February 1931 Georgia Forest Service B. M. LUFBURROW, State Forester Key to. Georgia Trees By CHARLES NEWTON ELLIOTT Assistant Director of Education THE LIBRARIES THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Presented by Charles Newton Elliott Bulletin 13 FEBRUARY, 1931 Georgia Forest SerVice B. M. LUFBURROW, State Forester Key to Georgia Trees By CHARLES NEWTON ELLIOTT ASSISTANT DIRECTOr: OF EDUCATION Key To Georgia Trees HOW TO USE THIS KEY All forest trees known to exist in Georgia are given in this key. The most generally used common name, as well as the scientific name is used for each species. When possible, the identification table should be taken into the woods and the trees studied in their natural habitat. In using the identification guide, unless the identity of the tree is practically known, the use of the "Key to the Families" is almost indispensible. When the family name is found, turn to the key of the genera and species and complete the identification. Practical use of the key is as follows: Take the leaf of a sweet gum. Its identity is unknown to us. Beginning with the general key to all the tree families, we look at Number 1. Two statements appear -"Leaves persistent" and "Leaves deciduous". At the right hand side of each statement is a number. Since the leaves of the sweet gum are deciduous and the reference number 19 is given after the words "Leaves deciduous", we turn to 19 further on in the key, looking for this number on the left side of the page. Here we find "Leaves linear, long and flat" and "Leaves wide, with netted veins". The sweet gum is of the broadleaf type, hence we follow the reference number 20 shown on the right. Referring to 20 one finds that one is guided to 21 because the sweet gum has less than three leaves to a node, and at 21 another reference is followed to 31 because leaves are alternate. At 31 "leaves simple" and "leaves compound" appear. Since the sweet gum leaf is simple, we go forward to number 40. Since the leaf is lobed we are referred to 42 and because the leaves are palmately lobed, we are led on to number 43. Here we find the following descriptions, "Lea ves with deep, pointed tissues, notched between tissues, leaf stem slender, bark scaly, branches with corky growth". This fits the description of the leaf and we learn that the common name is "Sweetgum", the scientific name "Liquidambar styraciflua" and the family name "Hamamelidaceae". If the family name were known at the start, then we would turn to the identification table dealing with species and trace the leaf by the same method used in " Key to the Families". Authorities used in the compiling of these tables are as follows: Sargent's Manua l of Trees of North America Gray's Manua l of Botany Forest Trees of Georgia Sudworth's Check List of Trees of the United States Forest Trees of Florida Forest Trees of Alabama Pennsylvania Tr ees As few technical t erms have been used in this key as possible. To those which a re u sed, a glossary is given. It might be interesting t o n ot e tha t leaves, stems, buds a nd other means by which a tree is identified somet imes do not f ollow a ny given rule. Many va r iations will be noted by the beg inner in his study of 4 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES the trees. The main characteristics by which the tree is placed in a certain class, however, are usually found and the thorough student will not be bothered by the small differences as the variations in the shape of th~ leaf, bark color, etc. Any descriptions of the leaves given in the key are given of the mature leaf. Sometimes a leaf that is dark green and lustrous at ma- turity will be light yellowish-green and covered with heavy hairs upon unfolding in spring. Common names given here are the names that are most com- monly used in the state. Three families are not found in the general key, but these are found in the book as follows: Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae)-Page No. 36-52. Staff Tree Family (Celastmceae)-Page No. 34-51. Quassia Family (Simaroubaceae)-Page No. 32-51. EXPLANATION OF TERMS ACRID-Bitter, sour. ACUMINATE-Tapering to a slender point. ALTAMAHA-A large river made by the confluence of the Oconee and Ocmulgee, that runs into the Atlantic ocean below Darien, Georgia. APEX-The end of the leaf opposite the base. APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS-A geographical section of the state, extending through the extreme northern part of the state in which the mountains are located. AROMATIC-Fragrant, or strong scented. ASTRINGENT-Sour, contracting, as causing the mouth to pucker. COASTAL PLAIN-A geographical section of the state, extending from the Fall line near Macon and Milledgeville southward. CORDATE-Heart-shaped. DECIDUOUS-Dropping leaves in the autumn. DIOECIOUS-Having staminate and pistillate flowers on different trees. ENTIRE OR ENTIRE-MARGINED-Not notched or scalloped, having smooth margins. FISSUE-Openings made by the separation of parts of the leaf. GENERA-First division under the family. GLABROUS-Smooth. INNER BARK-Part of bark immediately beneath the outer bark. LANCEOLATE-Shaped like a lance. LEAF DIGITS-Parts of the leaf. LEAFLETS-Divisions of compound leaf; might be called the leaves of the leaf. LINEAR-Long and narrow, like a line. MIDRIB-The main support or large backbone of a leaf, usually ex- tending from the base to the apex, a continuation of the leaf stem through the leaf. MONOECIOUS-Staminate and pistillate flowers separate but on the same tree. MUCILAGINEOUS-Sticky, gluey. NODE-Point of the intersection of the leaf on the stem. OBLIQUE-At an angle. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 5 OVATE-Broad. PALMATELY-Like the open hand. PETIOLES-Leaf stems. PERSISTENT-Remaining on the tree. PIEDMONT PLATEAU-A geographical division of the state be- tween the mountains and Coastal Plain. PINNATE-Lobed from the midrib instead of from the base. PUBESCENT-Hairy. PUNGENT-With a strong odor. RUGOSE-Wrinkled, rough. SCALLOPED-Borders cut into lobes or semi-lobes. SPECIES-A division under the genera. STIPULE-An appendage at the base of the leaf. UNDULATE-Wavy on the margins. VISCID-Sticky. GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILlES 1. Leaves persistent -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1. Leaves deciduous, falling in the autumn------------------------------------- 19 2. Leaves not needle-shaped, not linear and not scale-like____________ 3 2. Leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like___________________________________ 5 3. Veins of leaf parallel ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Veins of leaf not paralleL------------------------------------------------------------ 6 4. Leaves fan-shaped, divided into segments with segments di- vided at apex. Cabbage P almetto (Sabal Palmetto) PALMAE 4. Leaves long, sharp pointed at apex. Yucca in LILIACEAE 5. Flowers monoecious, fruit a woody cone. PINACEAE. 5. Flowers dioecious, fruit enclosed by the fleshy disk of the flower. Torreya taxifolia, T AXACEAE. 6. Leaves with sharp spines. Holly (/lex apaca). AQUIFOLI- ACEAE. 6. Leaves without sharp spines------------------------------------------------- -------- 7 7. Leaves opp osit e. T ea Olive ( Osmanthus americanus ) OLEA- CEAE 7. Leaves alternate ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----- 8 8. Leaves serrate ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 8. Leaves entire margined_________________________________________________________________ 12 9. Leaves with a strong resinous odor. MYRICACEAE. 9. Leaves without a strong resinous odor__________________________________________ 10 10. Leaves coarsely notched, sometimes scalloped ; buds covered with narrow da rk-brown or black scales. Ca ssina (/lex vomitoria) AQUIFOLIACEAE. 10. Leaves finel y notched ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 11. Leaves hairy below, pointed at apex, yellowish-green. SYM- PLOCACEAE. 11. Leaves smooth below, rounded at apex, dar k gr een. Gordonia (Go1donia lasianthus). THEACEAE. 12. Leaves and twigs a roma tic when crushed; buds naked; leaves leather y, rar ely smooth on bottom. Bay (Persea). LAURACEAE. 12. Leaves and t wigs not a romatic______________________________________________________ 13 6 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 13. Leaves long and sharp pointed, sometimes several times longer than wide; terminal buds clustered. Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia); Live Oak (Quercus virginiana); Myrtle Oak (Quercus myrtifolia). FAGACEAE. 13. Leaves not elongated, wider in the middle; terminal buds not clustered -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 14. Leaves hairy below ------------------------- ----------- ----------------------------- 15 14. Leaves not hairy, smooth below________________________________________________ 16 15. Leaves thick, heavy of texture, twigs stout and hairy. Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora). MAGNOLIACEAE. 15. Leaves not so thick and leathery, twigs not hairy, petioles hairy and grooved. Chittamwood ( Bumelia languinosa); Black Haw (Bumelia tenax). SAPOTACEAE. 16. Petioles orange colored, stout and broad; leaves leathery, dark and lustrous on upper surface and paler on lower surface. Wild Or ange (Prunus caroliniana). ROSACEAE. 16. Petioles not orange colored_________________________________________________________ 17 17. Leaf stems stout, thickened at the base; leaves usually clustered at the end of the branches; trees with watery juice. CYRILLACEAE. 17. Leaves usually scattered along branches; trees without watery juice ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 18. Shape of branchlets usually cylindrical; leaf stem stout, short, thickened at the base; leaves dark green and lustrous above, paler below; leaf stems slightly downy. Dahoon (Ilex cassine) AQUIFOLIACEAE. 18. Shape of branchlets not cylindrical; trees with scaly buds, usually shrub size. (With the exception of Elliottia and Oxydendrum). ERICACEAE. 19. Leaves long, narrow and flat. Cypress (Taxodium). PINACEAE. 19. Leaves wide, netted veined___________________________________________________________ 20 20. Leaves unfailingly three at a node. Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa). SCROPHULARIACEAE. 20. Leaves usually less than three at a node______________________________________ 21 21. Leaves opposite ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22 21. Leaves alternate --------------------------------------------------------------- 31 22. Leaves compound ------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 22. Leaves simpie ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 23. Leaves lobed from the base with 5 or 7 digits. HIPPOCAS- TANACEAE. 23. Leaves compound lobed from the midrib instead of from the base -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 24. Leaves coarsely notched or entire with veins arching along margins; bark with watery juice. Ash (Fraxinus). OLEACEAE. 24. Leaves sharply notched with veins extending to the teeth of the leaves; leaflets usually 3, rarely 5, hairy on under side of midrib. Box Elder (Acer negundo). ACERACEAE. 25. Leaves palmately lobed. ACERACEAE. 25. Leaves without lobes_________________________________________________________________ 26 26. Leaves notched --------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 26. Leaves with smooth margins_____________________________________________________ 28 GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 7 27. Branchlets slender; bark thin and close on the tree. Privet (Forestiera). OLEACEAE. 27. Branchlets tough and durable; bark with scale-like fissues. Black Haw (Viburnum). CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 28. Leaves with persistent stipules; bark bitter with watery juice; leaves turn black when dried. RUBIACEAE. 28. Leaves without stipules__________________________________________________________ 29 29. Leaves broad, ovate, heart-shaped, 5-12 inches long; branchlets stout and cylindrically shaped; twigs without terminal buds. Catalpa (Catalpa). BIGNONIACEAE. 29. Leaves gradually tapering or pointed at apex, not heartshaped, less than 5 inches in length____________________________________________ 30 30. Leaves broad with curving, parallel veins, branchlets slender, usually flattened laterally. Flowering dogwood. (Cornus florida); Blue Dogwood (Comus asperifolia). CORNACEAE. 30. Leaves more slender, veins joining near leaf margins, branchlets stout; leaves with undulate margins, dark green and lustrous above, smooth below. Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginica) OLEACEAE. 31. Leaves compound -------------------------------------------------------------- 32 31. Leaves simple --------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 40 32. Leaves once or single compound__________________________________________________ 33 32. Leaves twice or double compound________________________________________________ 37 33. Leaves with stipules------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 33. Leaves without stipules.------------- --------------------------- ------------------ 35 34. Leaflets alternate on leaf petiole, thin, yellowish green above, pale below; midrib light yellow below. Yellowwood (Cladrastis lutea). LEGUMINOSAE. 34. Leaflets opposite on leaf petiole, thick and slightly hairy along veins; leaves unequally pinnate. Locust (Robinia) LEGUMINOSAE. 35. Branches with prickles; leaflets scalloped. Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum clava-Hercules) RUTACEAE. 35. Branches without prickles; leaflets notched or smooth on mar- gin -------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------- ---------- 36 36. Juice on end of leaves milky or viscid when broken; twigs and leaves not aromatic; leaflets small. Sumach (Rhus). ANACARDIACEAE. 36. Juice watery; twigs and leaves aromatic, leaflets large. JUGLANDACEAE. 37. Branches armed with thorns or sharp spines___________________________ 38 37. Branches unarmed with spines------------------------------------------ 39 38. Leaflets very small, branchlets slender, leaf with 900 to 1500 leaflets; bark roughened by thick, persistent scales. Mimosa (Lettcaena pnlverttlenta). LEGUMINOSAE. 38. Leaflets much larger, branchlets stout, leaf with 7 to 12 pairs of leaflets, leaflets pale yellow green below with a few scattered hairs along midrib. Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioietts). LEGUMINOSAE. 39. Leaves unequally compound, either once or twice compound, branchlets pithy, aromatic, leaves clustered at end of branches, petioles stout and light brown. Prickly Ash (Aralia spinosa) ARALIACEAE. 8 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 39. Leaves equally compound, once or twice compound on same plant; thorns stout and red; bark furrowed. Locust (Gleditsia). LEGUMINOSAE. 40. Leaves lobed or notched.................................................................... 41 40. Leaves entire or smooth on margins..................- 61 41. Leaves lobed - 42 41. Leaves notched .................................................................................. 45 42. Leaves pinnately lobed, terminal buds clustered. FAGACEAE. 42. Leaves palmately lobed..........................------------ 43 43. Leaves with deep, pointed fissues, notched on edges between fissues; leaf stem slender; bark scaly; branches with corky, winged growth. Sweetgum (Liquidambar stymciflua) HAMAMELIDACEAE. 43. Leaves not notched between fissues, branches without corky growth ................................................................................................ 44 44. Leaf petioles slender and angled, bark thick, brown and furrowed, terminal bud much longer than lateral buds. Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). MAGNOLIACEAE. 44. Leaf petioles stout, leaves more rounded with shallow tissues; bark gray and divided into plate-like scales; winter buds short and brown. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). PLATANACEAE. 45. Stipules or leaf appendages absent................................................ 46 45. Stipules or leaf appendages present..........-.................................. 49 46. Leaves heavy and leathery; juice of trees watery and usually yellowish. Symploc~s. SYMPLOCACEAE. 46. Leaves thinner, not leathery; juice of plants usually not yel- lowish -------- 47 47. Leaves and twigs with a sour, bitter taste; bark thick and deeply furrowed. Sourwood (Oxydendru?n arboreum). ERICACEAE. 47. Leaves and twigs without acid taste.............................................. .J.S 48. Leaves finely notched, sharp pointed and long at apex, petioles and branchlets slender, pithy. Silverbell (Halesia). STYRACACEAE. 48. Leaves coarsely notched, rounded at apex, petioles stout, bright green on upper surface, pale on lower surface; found in Altamaha swamps and not seen wild since 1790. Gordonia (Gordonia alatamaha). THEACEAE. 49. Leaves coarsely notched..............................--- 50 49. Leaves finely notched..-- 51 50. Leaves light yellowish green and very lustrous, smooth and very rarely downy beneath, clustered at end of branchlets; bark smooth and pale; buds chestnut brown and elongated; fruit a solitary nut %. inch long in prickly bur. Beech (Fagus grandifolia). FAGACEAE. 50. Leaves darker green with prominent teeth, not clustered; bark furrowed, buds very short and stubby; fruit usually in twos or threes in large prickly bur, larger than beech nut. Chestnut (Castanea). FAGACEAE. 51. Leaves commonly with one or more lobes, crisp and rough on both sides. Mulberry (Morus & Broussonetia). MORACEAE. 51. Leaves not lobed................................................---- 52 52. Leaves oblique at base.................................... ........ .................... 53 GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 9 52. Leaves not oblique at base--------------------------------------------------------- 55 53. Leaves heart shaped at base, branchlets fair ly stout; inner bark tough and fibrous. Basswood (Tilia). TILIACEAE. 53. Leaves not heart shaped at base___________________________________________________ 54 54. Leaves very broad, wavy on margins, leaf stems slender and usually hairy. Witch Hazel (Hanwmelis) HAMAMELIDA CEAE. 54. Leaves never broad, either slightly or conspicuously oblique at the base, simply or doubly serrate, inner bark tough, wood hard. ULMACEAE. 55. Leaves very broad across the base; batk furrowed and pale; leaf stems more or less vertically flattened; buds resinous and with thin scales, increasing in size toward the end of the twigs. Aspens and Cottonwoods (Populus). SALICACEAE. 55. Leaves not as broad across the base________________________________-------- 56 56. Leaves long and slender, from 4 to 7 times as long as wide ; bark scaly with watery juice; branchlets slender and tough; trees usually found near water or swampy places. Willow (Salix). SALICACEAE. 56. Leaves less than 4 times as long as wide________________________________________ 57 57. Bark of trunk smooth___________________________________________________________________ 58 57. Bark of trunk rough and shaggy____________________________________________________ 60 58. Leaves doubly notched, sharp pointed on end, sometimes unequal at base; bark light gray; wood very hard. Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). BETULACEAE. 58. Lea ves singly notched______________________________________________________________________ 59 59. Leaves finely and singly notched, thin yellowish-green above, slightly hairy on lower surface, prominent yellow midrib; leaf petioles slender and hairy; bark grayish, slightly furrowed, with acrid, !;litter taste. Indian Cherry (Rham nus caroliniana) RHAMNACEAE. 59. Bark with watery juices, sometimes with bitter taste; thorns sometimes present; leaves sometimes clustered at end cf twigs; fruits on a lmost all species edible; flowers perfect; leaves as a rule small. ROSACEAE. 60. Bar k smooth and resinous, becoming thick and furrowed and sometimes separating intQ plate-like scales on older trees; leaves finely and usually doubly notched; twigs sometimes covered with pale dots; juice of inner bark watery, sometimes sweet. Birch (Betula). BETULACEAE. 60. Leaves sharply and doubly notched, dark yellowish green, tough; leaf stems hairy; bark broken into thin, reddish-br own scales; wood hard, t ough and durable. I ronwood (O sb ya vir giniana). BETULACEAE. 61. Juice in leaf stem milky and slightly acrid; ba rk furrowed, thick and orange-colored, armed with thorns; leaf stem long, slender and hairy. Osa ge Orange (Maclma pomifera). MORACEAE. 61. Juice in leaf stem not milky___________________________________________ ________ 62 62. Leaves lobed, sometimes with 2 or 3 lobes; branchlets brittle, with pith; bark thick and furrowed; inner bark aromatic. Sassafras (Sassafras). LAURACEAE. 62. L eaves n ot lobed -------- _____________ ------- ------------------------------------------ 63 63. Leaves h a ir y on on e or both surfaces___________________________________________ 64 10 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 63. Leaves smooth on both surfaces________________________________________________ 69 64. Leaves hairy on under side; branches hairy, pithy, wood soft and exceedingly light. Corkwood (Leitne1ia). LEITNERIACEAE. 64. Branches not pithy; wood as a rule hard and much heavier__ 65 65. Leaves clustered on end of branches_________________________________________ 66 65. Leaves not clustered on ends of branches_______------- ----------------- 67 66. Leaves heavily covered with hairs below; leaf stems and branches hairy; thorns sometimes found on branches. Ironwood and Chittamwood ( Bumelia tenax and Bumelia lanuginosa). SAPOTACEAE. 66. Leaves only slightly hairy below; leaf stems and branches nearly smooth, without thorns. Black gum ( N yssa). NYSSACEAE. 67. Leaves with sca les or flakes or thick hairs on lower surface, usually with a heavy coat of hairs; leaf stems hairy; bark of tree thick, close and a smooth reddish-brown. Sweetleaf (Styrax). STYRACACEAE. 67. Hairs usually very thin and slight or missing on leaf and leaf stem --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- 68 68. Leaves leathery, sometimes with very slight hairs; leaf stems stout, sometimes smooth and sometimes hairy; bark thick and checked; wood very hard; inner bark bitter; roots stringy. Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). EBENACEAE. 68. Leaves not so thick and heavy; tree with gray or brown bark, usually smooth; bark aromatic; roots fleshy. Cucumber tree (M. acuminata) and Large Leaf Cucumber Tree (M. cordata) (M. macrophylla) and Flowering Magnolia (M. grandiflora). Laurel Magnolia (M. Virginiana). MAGNOLIACEAE. 69. Leaves widest near apex, narrowing to base, emitting disagreeable odor when crushed_________________________________________________________ 70 69. Leaves widest near middle, narrowing to base and apex, without strong disagreeable odor___________________________________________________________ 71 70. Leaves heart-shaped at base; ba rk aromatic rather than pungent. Umbrella Tree (M. tripetala). Mountain Magnolia (M. Fraseri, M. pyramidata) MAGNOLIACEAE. 70. Leaves not heart-shaped at base, reddish brown, divided into small, shallow fissues; minute buds; bark pungent. Pawpaw ( Asimina triloba). ANNONACEAE. 71. Leaves broad with curving, parallel veins, clustered at ends of branches; leaf stems grooved and hairy. Alternate Leaf Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). CORNACEAE. 