THE MA R BLES-OF GEORGIA PLATE !-FRONTI SPIECE MARBLE BLUFF, ON THE LOUISVILLE AND NASHVILLE RAILROAD, GILMER COUNTY, GEORGIA. . . . ~- _ ....... " . . -..~. . G-EOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA {,~:- W. S. YEATES, State Ceologist -'./' B U "' L L.. E. T I N No. 1 A Preliminary Rep,ort on the ~ .... . ~:;.;;;~~~co es OF (Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged) BY S. W. McCALLIE Assistant Geologist 1907 OEO. W. HARRISON, State Printer At!:nte, Oeo!"gia GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GEORGIA W. S. YEATES, State Geologist BULLET r N No. r A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE Marbles of Gr-\ e.org1 a (-SECOND EDITI0:-.1, REVISED AND ENLARGED) BY S. W. McCALLIE Assistant Geologist -A.'rJ,ANTA, GA. THE FRANKI,IN-TURNER Co. Hl07 THE ADVISORY BOARD of the Geological Survey of Georgia in the Year. 1894 - (Ex-Officio) / Hrs ExCELLENCY, vV. J. NORTHEN, Governor of Georgia PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD HoN. R. T. NESBITT HoN. S. D. BRADWELL ,.,,_ Commissioner of Agriculture domtnissioner of Public $choo1s HoN. R. U. HARDEMAN State Treasurer HoN. W. A. WRIGHT HoN. J. M. TERRELL Comptroller-General Attorne;,-General " THE ADVISORY BOARD of the Geological Survey of Georgia in the Year t905 (Ex- Officio). HIS Ex<.:ELLENCY) J. M. TERRELL, Governor of Georgia :f>RESIDENT OF THE BOARD HoN. 0. B. STEVENS _____________ Couunissioner of Agriculture RoN. W. B. lV1ERRITT _______ Commissioner of Public Schoo1s RoN. R. E. PARK__________________________State Treasurer BoN. W. A. WRIGHT ____________________ Comptroller-Generai HoN. PHILIP COOK ____________________ Secretary of State BoN JOHN C. HART ______________________ Attorney-Genera} LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL (rst Edition) STATE oF' GEORGIA) GEoLOGICAL SuRVEY ATLANTA) GA.) }\ngust 20, 1894 ~to His Excellency) l. ]. NoRTHEN) Governor and President of the Advt"sor:y Board of the Geological Su-rvey of Georgia SrR:- I have the honor to tr?-nsmit, here\7\~ith, the report of Mr. S. vV. l\1cCallie, Assistant Geol()gist, on :'The l\1arbles of Georgia." - This is the first of a series of bulletins, intended tq give the latest and most reliable information on the various subjects embraced in the economic geology of the State. As new inforn1ation is to be expected, vv-herever development is undertaken, and, as new localities for minerals are liable to be found at any time, these economic reports are to be considered preliminary and subject to emendation, either by supplemental bulletins, or when the final reports on the general geology of the State shall be undertaken. \ 7 ery respectfully yours, \V. S. YEATES) State Geologist. C7) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL (2d Edition) GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY oF GEoRGIA~ A'rLAN'I'AJ GEORGIA, June 2oth, I905. To His ExcellenC)I, JosEPH lYI. TERRELL, Govenwr) and Chair-m.an of ti1.e Advisor:y Board of the Geological Survey' qf Georgia. SrR: - I have the honor to submit herewith for publication a revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin No. I, on the Marbles of Georgia. This bulletin, issued from the press in the spring of 1895 . was in such demand that the edition of 3,000 copies was soon ex11austed, hundreds of copies being used by the producers of Georgia 111arbles in backing their claims, before architects and builders, that Georgia marble was one of the most beautiful and durable building stones on the American n1arket. It is gratifying to be able to state that I have on file in my office letters from the presidents of the tw@ oldest and largest marble-producing concerns in Georgia, testifying that, to their knowledge, the report of this Survey on the Marbles Df Georgia. was largely instrumental in securing some of the largest -contracts in Georgia marble in this country. There continues to be great demand for this report. The present edition has been partly re-written, and new material, in the form of statistics and new data recently collected in the field, has been introduced, besides a chapter on the serpentine deposits of Cherokee County, known to the trade as V erd Antique marble. Care has been taken to preserve the general character of the first edition; but a large number of half-tone plates have been introduced, to show the great increase in, and the present condition of, the industry. Very respectfully yours, Vl. S. YEATE.S, State Geologist. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ADVISORY BOARD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 7-9. CHAPTER I HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARBLE INDUSTRY IN PICKENS COUNTY, GEORGIA .. (I) Tht:! Georgia Marble Company .... : .................. I7-I9(2) The Southern Marble Company ...................... 19-20 (3 l The Piedmont Marble Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 (4) Marble Production by States............... . ..... 20-22 CHAPTER II THE ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23-30 ( r) Common Limestone .................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2S. (2) Marble.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 '(3/ Magnesian Limestone~ . ~-.. : .. -..... .- ........ , ....... 28-29 (4) Oolitic Limestone............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Sf (5) Crinoidal Limestone.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 (6) Travertine....................................... . . . . 29 (7) Hydraulic Limestone ............................... 29-30 (8) Chalk......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,;o ( 9) Lithographic Limestone. . . . . .................... .'. . 30 (ro) Fetid Limestone.............................. . . . . . . 30 CHAPTER III GEOGRAPHY, PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY ..... 31-34 CHAPTER IV MARBLES OF FANNIN COUNTY. ................... 35-43 Description of Individual Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . .35-43 CHAPTER V MARBLES OF GILMER COUNTY..................... 44-48. Description of Individual Properties ................. 44-4S CHAPTER VI MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49-67 Description of Individual Properties . . . . . . . . . . .... :49-67 CHAPTER VII MARBLES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY. . .............. 68-72 Description of Individual Properties ................ 6S-7::c CHAPTER VIII SEMI-CRYSTALLINE MARBLES OF NO:?-TH\~lEST GEORGIA ............................................... 73-76 (r) Whitfield County, The Marble of, ................... 73-76 (2) Floyd County, The Marble of,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7& (II) PAGE; (HlAPTER IX MARBLE-DRESSING WORKS ......................... 77-82 :.. ....... ............ (r) The Microscopic'$tructure o"f Marbles ................ 96-98 (Q) Cru's~i:iJg'T~~t' ... .'........ roz-ro3 C3) Absorptrbn test ....... :.......... :.................. ro4 QHAPTER XIII CHEMICA~. DciSCUS~IdN OF THE. MARBLES OF GEORGIA .......... : . ........................ :. ........ ros-rro (I') General Discussion,.... ,......... , ..... , ............. IOS-I08 (2) Chemical Analysis .......... ' ............ , .............. 109 QHAFTER :X:Iy SOME OF THE USES o'F GEQRGIA. MARBLE .... I I o-r I3 rgia. XVIII Works of the Georgi~ Marble Company, near Tate, Pickens County, Georgia. XIX A1;1o~R:er Y:~t~W ,<;>~ -th~. WPf~s- 0f. .the G.eorgia l\Iarble .Go#i~~ny, 1;1ear ;Ta~e, J>Ip~ens C~unty, Georgia. XX }\:;_,~Vie;_ S~owiug. Qu;tRr~,.p of iBl?L~~ Marble at the Quar.ry of the American-. Black Marble Company, XXI XXG Whi~field Co-unty, G-:y_.org;i~. _ A View of the. Mar~J~-:'I)ressi\1g Works of the Ken- nes~w M,atc,fule Co,m.p~ny, nea_r: Mati~tta, Georgia. The Marble \,Vorks of the McNe~l Marble Company, ' . . ,; '>...;'..' .i~~~i~,fi!-:!fti-1!';~~-@.~~if-... ; ... ' ; -Offi.ce.atid XXHl ' of the Butler ilV1a,rble and Granite Wo~ks "' r . '\. . e. . . . . . -,._ ~ .~ . - .! . . ,. Go1p1fi~HR:Y;j.J\1ari,etta;. G.e0t,gia; XXIV Ip,~e,rior qf Jhe));ta,ck~Roo}TI .of t~:e .Ge9rgia Marble- ~- ! ' . ~' . . .. Finishit1g >Work~, ,Oantq,Il:) Georgia. X;XV A General View of tqe Works of the Blue Ridge Marble Coinpany, Nelson, Georgi~. A View ,in.theStoc;k-Yard of the Blue Ridge Marble Com.pany, .Nelson., .G~orgia. XXV.IL ,, ' ' :. - . ~ ~ A 'I)zf:tin':Lpa~l .ofJ~:~orgda Marble, from the \iVorks of the:B:lue Ridge Matble Company. XXVI,II Kinds of Finish. XXIX Circular Cut-Off Saw. :X::X Tools :q~ed in .$tone-Cutting. XXXI l\1icrop.H:otpgraphs nf Georgia Marble. (I4) XXXII XXXIII XXXIV Microphotographs of Georgia Marble. Microphotographs of Georgia Marble. Entrance to the Century Office Building, Atlanta, Georgia .. XXXV A Section of the Monument-Cutting Department of the Georgia Marbl~-Finishing Works, Canton, Georgia. XXXVI .The Young Men's Christian Association building, Columbus, Georgia. XXXVII A Private Residence, Tampa, Florida. :AXXVIII A Residence on Prairie Avenue, Chicago. XXXIX Minnesota State Capitol, St. Pau 1, Minn. XL An Ornamental Statue on the Minnesota State Capitol. XLI The Rhode Island State Capitol, Providence, Rhode Island. XLII Carved Capitols for Co1umns of White Marble, Rhode -Island State Capitol.--- ------- ------- - - - XLIII Ornamental Work on the Rhode Island State Capitol. XLIV The Carnegie Public Library, Atlanta, Georgia. XLV A View of a Part of the City of Worcester, Mas- sachusetts, Showing the Office Building of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company. ' XLVI Facade of the New York Stock Exchange Building. XLVII The State Savings Bank, Detroit, Michigan. XLVIII Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. XLIX One-Inch Cubes of Marble, after having been Susmitted to Crushing Tests. L Entrance to the Candler Building, Atlanta, Georgia. LI Panel of Creole M~rble, Candler Building Atlanta, Georgia. LII Carved Stairway in the Candler Building, Atlanta, Georgia. (rs) - .FIGURES. I . THee1Wii.iE~fi~i'ng; 1VIachin:e: 3 The Sullivan C,han~e11ing JY.[achine. ~ ,,. - i .,: .; ' > I ~- "'- '-' ._ " <- ...,< ' 4 facility for the produdiori. of marble, the firm rlow found it necessary to e!rJ,ploy an agent to travel through- the counties of North Georg!~, to solicit orders ~m~ to1;b~tol:Ies. When a number of these stones, sufficient to make a wagon-load, had been sold, a delivery w~g;n, drawn by six mules, was start~~ out.on ~e ~oad,to deliver the ~?tones, to the respective buyers, as it traveled through the country. Thi~ tPOd~ of transportation, in a mou~tainous country, where the roads were usually rough and steep, added greatly to the original cost of th~ stone. Common, plain tombstones, that now bring from te11 .to twelve dollars per set, then sold at thirty or forty dollars. After continuing operations for only about two years, this firm was succeeded by Rankin, Summy & Hurlick, which was the last com- pany to do any work,. in the immediate vicinity of the Georgia J\tfar- ble works; until. the present company was organized. In r854, :Sutpn1y & Hurlick, who, ten years before, had opened a quarry two miles east of Jasper, again renewed the work at that place. They BEGINNING OF THE MARBLE INDUSTRY erected there a mill with four gangs of saws, and continued successful operation for about six years, when the works were abandoned, on account of the Civil War. Immediately after the war, the quarry was worked by Robinson, Richardson .& Besinger, for nearly two years; but it was afterward abandoned, until I885, when the property fell into the hands of the Perseverance Marble Company, or- ganized by Jas. P. Harrison and others. This company at once made a considerable outlay of money, in erecting a steam-mill, opening up new quarries, etc. Steam-drills and all the machinery necessary to carry on a first-class quarry were secured. The works, which now employed a number of hands, continued operations for only about three years, turning out, in the meantime, a great deal of marble, which was used for various purposes. Since then, the greater part of the machinery has been removed, and the buildings have become somewhat dilapidated. THE GEORGIA MARBLE CoMPANY-was organized in May, I884, with a capital of $I,soo,ooo. This date marks the beginning of a very important epoch, in the history of the development of the marble industry in Pickens county. Previous to this time, Georgia marble was practically unknown to the trade as a building-stone, and had even a very local use for tombstones, etc.; but, on account of the superior quality of the marble, and the energy and business-like methods of this and other companies soon organized, it has found its way to all parts of the United States, where it is now used in the construction of some of the most costly buildings. The first work of the Georgia Marble Company, after securing control of nearly seven thousand acres, was to construct and equip a branch railroad from the quarries to the main line of the Marietta and North Georgia Railroad. I This gave ready means of transportation to all parts of the country. The mills and quarries were then put in operation, at a total cost of nearly $8oo,ooo, and have been run continuously ever since, with a gradually increasing output. THE SouTHERN MARBLE QuARRIEs -vvere opened in I885 by Miles & Horne, contractors for the State capitol of Georgia. The stair- I No-w the Atlanta, Knoxville &Northern Division of the Louisville & Nashville R. R. 20 BEGINNING OF THE MARBLE INDUSTRY case and the tiling, except the border tiles, used in this building~ were secured at these works. Since then, the facilities for quarrying and working the marble have been ~reatly increased. New quarries have been opened, and mills erected; and great quantities of white marble qave beer! annually shipped to all se~tions of the country for monumental work and interior finish. Dur~ng the same year, in which the Southern marble quarries were qpemed, Geo. B. Sickels & Co., marble dressers, near Tate, began wm~k. . This firm has since gradually increased its output, from year to year, until it has built up an extensive trade in tiling an,d interior decoration. THE PIEDMONT AND T:HJ$ BLUE RIDGE MARBLE CoMPANIES were both organized in I886~ Theformer opened a quarry and erected a latge,mill near the ~outhern wprks:; but, for some reason, the works have not been continuou~ly operated. Since the first edition of this bulletin was issued, the Piedmont Marble Company, having become involved in litigation, has sold its prGperty to the Marble Hill Com- pany, which has 'recetitly cieas:ed its plant to the Blue Ridge Marble Com,papy. "The q~fl,rti.~$;:<;lil::;~ .nqtat,pr.es.ent in operation. . ". ..,.' .. , ~; . : / ;;_,\..:' :'' ; i. : ... :. >:.. ' The following table, taken from the report on the "Mineral Re- ~QU11?:S' of the United St(JJtes;~) U. S., Geological Survey; for 1903,. shows that Georgia produces mor.e .marble than ,any other State in the Union with the exception of New York and Verma:nt: - MARBLE Th~ n1aib1e proclu:ction of :r903 was valued at $5,36~,686, art in- cfease''Cit$3'i8,5d4 oV'6r the valtie 'for I902', which was $5;044,I82. Arkiflls:J;s ccnd Montana had no output in, I903; but North Carolina wa:s 'a.~:Gfed to th~ list o.f. prbduce:rs. The increase was froni the New qu~rtie~."J.!r York:a:ri-d Verfi1ont; the production in the other States decreasecf.somewhat. Strikes in the building ~rade affected the marble industry as wen as the other branches of the stone business. THE MARBLES OF GEOR GI A PLATE ll STRETCHED PEBBLES, FROM THE SCHI TOSE CONGLOMERATE ALONG THE MARBLE BELT IN GILMER COU TY, GEORGIA. BEGINNING OF THE MARBLE INDUSTRY 21 The following table shows the value of the marble produced m the United States from 1899 to 1903, inclusive, by States:- I Value of Marble, by States, from 1899 to 1903, inclusive. State 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Alabama............................. . .. , ....... $ 500 ........... . Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,500 Arizona.............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 300 Arkansas............................ $ 3,410 . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 California .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. 6,500 17,500 6,642 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,776 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Connecticut ............................................................ . Georgia..... . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . 742,554 631,241 936,549 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,250 .......... . Maryland .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . 77,000 70,000 68,100 M~ssach_usetts....................... 59,416 130,735 126,546 MlSSO Ul'l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ; 900 2.100 Montana............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,200 1,500 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 !0,600 1 New York............................ . 338,816 332,518 319,159 North Carolina. Oregon. . ....... . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... J.. . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .... . .. .. .. .... . ...... 500 Pennsylvania . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 139,506 151,167 157,547 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b 384,705 424,054 494,637 Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,1355 . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Vermont............................. 2,241,806 2,484,852 2,753,583 Washington......................... 4,837 11,836 22,816 Wyoming ............................................................... Other States...................... ....................................... , . , .... . (a) (a) $ 92,298 (a) 660,517 (a) 165,489 (a) (a) 577,298 160,423 518,256 a ....... ...'.:.~ 5,000 7,595 1.;3.4.,.6.0..0 356,561 179,434 2,400 11,84+ . . . . . . . . . ..... . 154,228 ~a) "(ci)". '748.160 4,36!> ~~~%l~~!~~~~:::: 91:g5g 15,a~% 125,~f~ 1~~:~~~ 2Z:~gg 99,600 13,700 3~gg 4~t~~~ Utah.::;.~........ 2oo' 3,QOO ..... .. .... . .,. .... ... ...... 3,200 V~iP;IT!:9n.t ........ ,. 4~5,99q t!,1~6887 ~27;4pg 280;058 84,7,~5~ 1~,850 502,0~2 ....... , ....... 3,01l,505 W~:!>sli:EJagton ... , ,. . W'(VIb.lltl:lig.L ... i..- . . .7.1-5.0. 0.l ,.... .?QQ r:>" .. ,., .; . 14;761{ .. ;;,;....,",, ~~~~~7 , 17,QO~. .... ,, ... 1,QQQ g9p, .. .. .. . ,fO.fg7 3;!1.00 ........ ... ... .3/J.OO Other States e.. 6,400. ....... 4,700 80,000 100 100 . ....... ..... ... .. .. .. 91,300 J,~~ 4___ - - - - " - ! - - - ---~ ---!~-..,..-- Total....... 1,107,064 896,604 450;595 1,111,0721,062,339 51,359 663,5153 15,900 4,200 5,362,686 . .. . ; ~. . . .' .... ;. - I I ' a Included in OtJ.:ter States. . bP;:rtiid.U!CP:i:,0:U ;o'J;'\M:isso\r.ti :ron,d.: Qr.(:1gon in,cl11QE}(l~nd,eJ,\l'ep.ort on !inu:~r;;ton,e. ac Includes Alabama, Arkans~ts, Connec'tjcut, Ma1:y1:and, Montana, New Mexico and Utah. J?.roduction of Oregon included under rep01t on limestone. ' e Includes Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Missouii and'New Mexico. . I For the yearsl904: and 1905, see AppenCI.tx. THE MA RBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE I I! A VIEW OF TilE SCHISTOSE CO GLOMERATE, OCCURRI G ALONG TilE MARBLE BELT IN GILMER COU TY, GEOitGlA CHAPTER II THE ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES In order that the general reader may better understand the position and mode of occurrence of the Georgia marbles, it is thought advisable to give a short sketch of the origin of limestones. T~e term limestone embraces all calcareous rocks, however soft or hard. It includes the soft, friable chalks, as well as the hard, crystalline marbles. Limestones ~ave been formed, either as a precipitate from a satu~ rated solution of calcium carbonate, or from the remains of shells and skeletons of animals. It has been the prevailing opinion, among scientific men, until recently, that all extensive calcareous for.. - mations have resulted from the debris of organisms. This opinion is now considered by some of our leading geologists to be far too sweeping, and they have presented many facts, which make it quite probable that many of our limestones are partly, and some of then1, entirely, due to chemical precipitation. The everglades of Florida are said to present favorable conditions, for the deposition of calcareous matter from chemical solution. They forn1 an extensive swa1np, with an area of several hundred square miles, elevated only a few feet above the sea-level. During the. rainy season, the swamp is submerged by the swollen riv:ers, which flow into it. The waters of these rivers, collected from soils where vegetable matter is undergoing decomposition, contain much carbonic acid, which enables them to take into solution a great deal of calcium carbonate, dissolved from the calcareous rocks, over which they flow. In the dry season, the water of the swamp, exposed to the rays of a subtropical sun, undergoes a rapid evaporation, and deposits calcium carbonate, both as a calcareous mud and in a crystalline form. The deposit extends over a considerable area, almost (23) ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES horizontal; and, if the conditions, now in existence, were to continue, for a long period of tirne, the formation would attain a. thickness of be many feet, and would require only to consolidated, in order to form an extensive bed of what is commonly called limestone. Many of the rivers, flowing into the Mediterranean sea, also de- posit on the sea bottmn, opposite their mouths, calcium carbonate as a chemical precipita,te. The calcar~ous deposit is especially abundctnt at the mouth of the river Rhone, and has been pointed out, by Sir 'Cha.,rles Lyell and others, as an example of hard, c01npact, cal~reous rock, now in process of formation. There may be. seen, in the Musemn of Montpelier, France, a cannon taken from the sea bottom, near the mouth of this river, embedded in a crysta11ine ~alcareous rock, that shows. both the character and th.e recent origi11 of the depos~. . In all countries,. 