrac type, but containing nodules of hydrargillite in considerable abundance.'' An abstract in the Chemisches Centralblatt for r892, page r4, of an inaugural dissertation by A. Liebreich, in which an account of the derivation of bauxite from basalt, with special reference to the German deposits is given, says: 4 "Chemical analyses show certain differences in the composition of bauxite from different places,. the smaller amount of water in the French bauxite referring it to I Ibid., p. 7 2 Loc. cit., p. 7. 3 Ibid., p. 6. 4 Packard, R. I,., Mineral Resources of the United States, r891, p. I49 44 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION cdiaspore, while the. Vogelsberg mineral is probably gibbsite (hy- drargillite) [the trihydrate of alumina].'' I have gotten together as many authentic analyses of the Georgia bauxites as possible, which are tabulated below, and from them I have calculated the ratio of alumina (Al 2 0 3 ) to water (H 2 0). The percentage amounts of the impurities, silica (SiO 2 ), titanic oxide (TiO 2 ) and ferric oxide (Fe 2 0 3), are also given. Calculations are made and given for the two types of bauxite, namely, the non-ferruginous type, in which iron enters as an impurity; and the ferruginous type, in which the iron replaces a part of the .aluminum. The analyses were carefully selected; and, in the case -of the non-ferruginous type, only those which gave 55 per cent. and more of alumina were used. This minimum percentage of .alumina, 55 per cent., in the non-ferruginous type, is the lowest amount of alumina, indicating the purest grade of the ore or min- ,eral. In the ferruginous type, all analyses are included, that show :ro.s per cent. and more of ferric oxide. Unless otherwise stated, the figures given in the columns of ;analyses below were obtained by analytical methods, which yield the soluble alumina. On a 55 per c~nt. alumina basis, however, the small percentages, shown in the insoluble residues (Si0 2 ), indicate that the soluble alumina is also practically the total ,alumina. This conclusion is based on a close comparison of the analyses given below, with numerous analyses, in which the total :alumina was determined; and also from the analyses of several samples, in which the soluble and the total alumina were sepa- rately determined. The analytical methods in general use, at present, by bauxite chemists, are essentially the same as those used in the Pittsburgh. Testing Laboratory, and are so modified, as to -extract only the soluble alumina, leaving the insoluble alumina, which is present mostly as the silicate, in the form of admixed clay, and probably as a lower hydrate, practically undissolved. As Phillips and Hancock have shown I , the soluble alumina is :dissolved at roo C. by sulphuric acid of 50 B., and is combined with water in the form of the trihydrate. I The Commercial Analysis of Bauxite, ]our., Amer. Chem. Soc., 1898, Vol. XX, p. 217. CHEMICAL COlY.!POS.lT.lON 45 ( I) Analyses JY.!ade in the Pz"ttsburgh Testz"ng Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania I I No. HzO Alz03 I I SiOz I TiOz Fez 03 Total I I 2 3 32.66 3L70 30.03 57.18 59-50 I 54-55 r.86 I 2.93 I. 54 I 6.40 5-40 399 T.90 0-47 9-09 4 5 31-40 3306 58.55 58-45 4-54 3-24 I 2.95 2.65 I.40 I.63 6 3I.36 57.8I 7-4I tr. 2.36 7 30-53 62.52 5-36 tr. 0.71 8 30.16 55-97 7-56 3.51 r.65 9 3L23 57-50 3-52 6.57 1.40 ro 32.20 5639 3-08 4.13 2.35 I II 30-70 62.03 3.66 3-44 0.23 12 30-56 58.96 5.8o 5.00 2.90 r~ ~.) 14 32-40 32.23 I 5968 59-42 2.6o 3-50 4-32 0.23 4-48 none I5 31.86 59.16 4.26 4.80 none I6 30.03 56.75 7.84 3.I3 r.86 I7 rS 31.23 30.23 57-75 56.9r 5-55 8.33 3-56 2.73 r.87 I.63 I I9 3I.50 6I.98 3.22 o.86 1.I8 20 30.66 57-72 5-05 3-5I I.90 2I 31.97 58.98 4-37 4.28 0.14 22 32.23 56.39 2-43 8.24 0.7I ,.,~ -.) 31.4 58.o8 5-40 3.68 tr. 24 33-27 6r.5o 1.28 2.76 I.19 25 32-47 6o.88 2.67 3-II 0.7I 26 32.66 62.08 0.71 4.10 0.59 27 29.87 57.I7 6.84 5.I6 I.47 28 30.58 5758 5.I4 3-41 2.63 Average 31.435 58.622 4-274 3-79I I I.507 L------~------~ 3.042 574; r.ooo, or 9572 r.oo Alz 0 3:3.04 Hz O=Alz 0 3 .3Hz 0. 99629 ' I Furnished by courtesy of Mr. John R. Gibbons, Supt., Georgia Bauxite Mining Company. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ( 2) Analyses JV!ade by BoDth, Garrett and Blair, Philadelphia, and the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Penn. I ;I No. HzO Al203 SiOz TiOz Fez03 Total I 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 8 9 IO ' II I2 ' I3 I4 ! IS 16 I7 I8 I9 ;; 20 30.08 55.56 4.85 3.26 5 .62 35.00 6o.oo o.8o 365 0.65 34.20 58.90 I.40 4-30 1.20 32.60 6o.8o o.85 390 I.82 28-40 6r.25 5-IO 4.80 0.45 32.70 6r.o8 I. 55 3-95 0.72 32.40 58.72 r.8o 6.20 0.88 30.70 6I.64 4-30 3.IO 0.36 32-70 59.08 2.30 4.80 I.I2 32.IO 54-96 I. 5o 5-0S 6.39 31.6o 55-30 8.04 4-04 1.02 30-40 58.34 3-35 3-40 4-5I 30.70 59.22 330 3.60 3.!6 3054 57.06 6.32 3.68 r..So 32.20 57-56 3-35 4-40 2.40 3!.00 6o.o6 4.20 3.8o 0.94 3L70 6I.3I I.40 455 I.04 30.80 62.68 1.30 4-70 0.52 30.70 57-73 s.IO 5-35 I.I2 31.40 s6.96 6.03 4.05 1.69 Average 31.596 58.9ro 3342 4I79 1.87 '-------,-------J I.7ss 577 3.042 r.ooo, or Alz 0 3:3. o4Hz O=Alz 0 3. 3HzO. 939I 99897 (3) Analyses Made by the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory 2 ; i No. j: HzO Alz03 SiOz Ti02 Fez03 Total ' I 2 3 4 28.40 57-92 I2.o8 none 1.33 28.oo 67.53 I.34 2.92 tr. 32.00 6o.6r 2.47 4.I8 0.2I 31.00 6o.63 3-20 4-76 tr. Average 29.85 6I.672 4772 2.955 I 0.385 99634 '-- r.658 8. II2 2.745 r.ooo, or Alz 0 3 :2. 75Hz O=Alz 0 3. 3Hz 0. ----- I Furnished by the courtesy of Mr. John H. Hawkins, Supt., Republic Mining and Manufac;.turing Company. 2 Furnished by the courtesy of Mr. B. F. A. Saylor, Supt., Dixie Bauxite Company. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 47 .Specimens of Bauxite Collected by J. W. Spencer, Fonner State Geologist, and Analyzed by Prof H. C. White in t/ze Laboratory of the University of Georgia, at Athens I No. I HzO AlzO 3 SiOz TiOz Fez0 3 Total I I I 2 3 4 Average I 27.42 3 r. ro 58.6r 59.82 8.29 3-IS 6.62 none 3I.43 6r.25 L98 2.38 3I.50 6r.88 2.13 I 4.04 30-362 60.34 I 4-75 2-39 '---------.-- r.686 8.84 2.853 r.ooo, or Alz 0 3 :2.85Hz 0 =Alz 0 3. 3Hz 0. 2.63 2.16 I .82 ., 0.21 I.70 l 99-54 (5) .Specimens of Bauxite Collected and Analyzed by Thomas L. Watson, in the Laboratory of the Geological Survey. No. I HzO Alz03 SiOz I TiOz FezO 3 Total I 2 3 ) Average 3I.69 57.26 33-00 I 64.91 27.I5 63.60 I 30.613 6r.g2o 0-99 I 0.62 6.43 2.68 ']'.63 I.o5 I.95 3-543 r.89 0.28 0.28 o.8r6 '---------,--------' I.700 .607 7-039 2.8oo r.ooo, or Alz 0 3:2. 8oHz O=AlzO 3-3Hz 0. 99-582 Ferruginous Bauxite ' No. HzO AlzO 3 FezO 3 SiOz TiOz Total --- --- --- Analyst I 32.20 2 27-35 3 27.07 4 29.60 I 5 30.10 - -6 - -24-.06- Av'age 28.396 L577 5I.I4 52-40 52-30 13.86 I2.6o 13.33 I-40 3-95 I 3-40 3-70 I 3-70 3-60 Pittsburgh Testing Laby. " " " " " " I 53-3I 12.92 r.r6 3.22 H. C. White, Athens, Ga. s6.ro I0.64 2.56 none " " " " - - - 52-40 10-44 --- 4.2I -8-.79- Thos. --- L. Watson, Atlanta, Ga. 52-941 12.29 2.83 3-78 100.23 .1 '-------v----' .519 .076 6. 6r 1.577 595 2.650 r.ooo, or . Alz 0 3 :2.65Hz O=Alz 0 3 3Hz 0. 1 Spencer, J. W., Tlze Paleozoic Group, Geol. Surv. of Georgia, r893, pp. zrs-zzo. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION In his report, "On the Coosa Valley Region of Alabama," Mr~ Henry McCalley gives several analyses of the Alabama bauxite, showing 22 per cent. and more, of Fe 2 0 3 SUMMARY Non-Ferruginous Bauxite Alz03 HzO SiOz TiOz Fez03 (I ) 58.622 3!.435 4.274 379I I.507 574 I.746 '-----v- I.OOO 3042 9572 ( 2) . 58.9ro 577 I.OOO 31.596 I.755 3042 3342 4.179 I.870 '-----v---_1 939I ( 3) 6!.672 29.850 4.772 2.955 0.385 .604 r.658 '-----v---_1 I.OOO 2.745 8.II2 (4) 60.340 30.362 475 2.39 1.700 59 I r.686 '-----v- I.OOO 2.853 8.84 (5) 6r.920 30.6I3 .68 3543 o.8r6 .607 I.700 '-----y- I.OOO 2.8oo 7.039 Average .591 I.709 r.ooo 2.892, or Alz 0 3 :2.89H zO=Al2 0 3 .3Hz 0. 8.590 Total 99.629 99897 99634 99540 99.582 99.656 Ferruginous Bauxite Alz03 Fez03 52.941 12.290 .519 .o76 '-----v----' 595 r.ooo I.577 2.650, or Al" 03 :2. 65Hz O=Alz 03. 3H2 0. SiOz TiOz 2,83 378 '---v----' 6,6r Total I00.23 From the prevailing pisolitic structure of the mineral, bauxitet in all known workable deposits, it seems a little remarkable, that separate analyses of the matrix and pisolites have never been un- dertaken. While it is generally true, that the pisolitic structure grades into a structureless mass, the pjsolites or concretions are, as a rule, perfectly sharp, and distinct from the enclosing matrixt and the two may or may not have the same chemical composition. The question of chemical composition or relationship betweerr BAUXI TE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA PLATE Ill F.XPOSURE OF Rl';D SHAT.F. A'r 'l'HE Ff.OYD COUN'l'V ROCK QUARRY, NEAR ROllfJ;;, GltORGfA. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 49 matrix and pisolite has an important economic, as well as scientific, bearing. So far as the writer can find out, separate analyses of the matrix and pisolites have never been made; Thus far, all analyses of the pisolitic bauxites represent results obtained from samples, that included mixtures of the two. Having in view the idea of possibly settling this point, the writer selected specimens of the ore, and carefully separated matrix and pisolites,- and separately analyzed them in the laboratory of the Geological Survey, with the results shown below. Sufficient time was not at my disposal, however, in which to make as exhaustive a series of analyses, as I had hoped; but the ones here given are, I believe, of both value and interest in illustrating, if not entirely establishing, the comparative chemical composition of the two parts of the mineral. No atterp.pt has been made at separate analyses of isolated thin layers of the pisolites, or concretions, from each other, nor of the layers from the enclosed powder. In those concretions, showing scarcely more than a trace of iron oxide, many of the very thin layers were colored highly by the presence of iron; while the majority of the layers were entirely free from the iron coloring. This well illustrates the variableness in composition, as well as in almost every physical property of the mineral, arising from the peculiar conditions of formation in t~e presence of associated iron and alumina in the same solution. The sampies were carefully selected and prepared for analysis, and were freed, as far as possible, from any adhering clay. A brief, but complete, description of each sample, prior to and during its grinding for analysis, is given below. Pisolites ,-- Maddox Bobo AlzO;; 52-36 H 20 (combined) . 33.I7 SiOz 3-74 TiO z 9-70 Fez 03 . . . . 0.76 HzO (roo C.). 0.20 CaO I MgO Na20 I t I KzO J none 57.26 3I.69 0.99 7-63 I.89 0.39 none ~ Warrior 52-40 24.06 4.2I 8.79 I0-4:J. 0.39 none Total. 99-93 99-85 I00.29 Maddox 64.9I 33.00 0.62 r.o5 0.28 0-53 none !00.39 Matrix Church 46.92 2I.68 20,46 9.80 0.28 0-34 Watters 63.60 27.I5 6-43 I.95 0.28 o.s6 none none 9948 99-97 Perr---y--48-30 28.or 3-I7 9-75 trace 0.53 none 9976 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION THE Prsor.I1'ES The Maddox Sample. -Ten pisolites nearly spherical in shape, ranging from three-eighths to one inch in diameter, were selected for the sample. The pebbles were freed, in the usual manner, from all adhering clay. They were hard and firm, and could not be scratched with the finger-nail ; but they were readily scratched with a knife, and could be pulverized only in a heavy porcelain mortar by hard pounding. They were of a uniform dull grayishbrown color. Eight of the pisolites were solid throughout, breaking with a hackly or uneven fracture, and showed slightly porous or spongy interiors, due, likely, to a loss of water on contraction from drying after formation ; and they were dark grayish-brown in color. Several pisolites sh~wed partially powdery interiors, of a lighter color than the outer solid portion. In only one of them was the concentric (layer) structure apparent. It was composed of variously colored layers enclosing a small powdery nucleus. The Bobo Sample.- Six pisolites, nearly spherical in shape, ranging from three-quarters to one and one-half inches in diameter, Vl!'ere seleCted. for the sal?l'ple, and were prepared as the Mad:dox sample, described above. They were of the same color and hardness, as the Maddox sample, but they differed as to the concentric structure, the 'layers-:bein~stronglymarkedrin each one~ Each pisolite was formed about a small structureless, indurated nucleus, which varied from red to lavender in color. The Red Warr-ior Sample.- Six pisolites, of the usual shape, and varying from three-quarters to two inches in diameter, were used for the sample, which was prepared, as described a,bove. They were deep red in color, with pronounced concentric structure, and :were composed of several nuclei- compound. The interiors were of a deeper red in color, witli a majority of them harder than the outer portions. Several showed a red powdery interior without concentric structure. The interiors of several pisolites showed a light-colored, hard, horny mass, closely resembling gibbsite. THE MATRIX The Maddox Sample.- A hard, pisolitic ore, composed of a dense and compact cream- to buff-colored matrix, in which were CHEMZCAL COMPOSZTZON sr thickly embedded pisolites, one-quarter to one-half inch in diameter. The matrix breaks with a hackly, partially conchoidal frac-_ ture. The pisolites make up more than half of the mass, and vary from red to cream and buff in color. The matrix could not be scratched with the finger-nail. The Church Sample.- A very soft, flour-like, white- to creamcolored, clayey material, without trace of the pisolitic structure. The Perry San-zple.