71. Leaves 2 or 3 times as long as wide, veins not parallel; leaf stems slender and flattened. Laurel (Elliottia). ERICACEAE. PINE FAMILY PINACEAE Some Facts About Pines Geology has proven that cypress, a member of the pine family, is the oldest living representative of arborescent or tree type vege- GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 11 tation, with the possible exceptio_n of the Ginkgo or Maidenhair tree. The Pine family with the Yew family (Taxaceae) compose the conifers. The only member of the Yew family in Georgia is the Torreya (Tumion taxifolium). Pines mature their seed in cones in two or more years. The seed are produced in pairs in the cones, but they separate when the cone opens and are released. Because of the winged appendage on the seed, the wind is their chief agent of distribution. Because of their quick appearance on abandoned fields, in open woods after logging, etc., pines are plentiful over the entire state. In spite of the diversified conditions in Georgia, some species and usually a number of species seem to fit into every condition. In Rabun county, for instance, is found the Table Mountain Pine. White Pine is found in the mountains throughout the northern portion of the state. Pitch Pine is found on some of the higher peaks and ridges in the northern part of the state. Scrub Pine extends down from the mountains to the upper Piedmont Plateau. On this plateau are Loblolly and Shortleaf, while Longleaf is found scattered in the western part of the region. Longleaf extends through the coastal plain to the coast. On the coastal plain are also found Slash, Loblolly and Pond in great numbers. Sand and Spruce Pines are scattered. Pines are divided into two general classes, Soft Pines and Pitch Pines. In the former class, the only representa tive in Georgia, and in fact in the eastern part of the United States, is White Pine. Because of their quick growth and ability to produce in thick, heavy stands, Longleaf, Slash, Loblolly and Shortleaf pines are important in the lumber industry of the state. All are sold under the name "Southern Yellow Pine". Slash and Longleaf pines in Georgia produce a considerable portion of the world's naval stores. All species of pines in Georgia have been used for manufacturing Kraft paper and recent discoveries indicate that they can be used for making white paper. Key to Pine Genera 1. Fruit a round berry with hard seeds, wood aromatic; bark usually in thin shreds; needles either scale-like or linear. Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). 1. Fruit a dry cone with numerous winged seeds___________________________ 2 2. Needles scale-like, closely overlapping on twigs, bark thin scaly or deeply furrowed; branches slightly flattened; cones small, about 1.4 inch in diameter. White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides). 2. Needles linear or flattened______________________________________________________ 3 3. Needles in bundles of two or more. Pines (Pinus). 3. Needles solitary -------------------------------------------- 4 4. Needles 4 cornered, slender and pointed, arr a nged all around the twig; bark in thin, close, reddish brown scales. Red Spruce (Picea rubra). 4. Needles flattened, arranged in opposite rows on twigs_______ 5 12 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 5. Twigs rough; fruit in the form of small elongated cones, frequently at the end of twigs; bark deeply furrowed, inner bark acid; tree of the Appalachian mountains. Hemlock. (Tsuga). 5. Twigs smooth; fruit in the form, of small balls, situated along side of twigs; bark grayish-brown having cl9se elongated flaky bark; tree of the lower Coastal plain, native to swamps. Cypress (Taxodium). Key to Pine Species 1. Needles 5 in a bundle. White Pine (Pinus strobus). 1. Needles fewer than 5 in a bundle_______________________________________________ 2 2. Needles 3 in a bundle______________________________________________________________________ 3 2. Needles 2 in a bundle---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- 7 3. Needles 12 to 15 inches long, clustered at end of twigs, forming a rounded head; cones 6 to 10 inches long, slightly curved, thickly scaled and armed with small prickles. Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) 3. Needles less than 12 inches long, not clustered; cones less than 6 inches long __________--------------------------------------------------------------- 4 4. Needles 8 to 12 inches long; cones 3 to 6 inches long, shiny, thin-scaled and armed with fine prickles. Slash Pine (Pinu.s caribaea). 4. Needles 8 inches long or less, cones not shiny___________________________ 5 5. Cones 3 to 5 inches long, needles slender, 6 to 8 inches long, slightly twisted and stiff. Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) 5. Cones less than 3 inches long_____________________________________________________ 6 6. Needles 5 to 8 inches long, cones 2 to 2% inches long, ovoid with slender prickles; a tree of the Coastal Plain. Pond Pine (Pinus serotina). 6. Needles 3 to 5 inches long, cones 1 to 3 inches long; thin, flat scales with rigid prickles; tree of the mountains. Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida). 7. Needles 3 to 5 inches long, sometimes found in clusters of 3, slender and flexible, cones 1% to 2% inches long. Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata) 7. Needles 3 inches long or less___________________________________________________ 8 8. Needles 2 to 3 inches long; cones 3 to 4 inches long, thickly scaled and heavily spiked with bristles. Table Mountain Pine (Pinus pungens). 8. Cones less than 3 inches long, thin. scaled and with very small prickles -----------------------------------------------,--------------------------------- 9 9. Needles 1% to 3 inches long; cones 1 to 2 inches long, slightly curved; a tree of the upper .Piedmont Plateau and mountains. Scrub Pine (Pinus virginiana). 9. Needles 2 to 3 inches long; cones 1% to 3 inches long, shiny, thin-scaled, covered with short prickles; a tree of the lower Coastal Plain ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 10. Cone oblique at base, armed with stout prickles, tree with dark green appearance; bark rough and furrowed; found only occasionally. Sand Pine (Pinus clausa). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 13 10. Cones not oblique at base; bark smooth; tree usually found near water, has appearance of white pine; prickles on cone weak. Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra). Key to Cypress 1. Leaves sharp pointed, tree small in size, not very common. Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendens). 1. Leaves blunt on end; tree grows to large stature; common cypress of south Georgia. Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum). Key to Hemlocks 1. Needles flattened on both sides of twigs, giving twigs flattened appearance; common tree throughout mountains of northern Georgia. Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 1. Needles projecting from all sides of twig, giving twig rounded appearance; tree found in high altitudes, very rare in Georgia. Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Key to Red Cedars 1. Fruit % to 1-3 inch in diameter, seed 1 and 2, rarely 3 and 4 in fruit; leaves long and sharp-pointed; tree distributed over entire state. Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana). 1. Fruit less than % inch in diameter; seed always 1 or 2 in fruit; leaves shorter and more slender as a rule than virginiana; tree native to lower Coastal Plain; not common. Red Cedar (Juniperus lucayana). YEW FAMILY TAXACEAE One species is recognized in Georgia, known as Torreya or Stinking Cedar (Torreya taxifolia Arn.), (Tumion taxifolium, Greene). The greater number of this family is found in the western states. This family, with the Pines, make up the class Gymnospermae. Needles of this tree are somewhat rounded, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, arranged on both sides of the twig, giving the twig a flat appearance; bark thick, brown, faintly tinged with orange color, irregularly divided into broad, shallow fissues. Plant rare and local, found only in the extreme southern part of the state. PALM FAMILY PALMAE This family was formerly known as P ALMACEAE. Of the 7 genera found in the United States, only one (Sabal) is native to Georgia. One species is represented. This is the Cabbage Tree, Cabbage Palmetto or Palmetto (Sabal Palmetto). Its most common occurrence in the state is near the coast. 14 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES This species is popular for ornamental planting. Its leaves are fanshaped, 5 to 6 feet long and 7 to 8 feet wide, with deeply divided leaf segments. This tree is leafy only at summit, at the end of only a slightly tapering trunk. This palm is our only tree palm. It cannot be mistaken for any other tree in Georgia. LILY FAMILY LILIACEAE Of this family, only two species are found in the state; the Spanish Bayonet (Yucca aloifolia) and the Spanish Dagger (Yucca glo1iosa). Both of these species are found along the coast, attaining smail tree size. With the exception of baskets and mats made from the tough fibers of the leaves and as ornamental trees, they have no commercial value. Spanish Bayonet may be recognized by its leaf that is notched into small sharp tips; by its concave upper surface and its rough, dark-brown bark. Spanish Dagger has a leaf that is smooth on its edges or has a very finely notched margin. Its upper surface is concave only toward the tip and the bark is smooth and light brown in color. WILLOW FAMILY SALIACEAE Some Facts about the Willow Family The willow family consists of the genera Willow (Salix) and Cottonwood (Populus), the latter sometimes being called Poplar or Aspen. The well known Yellow Poplar is not included in this family, but is a true Magnolia. The willow family is well known for its ability to grow from root and shoot cuttings. A willow or cottonwood fence post placed in the ground will frequently develop roots and branches. Willows produce soft, light wood subject to quick decay. The twigs are sometimes used in the manufacture of baskets and furniture. Willow bark is rich in Salicin which is used in tanning and sometimes as medicine. The Weeping W'illow (Salix babylonica L.) is commonly found in the state as an oranmental tree, and in a few instances has escaped into the forest. Buds of the cottonwood are often slightly resinous. Cottonwoods are commercially important as pulpwood a nd in the manufacture of small woodenware. The bark contains tannic acid and the juice from the buds of some species is used as medicine. Silverleaf or White Poplar (Populus alba L.), Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra var. ltalica, Du Roi) and the Carolina Poplar (Populus canadensis var. Eugenie Sch.) are found planted over the state as ornamental trees. Distribution of both genera of this family is brought about by the light fluffy seed that are carried by the wind and by water; also by their unusual ability to sprout from shoots and cuttings. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 15 Key to Willow Genera 1. Buds with several scales; leaves broad and usually wide at the base, coarsely dentate with rounded lobes ; trees large and fast growing with pale, furrowed bark. Cottonwoods. (Populus). 1. Buds with one scale; leaves narrow and notched sharply, bark brown in broad flat connected ridges. Willows (Salix). Key to Poplar Species 1. Leaf stems rounded, leaves shaped more or less like a heart, coarsely notched on edges. Swamp Cottonwood. (Populus heterophylla). 1. Leaf stem flattened laterallY------------------------------------------------------- 2 2. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, broad, slightly heart-shaped at base; leafstems sometimes tinged with red. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides). 2. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, not heart shaped at base; leaf stems prominent, yellow. Large Tooth Aspen (Populus grandidentata). Key to Willow Species 1. Leaves lustrous green on both surfaces, sometimes slightly hairy on under surface of leaf veins, 3 to 6 inches long and 1AI to %. inch wide; bark dark brown, separated into small plates, shaggy on old trunks. Black Willow (Salix nigm). 1. Leaves pale on under surface; bark furrowed but not separated into plates____________________________________ ______________________________ 2 2. Leaves smooth above, sometimes hairy below, 2 to 4 inches long, lh to %. inch wide; leaf stems very hairy; bark dark, sometimes nearly black, divided into broad, flat ridges. Black Willow (Salix longipes ). 2. Leaves light green above, pale and smooth below, 4 t o 5 inches long, %. inch wide; leaf stems smooth; bark dark reddish brown, deeply furrowed. Harbison Willow (Salix Harbisonii). Salix longipes var. venulosa with narrower leaves and longer leaf stems is also found within the range of Salix longipes. WALNUT FAMILY JUGLANDACEAE Some Facts about the Walnut Family Juglans is from Kapva, the ancient name of the walnut, which means "Jupiter's nuts". This family is divided into two genera, the Walnuts and the Hickories. These are found scattered throughout the state. Hickories once grew in extended fo r ests over Europe. They were destroyed during t he glacial ag e and none of this family is now native to the old country. 16 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES All species of this family but one are found east of the Rocky Mountains. Fruit of both genera are usually edible. The bark and husks of the fruit are sometimes used in the manufacture of dyestuffs. Walnuts and Hickories are highly prized for their wood. Walnut is used where high quality wood is desired for veneer and furniture and for cabinet making. Hickory is used in the manufacture of articles requiring strength, flexibility and lightness, as in the manufacture of handles, wagon and vehicle bodies, spokes, etc. Gravity, water and squirrels are the main factors for distributing this family since the seed is a heavy nut. Key to Walnut Genera 1. Pith of twigs chambered; nuts wrinkled; husks do not split; bark divided into broad ridges. W'alnuts (Jugl-ans). 1. Pith of twigs continuous; nuts ridged or smooth with husk that splits open on ripening of nut; bark of tree either smooth or scaly. Hickories (Ca?ya). Key to Walnut Species 1. Leaves often sticky and hairy; nut elongated; bark gray; habitat in mountains of Georgia. Butternut ( Juglans cinerea). 1. Leaves not sticky and hairy; nut round; bark dark brown; habitat over entire state with the exception of the immediate neighborhood of the coast. Black Walnut ( Juglans nigm). Key to Hickory Species 1. Leaflets broad 2 1. Leaflets slender :_ 3 2. Leaflets very broad, yellow-green and smooth beneath, 5 and rarely 7 leaflets; fruit solitary or in pairs, slightly depressed at apex; bark in long light-gray plates; buds dark brown and hairy; smooth or hairy leaf stems; a tree of mountains and upper Piedmont. Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata). 2. Leaflets not as broad as above, but decidedly pointed at apex, 7 and rarely 5 leaflets, smooth and green on lower surface, leaf stems smooth; fruit single; bark pale gray and only slightly ridged. Pignut Hickory (Carya ovalis). 3. Leaves smooth on lower surface___________________________________________________ 3. Leaves hairy on lower surface------------------------------------------------ 4. Leaflets slender, yellow-green beneath, 3 to 5 in number, leaf stem smooth; fruit broader than long, solitary; bark light-gray and plated, giving tree a shaggy appearance; buds reddish-brown, smooth; a tree found in the mountains. Shagbark Hickory (Car ya Ca1olinae-septentrionalis). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 17 4. Leaflets slightly enlarged in middle, 5 to 7 in number, yellow-green below; stems smooth; fruit clustered in twos and threes; bark close, ridged and light gray; buds light brown, smooth. Pignut Hickory (Carya glabra). 5. Tree having plate-like bark, shaggy in appearance_______________ 6 5. Tree having slightly ridged bark________________________________________________ 7 6. Leaflets brown, smoQth or hairy on lower surface, 7 to 13 in number; leaf stems hairy; bark light brown; nuts in 3 to 4 clusters, very compressed; buds dark, reddish-brown and hairy; coast tree. Water Hickory (Carya aquatica). 6. Leaflets light-yellow and hairy on lower surface, 7 to 9 in number; leaf stems red and hairy; fruit in clusters of 3 to 4, slightly compressed; bark in thin, light brown plates; buds hairy, bright yellow; a tree of the mountains. Bitternut . Hickory (Carya cordifo?'mis). 7. Leaflets slender, pale green and hairy, covered with silvery scales beneath in spring, 7, rarely 9, in number; stems covered with hairs mixed with silvery scales; buds reddishbrown covered with silvery scales; bark pale to dark gray and slightly ridged; fruit single. Pale Hickory (Carya pallUlu). 7. Leaflets slightly broader than above, orange or brown, hairy beneath, 5 to 7 in number; leaf stems hairy; buds dark reddish brown and hairy; fruit single or in pairs, broader than long; bark in shallow irregular ridges. White Hickory (Garya alba). Hybrids Found in State Carya ovata var. pubescens (Variant of Shagbark Hickory) Carya glabra var. megacarya (Variant of Pignut Hickory) Carya glabra var. villosa (Variant of Pignut Hickory) Carya ovalis var. obcordata (Variant of ovalis Pignut Hickory) Carya. ovalis var. obovalis Catya ovalis var. odorata SWEET GALE FAMILY MYRICACEAE Myrtle (Myrica, L.). is the only genus of this family. Thirty or forty small trees or shrubs belong to it, but Wax Myrtle (Myrica cerifera) is the only tree species belonging to this state. Wax is obtained from the fruit of some of the species. The bark is astringent and is sometimes used in medicine, tanning and aniline dye. One species (Myrica rubra) is cultivated in some parts of Asia for its aromatic red fruit. The leaves of the Wax Myrtle are coarsely notched above the middle of the leaf, yellowish green above, with bright orange colored glands below, with a balsamic odor when crushed. Buds more or less oblong. The bark is thick, compact, smooth and gray. The wood is soft and brittle. This tree is found near the coast, usually on swampy land. 18 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES CORKWOOD FAMILY LEITNERIACEAE This family consists of only one genus with one species. It was named by Chapman for a German scientist who was killed in Florida during the Seminole War. This is Corkwood (Leitneria floridana). This species is found in the southern part of Georgia; located definitely on the borders of the Altamaha River near the coast. The leaves are thick and firm, bright green and lustrous above, pale and heavy haired below; leaves smooth on margins. Terminal bud broad and conic, covered with pale hairs; lateral buds scattered and flattened; bark thin, dark gray, faintly tinged with brown, divided by shallow fissues into narrow rounded ridges. Small tree or shrub, usually under 20 feet in height. The wood of this species is exceedingly soft and light, pale yellow and with no trace of heartwood. It is said to be used for floats, hence the name Corkwood. BIRCH FAMILY BETULACEAE Some Facts about the Birch Family Members of this family are found over the entire state, from the River Birch that has a wide distribution and is found chiefly in the Piedmont Plateau and Coastal Plain, to the Hazlenut and Black and Yellow Birch that are found on some of our higher mountains in northern Georgia. Woods of birches are used extensively for high grade furniture, cabinet work and has also a value as fuel. Hazlenuts are valuable as food. Other species besides the C. Americana are often cultivated in this state. Alder wood is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and charcoal. The bar k and strobules are used for medicine and in t anning leather to some extent. Iron Wood is used for making tool handles, mallets, fence posts and for other purposes where hardness is required. Key to Birch Genera 1. Shrub size only, not over 8 feet in height, producing large edible nuts: bark smooth, dark brown, thin; buds slightly hairy; fruit has overlapping bracts; twigs covered with stiff red hair. Hazlenut (Corylus americana) 1. Plant attaining small tree size; nut not edible, with smaller bracts --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2. Bark separated into scales or plates__________________________________________ 3 2. Bark smooth -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- 4 3. Smooth resinous bark, often separated into thin papery plates; sap watery and sometimes slightly sweet; leaves singly or doubly notched. Birches (Betula). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 19 3. Bark in loose brown plate-like scales, usually small; leaves doubly notched, thin but tough; leaf stems having light yellow midrib. Ironwood (Ostrya virginiana). 4. Trees with smooth, close bark, blue gray-brown in color; leaves long, pointed on end, doubly notched with stout teeth, yellow midrib; leaf stem hairy. Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana). 4. Smooth grayish-brown bark, sometimes covered with white splotches; leaves thick, stiff and slightly undulate, very finely notched on margins, hairy beneath; woody cone-like fruit usually seen on bush at all times of year. Alder (Alnus rugosa). Key to Birch Species 1. Bark close, does not separate into thin, paper-like layers; dark reddish-brown; leaves long, pointed at apex; twigs with distinct wintergreen flavor. Black Birch (Betula lenta). 1. Bark separating into thin paper-like layers; inner bark without wintergreen flavor_______________________________________________________________ 2 2. Outer bark yellowish; leaves usually rounded at base; twigs dull silvery gray. Yellow Birch (Betula lutea). 2. Outer bark reddish-brown; inner bark tinged with red; leaves usually wedge-shaped at base; twigs reddish-brown. River Birch (Betula nigra). ELM FAMILY ULMACEAE Some Facts about the Elm Family Elms produce hard, tough, very durable wood that is used for flooring, ship building, saddletrees, hubs, and for other purposes for which wood of its quality is desired. The inner bark of some species is tough which is sometimes woven into ropes and coarse cloth. Nourishing, mucilaginous food is prepared from this bark in some parts of China. The distribution of Elm seed is brought about by the wind. Key to Elm Genera 1. Bark separating into large, light brown or gray plate-like scales, under which reddish-brown close bark may be seen; small tree; buds minute. Water Elm (Planera aquatica). 1. Bark not plated --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2. Bark deeply furrowed, sometimes bark on old trees loose; trees attain large size; pith of twigs not chambered. Elm (Ulmus). 2. Bark smooth or rough with knobs; leaves acuminate or sharp-pointed. Hackberry (Celtis). 20 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES Key to Hackberry Species 1. Small tree or shrub; bark dark or light reddish-brown; branches hairy-Hackberry (Celtis pumilla var. georgiana). 1. Larger tree, bark not reddish brown, branches not hairy________ 2 2. Leaves obliquely rounded at base, sharply notched above middle, slightly roughened; bark thick, smooth, dark-brown with rough knobs; buds % inch long-Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis). 2. Leaves not as broad or as pointed as above, smooth on both sides; bark pale gray; buds less than % inch long-Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata). Celtis occidentalis var. canina, a variety of occidentalis, with notched leaves, is found in the northwestern corner of the state. Key to Elm Species 1. Corky growth found on the twigs and smaller branchesWinged Elm (Ulmus alata). 1. Corky growth seldom found on stems of plant____________________ 2 2. Leaves very rough above; twigs grayish green; inner bark mucilaginous-Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva). 2. Leaves smooth, usually shiny above, inner bark not muci- laginous -------------------------. ------------------------------------ ----- 3 3. Bark thick, ashy gray, divided into shallow tissues; leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide-American Elm ( Ulmus americana). 3. Bark light brown, tinged with red, divided into broad flat ridges, leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 1%, inches wide, small wings sometimes appearing during third year-Red Elm (Ulmus serotina). MULBERRY FAMILY MORACEAE The Red and Paper Mulberries and Osage Orange belong to this family. The Red Mulberry is cultivated in the Orient as a food for silkworms. Its wood is not strong but coarse grained and used for cooperage stock. The fruit is a sweet, edible berry, turning black when ripe. The White or Paper Mulberry can hardly be distinguished from its cousin the Red Mulberry. Possibly it is more often lobed and has a slightly more roughened surface. The White Mulberry bears no flowers or fruit and spreads only by shoots. It was introduced from eastern Asia, and is now to be found in a wild state on the outskirts of towns. The Osage Orange wood is used for fencing, wheel stock, etc. It gets its name from the Osage Indians and once was much desired among them as bow wood. The root bark of this species contains moric and moritannic acid and is used as a yellow dye. The leaves of this species are not notched as the other two species of this family. It is also smaller and not lobed. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 21 Distribution of the Red Mulberry is through birds, animals and water and the Osage Orange through w~ter and gravity. Red Mulberrry (Morus rubra). Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyri/era). Osage Orange (Maclura pomi/era). BEECH FAMILY FAGACEAE Some Facts about Beech Family In economic importance, the Beech family is second only to the pines. Members of this family are able to reproduce by sprouts as well as by seeds. Chestnuts of this family are highly prized for food. The chestnut wood is durable in contact with the soil and makes good fence post material. The wood is also rich in tannic acid and is locally known as "acid wood." In many portions of the country, chestnut blight has almost entirely wiped out these valuable trees. Experiments are being carried on with a new species, Castanea crenata, S. & Zucc., the Japanese Chestnut, which is believed to be blight resistant. Oaks are the most important group in the beech family. More species of oaks are found in Georgia than any other genera. Because of their great strength and ability to stand strain oaks are prized for building material. Bark from some oaks produces tannic acid which is used in the tanning of leather. Bark from some European species produces cork. Oaks are divided into two general groups, the White Oaks and Black Oaks, according to their fruiting habit. The White Oak group is called the annual oaks or Lepidobalanus, while the black oak group is known as the biennial oaks or Erythrobalanus. The vvhite oak group has the following characteristic: "Acorns mature in one season; leaves have rounded lobes, not bristle pointed; shell of nuts usually smooth inside, kernel sweet, bark pale and often scaly." The black oak group is described as follows: "Acorns mature in two seasons, leaves bristle pointed, cups usually hairy inside, bark dark, usually furrowed." Black Jack Oak, though numerous, is perhaps the least important of the oaks in Georgia, since the wood is not hard, nor durable and does not have qualities of a desirable tree. It is usually removed from the forest. For the first two years, the oak seedling concentrates its growth in the roots. Transplanting is, therefore, not advisable. Almost all oaks are valuable as fuel. Some are highly valued for furniture and cabinets. The natural distribution of the family occurs through gravity, water and squirrels. Key to the Beech Genera 1. Staminate flowers in rounded heads; nuts triangular; buds long and slender, sharp pointed and four or five times as long as wide-Beech (Fagus). 2! KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 1. Staminate flowers elongated, slender; nuts not triangular; buds usually short, stout and stubby----------------------------- 2 2. Staminate flowers erect or ascending; nuts enclosed in a prickly bur; terminal buds absent-Chestnut or Chinquapin (Castanea). 2. Staminate flowers drooping; nuts partially surrounding by an open, scaly cup; buds clustered on end of twig-Oak (Quercus). Key to Chestnut Species 1. Plant attains only shrub size, usually about 3 feet high; found near coast; leaves with pale hairs on lower surface. Chinquapin (Castanea alnifolia). 1. Plant attains size of tree; found in mountains and to middle of coastal plain --------------------- ----- ---------- ------------ ---- 2 2. Large trees, leaves oblong, lanceolate, smooth and green on both sides; nuts usually 2 to 3 in a bur; buds % inch long, covered with smooth, chestnut brown scales. Chestnut (Castanea dentata). 2. Small trees or tall shrubs; leaves oblong, whitish, downy beneath; nuts rounded, usually one in a bur; buds lA! inch long, covered with red scales. Chinquapin (Castanea pumilla). Castenea alnifolia vat. floridana is found in the southern part of the state. Key to Oak Species 1. Leaf blades or their lobes without bristle tips; acorns maturing at the end of the first season, immature acorns never found in winter; scales on acorn cup slightly knotted________ 2 1. Leaf blades or their lobes with bristle tips; acorns maturing at the end of two years; immature acorns may be found on trees in winter; scales on acorn cup more or less flaked in- stead of knotted ------------------------------------------------------------ 12 2. Leaf blades deeply lobed -------------------------------------------- 3 2. Leaf blades slightly lobed or with unbroken margin _________ 6 3. Leaves pale and smooth on lower surface -------------------------- 4 3. Leaves hairy on lower surface --------------------------------------- 5 4. Sinuses between lobes of leaf extend nearly to midrib, leaf usually divided into 7 or 9 lobes; leaf stems stout and smooth; bark light gray, broken into long, narrow strips. White Oak (Querous alba). 4. Usually 5, rarely 3 lobed, broad at apex, upper pair of lobes larger than lower pairs; leaf smooth beneath; buds lA! to 14 inch long; bark pale and scaly, ridged on old tree. White Oak (Quercus austrina). 5_ Leaves rusty gray or light yellow, hairy below, 3 to 5 lobed, forming the shape of a rough cross in a great number of leaves; leaf stems stout and hairy; bark dark, divided into broad ridges. Post Oak (Quercus stellata). 5. Leaves with thick coat of silvery white hairs below, 5 to 9 lobed. Overcup Oak (Qu ercus lyrata). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 23 6. Leaves entire margined, hairy below, usually rounded at apex; leaf stems stout; bark dark brown, slightly furrowed. Live Oak (Quercus virginiana). 6. Leaf blades slightly lobed. ------------------------------------------------- 7 7. Leaf blades broadest at or below middle, oblong to lanceo- late, decidedly pointed at apex; buds narrow and sharp pointed ---------------------------------------------------------,------------------------------- 8 7. Leaf blades broadest above middle, oblong to oblong ovate, pointed to rounded at apex; buds broadly ovoid to ovaL...... 9 8. Leaf blades with pointed apex, twigs slender and slightly hairy. Yellow Oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii). 8. Leaf blades with acute apex, twigs stouter and smooth. Chestnut Oak (Quercus montana). 9. Leaf scalloped, short, broad point at apex, leaves slightly roughened on upper surface. Swamp White Oak (Quercus prinus). 9. Leaf not scalloped ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ 10 10. Leaf enlarged toward apex, wavy on margin, sometimes slightly lobed, slender and smooth below, leaf 2 to 3 inches long and %. to 1 inch wide; bark in large, irregular plate- like scales. Chapman White Oak (Quercus Chapmanii). 10. Leaf sometimes slightly 3 lobed at apex, lower surface some- times slightly downy ------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 11. Leaf slightly 3 lobed toward rounded apex, sometimes apex acute, leaves sometimes slightly laterally lobed, 6 to 7 inches long, 3 to 3% inches wide, lower surface either slightly downy or smooth; bark thin, light gray and in thin scales. Durand White Oak (Quercus Durandii). L 11. Leaf only sometimes slightly 3 lobed toward apex, leathery, yellow-green and lustrous above, orange or brown hairs be- low, very thick, 6 to 7 inches long and sometimes broader at apex than the leaf is long; bark dark brown and deeply di- vided into almost square plates. Blackjack Oak (Quercus marilandica). 12. Leaf blades shallowly lobed ---------------------------------------------------------- 13 12. Leaf blades deeply lobed -------------------------------------------------------- 18 13. Leaf blades not dilated at apex ------------------------------------------- 14 13. Leaf blades dilated at apex ---------------------------------------------------- 15 14. Leaves several times as long as wide, tapering into long apex, pale and sometimes hairy below; bark as a rule smooth, light brown in color, dark and rough on old trees. Willow Oak. (Quercus phellos). 14. Leaves elliptic, shorter than willow oak, sometimes rounded at apex, petioles stout and yellow; bark dark brown with a tinge of red, smooth, on old trunks divided into flat ridges. Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia). 15. Bark divided into almost square plates covered with small dark brown scales; leaves elongated, 4 times as long as wide, very rarely 3 lobed at apex, blue-green, lustrous above, pale and hairy below; leaf stems short and stout. Blue Jack Oak (Quercus cinerea). 15. Bark as a rule smooth; leaves less than 4 times as long as wide ---------- ---- -- ------ ----------------------------------------------- ------------------ 16 24 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 16. Leaves persistent throughout winter, broad only about 2 times as long as wide, rounded and swelled at apex; bark thin and smooth except near ground. Myrtle Oak (Quercus myrtifolia). 16. Leaves deciduous ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 17. Leaves elongated, about 3 times as long as wide, hairy be- neath, more or less clustered on end of twig; bark smooth on branches, on old trunk broadly ridged; buds lh inch long, leaf stems stout and hairy. Shingle Oak (Quercus imbricaria) 17. Leaves less than twice as long as wide; sometimes lobed; petioles stout, flattened and smooth; bark thick, close, light brown, rough on old trunks; leaves gradually falling throughout winter. Water Oak (Quercus nigra). 18. Leaves hairy below ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19 18. Leaves smooth or shiny below ---------------------------------------------------- 20 19. Leaves wide with shallow fissues between the lobes, covered with brown or rusty hairs beneath, usually 7 sometimes 9 lobed; leaf stems stout and yellow, inner bark yellow. Black Oak (Quetcus velutina). 19. Characteristic leaf with 3 lobes, divided near apex, sometimes with extra pair of lobes, gray-hairy below; inner bark not yellow. Spanish Oak (Quercus rubra). 20. Leaves 5 to 9 lobed, buds ovoid, narrowed to acute apex.______ 21 20. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, buds elongated and acute_______________________ 23 21. Leaf sinuses shallow; leaf stem stout; nut 1 to 1 %, inch long; bark thick, smooth, dark brown-Red Oak (Qumcus borealis maxima). 21. Leaf sinuses deep, leaf stems slender --------------------------------------- 22 22. Leaf 7 to 9 lobed, smooth above and below, sinuses narrow; leaf stems narrow, smooth, bark ridged and broken into small plates; buds 14 inch long, close gray smooth scales; nut oblong, rounded at apex-Shumard Red Oak (Quercus Shnmardii). 22. Leaf usually 7, rarely 9 lobed, sinuses wide and deep, leaf lobes flared and divided on end, texture thin, leaf smooth on both sides; bark smooth and light brown, rough on old trunks; buds smaller than % inch long; nut not oblong, tapered at apex-Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea). 23. Leaf stems stout, leaves 3 to 5 lobed, usually with long, keen apex lobe; nut full and rounded on end; tree of lower part of state-Turkey Oak (Quercus Catesbaei). 23. Leaf stems slender, leaves 5 lobed with middle pair of lobes usually much larger than lower pair; nut small, not rounded on apex; tree found only in a few counties in middle of state -Georgia Oak (Quercus georgiana). Hybrid of Beech Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana (Commonly mistaken for Fagus grandifolia). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 25 Hybrid Oaks found in Georgia Quercus coccinea var. tubdculata (Variant of Scarlet Oak.) Quercus Smallii (Variant of Georgia and Blackjack Oaks)-. Quercus Ashii (Variant of Turkey and Spanish Oaks). Quercus Walteriana (Variant of Turkey and Water Oaks) . Quercus rubra var. triloba (Variant of Spanish Oak). Quercus rubra var. pagodaefolia (Variant of Spanish Oak). Quercus rubra var. leucophylla (Variant of Spanish Oak). Quercus Bushii (Variant of Black Jack and Black Oaks). Quercus microca1pa (Variant of Water Oak). Quercus dubia (Variant of Blue Jack and Laurel Oaks). Quercus sublaurifolia (Also Variant of Bluejack and Laurel Oaks). Quercus subintegra (Variant of Bluejack and Spanish Oaks). Quercus carolinensis (Variant of Bluejack and Blackjack Oaks) . Quercus caduca (Variant of Bluejack and Water Oaks). Quercus virginiana var. geminata (Variant of Live Oak). Quercus stellata var. Margaretta (Variant of Post Oak). Quercus succulenta. MAGNOLIA FAMILY MAGNOL/ACEAE The Magnolia Family is perhaps best known for its ornamental trees, but this family is also important for its lumber. Two genera are represented in Georgia by the Yellow Poplar and Magnolias. The beginner often finds some difficulty in identifying the species of the latter genus. Key to Magnolia Genera 1. Leaves not lobed; fruit a cone filled with fleshy seeds; buds broad to conical, sharp pointed and sometimes hairy-Magnolia (Magnolia). 1. Leaves 4 to 6 lobed; fruit a spindle shaped cone with dry, hard seeds; buds flattened, oblong, blunt pointed, smooth inside and outside-Yellow Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). Key to Magnolia Species 1. Leaves distinctly heart-shaped and narrowed at base_________ 2 1. Leaves as a rule not heart-shaped at base________________________________ 4 2. Leaf silvery below; leaf stems stout and hairy; buds covered with white hairs; leaves 20 to 30 inches long, and 9 to 10 inches wide; bark smooth light gray, a tree of the mountains and Piedmont Plateau-Largeleaf Cucumber Tree (Magnolia macrophylla). 2. Leaf silvery below; leaf stems slender and smooth; buds smooth; leaves less than 20 inches long and less than 9 inches wide ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --------____ 3 26 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 3. Leaves bright green, smooth, sometimes red on veins of leaf, 10 to 12 inches long, 6 to 7 inches wide; buds purple; bark dark brown with small projections except on old trunksMountain Magnolia (Magnolia Fraseri). 3. Leaves thin, light yellow green on upper surface, pale below, 5lf.a to 8lf.a inches long, 3lf.a to 4lf.a inches wide, yellow midrib; stem slender, smooth; branchlets bright red to ashygray; tree of the Coastal Plain. Cucumber Tree (Magnolia pyramidata). 4. Leaves smooth on lower surface -------------------------------------------- 5 4. Leaves hairy on lower surface ------------------------------------------------ 6 5. Leaves thick and stiff above, smooth, 18 to 20 inches long, 8 to 10 inches wide; stems stout and smooth; buds purple and smooth; bark light gray and smooth with small bristly growth; tree found in the mountains-Umbrella Tree (Magnolia tripetela). 5. Leaves abruptly short pointed at apex, yellow green above, rarely hairy on under surface, 6 to 10 inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide; buds covered with long white hairs; bark furrowed, dark brown with thin scales; a tree found in the mountains-Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata). 6. Leaves leathery, bright green above, densely covered with rusty hairs below, 5 to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide; leaf stems stout, covered with rusty hairs; buds pale or rusty hairy; bark thick, gray or light brown; tree of the lower Piedmont and Coastal Plain-Magnolia (Magnolia gr_andiflora). 6. Leaves not as leathery, covered with pale or white hairs below, leaf stems slender and smooth ----------------------------------- 7 7. Leaves with matted pale hairs below, 4 to 5 inches long, 2lf.a to 3lf.a inches wide; buds with pale hairs; bark gray or light brown; usually found in the Savannah river valleyCucumber Tree (Magnolia cordata). 7. Leaves persistant throughout winter, bright green above, white and hairy on lower surface, 4 to 6 inches long, 1% to 3 inches wide; buds silky-hairy, bright green, smooth; tree small and slender, found in middle of state and southwardLaurel Magnolia or Bay (Magnolia virginiana). CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY ANONACEAE Only one of the genera with one species of this family is found in this state. This is the common Papaw ( Asimina triloba). The range of this species is from the middle of the state northward. The fruit of the Papaw species is tasty and where the trees a r e naturally abundant, large amounts of it are sold. The wood of this species is of no commercial value. The leaves are sometimes a foot long and always widen toward the apex, narrowing to a long narrow strip at the. base. The bark is dark brown, marked by grayish blotches. The buds are pointed, flattened and covered with rusty hairs. GEORGIA FOREST ::!ERVICE 27 LAUREL FAMILY LAURACEAE Three species are represented under two genera in this state, these are genus Persea with the species Borbonia and palustris and the genus Sassfrass with the species officinale. Sassfrass is the most important of the two genera. Its wood is used for posts, interior finishing and furniture, and the roots are sometimes boiled for tea. The Bay tree belongs to this family. It was formerly used in ship building and is now used as veneer and interior finishing. It is also used as an ornamental shrub. This family is a large one, having some 1000 species in the world. Key to Laurel Genera and Species 1. Twigs and leaves aromatic and mucilagenous; branchlets usually light green and lustrous, leaves one, two or three lobed with deep sinuses, hairy below; buds yellowish in color; bark red brown, deeply furrowed; found throughout the state-Sassfrass (Sassfrass officinale). 1. Twigs and leaves not aromatic; leaves not lobed; tree found in the swamps in the southern part of the state._________________ 2 2. Leaves thick and leathery, bright green, lustrous above, smooth pale below, midrib orange colored, leaf 3 to 4 inches long, % to 1% inches wide; leaf stems stout, rigid, red brown, flattened, grooved above; buds thick and hairy; bark deep red, deeply furrowed; found in the vicinity of the coast-Red Bay (Persea Borbonia). 2. Leaves pale green and lustrous above, pale, rusty hairy below, 4 to 6 inches long, %. to 1% inches wide; stems stout, rusty hairs; bark dull brown with shallow fissues; found in the western portion of state. Swamp Bay (.Persea palustris). WITCH HAZEL FAMILY HAMAMELIDACEAE Two representatives of this family occur in the state. These are the Witch Hazel with two species (Hamamelis macrophylla) and (Hamamelis virginiana) and Sweetgum (Liquidamber styraciflua). Witch Hazel is a shrub. Extract from its bark is sometimes used for medicine. Sweetgum ranks among the most valuable of our Georgia trees. It is used in the making of fine furniture, boxes, crates and for interior finish. A market for its gum has developed at a high price, being used in the manufacture of cosmetics. This tree was formally thought to be a nuisance with little or no value. 28 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES Key to Witch Hazel Genera and Species 1. Leaves star shaped, finely notched with 5 to 7 pointed lobes, thin green smooth and lustrous; leaf stems slender and smooth: buds orange brown and resinous: stems and branchlets covered with corky growth; bark grayish and deeply furrowed-Sweetgum (Liquidamber styraciflua). 1. Leaves not star shaped, not notched finely, not lobed, branch- lets not covered with corky growth ------------------------------------- 2 2. Leaves stiff, dull dark green, sometimes hairy above, light colored and lustrous below, widely lobed above middle, 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 2% inches wide; stems smooth and slender: buds light orange brown, covered with fine hairs; bark light brown, smooth; found in northern and centrc.i Georgia-Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). 2. Leaves roughened, dark green above, paler below, wavy on margins, especially above middle, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 iJ!ches wide; leaf stems slender and hairy; buds rusty and hairy; bark grayish brown; found in southern portion of state-Witch Hazel (Hamamelis rnacrophylla). PLANE TREE FAMILY PLATANACEAE The Plane Tree Family has only one genus with some seven species. Only one of these species is native to Georgia. This is the Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). This tree will grow from cuttings and from seed. It is used as an ornamental tree. In its native habitat, it is found in wet places as along the banks of streams. The leaves of this tree carry a dust disagreeable when breathed, usually causing a fit of coughing. The tree may be recognized by its broad, slightly lobed lea. with stout yellow veins; scaly outer and almost white inner bark. ROSE FAMILY ROSASEAE Some facts about the Rose Family of Some of our important fruit trees belong to this familv and much of the wild fruit such as Cherries, Plums and some the Haws. Some species are important for the timber they produce. Cherries, for instance, produce a wood that is highly valued for furniture making. This is one of the largest tree families and has world wide distribution. Except for its use as ornamentals, the Crataegus or Haw, is so unimportant a species in the state, that only a list of trees of the genera Grataegus is prepared. These are given as follows: BUCKTHORN - Crataegus punctata, Crataegus amnicola, Crataegus algens, Cra.taegus collina, Crataegus Mohrii, Crataegus ragalis. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 29 RED HAW,._Crataegus arborescens, Crataegus Boyntonii, Crateagus Chapmanii, Crataegus ingins, Crataegus Sargentii, Crataegus tomentosa, Crataegus Virides, Crataegus vulsa. COCKSPUR THORN - Crataegus crus-galli. MAY APPLE - Crataegus aestivalis, Crataegus rufula. SWEET RED HAW - Crataegus ap1'ica, Grataegus dispa1, Crataegus flava, Crataegus Ravenelli, Crataegus tristis. PARSLEY HAW - Grataegus apiifolia. TREE HAW - Crataegus clrymophylla. PLUM HAW - Grataegus georgiana. SMALL RED HAW - Grataegus spathulata. Three species of Crab Apple occur in the state, these are Malus angustifolia, Malus bracteata and Malus coronaria var. elongata. The distinguishing characteristics of these are given as follows: Malus angustifolia - Leaves leathery, 1 to 2 inches long, ~ to %, inch wide; stems smooth, often rose colored; bark dark reddish brown broken into small plate like scales; buds 1/16 inch long, chestnut colored hair. Malus bracteata - Leaves light yellow-green above, thin, slightly hairy below, 3 to 3% inches long, 2 to 2~ inches wide; bark dark brown with thin close scales. Malus corona1ia var. elongata - Leaves dark yellow-green above, pointed at apex; bark with long, narrow, reddish-brown scales; leaves 3% to 4 inches long, 2 to 2% inches wide, with slightly hairy, orange colored stems, usually found as small trees forming dense thickets. Key to Rose Genera 1. Thorns usually present on twigs at nodes of the leaves; winter buds smalL Red Haw (Crataegus). 1. Thorns absent on twigs, winter buds larger ------------------------ 2 2. Inner bark of twig with bitter taste and characteristic odor; fruit a drupe (with one seed) ; bark usually covered with horizontal lenticles. Plums and Cherries (.Prunus). 2. Twigs not bitter; fruit a pome (with several seeds); bark without the horizontal lenticles ------------------------------------------------ 3 3. Buds narrow, conical and greenish-yellow; bark smooth. Service Berry (Amelanchier). 3. Buds not narrow, conical or greenish-yellow; leaves more or less clustered on end of twigs; bark slightly scaly. Crabapple (Malus). Key to Serviceberry Species 1. Leaves yellowish green on upper surface, paler below; leaf stems smooth; buds green tinged with brown; bark dark ashy gray divided into shallow issues; found over state, especially in the central and southern parts ( Amelanchier canadensis). 1. Leaves dark green above, paler below, stems smooth; buds green tinged with red; bark dark reddish brown with shallow fissues, found in mountainous section of state ( Amelanchier laevis). 