1in1estone is :being deposited, as a chemical pre- cipitate, about the outlet and along the course, oflimestone springs. Probably the best-exain]_)les .of th,is mode of fanning calcareous rocks are t,ope f.oundi1:1 Eretf~c~ ;a~J,taJy, yvl1;ere,.aLplaces.~J~g~e.al;efl$ are c6~t#ciLt9 the: E~lc~ptfl .~;1~1:~11~ ;.~~et by:t1Te"dev(J))s1f:. irithi~ .c.o,wtttr~: we s . " are':havm. g s1.m1'1ar depo. s1.ts. 1at'd. .d'own ,b'.y; .t,'he ";ru.l;1td.'. :, weeJ "Nl,d.. the ''Red 3Sweet" springs of Virgit~.ia; a~a: also: by ~t1n:~6tbus sp~1:ings in., ~.a1iiornia and the Yellowstone region. Notable are th~ dep.ps}ts nt~de;'by the celebrated Mammoth Hot Springs in the Y~Ilowst6~ne :&a.tipnal Park, where immense deposits of calcareous tufa are rapiclly f~rfiiing. The rocks thus formed are not usually v~ry extensive; as co;rnpared with other deposits ; but, nevertheless, they are frequently itliJ?o,rtant, fr~m an economic standpoint. Owing to the peculiar con- dit~B+l, up:.<;ler. w,J;ti~~ .~h~y ,are forn1ed, they often show quite a vari~ty of colors arranged in bands, which make the stone very valuable for OJina;mental purposes, when. sufficiently compact. The so-called ,,Cali- ~orq~a, Missottri, Arizona and Mexican onyx, calcareous stones of r~markable -beauty, were probably <;leposited in this way. Limesto~e, resulting from chemical precipitation, appears to be confined, at present, almost entirely to land-locked lagoons, bays and ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES 25 running streams; but, during the earlier geological times, when the earth's crust was at a much higher temperature, it was probably deposited more or less abundantly in the open sea. This seems to be the only e:x:planation, for limestones being found in Archcean areas. Animals, from a very early period in the history of the earth, have been the most effective agents in the formation of limestone. They have worked continuously in the waters of all latitudes, extracting from the sea-wate~ the calcareous matter carried down by rivers, and forming it into hard shells and skeletons. The accumulation of their remains, in the course of generations, formed thick beds, extending over wide areas. If these remains accumulated in a bay Or estuary, where they were protected from the action of the waves, the rock resulting from their consolidation would consist of a mass of shells and skeletons, probably cemented together by a thin layer of calcareous mud. On the other hand, if they accumulated on an exposed coast, the waves would pulverize them into a fine powder, which, when consolidated, would form a compact limestone, rarely. -showing any trace of the shells, from which it was formed. Along the southern coast of Florida, immense beds of limestone are now in process of formation from the remains of animals. There, as elsewhere in all temperate and tropical seas, the most active limeproducing animals are the corals. All the southern portion of that State has been formed, mainly, from the debris of these organisms, which are still extending it seaward. The conditions for the rapid growth of these animals appear to be even more favorable about the islands of the South Pacific, where thousa:1,1ds of square miles of the ocean's bed are covered to the depth of many feet by their remains, which in many places have become so har~ and compact, as to form calcareous rocks, difficult to distinguish from the more ancient limestones. On submarine banks and in shallow seas, not suitable for the growth of corals, echinoderms, crustaceans and mollusks live in great numbers. The hard parts of these animals, being principally calcium carbonate, are piled up, in process of time, into extensive . ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES heap~, which gradu?-lly b,~FQW~ c~n?ol~d~~ed into rock, suffls:iently "I " . J . ., ' ~1 \) < -" t 1 . ,_ <. .t. , . , , , .,. ~ ,, ~ ,. , _ ,, ,. firm for b~ilding purppse9, ~ln~~11~~,many of the shylls 1,11~y still retain their odginal struc;ture CJ.l1d d.e!icat~ 11;:1.~rJdn.gs. I!1 th~ d~~P sea, t4~:t:~~ eil;st', ~~ar the s11d~c~'o{t$:~wat~r, myriads of microscopic organisl.11s, whose calcareous skeletons are continu:- tq a!JY, f~ll{n;g the bpttorp; whexe't]Jey form at nlaces a thick dep~sit ol QO~~J. cios,ely' resembHng pulverized chalk. Recent invef1tig~tiqns show :tl~~f :d.eerrsea 'ooze and chalk are almost identical, . ~ncf ~~re 11~~~y d~posited under similar conditions, as the remains of very ~intite. animals. . :Ait Hmestone, ma~ing up a po-rtion 9f the earth's crust, has been py rri~cif the sai:pei ch~W~~,~~" or org~ui<; 2:i~n,des, which are sti11 1n cii>~~ra,~iP11,. #>pu1ng_ ~?-lc~re~:lW. d~pc:l~~its.. So corqplefyly has, this f~ct e$tabhshed, that, $any mstaaces, the whole series of changes b~eh 1n ..fi;~~-_'?;~"~'~,.,,;~\- "':)c~--~->!,''~'r-~:~"- v;,,J:~;.,__,....-,+.<::, .. ~:-. _j .:_, ~--. 1.,. "''~'-\ -~ _. "' ~. )~--~~' _:-. t c~n. bE1 ft~ci~. frH~~ tbcr lo:ose P.eel;p of s~ells. on the se~ bptto1n to the lig#l. _qrysta,J~in~ 1nCH:b1e? .on the +nouptain siQ:e. Thes~, as weiJ as a.ll :._:_,(..<' .-~'~-.'l;,.l'-.-.. '~-,~-~-,-):'.'1-\':'i'~'-;._; .._.; '',- J, .. --~--' ~'i,~! ,< , - . --~ ' . :.-~:. -. qi~~~~;~~~~Rf~j~I:.~~~~~~i.t.~, 1~r~.~11:.nrsfiaid down ig t~~ ()y_~~~ bJ the ac~1ori o(yy~~e~,<~~r~ ()figipalb~ hqrizontal; and, ~f tllt ex~sting con- ,';tf1i!(f!~l~i~~t~,~~~~\~7~:~ c;,l!~Bg~B~ ~~i~h, bfQ11ght a~ot:tt corr~sp,o~~i11,g' ch~11g~~ ip., th~ p-~t~_r.e q$r.t . m~J:10~t9~ . Cl~a.r ,seas, ono~ teeming with ~rrui~~taP:'l~.lifue- ,-,.;~~1-~--_,,,".',,~---.i~_".-.~ .r.~ t-.. '-~ ' ," , . .. ' . _: --;.;_'- \/_ ...[-:_-(~'"-,\' .pi~4ut1~g; ai~11als,. were gradua!+y cha~ge~ into n~uddy' s~as: 4~::- ~~9}tt'l1:t.sl~y, s~n~ f:!;l}d ,grav~l. T~ese various sediments, togefh~r ii,~~-~~~:,SfP1.c~pe,o;1J. ,~~.9s; were ma~y times rep~ate~, until they at- t.~til~.FL%~:~g~,r;~~a,t~,Ph~pkB~$~ ....._..,:ll, ''' 'i!il~~- ~,T 1~- '" ,.-' "-<'~ 1. '. 't o~)~~l}Y thousa~q ~~~t. Then, lateral .#~r~~RR~?,~n~:?~,~-~~~:Bf~.~.).lJ:Et~.M~-~~,. ?{ ~~~~8-': ~w-~hr tZ~rt,~ ~o~tracte? troni' fhe 10ss .aif 11ea}''cat1sed the hori'zo,iital Beas to ;be slowly i"aised { ; , ' ' -~" ' ' ' ' 'I I > ~ '' (i' .' ". t ,.. ' ~ 0 0 ; .' ' ' "'4- ' , above' the surface 'of'the 6cean, and sometin1es to be bent into gi- j . .;:-_'_. ::':,:.. :.-}(t~ _i} -~ i ~!I , . l ~ ,.. ~~ : gagti~ fo)4.s, fqrn.1i11g ~lternC!-4e v~ll~ys and ridges. So powerful wei~ '''the$e -'tatefal' b.fc~s in. many" caei3, that the folds overlapped oi~~ :~#()in~r~ .~1~. b"i.:o'ke''and l:eli'~v6cr tlie 'te11s'ion, by thrusting one edge -~-:.. ,_..__ ,.:,~-_..._,.._. ,-_~?'1\_'~~i"~- ."::: . ; ':': -/~_"~- -.~~;-~~-~--':lj''f"'lr._~.'~. '"'"'~=~:~.-. I'\' . . ~ --i " ~- ,, ,, ;: ,?.-- .. '! t ~ -~ I' of the'seri'es of strata far over the other. >: .' ..... , THE MA R BL ES OF GEORGI A PLATE I V A CUT ALONG THE AMICALOLA RAILROAD , HOWING THE COU TRY ROCK (i\HCA- CHTST) OF THE MARBLE DEPOSITS OF PICKE ' S COU TY GEORGIA. ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES During sedimentation and upheaval, heat, pressure and chemical action almost universally changed the deposit into compact rocks, such as are now to be seen outcropping on nearly every hillside in North Georgia. As soon as these indurated deposits were elevated above the sea-level, atmospheric and aqueous agencies began their work of erosion and transportation. The folds, forming high ridges and even mountains, were often cut away by these agents into valleys, while the valleys remained as ridges. The original natural features of the country were thus, in many cases, completely changed, and the former topography can now be worked out, with any degree of certainty, only after a thorough knowledge of the structural geology of the region. No section of the country, probably, better illustrates this advanced stage of folding and erosion, than that portion of North Georgia, in which the beds of crystalline limestones, or ' marbles, appear. Here the various contorted and folded strata of slate, gneiss, conglomerate and marble, once horizcmtal beds of clay, sand, gravel and calcareous material in the bottom of the sea, now dip at an angle from 20 to 70 to the southeast. This direction of dip i~ practically the same throughout the marble belt, and is evidently due to close pressed, overlapping folds, with their upper portion removed by erosion. As the relative positions of the different beds of rocks in a fold always remain unchanged, it is possible to trace certain strata, ?-S marble, long distances, without ever seeing any actual outcrop, and even to identify a stratum as belonging to the same geological horizon, though the outcroppings n1ay be many miles apart. Where marbles underlie valleys covered to considerable depths, as in North Georgia, this is the only way that they can be located, with any degree of certainty; and the prospector who disregards these facts usually retires from the field with only a large fund of valuable experience as a reward for his labor. Limestones, resulting either from chemical precipitation or from the remains of animals, differ greatly, both in chemical and physical properties. These differences have given rise to many varieties; the principal ones are described below : - VARIETIES OF LIMESTONE C01nmon Lim(fstone is a compact, massive rock, occurring in beds ot layers, with other sedimentary deposits, and is the most abundant of all the calcareous rocks. Its color is co1nmonly yellowish gray, ~hie, dr brown; ~but it may be 'black, or even ~ed. It, 'like all other rocks of this class except dolmrtite, ~ff~rvesces readily with dilute hydroch16r'ic acid, burns readily into.quicklime, and may or may riot cohiain ani1i1al reinains. Most common limestones are crypto-crys- tdliine. Marble) which is the special subject of this report, differs from the G01i1iilhii 'limestone only in being _pheno-crystallirte. It is mad~ up of crySt_alline grains of a miifoJ;J.i1_size, but usually of no definite shape; thes'e rnay ~eadily be seen. wit1f the haked eye; as the n:an1e pheno- ' crystallihe in:q)lies. When free from foreign sttbstances, marble is of a sn6~~whiht'co.ior; but, H access6ry ~mih.erals .are present, the stone n~ay he ted, blue, yellow, gray, green, or black. This great variety of colors well adapts it for all classes of o:i~nctmental wo1.-k. 'It 6ccurs, like co1ti1nbn lirnestone, in imrt1ertse beds, son1etin1es hufrdreds of feet. ip tbjck11~ss and1T1any miles i~ length; but, unfortunately, only a sha:ctiir\pi~qp'OirtiolJ. .qi')S,~dkL~{4po'sttEl,r~itif1asn .. stoi1e -of ":~fiy edo1:iornic v~1u.t~~:~ ~arb1e is reg.ai;d~d -B~ ;mai~y ge,o1ogists as a metahiorphic 1~ci;a1{' .i:~ h.as, iri 1i)6)ist '2a;~~~;,:,E~eri J?r~6atlC!ea,pr6iba.h:tr:: trO.n1 :2'6D:hrion lim,esio~-;re, by 1neans of heat an;d pressure. iftcigftesian Lime.fton:e . ( ctc>T6i11-ite) 'is a ver-y abundant cakctieous rock, -dbsely resen1bling common limestone, in all its physical prop- er~ik~, b1it 'hciv1iig i:i Cliff~erelit chen1ical composition. When pure, it is'; composed of neady eqnall parts of cakium carbonate and magne- sium carbonate'; ~t-id, un1ess heated, it does not readily effervesce with dih1te lryi:lrochip:ric acid. Magnesian litrtestone occurs both' as '''o:. , . ':;.:._.:,.r . ;,, ..;... ~.-/'(<' '.i.,.;~,, .'\':~<" .."~ 1' , ' , ' a pheno-C17Sta1Tine and a cfypto-crystalli:he rock. When pheno~crys- talline, it is called dolomitic ti1arb1e. It makes a fine stone, either for ornamentctl ~r for arc11iteetural purposes. 'I'he ctypto-ctystalline fonn :o this r~kk occurs in Nortlwekt Geo~gia as. Knox do1omite, wh~reit f~nns a number ~f wide, more orl~ss'parallel bCI:hds, extend- ing in a diagonal direction across the c'ortier of the State. It has VARIETIES OF LIMESTONE 29 been used at several places for bridge piers, retaining walls etc.; but, as it does not admit of a fine polish, it cannot be used for ornamental purposes. The crystalline form appears as a true dolomitic marble, at various places along the marble belt in Pickens, Gilmer and Fan~ nin counties. Oolitic Limestone consists of small, more or less spherical grains of calcite, cemented together by similar material; it resembles somewhat the roe of a fish, receiving its name from this resemblance. The individual grains have a concretionary structure, which has resulted from the peculiar conditions, under which they were deposited. The better qualities of the stone are well adapted for building purposes. The State capitol of Georgia is constructed of this variety of limestone, from Indiana. Crinoidal Limestone is made up almost entirely of crinoidal stems, corals etc. It is frequently semi-crystalline; and, when variegated, as the Tennessee marble, it makes a remarkably fine ornamental stone. Travertine is deposited, as a chemical precipitate, by springs .or streams, and varies greatly in color and texture. Its color is usually white or some shade of brown, green, red, or yellow. In the more compact varieties of the stone, as the so-called Mexican onyx, these different colors alternate with each other, producing a beautiful banded structure. When travertine is deposited in water much agitated, it is quite spongy and porous, and has no economic value~ either as a building or ornamental stone.. This variety is called tufa. Stalactites and sta:lagn11ites) cave deposits, have an origin similar to that of travertine. H ydrauliF Limestone is an impure calcareous rock of various colors, found more or less abundant in all geological formations. It contains clay and silica, which are often found in such abundance,. that when the rock is burnt for lime, it will not slack with water; but, when ground and mixed as a mortar, it will set under water, and form a mass of great hardness. Hence it is called hydraulic limestone. The best varieties of this stone are generally found as tran- VARIETIES OF LIMESTONE . . to sitiohal beds between. ordinary lit;iiestones and shales or saild~tones. cfft"ai"k is ~ :firte-graihed, earthy IiH1estolie, so so-ft as r~ia1iy- soil tiie. h~n:d~. lt 6teti enc;:lbses nddhi~s or bands of flbJ.t,; and, when ""'~>~ .,. "..('~ ,, ~ . _,: ::" . . :\~.('': ' ' .. . '' ~- ' .: _., : . __ ... ~ :~ :-,-:..,,_'':! _: l '. "-.; " :examined thrOugh: the microscope, it is fr'equeiitly found tO. be made up largely of shells of very minute animals. :C%tliog1-:flpnic t)i1inestcYhe a ,, :: ;. o ,,, ,~'""'L:.~:.::::-,' ,,' ,, o ~ ' j~ is very compact, fine graiiied hon1ogene- 6rr$b~i~&l~'&fis rd:ck, usUally of a pale-gray or yeUow.ish coior, with a shafj;f }: ~" r _ ~~-.~~~.l>:<~_-<:<~: ~ .< -_ _ . _ .. conchoidal fracture. It is extensively used by lithographers #Bt fr.~~ih,g maps etc. On the smooth surface of such a stone,. draw- : (;- .::: -~:'{-' !i ~ "(: . ihgs ar~ made with a greasy ink, specia]ly prepared for the purpose; qr'~itbl{ a drawing niayl5e transferd~:d tO. ~he gtoiw directly from the 8.f.1gifill drawing. ti;~ stoAe, bding ~~~~~what porous~ retains the ink; and, if it is now moisten~d. with water, ail' 1>4rfs. of the. stone b~~~fne' wet, ~x~ept whe~e the gt~~se oc~ttrs. A roller, coated with pfiRl~i:;'~ ink' is Hien paksed over the stbri'~, taking '~f~ct o,cly on the greas~d lines of the drawing, which may tlieri be pririt~dJron1, as from an engraving. . There are only a few places, so far dis- ~ov_~i~d, :witpil} -~he :!JB~teg. ;$t~t~?,_ vyl,~r~. Jip~stg#;~, qpc~if.s~ ..i?~i.~.ess~ri:~~-,~~'~,,~'~2~s~f.y~;q~~~~fl~~:~?f~~~!~~(5~f~~:~iq'':~~.rp,pj~~~,:~:j~e~:?rj~iii of ~~"~~~g~f; anta' struck a ~ .,...t.w. ,.h,_.e.r.i.. , wi.l..h_.' , h._a..m. m,..e...i...~...,....~.i...t,.g''.i,v.'.,e.,~,.i... off a..,.v. f'fe" r.Y'.,d.,.l.,s.,~~8~,~.;,e.,e.a_.o1e 0a6r~ '*'111211 appe~~s. t'o be ciu~ to t1le ~~?&bnaceous' r11~~~J.~iafit'c:ol!- -l:~i~1~~,:":~;V;11~~ e~J?9.sed to fh~ atmqspheric agenci_es for ariy.lerigth ""of tiili~~ ''it lina~;gbes a change in .color, freque~tly becoming aifhost ,-,: ;, ! -'.' .,, ',. 1:\ . ' ,,.1. ,. ' ' ,. . ' . ,. white on the exposed surface. The so-called black marbles of Cedar Ridge, Whitfield county, are good examples of bitumii1ous lime- st6r~l . < THE AfARBLES OF GEORG/ A PLATE V A MARBLE Q._UARRY NEAR MINERAL BLUFF, FANNIN COUNTY, GEORGIA, , CHAPTER III GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY All of the marbles of Georgia, which have so far been worked on a commercial scale, occur along the Louisville & Nashville R. R., in the northern part of the State. They are confined to a narrow belt, about sixty miles long and from one to three miles wide, traversing in a southwesterly direction the counties of Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee. That portion of the counties, in which the marbles are found, is usually quite hilly; and, in places, it becomes even mountainous, with peaks reaching an altitude of more than 4,000 feet above sea-level. The average elevation of the region is only about r, soo feet. The small valleys, which are numerous, are narrow, and always bounded on each side by steep hills or ridges. In many instances, the marbles form the floor of these valleys; but, more frequently, they occur along the adjacent hill-slopes, where they often form bold bluffs from 40 to 50 feet in height. The general trend of the ridges and valleys is northeast and southwest, conforming in direction to the strike of the rocks of the region; however, in some cases, as in the vicinity of Marble Hill, the course of the valleys and ridges may vary considerably from the general northeast and southwest trend. Such changes, however, are always local; and they occur only at a few points throughout the marble belt. The streams, that traverse the valleys of the marble belt are usually small; nevertheless, they are always rapid, and often furnish ample power for operating grist-mills and other machinery. Some idea may be had of the rapidity of these streams, when it is stated that the fall is frequently 75 feet or more per mile. The most important streams are Long Swamp, Tolona and Turniptown creeks. At many places along these streams, the valleys in which they flow (3I) 32 GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY often bec0111e sttddenly contracted, thus forming narrow deep gorges~ where storage dams for water-powers may be constructed at small cost. In general, the topography of the marble belt may be said to be that, commonly met with throughout the Southern Appalachian region, where the streams are rapidly deepening their channels in rocks of variable hardness. GEOLOGY The holo-crystalline marbles, described- in this report, are found in .w:hat is known as the Metamorphic or Crystalline Area .of the State. They a:ccur in a belt parallel with, and about r 5 miles distant from, the W:yE?ter,n margin of this area. The rocks associated with the ma~~bles ar:e.chie:fily of sedimentary origin; though there occur in'places, als~ rock$ of igneous origin. The sedimentary rocks include the clay slates, the mica-schist or mica-slate~, the quartzites and conglpmerates, and the gneisses. THE CtAY SLNI'ES.