- A hard, pisolitic ore, composed of a dense and compact buff-colored matrix, in which were embedded pisolites varyi~g in size, and from pink to white in color. The two (matrix and pisolites) are approximately in the ratio of I : r. The matrix breaks with a hackly fracture and can not be scratched with the finger-nail. The Watters Sample. -A very soft, structureless, flour-like, white to cream-colored clayey material, closely resembling the Church material, described above. It will be observed from the analyses, that the pisolites indicate more uniformity in composition, than the matrix; .but the analyses further show no appreciable difference in the composition of the two parts of the mineral. In its purest form, bauxite contains more or less foreign material, either chemically combined or mechanically admixed. I!on sesquioxide, present in variable amounts, ranging from a trace to percentages equal to and occasionally exceeding that of the alumina, is usmilly present, in part replacing the alumina and in part only as an impurity. So common is iron, as a constituent or impurity, that it serves as a commercial basis for classifying the ore as (a) light-colored or non-ferruginous bauxite, and (b) red-colored or ferruginous bauxite, averaging from ro to, in extreme cases, so per cent. of iron oxide. Titanium is invariably present, ranging usually from r to ro per cent., when estimated in the form of titanium dioxide. Analyses indicate, that this constituent averages higher in the pisolitic ore, and :is lowest for the structureless bauxitic clays. The form, in which the titanium exists in the ore, is seemingly dependent, in large measure, upon the origin of the bauxite. A study of those 52 CHEMICAL COJV.lPOS.lT.lON deposits, derived from basalt and similar igneous rocks, indicates, that the titanium occurs in the form of free oxide, or as titanic iron oxide. This is true of the Vogelsberg deposits in Germany, as shown in the study of thin sections of the bauxite by A. Liebreich. I Also, of the Ober-Hessen deposits, by Lang. 2 Very little, if any, of the titanium in the Georgia deposits exists as free oxide; as a microscopic examination of a large number of thin sections of the mineral failed to indicate the presence of free oxides. Separations, by means of heavy solution and by elutriation, confirm the microscopic evidence. Approximately 200 grammes of the powdered bauxite, consisting of both matrix and pisolites mixed, were placed in a separatory funnel, nearly filled with Thoulet solution, of specific gravity slightly less than quartz, and thoroughly shaken. After standing for r2 ho"urs, less thantwo grammes of the material fell. This was carefully drawn off and examined microscopically. The grains proved to be colorless and transparent, and more or less rounded under the microscope. Th:ey were made up almost entirely of quartz. Not a single individual was positively identified as free oxideoftitanhim, or a titanium bearing mineral. An examination of numerous thin sections of both matrix and pisolites, under the microscope, also indicated the general absence of titaniferous minerals. Chemical analyses bf the purest bauxites invariably show .some silica, which varies from a fraction of one per cent. to several per cent., inthe pures't ore, and from 30 to 35 per cent., in the low grade types of material-ba-uxitic clay. The ;;ilica is usually present in the form of the hydrated aluminum silicate, clay, which is invariably admixed iri varying proportions with the bauxite. It ims 1.aclrsooscop.pree.sent, to some extent, as free- silica, as is shown by the In addition to these, other common impurities, such as lime, magnesia, phosphoric and carbonic acids, and sometimes the alkalies, soda and potash, amounting to, usually, scarcely more than a trace in each case, are mentioned by various writers. The Georgia I Abstracted by R. I,. Packard, Mineral Resources of t!ze United States, r8gi, P rso. 2 Ibid., p. 149. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 53 bauxite appears generally to be free from these last named impurities. No trace of them was found in any of the specimens analyzed by the writer. RESUME From the preceding data, it is clear, that the formula, given by Laur r for the French bauxites and applied to the Georgia-Ala- bama mineral, the hi-hydrate of alumina, is not applicable to the Georgia deposits. The average percentages of Al 2 0 3 and H 2 0 in the best grade of the Georgia mineral certainly correspond to the formula jority of the Al ana 2 l 0 ys 3 e s 3 , H a 2 v 0, ari t a h b e le t ripe hydrate rcentage of alumina. of alumina , In a mainsoluble in roo C. of 50 B. sulphuric acid, is pre;;elit, which ranges from a fraction of one per cent., in the purest ore, to from 40 to 45 per cent: in the. associated bauxitic clays, which are elsewhere shown to grade into each other. This insoluble alumina is probably present in the form of the hydrous aluminum silicate, clay, admixed possibly, as Phillips suggests, 2 with a lower hydrate of alumina. Thus the Georgia bauxite, in its purest form, is, in most cases, a mixture, whose base or essential part is the tri-hydrate of alumina. All gradations, in which the soluble alumina ranges from 6o or more per cent. to less than one per cent., or from the pure tri- hydrate of alumina into the bauxitic clay, corresponding to the hydrous aluminum silicate, are known. As remarked by Liebreich, 3 chemical analyses of the mineral from different localities show differences in chemical composition. Thus we have analyses, which correspond to the three hydrates of alumina, namely, the mono-, di- and tri-hydrates, which strik- ingly illustrate the variable character of the so-called mineral, bauxite. So far as the writer can gather, from the various accounts and descriptions, in which analyses of bauxites from the principal localities, both foreign and American, are given, much depends on the origin, as to the chemical constitution of the mineral. Indeed, if the results can be relied on; we might put it a little stronger, I Laur, Francis, OJ;. Cit. 2 Phillips, W. B., and Hancock, David, OJ;. Cit; 3 Packard, R. L., OJ;. Cit. 54 VARIETIES OF THE BAUXITE and say, that the origin controls the chemical composition. Alumina forms, however, in all cases, the basis, and ranges from 55 to 85 per cent., according to locality, with correspondingly variable proportions of water of chemical combination, ranging accord- ingly from rs to 34 per cent. Thus, deposits of the mineral are known, which correspond, on analysis, with the three hydrates of alumina, namely, the mono-, di- and tri-hydrates. While the so-called mineral, bauxite, corresponds in chemical composition, according to locality, to the three natural hydrates of alumina; as arule, no resemblance in physical properties, known at present, is shown, to the minerals, diaspore (mono-hydrate) and gibbsite (tri-hydrate). . Since this correspondence, therefore, in chemical composition, to the three hydrates does exist, the question is naturally suggested, whether the mono- and tri-hydrates, known as the minerals diaspore and gibbsite, do not really occur, with physical properties different from those usually recorded, and closely resembling those of the mineral, bauxite? In other words, is not 'what is called bauxite in some localities, diaspore or gibbsite in a different physical state? Or, whether the commonly accepted formula for baux- or ite, A1 2 0 3 2H 2 0 Al 2 0(0H) 4 must be modified, according to locality, to correspond to the mono-, di- or tri-hydrate, as the case may be, the general formula to be applied, irrespective of locality, and in its broadest usage, to be written Al 2 0 3 NH 2 0, in which N is variable and may correspond to one, two or three molecules of water. Certainly if chemical work has any value in determining the constitution of material, we are forced to accept one of the two alternatives. 2. VARIETIES OF THE BAUXITE! It must be understood in the beginning, that the classification of the ore into types or varieties is by no means well defined or differentiated at all times, but that the several types here designated grade imperceptibly into each other. The classification serves, however, as a convenient basis for description of the .indi- I Hayes, C. w., Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U, S. Geol. Surv., 18941 Pt. III, p. 562. VARIETIES OF THE BAUXITE 55 vidual deposits. The bauxite in the Georgia area shows considerable variation in color and hardness, chemical composition and structure. The concretionary structure is characteristic of all the varieties of the bauxite; although it becomes almost entirely absent in some cases. The following types, based on structure, were previously recognized by Hayes, and in essential details they are in accord with the writer's observations: (r) Pebble ore; (2) Pisolitic ore; (3) Oolitic ore; (4) Vesicular ore; (5) Amorphous ore. In the first three varieties, the size of the concretions and the character of the matrix are made the basis of differentiation. In the vesicular and amorphous types of ore, "the degree of compactness of matrix and concretions and the relative amounts of the two components '' are the distinguishing factors. (r) PEBBLE ORE.-In this type, the matrix is soft, and is not sufficiently strong to hold the pebbles together, when worked or handled; hence they fall apart like loose gravel, when mined. The pebbles vary greatly in size; but the majority of them, perhaps, measure between three-quarters and one and one-half inches in diameter. They may be simple or complex in structure; perfectly rounded and spherical, to irregular in outline; with the nuclei usually powdery and enclosed by hard concentric layers of varying thickness. (2) PISOLITIC ORE.-The pisolitic differs from the pebble type of ore in the size of concretion and the firmness of the matrix. The matrix is usually hard and compact, with the concretions between a quarter and a half inch in diameter, and hard, so that both matrix and concretion break with a conchoidal fracture. (3) OoLITIC ORE.- The oolitic differs from the pisolitic type, by a decrease in size of the concretions. The concretions of this type vary from the size of a pea down to the smallest ore-grain. (4) VESICULAR ORE: -This type consists of a compact, dense matrix, from which the concretions have fallen out. In either type of the hard concretionary ore, the concretions, when softer than the matrix, frequently weather upon exposure and fall out, giving a typical vesicular ore on the surface, which grades into the concretionary varieties in the fresh ore underneath. VARIETIES OF THE BAUXITE (5) ,AMORPHOUS ORE.- This type, as the name implies, cqnsists of the structureless bauxitic clayey matrix, in which concretionary structure is scarcely, if at all, visible. It varies from soft to hard and dense material, closely resembling halloysite. In all of the types, the ore varies from deep red in color, in which the aluminum is replaced by iron in all proportions, to white and cream-colored. Color serves, then, in a general way, to classify1the ore into (a) Ferruginous, Red-colored Bauxite/ an:d (b) Non-ferruginous, Wki'te to Cream-colored Bauxite. BAUXITE DEPOSI TS OF GEORGI A PLATE IV ANOTHER VIEW IN THE FI.OVD COUNTY RED SHALE QUARRY, NEAR RO~!E, GEORGIA. CHAPTER IV. DISTRIBUTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL BAUXITE DEPOSITS IN GEORGIA The distribution of the ore- bodies, so far known in Georgia, is shown on the accompanying map. The deposits are limited to six contiguous counties, namely, Walker, Chattooga, Gordon, Bartow, Polk and Floyd, which constitute the middle and south parts of the so-called Paleozoic Group, in northwest Georgia. Of these, Bartow and Floyd counties include the vast majority of the ore-bodies, grouped into fairly well defined districts. The remaining counties include only one or two deposits each, widely separated, as a rule, from each other. While all parts of the region have a similar geologic history, the two districts possess certain peculiar structural geologic features, with which the ore distribution is apparently intimately associated. That geologic, as well as geographic relations, serve as a basis for the grouping of these deposits is apparent from the individual descriptions of the two districts, given below. The two may be conveniently designated (r) The Hermitage District, and (2) The Bobo District. A third district_, less well defined than the Hermitage and Bobo districts, which includes the deposits of Chattooga and Walker counties, is designated The Summerville District. The deposits of Polk county occur in its extreme northern part, just across the Floyd county-line, and constitute the most southern, of the Bobo district. The occurrence of bauxite in Gordon county is near Calhoun, in the central-western part of the county, about 15 miles north of Hall's station. A belt, I2 to rs miles :in width, in which bauxite has not yet been discovered, separates the extreme northern de- (57) BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA posits of the Hermitage district from those of Gordon county. The ore-bodies in this county are, therefore, best described under a fourth and separate district, designated The Calhoun Dz'strz'ct. The ore-belt continues southwestward into Alabama, for a distance nearly equal to that in Georgia ; but no active developments have been made outside of the Dyke's district in Cherokee county, whose eastern limit is the State-line between Georgia and Alabama. Somewhat extensive deposits of iron ore occur, more or less closely associated with the bauxite, throughout the Georgia belt. The associatio11 of the bauxite with the iron ore deposits is particularly marked in the Hermitage and Bobo districts. The deposits of iron in the Hermitage district were somewhat extensively worked, for many years previous to the discovery of the closely associated bauxite. Indeed, it was the working of the iron deposits, that led to the discovery of bauxite in the Hermitage district. A description of the geology of the region is given elsewhere in this report. The conditions peculiar to each district are given in the classification and description of the individual deposits below. I THE HERMITAGE DISTRICT In number of deposits, the Hermitage district is the largest in the State. It includes an area of more than 50 square miles, lying between Rome, Kingston and Adairsville, east of the Oostanaula river, and north of the Etowah river. It further occupies the contiguous northeastern and northwestern portions, respectively, of Floyd and Bartow counties. As a rule, the deposits are irregularly distri,buted over the district; but, in some cases, they are sufficiently numerous and near together, to form separate smaller groups, such as the Ridge Valley deposits, etc. As may be seen on the map, the distribution of the ore-bodies in this district, as a whole, is into a roughly oval-shaped area in outline. The northwestern limits of the area are along a line of contact between the Knox dolomite plateau and the underlying Connasauga shales. The geologic structure of the region is comparatively simple~ with no visible lines of fracture or faulting at the surface, such as BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA 59 characterize the Bobo district The surface-rock consists almost entirely of the massive Knox dolomite, which is only slightly folded. At several points, however, the underlying shales appear at the surface in narrow anticlines, indicating more or less folding of the overlying limestone. The most noteworthy case is near Barnsley, where the shale exposures are traceable, for several miles to the south, as long and narrow arched belts. The Cambrian shales are further exposed along the valley occupied by the Western and Atlantic Railway, to the east of Barnsley, and again at Kingston. Wherever exposed, the shales are much broken and crushed. The magnesian limestone is prevailingly covered with a thick mantle of vari-colored, siliceous residual clays derived therefrom, and not entirely free from commingled fragments of chert. The surface is thickly strewn with large and small, angular and. subangular fragments of the chert. Owing to the depth of residual decay, exposures of the underlying rocks are rare. Beside private individuals, the following companies either own or have worked, under lease, the various deposits in this district :- The Republic Mining & Manufacturing Company; The Georgia Bauxite & Mining Company; The Dixie Bauxite Company; The Southern Bauxite Mining & Manufacturing Company. The first three companies have operated very extensively in the Hermitage district; while the latter company's property, in Georgia, lies, for the most part in the Cave Spring section of the Bobo district. The following is a list of the known deposits of bauxite in the Hermitage district:- 6o BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA Land Divisions Name County Section IDistrict Lot Remarks . . Holland Spring , . . Holland House . Holland . . Church . .. Floyd " ' . " " .. . . Ridge Valley No. I " Lot ro3" . . . . "Lot ro4" : . . . Ward . . Braden .. . . Ridge Valley No.3 . . . .. . . . . . . . . Stockade Grier . . . . Pinson . . . . Ridge Valley No.4. . . Maddox. . . . . . . . . Watters . . . . Wright . . Burney . . . . . . Ridge Valley No. . . . Hardee .. "Lot 29" : . Davis No. I 2 .. . . . . . . . " " . . . . . Veach. 