30 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES Key to Plum and Cherry Species 1. Leaves thick and leathery, dark green above, paler below____ 2 1. Leaves thin not heavy --------------------------------------------------------- 4 2. Leaf stem stout and thick, orange colored; bark gray rough, marked by irregular dark blotches; leaves 2 to 4% inches long, 74 to 1% inches wide; buds chestnut brown, % inch long-found only in neighborhood of coast. Laurel Cherry. (Prunus caroliniana). 2. Leaf stem slender not orange colored; bark darker, not marked by blotches ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 3. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 1% inches wide; buds broad, bright chestnut brown, acuminate on apex; % to 2/3 inches long; bark dark red brown, irregularly plated; found over entire state-Wild Black Cherry (Prunus serotina). 3. Leaves thick, rough, dull dark green above, pale below, 3 to 4 inches long, 1% to 174 inches wide; buds with chestnut brown scales, % to 14 inch long; bark brown tinged with red, in long thin plates; found over state-Wild Plum (Prunus americana). 4. Leaves dark gree~ above, paler below --------------------------- - ---- 5 4. Leaves light or bright green above -------------------------------------------- 6 5. Leaves 2 to 2% inches long, 1 to 1% inches wide; buds 1/16 inch long, chestnut brown; bark dark brown with small scales; leaf stem stout; found in lower part of the stateBlack Sloe (P1unus umbellata). 5. Leaves 2 .to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, lustrous above; buds pale chestnut brown; 1h to 1 inch long, leaf stem slender; bark strongly and disagreeable scented; dark reddish brown and often rough; a tree of the upper Piedmont and mountains-Choke Cherry (Pr'unus vi1giniana). 6. Leaves 2.! to 4 inches long, 74 to 114 inches wide; leaf stems grooved and grooves covered with white hairs; buds chestnut brown, smooth 1h inch long; bark thin except on old trunks; a tree of the mountains-Wild Plum (Prunus Munsoniana). 6. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 1/3 to 2/ 3 inches wide; buds pointed; 1/16 inch long; bark dark reddish brown, slightly furrowed; tree found over entire state-Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolw,). NOTE - Prunus umbellata var. injucunda, a hybrid of the Black Sloe is distinguished from the true umbellata by its hairy twigs, leaves with hairs on under surface. LEGUME OR PEA FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE In this family are found some of our most valuable soil improvers, as Peanut, Soy Bean, Australian Field Pea, Alfalfa and Clover. The trees in this family have the characteristic of bearing their seeds in a pod and as a rule have nodules of nitrogen on their roots. Some members of this family produce valuable dyes. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 31 The common Locust, belonging to this group, is valuable for fence posts, being strong and durable. Fruit of the Honey Locust is edible. Key to Legume Genera 1. Branches with thorns ---- --- -------------------- --------------- --------- 2 1. Branches without thorns ------------------ ------------------------ ------------- 3 2. Leaves odd-pinnate, or with unequal number of leaflets; twigs often have two short spines at the nodes; bark reddish brown-Black Locust (Robinia). 2. Leaves with equal number of leaflets; branches and often trunks armed with long, keen thorns, 1eddish on the tips; bark graying to dark brown-Honey Locust (Gleditsia). 8. Leaves simple, heart shaped at base; twigs slender ; buds smooth-Redbud (Cercis canadensis). 3. Leaves compound ------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 4 4. Leaves with 900 to 1500 leaflets, 1,4 to 1/ 3 inch long, 1/6 to 14 inch wide, leaf stem slender; bark dark brownMimosa (Leucanea pulverulen~a). 4. Leaflets never number over 20, more than 1/ 3 inch long and 14 inch wide --- ------------ -------------------------------- --- 5 5. Leaves with an even number of leaflets, usually 8 to 14 in number; twigs stout; buds hairy; leaf stems slender. Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioicus). 5. Leaves with an odd number of leaflets, usually 7 to 9, in number; leaf stems stout-Yellow Wood (Cladrastis lutea). Key to Honey Locust Species 1. Leaflets 1 to 1% inches long, dark green, lustrous above, dull yellow green below; bark with shallow fissues; found from the upper Piedmont Plateau southward; fruit many seededHoney Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). 1. Leaflets smaller than those above, dull yellow above, dark green on lower surface; bark gray or reddish brown, with small platelike scales; fruit with one seed-Water Locust (Gleditsia aquatica). Key to Black Locust Species 1. Leaves with 7 to 19 leaflets, smooth and stout leaf stem; bark deeply furrowed, dark brown with small square persistant scales-Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). 1. Leaflets 13 to 21 in number; clammy stem that is rough with stiff hairs, bark dark brown, smooth-Clammy Locust (Robinia viscosa). RUE FAMILY RUTACEAE This family is noted for its bitter a romatic volatile oil which is used in medicines. 32 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES Two genera with one species each is represented in Georgia. These are commonly known as the Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum clavaHerculis), and Hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata). The generic name of the Hop tree is taken from the classical name of the Elm. Distinguishing characteristics of these two trees are as follows: Prickly Ash. Leaves compound, 3 to 9 pair of leaflets and with a spiny stem. Leaflets notched usually oblique at base, long, green, lustrous above, paler and often hairy below; buds dark brown or nearly black; bark light gray, roughened by corky growths. Hop Tree. Leaves compound with 3 and rarely 5 leaflets that are finely notched or entire, leathery, dark green and lustrous above, paler below; leaf stems stout and thickened at base; buds pale or almost white; bark dark brown and lustrous, marked by corky growths. QUASSIA FAMILY SIMARUBACEAE This family of trees is native to the tropics. The single species represented in this state was imported from eastern Asia, where the genus Ailanthus is found. "The Tree of Heaven" (Ailanthus glandulosa) is also known as Haven Wood, Chinese Sumach and Paradise Tree. Perhaps the most distinguishing characteristic of the tree is the large, grayish twigs covered with fine downy hairs and with heart shaped leaf scars. When these twigs are broken or crushed, they give out a rank odor. This species has no commercial importance. It is used occasionally as a shade tree. SUMACH FAMILY ANACARJJIACEAE Of this family only one genera with four species is found in Georgia. These are of no commercial importance, but sometimes are used as ornamentals on account of their brilliant foliage in the fall. The well known Poison Oak belongs to this family. Key to Sumach Species 1. Leaf stems winged-Dwarf Sumach (Rhus copallina). 1. Leaf stems not winged -------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2. Leaflets with entire margins, terminal bud present-Poison Sumach (Rhus vernix). 2. Leaflets with notched margins, terminal bud absent --~--------- 3 3. Twigs densely hairy-Staghorn Sumach (Rhus typhina). 3. Twigs smooth-Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra). CYRILLA FAMILY CYRILLACEAE The family has two genera with one species each in Georgia. The family is confined to the warmer parts of the world and the representatives in this state are found in the southern portion around the coast and swamps of the southern rivers. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 33 The species found are Ironwood or Leatherwood (Cyr'illa racemiflora) and Titi (Clijtonia monophylla). The latter is perhaps the better known of the two and is often seen in thickets near the swamps. Titi is valued as fuel wood. The othe1 member of the family has no commercial importance. Distinguishing characteristics of the two species are given as follows: Leaves of both species are thick, leathery and usually dark green. Ironwood-Leaves usually clustered near the ends of the branches; 2 to 3 inches long and 14 to 1 inch wide, with a stout leaf stem; buds % inch long; bark covered with scales that are large and thin and bright reddish brown in color. Titi-Leaves cluste1ed, persistent, 1% to 2 inches long, % to 1 inch wide; leaf stems short and stout; buds 14 inch long; bark on young stems smooth with small scale on old trunks, furrowed, red brown. HOLLY FAMILY AQUIFOLIACEAE Of the Holly family, !lex is the only one of the genera found in Georgia. Of this genus, the species opaca, the common holly, has the widest distribution and is perhaps the most commonly known because of its desirability as an ornamental shrub and for its use as Christmas decorations. The bright r ed berries, which are persistent through the winter and the shiny green leaves make an attractive color combination. Key to Holly Species 1. Leaves heavy, stiff with spiny teeth on margins, dull yellow green above, pale, often yellow on lower surface; leaf stem stout and grooved; bark light gray and smooth with small projections; fruit persistent on branches during winter, found over state, very common- Holly (!lex opaca). 1. Leaves not as heavy, without spiny teeth -------------------------------- 2 2. Leaves dark green and lustrous above; leaf stems short and stout ___ _________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2. Leaves light green above; leaf stems slender ------------------------ 4 3. Leaves pale below, few hairs on lowe1 midrib; 1% to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide; leaf stems slightly downy; buds minute, coated with hairs; bark dark gray roughened slightly; found in swamps near coast-Dahoon (!lex cassine) . 3. Leaves pale and opaque below, 1 to 2 inches long, 14 t o 1 inch wide; stems broad grooved, smooth; buds minute, nearly black, smooth; bark light reddish-brown with thin scales; small tree often forming impenetrable thickets-Cassena Berry (!lex vomitoria). 4. Leaves thick firm, pale below, hairy on midrib, 2 to 3 inches long, 1/ 3 to 1 inch wide; stem slender, grooved, hairy; buds minute, light gray; bark light brown, roughened by small warty knots; found in state except in mountains-Deciduous Holly (!lex decidua) . 34 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 4. Leaves thin, pale below; 2 to 5 inches long, lh to 2.! inches wide; stems smooth; buds light brown; bark light brown, roughened slightly; found in central and northern Georgia, but not common-Largeleaf Holly (llex monticola). STAFF TREE FAMILY CELASTRACEAE An interesting note on this family is that its name is taken from the old Greek word for an evergreen tree. Very few species of this family have leaves that are persistent. Representing this family we have the Burning Bush or Wahoo (Evonymus atropurpureus). The inner bark of this species is bitter. The characteristics of the species here given are as follows: Leaves opposite, smooth on margins, minutely notched, 2 to 5 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide; le_af stems stout; buds purple and pointed, % inch long; bark thin ashy gray and covered with thin minute scales. MAPLE FAMILY ACERACEAE The maple is a dioecious tree, that is, it has flowers of the two sexes borne on different trees. Maples are prized for their wood, which is especially valuable for cabinet work, furniture veneer and flooring. Some species produce a sugary sap, which is boiled into syrup or made into sugar. This family is best known perhaps as a shade tree, for which purpose both native and introduced species are used. Norway Maple ( Acm platanoides) and Sycamore Maple ( Acer Pseudoplatanus) are perhaps most commonly used. Maples are divided into two classes, Hard Maples and Soft Maples. This classification is based on the hardness of the wood. Key to Maple Species 1. Leaves finely notched with 3 sharp pointed lobes with shallow sinuses near apex ------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1. Leaves not notched, usually rounded on lobes and with deep sinuses ------------- --------------------- ----------- ---- ---------------- --------- 3 2. Leaves semi-leathery, light green above, white and hairy below; _leaf stems slender, smooth, red or green; buds scarlet; bark smooth and light gray with the exception of old trunks; found over state and is very common-Red Maple ( Acer rubrum). 2. Leaves pale green above, paler below; leaf stems stout, grooved and smooth; buds bright yellow or rose color, hairy; bark reddish brown marked by broad pale stripes; occurrence rare in northern Georgia-Striped Maple ( Acer pennsylvanicum). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 35 3. Leaves compound with 3 to 5 leaflets, leaflets smooth on both sides, hairy on under veins; buds hairy; bark pale gray or light brown with exception of old trunks; found common throughout state-Box Elder ( Acer negundo). 3. Leaves not compound -------------------------------------------------------- 4 4. Leaves hairy or slightly hairy underneath --------------------- 5 4. Leaves smooth on both sides ---------------------------------------------- 6 5. Leaves thin, 3 to 5 lobes rounded, smooth, dark green and lustrous above, pale and hairy below; leaf stems slender and smooth; buds chestnut brown, smooth; bark pale and smooth except on old trunks-Sugar Maple ( Acer floridum). 5. Leaves thin, 3 lobes rounded, slightly scalloped, dark yellow green above, bright yellow green and hairy below; leaf stems slender, smooth; buds dark brown, bark light gray except on old trunks; common in northern and central GeorgiaWhitebark Maple ( Acer leucoderme). 6. Leaves often leathery, 3 to 5 lobed, dark green or opaque above, green or pale below, scalloped, leaf stems slender, smooth; buds bright yellow, hairy; bark light gray-brown, broken into deep furrows and small scales; not a common tree; found in the mountains of northern Georgia-Sugar Maple ( Acer saccharum). 6. Leaves thin, deeply 5 lobed, widely notched with rounded lobes, bright pale green above, white and smooth beneath; stems slender, bright red; buds pale green or yellow; bark smooth and gray tinged with red except on old trunks; common in state-Silver Maple ( Acer saccharinum). Maple Hybrids Acer saccharum var. Schnekii. Acer rubrum var. tridens. Acer rubrum var. tomentosum. HORSE CHESTNUT FAMILY HIPPOCASTANACEAE The common name for all of this family is "Buckeye." Horse chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum, introduced from the mountains of Greece, has commonly seven leaves and is used as an ornamental. Fruit of the Buckeye (called "Buckeyes") are often carried as charms. Key to Buclteye Species 1. Leaf stems hairy ----------- ------------------------------------------------------- -- 2 1. Leaf stem smooth -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 2. Leaflets 5, rarely 7, dark yellow green, duller on lower sur- face, few pale hairs on midrib; stems slender, slightly hairy; buds bright yellow or red; bark dark brown, shallow fissues and small scales; common tree of middle and northern Georgia-(Aesculu.q octandra). 2. Leaflets number 5, dark green and lustrous above, lighter color and hairy below; stems grooved and usually hairy; buds reddish brown; bark thin, smooth, pale; found in southeast Georgia-(Aesculus discolor). 36 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 3. Plant a shrub and found near coast, leaflets dark green above, pale yellow green on lower surface; stems slender and smooth; bark light orange brown-(Aesculus pavia). 3. Plant attaining both small and large tree size; found in middle or northern Georgia ----------------------------------------------------- 4 4. Leaflets smooth, few hairs on under side of yellow midrib, yellow green on upper side, paler on lower; buds long and bright yellow; bark dark brown, scaley, old trees rough and plated; tree rare-(Aesculus glabra). 4. Leaflets yellow green above, green and smooth below, orange midrib; buds reddish brown; bark thin, dark brown with small thin scales-(Aesculus georgiana). Two variants of Aesculus georgiana are var. pubescens and var. lanceolata, which names are descriptive of the plants. Aesculus austrina is also a hybrid sometimes known as Aesculus discolor var. mollis. SOAPBERRY FAMILY SAPINDACEAE Chinaberry, sometimes called the China tree (Sapindus marginatus) is found in this state. The berries of this tree turn yellow when ripe, are persistent on the trees in clusters, and are desirable food for birds. Seeds from these berries were often used in making beads by Indians and, when colored, were very attractive. Leaves are compound with dark green and have, as a rule, lustrous leaflets 7 to 13 in number. The bark is reddish brown in color. The inner bark is bitter and was once used for a tonic. BUCKTHORN FAMILY RHAMNACEAE Though Buckthorn is the name of this family, the species found in this state does not contain any thorns or spines. This species is commonly called Indian Cherry, (Rhamnus caroliniana). Its watery juice is bitter, the inner bark acrid. The fruit and bark of this genera furnish yellow and green dyes. The European Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) is widely used as a hedge. Leaves of the Buckthorn are thin, dark yellow green above, paler and somewhat hairy on the lower surface with slender and hairy leaf stems; buds without scales and heavily haired; bark slightly furrowed, ashy gray sometimes marked by large dark blotches. LINDEN FAMILY TILLACEAE Basswood is the only representative of the Linden family in this state. Other names for this tree are-Linden Tree, Linden, Wllistlewood. The tough inner bark of this species is sometimes used in the manufacture of mats, cords, coarse cloths, etc. The wood is valuable for cabinet work, in musical instruments and woodenware. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 37 Key to Basswood Species 1. Leaves not heart-shaped at base ----------------------------------------------- 2 1. Leaves heart-shaped at base ----------------------------------------------------- 3 2. Leaves thin, yellow green aboye, paler below, 3 to 4 inches long, 1%, to 2 inches wide; stems slender and smooth; buds bright red; bark light grayish brown, smooth; found on coast (Tilia littomlis). 2. Leaves dark green, lustrous above, smooth below except rusty hairs on midrib, 3% to 5% inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide; stems slender, smooth; buds sharp pointed, smooth, dark duil red; bark smooth, reddish brown; found southwest Georgia-(Tilia crenosenata). 3. Leaves hairy below ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Leaves smooth below ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5 4. Leaves deeply heart-shaped at base, thick, brown-green and smooth above, hairy below, 4 to 6 inches long, 3% to 5 inches wide; leaf stem stout, smooth; smaller branchlets hairy, stout and reddish brown in color; found in Savannah river valley, from Augusta southward-(Tilia lasioclada). 4. Leaves dark green, smooth above, white hairy below, 3% to 514 inches long, 2 14 inches wide; branchlets brown hairy; stems slender and smooth; buds smooth and flattened; found on Piedmont Plateau of Georgia-(Tilia heterophylla). 5. Leaves thick or leathery, dark dull green, lustrous on lower surface, 5 to 6 inches long, 3 to 4 inches wide; stems slender, smooth; buds dark red; bark light brown and furrowed; found in mountains, rare--(Tilia americana). 5. Tree found in southern part of state ------------------------------------- 6 6. Leaves silvery below, deeply heart-shaped at base, thin, smooth and yellow green above, 3% to 5 inches long, 2% to 3% inches wide; leaf stems slender and smooth; buds dark brown, smooth-(Tilia floridana). 6. Leaves not silvery below, or deeply heart-shaped at base____ 7 7. Leaves slightly heart-shaped at base, dark yellow green, lustrous above, paler below, 2% to 4% inches long, 4% to 2% inches wide; stems stout and smooth; buds wide, smooth; bark reddish brown; branchlets sometimes hairy-(Tilia caroliniana). 7. Leaves usually heart-shaped, sometimes not thick, dull yellow green, smooth above, sometimes slightly hairy below, 2% to 4 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide; leaf stems slender and hairy; buds rusty brown hairy; branchlets pale first year, dark reddish brown second year; tree rare-(Tilia georgiana). Tilia hete1ophylla var. Michaw:cii found rarely in the mountains of northern Georgia. Tilia georgiana var. crinata, sometimes known as Tilia pubescens, distinguished by its thickly matted hairs; found near mouth of Midway river in southern Georgia. 38 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES CAMELLIA FAMILY THEACEAE This tree family is one of the most interesting in the state. William Bartram, in his travels through several states in the southeast, 1773-78, found this plant. He brought cuttings out of the Altamaha swamp, where it was found and from these cuttings, trees of this kind are found in cultivated state over the world. It was said it was found again in 1790, but has not been seen in wild state since then, though many scientists have searched for it. This tree is Gordonia (Gordonia alatarnaha), sometimes called Franklinia. Bartram, who thought it was an entirely new species named it after Benjamin Franklin (Franklinia alatarnaha). This plant is sometimes known as Gordonia pubescens, L'Her. Thus this plant is veritably the lost tree of Georgia. Gordonia lasianthus, known as Loblolly Bay, is common in the southern portion of the state. Description of the two species is as follows: Loblolly Bay (Gordonia lasianthus) - Leaves leathery, notched widely above the middle, dark green, lustrous and smooth, 4 to 5 inches long, Ph to 2 inches wide; leaf stems stout, winged toward apex; buds covered with pale, silky hairs; bark divided into rounded ridges with shallow fissues. Frankalinia (Gordonia alatarnaha) - Leaves with teeth remotely serrate above middle, bright green above, paler below, 5 to 6 inches long, 1% to 2 inches wide; leaf stems stout, wing margined above; buds compressed, reddish brown and hairy; bark smooth, thin, dark brown. NOTE - Description of the Gordonia alatarnaha is given of this species in cultivation. GINSENG FAMILY ARALIACEAE In this family of herbs, vines, shrubs and trees, perhaps the most commonly known of them all is the English Ivy vine (Hedera helix). The only tree representative in this state, however, is commonly called Prickly Ash or Hercules' Club (Aralia spinosa). The common Ginseng, a small plant with very valuable roots, is also commonly known member of the family that bears its name. The distinguishing characteristic of this tree is that the leaves on a single plant may be one, two and three times compound. These leaves are large, sometimes being several feet in length and over half as wide. The twigs and branches are armed with stout, short thorns, and the twigs are roughened by many leaf scars. The wood is very brittle. The branchlets are pithy. Medicine is sometimes made from the bark and berries. BLACKGUM FAMILY NYSSACEAE None of the Black Gum species found in Georgia are important, but are used to some extent in the manufacture of paper and veneer. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 39 All four species occur in swamps, and the sylvatica has been found on hillsides, far from water. This family of trees is confined to eastern North America, western China, Thibet, the Himalayas and the Malay Archipelago, a fact that makes it interesting. Key to Blackgum Species 1. Leaves thick and firm, dark green, lustrous above, pale and often hairy below; 2 to 5 inches long, lh to 3 inches wide; leaf stems bright red, slender; buds bright red; bark light brown with deep fissues; found common and scattered throughout the state-Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica). 1. Leaf stems stout, usually grooved ---------------------------- ----------- 2 2. Leaves thick and firm, dark green lustrous above, pale and slightly downey below, sometimes slightly scalloped, 5 to 7 inches wide; leaf stems hairy; buds bright yellow nearly imbedded in bark; bark thick, light to dark brown slightly roughened by scales; found in swamps from the middle Piedmont to the cost--Tupelo Gum (Nyssa aquatica). 