- These vary in color from gray to black; apd, ~13, pl,C}qes, tl]:~~: q~W ~() po:o/q~ss all the necessary . qualities of a n.Yonrtg-siate. The deava::ge; wl:lich is often quite perfect, appears to .c6nform, in al1, cases, to the original bedding. They... contaiR more or less pyrite and graphite. The latter mineral is especially abun- cla,:p.t in the darker slates, and is, no doubt~ the chief cap.se of the dark co1or. The clay-slates are best developed on the west side of tne tn~r~les. E~st of the marbles, they seem to be replaced by the mica-slates or mica'-schists. Thi$ change is propably due to a more complete metamorphism to the eastward.. TiE M.ICA-SCHIS'I' OR MrcA-SLA'I'ES. - This type of rock is far tTI:ore',aoufldant Jhan the clay.,slate, and is the. one most frequently fotmd- in immediate contact with the marbles. These rocks are made up largely of mica and qttartz; but, irt some places, they contain a large proportion of accessory minerals, the most abundant being garnets: A further study of these crystalline schists will no doubt show, that, in addition to the true mica-schists or mica-slates, they also include sericitic and chloritic schists. GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 33 THE QuARTZITES AND CoNGLOMERATES. -The quartzites and conglomerates form but a small proportion of the sedimentary rocks occurring in the marble belt. They are of special interest, however, from their influence on the topography; since they are always ridgeforming. They are, furthermore, of special interest; as they show, by their stretched granules and pebbles, the intense dynamic action, to -vvhich the rocks of the region have been subjected. In nearly all places, w:here these quartzites or conglomerates have been examined, they show a more or less schistose structure. The water-worn quartzite pebbles have, in some instances/ been clrawn out in the form of flattened rods, whose lengths exceed the original diameters of the pebrles by more than fifteen times. The n1atrix, in which the elongated pebbles are embedded, consists chiefly of mica with a few more-or-less rounded particles of kaolin. The latter appear to have been originally feldspar pebbles, which, for some reason, seem not to have been elongated during the metamorphism of the conglomerates. THE GNEISSES.- These rocks, which are frequently m.et with throughout the marble belt, may be divided into coarse-grained and fine-grained gneisses. The former seem to have been originally pegmatite or coarse-grained granite; while the latter have the appearance of metamorphosed clastics. The coarse-grained gneisses, where they have been sheared, resemble very closely the above described schistose quartzites or conglomerates. Both varieties of the gneisses always contain garnets in greater or less quantity, and other accessory minerals. This type of rock rarely or never occurs in immediate contact with the marble; but, at some points, as in the vicinity of Marble Hill, it occurs only a short distance from the marble outcrops. THE IGNEous RocKS.- The igneous rocks associated with the marbles are pegmatites and hornblende rock. The former occurs in the form of dikes, and the latter, as intrusive masses or sheets. Both these classes of igneous rock are rare, and occur at only a few places. The hornblende rock, or what may be termed an amphibolite, is a dark, massive, coarse-grained rock, made up of greenish hornblende r See plates II and III. 34 GEOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY and. quartz. This rock is of special interest, on account of its surr posed metamorphic influence on the marbles at the Southern Marble .Quarries. 1 All the rocks above described are very much folded and contorted ; so that it seems almost a hopeless task to work out definitely the stratigraphical relations, which they bear to each other. It is possih>le, that so1ne of the rocks of th~_lffegion are highly metamorphosed Silurian or Devonian rocks; but they are generally regarded as being much older. King classifies then1, on what seems to be insufficient data, as Algonkian; 2 while Elliott, on the other hand, with what likewise appears to be insufficient evidence, places them in Safford's Knox Dolomite series,3 which, according to the most recent classification, includes rocks of both the Silurian and Cambrian ages. It appears to be but little doubted, that some of the rocks; namely, the clay slates and conglomerates, belong to Safford's Ocoee series; but whether or not the marbles themselves belong to the same series can not be definitely s~ated. The rocks have all been so completely nretamorphosed, that organic remains, which cot~ld fix definitely the age, are not likely ever to be found. Son1e yearB ago, wlten making a study of the marbles of the State, the writer discovered, in the m.arbles of Turniptown Creek valley, what appeared to be imperfectly preserved fossils. The material was sub- mitted to Prof. Chas. D. Walcott, Director of the U. S. Geological Suntey; who, upon examination, stated that the specimens appeared to contain organic remains; but what they were, he was unable to state, htrther than that they suggested sections of gastropod shells. Until a complete stJ:ratigraphical study of the n1arble belt 1s made~ the age of the marbles must remain in doubt. 1 Seep. 54 2 Geological Surve""y of Georgia, Bul. No. 2, a Preliminary Re1)01:t on the Corundum Deposits of Georgia, 1895, p. 69. 3 Amer. Jour. Sc., 3rd Series, Vol. XXV, 1883, pp. 282-298. __I' I I / I GEOLOGICAL SURVEYor GEORGIA W. S:YEATES , STATE GEOLOGIST - - 1905- - MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARBLE IN NORTHWEST GEORGIA BY S.W.Mt CALLIE., ASST.GEOLOGIST I"'ARBLE INDICATED BY RED LINES CHAPTER IV THE MARBLES OF FANNIN COUNTY THE HAME STRING CREEK PROPERTY The marbles enter the extreme northeastern portion of Fannin county from North Carolina in two alrnost parallel lines of outcroppings, located about two miles apart, and extending in a diagonal direction across the county. The line of outcropping, lying furthest to the east, makes its first appearance on the head-waters of HAME STRING CREEK (lot 45, 8th d~strict) rst section), a small stream flowing to the northeast, and emptying into the N otteley river. The exposure here is at the juncture of two small ravines, and consists of a few large bowlders of disintegration, with their surface much weathered. Nothing has been done towards the development of this property, and but little is known of the general character and extent of the deposit. The specimens secured are made up of small crystalline grains, and are of dark or light gray color. There is almost an entire absence of the mica, which produces the laminated structure, so frequently seen in many of the fine-grained marbles of North Georgia. The rocks, associated with the marbles on the east, are gneisses, interstratified with thin beds of metamorphic sandstone, and give rise to a series of high ridges and knobs, extending as fa.r south as Hemptown creek. The rocks, associated vv-ith the marbles on the west, are greenish hydro-mica slates, overlain by gneisses and micaschist, forming the less elevated ridges and hills, that separate the two lines of marble outcroppings. The dip of the rocks here, as elsewhere throughout the marble belt of Fannin county, is generally to the southeast, at an angle of from 30 to 70, though they are subject to rnany local changes. (35) THE MARBLES OF FANNIN COUNTY THE POLK PATTERSON PROPERTY ONE MILE SOUTHEAST OF THE ABOVE EXPOSURE) and on the same creek, marble again outcrops 011 the Polk Pa1tters.on property. It, here, underlies, for nearly a quarter of a mile, the narrow valley at the western base of High Top mountain, and is one of .the most extensive surface exposures in Fannin county. In the upper, contracted portion <)f the valley, covered with a virgin forest, the marble appears 011 the surface, on both sides of the creek, fanning considerable ledges; but, lower down the valley, where the land is under cultivation, it is found, only by sinking pits from eight to ten feet beneath the sui-face of the alluvial soil. The angle of the dip and the width of the exposure at this point indicate that the deposit must be at least .eighty feet thick, and that it is evidently a continuation of the _ marble outcrb:pping on lot 45, mentioned above. A limited amount of work has 'been carried on here, to ascertain the extent and characteF of the stone, and, also, to secure specin1ens for exhibition. These specin1e11:s have_ always attra:cted the attention of nTen interested in marbles. A .large slab of this stone, which was sent to the Piednnont Exposition at Atlanta in r88:2, was said to have been an object of general con11nent. Light or dark grc:-y, n1ore ot less banded with black, are the prevailing shades; but n1arble of a fresh color, tinged with green, and resembling very. closely the Etowah marble, o~curs. The crystalline grains are small, of a uniform size1 and firmly unit~d, which makes the stone susceptible of a high polish. In the light colored variety, chalcopyrite, in sn1all crystals; .and a few scales of mica are found; but neither, probably, exists in sufficient abundance to seriously injure it for architectural purposes... The exposed surfaces .of the stone generally show a uniform .mode :: of weathering; and, wherever the outcroppings were examined, they indicated that the deposit is comparatively free frmn seams and cutters ; however, its general soundness cannot be determined definitelY. nutil further prospecting has been done. J. M. GARRISONJS PROPERTY ON J.lVI. GARRISONJS PROPERTY (lot 79, 8th. district) Istsectt.on), one and a half miles southwest of the Patterson property, marble is THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE 1"1 A 0 TCROP Ol' WHITE M RBI. K K Q.U RRY, :II MILK KAST OF J TV 0 GKORUIA, PKR 0 THE MARBLES OF FANNIN COUNTY 37 found nea.r Cutcane creek, a small stream flowing parallel with, but in opposite direction to, Hame String creek. The marble located here is near the center of a narrow hollow, between two rather steep hills, and was accidentally discovered by a boy, while engaged in digging a pit. It lies beneath about five feet of earth, which appears to have been washed from the hillside above. At the time of our visit, only one excavation had been made, at which the marble could be examined. The color and general appearance of the stone are very similar to the marbles previously examined along this line of outcropping, differing only in being somewhat of a coarser texture. Nothing definite, concerning the extent and soundness of the stone, could be ascertained from the limited exposure. Small pieces of talc are bf comn1on occurrence in the soil overlying th~ marble; but it is not known, whether its original source is the marble or the associated gneisses and slates. THE GRAY PROPERTY. IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF CUTCANE POST-OFFICE) on lot i I2, 8th district) rst sectz~on) owned b)' J. L. Gray7. marble occurs in the creek bottoms, overlain, from four to five feet, by alluvial soil. It has been used to a limited extent in making lime for local consumption; but no regular quarrying has been attempted. A diamond-drill hole has been put clown here in the marble to the depth of several feet; but it was impossible to secure any reliable information, as to the character of the stone penetrated. Much of the prospecting in North Georgia has been done by speculators, who, unfortunately for the public, have kept the results .of their work a secret; and, consequently, a great deal of the infor.mation concerning the marble deposits, which would otherwise be very valuable, is, at present, not obtainable for publication. The area, over which the marble has been found on this property, is quite limited, having been discovered, so far, at only two or three places. By thoroughly prospecting the creek bottoms, it js likely that it will be found to be more extensive. The specimens of the stone collected are uniformly of a white or light-gray color, with an THE MARBLES OF FANNIN COUNTY 1.ii.111US'&tally. fine texture. Mica is more or less pron1inent, as an inclusion, in this marble, and causes a cleavage-like structure, when abunda1:1t along certain lines. As the stone is neither exposed on the surface, nor used for building purposes, nothing is known of its mode of weathering. MRS. DEAN~S PROPERTY TwO MILES FURTHER DOWN CuTCANE CREEK~ on Mrs. Deawt/s p1~operty (lot 145, 8th district~ rst section), marble again occurs in the creek bottom. It niay be seen here in a ditch, which has recently been cut just below the mill. It is said to have been discovered at other places along the creek, from. four to five feet beneath tlU:e st'1rf'.@.ee. I;t has been used to seme extent in making lime. The texture and color of the marble are very similar to that found on lot r r2; but there seems to be more mica in it, which, in places, renders the stone somewhat slaty in structure. Whether this mineral extends throughout the entire deposit, or is confined to certain layers, could not be determined from the extent of the exposure. THE PARK PROPERTY NEA:R THE JuNcroN oF CuTCANE AND HEMP1'owN CREEKS; on what is known as the Pa:rk property (lot r98, 8th. district~ 2nd section), eonsiderahle work has recently been done, iri prospecting for matble. A quarry was opened here, and i11any cubic yards of stone '~ were removed; but the work was finally abandoned, before a11y marhie was put on the n1arket. The texture of the stone, which occ1u-s here, is welT suited for ornamental purposes; but, on account of its unsoun. d con.dit.ion, it is a question whether or not it can be quarried with profit. White and light-gray, with an occasional band of black, are the prevailing colors. Mica and tremolite are the accessory n1inerals, the latter f6rh1ing long masses of light-colored crysta1s, whic'h are quite conspicuous on the weathered surface, and which rnake it difficult .to polish the marble. Here, as elsewhere along the creek, the marble is found beneath an ovetburden of earth, .from four to six feet in thickness, which appears to have been de- THE ,l/ARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE VII OPENING A NE \Y QUARRY, OUTHERN MARBLR QUARRIES , MARBLE HILL, PICKENS COU TY, GEORGIA. THE MARBLES OF F-4.JViYIN COUNTY 39 posited by the creek, as its lo\ver layers are composed mainly of water-worn pebbles. At a number of places in the creek bottom near the quarry, it is said that marble has been discovered; but the quality of the stone at these places has neyer been thoroughly tested. THE MINERAL BLUFF PROPER'fy ONE MILE EAST OF MINERAL BLUFF) marble is found in a somewhat hilly section, close to the road leading to Morganton. It occurs here, about five feet belmv the surface, at the foot of a hill, near a small stream, where, recently, it has been extensively prospected. Tvw excavations, only a few yards apart, each about twenty feet square and ten feet deep, have been cut into the n1arble, by means of channeling machines, and many large blocks have been taken out. Some of these still remain about the excavation; but n1ost of them have been used for making lime. The marble from one of these openings has a very fine texture and a snow-white color; but mica occurs in some of the layers, in such abundance as to cause them to split quite easily along certain lines. In the other opening, the marble seems to be sounder and of a darker color; but it all contains both mica and hornblende. The \vhite varieties of the stone, found here, resemble very closely, in texture and color, some of the Italian marbles, and would command a high price as an ornamental stone, if they \vere free from mica and other impurities. The extraneous minerals in marbles are frequently quite local, and disappear sometimes in a few feet, when a stratum is being penetrated. The soundness, also, may vary greatly at different depths. It is not possible, therefore, from the data at hand, to estimate, with any degree of certainty, the value of this deposit. THE COX PROPERTY ON \VEAVER CREEK) one mile east of Blue Ridge, marble occurs on the Cox propcrt'jJ (lots 239 and 240, 8th district) 2nd section). It outcrops, at only two or three places along the creek; but, by sinking pits, from four to five feet deep, in the creek bottom, it has been found to cover quite an area. Some test drill-holes were put clown THE MARBLES OF FANNIN COUNTY here, a short time ago by parties holding an option on the property ; but the result of the work seems not to have been made public, and we were unable to secure any data, as to these tests. The texture and color of the stone are like that found near Mineral Bluff; and it has the same impurities, with the addition of chalcopyrite in the form of small crystals. This exposure is probably the southern tertninus of the eastern fine of outcroppings, as it has not been discovered at _any place south of this. point. 1'1-IE RAPIER MILL CREEK PROPERTY IN 'tHE NEIGHBORHOOD oF SwEET GuM PosT-oFFICE} the western line of marble outcroppings enters Fannin county from North Carolina. It first occurs near the State.:.liii:e, in a 11arrcJ.the only apparent difference in the character of.the stone is th~ absenqe -9.f the:flesh~colo~red layers. A few .hundred yards f~r- . th~rdovvptge Cfeek, On lot 139; Sth district~ 2nd sect~on).a.CO~siderc a,Q}~i,qp 2nd section~ through which the marble continues, forn1ing high bluffs, which overhang the creek.; hqt, .on the Godfrey property, it appears, as large exposed surfaces on the gradually sloping, wooded hillside. It also outcrops in a number of places in the cultivated fields. A small quarry, long since abandoned, was opened here, 1iaore. than forty years ago, in order to secnre marble for tomb- stones". These stones are now to be found throughf thetn passing through. the stratntn of mat'ble. The parts of the cores from these hoiesi which were ':kal'tiiii.ed, showed the character' of the stone pe1:te'ift4tMl\ t0. ~e :si:r:.Niar to fhat expG>sed irt tl1e natt1tal outcroppings. tflie i:lla~bteh:erea.:ips to the southwest at ai1 angle of about 3oo, and attains a tniGkhess, as detn:onstrated by the boring, of nearly two hunclie~ fe~b Lbii:gswamp creek divides on this property into two streams of nearly the same size. Each branch is quite rapid, apd has a gf~ia-tde-al 0f :ftHl; tfiat could be easily utilized, by constructing dams ~t tfhe fia1~1*ow podift'S itt tli!e valley. A watet-po~wer, sufficient to opef:~tt 'an exttins1V'e qtiad"y:lng~plaiit, could be secured here; with a c0mp8!ra~tively s1nr:iil o-tiHay of mtJney. SouTH OF THE HARRISON PROPERTY1 the tnarble continues along the east side of the cree:k for about two -miles, being seen last near Tate's mill. At.son1.e places, it appears as bluffs, wellup on the hill- s%0:e; h:tit~ ,,,ip; :0;the1~Sl,., .dfj~. fQ~Wd 1,111detlyfpg the er.eek bpt~orn. . Some pr0~J?'y~~~~g_;P,a~,heeU: q.9~ne,>t. tvyo R~a<:~s. alon,g th~ bluff, where the c.l.er ,afld. texture of the stofte reseinbl~ ve:ry closely that found furth.er up-the creek. . T'HE :DlSHEROOM PRDWERTY O:N:Ft NtTLE EAST OF MARBLE Hitt POST-o:FFICE1 on the Diske~oom p?opert'j n1arble ocd1ts on both sides of the east branch of Long- 1 swamp creek, where it forn1S two different lines of outcroppings. The .outcropping lying farthest to the north continues along the cr~~~ f6t -bfiiy~alk)tti: h~Jf a n1ile, wh.~ffie. it stems to h>e abruptly ter- minated by afault, while the other forms a continuous sedes of outctoppii1gs' innte thart five tniles' 1ri length. It first runs almost due east ahd_' west :fdi~. about tltte't~ n1iles ; hut, _at the j tHi.Ct'lii~,e o.f the east attd west bi~arl:cne~:r o: Longswamp :tr'eek, it trttns rather abruptly to the south, a:rtd iollurws the east side of the maii1 stream for nearly two and a half iTiiles, where it finally disappears beneath the overly- TilE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE Xll I ' TERIO R OF WORK- SHOP OF THE ATLANTA MARBLE COMPANY, BALL GROUND, GEORGIA. THE MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY 53 ing schist. There are only two natural exposures of the marble on the Disheroom property, and these are so. limited in extent, as to give but a very imperfect idea of the general character of the stone. The specim-ens secured from the southern line of outcroppings are of a white or light-gray color, and contain a good deal of chalcopyrite. The texture is much finer, than that of the white variety of marble found on the small line of outcroppings elsewhere in this v1c1mty. Specimens from the opposite side of the creek, and b~ longing to a different line of exposures, are of .a flesh color, more or less banded with black and gr~en. On the adjoining lot, own~d by William Pool, the marble appears to be much more extensive. It is said to be. found here, at a number of places in th~ creekbottom. It outcrops in the spring, near the house, and i~ e4posed south of th,e road in a small stream, where it has been prospected. The stone is very similar to that found at the Southern marble quarries, situated on the same outcroppings, a few hundred yards farther down 'the creek. 