2 . . McGuire No. I . . .. . . " " . . . Terry-Shaw .2 . . . Sheets. . . Morrow . .. . Montague & Co . . . . .. . . . . Connaseena Mary . . . . Holt Julia Warring. . Spurlock . . . . " " " " " " " " " " " " " " Bartow " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Green Akin . . " " 3 3 "Lot ITS" " 3 23 6r Worked 23 6r " 23 6r " 23 6r " 23 6o 23 103 Worked 23 104 " 23 I36 !' 23 I37 " 23 20 Prospected 23 2I Worked "2~ IS 22 " 3I Prospected 23 59 23 I38 Worked 23 I47 " 23 I34 Prospected 23 I48 " I6 I " I6 6o !6 29 I6 6 ProspeCted 15 I06 Worked IS 27 Prospected IS 23 " I6 I42 " r6 Ioand2I Worked I6 22 Prospected I6 36 " r6 97 " r6 I28 Worked. r6 54 " I6 6s " r6 II7 " r6 ro8 Prospected 16 !02 " r6 98 " 5 16 7 andro6 ns " LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL DEPOSITS THE H9LLAND SPRING BANK. -This deposit, owned by the Republic Mining & Manufacturing Company, is located on lot 6I, 2Jrd district, 3rd section, Floyd county, and is from 450 to 500 yards west of the Church bank. It has been opened to some ex- tent, and a fair quantity of the ore, taken out. The work done consists of a shallow pit, from 30 to 45 feet in diameter, with a 36foot tunnel, from 6 to 8 feet high, driven into the eastern slope, BAliXlTE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA 6r at the base of a low dolomite ridge. Several drifts have been opened on each side of the tunnel. Veins and "horses" of pink- and-white mottled clay, several feet ~n width, cut the ore-body. The exposure is not sufficient to show the extent of the ore. The ore is a soft bauxitic clay, through which are scattered the small, vari-colored concretions. The concretions are small, and, when perfectly formed, are regular and spherical in outline, varying from deep-red through lighter shades to white in color. They con- sist of walls made up of layers of several thicknesses enclosing the white-and-red powder. Some hard ore is met with, consisting of a firm and compact buff-colored, siliceous appearing matrix, in which the oolites are embedded. Numerous irregular partially lens-shaped areas of perfectly white halloysite, averaging from a fraction of an inch to several inches in diameter, are thickly scattered through the amorphous type of ore- bauxitic clay. The workings had not reached the limits of the ore on either side. so THE HOLLAND HousE BANK. -This opening is from to 75 paces east of the Holland Spring bank, on lot 6r, 2Jrd distriCt, 3rd section, Floyd county. The two are similarly situated with reference to the ridge, and the workings and character of the ore are closely similar. The openings in the Holland House bank are not sufficient to show the extent of the deposit; although a cut from 30 to 3S feet long, and from IS to 20 feet deep, showed ore through its entire length. The ore-body is covered with a red clay, and is further cut by a series of vertical clay dikes, of small dimen- sions and of the same color as the covering. A partial parallel banding to the outer surfaces was observed in several places in the clay dikes. The ore is generally of a poorly defined pisolitic type, with the concretions scattered through a soft, clayey matrix. The entire mass crumbles readily. Occasional boulders, "dornicks" of hard ore, varying from a few inches to several feet in diameter, are mixed with the body of soft ore. The following analysis furnished by Mr. John H. Hawkins, Superintendent of the Republic Mining & Manufacturing Co., Hermitage, Georgia, represents an averageof about roo tons of the ore:- 62 BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA Al203 Fe20 3 Ti02 . Si02 . Ignition. Total 5I.65 1.29 3-49 10.62 3245 9950 THE HOLLAND BANK.- This deposit is three miles due east from the Hermitage furnace, and 300 yards north of the Church bank on lot 6r, 23rd distriCt, Jrd sectz(m, Floyd county. Previous to 1895, the Holland bank furnished a considerable part of the ore shipped from Georgia, and the work done was more extensive and in a more systematic way, than at most of the other banks. It was from this locality, that James Holland picked up fragments of the highly ferruginous bauxite in r88r, and subn1itted them to Mr. Edward Nichols, Acting Chemist to the Ridge Valley Iron Company for analysis, thinking they represented an ore of iron. An analysis was made, which resulted in a lower percentage of iron and a higher percentage of alumina as compared with iron ores in general, and led Mr. Nichols to identify the material as the mineral bauxite; In r887, Mr.. NiChols briefly described the re- sults in the "Transactions o.f the American Institute of Mi'ning Engineers.'' In r888, the bauxite on this pr1PANY, HERMITAGE , FLOYD COUNTY, GEORGIA. GENESIS OF THE GEORGIA .BAUXITE I29 (2) THE MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION.- The formations of this region, both limestone and shale, are intersected by numerous faults, which are described elsewhere in this report. These lines of fracture doubtless afforded easy access in the past for the percolation of water to great depths. In addition to the silicate of aluminum, which composes the greater part of the shales, the Connesauga shales contain considerable iron disulphide in the form of disseminated pyrite. The descending waters, carrying oxygen in solution and percolating through the shales, oxidized the pyrite, setting free sulphuric acid, which, under the conditions present, decomposed the shales, forming the sulphates of aluminum and iron. The ascending waters returned these salts to the surface in solution, where, coming in contact with the limestone during their upward passage, the salts were decomposed, forming sulphate of lime and aluminum hydroxide, along with the basic sulphate of aluminum, which, on exposure to the air, was converted. into aluminum hydroxide. (3) THE PROCESS OF LOCAL ACCUMULATION. - The ascending currents are believed to have reached the surface near or upon the fault lines, forming large springs, and the aluminum hydroxide,. produced as described above, formed a gelatinous precipitate, which collected about the vents of the springs. In the accumulation of the bauxite, Hayes describes the process of formation of its pisolitic structure as follows:- I "From analogy with pisolitic sinter and travertine now forming, such conditions would appear to be highly favorable for the production of the structure actually found in the bauxite. The precipitate was apparently collected in globular masses by the motion of the ascending water, and constant changes in position permitted these to be coated with successive layers of more compact material. Finally, after having received many such coatings, the pisolites were deposited on the borders of the basin, and the interstices were :filled by minute oolites formed in a similar manner or by the flocculent precipitate itself. Slight differences in the conditions prevailing in the several springs, such as concentration and relative proportion of the various salts in solution, also temperature and flow of the water, would produce the variation in the character of the ore observed at different points." The theory, above outlined, was originated and applied by Dr. Hayes to the group of deposits in question, to whom is accorded I TransaGtions, Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs., Op. cit. 130 GENESIS OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE the entire credit. The theory is reviewed and discussed here at some length, for the reason, that, after a careful study of the same region by the writer, Dr. Hayes's theory more completely covers the -essential features required of a satisfactory theory, than any yet .advanced, and explains the conditions in the field as the writer saw them. The theory is also extended by Dr. Hayes, to cover the similar deposits in Alabama, which represent the southwest exten:sion of the Georgia belt into that State. II. AGE OF THE BAUXITE DEPOSITS It was stated in the early part of this report, that the majority of the bauxite deposits occur between the elevati'ons of 900 and 950 feet above tide-level. Those occurring at lower levels indicate, in those cases where worked, shallow deposits, which representonly remnants, perhaps, of originally more extensive ore-bodies. It has been further shown, that the region has passed through several periods of base-leveling (planation), in which the remnants of at ]east two more-or-less distinct peneplains are preserved. The evi-dences of the first and older plain are preserved in the harder sandstones and quartzites of the region; and it is referred to Cretaceous .age by Hayes. I The second plain is better preserved, and, therefore, more pronounced, as shown by the surface of the Knox dolomite plateau to the north, and its corresponding ridge crests to the south, of the Etowah river. The formation of this plain was probably during Eocene time. Numerous measurements show the surface of the Eocene plain to be about 950 feet above tide-level. The elevation, then, of th~ Eocene base-leveled plain and that of a majority of the bauxite deposits is approximately the same. The nature of the ore-bodies indicate, that they are surface, pocket deposits, with no very extensive depth. In this event, they must have been formed near the close of the period of the Eocene baseleveling. Also, if their genesis is that, which is elsewhere described and discussed in this report, then it follows, that deposition occurred prior to the uplift and elevation of the Eocene plal.n; otherwise, tliey would have different positions from that shown at present, from the nature of their formation. From the above considera- I Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., rSgs, Part III, p. 592. GENESIS OF THE GEORGIA BAUXITE I3I tions, the period during which the formation of the present deposits occurred, was near the close of the Eocene. III. METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE ORE-BODIES The method, suggested by Hayes for estimating the ore-bodies, if diligently followed out by intelligent workers, will doubtless prove of vast economic importance in the working of some of the Georgia-Alabama bauxite deposits. r The method is based entirely on the character and mode of occurrence of the ore-bodies. It ,considers, first, that, in the few cases where the ore-body has been entirely or nearly exhausted by working, the resulting depression is fairly regular and cup-shaped in outline. Naturally, there are, -of course, many exceptions to this form of opening. Second, the -occurrence of the deposits in somewhat regular groups, with indi-cations, that all deposits belonging to the same group have approximately the same depth. It necessarily follows from this, that those deposits occupying the highest positions contain the largest .amounts of ore, because they have suffered the least erosion; and, conversely, that the lowest deposits contain only the remnants of perhaps originally more extensive bodies. Third, the kind of ore is considered as furnishing a possible clew to the amount present ; but this varies so greatly, that it cannot be relied on. In conclusion, it must be said, that pocket forms of ore-bodies .are at best irregular and uncertain as to quantity. Surface indiCations cannot be relied upon in all cases, and prospecting, of a .systematic kind, often fails to indicate the amount as well as the quality of the ore present. Not until the ore-bodies have been entirely worked out, can any exact estimate be formed of the amount of ore originally contained. However, it is believed, that, in the case of the Georgia bauxite deposits, the above method, when dili_gently and intelligently applied, will prove to be of considerable econom1c value in many cases. IV. THE USES OF BAUXITE At present the bauxite mined in Georgia and Alabama is used ;almost exclusively in the manufacture of alum and the aluminum I Sixteenth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., r895, Part III, pp. 593-594 I32 GENESIS OF THE GEORGIA BA UX.!TE alloys and compounds, and the metal aluminum.- More than three- fourths of the ore is consumed, at present, in the manufacture of alum; while the remainder is employed in the manufacture of the metal aluminum, its alloys and compounds. These proportions. are subject, however, to more or less variation from year to year,. dependent upon numerous conditions. Bauxite is also employed, to some extent, in the manufacture of certain aluminum salts used in the manufacture of baking-powders. and dyes. A by-product, alumino-ferric cake, which is obtained in. the purifying process, is said to be of value for sanitary and de- odorizing purposes. The price of the crude ore varies considerably, from time to time,. according to several conditions, the most important ones of which are purity and supply. When the Georgia bauxite was :first mined, the :first-grade ore commanded a price of $9.00 per ton in the- markets. There is little or no demand, at present, however, for other than a high-grade ore. For the past few years, the price has. varied but little from $5.00 per ton for :first-grade Georgia-Alabama. bauxite. The quotations on first and second grades of Georgia-Alabama bauxite showed some advance at the beginning of I 90r. The quo- tations for January, 1901, on the Georgia-Alabama product were- as follows:- First grade Georgia-Alabama bauxite $6.oo per ton. Second grade Georgia-Alabama bauxite $5.50 per ton. Some of the Georgia producers were, in September, 19or, marketing their :first-grade ore at $J,oo per ton. CHAPTER VI 'THE TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ALUMINUM AND ALUM I. ALUMINUM MANUFACTURE Various aluminous compounds have been employed in the exiraction and manufacture of the metal, aluminum. Of these compounds, the following are considered the most important:- :Bauxite . Cryolite Corundum Kaolin . Composition . Alz 0 3 . 2H 2 0 . 3NaF. AlF3 . Alz03 zH z 0 . .A:lz 0 3 . 