2. Leaves smooth below, not scalloped; buds not yellow; leaf stems smooth; found in vicinity of coast --------------------------- -- 3 * 3. Leaves dark yellow green, lustrous above, paler below, 2 to 4 inches long, to 1 inch wide; buds dark reddish brown; bark gray to dark reddish brown-Water Gum (Nyssa biflora). 3. Leaves thick and firm, dark green lustrous above, paler below, 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 21.6 inches wide; leaf stems grooved; buds heavy hairy, bright red; bark dark brown with small platelike scales-Ogeechee Lime (Nyssa ogeche). DOGWOOD FAMILY CORNACEAE One genus with three main species are represented in this state. The flowering dogwood is perhaps the best known, being distinguished in the spring by its snow white involucre that is commonly thought to be its flower, but the true flower is in the heart of this involucre. The wood of this species is valued where hardness is required, and is used in making spindles, bobbins and other mill supplies. It is used as an ornamental tree and planted over the entire state. The other two species are not as well known as the one mentioned above, but are also attractive. Key to Dogwood Species 1. Leaves alternate, usually clustered at ends of branch, with few )lairs on upper surface, whitish and covered with hairs on lower surface; leaf stems slender, grooved-Alternate Leaf Dogwood (Co1-rms alternifolia). 1. Leaves opposite - ----------------------------------- - - --------------------------- 2 40 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 2. Leaves pale, slightly hairy and white on lower surface; leaf stems grooved, smooth; red berries persistent on tree; twigs bright red or greenish-Flowering Dogwood (Co~nus florida). 2. Leaves thin, pale, roughened by short hail's on the lower surface; stems stout, grooved and hairy; stems duller color; fruit a cluster of dark blue berries; twigs duller color than above-Blue Dogwood (Cornus asperifolia). Cornus florida va~'. 1ubra A. with pink involucre, sometimes ap- pears. HEATH FAMILY ERICACEAE In this family the Sourwood is the only one of the genera that attains a size larger than a shrub in Georgia. Among the best known of this family are the Azalea, Huckleberries, Laurel and Rhododendron. Laurel and Rhododendron are both used for ornamental purposes. They are, however, found wild throughout the mountains and from the middle to the upper Piedmont Plateau. Where they are in profusion, they attract much attention at blossoming time. Key to Heath Species 1. Leaves thin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 1. Leaves thick, leathery and usually firm ------------------------------------ 3 2. Leaves dark green, smooth above, pale and hairy below, especially on yellow midrib; 3 to 4 inches long, 1 to 1lh inches wide; stems slender, flattened; buds chestnut brown, white hairy near apex; bark thin, smooth, pale gray; found near Savannah-Laurel (Elliottia racemosa). 2. Leaves toothed, thin, with sour taste, green lustrous above, few scattered hairs below, 5 to 7 inches long, 1lh to 2% inches wide: stems round, smooth; buds dark red; bark light gray, deeply furrowed; found in upper Piedmont Plateau and mountains. Sourwood (Oxydendrum a1boreum). 3. Plants shrubby, found in mountains, leaf stems grooved or flattened ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 3. Plants found over the state; leaf stems very short or ab- sent; when present, rounded________________________________________________________ 5 4. Leaves thick, leathery, dark green and lustrous above, pale or whitish below, 4 to 12 inches long, 1% to 2lh inches wide; stems stout, ridges above, rounded below; buds pointed, light green, smooth; bark light reddish brown. Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) 4. Leaves thick and ridged, dull green above, light yellow green below, 3 to 4 inches long, 1 to 1lh inches wide; leaf stems slightly flattened; buds light green with scant white hairs; bark dark brown tinged with red. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia). GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 41 5. Leaves thick and firm, pale green, lustrous above with pale scales below, 1 to 3 inches long, 14 to 11h inches wide; leaf stem thick; buds minute, acute with rusty scales; bark red- dish brown divided into ridges; tree of the coast. Lyonia, sometimes called Prickly Ash (Xolisma ferruginea). 5. Leaves leathery, dark green, lustrous above, pale below, 1h to 21h inches long; 1h to 1 inch wide, stem of leaf very short or absent; buds chestnut brown; bark dark red brown; found scattered over state. Sparkle Berry (Vaccinium arboreum). NOTE-A Purple Rhododendron (Rhododend1on catawbiense) is found near the tops of some of the mountains in northern Georgia. SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE) Three species of Bumelia are found in Georgia in the southern part of the state. These are Black Haw (B. tenax), Southern Buckthorn (B. lycoides), and Chittamwood (B. lanuginosa). It may be interesting to note that Bumelia was once the scientific name of the ash. The species is of no commercial importance. Key to the Bumelia 1. Leaves somewhat pointed, bright green and smooth on the upper surface, light green and sometimes covered with pale hairs below, 3 to 6 inches long, % to 2 inches wide; leaf stems slender, slightly grooved, sometimes smooth; buds minute, dark brown, nearly immersed in bark; bark thin red brown and smooth. Southern Buckthorn (Bumelia lycioides). 1. Leaves rounded, dark green above, covered on lower surface with hairs; bark dark brown and divided into ridges______________ 2 2. Leaves thin, dull green above, covered with rusty hairs below, 1 to 3 inches long, 1 to 1% inches wide; stems slender, hairy grooved; buds minute, rusty and hairy; bark with wide flat ridges. Black Haw (Bumelia tenax) 2. Leaves thin, lustrous above, covered with rusty brown and sometimes silvery white hairs below, 1 to 21h inches long, 1-3 to % inch wide; leaf stems slender; bark dark gray brown, divided into narrow ridges. Chittamwood (Bumelia lanuginosa). EBONY FAMILY (EBENACEAE) Persimmon is the only representative of this family in Georgia. Persimmon is used where hard wood is required, as in the manufacture of saddletrees, shuttles, bobbins, golf heads and mallets. The fruit of this tree has a sweet and agreeable taste. It is interesting to note that this family produces some of the valuable ebony of commerce, and also commercial food stuffs. The leaves of the persimmon are leathery, smooth, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with 42 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES stout and sometimes slightly hairy leaf stems. The buds are dark red-brown or purple and lustrous. The bark is broken into dark gray, thick, square plates sometimes tinged with red or brown; the inner bark is bitter. Persimmon-(Diospyros virginiana). STORAX FAMILY STYRACACEAE The Silverbell and Sweetleaf are the common representatives of this family in Georgia. The wood of the species is not commercially important. It makes a very pretty shade tree and is quite attractive when in bloom. Key to Storax Genera and Species 1. Leaves thin, pale green above, very hairy below, leaf stems very hairy; branchlets not pithy; buds hairy; bark close, smooth, dark reddish-brown; tree found on coast. Sweetleaf (Styrax grandifolia). 1. Leaves thicker, dull green above; stems not very hairy; buds not very hairy; bark not smooth; branchlets pithy__________________ 2 2. Tree found in the northern part of the state in the mountains; bark in loose reddish-brown plates; leaves dull, dark green above, pale below; leaf stems smooth; buds bright red. Silverbell (Halesia monticola). 2. Tree found in central and southern portions of state; bark divided by fissues into ridges, not piated; leaf stems hairy_ 3 3. Leaves dark yellow-green above, pale below; leaf stems slightly hairy; buds dark red; bark reddish-brown. Silverbell (Halesia car olina). 3. Leaves thin, light green above, paler and hairy below; stems slender; buds light red and hairy; bark brown tinged with red; found only in extreme southern part of state. Silverbell (Halesia diptera). SYMPLOCUS FAMILY SYMPLOCACEAE One genus having about 300 species belongs to this family. Sweetleaf or Horse Sugar (Symplocos tinctoria) is found in Georgia. The leaves are leathery, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and hairy below, 3 to 5 times as long as wide; leaf stems stout and slightly winged. The buds are light green, sometimes hairy. The bark is ashy gray slightly tinged with red, sometimes roughened by tissues or warty projections. The leaves are sweet to the taste and are desirable as food for cattle and horses. Both leaves and bark produce a yellow dye. The roots are bitter and aromatic and are sometimes used in making a domestic tonic. Widely distributed over the entire state. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 43 OLIVE FAMILY OLEACEAE Perhaps the two best known members of this family are the Ash and the Tea Olive. The Ash is valued as lumber for handles, athletic goods and for other commercial purposes. The Tea Olive is used as an ornamental plant. The tiny, fragrant flower of the Chinese Tea Olive (Osmanthus /ragrens), is used by Chinese to perfume tea. This species is also used as an ornamental shrub in Georgia. Key to Olive Genera 1. Leaves compound, with an unequal number of leaflets, leaflets usually notched, compressed terminal buds much larger than lateral buds; bark light gray, deeply furrowed. Ash ( Fraxinus). 1. Leaves not compound ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 2. Leaves thin, yellow green on upper surface, paler on lower surface; stems slender, often winged above middle; bark close, slightly ridged, dark brown; buds small. Swamp Privet ( F orestiera acuminata). 2. Leaves thick and firm, dark green lustrous above; leaf stems stout, not winged ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 3. Leaves pale below; buds light brown, hairy; bark in tiny brown scales tinged with red; leaves large. Fringe Tree (Chionanthus virginica). 3. Leaves lustrous below as well as above; buds reddish brown; bark dark gray in tiny scales which in dropping disclose an inner bark of cinnamon red. American Tea Olive (Osmanthus americanus). Key to Ash Species 1. Leaflets 5, rarely 3 or 7 in number__________________________________________ 2 1. Leaflets 7 to 9 in number, rarely 5------------------------------------- 3 2. Leaflets broad with rounded appearance, thick and firm, dark green above, paler, sometimes yellow green below; 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide; leaf stems stout; buds chestnut brown, smooth; bark light gray, marked with large irregular patches; found in vicinity of coast. Swamp Ash (Fraxinus caroliniana). 2. Leaflets thick and firm, dark green above, hairy below, 3 to 4 inches long, 1 to 1% inches wide; stems stout; buds rusty and hairy; bark light gray; found in southern part of state. Water Ash (Fraxinus pauciflora). 3. Leaves thick and firm, dark green, lustrous above, hairy below especially on yellow midrib, 3 to 6 inches long, 1% to 2 inches wide; leaf stems stout, usually hairy; buds light brown, hairy; bark rough, dark gray, slightly furrowed; found in mountains of northern Georgia. White Ash (Fraxinus biltmoreana). 3. Leaves thin, midrib not yelloW---------- ------------------- ------ ------- ----- 4 44 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES 4. Leaves dark green above, pale green or slightly hairy below, 3 to 5 inches long, llh to 3 inches wide; leaf stems stout, grooved; buds rusty hairy; bark dark brown or reddishgray, divided into broad flat ridges; tree found over entire state. White Ash (Fraxinus americana). 4. Leaves light yellow-green above, hairy below with silky hairs, 4 to 6 inches long, 1 to 1?1! inches wide; leaf stems slightly grooved, hairy; buds hairy; dark brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed; found in northern and central Georgia. Red Ash (Fraxinus 1Jennsylvanica). Hybrids of Ash Fmxinus Smallii (Variant of White Ash) (F. americana) and Red Ash (F. pennsylvanica). Fraxinus pennsylvanica va1. lanceolata (Variant of Red Ash). FIGWORT FAMILY SCROPHULARIACEAE The Figwort family has only one species of the tree size of vegetation in this state. This is the Paulownia tree. It might be interesting to note that this tree was named for Princess Anna Paulownia, of Russia. Its main characteristic is that of having large catalpa-like leaves, with 3 at a node instead of 2, as has the catalpa as shown in the general key to the families. This tree also has the unique characteristic of having small boles that look like cotton boles. These are clustered and are persistent in clusters in the tree for a large part of the year and sometimes for the entire year. Some of the other representatives of this family are found among common flowers as Mullen, Fox Glove and Snap Dragons. The tree form of this family was introduced and has escaped into the forest. It is found scattered around the edges of towns and farm settlements. Paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa). BIGNONIA FAMILY BIGNONIACEAE The Bignonia Family produces only one genus with two species in this state. These are both known as "Catalpa" or "Indian bean". The family is of no commercial importance in the state, though it is frequently planted as a shade tree. Key to Catalpas 1. Leaves 5 to 6 inches long, 4 to 5 inches wide; buds bright green, hairy; bark light brown with thin irregular scales; a tree of the southern portion of the state. Catalpa bignonioides. 1. Leaves 10 to 12 inches long, 7 to 8 inches wide; buds chestnut brown, slightly hairy; bark darker brown than above with thin scales; found in the northern portion of the state. Catalpa speciosa. GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 45 MADDER FAMILY RUBIACEAE Two genera are found in the state. Each one has one species. South American trees yielding quinine from their bark are numbered among this family. Neither of the two trees found in this state are of any commercial importance. Key to Madder Genera and Species 1. Leaves dark green above, paler below, slightly hairy on both sides; leaf stems stout and covered with slight hairs; bark light brown, bitter in taste; buds dark red brown, minute and nearly immersed in bark; small tree, found on coast, rare. Georgia Bark (Pinckneya pubens). 1. Leaves thin, dark green above, pale and smooth or slightly hairy below, stout yellow midrib often covered with long white hairs; leaf stems stout grooved and smooth; bark dark gray brown and often neady black, divided into broad, flat plates; buds minute, nearly immersed in bark, found over state, common. Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). HONEY SUCKLE FAMILY CAPRIFOLIACEAE The Honey Suckle Family is represented in Georgia in its tree form only as a Black Haw or Viburnum. There are three species in the genus Viburnum. No commercial value is attached to the Black Haw except as an ornamental tree. Key to Black Haw Species 1. Leaves thick, dark green above, pale below, 4 to 6 inches long, liz to 2 inches wide, stems slender; buds reddish brown with rusty scales; found over entire state. Black Haw (Viburnum nudum). 1. Leaves less than 4 inches long, always wider than liz inch, generally rare and locaL______________________________________________________________ 2 2. Leaves leathery, dark green, smooth above, pale below, 1 to 3 inches long, Yz to 3 inches wide; stems grooved, sometimes winged; buds brown, sometimes scaly; bark red brown thickly scaled; tree found in eastern Georgia (rare). Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium). 2. Leaves leathery, dark green above, pale below, 3 inches long, liz to 3 inches wide; stems stout, yellow; buds thickly hairy; bark ridged, divided by cross fissues, dark brown; wood has a repulsive odor. Rusty Black Haw (Viburnum rufidulum) Viburnum nudum var. angustifolimn, a variant of V. N1ldum, may be distinguished from the latter by its smaller leaves. 46 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES LIST OF GEORGIA TREES BY FAMILIES NOTE: While some of the following species given do not attain tree size in Georgia, they are listed as arborescent vegetation by the authorities. PINE FAMILY (PINACEAE) CWohmitme oPninNe_a__m___e______________________________________________________________S__cJi>einntuifsicstNroabmues Shortleaf pine______________________________________________________________Pinus echinata Loblolly pine_______________________________________________________________Pinus taeda Slash pine_______________________________________________________________________Pinus caribaea Longleaf pine_______________________________________________________________Pinus palustris Pitch pine...-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Pinus rigida, Pond pine.- -----------------------------------------------------------------.Pinus serotina ~~;~~epf~~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~==~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~=~~===~~~-~~~~~~-:_]>i-;;~i~i~u~~i!~~ Table mountain pine_________________________________________________________Pinus pungens ~:~ds~~~~~~~~~=~~~~=~~~~==~~=~~~~~~~=~~~=~~=~~~~=~=~~~~~==~~=:~~~=~~~~~~~~~=tic~sa c~b:: White cedar_________________________________________________Chama~cyparis. th1Jojdes Red cedar_______________________________________________________________Juntperus Vtrgmwna Southern red cedar__________________________________________________.luniperus lucayanrt Hemlock -------------------------------------------- ------------------------Tsuga canadensis CBaarldolicnyaprheesms__l_o__c__k__._._._._._._._.-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_---_--_-_-_--_-_-_--_-_-_---_-_-_-_-__-_-T--a-Txsoudgiaumcadroislitncihaunma Pond cypress____________________________________________________________Taxodium ascendens YEW FAMILY (TAXACEAE) Torreya ------------------------------------------------------------------------Torreya taxifolia PALM FAMILY (PALMAE) Cabbage tree_____________________________________________________________.Sabal palmetto LILY FAMILY (LILIACEAE) Spanish bayonet....-------------------------------------------------------------Yucca aloifolia Spanish dagger-----------------------------------------------------------------Yucca gloriosa WILLOW FAMILY (SALICACEAE) Black Wrllow-------------------------------------------------------------------------Salix nigm Black Black WWiillllooww________________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_--S--a--l-i-x---l-o--n-g--i-p--e-s--Svaalrix. vleonnugliopseas Harbison willow _------------------------------------------------------------ Salix Harbisonii Largetooth aspen------------------------------------------------Populus grandidentata Cottonwood ------------------------------------ -------------------------Populus deltoides Swamp Cottonwood-----------------------------~-------------Populus heterophylla Silver poplar--------------------------------------------------------------------Populus alba GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 47 SWEET GALE FA_MILY (MYRICACEAE) Wax myrtle_________________________________________________________________M yrica cerifma CORKWOOD FAMILY (LEITNERIACEAE) Corkwood ------------------------------------------------------------Leitneria florid:xna WALNUT FAMILY (JUGLANDACEAE) :~tc~r~;ln~t~~~~~===~~~~~=~~~~~=~~~~~==~=~=~=~~~~~=~~-~~~~~~~~~-j~z:z:~sci:~;;~ White hickory_________________________________________________________________Carya alba Water hickory___________________________________________________Carya aquatica Shagbark hickory______________________________________________________Carya ovata Shagbark hickory___________________________________Carya ovata var. pubescens Southern shagbark hickory________________________c. carolinae septentrionalis Hickory ___________________________________________________Carya ovalis var. odorata Hickory -------------------------------------------------Carya ovalis var. obovalis BPiigttneurnt uhtichkiockryo_r_Y__-_-__--_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_C__a__r__y_Ca acroyrdaijgol1a"bmrias Pignut hickory__________________________________________Carya glabra var. magacarpa Pignut hickory____________________________________Carya ovalis va1. obcordata Pale hickory__________________________________________________________________Carya pallida Pale leaf hickory___________________________________________Car'ya glabra var. villosa Pignut Hickory--------------------------------------------------------------Carya ovalis BIRCH FAMILY (BETULACEAE) Alder --------------------- ---- -------------- -------------------------Alnus rugosa RYievlleorwbibrcihrc-h--_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-BBeettuullaa nluigteraa Black birch___________________________________________________________Betula lenta Hornbeam ---------------------------------------------------Carpinus Caroliniana Ironwood ---------------------------------------------------------------Ostrya virginiana Hazelnut ----------------- -- ------------------------------- . ---------- Corylus ammicana BEECH FAMILY (FAGACEAE) Beech -----------------------------------------------------------------Fagus grandifolia Chestnut ----------------------------------------------------------------Castanea dentata Chinquapin ------------------------------------------------------------Castanea pumilla Chinquapin ------------------------------------------------------------Castanea alnifolia Chinquapin ---------------------------------- Castanea alnifolia var. floridana WWhhiittee ooaakk.-_-__-_-__-_--_-__-_-__--_--__-_-_-__-_-_-_-__-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-Q---u--e--rQcu1steracuusstrailnbaa Chapman White oak._________________________________________Quercus Chapmanii 48 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES Durand white oak_____________________________________________________________Quercus Durandii Swamp white oak____________________________________________________________Que?cus prinus Chestnut oak_________________________________________________________________Quercus montana PYoeslltowoako_a__k______________________________________-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_Q___u_e__r_c_u_Qs uMeruceuhslesntbelelragtiai Post oak___________________________________________________Que?cus stellata var, margaretta OB vuer roc uapk ..o--a--k--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_Q__u__e_rQcuusernctui csr ol cyar ar pt aa Northern red oak______________________________________________Quercus borealis maxima Shumard red oak___________________________________________________________Quercus Shumardii Spanish oak__________________________________________________________________________Quercus rubra Swamp spanish oak__________________________________Que?cus rubra var. leucophylla Turkey oak____________________________________________________________________Quercus Catesbaei Scarlet oak_______________________________________________________________________Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak_________________________________________ Que?cus coccinea var. tuberculata Georgia oak---------------------------------------------------------------------Quercus georgiana Georgia oak----------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------Quercus Smallii Black Black oak jack --o--a--k--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-Q---u--e-Qrcuuesrcnuws rvilealnudtiincaa Blue jack oak______________________________________________________________________Quercus cine1ea Laurei oak_________________________________________________________________________Quercus laurifolia Water oak_______________________________________________________________________________Quercus nigra i!