Plans and aims for vocational school work in Georgia, no. 1 [1917]

PLANS AND AIMS
FOR
VOCATIONAL SCHOOL WORK
IN GEORGIA
No. 1
PUBLISHED BY THE
CEORGIA STATE VOCATIONAL BOARD
M. 1" BRITTAIN, EXECUTIVE SECR~]TAUY J. S. STEWART, INSPECTOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA
1917

PLANS AND AIMS
FOR
VOCATIONAL SCHOOL WORK
IN GEORGIA
No.1
PUBLISHED BY THE
GEORGIA STATE VOCATIONAL BOARD
M. L. BRITTAIN, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY J. S. STEWART, INSPECTOR
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1917

1917.
STATE VOCATIONAL BOARD
. MEMBERS EX-OFFICIO
DAVID C. BARROW, Chairman, University of Georgia, Athens.
M. L. BRITT..;\-IN, Secretary and Executive, State School Superintendent, Atlanta.
MEMBERS BY APPOINTMENT
DUDLEY M. HUGHES, Vice-Chairman, Danville, Representing Agriculture. Term expires July 1, 1921.
ROSS COPELAND, Augusta, Repres~nting Labor. Term expires July 1, 1919.
SAM C. TATE, Tate, Representing Manufacturing and Industrial b/'~erests. Term ex-
pires July 1, 1921.
J. RANDOLPH ANDERSON, Savannah, Representing the District Agricultural Schools. Term expires July
1,1919.
B. H. HARDY, Barnesville,
"
Representing the District Agricultural School,S. Term expires July 1,1921.

FORJ.jiWORD.

The sixty-fourth Congress of the United States, under

the leadership of Se!1ator Hoke Smith, Chairman of the

Committee of Education in the Senate, and Hon. Dudley M. H~ghes from the Twelfth District of Georgia, Chair-

man of the Educational Committee in the House, passed

the Smith-Hughes Vocational, Bill. This Ac{ pr9vides that

. Federal grants shall be made for the purpose of co-operat-

ing with the States in the promotion of Vocational Educa-

tion. It became effective July 1, 1917, and was accepted

by the State of Georgia by Act of the Legislature and

signed by the Governor August21, 1917.

~

This bulletin has been pr~pared by the 'State Vocational

Board to give the people of Georgia a more intimate

knowledge of the plans and purposes of the Federal Act

and to offer suggestions so that the communities of th~

State may avail themselves of the provisions of the law.

We have incorporated in the bulletin the main features

of the plans submitted by the State Vocational Board for

approval by the Federal Board, these having been approved

by the Federal Board on November 6, 1917. A careful

study will show the general principles and standards to be

-observed in the operation of the Smith-Hughes Act in this

State.

THE PROVISIONS OF THE SMITH-HUGHES ACT AS APPLIED TO GEORGIA.

The Thr~e Ways in Which the Money May Be Used fu 'the State.

First Use-For paying salaries of teachers, supervisors

and directors of agricultural subjects. This is allotted

to the ,states in the proportion to which their rural popula-

tion bears ~to the total rural population of the' United

States. In Georgia this is 4.20%. The allotment for 1917-

18 is $21,000; and the maximum allotment in 1925~26 will

be $126,000.
.

.

Second, Use-For paying salaries of teachers of home

economics, trades and industrial subjects, allotted to States

in the proportion which their urban population ?bears to

the total urban population of the United States. In

Georgia this percentage is 1.26. The allotment for 1917-18

is $6,300, and the maximum allotment for 1925-26 will be

$37,800. One-third of these allotments must be applied to

part-time schools. Not more than 20% may be spent for

home econoIl).ics:,

Third Use-For the preparation of teachers of agri-
culture, trade, industri81 and home economic subjects to .be allotted to the States in the proportio~ which their populatioli beats to the total populatioli of the United States. In Georgia this percentage is 2.84. The allotment for 1917-18 is $14,200, and the maxllllum allotment for 1920-21 and

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-annually thereafter is $28,400. Not more than 60% and less

than 20% of these allotments may be used by any State in

,

~

anyone year for anyone of these fields of training; first, .

agriculture; second, trades 'and industrial; thi;rd, home

economics.