2SiO z Per Cent. Alz03 739 24.I roo.o 395 Per Cent. Al 39 r !2.8 52.9 20.9 For the past few years, bauxite and cryolite have become the principal minerals used in the production of aluminum, largely due, it is claimed, to their purity. As yet, native alums have not been found, to any considerable extent, in commercially workable quantities; but, if found, they would doubtless prove a valuable source of the metal. Corundum is very hard to crush; and, when broken in fine pieces, it becomes more valuable in the market as an abrasive, than as an ore of aluminum. The extensive and rapid development of bauxite mining in certain districts has resulted in excluding corundum as a source of aluminum; and it is claimed, that not one pound of the metal is produced at present from this mineral. The extensive, nearly inexhaustible beds of kaolin, of great purity, mark it as one of the most important natural ores of aluminum; but, as yet, no process sufficiently cheap for separating the aluminum from the silica has been discovered. The discovery of a sufficiently cheap process is all that is necessary, however, to (133) 134 TECHNOLOGY OF BA UX!TE make kaolin the main source of the metal in the aluminum industry. The ordinary clays are much too impure to become a source of aluminum; and they could in nowise compete with the extensive beds of nearly pure kaolin, of which there are vast deposits in Georgia. Prior to r89r, when the recently discovered deposits of bauxite in Georgia and Alabama had begun to be worked, the source of the ore for the extraction _of the metal; aluminum, was confined almost exclusively to the Greenland cryolite, a double fluoride of sodium and aluminum, Na 3 AlF 6 , containing 12.8 per cent. of aluminum. Cryolite was first used for its soda by soap-makers;. and it is still used in making soda and alumina salts, and, to some extent, a white glass, an imitation of porcelain; and it is in general use, at present, as a fl..ux. The entire supply is from the west. coast of South Greenland. It is claimed, that natural cryolite is. found to be too impure for use in many operations, which aim to produce pure aluminum; and several methods for the preparation. of the artificial salt have been suggested. The importers sell what they term a pure prepared cryolite at $6o per ton. The crude cryolite is quoted in the E1zgz'neerz"ng and Mz"nz"ng Journal, for January, r9or, at 6t cents per pound or $130.00 per ton. The metallurgical processes formerly in vogue for the extrac-tion of metallic aluminum from cryolite, involving the use of thevery costly material, metallic sodium, taken in connection with the remote locality of the cryolite (Greenland) entailed a proportionately high cost on the cryolite, and necessarily caused a corre-spondingly high price to be placed. on the finished product or metal. The price of the metal was controlled, therefore, by the processes employed in its extraction and by the cost of the mate-rial used. Conversely, the change in the metallurgical process. and the substitution of a much cheaper material for the extraction, have correspondingly lowered the cost of the product. Upon the discovery of bauxite in commercially workable quan-tities near at hand, closely followed changes in the metallurgy,. which resulted in a considerable decrease in the cost of extraction,. and therefore in the cost of the metal. Assuming all other' condi-tions to be equal, the price of first grade bauxite, which is $5.00 TECHJVOLOGY OF BAUXITE 135 as against $r3o.oo per ton for cryolite; and the percentage of alu~inum, which is 39.1 per cent. in bauxite against 12.8 per cent. in cryolite, are factors which would very greatly favor bauxite as the source of the metal. As is well known, the conditions of mining and handling the two minera1s, and, indeed, mostr if not all others, are vastly in favor of the bauxite. Aluminum was first isolated, and some qf its physical properties determined, by Wohler in r827. Wohler succeeded in isolating the metal by reducing the chloride of aluminum by means of metallic potassium. The chemical process, afterwards employed for the extraction of the metal, as developed by H. St. Claire Deville and others, consisted in substituting the double chloride of aluminum and sodium for aluminum chloride, and using metallic sodium instead of metallic potassium as the reducing agent. Metallic aluminum is now extracted in commercial quantities from its ores by means of electro-metallurgical processes. Broadly speaking the metallurgical processes may be said to include two general steps :- 1 (r) The preparation of aluminum compounds for reduction. (2) The reduction of the aluminum compounds. Under the first heading, the following compounds are included: Alumina; the chlorides of aluminum, including the double chloride of aluminum and sodium; the fluorides of aluminum, including the double fluoride of aluminum and sodium; and the sulphide of aluminum. Of these, alumina is vastly the most important; and it is prepared in commercial quantities from - (a) Aluminztm sulphates or alums; (b) Bauxite; (c) cryolite. The attention of the earlier workers was mainly directed to the reduction of the chlorides of aluminum and of sodium and aluminum, and of cryolite, by means of metallic sodium or potassium, based on various methods. The principal one of these was that of Deville, first discovered in r854 It was improved and changed~ I Richards, Joseph W., Aluminum, Its Properties, JVIetallurg-y and Alloys, 1896, 3rd Edition, pp. 13)-44!. TECHNOLOGY OF .BAUXITE from time to time, until as late as r886, when it was modified by Castner; and it is known, at present, as the Deville-Castner process. The lowest cost for producing aluminum by this process, however, is placed between four and five shillings; and this necessitated its being abandoned in r89r. The reduction of cryolite by means of metallic sodium or potassium was never entireJy successful; although the Grabau process, it is claimed, was successful in reducing unusually pure aluminum, averaging more than 995 per cent. on actual analysis; but the process was too expensive to compete with the best commercial grade of the metal produced by electrolytic methods. The investigation of electrolytic processes was, for some time after the beginning, directed along two general lines: - (I) Deposition from aqueous solutions, and (2) Non-aqueous, electric processes. While numerous methods have been advocated by various investigators, for the production of aluminum from aqueous solutions, no commercial results have yet come from this general principle. Of the various methods proposed for the production of aluminum from non-aqueous electric processes, the following are the most important:- The Cowles Brothers' process, patented August r8th, r885; The Hall process, worked on a small scale February, r886, and patented April 2nd, r889; The Heroult process, patented in France, April 23rd, r886. THE CowLES BROTHERS' PROCESS.- The Cowles Brothers' process, which employs electricity, is said to be rather better adapted for the production of certain valuable alloys than of pure aluminum. This process is briefly described as follows:- I "The inventors use a furnace, the iron cover of which contains openings, for the escape of the carbon monoxide evolved. At the bottom is a stratum of powdered coal, saturated with milk of lime, about a hand's-breadth in depth. Over this 1s spread the mixture to be reduced, consisting of broken corundum, mixed with fragments of charcoal and the requisite quantity of copper (i. e., for 1 Rudolph von Wagner, JJ!lanual of C!temical Teclmology, 1892, p. 222. TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXiTE 1 37 ihe formation of bronze) in small grains. By means of a rectan:gular frame of sheet-metal, it is arranged that the coarser materials lie only in the middle. The electrodes, which enter the hearth, :serve for the production of a powerful electric arc. They are blocks of carbon, 7. 5 centimeters, in square sections of 75 centi- meters in length. * * * * * * After the charge of ore, more charcoal is spread, in the first place, between the wall of the hearth and the sheet-metal frame, and, after its removal as a layer, to cover the whole. The furnace is then closed with its cover, .and the current is passed through." I HALL's PROCESS.- The Hall process for obtaining aluminum by electro-metallurgy was instituted by the Pittsburg Reduction ,Company, at Pittsburg, Penn., in r888. The manufacture of aluminum in the United States, for some years, has been nearly, if not -entirely, by the Hall process. Packard briefly describes this process as follows : - 2 ''The process [Hall] consists in providing a bath of fused flu-orides to which alumina is added, and then reducing this alumina by the current from a dynamo. The bath :is contained in carbonlined iron pots or crucibles, which form the cathodes, while the .anodes are large carbon cylinders which are made to dip into the baths. The specific gravity of aluminum being greater than that -of the bath employed, the metal sinks to the bottom of the pots, .and can be tapped off. To make alloys the required metal (e. g., -copper) may be introduced into the pot containing the bath and alumina, and, becoming melted, forms a cathode with which the .aluminum, as it is reduced from the alumina unites to form the alloy." 3 I For a more detailed description of the Cowles Brothers' process, the reader is referred to .the following papers:- Richards, }os. W., Op. Cit., pp. 329-3--t-7Mabery, Chas. F., Proceedings, Amer. Asso. Adv. Science, Ann.Arbor Meeting, August zS, -r885. Hunt, T. Sterry, Trans., A mer. Inst. Min. Eng., Halifax Meeting, Sept. r6, r885. Thompson, W. P., Journal of tlze Society of Clzenucal Industry, April 29, 1886. Read before -the Liverpool section of the Society. 2 The Production of Aluminum in 1894, r6th Ann. Rept., U.S. Geol. Surv., 1894, Part III, p. 540. 3 For a more detailed description of the Hall process, the reader is referred to Richards, Jos. "W., Aluminum, Its Properties, Jl;fetallurgy and Alloys, 1896, 3rd Edition, pp. 37:2-386. TECHNOLOGY OF BA UXZTE THE HEROULT PROCESS. -The Herault process, invented by P. L. V. Herault, of Paris, France, and patented in r886, differs-. but slightly from that of the Hall process. Concerning this, Mr. Richards says: I "The idea or principle involved in the above [Heroult processJ is exactly similar to Hall's process, and when Heroult applied for United States patents in r886 the two claimsinterfered, and the evidence given in the Patent Office, showed Hall to be the prior inventor, so that the process in this country belongs entirely to Hall. It is evident that the process was discovered by these two inventors, on opposite sides of the ocean, at very nearly the same time, and entirely independent of each other."' Various methods for the production of aluminum compounds,. other than by .means of metallic sodium or potassium and electricity, have been reported; but no use commercial1y has yet re-sulted. PRODUCTION.- The production of aluminum in r898 amounted- to 5,2oo,ooo pounds, an increase of 30 per cent. over the amount produced in r897 2 A marked increase has been noted each year,. in the production, over the previous year; and the industry hasgrown from 83 pounds 'in r883 to more than s,ooo,ooo :pounds in r.898. In 1898, the product was valued at $r,7r6,ooo with a de-cline in the price of the metal, in the first stage of its manufacture,, from 37 Yz to 33 cents per pound. The price for sheets, wire, and) other manufactures retained their usual cost. The production of aluminum and its variety of ~ses continue to increase. On account of completeness and the continued interest in the metal aluminum, the following quotations are taken from a paper published by Mr. R. L. Packard in the Mineral Resources of the- United States, for the year, r89r, entitled Alunzz"num, Its Sources: and Uses : - USES "Besides the metallurgical use of aluminum in casting iron and steel, to be re-ferred to below, the metal is_used for an infinity of small articles as has always been the case, and for which its lightness, strength, and freedom from tarnish eminently adapt it. Indeed, with a total production of between soo and 6oo tons, of which, perhaps, 300 only are available for manufactured articles, no extensive use I Richards, Jos. W., Aluminum, Its Proj;e1ties, JJ;Jetallurgy and Alloys, 1896, 3rd Edition, p. 3872 Twentieth Ann. Report, U. S. Geol. Surv., r899, Part VI, p. 267. TECHNOLOGY OF BAUX.!TE 1 39' on the large scale could be expected. The newspapers have frequently spoken ofthe Swiss steam launch of aluminum. A life-boat of aluminum was under construction at Stralsund, Prussia, in December, r89I. It was expected that the lightness of the metal would be of great advantage in dragging the boat over the sandsand in hoisting and lowering it. The list of proposed uses continue to increase. Disregarding them, the actual use is sufficiently varied. Small articles, viz., drinking cups, rulers, and paper-cutters, perfumery stands, smokers' sets, ash-receivers,. toothpick and match holders, watch cases, lemonade shakers, card-receivers, butter dishes, rings, spoons, picture frames, bracelets, napkin rings, sleeve and collar buttons, scarf and shawl pins, penracks, dog collars, key chains, hairpins, pencil cases, and pannikins are advertised. "In Germany aluminum tubing is used for penholders, umbrella handles, walking sticks, billiard cues, chair legs, photograph frames, and newspaper holders. " Powdered aluminum mixed with chlorate of potassium has been used for flash- lights instead of magnesium. It is said to make an excellent light and to give no smoke like magnesium. "Mr. Alfred E. Hunt, president of the Pittsburg Reduction Company, in alecture delivered in March, r89r, gives some information in regard to the use of aluminum in railroad work. He says that the metal has been used, on account of its lightness, for slide valves (experimentally) ; for valves to control the passage of the air from the storage to the brake cylinders in the new and larger forms of the Westinghouse air brake, the inertia of the heavy iron or brass valves being a serious consideration ; for the fan blades and frames of windmills ; in semaphore signal disks and their moving frame work. "The use of aluminum for canteens and military equipments in the German army has suggested a similar use in this country, and aluminum curb bits, saber-belt plates, canteens, meat cans, cartridge-belt plates, and spoons and forks have been submitted to the War Department in Washington for consideration. The object is to save weight and avoid rust. "Tl}e substitution of aluminum for glass flasks for the army and its use in general for vessels which are designed for holding foods and drinking fluids have given rise to experiments in Germany to test the action of various fluids upon the metal. The results are on the whole favorable to its employment for such pur-poses. It must be remembered that the aluminum of commerce contains small quantities of other metals and metalloids, sometimes amounting to 2 per cent., so that it is virtually an alloy. The resistance of aluminum to acids has long been a popular belief, and, before giving the results of the experiments as to the action of drinking fluids upon aluminum, the following account of some experiments with nitric and sulphuric acids is given to show that the former belief in the resistance of the metal to all acid except hydrochloric must be modified. Undoubtedly the physical condition of the metal operated on, as well as lts chemical composition, makes a great difference in its power to resist the action of acids, a finely divided metal being much more easily attacked than the same metal in large pieces. G. A. LeRoy ( Chemisches Centralblatt, r8g2, Bd. I., No. 2, p. sr) found that nitric and sulphuric acids of different strengths acted upon aluminum as shown below under the conditions specified. He used aluminum foil having the composition 98.29 per cent. to 99 6 per cent. alumin1:1m, r.6o per cent. to 0.30 per cent. iron, and o. ro per cent. to 0.25 per cent. silicon. The foil was polished, freed from fat with caustic: TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXZTE soda, washed with alcohol, dried in the bath, cut up, weighed, and introduced into the acids. In this fine condition the action of the acids was as shown in the following table, the weight being the amount of metal dissolved expressed in grams per square meter. The action lasted twelve hours. AC'l'ION OF VARIOUS ACIDS ON ALUMINUM FOII~ ACIDS Temper- Specific ature Gravity (centi- grade) A Samples B c ID Pure H2S04 Common H2SO 4 Pure HzS04 - Common H2SO4 . . Pure H2S04 Pure H2S04 PureHN03 . CommonHN03 . .Common HNO 3 . Pure HzS04 . . Common H2SO4 PureHN0 3 . Common HNO 3 I.842 I.842 I.7II I.7II r.58o I.263 1.383 1.383 1.332 I.842 1.842 I.382 I.382 150-200 150-200 150-200 150-200 150-200 150-200 150-200 150-200 150-200 I50o 1500 1ro0o00 Grams r8.4o 2I.OO 24.50 25.80 19.00 4.60 17.00 20.50 !6.30 240. 