~~0:a~~~-~~~~-~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~-~-~-----~--~-~--~-~---~-~--~-----~--~~--~~~~~~==~~~~~~~~~~Q~;~c~:c~~Ji~;1~~ L1ve oak_______________________________________________Quercus vtrgtntana var. gemmata MShyinrtglele ooaakk__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_---_-__-_--_-_-_-_-_QQuueerrccuuss immybrrtiicfaorliiaa HHyybbrriidd__-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-Q---u--e-r--c--u-Qs uecracursolcinaednuscias Hybrid ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Quercus dubia Hybrid ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Quercus subintegra Hybrid -------------------------------------------------------------------------Quercus sublaurifolia Hybrid -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Que1cus Ashii Hybrid ------------------------------------------------------------------------Quercus W alteriana Hybrid --------------------------------------------- -------------- --Quercus rubra var. triloba HHyybbrriidd __-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-,-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--__-_-_-_-_Q__u__e__r_c__u__s___r__u__b__r__a____v__aQr .u epracguos d aBeuf os hl iiai Hybrid -------------------------------------------------------------------------Quercus succulenta ELM FAMILY (ULMACEAE) Sugarberry -------------------------------------------------------------------------Celtis laevigata Hackberry ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---Celtis occidentalis Hackberry ___________________________________________________Celtis occidentalis var. canina Hackberry------------------------------------------------Celtis pumilla var. georgiana Water elm_________________________________________________________________________Planera aquatica Winged elm --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ulmus alata White elm------------------------------------------------------------------ -------Ulmus americana Slippery elm_____________________________________________________________________________Ulnws fulva Red elm_______________________________________________________________________________ Ulmus serotina GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 49 MULBERRY FAMILY (MORACEAE) Red mulberry_________________________________________________________________________Morus rubra Pr,per mulberry....................----------------------------------Broussonetia papyri/era Osage Orange -------------------------------------------------------------- M aclura pomifera MAGNOLIA FAMILY (MAGNOLIACEAE) CYuelcluomwbpeorpltarre--e--_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__L__i_rMioadgennodlrioanatcuulmipiinfeartaa Yellow cucumber tree_______________________________________________________Magnolia cordata Mountain magnolia___________________________________________________________Magnolia Fraseri Large ieaf cucumber tree ---------------------------------- Magnolia 'YIUJ,Crophylla 1M\1oaugnnotaliian -m---a--g--n--o--l--i-a-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-MMaaggnnoolliiaa grandiflom pyramidata Umbrella tree ---------------------------------------------- _________________ . Magnolia tripetala Laurel Magnolia __________________________________________________________ Magnolia virginiana CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY (ANONACEAE) Pawpaw ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A simina triloba LAUREL FAMILY (LAURACEAE) Red bay ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- P ersea B orbonia ~:s~Tr~s~a~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::s;;s~;;::: :;~~;;;: WITCH HAZEL FAMILY (H AMEMELIDACEAE) Witch hazeL___________ .... ---------------------------------------H ctmamelis macrophylla Witch hazel .____________________________________________________________ ...Hamamelis virginiana Sweet gum -----------------------------------------------------------Liquidmnbar styraciflua PLANE TREE FAMILY (PLATANACEAE) Sycamore __________________ _ . ..-------------------------------------- Platanus occidentalis ROSE FAMILY (ROSACEAE) Service berry______________ ... _ ------ ------------ . __________ A melanchier canadensis Amelanchier laevi.s 50 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES Red haws_______________________________________________________Crataegus arbo1escens Crataegus Boyntonii Crataegus Chapnuznii Crataegus ingins Crataegus Sargentii Crataegus tomentosa Crataegus Virides Crataegus vulsa Small red haw______________________________________________________ Grataegus spathulata Buck thorn____________________________________________________________________Crataegus algens Crataegus amnicola Crataegus collina Crataegus Mohrii C1ataegus regalis Crataegus punctata Sweet red haw________________________________________________________________Crataegus aprica Crataegus dispar Crataegus flava Crataegus Ravenelii Crataegus trist.is Parsley haw------------------------------------------------------ _________Grataegus apiifolia Plum haw---------------------------------------------------------------Grataegus georgiana Tree haW----------------------------------------------------------------Crataegus drymophila Cockspur thorn__________________________________________________________Crataegus Crus-galli May apple_________________________________________________________________Crataegus aestivalis Crataegus rufula Crab apple________________________________ ----------------------------------- Malus angustifolia Malus b1acteata Malus coronaria var. elongata Laurel cherry___________________________________________________________Prunus caroliniana Wild CherrY---------------------------------------------------------------------Prunus serotina CWhlioldkepcluhemr_r__Y__-_--_-_-_-_-_---_-_-_--_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_--_-_-_-_-__-_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-PPrruunnuuss vaimrgei?niicaannaa Chickasaw plum_________________________________________________________Prunus angustifolia Black sloe____________________________________________________________________Prunus umbellata Prunus umbellata var. injucunda Wild plum____________________________________________________________________Prunus munsoniana LEGUME FAMILY (LEGUMINOSAE) Red bud_________________________________________________________________________Cercis canadensis Honey locust_________________________________________________________________Gleditsia triacanthos Water locust____________________________________________________________.Gleditsia aquatica Kentucky coffee tree________________________________________________Gymnocladus dioicus Mimosa --------------------------------------------------------- ---Leucanea pulverulenta Black locust-----------------------------------------------------------------Robinia pseudoacacia Clammy locust__________________________________________________________________Robinia viscosa Yellowwood -------------------- ---------------------------------------Cladrastis lutea GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 51 RUE FAMILY (RUTACEAE) Prickly ash________________________________________________X anthoxylum clava-Herculis Hop tree.----- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------Ptelea trifoliata QUASSIA FAMILY (S/MARUBACEAE) Tree of Heaven________________________________________________________Ailanthus glandulosa SUMACH FAMILY (ANACARJJIACEAE) -Dsmwoaortfhsusmumacahch--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-___________________________________R__hRuhsucsopgalallbirn'aa ~~;:;r~u!~~;:~~--~~~~~~-~~~~~-~-:_~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~-~~--~~~~:---~~~~~~~----~~~~~~~~~~~:h~s trfe~~i~ CYRILLA FAMILY (CYRILLACEAE) c Ironwood ------------------ --------------------------- ---------------Cyrilla racemiflora Titi --------------------------------- -------------------------------______ lif tonia monoph ylla HOLLY FAMILY ( AQUIFOLIACEAE) Dahoon ---------------------------------------------------------------------------/lex cassine Holly --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------llex opaca Deciduous holly----------------------------------------------------------------------Jlex decidua Largeleaf hollY-------- ------------------------------------------------------- -./lex monticola Cassena -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ilex vomitoria STAFF TREE FAMILY (CELASTRACEAE) Wahoo --------------------------------------------------------------Evonymus atropu1pureus MAPLE FAMILY (ACERACEAE) Sugar maple_______________________________________________________________________Acer floridum BWohxiteel-dbearr-k---m---a-p---l-e--__--_--_--_-_-_--_-_-__-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_--__-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-___-_-_A-c-e-Ar cleeurcnoedguuernmdoe Striped maple_____________________________________________________Acer pennsylvanicum Red maple__________________________________________________________________________ ___Acer rubrum Ace1 rubr'um var. tomentoswm Silver maple_______________________________________________________A___c__e__r___r_u_Abrcuemr svaacrc.hatrriidneunms Sugar maple___________________________________________________________________Acer saccharum Acer saccharum var Schneckii 52 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES HORSE CHESTNUT FAMILY (HIPPOCASTANACEAE) Buckeye _______________________________:______________________________________________ Aescullts discolor Aesculus georgiana Aesculus georgiana var. pubescens A esculus georgiana var. lanceolata Aesculus austrina Aesculus octandra Aesculus pavia Horse chestnut_______________________________________________________Aesculus hippocastanum Fetid Buckeye__________________________________________________-c____________ A es culus g labm SOAPBERRY FAMILY (SAPINDACEAE) Chinaberry -----------------------------------------------------------------Sapindus marginatus BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RHAMNACEAE) Indian cherry---------------------------------------------------------------Rhamnus caroliniana LINDEN FAMILY (TILIACEAE) White basswood______________ __________________ ______Tilia ame1icana Basswood ----------------------------------------------------------------- ______ _Tilia carolinianx Tilia crenoserrata Tilia floridana Tilia georgiana Tilia georgiana var. crinata Tilia heterophylla Tilia heterophylla va1. Michauxii Tilia lasioclada Tilia littoralis CAMELLIA FAMILY (THEACEAE) Franklinia --------------------------------------------------------_ . --- Gorclonia alatamaha Loblolly Bay------------------------------------------------------ ___________Gordonia lasianthus GINSENG FAMILY ( ARALIACEAE) Prickly ash____________________________________________________________________________A ralia spinosa BLACKGUM FAMILY (NYSSACEAE) Tupelo gum__________________________________________________________________________ Nyssa aquatica Black gum________________________________________________________________________ Nyssa sylva tica GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE 53 DOGWOOD FAMILY (CORNACEAE) Alternate leaf dogwood~-~~~~~-~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~--~-~--~~~Comus alternifolia Purple dogwood~~~~~~~~- ~~~~~~~-~~--~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~Comus asperifolia Flowering dogwood~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Comus florida Comus florida var. rubra HEATH FAMILY (ERICACEAE) Lyonia ~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~-~~--~~-~~- ___ ~- _-----~--~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~-~~-~~~Xolisma ferruginea Lau rei ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~-~-~- ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~-~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Elliottia racemosa Mountain IaureL~~~~~~~-~~~--~~~~~~-~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~Kalmia latifolia Sourwood ~-~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~-~~-~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~--Oxydendrum arboreum Rhododendron ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-Rhododendron maximum Purple rhododendron __~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-Rhododendron catawbiense Sparkle berrY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-----------------------------~--------------Vaccinium arboreum SAPODILLA FAMILY (SAPOTACEAE) Chittam wood---~---~-------~~---~-~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~-~-~~~----~~~~-Bumelia lanuginosa Buckthorn ~~--~~~-~~~--~---~~-----~-----~----~-------~~~-~~~~~~---------~~~~--------Bumelia lycioides Black haw~-~------~---~~--~-- --~-~--~----~----~-~--~~--~~--~~~~~~-~~--~-~- ______________B u melia tenax EBONY FAMILY (EBENECEAE) Persimmon -------------~--~~~~---~~-~------~--~~~--~~~-~-~--~--~~---~--~~~-Diospyros virginiana STORAX FAMILY (STYRACACEAE) Silverbell -----------~-~-~~--~~-~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~------------~~---~~~---~--~~~~~~ H alesia carolina H alesia monticola H alesia diptera Sweetleaf ~~~-~-------~~~-------------~---~~~-------~~~~-~- -----~~ -~~-------- Styrax grandifolia SYMPLOCUS FAMILY (SYMPLOCACEAE) Horse Sugar~~-~-----~~- ___ ---- ------- ---------~--~~~~~~~~~~~~--~-~-- ____Symplocos tinctoria 54 KEY TO GEORGIA TREES OLIVE FAMILY (OLEACEAE) American Tea Olive_____________________________________________Qsmanthus americanus Fringe tree____________________________________________________________Chionanthus virginica Swamp privet------------------------------------------- ------------ Forestiera acuminatct White ash ------------------------------------------------------------------Fraxinus americana Fraxinus Smallii Red ash_______________________________________________________________FraFxrianxuisnupsebninlstmylovraenaincaa Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata Water ash_____________________________________________________________________Fraxinus pauciflora Swamp ash________________________________________________________________Fraxinus caroliniana FIGWORT FAMILY (SCROPHULARIACEAE) Paulownia ------------------------------------------------------------------Paulown ia tomentosa BIGNONIA FAMILY (BlGNONIACEAE) Catalpa ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa speciosa MADDER FAMILY (RUBIACEAE) GBueottrogniabuBshar-k--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_C__e__p_h__a_lPaninthcuksnoecycaidpeunbtaelniss HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY (CAPRIFOLIACEAE) Black haw_______________________________________________________________________Viburnum nudum Viburnum nudum var. angustifolium Viburnum prunifolium Rusty black haw------------------------------------------------------Viburnum rufidulum INDEX INDEX TO COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES NAME PAGE Acer fioridum ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35, 51 Acer leucoderme ----------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Acer negundo -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Acer pennsylvanicum ---------------------------------------------------------- 34, 51 Acer platanoides ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Acer pseudoplatanus --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 AAcceerr rruubbrruumm -v--a-r-.---t-o--m---e--n-t-o--s--u-m---_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__- 3354,, 5511 Acer rubrum var. tridens______________________________________________________________________35, 51 Acer saccharinum ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Acer saccharum ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Acer saccharum var. Schneckii ------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Aceraceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 34, 51 Aesculus austrina ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36, 52 Aesculus discolor - ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 52 Aesculus discolor var. mollis ------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 Aesculus georgiana --------- ------------------------------------------------------------ 36, 52 Aesculus georgiana var. lanceolata -------------------------------------------------- 36, 52 Aesculus georgiana var. pubescens -------------------------------------------- 36, 52 Aesculus glabra ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36, 52 Aesculus hippocastanum --------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 52 Aesculus octandra -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 52 Aesculus Pavia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36, 52 Ailanthus glandulosa --------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Alder ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19,47 Alnus rugosa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19, 47 Alternate-leaf Dogwood -------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 39, 53 Amelanchier ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Amelanchier canadensis ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Amelanchier laevis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 American Elm ---- ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- 20 American Tea Olive ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 Anacardiaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 33, 51 Anonaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10, 26,49 Apple, Crab ----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Apple, May -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- 29, 50 Aquifoliaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 6, 33, 51 Aralia spinosa ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------ 7, 38, 52 Araliaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 38, 52 Ash ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 43 Ash, Prickly ------------------------------------------------------- 7, 32, 38, 41, 51, 52 Ash, Red ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44, 54 Ash, Swamp ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 Ash, Water -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Ash, White ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 44, 54 Asimina triloba -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26, 49 Aspen ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 14 Aspen, Large-tooth --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Bald Cypress ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Bark, Georgia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Basswood ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 36, 37, 52 Bay --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 26, 27, 49 Bay, Loblolly ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 38, 52 Bay, Red -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27, 49 Bay, Swarnp ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27, 49 Bayonet, Spanish ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14,46 Beech ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 21, 24, 47 Beech Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21, 47 Betula ----------------------- ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 9 Betula lenta ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19,47 Betula Iutea --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19, 47 Betula nigra ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19, 4 7 Betulaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 18, 47 Bignonia Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44, 54 Bignoniaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 44, 54 Birch ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 18 Birch Family -------------- ------------------ -------------------------------------------------- 18,47 Birch, Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18,19, 47 Birch, River ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18, 19, 47 Birch, Yellow ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18, 19, 47 Bitternut Hickory -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Biack Birch ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19, 47 Black Haw ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 7, 41, 45, 53, 54 Black Haw, Rusty ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45, 54 Black Gum ------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- 10, 38, 39, 52 Black Gum Family ------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 38,52 Black Jack Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 21, 23,48 Black Locust ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 31, 50 Black Oak ---- - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Black 0 aks -------------------------------------------------------------.---------------------------- 21 Black Sloe ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30, 50 Black Walnut --------------------------------------------------------------------------________ __ 16, 47 Black Willow ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Blue Dogwood --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 40, 53 Blue Jack Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Box Elder ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 35, 51 Broussonetia papyrifera --- ------------------------- ---------------------------- 8, 20, 21, 49 Buckeye -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 35 Buckeyes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------_______---- _____. 35 Buckthorn -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28,50, 53 Buckthorn, European ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Buckthorn, Southern -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Buckthorn Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36, 52 Bumelia ----------------------------------------------- ___---------------------- ---------------______ 41 Bumelia lanuginosa -------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 10, 41, 53 Bumelia lycioides ------------------------------------------------------------------------ _____ 41, 53 Bumelia tenax ------------ ----------------------------------------------------- 6, 10, 41, 53 ii NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Burning Bush ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Butternut --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16, 47 Buttonbush -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Cabbage Tree ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 C?bbage Palmetto --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 13 Caprifoliaceae ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 45, 54 Carolina Hemlock --------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Carolina Poplar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Carpinus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Carpinus caroliniana --------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 19, 47 Carya -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 Cl!