The total funds available for Georgia by years"as given

in the house doc:mnentNo. 1004 based on the 1910 census

but subject to change after the 1920 census, is as follows: -

1918

$ 41,500.

1919 : ; . . . . . . . . 60,83'0

1920. . . . . . . . . . 80,160

1921. .. . . . . .. . 96,650

1922. . . . . . . . .. 110,300'

1923 .. ~

123',950

1924. . . . . . . .. 137~600

1925.. . . .. . . .. 164,900

1926. . . . . . . . .. 192,200

1927

: . .. 192,200

The total amount that may be received by Georgia in the

first ten years will_be about $1,200,000 which, must' be

matched dollar for dollar by State or local funds or both.

GEORGIA PLAN AS AOOEPTED BY THE FEDERAL BOARD.

1. AOOEPTANOE OF AOT. A.' The General Assembly' of -Georgia passed the Bill, accepting the provisiOns of the Smith-Hughes measure, last summer and it was signed by Governor Dorsey, on August 21, 1917. In addition to ,arranging that the schools re~ ceiving this aid shall meet the Federal funds dollar for' dollar, the sum of $15,000 was set aside from the State Treasury to provide for the supervision and management,
expenses of the Board, and in general, to make it possible .. for the Georgia State Board to carry out th~ law at every
point without embarrassment.

)

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B. The State Treasurer was designated as- custodian of the funds.
C. The Bill provides for the acceptance of the appropriationsin, full.

II.The Chancellor of the University, David C. Barrow, is ex-officio Chairman of the Georgia Board. Honorable Dudley M. Hughes, one of the joint authors of the measure in Congress, was elected Vice-Clmirman, andM. L. Brittain, State Superintendent of Schools, was made >Secretary and E:ltecutive Officer. The other members of the Board are:

Honorable .Sam Tate, . Honorable Ross Copeland Honorable J. Randolph Anderson Honorable B. H. Hardy

Dr. J. S. Stewart, Professor of Secondary Education at the University, was made .General Vocational Inspector fQr the State, his release from the University for one third of his time being secured for this purpose.

A. For special agricultural supervision.

It is the purpose of the Board to secure the services for .

a part of the time- of one of the teachers doing

teacher training work in agriculture. at the State

College of Agriculture. For the present year, it is

proposed to have him devote two-fifths of his time

to the supervision of agricultural education and three-

fifths of his time to teacher training work. in ~riculture.

This -teacher training work is to consist of improvement

of teachers in service and while doing such training he may

be classed largely as an itinerant teacher.

.

A like arrangement is contemplated with the- EXten-

sionProfessor of Trades and Industries at the >State

School of Technology for expert supervision in trades

and industries.

.

.

In domestic science an arrangeme~t will be made with

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the three Normal Schools whereby a teacher from each of

. these schools will be placed at the disposal of the BOij.:r.df of Vocational Education when supervising their work in

the section of the State where the Normal School is loc~te<l~.

These Normal Schools are located in the three natural

divisions of Georgia, north, middle and south.

In the case of the supervisor of Agriculture one-half

.of the. amount of his salary paid for this work will be

paid from Federal funds.

_ These el:tension experts are to foster and encourage, as

well as inspect, RQ.d thei! salaries and expenses fpr tbis

part of their work wi\! he cared for by Stl;tte funds in the

\..

case of teachers

of

Trades .

,and

Rome

Economics.

.

B. The services of the above named Inspectors and

.supervisors will be under the direction and control of the

State Vocational Board while engaged in such lDspection

or supervision.

III. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. ..... A. General conditions.
1. The instruction will be under public supervision and control.
2.Tbe controlliIig purpose will be to fit for useful employment.
3. The'instruction will he less than college grade. 4. The instruction will be for pupils over 14 years
of age. 5. 'Every dollar of Federal funds will be matched
by a dollar of local or State funds or both.
Money to be expended only for: a~ Salaries for teachers, supervisors.or directors of agri-
culture.
NOTE: - Funds for office maintenance shall be provided by the State or local board in addition to duplicating Federal funds.