'I'HE SOUTHERN MARBLE COMPANY . The Southern Marble Company's quarries are located along the -------- - --east-s-ide-ef--a ridgekno-wnas--Mar:b1e,Hill,-0n-the-east .for:k of. Long"7 _ swarii.p :creek, in the immediate vicinity Qf Marble Hill post-office, -foux miles east of Tate station, at which point a branch railroad ..eonnects the quarries with the Lou:i.:;ville & Nashville Railroad. The valley of the east fork of Longswamp creek, in the neighborhood of the Southern Marble quarries, becomes quite narrow, and the adjacent hills are high and pr-ecipitous, especially those along the south side ofthe creek, where the quarries are sitttated. The Soutbern Marble Company has opened six quarries on this property, which are here designated, for convenience of description, as. quarries Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Quarry No. I, known also as the Mountain quarry, was the first quarry opened on the property, and is the one, from which the marbk for the stair-cases and tiling - i~1 the State Capitol_ was obtained. This quarry, which has not been worked for some years, is located on the side of the hill immediately 54 .THE MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY above the 1!1ill. It is So by So feet at the surface and 30 feet deep. The excavation is located near the contact of the marble and the overlying formation. Just above the marble at this point and in irnmediate contact with it, is an intrusive mass of hornblende rock (amphibolite). .The chat1ge V~r,hich has noticeably taken place in the matbles at this point, appar-ently d11e chiefly to contact metamorphism, -is"the-alteration of the da-rk marble into white n~arble, and an increase, at. the same time; of mica and the other accessory minerals,. except graphite,. which mineral seems to have largely disappeared in the process of metamorphism. Other quarries in the neighborhood show .:ma.rble similarly affected by contact metan1orphism. The fountain head of the intrusive sheets appears to be a high hill a short -distance to th<2 :northeast. This hi11 appears. to be made up almost entirely of the hornblende rock. . The stone exposed in Quarry No. r is very free fronrfissures and seams, and as a consequence, stones of almost any din1ensions :can be quarried. The surfaee of the .stone, which has been expo-sed in natural outcrop for long periods of tirne, generally shows uniform weath~d1J.g. The crystalli!re g:t;-anules _making up the marbles are usuallylarge and semi-transparent. Smile of the granules are fully one-f'oth~tli- of ~n inch iri dian1eth. The storie, ~he1i. l)olishecl; pre- sents a somewhat 1TIOttled appearance, rather than a uniform white color.. There -~re a nuiiibh .of accessory minerals present; of these, the most abundant. and injurious are muscovite or white mica, and trem~Ete. The fohner mineral appears to be best developed along lines, which pt'obably correspond to the original bedding of the stone; while the l~tter .is more irregularly di:Stributed. The tremo- lite is easily recognized by fhe blade-like form of its crY,stals, and by ih/splintei)T fl:~~tttre. Both minerals are harder than marble; and, as a conse'qt1'ifnce, they interfere with the polishing of the stone. Qttarry No. 2, also known as the Hall Quarry, is only a few h1.mdre'd yards notthwest of Quarry No. r. This quarry, which has furnished a large amount of stone, has recently been :filled up by . ~as~e f?ate'rial f1~ori1 Qu~rry No. 3 The latter quarry, which is so by i3o feet at the sudace, and about 30 feet deep~ has also been THE JlfARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE X III R T TK, PICKENS COUNTY, GEORGIA, U K OF THE DERRICK. THE MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY 55 abandoned. The stone in this quarry is sa'id to have been too dark for the trade. Ho,.wever, a test-hole put down showed white marble at a greater depth. Quarry No. 4, often called the Spring Quarryr on account of a spring of water flowing into it, is only a few htin- dred feet northwest of Quarry No. 3 This quarry is roo by So feet at the surface and about 6o feet deep. It has furnished a large amount of white marble. Within a few rods of Quarry No. 4, is Qt1arry No. 5, known also as the Rhode Island Quarry. It is now temporarily abandoned on account of a land-slide. It is roo by 8o feet at the surface and about 6o feet deep. Still further to the south, and occupying about the same elevation as the other quarries, is Quarry No. 6, or the New York Quarry. This quarry, which has been opened only for a short time, is roo by r66 feet at the surface and about I 00 feet deep on the upper side. The only quarries above described, which were being worked at the time of the writer's recent visit, were Quarries Nos. 4 and 6. All these quarries are. connected, by a branch railroad, with the mill, which is located in the valley only a short distance from the "quarries. Originally, stone, when loaded upon the cars, was carried by gravity directly to the mill in the valley below; but, at present, an engine, which handles -the marble iri--the-yard, aoes tliis work. The mill of the Southern Marble Company is quite complete. It is .$Upplied with 9 gang-saws, 2 cut~off saws, I band. wire-saw, I So-horsepower boiler and engine, used only during extremely low water, an electric-light plant, 2 I3--f6ot rubbin-g-beds, and air compressors. At the west end of the mill, is located a steam-traveler, 2 50 by 40 feet, used for storing the large marble blocks, as they come from the mill. The traveler, together with a large derrick used for handling the stone about the mill, is operated by a so-horsepower boiler. The water...:power operating the mill itself is water, which is collected from a number of small streams in the mountain, about two miles away, and is condw~ted through ditches and pipes to the mill. Here, und_er a _pressur~ of :?IO feet, the water is conveyed; through a one _and a half 1nch n~zzle, onto a Pelton wheel, which generates 75 horsepower. During the extren;ely dry- season, th~ water lq~~Q;n'l~~ insuffi:.Gi@!Tt: t0. Qlr:efa:te th~ mill, in wh~eh case the $o""he,r~~)0iW~.bQil@'r ~n~hettgi'P-@J:a;be;>w:e ref~tn;~cl to, ate put .into use. The writer w~~ infcrN11lJ~cl by Mr. W. $. L1ncoln, th@ $uperintendent of the tTia,rhltJ WC!'t'k$; th.at the comp~y conternplate"s s0on to .utilize further their wa.ter-pG>Wer, cmd to in<:$rease the .capp,city of this mill by ~d~i11g t~ gf;lD;g~ .q saws.. The qua41fo/ .~g_rt1:;wm~mt. ~9P$i$tS o{ ~. channd~r~, 7 ~c;i;dclers, 4 cler- dcks, I IOQ,m:tS~J:'>G'Wet boiler, l ,50-horsepower boiler and .3 hoists. The company als~ owns :r locomotive, 2 miles of Standard-gauge railroad, all office building, and r2 cottages for employees. The out~ pu.t of the qparrie~, at present, employing abQtJt roo men, varies from I8,ooo t~ .z~,000 <;:4bk feet per month. The pricf!,.,list of the marble, furnished by the Southern Marble Company, is as follows:- Rough Marble in Blpcks Pet Cubic Foot Southern No. 1 .. : . ; . . . : ...... -....... :........... .... $2 .oo so Southern No. 2 .............. ............... $r. oo to :i:. so Scmthern 'Ne. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . ...... . . to r . oo Slal;$ For Full Size of Blocks per Superficial Foot rs Soutbefl)'l N Q, I, inch to' 2 inches. irrthiokaess ..... $. 3S to $. 00 so Souther'fl N0. 2, ~ inch to 2 inches in thickness'. . . . . . 30 to . Southern N RED YARDS WES'I' OF :THIS PROPERTYj' and ser>arated froni it by a narrow ridge, is a third line.ofot1tcropping. It-appears first on lot 82, 4th district) 2nd section,; and. continues parallel with the; other two lines of .e:Xposures, for about o'ne and.a half miles, finally disap.pearing on .a hillside near William. Tate's residence. Along th1s fine o exposure, some ptospecting has been done by boring and siriking pits. This marble does 1iot ,Seem to form such a 'thick sttattu11, 3.3 at the other exposures farther west;. but the dip andgeneral.apl)earance of the stone remain.unchariged. THE MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY - THE.OUARRIES ' AND PLANT . OF THE GEORGIA MA-R. BLE COMPANY . The quarries of the Georgia Marble Company are located in the valley of Long Swamp creek, one and a half miles east of Tate sta- tion. The valley, here, is nearly half-a-mile in width, the greater part of which is underlain with marble, from .six to eight feet be- neath the soif. The unusual width of the deposit at this .place is due apparently to a fold in the stratum. In making an excavation for the smoke~stack of the Company's mill, a few years. ago, it was found that the marble at that point dipped in opposite direCtions,_ which locates the centre of the- fold, whos~ upper pqrtio!l h;:.ts .been removed.by erosion. - The Creole and Cherokee quarries are located on the west side of the fold_; _while the Etowah is on the eas_t side. . THE CREOLE QuARRIES.- There ar-e,three of-the. Creole quarries . within a few rods of each -other; designated respectively as the. Old Creole quarry, Creole No. I and Creole -No. .-2. The Old: Creole quarry, which was the first q?-arry opened, is 8o. b:y roo feet at the . surface, I40 by r6o .feet at the bottom, and I55 feet deep. Creole No. 2 is So by roo feet at the surface, 140 by r6o eet at the botton1, and 90 feet de~p. The marble from each of these quarries is quite free fro111: impurities and seams, and the lines of bedding have been - hy . - ~ore 0,_J: fess -co11lpletelyo.b11ter~ted crystalii-~ati~;;:_; ~o--thC!-t ~tone~ . of almost any dimensions can be obtai~ed. The texture of the mar- ble from these,quarries is coarse, and the- color is white, douded or banded with black or bluish-gray which m.akes a -very ha!ldsome stone for monuments or for interior .decoration. The dark ; col.or . of the stone, as shown by microscopic examination, is due .cl].iefly to minute clusters. of graphite, in the form of -foliaceous sca.les unevenly .distributed throughout the la-rge, nea_rly transparent_graips of ~alcite, which_ make up .the marble. r The ston-e. takes an excelient polish and is easily worked. _ - THE CHEROKEE QuARRIES, -four in number, are alllocated.within a few hundred feet of each other, and only- a ~hort distance. from the Creole q~arries. These quarries .ar.e known as Ch~rokee No. r, ..'I-SeeplateXXXII, Fig. 5-. 64 THE MARBIAZS OF P1CKENS COUNTY Cherokee No. 2, Cherokee Annex, and the Old Cherokee. The last naluec1 quarry, which has not been worked for some tilne, is 75 by I Io feet at the surface a:i:id. i.Oo feet deep. 'The qu:arry, krtoWn as the dh:etdkee Afine.x'n.o:w surface dim-ensiO.ns' a.{ baeninyg:~q-u6pa.tr~yir~&ir'tith~.eti. doisbty1'~i2cto.b feet' the greatest . Cher.bkee No. I is 9o by roo fe~t ar the sutface, tob by I 3d' feet at the bottom, and 75 f~et deep;. Whii~ C:li~rbk'ee No. 2 has .th@ sarne depth, but is Ido by r'2o fe~t at the stirf~ce, artcf t :t2 'by :r46 feet af the lJ:ottom. The stone from the Chetokee quarries is similar in texture to the Creole ; they diff'et~ hci.wevet, in eofot, the Cherokee bei11g lighter; and its coloring matter is mote urrifotm:ly disttibuted. T:H:E EtoWAH: QuA:R:tti::es are iueated near L6ng Swamp creek, ahout 3oo yardff east a.f'the Ct~O.le q_ucirries. There are t-wo of these quarries, Et'owair N6. t and 'Etowah :No. 2': 1rh~ fod'ruer is -90 by t r 5 feet at the stitf'ac~ and 45 feet de~:P, atra the latter is 9'0. by 'rz5 feet attlie shrrace 'anti 2t> fe~! deep. The marb1e 619tc(ined to-m tHese quarries is differ~ht from 'th::tt obtained ftdlli: hotl'i th~ (Sreuie ~and Ch~rokee quar'ii~~. Tli~ maifl difference, ho~evet, . i!3 confined c41~ily :fo t1Je: c6}6r a:11d. tTie g-reater ctbttrid:;:tuce of til~ aGcessory min- ei~ls'~ ''':(if~ 'fiF~tl:9riTifi~ting ct1ior'fs- Ifinli: 6:r fl:esli.:coloii\ ;bairdetl, more c;t' f~ss are drl~ ,~httr'''W.lftt~;.~ .,~htF whli 'tli~ ri~rke 'sli~ctes. ,n{aihiy :~~ ~;ti~Hr~ ~rt'd hwfHf; while ~:he ~N1i1ia.a~:mi:errtaarkr:lfbaflr@idshs colo-r is artf'(ls :i~howh by~D't-ltfiterso~:.ifi eHaptert X111, tO. nHy divi~~ct particles of h~itih~ disserri:ihktted thr6&gfi the 1.11a:ss. Tnis var1ety' of marble has fo.url.d at1 exgfisive rise as wain!Seo~ti:rig a:iitl tiling. Good examp1es of th1s ntay he s~ert in the State Capitt>1, where it is' used for th~ wain:'scot1ng of .t1\e first flo6r, and hi fhe 0 beauti!ul stabs on exhibition 1h the Geo.rgia Strate Museunt. Tii~ K:trT>rN'isxw~ QuAiitti::is: - !n .:6ld1thjn t6. tlie; qil~fries ~hove . described, tn' e . Georgia . ' Marole ' Cdinpany owns three qtl.atties 1 o.n the east fork of Long Swamp creek, at the base of the norrth side of Matbl'e M:lir, ahout :fotir :i'IHl:es bast of Tate station. Tli:is group of quartti ls kn.owil ~s the K:erin~s~w tit1atHes, w~ich lire d'e'sfgnai:ed as Kennesaw No. t, Kehfiesaw No. 2 an:c1 Kennesaw'Nc.). 3. ~en nesaw No. I is 8o by 8o feet at the surfaoe and roo feet cleep; No. THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE XVI COU TV1 GEORGIA. THE MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY 2 is 8o by 120 feet at the surface and 8o feet deep, and No. 3, which is just being opened, is 135 by 150 feet- These quarries all furnish white marble, similar to that of the Southern_Marble Company. It is much used for building and interior decoration, as well as .for monumental purposes. The only quarries of the Georgia Marble Company, now operated, are as follows : Creole Nos. I and 2; Cherokee Nos. I and 2; Cherokee Annex and Kennesaw No. 3 These quarries, during the month of March last, furnished 6o,ooo cttbic feet of stone. The mo.de of weathering of these marbles is well illitstrated by various outcroppings in the vicinity of the quarries. This is also well illustrated by the marble at Col. Stephen Tate's residence, which is saidl to have been quarried by the Cherokee Indians, prior to their removal fron1 North Georgia by the United States Government. These stones, although exposed under -dripping eaves for 1nore than half-acentury, show but little signs of weathering; and they still retain in remarkable degree of perfection their sharp edges .and corners. The quarry equipment and mill of the Georgia Marble Company is very complete, being one of the most extensive and up-to-date plants of the kind in the South. The large mill is supplied with 34 gangs of saw-s, one cut-of .circular saw, two I2-foot rubbing beds,. three lathes and one polishing machine, all of which are operated by r 300-horsepower engine, the steam being furnished by 3 roo-horsepower boilers. -The mill is also supplied with a dynamo and electriclight. plant, so that it can be operated both day and night. The quarry equipment consists of ro double channelers, 6 single channelers, I I_ gadders, 8 steel 6o-foot derricks, I 3 boilers, varying from, IS to roo-horsepower, to operate channelers, gadders, etc., and 8 hoists. In addition to the equipment above enumerated, the company owns I traveling derrick 620 by 6o feet with a storage capacity of I,soo blocks_ of IO tons each; r complete machine-shop and z blacksmith-shops; 7 miles of standard-gauge railroad track, 2 locomotives, IO 6o,ooo-pound freight cars, 5I cottages for employees, I large warehouse, and I well arranged office-building. . The entire plant and quarries, together with the stock-yard, covers nearly 20 66 acres. Tl1e total numbe-r of en1J.Jlbye-es oi the Con1pany at the tin1e of the writer's visit (May 7, I90S) was z52. The trad'E~ names and the price of the stone~ wirieh the Georgia on Marble Company places the. market, is give11 in trre following :table:- Blocks frowu Quarry Kennesaw ............................. from $ . so to $I. 25 s Etowah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " I . oo to I . 7 Creole .............................. . " Cherokee " . so to I. 25 . so to I. 25 Slabs Full 8-ize o Block, per Superficial Foot Kennesaw, Creole and Cherokee, Select, Ys in. to s 2 in . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .$ . 2 to $ . 55 Kennesaw, Creole and Cherokee, Average, Ys in.. to 2 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . .;. . . . . . . . . . .22 to 45 Kennesaw, Creole and. Cherokee, Hest No. 3, Ys in. to 2. 1111. ; . . 20. to Etowah, Select, Ys in. to 2 in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;4S to Etowal;l, Average, Ys in. to 2 in. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 3S to . 3-5 . 8o . 70 Slabs, over 4 feet wide or over 7 feet long, I o to 2 S per cent. extra~ Slabs, coped, to size, ro cents per superficial foot eAr.tra. Boxing, .yg in. thick to 2 in. thick, .per superficial foot ........ o5c Boxing 2 Yz in. thick, psr superficial foot ............ , ...... I'oc :Sand rubbing, per superfiCial foot ......................... o5c M onu-111.-enta1l Stach Per Cubic Foot oo Creole, Cherokee and Kennesaw, SelecL ......... : ........ $3. " " ",, " " " " Average ................ 2.~w o Best No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . oo Etowah, Select ..... ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .oo " Average .......... ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 .--oo " Best No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . oo " No. 3 ....................................... I.2S THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE XVII "filE GEORGI MARlU.E COMPANY'S ETOW II ~UARRY O. 2, EAR TATE, PICKENS COU TY, GEORGI THE MARBLES OF PICKENS COUNTY Miscellaneous No. 3 Base strips, posts and bottom bases, per cubic foot. .... $I .2 5 Markers, 20 to 24 inches long by Io x 3 inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Markers, 20 to 24 inches long by I2 x 3 inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Markers, 20 to 24 inches long by IO x 4 inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Markers, 20 to 24 inches long by I2 x 4 inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . I. oo Markers, 20 to 24 inches long by I4 x 4 inches. . . . . . . . . . . . . I . I 5 Foot Stones, 4 to 8 inches wide by 2 inches thick. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Foot Stones, Same size, sawed heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Foot Stones, Same size, sawed heads, and sand rubbed.. . . . . . 25 Foot Stones, Same size, sawed heads, sand rubbed .and boxed. . 28 Diminished dies, extra, per cubic foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 MARBLE AT NELSON At Nelson, the :first station south of Tate, n1arble outcrops near a spring, located about 200 yards south of the depot. The exposure is confined to a few outcroppings, whose weathered surfaces resemble, in general appearance, the white and fine-grained marble found in Long Swamp valley. Son;re prospecting has been done here; ~nt neither the quantity nor the quality of the stone is said to have been sufficiently pron:vising, to justify opening a quarry. CHAPTER VII THE MARBLES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY Cherokee county has long been known to contain more or less 111arble; but it has never become an active producer. The same stratum of marble, which is so well developed in Fannin, Gilmer and Pickens counties, occurs, also, :in Cherokee. The exposures here, however, are not so extensive nor so continuous. They seem to be more or less disconnected, as if misplaced by faults. In this county, the dark and rather iinpuie marble, 'which was first noticed in Pickens and Gilmer counties, bec01nes quite well developed, and forms, at places, beds of considerable thickness. There has been a limited amount of prospecting done for marble at a number of localities in this county, though no regular quarries have been opened. The so-called green marble, which has been and is. now being worked near Holly Spring, and which has attracted considerable attentiop as an ornamental stone, is serpentine, under which head it will be discussed in chapter XV. This stone is known t9 the trade as V erd Antique marble. .FouR MILES NOR'I'HEAS'I' OF' BALL GROUND) at the bridge on the road leading to Dawsonville, the stratum of dark colored marbles first make their appearance in Cherokee county. Fron1 this. point, it forms a series of outcroppings about ten miles long, extending in a southwestetn direction, by way of Ball Ground, to within a short distance of Canton, where it seems gradually to thin out. At the above named bridge, it is exposed on both sides of the road, west of the creek, and has been used in constructing the piers of the bridge. Some of the layers are very impure. They consist of micaceous sandstones, cemented with calcium carbonate, and weather into a porous, sandy mass. Other layers have few impurities, are of a light-gray color, and weather n1ore evenly. The stone (68) THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE XVIII WORKS OF THE GEORGIA MARBLE CO!IfPANY 1 NEAR TATE1 PICKENS COUNTY1 GEORGIA. THE MARBLES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY found here appears to be too much laminated, and generally contains too many impurities to be well suited, either for building or for ornamental purposes. THE HALBERT PROPERTY ON J. HALBERT)s ,PROPERTY) lots 259 and 260, 4th district 2nd 1 section) southwest of the bridge, on the right bank of Longswamp creek, the dark-colored marble makes its appearance a second time. It is exposed at a number of places along the creek, and in the field near the house. The stratum attains a thickness, here, of at least one hundred feet, and dips to the southeast at an angle of about 30~ At the time of our visit, no prospecting of any consequence had been done on this property, and our