_rya alba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Carya aquatica ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17,47 Carya carolinae-septentrionalis ---------------------------------------------------- 16, 47 Carya cordiformis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Carya glabra ------------------------- ------------------ --------------------------------- 17,47 CC?a-rryyaa ggllaabbrraa vvaarr.. mvilelogsa_a_c__a__r_p__a___-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-__-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-__-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- 1177,,4477 Carya ovalis ------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16, 47 Carya ovalis var. obcordata ------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Carya ovalis var. obovalis ----------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Carya ovalis var. odorata ---------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Carya ovata --------------------------------------------------------------- -------- ------- -- 16, 47 Carya ovata var. pubescens ------------------------------------------------------------ 17, 47 Carya pallid::~, ------------ ------------------------------------ ----------- ----------------------- 17, 47 Cassena --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- -- 5, 33, 51 Cassena Berry -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 33, 51 Castanea --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 Castanea alnifolia -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 47 Castanea alnifolia var. floridana ------------------------------------------------- 22,47 Castanea crenata ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 C_:~,stenea dentata ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 47 Castanea pumilla --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22,47 Catalpa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 44, 54 Catalpa bignonioides ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 44, 54 Catalpa speciosa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44, 54 Cedar _--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 CCeeddaarr,, RSeodut--h--e--r-n----R---e--d--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-___1__1_, 4466 Cedar, Stinking ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Cedar, White ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11,46 g:~~i~tr~~-~~-~---=:::::::=::::::::::==::::=::=::=::::=::::::::::::::=::=::::::::::::::::=:::__~:-~~ r~ Celtis laevigata ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Celtis occidentalis ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Celtis occidentalis var. canina ------------------------------------------------------ 20, 48 Celtis pumilla var. georgiana ---------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Cephalanthus occidentalis --------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Cercis canadensis ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Chamaecyparis thyoides ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 Chapman White Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------- 23,47 g~:~~~. cii-~k~---~=:::=:=::::==::::::::=:=:=::::::=::::::::=:=::::=:::=:=:::__:~~-=~ gg: gg iii NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Cherry, Indian ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 36, 52 Cherry, Laurel ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Cheny, Wild Black ---------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Chestnut ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 21, 22,47 Chestnut, Japanese ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 2~f:~~~!w0P~u~---::::::=:=~:::::::~:::::::::=::::::::::::::=::::::=:::=::::::::~::::::::::: ~g; ~~ Chinaberry ------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 36, 52 China Tree ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Chinese Sumach -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Chinese Tea Olive ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 43 Chinquapin -----------------------------------------------------------------------------.---- 22, 47 Chionanthus virginica ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 43, 54 Chittamwood ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 10, 41, 52 gr;%:a~fse~~~e~--~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::=::::::=:-~:::==::::::::::::==::::--7, ~~; ~~ Clammy Locust ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Cliftonia monophylla ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 33, 51 g~~:!o~e~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~~~=~~~~~=~~:~~=~~::::::~===:=~~~ ~!: ~~ Corkwood Family ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18, 47 Cornaceae --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 10, 39, 53 Cornus alternifolia ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 40, 53 Cornus asperifolia -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 40, 53 CCoorrnnuuss fflloorriiddaa v--a--r--.---r-u-b---r-a--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_--_-__-_-__-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--__-_-_-_ 4400., 5533 Corylus americana -------------------------------------------------------------------- 18, 47 Cottonwood --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 14, 15, 46 g~;tn;;;l~ -~:~~-~-=::::=::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::=:::==:::::::::::::::::::=:== ~~: :g Crataegus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28, 29, 50 Crataegus aestivalis ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus algens ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 50 g~:~~:!~: ~;m~~l~ ==:::::=::::::=::::=::::=:::=::===::=:=::::=:::=::::::== ~g: ~~ Crataegus aprica --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus arborescens ---------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus Boyntonii ------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus Chapmanii --------------------------------- ----------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus collina --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 50 Crataegus Crus-galli ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29, 50 Crataegus dispar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus drymophylla ---------------------- ------------------------ --- --- ---------- 29, 50 Crataegus flava ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus georgiana -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus Mohrii ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 28, 50 Crataegus punctata ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus Ravenelii ------------------------------------------------------------------ 29, 50 Crataegus regalis -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 50 Crataegus rufula ------------------------------------------------- ---- -------------------- 29,50 Crataegus Sargentii ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29, 50 Crataegus spathulata ---------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus tomentosa ----------------------------- ----------------------------------------- 29, 50 iv NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Crataegus tristis ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus Virides --------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Crataegus vulsa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Cucumber Tree -------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26,49 Cucumber Tree, Large-leaf ------------------------------------------------------ 10, 25, 49 Custard Apple Family ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 26, 49 Cypress ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6, 10, 12, 13 Cypress, Bald ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Cypress, Pond ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Cyrilla Family ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Cyrilla racemiflora ----------------------------------------------------------------- 33, 51 Cyrillaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6, 32, 51 Dagger, Spanish -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 46 Dahoon ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 33, 51 gT~!~~~~= ~~~lni~~~---~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::--10, ~~: ~~ Dogwood Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39, 53 Dogwood, Alternate-leaf ------------------------------------------------------- 10, 39,53 DDooggwwoooodd,, FBllouwe e--r-i-n--g----_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_ 77,, 4400,, 5533 Durand White Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Dwarf Sumach --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32,51 Ebenaceae --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 41, 53 Ebony Family -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- 41, 53 Elder, Box ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 35, 51 Elliottia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 10 Elliottia racemosa ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40, 53 Elm, American ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 Elm Family ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19, 20, 48 Elm, Red ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Elm, Slippery ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Elm, Water ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19, 48 Elm, White ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 Elm, Winged ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ 20, 48 Erythrobalanus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Ericaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 8, 10, 40, 53 European Buckthorn -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Evonymus atropurpureus ------------------------------------------------------------------- 34, 51 Fagaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 8, 21, 25, 47, 48 Fagus -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Fagus grandifolia -----------------------------------------------------------------------,-- 8, 24 Fagus grandifolia var. caroliniana ----------------------------------------------- 24,47 Fetid Buckeye ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Figwort Family ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 44, 54 Flowering Dogwood ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 40, 53 Flowering Magnolia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Forestiera ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 43, 54 Forestiera acuminata ------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 43, 54 ~~~~tli~i: ;;i~t~-;~h~-~:::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::==:=::::::=::::::::::::::=:::__~~ i~ Fraxinus -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 43 v NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Hemlock, Carolina ----------------------------------------------------- ________________________ 13, 46 Hercules Club ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 Hickory --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 47 Hickory, Bitternut ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16, 47 Hickory, Pale ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Hickory, Pale-leaf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Hickory, Pignut ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Hi, 17, 47 Hickory, Shagbark ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16, 47 Hickory, Water ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Hickory, White ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Hippocastanaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 35, 52 Holly --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 32 Holly, Deciduous ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33, 51 Holly, Largeleaf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34, 51 Holly Family ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _ 33, 51 Honey Locust ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Honeysuckle Family ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ____ 45, 54 Hop Tree ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ _ 32, 51 Hornbeam ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 19, 47 Horse Chestnut ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ______ 35 Horse Chestnut Family ---------------'--------------------------------------------------- 35, 52 Horse Sugar ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 42, 53 Ilex -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- 33 Ilex cassine --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 33, 51 I1ex decidua ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33, 51 Ilex monticola ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34, 51 Ilex opaca ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5, 33, 51 Ilex vomitoria ---------------- --------------------------------------------------------- 5, 03, 51 Indian Bean --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44, 54 Indian Cherry ---------------------------------------------------------- ---- _______ 9, 36, 52 Ironwood --------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 10, 18, 19, 33, 47, 51 Japanese Chestnut --------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- . .._. 21 J uglandaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7, 15, 47 J uglans ------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------- __ 16 J uglans cinerea ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16, 47 J uglans nigra ------------------------------------------------------~------------------------- 16, 47 Juniperus lucayana -------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Juf\iperus virginiana ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 13, 46 Kalmia -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ 40 ~:~~~~k~a~~~~! T";~~--:::::_~--~:~:~~~~:~:~~~~:~~::::_~~:--:-~:::::~:~::::::::~:::~-:~-~--7, i~; ~Z Large-leaf Cucumber Tree ------------------------------------------------------ 10, 25, 49 t:~~~c;:~ot~---~-~~-~~--:::=::=:=:=:::~:::::::::::=::~:~~::::=:::::::=:::::::::--5;-9, ~~: !~ ti~~:l ~~~~~i;~::::::=::::=:::::=:::=:=:: : : : : =::=::=::=::=:::::::::::::::::- ~: ~~: !g Laure! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 40, 53 \ Laurel, Mountain ----------------------------------------------- - -- - ----------------------- 40, 53 vii NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Laurel Oak -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 23, 48 Leaf, Sweet --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10,42, 53 Leatherwood ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Leguminosae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7, 8, 30, 50 Legume Family ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Leitneria ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10, 18 Leitneria floridana -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18, 47 t:~\~~~:1C:~~s ::::::::::::::::=-~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::__~~:-~~ ~I Leucaena pulverulenta ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 31, 50 Liliaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 14, 46 Lily Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 46 Lime, Ogeechee -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39, 53 Linden --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _ 36 Linden Family -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36, 37,52 Linden Tree ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Liquidambar styraciflua ------------------------------------------------------- 8, 27, 28, 49 Liriodendron tulipifera ------------------------------------------------------------ 8, 25, 49 Live Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 23, 48 Loblolly Bay -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 38, 52 Loblolly Pine ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11, 12, 46 Locust ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 8, 31 Locust, Black --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Locust, Clammy ---------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 31, 50 Locust, Honey -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Locust, Water ------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Lombardy Poplar ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Longleaf Pine ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Lyonia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41, 53 Maclura pomifera --------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 20, 21, 49 Madder Family --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Magnolia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 25, 26, 49 Magnolia Family --------- --------------------------------------------------------------- 25, 26, 49 Magnolia acuminata ------------------------ ------------------------------------------ 10, 26, 49 Magnolia cordata ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26, 49 Magnolia Fraseri --------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26, 49 Magnolia grandiflora ------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 10, 26, 49 Magnolia macrophylla -------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 25,49 Magnolia pyramidata ------------------------------------------- __________________________10, 26, 49 Magnolia tripetela ------------------------------------------------------------------10, 26, 49 Magnolia virginiana ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26, 49 Magnolia, Mountain -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26, 49 Magnolia, Laurel ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26, 49 Magnoliaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 8, 10, 25, 49 Maidenhair Tree ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------___ 11 Malus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Malus angustifolia --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 29, 50 Malus bracteata --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Malus coronaria var. elongata ------------------------------------------ ________________ 29, 50 Maple ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- _ 34 Maple Family ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- 34, 35, 51 Maple, Norway --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Maple, Pennsylvania ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 viii NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Maple, Red ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34, 51 Maple, Silver --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Maple, Striped ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34, 51 Mapie, Sugar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Maple, Sycamor2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _ 34 Maple, Whitebark ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Maples, Hard ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Maples, Soft -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 May Apple ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Mimosa ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 31, 50 Mock Orange ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Moraceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 9, 20 Morus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 20 Morns rubra ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 21, 49 Mountain L~u rei --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40, 53 Mountain Magnolia --------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26,49 Mulberry ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8, 20 Mulberry Family -----------------------------------------------------------------------------. 20. 49 Mulberry, Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20, 21,49 Mulberry, Red --------------------------------------------------------------------- ____ 20, 21, 49 Mulberry, White ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ____ 20 Myrica -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 17 Myrica cerifera --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Myrica r_ubra .................------------------------------------------------------------------ .. . 17 Myricaceae ---------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 5, 17, 4 7 Myrtle --------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------------------- 17 Myrtle, Wax ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------__ 17, 47 Myrtle, Oak --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 24, 48 Norway Mapie ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------.. 34 Nyssa --------------------------- .......---------------------------------------------------------------------__ 10 Nyssa aquatica ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39, 52 Nyssa biflora -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------.... 39, 53 Nyssa Ogeche ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39,53 Nyssa sylvatica ------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 39, 52 Nyssaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10,38, 52 Oak --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Oak, Black ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24,48 Oak, Black Jack ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 21, 23, 48 Oak, Blue Jack --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Oak, Bur ----- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 8!~; 8~eit~:t__~~~~~--~~-~---~~~~~~-~~~-~-~~--~~~~~::_~~~~::_~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~::_~~~~~~~~~~~::_~~~~ ~~: !~ 8:t: g~~:;i~ ~~~-~--=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~!: !~ 8!~: tf:er~-~~::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~; ~~; ~~ ~ ~: f~!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:tii ix NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE 0 ak, Shingle ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 g~t: ~~~r::i~~di!___~~~-~~~~~~:~~~~:~:~::::::~=:~=::~:~~~:=~=~::::~:=:::::~:::::::~:::~::::: ~!: !~ Oak, Swamp Spanish ---------------------------------------------------------------------------_ 48 Oak, Swamp White ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Oak, Turkey ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Oak, Water ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24, 48 Oak, \Vhite ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 47 Oak, Willow ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Oak, Yellow ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Oaks, Black ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 0 aks, White ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Ogeechee Lime ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39, 53 Oleaceae ------------------------ --------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- 5, 6, 7, 43, 54 Olive Family --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 Olive, Tea --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 43 Olive, Chinese Tea -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Osage Orange ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9, 20, 21 , 49 Ora nge, Wild ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 Osmanthus ---------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Osmanthus americanus ------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 43, 54 Osmanthus fragrens ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ______ 43 Ostlya virginiana -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 19, 47 Overcup Oak --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 48 Oxydendrum arboreum ------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 8, 40, 53 P a!e Hickory _________ --------------------------------------------------------------------- ___ 17, 4 7 Pale-leaf Hickory ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Palmae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5, 13, 46 Palm Family ______----------------------------------------------------------------------________ 13, 46 P a lmaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13 P aImetto ------------ ------ -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 5, 13 Palmetto, Cabbage --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 13 P aper Mulberry -------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- 20 P aradise T ree ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32 P a rsley Haw ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- 29, 50 P~wpaw ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 26, 49 Pea Family ---------------------------------------- 30, 50 Paulownia ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 44, 54 P a ulownia tomentosa ------------------------------------------------'---------------- 6, 44, 54 Pennsylv!