267. Grams Grams Grams r8.9o 16-40 14.50 2I.30 I7.50 r6.4o 25.00 22.00 20.00 25.70 24.60 22.40 r8.oo 1790 r6.3o 2.60 340 r6.oo I5.50 14.50 19.60 r8.oo r6.6o r6.3o 14.00 13-40 225 . 150. 200. 250. 210. 220. } Violent Violent action. action. " According to these results almost pure aluminum, 995 per cent., is attacked even in the cold by nitric and sulphuric acids, so that the metal should not be used in apparatus for preparing these acids. "As to the action of drinking fluids, coffee, tea, beer, wines, brandy, etc., the following appears to be the state of the case : Messrs. Liibbert and Roscher, ( Chem. Centralbl., r89r, Bd. II., No. r8, p. 780) tested the resistance of aluminum to the action of alcohol, ether, aldehyde, coffee, tea, wines and antiseptics, by allow-ing aluminum leaf to remain in concentrated solutions of the different liquids four days at the temperature of the room, and the fluids were examined either directly for alumina or were evaporated and the ignited residue so examined. The conclusion reached was that aluminum possesses only a slight degree of resistance to the .agents named, except alcohol, ether and aldehyde, and that it is therefore unsuitable for wares which are to be used for acid drinks, coffee, tea, etc., or articles which .are to be cleaned with soda or soap. Its application in daily life would therefore be very limited. "On the other hand; G. Rupp, (Dingler, 283, I, January 21, r8g2,) criticizes the methods employed by Liibbert and Roscher for determining the action of the fluids by estimating the alumina contained in them, as well as the use of aluminum leaf for their experiments, which is attacked much more easily than the compact metal, the former being acted on even by boiling water, while the latter is unaffected. His own experiments were made upon aluminum vessels (canteens, drinking cups, etc.) and foil, the object being to determine the availability of the metal for use in the army. The carefully dried and weighed vessels were filled with the different :fluids or the foil was immersed in them, and the action was allowed to continue TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE four, eight and twenty-eight days, at the temperature of the room with frequent stirring. The fluids included wines of different kinds, beer, kirschwass~r, cognac, coffee, tea, milk, drinking water, r per cent. solution of tartaric acid, acetic acid (r per cent., 4 per cent., roper cent. solutions), vinegar (roper cent.), soda solution ( r per cent.), besides butter, honey and preserved fruits. The articles were then cleaned, dried and weighed, to determine the loss of weight. The results, which fill a large table, showed that in most cases there was absolutely no action and in the few cases where there was a perceptible loss of weight it was so trifling as to be disregarded. To the objection that continued drinking of fluids containing a small quantity of alumina would eventually be dangerous, the author points out that the ash of all the fluids usually drank contains alumina, as well as most foods and drinking water itself. His conclusion is that there is no objection to the use of aluminum or canteens and similar vessels. "These conclusions of Rupp were confirmed by Dr. A. Arche (Dingler, Vol. 284, No. II, p. 255), whose experiments show that the purity of aluminum (using the percentage of silicon as a means of classification) has much to do vv-ith its power of resisting the solvent action of fluids, and they also show that the mechanical preparation of the' metal is an important factor. He found that hammered aluminum was least attacked, rolled metal came next, and then the drawn metal, while cast metal was much more easily attacked (by acetic acid). METALLURGICAL USE "The quantity of aluminum used in this country in the manufacture of iron and steel castings is probably from 25 to 30 per cent. of the total production. In Europe it is estimated by Professor Wedding to be 54 per cent. This use, as was explained in the last number of this series, consists in adding from o. ro to o. rs per cent. of aluminum to iron or steel just before casting, by which blow-holes are prevented and sounder castings are produced. This use is becoming general. The beneficial effect, as was shown by experiments referred to last year, is due in part at least to the deoxidizing action of aluminum upon carbon monoxide at a high temperature, a reaction which was demonstrated directly between the metal and the gas. This subject has not yet received an exhaustive examination. For-this purpose it would be necessary to know the composition of the iron or steel operated on in each case and make comparative tests on the different specimens. It is also probable that the method of melting employed has an-effect on the result. "A detail of manipulation in the method of applying aluminum, especially in castings for steam and pump cylinders and other castings intended to resist high pressures, is reported in Dz"ngler's Journal (Vol. 284, No. II, p. 255). The addition is made by first forming a mixture of aluminum and iron, which is effected by placing the proper quantity of heated aluminum in the bottom of a small ladle, running some iron into the ladle from the furnace, and waiting until the mixture begins to stiffen. Then the iron to be operated on is run into a large ladleand the iron-aluminum mixture is poured into it, whereby an intimate mixture of the whole is effected. For roo kilograms of iron to be operated on, 200 grams of aluminum are used (=0.20 per cent.). The iron is not poured ?-t once from the large ladle, but is allowed to stand until it is orange yellow and a thin film begins to form on the surface. As soon as this occurs the film is removed and the iron is poured. The mold should be kept full. No reason is assigned for this procedure, TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE but it appears that iron containing aluminum is inclined to shrink excessively and that this tendency must be obviated by pouring as cold. as. possible. "According to a paper read by Mr. J. W. Langley, at the Glen Summit meeting -of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the practice in the United States in pouring ingots is as follows : The aluminum, in small pieces of ~ or ~ pound weight, is thrown into the ladle during the tapping, shortly after a small quantity --of steel has already entered it. The aluminum melts almost instantaneously and diffuses with great rapidity throughout the contents of the ladle. The diffusion seems to be complete, for the writer has never seen the slightest action indicating want of homogeneity of mixture, all of the ingots poured from one ladle being pre-cisely alike so far as the specific action of the aluminum is concerned. The quantity of aluminum to be employed will vary slightly according to the kind of steel .and the results to be obtained. For opened-hearth steel, containing less than 0.50 per cent. carbon, the amount will range from 5 to ro ounces per ton of steel. For Bessemer steel the quantities should be slightly increased, viz., 7 to r6 ounces. For steel containing over o.5011o per cent. carbon, aluminum should be used cau-tiously; in general between 4 and 8 ounces to the ton. If these statements are put in the form of percentages, it will at once be seen how extremely minute is the .quantity of aluminum which causes such marvelous results, for the numbers are: 4 ounces= o.or25 per cent. 5 ounces= o.or56 per cent. 8 ounces= 0.0250 per cent. . . r6 ounces= 0.0500 per cent. . = I-8ooo . = I-65oo =I-4000 ~ = I-2000. SOLDERING "From the articles which occasionally appear in the trade journals, both "in this , country and Europe, and the patent list, it appears that the difficulties of soldering aluminum have not been overcome. Some of the new solders are introduced here without comment. "Chloride of silver has been recommended as a solder. It is to be finely pow- -dered and spread along the junction to be soldered and melted with the blow pipe. Mr. Joseph W. Richards makes an alloy of aluminum I part, zinc 8 parts, tin 32 parts, and phosphor-tin, containing 5 per cent. phosphorus, I part. The aluminum is first melted, then the zinc is added, and :finally the tin, which has been melted separately and mixed with the phosphor-tin. The alloy is poured into small bars for use. The object is to provide in the phosphorus a powerful reducing agent to prevent the formation of the film of oxide which usually prevents the intimate con- tact of the opposed surfaces. (United States patent 407789, October 5, I8gr.) An- . other formula is, cadmium so parts, zinc 20, tin 30. The zinc is first melted, then the cadmium is added, and finally the tin. (Dngler's Journal, Vol. 284, No. 6, -page 144.) Electroplating the surfaces with copper and then applying the solder ~was mentioned last year. " Other solders which have been used are composed of- TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE I43 COMPOSITION OF CERTAIN SOJ,DERS FOR ALUMINU:I>f . Aluminum . . Copper . Zinc . . . . . I I I I II III . . Per cent. I2 8 So Per cent. 9 6 ss Per cent. 7 5 88 IV v Per cent. 6 4 90 Per cent. 4 2 94 "In making these. solders the copper should be melted first, the aluminum then added, and the zinc last. Stearin is used as a flux to prevent the rapid oxidation of the zinc. V/hen the last metal is fused, which takes place very quickly, the operation should be finished as rapidly as possible by stirring the mass, and the alloy should then be poured into an ingot mold of iron, previously rubbed with fat. The pieces to be soldered should first be cleaned thoroughly and roughened with a file and the solder placed on the parts in small fragments, the pieces being supported on a piece of charcoal. The place of juncture should be heated with the blast lamp. The union is facilitated by the use of a soldering tool of aluminum. "This last is said to be essential to the success of the operation. Alloy I. is recommended for small objects of jewelry; alloy IV. is said to be the best adapted for larger objects and for general work, and is that most generally used. The success:ful performance of the act of soldering appears to require skill and experience, but the results obtained are said to leave nothing to be desired. Soldering tools of -copper or brass should be avoided, as they would form colored alloys with the aluminum and solder. The skillful use of the aluminum tool, however, requires some practice. At the instant of fusion the operator must apply some friction, and, as the solder melts very suddenly, the right moment for this manipulation may be lost unless the workman is experienced. ALLOYS "It is regretted that no statistics of the production of aluminum bronze and fer-ro-aluminum in this country can be given for r89r. Both of these valuable alloys .have been produced by the Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company for .a number of years, and have found their way into the market on a considerable .scale. The ferro-aluminum made by this company was used as a vehicle for adding aluminum to iron and steel in making sound castings when that method was first introduced. Aluminum bronze is coming into use in Germany for torpedoes Dn account of its strength and non-corrodibility, and for telephone wires. It was estimated that z8o,ooo kilograms would be used during r892. The 5 per cent. bronze has been used for some time for nozzles of gas motors on account of its nonoxidizable character, and the I2 per cent. bronze is used for the pins of needle ,guns, for which purpose it is said to be better than steel. "The number of patents which have been granted for aluminum alloys, either where that metal forms a minor ingredient or has small quantities of other metals added to it for special purposes, shows that experimenting in this direction is in.creasing. As yet much of this experimenting is done without definite knowledge .or aim on the part of inventors. Doubtless, in time, valuable conclusions may be derived from this kind of work, after rigid experiments with a definite purpose or 144 TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE idea have been undertaken. Of ailoys formed with a specific purpose in view, that: containing a small quantity of titanium, and another containing silver, were de- scribed last year. Others are mentioned in a lecture by Mr. Hunt, president of the Pittsburg Reduction Company, whose statements are valuable because they are based on knowledge and experience. He says: " 'The alloys of from 2_% to 12 per cent. aluminum with copper, have so far achieved the greatest reputation, With the use of 8 per cent. to r2 per cent. aluminum in copper we obtain one of the most dense, finest grained, and strongest metals known, having remarkable ductility as compared with its tensile strength. A roper cent. aluminum bronze can be made in forged bars with roo,ooo pounds. tensile strength, 6o,ooo pounds elastic limit, and with at least ro per cent. elongation in 8 inches. An aluminum bronze can be made to fill a specification of 13o,ooo pounds tensile strength and Sper cent. elogantion in 8 inches. Such bronzes. have a specific gravity of about 7.so, and are of a light yellow color. For cylinders. to withstand high pressures such bronze is probably the best metal yet known. " 'The s to 7 per cent. aluminum bronzes have a specific gravity of 8.30 to 8, and are of a handsome yellow color, with a tensile strength of from 7o,ooo to 8o,ooo pounds per square inch, an elastic limit of 4o,ooo pounds per square inch. It will brobably be bronzes of this latter character that will be most used, and the fact that such bronzes can be rolled and hammered at a red heat with proper precau- tions will add greatly to their use. Metal of this character can be worked in a.lmost every way that steel can, and has for its advantages its great strength and ductility, and greater power to withstand corrosion, besides its fine color. With the price of aluminum reduced only a very little from the present rates, there is a strong probability of aluminum bronze replacing brass very largely. " 'A small percentage of aluminum added to Babbitt metal gives very superior results over the ordinary Babbitt metal. It has been found that the influence of the aluminum upon the ordinary tin-antimony-copper Babbitt is to very considerably increase the durability and wearing properties of the alloy. Under compressive strain aluminum Babbitt proves a little softer than the ordinary Babbitt. A sample 1_% inches in diameter by r_% high began to lose shape at a pressure of 12,ooo pounds. A similar sample of the ~ame Babbitt metal without the addition of the aluminum (having a composition of 73 per cent. antimony, 37 per cent. copper~ and 89 per cent. tin) did not begin to lose its shape until a compressive strain of 16,ooo pounds had been applied. Both samples have stood an equal strain of 3s,ooo pounds. In comparative tests of the ordinary Babbitt metal and the aluminum Babbitt metal, the latter has given very satisfactory results. "' The following alloys have recently been found useful : Nickel-aluminum, composed of 20 parts nickel, and 8 parts aluminum, used for decorative purposes; rosine, composed of 40 parts nickel, 10 parts silver, 30 parts aluminum, and 20 parts tin, for jewelers' work ; sun bronze, composed of 6o parts cobalt (or 40 parts cobalt), IO parts aluminum, 40 (or 30) parts copper ; metalline, composed of 35 parts cobalt, 2S parts aluminum, ro parts iron, and 30 parts copper. " 'Prof. Robert Austin has discovered a beautiful alloy containing 22 per cent. aluminum and 78 per cent. gold, having a rich purple color, with ruby tints. " 'The addition of from 5 percent. to IS per cent. aluminum to type metal composed of 2S per cent. antimony and 7S per cent. lead makes a metal giving sharper castings and much more durable type.' TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXZTE 1 45 "Mr. A. H. Cowles makes an alloy for electrical purposes consisting of manganese r8 parts, aluminum I.2 parts, silicon 5 parts, zinc 13 parts, and c_opper 67.5 parts. This alloy has a tensile strength of 26,ooo kilograms and 20 per cent. elongation. Its electric resistance is greater than that of ' neusilber,' and it is therefore .especially applicable for rheostats. ( Cheraiker-Zeitzmg, March 12, 1892.) "Mr. C. C. Carroll makes an aluminum alloy for dentists' fillings, consisting of silver 42.3 per cent., tin 52 per cent., copper 4.7, and aluminum I per cent. It is reduced to powder and then forms an amalgam with mercury. (U.S. patent475382, May 24, I 892.) "Mr. Chas. B. Miller has patented an antifriction alloy of lead 320 parts, antimony 64, tin 24, aluminum 2. (U.S. patent 456898, July 28, r89r.) "Mr. Thomas MacKellar has patented an alloy for type metal of lead 65 parts, antimony 20, and ro parts of an alloy consisting of equal parts of tin, copper and aluminum. The tin-copper-aluminum alloy is :first melted, the antimony added to it, and the mixture is then added to the melted lead. (U. S. patent 463427, November II, r89r.) "An aluminum bronze alloy contains aluminum r2 to 25 parts, manganese 2 to 5, copper 75 to 85. It is the product of John A. Jeancon. (U. S. patent 446351, February ro, r89r.) "The antifriction metal (Babbitt metal plus aluminum) contains antimony 7.3 parts, tin 89, copper 3.7, with from J to 2.5 parts of aluminum. It is patented by Alexander W. Cadman. (U.S. patent 464147, December r, r89r-.) ALUMINUM IMPORTED AND ENTERED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1870 to I89I Year ending- I Quantity Value I I Year ending- Quantity Value June 30, r87o. . I87I . 