examination was, therefore, confined to the natural exposures. The stone in different outcroppings varies considerably, both in structure and in composition. At some places, it has a more or less slaty structure, due 1nainly . to the abundance of mica; while, at others, it is solid, and-comparatively Iree frop1 mica and other impurities. The color. is usually a dark-gray; but a light-gray and. a black are also found. The -latter seen1s to be well suited for tiling; but it does not weather evenly, on account of the impurities, which it contains. LOT 296, 4TH DISTRICT ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE .OF THE CREEK :FROM THE HALBERT PROPERTY1 a coarse-grained, white marble has been recently discovered on lot 296, 4th district) 2nd section. It is exposed at only one place, in a small stream near the point, where it empties into the creek. The stone found here resembles the marble in the vicinity of the Georgia Marble Quarries, and probably belongs to the same stratum. As no prospecting of any consequence has been done on the property, nothing is known of the extent of the deposit. The dark-colored marble is exposed along the road between the Halbert property and Ball Ground at a number of places. It shows up especially well at Farmer's Spring, where it is asso- THE MARBLES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY ciatecl with a very coarse-grained gneiss. The general character of the stone found here is about the same as that at other exposures, and requires no further description. MRS. STEARNJfS PROPERTY THREE-QUARTERS oF A MILE SOUTH OF' BALL GROUND) near the road leading to Canton, is an exposure of marble on Mrs. Stearne's property. It occurs he1"'e at a number of places alm1g a small branch. The exposed surfaces are usually unevenly weathered, which is clue to' mica ~11cl other impurities found more or less abundant in the stone. It is of a clark-gray or black color, very finegrained, a11d achi1its of a fair polish; but it has a somewhat laminated structure. At a numbet of places on the road leading to Canton, there may be seen other outcroppihgs, which belong to the same stratum. THE CRAIN PROPERTY NEAR MABEL STATION). six miles northeast of. Canton, is quite an exte11sive exposure of dark-colored marble. It outcrops, here, along two small streams on property own.ed by r;. liV. Cra:in. One of these stteams nms at almost right angles to the strike of. the marble, and exposes it for more than one hundred yards. The total thickness of the deposit, here, must be at least one hundred cl.nd twenty-five feet. At the time of our visit, J; W. Jarvis, who holds_ an option on the property, was having smne <:hill-holes put down, here; but th~ work had not then been carried to a sufficient extent to give any definite results. The color is black or ~la~-k-gray. Sometin1e.s, these colors alternate with each other~ which gives to the. stone ahanded-like appear;;tnce. The impurities are chie,fly mica and magnetite, with an. occasional crystal of pyrite.1 These frequently become so q,bundant along definite lines, as to cause a slatelike cleavage q,nd .irregular weathered surfaces. The more solid portion of the stone found here admits of a fair po1ish; and seems I See plate XXXI, Fig. r. THE MARBLE OF GEORGIA PLATE X IX ANOTHER VIEW OF THE WORKS OF THE GEORGIA :IIARBLE COl\IPA Y, NEAR TATE , PICKEN S COU ' TY, GEORGIA, SHOWING ONE OF THE QUARRIES IN TI-lE FOREGRO U Nn . THE .MARBLES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY 7I to he well suited for tiling etc.; but it usual~y contains too many impurities to make it desirable for outdoor work. The last exposure examined on this line of outcropping i.s about two miles west of Canton, on the Chattahoochee Mining Company's property, where it has been used for making lime. It is here very much reduced in thickness, and is of no economic importance as a building-stone. THE STAFFORD PROPERTY ON SHARP MouNTAIN CREEK) two miles west of Ball Ground, is a second line of marble outcroppings, which appears to be a part of the same stratum, that has just been described. It extends in a southwesterly direction, parallel with the first line of outcropping, as . far south as Hickory Log creek, where it has been prospected on P. W. Stafford)s property. The marble found here is much like that, in the vicinity of Ball Ground; but it is much whiter. 'I'HE COWART PROPERTY THREE MILES souTHWEST oF BALL GROUND) marble occurs orr L. E. Cowart)s property) lot 305, 3rd distrct) 2nd section. It is exposed here along a srnall branch near Sharp Mountain creek. In texture and color, the marble resembles very closely that, which occurs in Longswamp valley; and it probably belongs to the same stratum. It has rather a coarse grain, and a white or light-gray color, banded with black. A flesh color, n1uch like the Etowah, also occurs; but it does not appear to be very abundarit. From the limited outcropping, it was impossible to tell anything very definite about the extent and the general soundness of this deposit; but surface indications are favorable, and seem to warrant at least a limited oti.tlay of money in prospecting. THE CARPENTER PROPERTY ON RAGSDALE CREEK) six miles northwest of Canton, marble is. found on lot 103, 14th distrct) 2FLd section) owned by T. J. Carpenter. It outcrops here at only one place on the hillside; but by THE MARBLES OF CHEROKEE COUNTY sinking pits a few feet beneath the surface, it has been found underlying a small area in the creek bottom. Hand specimens of this stone are difficult to distinguish fron1 the Cowart marble, and they evidently belong to the same stratum. The deposit does not appear to be very thick, and is 'usually unsound. 'l'HE WHI'l'E PROPER'l'Y AT 'l'HE JuNC'l'ION o:F Los'l' TowN AND SHOAL CREEKSJ about eight miles northwest of Canton, quite an extensive outcropping of " marble appears on lots r96 and 200, 22nd district) 2nd section) owned by J. M. White. It is exposed for fully a. quarter of a .mile along the left bank of Lost Town creek, forming in J?laces, bluffs several feet in height. The marble occurring here is generally sound ; it contains fine sand, and is .of a light-gray or pale-blue color. It dips to the southeast at an angle of J0,; and, judging froni. the width of the exposure, the stratum must be nearly eighty feet in thickness. At the titne of our visit, no prospecting had been done on this property. THE MA R BLES OF C IW R C I A PLATE XX HO 1 G 0 ROP 01' BL K AMERICAN BL CK MARBLE COMPA Y, .CHAPTER VIII THE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE MARBLES OF NORTHWEST GEORGIA In a number of counties, within the Pp_leozoic area in Northwest Georgia, partly crystalline limestones occur. They are often heavybedded, and admit of a good polish. At a few places, in the counties below named, this stone may become of importance for economic .purposes. WHITFIELD COUNTY THE CEDAR RIDGE PROPERTY FivE MILES EAST oF DALTON) at the base of Cedar Ridge, a great deal of work has been done in opening a quarry in the so-called black marble; but no merchantable stone, of any consequence has ever been put upon the market from this place. This stone,<,which has here been prospected, is a jet-black, carbonaceous limestone, belonging to the Oostanaula Shales, and occurs in beds, from six inches to two feet in- thickness. It shows but little evidence of crystallization; but it admits of a fair polish. When struck with a hammer, the stone emits a peculiar odor, very similar to petroleum, and gives a beautiful conchoidal fracture. If exposed to the atmosphere, for any length of time, it undergoes a change in color, which is evidently due to some chemical change in the carbonaceous material. The thin beds, together with its change of color, is a serious drawback to this stone's ever becoming of any economic importance, as an ornamental stone. THE AMERICAN BLACK MARBLE COMPANY)S QUARRY. About half-a-mile north of the quarry above referred to, and only a short distance from the Coahuila creek, the American -Black Marble Company did considerable work in I903, in an unsuccessful ( 73) 74 THE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE MARBLES attempt to discover black marble in commercial quantities. The main works, which consist of two openings, are located on a steep hill-slope. The excavations. are only a few feet deep and less than 50 feet in length. The stone exposed in each excavation is a clark, impure partially crystalline limestone, showing, more or less distinctly, lines of lamination. The last named characteristic of the stone is best seen on the weathered outcrops. Interlaminated with the stone, occurs thin layers of black shale, rwith an occasional nodular concretion of black chert. The total thickness of the formation at this point appears to be about 300 feet. The natural exposure of the stone along the hill-side, which so well illustrates its character, would seem to have convinced almost any marble man that it was useless to expend money here, with a view to securing a first class ornamental stone. THE VARIEGATED MARBLES There occurs in the northwest corner of Whitfield co_unty a narrow belt of dark-chocolate and grayish m.arhles, highly fossiliferous. It enters the county from Tem1essee, about one mile east of Reel Clay, and extends nearly parall-el with the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia d!visio11 of the Southern Railway, for about ten miles. It is well exposed about one mile east of Varnell's Station, on the Eslinger farm. This m~rble belongs to the same stratum, which traverses the valley of East Tennessee, and which is so extensively worked in the vicinity of Knoxville. The color of the stone is quite variable. It is generally of a darkchocolate color, variegated with white; but there also occurs, in more or less abundance, a light-gray and a beautiful pink These various colors are frequently found at the same place, occupying different layers of the sam-e stratum, or they may blend into one another, so that almost any shade of color, from a clark-chocolate to a lightgray, can be secured. The light-gray, which is always the most solid and the most con,1pletely crystallized, is generally traversed by dark, irregular lines, that add variety to an otherwise monoto- THE MA R BLES OF CEOR G! A PLATE XXI A VIEW OF THE MARBLE-DRES I G WORK OF THE KENNESAW MARBLE COMPANY, NEAR MARIETTA, GEORGIA, SHOWING HOW LARGE Bl.OCK OF MARBLE ARK EASILY HANDLED WITH THE DERRICK. THE;, SEMI-,CRYSTALLINE MARBLES 75 nous light-gray st.Irfap~. The exposures are mostly in the form of bowld~rs, or large disconn~cted masses, which appear to be due to the surface weathering of thick layers of marble, with a somewhat join.t~d stru~tur~. As this peculiar mode of weathering has been ca11-sed entirely by surface waters, carrying carbonic acid in solution, it is reasonable to suppose that the bovvlders and the disconnected m.ctss.es unite to form continuous beds, at no great depth. These beds, making up the stratmn of marble, as shown by the outcroppings, are from two to eight feet. in thickness, and lie within a synclincal fold, of a ferruginous calcareous formation; called, by Dr. Safford, iron-limestone. It is difficult to determine the exact thickness of the marble deposit at any point along the belt, on account of the overburden of earth and the limit"ed outcrops. However, one would be on the safe side, in putting the minimum thickness at thirty to forty feet. On th.e Hoskin far7n) one mile southeast of Red Clay, it attains probably more than twice this thickness; bttt it is not all merchant- able stone. The microscopical and chemical analyses of the lighFgray varie- ties of marble, show thern to be nearly pure calcitun carbonate, aln1ost crystalline, with rarely any traee of organic remains. These chemical and physical properties, together with the smooth surface. of the stones, exposed for years in the natural bed, are conclusive proofs, that the marble is well suited both for building and orna- mental purposes. The dark-chocolate variety has less calcium carbonate, and nu- merous fossils, and is only partly crystalline; but, owing to its beautiful color and brilliant finish, it is well a9.apted for furniture and interior decoration. ON THE EsLINGER FARM: the marble was worked, many years ago, to a limited extent, into tombstones, some of which are still to be seen in the churchyards of the vincinity, in a fair state of preservation. The stone used for that purpose was mostly obtained from howlders, and worked into the desired shape by hand. At other THE SEMI-CRYSTALLINE MARBLES places along the line of outctopping, where the marble becomes thinbedded and is easily quarried, it has been used locally in making chimneys, foundations for buildings, etc. The marble belt of Whitfield county is very favorably located for the shipment of stone. Branch lines can easily be constructed from the main line of the Southern Railway, along the numerous s1nall streams, which cut through the ridg.e separating the marble belt from the railroad. Son1e of these streams are of sufficient size, and have enough fall, to give considerable water-power, that might be easily utilized in operating quarrying machinery. FLOYD COUNTY THE SIX-MILE STATIO-N PROPERTY About seven miles south of Rome, near Six Mile station, a considerable amount of money was spent, a few years ago, in a black serni-crystalline limestone, belonging to the same fo1~n1atioti, as fhat which has been worked for n1arble at the base of Cedar Ridge, in Whitfield county. The stone found here seems to have been much shattered and broken up, by some great dynamic force, and to have been aga.in united by veins of white crystalline calcite. These white veins penetrate the stone in every direction, and give to it a very pleasing effect, when polished. A branch road nearly two miles in length was graded from this quarry to the main line o.f' the Southern Railway, and quarrying machinery was purchased and put in operation; but the works were finally abandoned, before any stone was put on the market. The principal difficulty encountered, in using this stone for ornamental purposes, seems to be due to its unsound condition and its variable physical structure. CHAPTER IX :MARBLE-DRESSING AND FINISHING-WORKS The .following is a short description of the larger marble-dressing and finishing-works, within easy access of the marble quarries. These, although not connected with any quarries, are, nevertheless~ very important factors in the marble industry of the State. 'l'HE KENNESAW MARBLE COMPANY The Kennesaw Marble Company was organized August rsth, 1891, with a capital of $roo,ooo.oo. The plant operated by this company is located near Marietta, at the junction of the Western & Atlantic and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads. It consists of a a large mill, 420 by 8o feet, a machine shop, power-house, a pack- ing and shipping building, etc. The mill is supplied with I 5 gangs of saws; one circular cut-off saw, 3 rubbing-beds, 2 polishing-beds~ 4 lathes, 2 large cutting-machines, one moulding machine, one counter-sinking machine, and 2 electric dynamos. The machine shop is large, and is well supplied with all the machinery necessary to make or keep in repair all parts of the mill and the tools used in cutting and carving the marble. With these various labor-saving machines and equipments, the company is able to turn out a great deal of excellent work at a comparatively small expense. A 200-horsepower Brown engine supplies all necessary power to run the machinery. One of the electric dynamos, which is located in the engine room, furnishes the building with incandescent lights. This enables the mill to run day and night, which is often necessary, to fill pressing orders. The firm makes a specialty of monumental work and interior finish; though it is able to do all kinds of work, for which marble is used. It deals exclusively with contractors and retail dealers,. and has worked up a very extensive trade in all the leadinv- (77) 78 MARBLE-DRESSING AND FINISHING-WORKS cities of the United States. The greater part of the marble used by this company is fron1 the quarries of the Georgia Marble Company in Pickens county. The ontput of the Kertnesaw Marble Company, in the last few years, shows that the demand for Georgia marble is rapidly i11eFeasr11g. This, with the outputs of other 1arge manufacturers of th~s n1arble,. indicates that it has become one of the most popular of o1"namentai' stones. The Kennesaw Marble Company has furnished from Georgia marble the interior finish for some of the most costly buildings erected in the country. An1ong these, may be mentioned the Custom-house at Chattanooga, the new city-hall at Richmond, Va., and one of the cmridors in the. new congressional library at Washington, D. C., the last named being wainscoted with a very rich and b~au:t:iful quality o~ Creole marbJe. . Many of the more expensive n1ontuDents of Georgia marble, which have been erected throughout theSouth, were rnade by this company, who s~11 them to the local retail dealers ready f01~ erection. The number of hands employed varies f1~om. time to time, the usual number beir1g about roo; though, when large coritraets are to be filled on short notice, as many as r so or more hands a:re frequently employed. 'tHE BLUE RIDGE MARBLE COMJ?ANY The works of the Biue Ridge Marble Company, located at Nelson, Pickens cotu1ty, on tile Louisville & Nashville R. R., ti1ree miles southeast of Tate, is one of the most co111plete and thO.foughly equipped marble plants in the State. This cotnpany, which was organized in t886, with a capital stock of about $roo,ooo~oo, makes a specialty of interior work; but it also carries on an extehsive monumental business, besides furnishii1g stone of all kinds for ge'l'leral building purposes. The works, being within ashort distance of the several marble quanies in Long Swamp valley, and connected with thetn by railroad, are quite favorabl'y situated for the selection of any material, which '111ay be desired, in filling various ot~clers. The marble-yard of the company, laid out on both sides of the railroad, covers-about 20 actes, and is usually well stocked with sawed blocks and slabs, ready to be worked, on short notice, into any desired shape TH E AfARBLES OF CF.ORCf A PLAT XXff TIIR MARill.E WORKS OF TIIR 1\IC EEl. MARBLR COMI'ANY, MARfETTA, GEORGIA. MARBLE-DRESSING AND FINISHING~WORKS 79 or form_ This display of the various grades and colors of the Georgia marble invariably attracts the attention of the traveler from the car-window, and is always an object of general con1ment. The main building of the Blue Ridge Marble Con1pany is 8o feet wide and 360 feet long. The equipment of the plant consists of I6 gangs of saws, 5 I2-foot rubbing-beds, 2 circular cut-off saws, I sash cut-of saw, I large and I small planer, I large lathe for turning columns, 3 small lathes, 50 pneumatic tools, 4 polishing-machines, r large locomotive crane ( 2 5 tons), I smaH locomotive crane ( r 5 tons), I 200-candlepower dynamo, 2 air-con1pressors, 2 roo- horsepower boilers, I 200-horsepower engine, and 7i mile of stand- ard-gauge railroad track. The writer was informed, that it is the intention of the company to increase the size of their plant in a short time, by the addition of I2 gangs of saws and the construction of a large cutting-shed. \iVith these additions, the plant will probably be one of the largest in the South. The Blue Ridge Marble Company, which, at present, has under lease, .and is now operating, the m.ill of the Marble Hill Quarry Company at the Piedmont quarries, employs about I 6o Jmen. Sotne ide KENNESAW AND CHEROKEE MARBLES Sand-rubbed and Boxed Per Cubic Foot Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3. 50 .l\verage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . oo Best No. 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 50 No.3 .............................................. 2.oo No. 3 Base-strips and Posts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 Inferior Bottom Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . 75 .l'vfm~k ers r 2 to 14 inches long, 3 inches thick, sand-rubbed and boxed .. $o. 55 r 2 to I 4 " " " " " " " o. 8o I 6 to I 8 " " " " " " " I . 00 I 6 to I 8 " " . " '' " " " I.25 Foot-stones, sand-rubbed and boxed ........... _, ........ . .25 Lettering .os Inscription: letters, raised or sunk, each .................. . Verse-letter, each ................................... . .OJ Large, raised letters on base, each ...... ~ ............... . .so Large, sunk letters on base, each ....................... . .2c;; v' Plain Headstones Square, round, bevel, o-gee~ apex and oval tops, finished, boxed and on cars. Faces, edges and tops polished, backs fine. sand-finished. Per Cubic Foot 2 111. 3m. 4 111. Select, 2.0 feet by I .o foot and larger ....... $6. oo $5. oo $s.oa so Average, same size .. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. oo 5 . oo 4 Best No. 3, same size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . oo 4. 50 4-00 Headstones smaller than 2.0 feet by r.o foot, extra per cubic .so foot ............................................ . l\1ortises, extra, each ................................. . . ,...,. / ... J Tenons, extra, each .................................. . -75 82 MARBLE-DRESSING AND FINISHING-WORKS THE M)NEEL MARBLE COMPANY The MeNeel Marble Company, located at Marietta, began work on a small scale about 14 years ago. The business of the company has since rapidly increased, from year to year, and the plant, at the san1e time, has been correspondingly improved and enlarged. The con1pany, which is now capitalized at $so,ooo, is chiefly engaged in monumental work. In addition to the large plant in Marietta, the con1pany also has branch houses in Gainesville and Cordele. The works, together with the marble yard in Marietta, cover nearly three acres, the main building being so by 22 5 feet. The equipment consists of 2 12-foot rubbing-beds, 2 lathes, r polishing-machine, r circular cut-off saw, r pneumatic surfacing-machine, 2 5 pneumatic tools, r air-compressor, 2 30-horsepower engines, r 75-horsepower boiler, and derricks. The plant is modern, and can do all kinds of monumental work in a first-class manner. The large yard enables the company to keep constantly on hand sufficient stone to fill all orders without delay. The con1pany, besides employing stone-carvers, also employs special designers who origit1ate and get up new designs for the trade. The total nun1ber of hands employed by the McNeel Marble Company at the time of the writer's visit I was 75 THE BUTLER MARBLE AND GRANITE COMPANY The Butler Marble and Granite Company, which has an authorized capital stock of $7s,ooo, is located on the Western & Atlantic R. R., at Butler's station, one mile south of the Marietta depot. This con1pany designs and manufactures for the trade all kinds of monuments. About 75 per cent. of the stone, used, is Georgia marble. The main building, which is 385 feet long and 30 feet wide, is well arranged and substantially constructed. The equipment of the plant is as follows:- r 12-foot rubbing-bed, r circular cut-off saw, r polishing-machine, r surfacing-machine, 2 5 pneumatic tools, r air-compressor, r roo-horsepower boiler, r roo-horsepov.rer engine, r Gofoot derrick, and a blacksmith-shop. The plant is up-to-date, having I May, 1905. TH E MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE XXI V 1 TERlOR OF THE STOCK-ROOM 01" TilE GEORGIA MARBLE-l<' lNISHING WORKS, CANTON, GEORG IA . lvfARBLE-DRESSING AND FINISHING-WORKS 83 been constructed only about t~o years. The company has a large stock-yard, well supplied with stone, and is always able to fill orders on short notice. The Butler 11arble and Granite Company employs special designers and experienced 1vorkmen, and are thereby enabled to execute first-class work, which finds a ready sale throughout the Southern States. The company at present gives employment to :about so hands. CHAPTER X VARIOUS STYLES OF FINISH While in the field, specimens of marbles -vvere collected from aU the outcrops. The collecting of specimens to form a museum, showing the State's mineral resources, is provided for, in the bill reorganizing the survey; and, as soon as sufficient material has been collected, a special room or rooms in the State capitol will be fitted up, when the marbles, as well as other building-stones, minerals, ores, fossils, etc., obtained within the State will be permanently displayed. The specirnens of marble secured for this purpose, where there are no quarties in operation, vvere ordinary rock specimens, trimmed three by four by one inches; while, at the quarries, eight-inch cubes were secured, each face of which \vas differently finished, as shown in plate XXVIII. Figure I of this plate shows what is called the "rock-face," and is the rough surface of the stone, as it is taken from the quarry, or only slightly trimmed by a pitching-chisel. The 1eclges of cut blocks are often surrounded by a narrow margin of "drove" work. The "rock-face" finish is used in exterior work, and makes a very attractive building, especially, if the white varieties of the Georgia marble are used. In figures 2 and 3, we have the "pointedface," differing from the "rock-face," in having the surface of the stone trimmed clown by an implement called a point. This style of finish is also largely used in exterior work, two varieties of which are here represented. Figure 4 represents the "tooth-chisel" finish, and is produced by means of a wide chisel, having its edge toothed like a saw. Figure 5 shows the "square-drove" finish, made by a chisel resembling that used in making the tooth-chiseled face, but differing from it, in having its edges smooth, instead of notched. This style of finish is shown as a margin to all the faces here fig- (84) Til E MA R BLES OF GEORGI A PLATE X XV A GRN"E H AL \ IRW OF Til~: WOHKS OF TII"E BLUE HTDGF. ~!AHRT. E O~ IP ANY, F: !.SO ' GEOHG IA. SPECIMENS OF MARBLES COLLECTED ured. The "patent-hammer" finish is produced by the patent hammer/ an instrument formed of four, six, eight, or n1ore thin steel plates, fastened securely together, so as to forrn a single piece, the striking face of which makes, when it comes in contact with the marble, a number of alternating, parallel groves and riclges. 2 This style of finish gives to the surface oi the Georgia marble a snow-white appearance, and is used for exterior work. The polished surface, which cannot be shown by figure, is frequently used on interior decoration, table-tops, tombstones etc. It may be produced, by the use either of oxalic acid or polishing putty. The surface of the stone is first made as smooth as possible, by means of sand or emery and pumice or hone, after which it is rubbed with a woolen cloth, wet with oxalic acid, or charged with polishing putty, either of which produces a very brilliant polish, though the former is not so durable as the latter. ~he State lVIuseum is greatly indebted to the Georgia Marble Company ~nd the Southern Marble Company for five eight-inch cubes, furnished by each company, showing the marbles dressed, as above described. 1 See plate XXVIII, figure r2. 2 See p&ate XXVIII, figure 6. CHAPTE R XI MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS USED IN MARBLEWORKING The following descriptions of machines and implements, used in working marbles, are taken from the report of the United States- ational Museum for 1886,' with slight changes. FIG. I THE ECLIPSE ROCK DRILL Of the many machines, that have, from time to time, been in vented for working stone, we can here mention only the principal ones, that are to-day in actual use. 1 " The collection o f Building and Orna m e nta l Sto nes in th e United States Na tional :\h1seum : A Hand-book a nd Ca ta logue . B y Geo rge P . "Merrill, Cu ra to r o f th e De partme nt of Li th ology a nd Phys ica l Geology," tSSg: As this book is out of print, Dr. Me rrill b as added much ue w ma tte r to the o rig ina l, a nd it is uo w publis he d by j ohn \Vi ley a nd So ns, Ne w York City, u nder the name, Sto nes fo r Buildin g a ud Decora tio n. (86) TilE I!ARBLES OF GEORGI A PL ATE XX I .! A \"IE \Y TN THE TOCK-YARD OF T H E BLUE H IDGE MARBLE O~I PANY , NEL ON, GEORGTA , H O \\. TNG THE LO CO ~ I OT I VE CRANE T W ORK. MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS DRILLs.-The old-time method of drilling by means of a flat, pointed drill, called a "jumper," which is held by one workman, while others strike it alternate blows with heavy hammers, although still in use in many quarries, has been largely superseded by steam-drills of various kinds. A simple form of the steam-drill, and one now in very general use, is that shown in figure L The drill proper is fastened directly to the piston, which can be inclined at any angle, thus fitting it for ordinary quarrying or tunneling. It is driven either by steam or compressed air. A different adaptation of the same principle. is employed in channeling and gadding machines, used in getting out dimension stones. The drill and cylinder are attached to the horizontal bar, by means of a clamp, which can be loosened or tightened at will. By this means a, dozen or more holes can be cut by simply sliding the drill along the bar, without n1oving the entire machine. CHANNELING-MACHINEs.-The channeling-rnachine, shown in figure 2, was invented by George J. W a:rdwell of Rutland, Vt. The first successful machine was built by him in r 863, in connection with the Sutherland Falls Marble Company, and that original machine was at work there constantly, until r885. These machines are used by the Georgia and Southern Marble Cmnpanies, and are in operation at all the important quarries of sandstone, limestone and marble in the country. It is calculated, that over s,ooo,ooo square feet have been cut by them. The channeler is essentially a . locomotive machine, driven by power, usually steam, moving over a steel rail track, which is placed on the quarry-bed. It carries a single-gang drill on one side, or two such dri11s, one on each side. These are raised and dropped by a lever and crank arrangement. The gang of cutters forming the drill is composed of five steel bars, 7 to 14 feet in length, sharpened at the ends and securely clamped together. Of the five cutters, two have diagonal edges ; the other three have their edges transverse. The center of the middle cutter, which is the largest, extends lowest, so that the five form something like a step arrangement away from the center. 88 MACHIllES AND IMPLEMEJI.. TS The drill, lifted, drops with great force, and rapidly cuts a channel into the rock. The single-gang machine is operated by two men, and the double one by three. As it runs backward and forward over the rock, the machine is reversed without stopping, and, a it goes, the cutters deliver their strokes, it is claimed, at a rate of one hundred and fifty per minute. The machine feeds forward on the track, half an inch at each stroke, cutting half an inch or more at FIG. 2 every time of passing. The sing le machine will cut from 40 to 8o square feet of channel per day in marble or limestone, at a cost of from 5 to 20 cents per square foot. The double machine will do twice the amount of work, in the same time. A good workman would formerly cut from 5 to ro feet, that is, a groove one foot deep and from 5 to ro feet long, in one day. F or this, he would receive from 25 to 30 cents per foot. THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE XXVII A TRAIN- LOAD OF GEORGIA MARBLE FRO?-f THE WORKS OF THE BLUE RIDGE MARBLE COMPANY , NEL ON , GEORGIA . MACHINES At-.D IMPLEMENTS Sulliva~/s Chan11eling-nw.chiues are also used at the Georgia and Southern works. They differ from the Wardwell in several im-portant particulars, prominent among which are these :-1. The cutting-tool is attached rigidly to the piston, so that the stroke is dealt directly by the steam pressure in the cylinder, and without the intervention of any cranks, levers or springs. 2 . The cuttingtools are made adjustable to any angle-to the right, left, forward or backward. The machine is thus capable of making transverse and side-hill cuts, and does what is known in quarrying as "cutting out the corners." 3 It can be used in chambers, where the distance between the fl oor and the roof is but 6 feet; and it can be used in tunnels and head ing . The machine carries fi e drills in ihe gang, three straight points and two diagonal ones. These are :arranged a een in the accompanying cut. FIG. 3 THE SULLIVAN CHANNELING MACHINE The average capacity, as claimed by the company's circular, IS :as follows : - In marble, 8o to IOO square feet of channel, in ten hours. so In sandstone, I to 200 square feet of channel, in ten hours. In limestone, I20 to ISO square feet of channel, in ten hours. Th e Ingersoll-Sergeant Channeling-machi11e is another first-class machine, which is in use at the Piedmont quarry. The principal MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS points of superiority claimed by the builders of this channeler are its unusually heavy construction of truck-frame, channeler-engine, striking parts, etc. The Dia.mond Cha:n.ne.Zing-mach.ine) though not at present used\ in the Georgia quarries, employs I 3-4 inch drill-bits, which are attached to the drill-rods of varying lengths, adapted to any required depth of channel up to 9 I-2 feet. The channel 111ay be made open or partly closed, the latter by leaving slight spaces between the holes, to be afterwards chipped out. But the whole operation of a. clear cut is made simultaneously by means of an intercutting guide, which anwers this purpose very well. The drill can be made to vary in any direction, from perpendicular to a 50 slant, for putting down the tunnel and angle cuts. GADDERS.-The gadder takes its name fron1 the class of work,. for which it is especially designed, and which is known among quarrymen as "gadding~" When the requisite channel-cuts are made about a block of marble to be removed, it is necessary to undercut the block, in order to release it. This is usually accomplished by- drilling a series of holes beneath it, and then, by wedges, the block: is split fro111 its bed. The machine is placed upon a platforn1 on trucks, arranged to run on. a track. When adjusted for work, it may be braced by pointed legs. The boring apparatus is attached by a swivel to a perpendicular guide~bar. This guide-bar is secured to the boiler behind it, which forms the main support of the machine.. Upon the guide-bar, the boring apparatus may be raised or lowered at will,. for the purpose of boring a series of holes in a perpendicular line, if desired. Upon the swivel, the boring-apparatus may be turned,. so as to bore in any direction, within the plane of the swivel-plate. At one end of the drill-rod or spindle is the drill-head, armed with: carbons, and supplied with small apertures or outlets for water. At the other end of the spindle is attached a hose fot supplying water to the drill-head. A rapid revolving n1ovement is con1municated to the drill-spindle by the gearing. The speed and feedmovement may be regulated by the operator with reference to the TilE MARBLES OF CEORGlA PLATE XXVffl 2 4 6 KINDS OF FINISH. Fig. r. Rock Face. Figs. 2 and 3 Pointed Face. Fig. 4. Tooth-Chiseled. Fig. s. Square Drove. Fig. 6. Patent Hammered. MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS hardness or softness, coarseness or finene!ls of the material to be bored; and the feeding movement may be instantly reversed at pleasure. The machine is so constructed, that the drill-spindle may be removed, and others inserted in the same holder, adjusted to bore in the opposite direction, the boring apparatus being driven by a double-cylinder engine. A continuation of one of the pistonrods through the cylinder. forms the plunger to a small pump,. placed above the cylinder, which supplies water to the boiler, and forces water through the drill-spindle and head. These jets of water wash out all the borings made, and keep the drill-head from heating. The usual feed of this drill in marble is from four to five inches per minute. The Ingersoll Gadding Machine is used in the Georgia marble quarries; it is only a special adaptation of the steam.:.drill. It is claimed, that this machine will "put in holes, close to the bottom of the quarry, in a horizontal position along the bench, into the roof, or perpendicularly into the floor as desired." G~INDING AND PoLISHING MACHINEs.-In large works, the grinding and polishing is now generally done by steam po.wer. For flat surfaces, a circular, horizontally revolving iron plate or grating, attached t.o the lower end of a vertical shaft, with elbow joint, is used; the workman guides it to any portion of the surface he may desire, by means of a handle, the abrading substance being sand or emery. \Vith felt attached to the plate, the same form of machine is also used for polishing. Blocks of suth size, as can be handled by the wor~men, are usually ground upon horizontal revolving iron beds, some eight or twelve feet in diameter. In making straight or only slightly curved moldings, the form is first carved out with a chisel, and then a plate of cast-iron, fitting as accurately as possible, is n1ade by means of a long ann, to travel back and forth over the stone, with sand or emery, or putty-powder and feltr as the case may be. These are called pendulum-machines. The actual labor is thus greatly reduced, and a highe'r and more lasting polish obtained, than is possible by hand. LATHES AND PLANERs.-Lathes are now very generally used. MACHINES AND IA1PLEMENTS for turning posts and pillars from soft stone, as well as from granite. In easy working varieties, as sandstone, limestorie and marble, the cutting tool is a simple chisel, much like that used in turning metals, and is held in a clamp in the same way. With the softer varieties of stone, a plane surface, sufficiently smooth for flagging, is produced by means of a planing machine, similar. to those in use for planing metals, and is operated in the same manner. MACHINES FOR SAWING..-.-.In sawing marble, the same method, with son1e modifications, is employed, as was in use according to Professor Seeley, three hundred years before the Christian era. 'The principal consists simply of a smooth flat blade of soft iron, set in a frame and fed with sharp sat1d and water. The saws are now frequently set in gangs of a .dozen or more in a single frame, and several gangs are sometimes operated by one man, who shovels on the wet sand, as it is needed, while fine streams of \Vater from overhead wash it beneath the blade, as it swings backward and for. ward in its slowly deepening groove. Some attempts at automatic feeders have been made; but they are not, as yet, in general us~. This .n1ethod has been found to be inapplicable for cutting :granite, owing to the greater hardness of the material. In the last few years, a sand, composed of globules of chilled iron, has been 1.1sed to good advantage. The great drawback to the use of this material, so far as observed, is the care necessary to avoid staining the stone by rust fron1 the wet globules, during the time the inachine is not running, This is clone by wetting down the stone and globules in the saw.,.frame, with a thick solution of lime-water, prior to leaving the saws for the night. Circular saws, wi~h diamond teeth, have been used to some extent; bt1t they have not come "into general use, on account of being too ,expensive. For sawing circular apertures in the top of a washstand, or getting out tops for small tables, a saw, made of plates of soft iron bent into the form of a cylindet and revolved by a vertical shaft, is used. Sand, emery, or globules of chilled iron constitute the cut- ting materials, as with the saws just mentioned. TH E AfARBLESOFCEOR CIA PLATE XXIX ClHC LAR CUTOI<' F SAW 1 USE AT TilE RUTLER MARBLE AND GRA lTE COMPANY'S WORKS, M RIETTA, GEORGIA. MACfilNES Al,/D ll\JFLEMEN'I'S 93 A recent European invention for sawing stone consists of a twisted cord of steel, made to run around pulleys like a band-saw. The cord is composed of three steel wires loosely twisted together, but stretched tightly over the pulleys, and is niade to run at a high rate of speed. The swift successive blows fro111 the ridges of cord, delivered along the narrow line, disintegrate the stone much more rapidly, it is claimed, than the iron blade fed with sand. The usual rate of cutting in blocks of soft limestone is about tvventy-four inches an hour, and, in marble, a little more than nine inches an hour. In certain Belgian marble quarries, the saw is said to be used to advantage in cutting the rocks from the quarry-bed. In thus utilizing .it, the floor is first cleared, as for channeling-machines, and then, by means of large cylindrical drills, fed with metallic sand, a shaft twenty-seven inches in diameter is cut to the desired depth, and the cores are taken out, as by the con1mon. tubular diamond-drill. T\vo of these holes are sunk at proper distances apart, and guides are set up in them, on -vvhich movable frames are placed, carrying pulleys of a diameter somevvhat less than that of the holes; over these pulleys the cord-saw is stretched; motion is then imparted to the pulleys by a simple system of transmission, and the saw cuts without interruption) until the bottom of the drillpit or shaft is reached. A great saving of time and material is claimed for this invention. Although it seems to promise well, none are, as far as is known, in use at present in this country. THE SAND-BLAST.-The sand-blast has been utilized to some extent, in the work of lettering headstones, and for producing delicate tracings on quartzite. That the process is so little used is clue, it is said, to the opposition of the trades-unions, and not to any defect in the process itself. HAND IMPLEMEN'Ts.