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b. Maintenance of teacher training .departments for the purpose of training teachers" supervisors and directors . 'of Vocational Agriculture.
. NOTE :-Maintenance not to include items (buildings,
etc.) prohibited under Section i 7 of the Act.
Such equipment as may be required by the Federal and State Boards will be furnished by the college or colleg~s herein designated as institu-
in tions which teacher training for Vocational Ag..:
nculturewill be given.
B. Plans for superVising agricultural e~ucation: 1. Staff:
Special Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture.
, This Special Agriculture Supervisor is the person described in part~. For the present school year two-fifths of his entire time will be given to the special supervision of agricultural schools or' departments which receive Smith-Hughes funds or which are -preparing to r~ceive Smith-Hughes funds. Not more than one-half of his salary as supervisor shall be paid from Smitlt-Hughes funds as 'far as the time devoted to such supervision is concerned. His expenses while acting as supervisor will be paid entirely from State funds.
2. Introductory Work:
'a. Preliminary Survey of ,state. '
b. Publishing explanatory literature. c. Iiispection o~ schools applying for Federal
and State aid for Vocational Agriculture. d. Outlining and' approving course of study, or~
ganizing and preparing illustrative and teaching material for VoeationalAgriculture: e. Personal supervi;don of all VocatIonal Agriculture.
f. Submitting reports to State Board.

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C. Kinds of Schools.

1;' All day Agricultural schools in' connection with

a. The 12 Oongressional District Agricmltural

schools.

b. The two State Negro Institutions. 1. The , State Negro College at Savannah. 2~ The

new Negro Normal and Agricultural School

at Albany.

.

The work in these two institutions will ,be con~ucted in the preparatory departments and the tn~tructions given in Memo C, page 28, concerning

the grade of this work, will be followed.

c. Vocational Agricultural departments in rural consolidated schools. , The State and Federal funds will permit of the establishment of ten or twelve of these this year.

D. Plant and Equipment. 1. For 12 District Agricultural Schools.

a. 200 acres of land. b.' $50,000 approximately of buildings.

c. Laboratory equipment to the amount of $500

and such additional equipment1ts'may be neces-'

sary for satisfactory work will be required

by State Board.

'

d. Shop equipped for fgrm mechanics.

2. The' Two State Negro Institutions at Savannah and Albany.
a; . Fifty acres of land and $50,000 worth of buildingsand equipment.
b. Laboratory equipment to amount of $300 and. such additional equipment as may be necessary . for' satisfactory work will be required. by State Board.
c. Shop equipped for farm mechanics.

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3. Vocational Agri~ultural Departments ill Rural Consolidated Schools.
While it is i:r;npossible to state in exact terms .
the plant and equipment required for these schools, the present standard for the Stateis a minimum for this year of $100 for agricultural laboratory equipment, $50 for farm mechanic tools and $50 for Home Economics. At least one room will be devoted to Agricultural instruction. Such -additional equipment as will be necessary for satisfactory work will be required hy the I~tate Board._

E. Minimum of Maintenance.

1. Salaries (approximate).

a. Special Supervisor of Vocaiiorial Agriculture.

Two-fifths of the time of one man will be given

to the supervision of vocational agriculture. Onehalf of his-salary for this time will be paid from

Federal funds and one-half from State funds. His

- expenses while acting as Special Supervisor will

be paid from State funds.

b. Teacher Training Staff.

'1. Three-fifths of the time of one man as teacher of teachers already in service. It is also~ understood 'that his traveling expenses'

while engaged in the improvement of teach-

ers already in service may be paid from joint

Federal and State funds.

.,

2. Profe.ssor Agricultural Education, State to pay one-half.

3. Instructor in educational psychology given to

special classes in 'Vocational education.

4. Assistant _Professor .Agricultural .Educa-

tion.

5. Principles of teMhinggiven to speeial classes

of vocational agriculture.

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6. Part time of Professor of Farm Meohanics devoted to prospective agricultural teachers in developing courses in drawing, woodwork and forging required of vocational departments and schools. Maintenance, traveling expenses, postage, office supplies.
For the two Negro State Schools, Professors of Agricultural Education and for maintenance.
These teachers shall devote their entire time to teaching methods of vocational agricultureas contemplated under the Smith-Hughes Act.
F. Teachers of Vocational Agriculture in vocational departments and schools.
1. A minimum salary of white Vocational Agricultural teachers, $1,200.
NOTE :-All salaries are based on twelve months' work. However a plan whereby one month may be allowed for professional improvement provided that the time is spent in college, inspecting other vocational schools or attending courses of instruction in vocational agriculture (especially planned by the State Supervisor of Vocational Agriculture) , or its equivalent, will be given considsideration.
2. For the two Negro State Schools, which are to train teachers of agriculture at Savannah and Albany.
In addition to this, th~ maintenance of teacher
training work. These teachers will devote their entire tim~ to the teaching of agriculture as contemplated under the Smith-Hughes Act.
o The minimum salary;, of negro vocational agricultural teachers shall be $800. The other condi-