1873. 1874 r875 . 1876. . I877. 1878. 1879. . :I r88o. r88I . Pounds . 2.00 ~83.00 434-00 139-00 I3I.OO 25!.00 284-44 340-75 5J7.IO $ 98 341 2 2,125 1,355 I,4I2 I,S:')I 2,978 3,423 4,042 6,071 June 30, r882. r883. r884. r885 . Dec. 3I, r886 . r887. r888. r889. 1890. 1891 . .. Pounds 566.so $ 6,459 426.25 5,079 595-00 8,416 l 439-00 452.!0 4,736 5,369 1,260.00 I2,II9 . 1,348.53 998.oo I4,o86 4,840 2,osr.oo 7,062 3,9o6.oo 6,263" TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE I11~ports of Crude and Manufactured Alumnum from I89I to z898 r ..... -. ~ Crude Cal endar Year Quan- tity Value Leaf Packs Value of roo Plates, Sheets, Bars and Rods Quan- Value tity Manufacture Total Value .... r89r r892 !893 !894 r895 r896 !897 r898 1899 Pound:S 3,922 43 7,8r6 5,306 . 25,294 6g8 r,822 6o 53,622 $6,266 SI 4,683 2,514 7,8I4 59! r,o82 30 9.425 Pounds 10,033 II,540 $ I,I35 !,202 - ---$ - ---- r,r6r 1,036 $ 8,562 2,289 r8,7oo I,903 r,679 8,265 ro,78o I,2IO 386 4,IIO 6,6ro 4,657 4,260 646 523 ------ r,84r 2,365 I'0130I 3.479 368 4,424 $ 3,o58 22! 4,729 2,000 693 174 r8,442 8,99! 4,675 13,870 II2 4,254 2,4!3 5,303 17,253 ' By the Hall process, the price of the metal varied from $s.oo per pound for ingots to $7.00 and $9.00 per pound for sheets; but early in the year 1899 these prices were reduced to approximately one-half, in lots of r,ooo pounds or more. Two other methods have been employed to som~ extent in the manufacture of the metal. One, a modification of the chemical process by Deville in r8s6, involving the use of sodium, was introduced about r89r. The other, a method by electrolysis, closely resembling that by Hall, was introduced by Herault in r899. Neither of these, how.ever, was ever established in the United States. 2. ALUM MANUFACTURE By far the greater part of the bauxite mined in Georgia is consumed in the manufacture of alum, and only a very small proportion of the ore is used in the extraction of the metal, aluminum. All the alums of commerce are artificial preparations. Potash and ammonia alums occur, to some extent, as natural products; but, on account of their very limited occurrence, they are more of mineralogical than of technical or commercial interest. Concern- 1 Twenty-first Ann. Rept,, U.S. Geol. Surv., I899-I900, Part VI, p. 269. TECHNOLOGY OF BAUXITE 1 47 ing the principle, upon which the artificial preparation is based, including the classification of the aluminous material, from which alum has been made, Wagner says:- r MATERIAL OF ALUM MANUFACTURE.- "The manufacture of alum is based on the formation of aluminium sulphate and sodium aluminate from the various alum ores. These ores of earths, necessitating different methods of treatment, may be divided into four groups, v1z. : [r.J "Those which contain alumina, potassa and sulphuric acid in such proportions that the addition of an alkaline salt is not requisite. To this group belong the alum-stone and several varieties of al uni-shale. [ 2.J ''Those in which the aluminium sulphate is alone present necessitating the addition of alkali salts in large quantities. To this group belong the alum-shale and alum-earths found in the brown-coal formation. [3.] ''Those in which alumina only is contained, and to which both sulphuric acid and alkali salts must be added. To this group belong- (a) clay, (b) cryolite, (c) bauxite, aluminia terhydrate (gibbsite), (d) refuse slack. [4.] "To the fourth group belong those materials, such as feldspar, containing aluminia and potash in sufficient quantity, but needing the addition of sulphuric acid.'' Only the preparation of alum from the mineral, bauxite, will be considered here. The manufacture of alum from its various ores and earths may be found in any of the standard text books on chemical technology, which must be consulted by those who would pursue the subject further. The method first used in the preparation of alum from bauxite consisted in first disintegrating the mineral by igniting with sodium carbonate, or with a mixture of sodium sulphate and charcoal. In either case, the ignited mass yieln of certain percentage amounts of the chemically combined water in bauxite. The results are as follows:- Bauxite dried at roo C., not calcined . Loss on calcining r2.55 per cent. H 2 0 . "" " "" " "" " r8,55 " " " 26.6o " " " 32. IS " " " Soluble Alumina Per Cent. . sg.oo . 57:6o . 5710 . 53.10 . 20.40 These results certainly show a tendency toward a decrease in the solubility of alumina on calcination, which, as the authors state, does not seriously affect the alumina solubility, until about 8o per cent. of the total combined water is removed. Quoting from these authors, "With a loss of about 38 per cent. of the water there is a loss of r.4o per cent. soluble alumina; with a loss of about 58 per cent.. of the combined water the loss of soluble alumina is r.9 per cent. ; with a loss of about. 82 per cent. of the combined water there is a much greater loss of soluble alumina; viz., 59 per cent., while the loss of s.oluble alumina rises to 38.6o per cent., when the material is thoroughly calcined." These results would seem to indicate, that the heat might' be continued, until more than half of the combined water was removed, without seriously affecting the solubility of the alumina. The investigation of this point was undertaken by the authors, with special reference to the drying of the ore previous to shipment ; and also, looking to the possibility of establishing uniformity in the methods employed in the chemical analysis of the ore. I The Commercial Analysis of Bauxite, Journ. Amer. Chern. Soc., 1898, pp. 220-221. TRANSPORTATION I 55 The conclusion reached is, that the heat used in expelling the moisture from the ore before shipment should not be sufficient to cause a loss of combined water. MARKETS. -The principal markets at present are New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Bayonne, Syracuse, Cleveland, Natrona, Lockport and Chicago, where the alum and aluminum works are located. A little of the ore has been shipped to Germany, on account of its superior quality. TRA)TSPORTATION.- The entire bauxite region in Georgia is traversed by numerous railroads, which offer outlets to various points north, south, east and west, and afford abundant facilities for transportation. Most of the workable deposits of bauxite are located almost immediately along the lines of railroad, and none are more than a few miles distant therefrom. As a rule, the country roads, connecting with the railway points in this area, are especially good, and are among the best highways in the State. On account, therefore, of nearness to the railroad points, and the prevailingly good condition of the county roads, the cost of transportation by teams is reduced to a minimum. At present, the market for this ore, as seen above, is confined exclusively to the North, where the chemical plants utilizing it are located. STREAMS. -The immediate region is further traversed by a number of large streams, which, with their multitude of ramifying tributaries, insure ample water-supply and facilities at all seasons. Among the principal streams, may be mentioned the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers, which unite at Rome to form the Coosa river, which latter, after joining the Alabama, empties into an arm of the Gulf of Mexico, Mobile bay. SUGGESTIONS Since the beginning of the bauxite industry in the GeorgiaAlabama area, new deposits of the mineral have naturally been added, from year to year, to those then known. With scarcely an exception, the existing deposits are included within the limits of the Coosa Valley area. The various companies, engaged in the mining of this mineral, have, from the beginning, persistently SUGGESTIONS prospected for additional sources of supply. From the period of time, the;refore, during which the deposits have been worked, the continued search instituted for new ones, in connection with the accurate knowledge of the geology of the area, and the nature and occurrence of the ore-bodies, makes it now safe to say, that we can not hope to greatly extend, if at all, the present limits of the well known Georgia area. The occurrence of the ore is in the form of pocket deposits, which is positive evidence of their exhaustible nature. At the present rate of output, I however, the amount of the marketable grade of ore is probably sufficient to last for many years. The possible yield is greatly limited by the fact, that nearly all but the first-grade material is discarded, thereby necessitating the ' exclusion of a vast quantity of ore, which should, by proper skill and manipulation, find ready utilization at good prices. This condition was, perhaps, made necessary in the beginning, when markets had to be established, in order that the home material might compete with the cheap and less pure foreign bauxites of long standing and reputation. The principle has been so rigidly adhered tol by both operator and consumer, during the period of working in the American fields, that it has resulted in creating a demand for the first-grade ore only, with practically no sales for the lower-grade bauxite. The writer believes, after a careful survey of the Georgia fields~ that the time is not far distant, when a change from this state of affairs must take place, and that the grade of ore, now regarded as inferior and cast aside, will, from necessity, be accepted. Otherwise, new fields, yet unknown, must be discovered and developed,. if they exist. It is apparent, that, :in the present methods of alum-manufacture, mixing the different grades of bauxite, which has been practiced to some extent, is undesirable, except to a very limited degree, inasmuch as the value of the ore is based on the amount of soluble alumina in sulphuric acid of certain known strength. Treatment of the low-grade, siliceous bauxite with 50 B. sulphuric acid, for I The year 1899, when the writer began the field-work for this report. SUGGESTION.!:> 157 three hours, is not sufficient to extract the alumina, owing to its form of chemical combination in the bauxitic clays and kaolins. Since the field-work on this report was begun, the supply of first-grade bauxite has become exceedingly limited in the GeorgiaAlabama territory. The price for the first-grade ore has increased from $4.50 per ton in r899 to $7.00 in r9or, with every probability of a continued increase. This leaves us confronted with a vast quantity of low-grade ore, not yet marketable, which should be utilized in some way. This grade of bauxite, for reasons already stated, can not be profitably employed in the manufacture of alum by the present process; hence, it does not pay to ship it. In view of these conditions, two alternatives are suggested to the writer, whereby the low-grade ore may be successfully utilized. First, a change or modification in the present process of alum manufacture is necessary to the use of the lower grades of bauxite. So far as the writer is able to judge, this seems, for several reasons, unlikely just now. The second, which is probably the more plausible and likely one, is, that the low-grade bauxite, which does not pay to ship, at present, must be worked up on the ground, into .anhydrous aluminum oxide, and this product, placed on the market for the manufacture of both alum and the metal aluminum. BIBLIOGRAPHY Auge, M., Note sur la baux-ite, son origine, son age et son importance geo- logique. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, 3me Ser., r888, XVI, 345350 Berthier, R., Analyse de l'alumine hydratee des Baux, departement des Bouches-du-RhOne. AnnalesdesJ.l1ines, 2me Ser., r82r, VI, 53r. Bischof, C., Analysis of Bauxite. The Metallurgical Review, r878, II, 523. Blackwell, G. G., Bauxite. Trans., Manchester Geol. Soc., r894, XXII, 525-527. Blake, W. P., Alunogen and Bauxite of New Mexico. Trans., Amer. Inst., Min. Engrs., r894, XXIV, 571-573- Abstract, Amer. Geol., r894, XIV, 196. Branner, J. C., Bauxites of Arkansas. Third Biennial Report, Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture of the State of Arkansas for r893 and 1894, Little Rock, r894, r r9-rzs. Ibid. Fourth Biennial Report of same, 1896, ros-r ro. Bauxite in Arkansas. Amer. Geol., r89r, VII, r8r-r83; also, see Engr. and Min. Journ., r89r, 114; Trans., Federated Inst. M. E., III, r,o57; Journ., Iron and Steel Inst., r89r, I, 275; Science, r89r, XVII, 17. The Bauxite Deposits of Arkansas. Journ. Geol., r897, V, 263289. Brewer, W. M., The Warhoop Bauxite Bank, Alabama. Engr. and Min. Journ., r893, LV, 461. Cole, G. A. J., The Rhyolites of the County Antrim (Ireland) with a Note on Bauxite. Sci. Trans., Roy. Dublin Soc., 1896, Ser. II, VI, I05-I09. Collot, L., Age de la bauxite dans le Sud-est de la France. Compt. Rend~r,s, r887, CIV, rz7-r3o. Abstract, Neues Jahrb~ f. Min., r888, I, 452. Age des bauxites du Sud-est de la France. Bl&ll., Soc. Geol. de France, 3me Ser., XV, 331-345. (159) r6o BIBLIOGRAPHY Collot, L., Sur la bauxite d' Ollieres. Description geologique des environs d' Aix en Province, r88o, 84. Coquand, M. H., Surles bauxites de la chdne des Alpines (Bouches-du- Rhone) et letLr age geologique. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, 2me Ser., r87o-'r, XXVIII, 98-II5. Abstract, Neues Jahrb.fur Min., r87r, 940-941 j Jahresbericht der Ohem., r87r, II44 D'Aoust, Virlet, De la Formation des oolithes et des 'rnasses nodulaires. en general. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, 2me Ser., r857-'8, XV, 187-205. Sur le mineral de fer alumineux pisolithique de J11ouries, dit aussi des Bat&x. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, 2me Ser., r864-'5, XXII, 418-420. Daub:ree, A., Sur l'existence de gisernents de bauxites dansles departements de l'Herault et de l' Ariege. BtLll., Soc. G~ol. de France, 2me Ser., r868-'9, XXVI, 915-918. Note sur un silicate alumineux hydrate, depose par la source thermale de Saint-Honore (Nievre) d1.Lpuis l'epoque romaine. Oomptes Rendus, 1876, LXXXIII, 42 r. Les eaux suterraines aux epoques ~nciennes. Paris, I 887' 96. Damour, A., Note sur un hydrate d'al'LLmine je?'rt&gineuse trouve dans / l'Ue d'Egine, Grece. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, r864-'5, XXII, 4I3-4I6. Deville, H. Sainte-Claire, De la prgsence de vanadium dans un min- eral altLmineux du 1l1idi de la France. Ann. de Ohemie et de Phys., 3me Ser., r86r, LXI, 309-342. Analyse d'une batLxite du Paradon. Ann. de Ohemie et de Phys., 3me Ser., LXI, 309. Abstract, Jahresbericht der Ohernie, r86r, 98o. Dieulafait~ Les bauxites, let&r ages, leur o1igine. Oornptes Rendus, r88r, XCIII, 8o4-8o7. Ditte, A., Sur la preparation de l'altLmine dans l'industrie. Oomptes Rend1.LS, CXVI, 509-510. Preparation indust1ielle de l' alt&mine. Ann. Ohe?nie et de Phys., I893, XXX, 280-282. Drechsler, E., Analyse des Bau:tites a'I.Ls der Wochein. Dingler's Poly. Jm&rn. 1872, CCIII, 479-481. Fabre, G., Note sur les failles et fentes abauxite dans les environs de Mende. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, r869-7o, XXVII, 5r6-5r8. Fuchs, Ed., et de Launay, L., Traite des g~tes minera1.~x et metalli feres. Paris, 1893, I, 595-599 BIB1JOGRAP.f!Y r6r Handy, J. 0.~ Analysis of Bauxite. Journ. Amer. Chern. Soc., r896, XVIII, 766. Hauer, F. von, (Bauxite, Krain.) Jahrb. der K K Geol. Reichscmstalt, r866, XVI, 457 Hayes, C. W., Bauxite. Mineral Resources of U.S., 1893, 159-167. Geological Relations of the Southern Appalachian Bauxite Deposits. Trans., Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs., 1894, XXIV, 243-254. Bauxite. r6th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1893-'4 (r895), Part III, 547-597. The Arkansas Bauxite Deposits. 2rst Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Survey, Part III, r899-I9oo, 435-472. Abstract, Journ. Geol., r9or, IX, 737-739 The Overthrust Faults of the Southern Appalachians. Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Amer., 18r9, Vol. II, pp. I4I-I54 Report on the Geology r~f Northeastern Alabama, and Adjacent Portions of Georgia and Tennessee. Geological Survey of Alabama, r89z, 85 pages. The Southern Appalachians. National Geographic Monograph, r895, Vol. I, No. ro, pp. 305-336. Geology of a Portion of the Coosa Valley in Georgia and Alabama. Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Amer., r894, Vol. V, pp. 465-480. Physiography of the Chattanooga District in Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama. 19th An.nual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, r897-'98 (r899), Part II, pp. r-58. - - - - - - and Campbell, M. R., Geomorphology of the South- ern Appalachians. National Geographic Magazine, r 894, Vol. VI, pp. 63-126. Hunt, .A. E., Bauxite (Discussion). Trans., Amer. Inst. M 1.n ...h.J' ngrs., r8 94, xxrv, s55-86r. The Properties, Uses, and Processes of Production of Aluminum .. Technology Quarterly, r89r, IV, r-35 . . Aluminum. Mineral Resources of the U. S., r892, 227-254 I Jannettaz, Ed., La composition d'une variete pisolithiq?.te de bauxite. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, r877-'8, VI, 392. Gibbsite et Bm&xite, de la GLtayane francaise. B1.tll., Soc. J11in. de .France, I, 70-]I, PaTis, r879. I In addition to the metallurgy of aluminum and a description of the aluminum ores, this contributioo. contains a desci"iption of the methods for analyzing bauxite. BIJJlJOGRAPNY Lang, J., Ueber Ba1~xit von Langsdorf. Bericht der Deutschen Cherr"tis chen Gesell., I884, XVII, 2892-2894. Abstract, Neues Jahrb. f. .Min., I886, II, 342. Laur, F., The Bauxites: A Study of a New Mineralogical Family. Trans., Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs., I894, XXV, 234-242. On Bauxite. Minutes of the Proceedings; Inst. Civ. Engrs., 1894-'5, CXX, Part II, 442. Liebrich, A. von, Ba1~xit. Zeitschr. fur Kryst. u. Mineral., XXIII, 296. Bcn~xit. Be1icht der Oberhes.s. Gesellschaft fur nat1w. u. Heillmmde, XXV III, 57-98. Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Bauxits vorn Vogelsberge, I892. Abstract, Chernisches Centralblc~tt, r892, p. 94 McCalley, H., Alabama Bauxite. Proc,, Ala. Indust. and Scientific Soc., I892, II, 20-32. Bauxite Mining. Science, 1894, XXIII, 29-30. Bauxite. The Mineral Industry, I893, II, 57-67. The Valley Regions of Alabama. Part II. On the Coosa Valley Region. Geological Survey of Alabama, I897, 862 pages. Meunier, S., S'L&r l'existence de la bauxite a la Gt&ayane francaise. Cornptes Rend'L&s, 1872, LXXIV, 633-q34. Abstract, Jahresbericht der Chernie, I872, 1099. S'L&r l' origine et la rnode de jorrnation de la ba'L&xite et du fer en grains. Co'mptes Rend'L&s, I883, XCVI, I737-I740. Response a des observations de M: A'l.&ge et de .ll!J. A. de Grosso1.iv1e S'l.&r l' histoire de la ba'l.&xite et des rninemls siderolithiq1.~es. Bull., Soc. Geol. de France, 1889, XVII, 64-67. Mierzinski, Dr., D1:e Fabrication des Al'l.&rnini'l.wns. Vienna, 1885. Minet, A., L' Al1.trnini1.&rn /fabrication, ernploi, alliages., Paris, I 893. Nichols, Edward, An Aluminum Ore. Trans., Amer. Inst. Min. Engrs., I 887, XV~, 905-906.; Abstract, Iron and Steel Inst., r888, II, 228-229. Packard, R. L., Aluminum. I6th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Sur- vey, Part III, 542-554. (Bauxite), 1895. Mineral Resources, U. S., 189I, p. I47 r The Production of Aluminum in 1894. Sixteenth Annual Report, U. S. Geological Survey, 1895, Part III, pp. 539-546. 2 1 This paper contains numerous references, to which the writer has not had access. 2 For production, statistics, metallurgy etc. of aluminum and alum, the reader is referred to the artnual volumes of the Mineral Resources of the United States from r88z to date, U. S. Geological Survey. BIBL.IOGRAPHY Petersen, Th., E1.uber den Anamesit von Rudigheim bei Hcma1.u 1md clessen bmuxitische Zersetzungsprodncte. Jahresben:cht de Phys. Ver. ztu Frankj1urt a. JW 1891-'2, ro. Ueber BaLu.ritbildang (Bei. d. XXVII, Vers. d. Oberrhein. Geol. Vei. 28., 1893.) Abstract, J.VeLws Jahrb. f. J}fin., 1894, 460. Phillips, Wm. B., and Hancock, David, The Commercial Anal- yses of Bauxite. Journal, Amer. Chern. Society, r 898, XX, 209-225. Richards, Joseph W., Aluminium: Its History, Occurrence, Prop- erties, Metallurgy and Applications, Including Its Alloys. Baird & Co., Phila., yd edition, 1896, XXXV, 666 pp. Roth, Ludw., Der Bauxit u. seine Verwenchmg zt&r Herstelhmg von Cement aus Hochojenschlacke. Wetzlar, 1882. Roule, Louis, Sur les gisements et l'age de la bau:r:ite dans le Stld-est de let France. Comptes Rend?.&s, r887, CIV, 383-385.; Abstract, Ne?.&es Jahrb. f. Min., r888, I, 452. Recherches stw le terrain flu"uio-lac?.&Btre injerietur de Provence. Ann. deB ScienceB Geol., XVIII, r885, 138. Abstract, Ne?.&es Jahrb. f. M'in., I, r887, 98-roo. Saemann, St&r la bat&xite des Ba?.&x. B1_~;ll., Soc. Geol. de France, 21ne Ser., XXII, 4r6-4q. Seger, H., Zt&Sa?nmensetztmg voi~ Bat&xit aus Ireland. Dingler's Poly. Jotm~., 188o, CCXXIV, 334 Sena, J. da Costa, Note s?.&r hyclrargillite des environs d' Ouro Preto (Brezil). Bull., Soc. Min. de France, 1885, VII, 220-222. Spencer, J. W ., Aluminium Ores. Geological Survey of Georgia Atlanta, 1893, zro-230. How Aluminum is Obtained from Its Ores. Science, 1894, XXXIII, 89. Sutherland, James, The Preparation of Aluminum from Bauxite Engr. and Min. Journ., r896, LII, 320-322. Tissier, Ch. et Alex., Gnide Prat1:q1ue de la recherche de !'extraction et cle la Jobricat?:on de l' culuminit&?n et des metatw; alcalins, Paris, I 863. Wagner, R., Ueber die Bedentung des Bauxits fur die Chemi.sche Industrie. Berg. 1~. Huttenmarenische Zeitung, r865, 264. A Handbook of Chemical Technology, New York, 189r, pp. II3 1 259-260. . BIBLIOGRAPHY Watson, Thomas L., The Georgia Bauxite Deposits: Their Chemical Composition and Genesis. Amer. Geol., 1901, XXVIII, 25-45. Wedding, Notiz uber den Ba~~xit (NiederThein. Gesellschajt juT Natur. u. 1-Ie.ilktmcle zu Bonn). Sitzg. V, 8, r863. Williams, C. H., Bauxite. Trans., Manchester Geol. Soc., XXII, - 52!. Williams; J. F., Igneous Rocks of Arkansas (Age, Origin and Distri- bution of Arkansas Bauxite), Ann. Rept. for r89o, Vol. II, Geological Survey of Arkansas, r89r, 124-125. Will, W., Bericht der ObeThess. Gesellschajt fur Natur. u. Heilkunde, r883; XXJI, 314" INDEX A Bank, The Branon,........................ 104-105 The Burkhalter,........................ 100 Age of the Bauxite Deposits .............. 130-131 --,Analysis of Bauxite from, ............ 100 Akin Bank, The,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S7 Alabttma-Georgia Bauxite.................... 24 - - - - , Analyses of Bauxite from. . . . . . . . 24 Alum and Aluminum, The Technology of Bauxite in the Manufacture of, ............ 133 Aluminum and Alum, The Technology of Bauxite in the Manufacture of, ............ 133 Aluminum Manufacture .................. 183-13S - - , The Burney,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 --,The Church,......................... 63- 65 - - , Analyses of Bauxite from, . . . . . . . . . . . 65 --,The Cochran,.......................... 112 - - , The Connesenna,................... 79- 80 - - , Analyses of Bauxite from,............ SO --,The Culbertson, ..................... 92- 93 --,Partial Analyses of Bauxite from,... 93 , Cowles Brotl1ers' --,The Doyle,.......................... 102-lOi~ Process ...... 136-137 --,Analysis of Bauxite from, ............ 103 - - - - - - - - - - , H a l l ' s Process .... 137 --,The Gordon,........................... 92 ----------, Herault Process, The, ............. 138 Aluminum, Production of, .................. 138 -----------,in the United States.......... 27 American Bauxite Localities................ 18 Amorphous Ore .................... . . . . . . . . . . 56 Analyses ..... 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, SO, 81, 82, 83, S6, 87, 92, 93, 9:1,, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 127, 12S. --,Partial Analysis of Bauxite from,.... 92 - - , The Green,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S7 --,The Grier, ............................. 69 - - , ~'l..nalysis of Bauxite from,............ 69 --,The Fat John, ....................... 93- 94 --,Analysis of Bauxite from,............ 94 --,The Fomby, ........................ i ... 109 --,Analysis of Bauxite from, ............ 109 - - , The Freeman, ......................... 113 - - , Partial Analysis of Bauxite from, .... 113 --,The Hardee,........................... 70 --,The Hatch, ............................ 98 - - , T h e Hawkins, ......................... 107 - - - - , Cambrian Shales................... 128 --,The Henry, ......................,.... 98-100 - - - - , Knox Dolomite..................... 127 - - , Analyses of Bauxite from, ......... 99-100 - - - - - - - - - - , Decay .............. 127 --,The Holland, ........................ 132- 63 Arkansas, Bauxite in,........................ 18 --,Analysis of Bauxite from,............ 63 ----,Composition of Bauxite from,.. 89 --,The Holland House ................. 61- 62 -----,Analyses of Bauxite from, ...... 23 - - , Analyses of Bauxite from,.... . . . . . . . . 62 Armington Bank, The, .................... 116-117 - - , The Holland Spring,................ 60- 61 -------,Analyses of Bauxite from, 117 ---,The Holt, ............................ S2- 83 Auge, M ...................................... H --,Analyses of Bauxite from, .......... 82- 83 - - , The Howell, ........................... 104 B --,The Julia,............................ 83- 86 Bailey Bank, The, ........................ 117-118 Bank, JYfontague and Company's, ......... 79 --,Analysis of Bauxite from, ........... 117 --,The Akin, ... , ......... : ................ 87 - - , The Bailey,......................... 117-118 --,Analyses of Bauxite from............ 86 - - , The Lanham,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 --,The Lewis Reynolds, .......... 101-103.104 --,Partial Analyses of Bauxite from, .... 102 --,The Little Lamb, ...................... \l8 --,The Bigelow, ....................... 110-111 --,The Mttddox, ........................ 70- 72 --,Partial Analyses of Bauxite from, ... 111 --,Partial Analysis of Bauxite from, .. 71- 72 --,The Bobo, ............................ 95- 97 --,The Mary, ............................ 80- 8:2 --,Analyses of Bauxite from, .......... 96- 97 --,Analyses of Bauxite from, .......... 81- 82 - - , The Bonsack,....................... 109-110 --,The McGuire,........................... 77 --,Analyses of Bauxite from, ............ 110 --,The Minter, No.1, ........ : ............ 104 --,The Braden, ........................... 67 --,The Minter, No.2, ................. 105-106 --,Partial Analysis of Bauxite from,.... 67 --,Partial Analyses of Bauxite from, ... 106 (r6s) r66 IND.EX Bank, The Morrow, .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Bu,uxite, Production of in" the United - - , T h e Moseley, ...................... 100-101 --,The Penny, .......................... 91- 92 States, ............................ 26 , Uses of, ... . . ..... . .. .. .... . .. .. . .131-132 --,The Pinson,........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 , Vu,rieties of, ....... : ............. 54- 56 --,The Red Warrior, ................... 94- 95 Bibliogmphy ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159-164 --,Analyses of Bauxite from............ 95 Bigelow Bank, The, ....................... 110-111 - - , The Reese,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ,Partial Analyses of Bauxite --,The Ridge Valley, No.1, ............ 65- 66 from, ....................... 111 - - - - - - - - - - , N o . 2 , ........... 67- 68 Blake, W. P.,...... .......... ...... ............ 20 -----------,No.3,.............. 68 Bobo Bank, The,.. . . . -...................... 95- 97 - - - - - - - - - - , N o . 4 , .............. 70 , Analyses of Bauxite from, .... 96- 97 --,The Rich, .............................. 108 Bobo District, The, ........ ................ 88-113 , Partial Analysis of Baux- ,Location and Description of ite from .................. 108 the Individual Deposits ----Scruggs,....................... 115-116 0 f, ......................... 90-113 ----Sheets,........................... 79 Bonsack Bank, The, ....................... 109-110 - - - - Spurlock,....................... .. 87 ,Analysis of Bauxite from, .. 110 ----Stockade, ...................... 68- 69 Braden Bank, The, ........................... 67 ---------, Analysis of Bauxite , Partial Analyses of Bauxite from, .............. 68- 69 fr~om,........................ 67 ----Taylor, ........................ 114-115 Branner, John C., ......................... 18, 26 --------, Analyses of Bauxite Branon Bank, The, ........................ 104-105 from, ................. 115 Burkhalter Bank, The,....................... 