-Thc Face Ha11t1ncr.-This is a heavy square-faced hammer, weighing from fifteen to twenty-five pounds, and is used for roughly shaping the blocks, as they come from the quarry. It is sometimes made v,ith both faces alike, or again with one face flat, and the other drawn out into a cutting eclge.r The 1 See figure 10, plate XXX. MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS cavil differs from it, only in having one face drawn out into a pyra1nidal point. The A.x- or Pean-ha:wz,wzer is made with two opposite cutting faces, as seen in figure r 3, plate xxx. The edges are sometimes toothed roughly, when it is called the toothed-ax. The Patent or B~{;sh-ha11;z,111e1' r is made of four, six, eight, ten or more thin blades of steel, bolted together, so as to form a single piece, the striking faces of which are deeply and sharply grooved. This hammer is said to have been invented by Joseph Richards of Quincy, Mass., at some time between the years r83r and r840. As -constructed, this head was composed of a single piece, instead of .several as now. In son1e works this is called a bush-hammer. Crandwll.-This consists of a bar of malleable iron about two feet in length, and slightly flattened at one end, through which is a slot, three-dghths of an inch wide and three inches long. Through this slot are passed ten double-headed points, of one-foutth of an incl~ .square steel, nine inches long, which are held in place by a key. Sledge Ha11;z,mer. 2 - A smooth-faced hammer, weighing from ten to twenty-five pounds, used for striking the drills, in hand-drilling, Or in driving large wedges for slitting stone. H and-ha111mer.3 - A smooth-faced hammer, with two striking faces, weighing fron1 two to five pounds. It is used for hand-drilling, pointing and chiseling in hard kinds of rocks. It usually has both faces alike. M allet.4- This is a wooden implement, with a cylindrical head, used in place of the hammer in cutting the soft stones, as marbles .and sandstones. Piclc.-An instrument resembling the ordinary pick-axe used in P,,I'l 1'-o bD iO=~lCmo.g.;O..s rn rnP. p:j rPn."P' .Por0n' r:n ~' ~!:::: 'H REMARKS 10,204 11,400 10,672 13,900 13,100 J2,244 13,680 12,806 16,680 15,700 0 ~ 2.717 169.8 Cracked on edge Burst suddenly before burstin g ......... Burst with explosion 2.763 .......... 172.6 Burst with explosion Burstwith explosion ~ ~ ~ c:;') 13,200 13,200 12,000 13,200 13,200 12,244 15,840 15,840 .......... .......... 14,692 2.707 169.1 ~ V:l 12,300 11,300 12,540 11,414 15,048 13,696 ......... ........ ~ 10,900 11,010 1(!,212 2,734 171.8 10,800 11.020 13,224 ... .......... 1 'l'he Survey is under obligations to Professor Chas. Ferris of tl1e Engineering Department of the University of Tennessee, for valuable aid rendered in malting the crushing and absorption tests. General Q. A. Gillmore, in his report on the compeessiv:e strength of building stones of the United States, Appendix Il, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, determined a general formula for converting the crushing str!)ngth of different cubes into each other. in applyingthis formula for one and two inch cubes, it~)s found that the crushing weight of the smaller cube should be increased by apJ;Jroximately one-fifth of itself, in order to compare correctly the strength of the two cubes. ''"', 1-1 0 (.N 104 ABSORPTION TESTS ABSORPTION TESTS NAME. Weight after dry- Wei~h~, ::~;fter re- Approximate per ing fo~ 24 hours. J?ammgm water centa~e of ab- for 72 hours. sorptwn. Kennesaw .......... Creole ................ Etowah .............. Southern, No. 1 ...... Southern, No. 2 ..... , 45.160 grammes 44.320 42.215 ,,,, 46.170 44.440 ",, I 45.200 grammes .008 per cent. 44.335 '' .004 " " 42.240 46.200 ," , .005 " .006 " ",, 44.475 " .008 " " In making the absorption tests, one-inch cubes were used. All, except Southern No. 2, which was polished, had sand-rubbed surfaces, and had been lying in the office f01~ about four months. After being exposed to dry air, at a temperature of 212 Fahrenheit, for twenty-four hours, they were carefully weighed and then placed in water at a ternperature of about 6o F., for seventy-two hours, and were again weighed. The _differei1ce .between these weights shows the amount of absorption, which, divided by the weight before immersion, gives the percentage of absorption. The amount of moisture taken up in each case, as shown by the percentage of absorption, was extremely small; especially was this true of the Creole and the Etowah marbles, which absorbed less than one part in two thousand. This test proves, that the stone is practically free from all pores or openings, into which water or any other foreign matter can penetrate, so as to cause disintegration or change of color. By comparing the specimens fron1 the Southern marble quarries, Nos. I and 2, it will be seen that the latter, which was polished, absorbed more m_oisture than the former, which had been only sandrubbed:. This difference in absorption seems to have been entirely due to the physical condition of the surfaces; for, otherwise, the specimens appeared to have been identical in every respect. It will be further noticed, that the marble from the Kennesaw and the Southern quarries, which are located near each other, have a sUghtly higher percentage of absorption, than the marble (Creole and Etowah) from the Georgia quarries. This is probably accounted for, by the smaller crystalline grains of the latter, which appear to form a somewhat more compact stone than the former. THE MARBLES OF GEOR GIA PLATE XXXVI THE YOUNG MEN' S C IIHTSTTA , AS. 0 IATlON HUTLD! G, COLUMBUS, GEORGIA. BUILT OF GEOI!GTA MARHLR BY Til~~ Hl.UK IHDGK MAHII!.F. COMPANY, NF.I.SON, GROHGTA THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA / / PLATE XXXVII A PRIVATE RESIDENCE IN TAMPA, FLORIDA, TRIMMED \VITI-I WHITE GEORGIA MARBLE, CUT AND FURNISHED BY THE BLUE RIDGE MARBLE CO:\IPANY, NELSO, , GEORGIA. CHAPTER XIII CHEMICAL DISCUSSION OF THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA BY W. H. EMERSON, PH. D. Professor of Chemistry, Georgia School of Technology . The most valuable properties of marble for structural purposes being strength and durability, for ornamental purposes, color and texture, it would be desirable, in this chapter, to trace the relations between strength, durability, color, texture and chemical composition. Unfortunately, such cannot be done with any degree of fullness or certainty; only a few isolated facts can be noted. The difficulty in establishing such relations is mainly due to the fact, that composition is only of secondary importance, especially in determining strength and durability, these properties being far more dependent on physical structure. Scarcely anything has been done in studying the relations between the properties and structure; so that the effects of composition are complicated by the effects of the practically unknown factor-structure. As has been stated above, marble is essentially calcium-carbonate, a salt having, as its negative element, carbonic acid, one of the weakest acids, being easily displaced from its compounds by most other acids. As a consequence, marble is very sensitive to the action of chemical agents, everywhere present in the atmosphere. The substances normally present in the atmosphere, causing the destruction or weathering of buildingstones, are carbonic and nitric acids, oxygen and ammonia; while in the towns and cities this list is augmented by hydrochloric, sulphuric, sulphurous and organic acids, derived from the combustion Of coal, chimneys of chemical manufactories, decay of vegetable matter, etc. Wpile marble is more rapidly attacked by chemical ( 105) Io6 CHEMICAL DISCUSSION agents than other stones, its power to resist the mechanical agents of weathering, which are generally the most destructive, makes it a comparatively durable stone. Beside the essential constituent, calcium carbonate, marble always contains some of. a large variety of accessory substances, one of which, magnesium carbonate, may vary indefinitely, from cakite, on the one hand, to magnesite, on the othe.r; and, when the proportion is such as to give equal molecules of the two carbonates, the name dolon1ite is applied. Pure calcium carbonate is easily dissolved in large pieces by cold dilute hydrochlotic acid, as is evidenced by the brisk effervescence; while dolomite, under the satne circumstances, dissolves so slowly as to produce.a scarcely noticeable evolution of gas. In consequence of the greater insolubility, when magnesium carbonate is present, we would expect those marbles, containing more of it, to weatl1er more slowly tha1:- those containing less; and this is doubtless true, except where this advantage is counterbalanced by a structure less snited to resist the mechanical agencies of weathe1ing. Dr. G. P. Merrill says: I - "'l'he nearer a magnesian limestone approaches a dolomite in constitution, the more durable it is likely to be." On .the other hand, it is likely that, under certain circumstances, the grains of cloJomite are liable to show a feeble cohesion, favorable to mechanical weathering. Dana says:"Grains of dolomite are often but slightly coherent." Geikie remarks the same. The accompanying table shows, in the case of the Georgia 1narbles analyzed, that the dolomitic marbles are fine~ grained, while the calcite marbles are coarse in texture. Fineness . of grain is an advantage, since it is conducive, somewhat, to strength and durability. As concerns the influence of accessory minerals, it may be said in general, that it is prejudicial to strength. Mica, in particular, when disposed along certain lines, produces a plane of weakness, owing to the little cohesion along its cleavage planes. On the other hand, a tough, fibrous mineral may, if evenly dis~ributed, contribute I Tenth Census; Report on the Building-stones and Statistics of the Quarry Industry. T /-1 MARBLES OF GEOR GI A PLATE X XXV III A RE ID E .I\ CE 0~ PRA IIU E AVENUE , C HI CAGO , BU ILT OF WHIT E ~fA RBLE FRO ~r THE K ENNESAW Ql ARRIE OF THE GEO R GIA MARBLE CO ~'I PA ; Y. PICKE ' S CO 1\TY, GEO R G IA. rHE /lfARBLES OF GEORGI A PLA TE XXXIX MI NESOTA STATE CAPITOL, ST. PAUL, MINN . BUILT OF WHITE GEORGIA MARBLE FROM THE AMICALOLA Q_UARRlES, PICKENS COUNTY, GEORG IA , CHEMICAL DISCUSSION 107 somewhat to the strength, acting as a binding material to the granules of calcite. Extraneous minerals are likewise generally prejudicial to durability. This is sometimes due to the more ready absorption of water, in case the foreign mineral is more porous than marble; the water, on freezing, expands powerfully, disintegrates the stone, and gives an easier access to the water. Again, accessory minerals may cause unequal weathering of the marble, thus producing a roughened surface, more favorable to weathering, and very unsightly. The experiments, given below on artificial weathering, show that the smooth polished surface of No. r was acted on more slowly than the unpolished cube of the same stone, presumably due, in part, to the greater surface exposed by the rough specimen, and partly. to the fact that minute pores, more or less removed in polishing, facilitate chemical action. The great variety of colors shown by marbles is due mainly to the presence Qf accessory minerals. Ferric oxide imparts various shades of red. The pink color of No. 6 is due to a very small amount of ferric oxide, in such a fine state of division, .that it remains largely suspended in the fl-uid, when the marble is dissolved in cold dilute hydrochloric acid, a part of it passing through the paper, on filtering. The reddish-brown color of No. 8 is likewise due to ferric oxide in larger quantity, and not so finely divided. Manganese and cobalt may also produce pinkish shades. Iron, when present in the ferrous state in considerable quantity, produces color, varying hom light to dark green. The hydrated iron oxides produce a yellowish brown color. The presence of ferrous carbonate or of pyrite causes the marble to stain yellowish-brown, on weathering, due to the fact, that the compounds named alter readily to a hydrated iron oxide. This staining, in some cases, is said to produce a very pleas,. ing effect. The various silicates present will impart to marble their characteristic colors. Organic matter frequently produces a black color, as in marble No. ro, which turns white on heating, the organic matter I08 CHEMICAL DISCUSSION being decomposed and driven off. Graphite likewise produces a black color, the black portions of No. 3 ("Creole") being nearly altogether due to graphite. The black color due to this mineral does not disappear on heating, as 1t is only very slowly oxidized in the air. As an experiment to determine the coloring matter in the Creole marble, a fragment was placed in dilute hydrochloric acid and al- lowed to stand, until all the calcium carbonate was dissolved. There remained only a tuft of foliated graphite. Other minerals, such as black hqrnblende and black mica, occur in this marble somewhat sparingly; but graphite seems to be the mineral, which gives the marble its mottled appearance. The same is probably true of the Etowah marble, which occurs close to the Creole. These various colored minerals, present in varying amounts, ate variously distributed, and give rise to an almost endless variety of colors, shades and patterns in the different marbles. The column in the accompanying table, headed "Insoluble Sili- ceous Matter," includes all substances insoluble in hydrochloric acid, tnainly silicates and silica, as well as silica from any decomposed silicates. "Loss on Ignition" is mainly carbon dioxide and water; the latter was determined iJ!- three or four cases, after drying at 1050 to I IOO C., and was found to be present to the extent of frorri 3 to 5 per cent. The amount of iron and organic matter was too small to seriously influence the loss on ignition. The iron of No. 8 is mainly ferric oxide, which is not modified by igniting. It is noticeable that, even if all the loss is reckoned as carbon dioxide, there is not sufficient to combine with the calcium and n1ag- nesiun1 oxides. This was not due to the oxides being partly. in combination with other acids, as these were not present in sufficient quantity. It is certainly partly due tO. the difficulty of weighing calcium oxide, in which form the calcium was determined. When freshly ignited, it increases quite rapidly in weight, in the desiccator, over concentrated sulphuric acid. However, it seems hardly prob- THE .1/ARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE X L AN OHNAMENTAL STATUE ON THE MINNE OTA STATE CAPITOL, CA H V ED FROM WHITE 'fA RBLE FROM A MICA LOLA Q..IJ A H R Y NO. T, PICKENS CO TY , GEORG IA. THE MARBL E S OF GEORGI A I ~ PLATE XLI THE RHODE ISLAN D STATE CAPITOL , PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLA ' D . BUILT OF WHITE MARBLE, FROM THE QUARRIES OF THE SOUTHER ' MARBLE COMPANY, MARBLE HILL, PICKE S COU TY, GEORGIA. CHEMICAL DISCUSSION 109 able, that this error vvould be large enough to account for the whole excess. The following artificial weathering tests were made on unpolished cubes of Nos. I, 3 and 6 and a polished cube of No. r. They were suspended for several days in an atmosphere of hydrochloric, sulphurous and carbonic acids :- Otigin Ll Weight No. 1 Polished ..... .45.0868 grammes No. 1 Unpolished .. .45.9492 grammes No.3 Unpolished .. .44.2569 grammes No.6 Unpolished .. .42.1369 grammes Fin tl Weight 44.9337 grammes 45.7793 grammes 44.1240 grammes 41.9943 grammes Loss .1531 grammes .1699 grammes .1329 grammes .1426 grammes It is noticeable that the unpolished cube of No. I was dissolved with considerably more readiness than the polished. CHEMICAL ANALYSES l Marbles Cal . c:um Oxlde I Ma um g0nXes.I1d_e F:rric Ox1de and Alumina In_s?lu_ble S1hceous Matter Loss on Ignition Total l\o.-1.-.-.-..-.-. No. 2.... .. . No. 3 ....... No. 4 ....... No. ,') ....... ! No. 6 ........ No. '7 I ..... No. 8 ...... No. 9 ..... No. 10 .'...... Nn. 11 5~~?% 32_,;) 55 oo 31.53 31.61 54.41 54.67 52.77 24.07 30.42 01.89 ---~0% ~~---~Q% 19.37 1.12 21.30 21.06 . 75 1.01 .8'>~ 17.24 19.86 19 64 .ANY , ~I A RHLE HILL, PT C KRN OUNTY , GEO R G I A. THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PL .4TE XLIX 3 4 ONE-INCH CUBE OF MARBLE, AFTER HAVING BEEN SUBMITTED TO CRU HING TESTS , No. r. 2. 3 " 4- Creole, Kennesaw, crushing '' stre,n,gth, Etowah, Southern , 13,200 lbs. 10,000 13,200 10,90 0 SERPENTINE I ~,.., ~I HENRY CoLE PROPERTY The Cole property, lot 490) ISth district) is located about one mile southeast of the Verd Antique Marble Company's quarry, and within about half-a-mile of the Louisville & Nashville R. R. The exposure occurs only a few hundred yards from Mr. Cole's residence. It consists of a dark colored massive rock, chiefly in the form of boulders, covering something like half an acre. The rock is locally considered to be similar to the stone quarried at the V erd Antique Marble Company's quarry; but a close examination shows it to be different not only in mineral composition, but also in structure and its mode of weathering. It is an exceedingly tough, massive rock with large phenocrysts of a dark mineral probably hornblende. In weathering, the phenocrysts are acted upon by the atmospheric agencies more energetically than the ground mass, thus giving to the surface a pitted aspect. \Vith the exception of one or two small blasts, no work has been done on the Cole property. It is claimed that this stone admits of a good polish ; but, owing to its irregular weathering, it would seem to be unsuitable for exterior work. APPENDIX A LIS'!' OF SOME O:F THE MORE IMPORTANT STRUCTURES IN WHICH THE GEORGIA MARBLES WERE USED PRIOR TO 'tHE PUBLIGATION OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS REPORT LOCATION I STRUCTURE EXTENT USED Boston, Mass______ U.S. Government b'ld'g_ 4,ooo tiles Knoxville, Tenn ___ Episcopal church ________ . Entire building. Chattanooga, Tenn_ U.S. Customhouse..: ____ Interior finish. Chattanooga, Tenn_ F. F. lY.[arvill building__ Marble front. Macon,_ Ga ------- R. E. Park's building____ Marble fn;n:i.t. Macon, Ga _______ Coleman & Wlllingharil estate.--- ___________ Marble front. M~con, Ga ________ T. C. Bank's building____ Marble trimmings. Macon, Ga_~------ Edward Wolff's building Marble front.. Macon, Ga~-'---- _..:I. 0. 0. F. building._---~ Marble trimmings. Rome, Ga_______ -'"' Floyd.co-qnty cour~house. M?-rble basement. Jacksonville, Fla ___ U.S. Government b'ld'g_ Entire building. Atlanta, Ga _______ Equitable Building______ 2 stories, entire, tiles and stairs. Atlanta, Ga _____._ DeGive's Grand Opera- 2 stories, floors and house ____ - ____ - _____ wainscoting. Atlanta, Ga _______ Aragon hoteL _________ I story, floors and wainscoting. Atlanta, Ga _______ Kimball House ____ - -- s,ooo square feet of tiling, etc. Atlanta, Ga_______ Gould residence ________ Exteric,r walls. Atlanta, Ga _______ J. M. High's building ____ Exterior walls. Atlanta, Ga _______ Jas. L. Dickey's building Marble front. Atlanta, Ga _______ State capitoL--.-- - -- so,ooo tiles, stairs and wainscoting. Atlanta, Ga _______ Kutz's building_------- Marble front. Bas~ me~ t a n d. Atlanta, Ga _______ Home for the Friendless_ { tnmm1ngs. Atlanta, Ga _______ Southern Medical College 2 stories and trim- mmgs. (n8) APPENDIX-Continued II9 LOCATION STRUCTURE EXTENT USED Atlanta, Ga _______ Grant & Kirkpatrick building------ . _____ Marble trimmings. Atlanta, Ga _______ Walker Inman building_ Marble front. Americus, Ga_____ Bank and Post-office b'ld'g Marble front. Americus, Ga _____ G. W. Glover's residence Marble trimmings. Americus, Ga _____ Thornton Wheatleyb'ld'g Marhle- trimmings. Nashville, Tenn___ Phillips &Butoffbuilding Marble front. Canton, Ga- _______ Bank of Canton _____ ---- Marble front. Buford, Ga __________ Bank of Buford ____ ---- Marble front. Elberton, Ga ______ Elberton Bank ______ ---- Marble front. Lc;misville, Ga _____ Louisville Bank - __ -- _- Marble front. Perry, Ga ________ Masonichall_ ______ ---- Marbletrimmings. Jacksonville, Fla___ W. S. Wear's re;:;idence_ Marble trimmings. Jacksonville, Fla ___ J. J. Green's residence __ Entire building. New Orleans, La ___ Greenwald hoteL------ Entire trimmings. New Orleans, La___ St. Paul's P. E. church_ 6,soo feet of tiling and wainscoting. New Orleans, La ___ Cosmopolitan hoteL ____ Interior finish. New Orleans, La___ Kaf T. Hall's store b'ld'g Marble front. New Orleans, La___ E. G. Wear's residence __ Marble front. Newark,N. J _____ Hunt residence ________ Marble front. Newark, N. J ______ church______ -..,- Trimmings and in- side work. Pittsburg, Pa _______ Shield's.chapeL _________ Entire building. Savannah, Ga_____ DeSoto hoteL _________ 9,ooo feet of tiling. Savannah, Ga_ -----Chatham county c'rt h'se 8,ooo feet of tiling. Birmingham, Ala __ Caldwell hoteL ________ . Trimmings and in- . terior finish. Chicago, IlL------ D. K. Kill's residence, 24th street . - _- ___ - _ Entire building. Chicago, IlL.