_!nia lVIapie ------------------------------------------------------------------ 34 P ersea ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------- ____ 5 Persea Borbonia --------------------- ---------------- ---------- ------------------- --------- 27, 49 P ersea palustris --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27, 49 P ersimmon ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10,41, 53 Picea r ubra ------------ ------------------------------ ------- ---------------------------------- 11, 46 Pignut Hickory ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 16, 17, 47 Pinaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 6, 10, 46 Pinckneya pubens ----------- --------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Pines ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 12 Pine Family ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- 10, 13, 46 Pine, Loblolly ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Longleaf ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Southern Yellow -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 11 X NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Pine, Pitch ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Pond --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Sand -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Scrub ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Shortleaf ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Slash ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, Spruce ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11, 13, 46 Pine, Table Mountain ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pine, White ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pines, Pitch --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Pines, Soft ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Pinus, caribaea ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus clausa ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus echinata -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus glabra ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Pinus palustris ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus pungens ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12, 46 Pinus rigida -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus serotina ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus strobus --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus taeda ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12, 46 Pinus virginiana -----------------------------------------------------------~-------------- 12, 46 Pitch Pine --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Pitch Pines ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Planera aquatica -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19, 48 Plane Tree ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Plane Tree Family ---------'--------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 49 Platanaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 28,49 Platanus occidentalis --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 28, 49 Plum -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 30, 50 ~~~~: ~~!k~~~-~--::::::::::~==:::::::::::::::::::::::==:=::=::::=:::::=::::::=::::::::::: ~~: ~g Plum, W!i.ld ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Poison Sumach --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Pond Cypress --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- 13, 46 Pond Pine -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Poplar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 25 Poplar, Carolina ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Poplar, Lombardy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Poplar, Silver -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 46 Poplar, Silver-leaf --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Poplar, White ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Poplar, Yellow ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 14, 25,49 Populus ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------- 9, 14, 15 Populus alba -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 14, 46 Populus canadensis var. Egenie --------------------------------------------------- 14 Populus deltoides ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15, 46 Populus grandidentata -------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Populus heterophylla ------------------------------ ----------------------------------- 15, 46 Populus nigra var. Italica ---------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Post Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 48 Prickly Ash ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7, 32, 41, 51 Privet, Swamp ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 43, 54 xi NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Prunus americana --------------------------------------- -------------- --- 30, 50 Prunus angustifolia ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Prunus caroliniana -------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 30, 50 Prunus Munsoniana ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Prunus serotina --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Prunus umbellata ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ 30, 50 Prunus umbellata var. injucunda ----------------------- ------------------------- 30,50 Prunus virginiana ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30, 50 Ptelea trifoliata ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Purple Rhododendron ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 41, 53 Quassa Family -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 32, 51 Quercus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 Quercus alba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 47 Quercus Ashii ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus austrina ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22, 47 Quercus borealis maxima ------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Quercus Bushii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25, 48 Quercus caduca ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus caroliniensis --------------------------------------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus Catesbaei -------------------------------------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus Chapmanii -------------------------------------------------------------------- 23,47 Quercus cinerea ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Quercus coccinea -------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------- 23, 48 Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata ------------------------------------------------ 25, 48 Quercus dubia ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 25, 48 ~~:~~~: ~~:rii~~a ::=~-~::::::=:==::::::=:::::::::::~-====:::=::::=:::::::::::=:: ~~: !~ Quercus imbricaria -------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Quercus laurifolia ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 23, 48 Quercus lyrata ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22, 48 Quercus marilandica ----------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Quercus microcarpa ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus montana ---------------- ------- ----------- ----------- - ------------------------------- 23, 48 Quercus Muehlenbergii ---------------------------------- ------------- ----- ----- ----- 23, 48 Quercus myrtifolia ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 24, 48 Quercus nigra -------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Quercus Phellos ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23, 48 Quercus prinus --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Quercus rubra ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Quercus rubra var. leucophylla ------------------------------------------------------ 25, 48 Quercus rubr!!, var. pagodaefolia ---------------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus rubra var. triloba ------------------------------ ----------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus Shumardii ------------------------------------------------------ ---- --------- 24, 48 Quercus Smallii --------------- --------- ------------ ----- -- ----------------- 26, 48 Quercus stellata ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22,48 Quercus stellata var. Margaretta --------------------------------------- 25, 48 Quercus subintegra ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26, 48 Quercus sublaurifolia ------------------------------------------------------------------ 26, 48 Quercus succulenta ------------------------------------------------------------ 25, 48 Quercus velutina --------------------------- --------------------------------------- 24, 48 Quercus virginiana ----- ------ ----------------------------------------------- 6, 23, 48 Quercus virginiana var. geminata -- -- ----------------------- ------------------ 25,48 Quercus Walteriana -------------------------------------- - - ------- ------- ------- 25,48 xii NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Red Ash --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44, 54 Red Bay --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27,49 Redbud -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Red Cedar ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 13, 46 Red Elm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Red Haw - -------------------- -----------,----------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Red Maple ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- 34, 51 Red Mulberry -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 21,49 Red Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Red Spruce --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 46 Rhamnaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9, 36, 52 Rhamnu!l caroliniana ------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 36, 52 Rhamnus cathartica ------------------------------------------------------------------ 36 Rhododendron -----~-------------------------------------------------~-------------------- 40, 53 Rhododendron catawbiense ------------------------------------------------------------ 41, 53 Rhododendron maximum ------------------------------------------ ---------------- 40, 53 Rhododendron, Purple ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 41, 53 Rhus copallina ------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Rhus glabra --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Rhus typhina ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Rhus vernix ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32, 51 River Birch ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19, 47 Robinia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 31 Robinia pseudoacacia ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Robinia viscosa -- - ------------------------------------------------------------------- --- 31, 50 Rosaceae ---- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 6, 9, 28, 49 Rose Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28, 49 Rue Family --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 51 Rubiaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7, 45, 54 Rusty Black Haw -------------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Rutaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 31, 51 Sabal ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Sabal palmetto ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------- 5, 13, 46 Salicaceae -------------------------------------------------------------------- --- ------- 9, 14, 46 Salix --------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- --- 9, 14, 15 Salix babylonica -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 46 Salix Harbisonii ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Salix longipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Salix longipes var. venulosa --------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Salix nigra ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Sand Pine --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Sapindaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 36, 52 Sapindus marginatus ------------------------------------- ------------------------- 36, 52 Sapodilla Family ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------- 41, 53 Sapotaceae --------------------- --------------------------------------------- ------- 6, 10, 41, 53 Sassafrass ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 27, 49 Sassafrass officinale -------------------------------------------------------------------- 27, 49 Scarlet Oak ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24, 48 Scrophulariaceae --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 44, 54 Scrub Pine --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Service Berry ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Shagbark Hickory --------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------- 16, 47 Shagbl!rk Hickory, Southern --------------------------------------------------------- 46 Shingle Oak ----------------------------------- -------------- -------------------------------- 24, 48 xiii NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Shortleaf Pine ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11, 12, 46 Shumardii Red Oak ------------------------------------------------------------ 24, 48 Silverbell -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 42, 53 Silver Mapie -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 Silver Poplar ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 46 Silverieaf Poplar --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Simaroubaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 32, 51 Slash Pine --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Slippery Elm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Sloe ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Sloe, Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Small Red Haw ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29,50 Smooth Sumach -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Soapberry Family ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 36, 52 Soft Maples --------------------------------- ------- ----------------------------------------------- 34 Soft Pines --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Sourwood ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 40, 53 ~~~~~~~ ~~~k6~~~~ ~=~~=~~~~=~~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~~:~~~~::~~~~~=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~= ~~ Spanish Bayonet ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14, 46 Spanish Dagger ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 14, 46 Spanish Oak ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24, 48 Sparkleberry ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41, 53 Spruce ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 Spruce, Red --------------------------------------- ------------------------- -------------- 11, 46 Spruce Pine ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 15, 46 Staff Tree Family ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4, 34, 51 Staghorn Sumach -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Stinking Cedar ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 ~~r;:d F~~~}~ ~:=::::::=::=::=::::::=:=:::~~::::::=::::=:===::::::::::=:::::::::::=:: !i: ~~ ~~~~:~ac~~~-~::~~:=::::::~:::=:::=:::=:::::=::::::::::::::=::==:=::::::::::::::::__~:-=~:-~= ~~ Styrax grandifolia -------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ 42, 53 Sugarberry --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Sugar, Horse ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42, 53 Sumach ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 32 Sumach, Chinese ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Sumach, Dwarf ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32, 51 Sumach, Poison ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32, 51 Sumach, Smooth ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32, 51 Sumach, Staghorn --------------------------------------------------------------------- --- 32, 51 Swamp Ash -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 Swamp Bay ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- 27, 49 Swamp Cottonwood ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Swamp Privet ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 Swamp Spanish Oak ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Swamp White Oak -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Sweet Red Haw ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Sweet Gale Family ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- 17, 47 Sweetgum --- -------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 27, 28,49 Sweetleaf ----------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- 10, 42, 53 Sycamore -------------- --- ------------------------------------------------------------- 8, 28, 49 Sycamore Maple -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 xiv NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Symplocus ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 Symplocus tinctoria --------------------------------------------------------------- 42, 53 Symplocaceae ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 8, 42, 53 Symplocus Family --------------------------------------------------------- 42, 53 Table Mountain Pine --------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 Taxaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 13, 46 Taxodium ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6, 12 Taxodium ascendens -------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Taxodium distichum ----------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Tea Olive -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Tea Olive, American ---------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 43, 54 Tea Olive, Chinese --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Theaceae ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 8, 38, 52 Tilia -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Tilia americana ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia caroliniana -------------------------------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia crenoserrata ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia floridana ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia georgiana --------------------------------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia georgiana var. crinata ------------------------------------------------------ 37,52 Tilia heterophylla --------------------------------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia heterophylla var. Michauxii --------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia lasioclada ------------------------------------------------------------ 37, 52 Tilia littoralis ----------------------------- - ---- -------------------------------------------- 37, 52 Tilia pubescens ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Tiliaceae ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 36, 52 Titi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33, 51 Torreya -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 11, 13, 46 Torreya taxifolium ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5, 13, 46 Tsuga ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Tsuga canadensis ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Tsuga caroliniana ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13, 46 Tree Haw --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29, 50 Tree of Heaven ---------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- --- 32,51 Tumion taxifolium ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 13 Tupelo Gum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39, 52 Turkey Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------- 24,48 Ulmaceae ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 19, 48 Ulmus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Ulmus alata -------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Ulmus americana -------------------------------------------------------- ------------- 20, 48 Ulmus fulva ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20, 48 Ulmus serotina -------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 48 Umbrella Tree ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10, 26,49 Vaccinium arboreum --------------------------------------------------------- 41,50 Viburnum ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7, 45 Viburnum nudum -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 Viburnum nudum var. angustifolium ------------------------------------------ 45, 54 Viburnum prunifolium ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 45, 54 Viburnum rufidulum -------------------------------------------------------------- 45, 54 :XV NAME INDEX (Cont'd) PAGE Wahoo --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34, 51 Walnut -------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 16 Walnut Family ------------------------------------------------- 15,47 Walnut, Black -------------------------------------------------------------------- 16, 47 Water Ash -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 54 Water Elm ---------------------------------------------------- 19,48 Water Gum ---------------------------------------------------------- 39,53 Water Hickory ----------------------------------------------------- 17, 47 Water Locust ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31, 50 Water Oak --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24,48 Wax Myrtle ------------------------------------------------------ 17,47 Weeping Willow -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Whistlewood ---~-------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 White Ash --------------------------------------------------------------------- 43, 44, 54 W:hitebark Maple ----------------------------------------------------------- 35, 51 White Cedar --------------------------------------------------------- 11, 46 White Elm -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 White Hickory -------------------------------------------------------------- 17,47 White Mulberry -------------------------------------------------------------------- 20, 49 White Oak ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22,47 White Oak, Chapman ----------------------------------------- 23, 48 White Oak, Durand ----------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 White Oaks ---------------------------------------------------- 43, 44, 54 White Pine -------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 12, 46 White Poplar ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 14 Wild Black Cherry------------------------------------------------------------------- 30, 50 Wild Wild OPrluanmge-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_-_--:_-_-_--3-0--,-vO6 Willow --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9, 14, 15 Willow Family ------------------------------------------------------------- 14,46 Willow, Black ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Willow, Harbison --------------------------------------------------------------------- 15, 46 Willow, Weeping ------,---------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Willow Oak -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Winged Elm --- -------------------- - ---------------------- - --- 20,48 Witch Hazel -------------------------------- ----------- -------------------- 9, 27, 28,49 Witch Hazel Family ------------------------------------------------------ 27, 28, 49 Wood, Bass -------------------------------------------------------- 9, 36, 37, 52 Wood, Cork ---------------------------------------------------------------- 10, 18,47 Wood, Chittam ----------------------------------------------------- 6, 10, 41, 52 Wood, Sour ---------------------------------- -------------------------- 8, 40,53 Wood, Yellow ------------------------------------------------ 7, 31, 50 Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis --------------------- ----------------------- 7, 31, 52 XolismJl ferruginea ----------------------------------------------------------- 41, 53 Yellow Birch ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 19, 47 Yellow Oak ------------------------------------------------- 23, 48 Yellow .Pine, Southern------------------------------------------------------- 11 Yellow Poplar ------------------------------------------------------------ 8, 14, 25, 49 Yellow wood ---------------------------------------------------------- 7, 31, 50 Yew Famliy ------------------------------------------------------------------- 11, 13, 46 Yucca ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------- 5 Yucca aloifolia ---------------- ----------- ------------------------------------- 14, 46 Yucca gloriosa ---------------------- --- ------------------------------------- 14, 46 xvi