100 -----Veach, .. ,................... . . . . . . 77 , Analysis of Bauxite ----Ward,............................. 67 fiom, ....................... 100 ----Waring, .........................86- 87 Burney Bank, The, ........................... 75 Partial Analysis of Bauxite from,........ 87 ----Watters, ........................ 72- 74 c , Analyses of Bauxite Calhoun District, ... . .... ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .117-118 from, ................. 73 Calhoun, Bauxite near, ...................... 117 -----Whorton, ...................... 107-108 Cambrian Rocks, The,........ : ............... 31 ---------, Analysis of Bauxite Cambrian Shales, ............................ 128 from, ............... 108 - - - - - W i l l i s Reynolds', ................ 103 Campbell, M. R., .'. Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . of, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 12 -----------, Partial Analy- Chemical Composition of GeorgiaBauxite 41- 54 sis of Bauxite Chemical Composition of Georgia Bauxite, from, ........ 103 Analyses of, .... ................. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 -----,The Woods, .................... 97- 98 Chemical Composition of Georgia Bauxite, --------, Analysis of Bauxite Ana.lyses of Piselites,...................... 50 from, .................. 98 Chemicu,l Composition of Georgia Bauxite, -----,The Wright, ................... 74- 75 Analyses of Matrix........ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 --------, Partial Analysis of Chemico.l Composition of Georgia Bauxite, Bauxite from,........ 75 Analyses Resume, .......................... 53 Banks, The Davis,.......................... 75- 77 Church Bank, The,......................... 63- 65. ---;The Terry-Shaw, ................... 77- 78 , Analyses of Bauxite from, . . 65 --------, Ann,lyses of Bauxite Clarke, F. W., .... ............................ 127 from, ................ 78 Cochran Bank, The,.......................... 112 Bartow County, 17th District, Bauxite of, .. 118 Oona.sauga Shales, The,...................... 32 Bauxite Deposits, Age o:f, ................. 130-141 , Ano.lyses of, ........ 32, 33, 34 --------, Genesis of the Geor- Connese1ina Bank, The, .................... 79- 80 gia, ................. 119-130 , Analyses of Bauxite --------,Iron and Manganese Ores from,.................. SO Associn,ted with,....... 40 Coquo.nd, M. H.,.. 14 Bauxite in Georgia, A Brief Sketch of the Cowles Brothers' Process, Mo.nufacture of Discovery of, ........................ .'....... 25 Aluminum by... ......................... 136-137 Bauxite in the Manuf!tcture of Aluminum. Culbertson Bank, The, ..................... 92- 93 and Alum, Technology of, ................. 133 Bauxite, Isolated Deposits of, ............... 117 ' Partial Analyses of ite fro111,........ Baux........ llS INDEX -~- 411 Dana, E. S., ............ .................... Davis Eanks, The, .......................... 75- 77 Discovery of Bauxite in Georgia, A. Erief Sketch of the,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Distribution and Description of the Indi- vidual Bauxite Deposits in Georgia ..... 57-118 The Hermitage District ................ 58- 88 Location and Description of the Individual Deposits ...................... 60- 88 The Eobo District ...................... 88-113 Location and Description of the Individual Deposits ...................... 90-113 The Summerville District ............ 113-117 Minerals Associated with the Bauxite.. 37 Gibbsite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Halloysite .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Kaolin or Clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Genesis of the Georgia Bauxite Deposits 119-130 Source of the Material ........... 122. 126-128 Means of Transportation ........... .'123. 129 Process of Local Accumulation 123, 124; 129 Georgia, A. Erief Sketch of the Discoverv of Bauxite in, ..............................-.... 25 Georgia Bauxite Deposits, Genesis of, ... 110-130 Georgia Bauxite Region, General Geology of,............ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. 28 Georgia-Alabama, Bauxite of,............... 24 Germany, Bauxite of, ...................... 15- 17 Location and Description of the Individual Deposits ...................... 114-117 Isolated Deposits...................... 117-118 Calhoun District.......... . .......... 117-118 17th District, Eartow County, ........... 118 Distribution and General Occurrence of Bauxite .............................. 13- 24 Doyle Eank, The,.......................... 102-103 ----,Analyses of Bauxite from,........ Gordon Bank, The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ------, Partiii,l Analysis of Bauxite from, ........................ Green Bank, The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grier Eank, The,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----,Analysis of Bauxite from,...... 17 92 92 87 69 69 -----,Analysis of Bauxite from, .... 104 H E Estimating the Ore-Bodies, Method of, ..... 131 European Localities of Bauxite ........... ,13- 18 F Hall's Process, Manufacture of Aluminum. 137 Hancock, David, ........................ 41, 44, 53 Hardee Bank, The,:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Hatch Bank, The, ............................ 98 Hawkins Eank, The, ....................... 107 Hayes, C. W ., ...... 12, 17, 18, 20, 21, 29, 31, 34, Fat John Bank, The, ....................... 93- 94 36, 37, 42, 54, 83, 89, 115, -------.,Analysis of Bauxite from,. 94 117, 121, 122, 124, 126, 129-131 Faults, Georgia Bauxite Region.......... 36- 37 Henry Bank, The, ......................... 98-100 - - - - , Major................................. 37 , Analyses of Bauxite ---,Minor ................................ 36 from, .................. 99-100 Fomby Bank, The, ............................ 109 Hermitage District, The, ................... 58- 88 ------,Analysis of Eauxitefrom, .... 109 - , Location and Descrip- France, Bauxite of, ........................ 13- 15 tion of the Individ- - - - , Analyses of Bauxite from, ........ 14- 15 ual Deposits ....... 90-113 Freeman Bank, The, .......................... 113 Heroult Process, Manufacture of Aluminum ------,Partial Analysis of Baux- by, .......................... 138 ite from, .................. 113 Hillebrand, W. F.,........................... 127 French Guiana, Bauxite in,....... .. . . . . . . . . . 18 Holland Bank, The, ........................ 62, 63 ------,Analysis of Bauxite from, .. 63 Holland House Bank, The, ................ 61, 62 G -----------, Analysis of General Geology of the Georgia Bauxite Bauxite from,. 62 Region, The, .... ,........................... 28 Holland Spring Eank, The, ................ 60, 61 Topography.............................. 28 Holt Eank, The, ............................ 82, 83 Stratigraphy ............................. 30 , Analyses of Bauxite from, .... 82, 83 The Cambrian Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Howell Bank, The,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 The Weisner Quartzite................... 31 Hunt, T. Sterry, ............................. 135 The Rome Formation...... . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 31 The Conasauga Shales................... The Silurian Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Knox Dolomite .................... .. Structure ................................ . The Minor Thrust Faults ............... . The Major Thrust Faults ............... . 32 34 34 Illustrations, List of,......................... 8 36 Introduction .............................. 11, 12 36 Ireland, Bauxite in,.......................... 17 37[ ---,Analyses of Bauxite from, ........ 18 r68 iNDEX Iron and Manganese Ores Associated with Matrix' ....................................... 50 the Bauxite Deposits . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 40 Mary Bank, The, ........................... 80- 82 Isolated Deposits .................... ,,. .. 117, 118 -----,Analyses of Bauxite from, ... 81, 82 McCalley,Henry, .................... 12, 24, 42, 48 J . McCallie, S. W., .............................. 121 McGuire Banks, The, ........................ 77 Julia Bank, The, ........................... 83- 86 Merrill, G. P., . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 15 -----,Analyses of Bauxite from, ...... 86 Method of Estimating the Ore-Bodies ...... 131 Minerals Associated with the Bauxite .... 37- 39 K Gibbsite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Halloysite .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Kaolin, Analyses of,......................... 30 Kaolin or Clay . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 38 Knox Dolomite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - - - - - - - , Analyses of. . . . . . . . . . . . 39 - - - - - - - . , Analyses of, ............. 35, 127 _ _ __.:.___' Analyses of residual decay Minor Thrust Faults......................... 36 Minter Bank No. J, The, ..................... 104 fron1, ...................... 127 - - - - - - - 2, The, ................. 105, 106 --------, Partial Analyses of L Bauxite from, ........ 106 Lanham Bank, The,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Laur, Francis, ........................ 14, 42, 43,53 Letter of Transmittal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Lewis Reynolds Bank, Tl1e, .......... 101, 102, 104 Montague and Company's Bank............ --------------,Analysis of Bauxite from, ...... 79 76 ----------, Partial Analysis of Morrow Bank, The, . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 79 Bauxite from, ..... 102 1\!l:oseley Bank, The, ...................... 100, 101 Little Lamb Bank, The, ...................... 98 Localities, European of Bauxite,.......... 13- 1S Lot "12", 22nd District, Floyd County... 112, 113 N ----,Analysis of Bauxite from, ........ 113 New Mexico, Bauxite of.......... :.......... 23 Lot "23", Floyd County ...................... 107 Nichols, Edward, ......... ~............. 25 - - "29", 16th District, Bartow County.... 75 -,- "103", 23rd District, Floyd County...... 66 0 - - - - , A n a l y s i s of Bauxite from,.,...... 66 Lot "104", 23rd District, Floyd County .... 66, 67 Occurrence and Distribution of Bauxite .13- 24 - - "115", 16th District, Bartow County .. 87, 88 Oolitic Ore.................................... 55 - - - - , Analysis of Bauxite from,........ 87 Ore-Bodies, Method of Estimating the, ..... 131 Lot "620", 3rd District, Floyd County....... 98 -- "677" and "692", 4th Section, Floyd p County ................................. 102 - - "678", 4th Section, Floyd County....... 102 Packard, R. L., ............ , .16, 43, 52, 53, 137, 138 - - "682", 3rdDistrict, Floyd County .... 112, 113 Penny Bank, The, ....... , .................. 91, 92 ----,Analysis of Bauxite from, ........ 113 Phillips, W. B., .......................... 41, 44, 53 Lot "685", Floyd County ... , ................ 107 Pinson Bank, The, . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 70 - - "690", 4th Section, Floyd County....... 102 Pisolites .. . . .. . . . ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 50 - - "749", 4th Section, Floyd County ....... 101 Pisolitic Ore.................................. 55 - - "765", 4th Section, Floyd County ....... 101 Production, Aluminum, ...... : .............. 138 - - "766", 4th Section, Floyd.County ....... 101 , in the United States 27 - - "81l2", 4th Section, Floyd County....... 100 , Bauxite in the United States.. 26 - "906", Brd District, Floyd Com1ty ....... 103 Property, The Martin, ........................ 118 M R Mabe1y, Charles F., .......................... 136 Red Warrior Bank, The, ................... 94, 95 Maddox Banlc, The,c ....................... 70- 72 - - - - - - - - , Analyses of Bauxite ------, Partial Analysis of Bauxite from,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 fron1, ...................... 71, 72 Reese Bank, The, ............................ 110 Major Thrust F:J,ults......................... 37 Richmds, Joseph W., ...... 15, 17, 18,135,137, 188 Manganese and Iron Ores Associated with Ridge Valley Bank No.1, The, ............ 65, 66 the Bauxite Deposits .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . 40 2, The, ............ 67, 68 Martin Property, The, ....................... 118 3,The, .............. 68 INDEX Ridge Valley Bank ~o. ,The,.............. 70 Ritch Bank, The, 108 -----, Partial Analysis of Bauxite from, 1~~ Rome Formtttion, The, ..................... . Roscoe, H. E.,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Russell, I. .c., ................................ 127 u United States, Production of Aluminum in, 2T , Production of Bauxite in,... 213 Uses of Bauxite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1i31, 132 v ViLrieties of the Bauxite ................... 54- 50: s Pebble Ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Pisolitic Ore .................... ~ ....... . 55 Schorlemmer...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Oolitic Ore ............................... . 55 Scruggs Bank, The, ...................... 115, 116 Vesicular Ore ................. :. ........ . 55 Sheets Bank, The,............................ 79 Amorphous Ore ......................... . 56 Silurian Rocks, The,......................... 34 Veach Bank, The, .......................... . 77 Spencer, J. W., ........ 12, 22, 33, 35, 39, 47, 68, Vesicular Ore . . . . .......................... . 5~ 69, 78-SO, 87, 93, 96, 99, 100, 103, 119 Spurlock Bank, The,......................... 87 w Stockade Bank, The, ....................... 68, 69 - - - - - - , Analyses of Bauxite from 68, 69 Stratigraphy, .Georgia Bauxite Region. . . . . . 30 Structure, Georgia Bauxite Region......... 86 - - - - , :Minor Thrust Faults, The,....... 36 ----,Major Thrust Faults, The, ....... 87 Summerville District, The,............... 113-117 ---------,Location and Descrip- .. tion of the Indi-vidual Deposits ..... 114--117 Wagner, Rudol:Qh,............................ 136 Ward Bank, The,............................. 6T Warring Bank, The, ...................... 86, ST -------, Partial Analysis of Bauxite from; ...................... 8T watters Bank, The, ........................ 72- 74 ------,Analyses of Bauxite from,.. 73: VVright Bank, The, ......................... '74, 75 ------,Partial Analysis of Bauxite fron1, ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Weisner Quartzite, The, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 T Whorton Bank, The, ..................... 107, 108 ------,Analysis of Bauxite from, .. 108 TaOle of Contents . .......... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- 7 Williams, J. Francis, ....................... 18- 21 Taylor Bank, The, ........................ 114, 115 Willis, Bailey,................................ 12 -----,Analysis of Bauxite from, .... 115 Vvillis Reynolds Bank, The, ................. 103 Technology of Bauxite in the Manufacture ----------, Partial Analyses of of Aluminum and Alum ................... 133 Bauxite from, ..... 103 Terry-Shaw Banks ......................... 77, 78 Woods Bank, The, .......................... 97, 98 --------,Analyses of Bauxite ------,Analysis of Bauxite from,.... 98 from ................... 78 Thompson, W. P., ............................ 136 y Topograghy, Georgia Bauxite Region . . . . . . 28 TrionFactory,Bauxitenear, ................ 116 Yeates, W.S., ............................... . 12.