---- Nelson Morison's resi- dence, 45th SL _- ---. Entire building. Chicago, IlL _ . __ Wellington hoteL ______ 6,ooo feet of tiling~ North Chicago, IlL Residence, 420 N. State St Entire building. North Chicago, IlL Windemere hoteL-~~~:_- rs,ooo "fC ortiling~ North Chicago, IlL I. G. Well's building . __ Entire building. North Chicago, IlL The Auditorium ____ --- 4o,ooo feet of wain- scoting. I20 APPENDIX-:-Contz"nued LOCATION STRUCTURE EXTENT USED North Chicago, IlL Menoken club-house ____ Marble trimmings . . North Chicago, IlL Peacock Cafe, Mad.ison St Interior finish. New. York; N. Y ___ Criminal court build~ng_ Interior finish. New.York, N. Y ___ St. Luke's hospitaL__. __ Entire building. Brooklyn, N. Y---~ St. Cecilia?s church _____ Entire building. Columbia, S. c ____ State capitoL---------- 4o,ooo feet of tiling and base. Sioux City, Iowa ___ Fox building __ . --- -"----. 12,ooo ft. of tiling. Fort Worth, Texas_ Courthouse ______ -- _---' ro,ooo ft. of tiling. Fort ~lorth, Texas_ Hendrick's building'"- rz,ooo ft. of tiling. Stephenson, Texas_ Earth county courthouse rs,o.oo ft. of tiling, etc. Los Angeles, CaL __ Hall of Records .. .,..'" ., ___ 2o,ooq ft. of tilipg. Los .Angeles, CaL__ Library building"------ r2,oo.o ft. of t~ljng. .Portland, Ore------ Depot building_.:._------ s,o.ooJeetof tiling. . Providence, R. L... _ Industrial building_~""" - 2,o,ooo ft. of tiling and base. Richrn.ond, Va_____ Chamber of Commerce._ s,ooo feet of wain- . . seating. Sherman, Texas ___ Linz building---------- s,soo feet of ~iling and wainsc:wting. Pittsburg, Pa--~--- Carnegie library _______ 25,oooft._ofti1ing. 13oston, Mass. ___ -- Ames b'ld'g, Bedford St Outside trimmings. Boston, Mass-'-~--_- Boston public lib:ta:ty _. __ Arcade .and. cou:rt. 13oston, Mass------ Ames building, Court St Interior toilet-room work. W3iver1y, Mass_____ McLean Asylum_~--~-- Outsidetri:tnmirtgs. Providence, R. I ___ Industrial Trust Co.'s building------ ------ Interior:fi.nish, .etc. Detroit, Mdch _-- _-- Pingree building_ -.. --- .. Exterior of 3stories Exeter, N. H------- :Saule haiL~'----""~-~---- Interior fj.nish. Washington, D. C_._ Congressional .library____ roo carloads. Phihidelphia, Pa_:__ Drexel Institute __ ~:...-- __ Interior finish. Tampa, Fla _______ First National bank ____ . Interior finish, THE MARBLES OF GEOR GIA PLATE L ENTRANCE TO THE CANDLER OFFICE BUILDING, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SHOWING CARVED GEORGIA MARBLE FROM THE AMICALOLA Q..UARRIES, PICKENS COUNTY, GEORGIA. THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLATE Ll A PANEL OF MATCHED SLABS OF CREOLE MARBLE ON THE FIFTEE< TH FLOOR OF THE CANDLER BUILDING, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, FROM THE QUARRIES OF THE GEORGIA MARBLE CO)fPANY, TATE, PICKEN COUNTY, GEORGIA. APPENDIX-Continued 121 MARBLE There was a large increase, from $6,297,835 to $7,129,071, or $831,236, in the value of the marble quarried in 1905 as compared with 1904. The greater part of this increase was from the State of Vermont, although California, Georgia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Washington each showed also an increase in value of output. The increase was for building stone and for stone used in the interior of buildings, the dressed monumental stone declining somewhat in value. The total output includes a small quantity of serp~ntine in Geor,gia, Washington and Pennsylvania, quarried and sold as marble, and a so-called "onyx" marble, included on account of its similarity of composition and use. Notwithstanding the enormous quantity of marble capable of be,ing quarried in the United States, from well-developed deposits, and the large number of known undeveloped deposits, a considerable quantity of ma~ble is imported into this country, chiefly from Italy, for statuary and interior decoration, the value of which in r904 was $1,r86,452, and in 1905, $1,231,700, an increase of $45,248, as shown in the table of imports and exports. Onyx, valued at $6o,sr8 in 1905, and at $75,460 in r904, a loss of $14,942, was also imported, the greater part from Mexico. The exports of marble were valued at $265,023 in 1905 and $2o3,o86 in 1904) an increase of $61,937. The following table shows the value of the marble produced in the U?ited States in 1904 and 1905, by States and uses: H VALUE OI<' ~HE MARBLE PRODUC~, 1904 AND 1905, BY S~A~ES AND USES N N 1904 S~A~E RouG-H. Building I Monumental Other 1 Purposes PRESSED. Building Monumental Ornamental Interior Decora- tion Other pur_ poses To~AL Alabama .......................................... , .... ............................... , ....... ,, ..... , . . . . . (a) Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . ( a ) Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........' ... : . . . . . . ( a ) Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( a ) ~ "d z!;rj California .................. $ 4.810 $ 6,073 .......... $ 7,8oo .......... $ 2,356 $ 66,620 ............ -~ 87,659 d ~ Conne_cticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... j.. . . ... . .. .. . . ... . . . ... . . . :. . .. . .... . . . ... .. . . . ..........:....... ; .. ( a ) H Georgm .................... 283,223 227.491 $ 12,ooo .1o8.ooo . . . . . . . . . . . , .............. $ 6o,ooo 690,714 Maryland.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Massachusetts.............. 5o,ooo 23;814 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,814 17,ooo . . . . . . . . . . 14,638 79,472 $ r,5oo 2,ooo 30,415 38,363 183,388 ~ ~ Missouri ..................................................._...... . . . . . . . . . ................. '.......... New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 .. :. . . . . . 200 . . . . . . . . . . 3,ooo (a) 4,250 ~ ~ ~ New York................. 89,971 II5,003 10,360 287,830 .59,323 . . . . . . . . 3,500;......... 565,987 ~ North- Carolina............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,741 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,741 Pennsylvania............... 9,031 700 3,200 38,459 24,ooo . . . . . . . . ro,ooo 5,ooo 90,390 Tennessee.................. 53,450 15,000 149;856 so,ooo 12,000 - ..... :. 215,959 9;000 505,259 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 750 ................. , . . . 3,000 ................ -. , . . . . . . . . . . 3,950 Vermont ...... , ... ,....... 732,890 724,812 6,520 397,360 1,1oo,825 14,750 926,969 roo,543 4,004,669 Washington................ Wyoming.................. 5,ooo 3,ooo 111oo 4,ooo 5,ooo 498 3,ooo 1,500 2,ooo .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . ... , ....-- ..... _ ....................._......... 23,098 2,ooo Other States................ 36,566 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,300 .3,ooo- 1,750 1,5oo 1,8oo b59,916 Total. ................. I 1,284,741 I 1,n6,643 197,668 988,671 J J,2II,389 I 21,554 I 1,257,963 a Included in " Other States", b Includes Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut and Missouri. 219,206 I 6,297,835 1905 \laska................... . \rkansas ................. . :;alifornia................. . }eorgia................... . Vlaryland ................. . Y.Iassachusetts ............ . ~ew Mexico ............. . ~ew York ............... . Pennsylvania ............. . rennessee. . . . . . . . . . ..... . Utah ..................... . 750 4.390 370,047 7,168 I I 622 1 300 214,023 8,986 237,399 6oo 250 2,075 275,000 8o,916 750 830 1,300 72,500 3,93 6,828 13,677 4,200 500 5,000 45,421 90,782 15,915 r,5oo 391,037 59.951 4,ooo 700 10......... . 7,575 rr,582 400 96,o68 24,000 rr,ooo 550 200 75,ooo 36,524 131,995 oo o o o I. o o o o o o o lo o, o o, o 4, ; .. I 323,500 I 5,000 o o ,,, I o o, ,,, ,,,,,, ,, 7IO r,ooo 95,540 774.550 138,404 166,360 2,200 795.721 97,887 582,229 r,15o Vennont .................. . 903,905 740,II7 Washington ............... . 25,479 554,844 1,015,904 13.433 r,o5g~~g~ol .. ~~.~:~~~. 4,410,820 6o,ooo ~ Wyoming................. . 2,500 ........ \, . ...... . 2,500 f-0 z ------- ---------- ---- '------ ------------- -------------- ------- trj Total ................. l$1,759 190 l$r,o99,938 I$ 128,4r4 l$r,r68,450 l$1,170,279 l$13,643 l$r,682,65r I$ ro6,5o6 l$7,129,071 tj H f 0 ;;::: ~"'- ~ ~ H l:V (;-) THE MARBLES OF GEORGIA PLA TE L/1 MARBLE COLUMNS AND STAIRCASE IN THE BASEMENT OF THE CANDLER BUILDING, ATLANTA, GEORGIA , SHOWING CARVINGS IN GEORGIA MARBLE, FROM THE AMI CALOLA MARBLE Q._UARRIE , PICKENS COUNTY, GEORGIA . INDEX. Absorption tests ...............................................104 Fannin County, the Marbles of.......................35-43 Acknowledgements for gifts to the State Mu- Farmer's Spring...........................................:.... 69 seum ........................................................ ;..... 85 First Marble Mill in Georgia, The..................... 17 Analyses of Georgia Marble..............................109 Fisher's Creek................................................... 50 Arp Property, The............................................ 41 Floyd County, The Semi-crystalline Marbles of.. 76 ArP's Spring..................................................... 41 Gadders .........................................................90'-91 Ball Ground...................................................... 70 Gar:tison's, J. M., Property............................36-37 Big Turniptown Creek..................................... 45 Gartrell's, Henry, Property ...........................47-48 Bituminous or Fetid Limestone ........................ 30 Geikie, A .......................................................... 98 Blue Ridge Marble Co., The ...........................77-79 Georgia Marble Company, The.......................63-67 Butler Marble and Granite Company.............82-83 Gilmer County, The Marbles of......................44-48 Canton, Cherokee County................................. 71 Godfrey Property, The...................................49-50 Carpenter's, T. J., Property...........................';'l-72 Gray's, J, L., Property...................................37-38 Cedar Ridge...................................................... 73 Griffin Property, The......................................61-62 Chalk, Definition of .......... ..... ................. ... ....... 30 Grinding and Polishing Machines ..................... 91 Channeling-machines ....................................87-90 Halbert's, J., Property...................................... 69 Chattahoochee Mining Company's property...... 71 Hame String Creek........................................... 35 Chemical discussion of the Georgia marbles.105-110 Hand Implements ..........................................93-95 Cherokee County, The Marbles of..................68-72 Harrison, J as. P ........ . ......... ..... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .... ... ... 19 -Quarry, The..........................................68-72 Harrison's, Jas. P., Property ........................... 51 - - - - . Analysis of the marble of the...........109 Hoskin Farm, The ............................................. 75 Cole, Henry, Property.......................................ll7 Hemptown Creek.............................................. 38 County Poorhouse............................................. 42 Herndon Quarry, The ....................................... 57 Cowart's, L. E., Property................................. 71 Hickory Log Creek............................................ 71 Cox Property, The..........................................39-40 Holly Spring...............................................68, 114 Crai.n"s, G. W., Property................................70-71 Holt Farm, The.............................................45-46 Creole Marble ......:............................................ 63 Hydraulic Limestone, Definition of.. .............29, 30 - - - - - - , Analysis of the...........................109 Jarvis, J. W ...................................................... 70 --Quarries, The............................................ 63 Jasper............................................................... 51 Crinoidal Limestone, Definition of..................... 29 Kennesaw Marble Company, The ..................77, 78 Crushing-tests ............................................102-103 --Qarries, The.........................................64-65 Culberson, N.C................................................. 40 Knoxville, Tenn................................................ 74 Cutcane Creek................................................... 38 Lacey's, J. L., Property..................................... 44 Dana, Jas. D ......................................................l06 Lathes and Planers ........................................ 91-92 Darnell's, S. A., ProJ;>erty................................. 62 Limestone, Bituminous or Fetid........................ 30 Dean's, The Widow, Property........................... 38 - - , Chalk ..................................................... 30 Dickey Property, The....................................41-42 - - , Common................................................. 28 - - - - - - , Analysis of the Marble of the....109 - - , Crinoidal. ............................................... 29 Disheroom Property, The..............................52-58 - - , Hydraulic.......................................... 29-30 Drills ................................................................. 87 - - , Lithographic.......................................29-30 Eager Property, The......................................5Q-51 - - , Magnesian...........................................28-29 East Tennessee Valley ...................................... 74 --,Marble ................................................... 28 Ellijay............................................................... 46 --,"Mexican Onyx" .................................... 24 Eslinger Farm................................................75-76 - - , Oolitic.................................................... 29 - - - - - - , Analysis of the Marble of the.....l09 - - , Stalactites and Stalagmites.................... 29 Etowah Marble, The............................ ,............. 64 --,Travertine............................................. 29 ---Analysis of the.............................109 - - , Tufa ...................................................... 29 --Quarries, The........................................... 641 Limestone, The Origin of ..............................23-30 (125) INDEX Lithographic Limestone; ................................... 30 Red Clay.........................................................74-75 Little Turnipto:W:!J.I'Creek................................... 45 Robinson, Richardson & Besinger.................... 19 Longsw:otmp Creek-....................................17, 62. 62 Eo~k Creek........................................................ 44 --Valley....................................................17, 63 Rome c. 44 Lost Town Creek............................................... 72 Safford, Doctor, ................... :............................ 75 Lyell, Sir Charles............................................ 24 Sand-blast......................................................... 93 Mabel Station.................................................... 70 Sawing-machines..........................................92, 93 Machines and Implements .used in. marble- .Semi-crystallined Marbles, The ....................73-76 working .................................... ~..................86-95 Serpentlne............ ,.....,....... ."........................1t4, 117 M'Neel Marble ComJ;>any..~~::.......................... ~ .. 82 Sharp Mountain Creek.. .'................................... 71 Magnesian Limestone....................................28-29 Shoal Creek....................:......:.:..:............:......... 72 Marble, Analyses of Georgia~---~-~ ......................109 Sickels & Co., Geo. B......................................79-80 ---,Creole......................................63, 65, 66, 67 Siimnons & Hurlick........................................... 18 - - , Definition of..... ::.:~ ......,......:................... 28 Simmons & Margum.......................................... 18 - - , Etowah..........................................63, 66, 67 Simmons, Fritz T.........................~ ... ~................. 17 Marble :Sluff...................................................... 47 Six Mile Station...... ::..........;............................. 76 Marble-dressing Works ....:... :.::: ......................77-82 Southern Marble Works .................................19-20 Marble Hill Post-office., .................................17, 53 Southern Railway............. :............................74, 76 Marbles of Cherokee County, The.: ................6872 Specimens of Marble collected........................84-85 --.- o f Fannin County, The ........................35-43 Stafford's, P. W., Pro:P~rty.........,.............. :....... 71 - - o f Gilmer County, The...........:.............44-48 Stalactites and Stalagmites, Definitio.ri of.......;. 29 - - o f Pickens Qounty; 'the........................4~67 Stern's, Mrs:, Property................... :..........;....... 70 ---,Physical tests of G~orgia.....,............69-104 Structures, a list of some of the more impo:r:- ---, The Semf-crystailine...........................73-76 tarit structures, in which Georgia. Marble h.as :Meri:-i.l1, Geo. :P..: .:.:............:.............................. 86 bee:ri used......................'.......1li, 112. l18; if~. '120 '':Mexican Onyx," Definition of........~ ................ 24 Summy & Hui-lick............... .,............................ 18 :Microscopic Structure of Georgia lv.farbles....96-100 Sweet Gum Post-office...............:....:................... 40 Miles and Horne................................................ 19 Tate; Adkinson & Co ......~ .................................. 18 Mineral Bluff...................................:................. 39 Tate, Col. Stephen............................................. 17 Nelson.................................:............................. 67 --,Doctor ................................. .'.: ...............' 62 :Oolitic Limestone, Definition of.. ...................... 29 --,William, residence............. :................... .' 62 06stanaula Shales.....'................................... :.... 73' Tate's MilL ....................... :.............: .....'.:....:..,.... 52 Park Property, The.......................:............,...38.:.:39 Tests, Absorption .............. :::::...............:: .........104 10Z, Perseverance Marble Cornpany, The.................. 19 - - , Crushing.................................... ,..... 103 ---------Qual-des .......:.......... :.....5i-52 Toccoa River .......................:.:......... ~.:............... 41 Physical tests of Georgia Ma:rliles.................96~104 Tolbna Creek.................: ............:..................... 47 ".Pickens County, The Marbles oc.::.:....:.::.....49-61 _.. _.-- Post-office............. :.: .. :.:.......:..:.~.~.'.:: ......... 47 Piedmont Marble Company, The .. .'.................... 20 _.. _-valley.................. :................................... 48 - - Marble Quarries, The...............................57 Travertine, Definition of ................................... 29 Polk :Patterson Property, The;.:: ....................... 36 Varnell's Station ............................................... 74 :Po'cil's, William, Property ................................. 53 Verd Antiq)ie Marble................ :.........'..:..::114, i17 PriceListofthe Pickens COunty Marbles..56, 57, 59 Weaver Creek.................:..................;.: ............ 39 ' 60, 61, 66, 67, 81 Western and Atlantic Railroad......................... 77 'Price's Creek.................................-::...............47-48 Whitaker's, P. B., Property .............................. 45 Production of Marbles for 1893 by states...20, 21, 22 White Path....................................................... 45 'Ragsdale Creek...........................,_ .................... 71 Creek .................. ."...... ,.................... 45 Rankin, Summy &Hurlick. ...:..:......................... 18 White's, J. M, Property..........:....:....:.............. 72 Rai:>ier :Mill Creek.............................................. 40 Whitfield CountY, The'Marbles o:. .................73-76 Ray's, John Property, ....................................... 46 Young Stone Creek............,.............................. 41 _ _/ W.S.YEATES) STATE GEOLOGIST 'i' ~ MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PICKENS CouNTY, GEoRGIA BY S.W.M~CALLIE, AssiSTANT GEoLOGIST SCALE-ONE INCH =ONE. MILE. MARBLL __ [ l Topography by the U.S. GEOL.OGIOAL SURVEY