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tions provided in No. 1 are the same for negro . teachers. 3. Additional maintenance. a. All clerical help, office equipment, stationery, shall be provided for from State or local funds or both. b. A maximum of 2% of the funds for teacher training in Vocational Agriculture will be av-ailable for publication and illustrativ,e material.
G. Courses of Study. 1. The Course of Study for both the Vocational Agricultural department and the District Agricultural Schools shall consist of four years' work, 50% of which time each year shall be devoted to vocational agriculture, including supervised projects and study, and general instruction in agriculture and projects. The remaining 50% of time shall be devoted to such subjects as will give a cultural and good citizenship training.
H. Methods of Instruction. The methods of instruction will vary with type of schools but must be based upon a. Supervised projects in agriculture (see supervision of project work). b. The teaching of vocational agriculture through both instruction and supervised study. c. The abundant use of illustrative materials from the farm, lantern slides, charts, etc.
I. Qualifications of Te~chers (men only will be considered). 1. Graduate of a State Agricultural College or its equivalent. 2. Minimum age should be 21.

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3. At least two years of actual working experience on the farm after his 12th birthday. A graduate of a State College of Agriculture will be the ultimate aim as soon as the supply of such teachers is available.. NOTE : -In the great demand at the present time for all kinds o{ men trained in agriculture as farm demonstrators and' as special workers in the field of agriculture, it may be impossible to secure teachers who are graduates of a recognized four year agricultural college. To secure teachers for the present school year, the State Board of Vocational Education will consider as the equivalent mentioned above anyone of the following: 1. A successful experience of at least two years in teaching practical agriculture. 2. An education extending at least two years beyond the high school in which at least 50% of the time was devoted to technical agriculture. 3. Graduation from a college with training in general science supplemented by practical experience in agriculture. 4. Successful demonstration work as county demonstration agent for at least two years. 5. After July 1, 1921, all applicants for positions of teachers, supervisors or directors of vocational agriculture shall have completed a four year course in vocational agricultural education as prescribed by the Georgia State Board for Vocational Education.
J. Qualifications of Supervisors or Directors. a. A man of at least 25 years of age.
b. Graduate of Agricultural College or its equivalent.

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a c. At least two years' experience as teacher includ-
ing one year's experience as teacher or supervisor of secondary agriculture or its equivalent. d. At least two years' actual working experience on farm or its equivalent gained through close association with agricultural conditions.
K. Plans for at least six months' supervis'ed practical work.
1. Vocational agricultural departments in consolidated high schools and District Agricultural Schools. a. Each pupil will be required to spend at least 6 months' time, or the portion of it necessary for the completion of it in a satisfactory manner on a definite project or problem. In any case provi- . sion must be made for six months' supervised practice. b. All projects shall be outlined with the teacher in charge. c. All projects shal~ be carried on either on the school or home farm reasonably convenient to the school. d. The Agricultural teacher in charge shall visit each project at least once a month and give whatever advice may be needed. e. Each pupil must report on the progress of the project at least once a month. f. A detailed report shall be made to the agricultural instructor in charge upon the completion of the ,project before any credit is given. g. The State Board will furnish such reports and forms as required by the Federal Board. .
L. Plans for Training Teachers.
. 1. Under supervision of State Board.

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2. Shall be given only to persons who have had two years' experience or who are acquiring such experience as a part of their training. Candidate for admission to the four year course in Vocational Agricultural Education shall on entrance to the course present 14 units of High School Work.
3. Teacher training shall consist of a four years' college course, especially prepared for teachers of V0cational Agriculture. Such a course shall consist of at least 144 semester hours of college work, at least 40 semester hours of which shall be scientific Agricultural work (in addition to the purely scientific agricultural work, regular courses in Agricultural Chemistry will be required) a 24 semester hours professional subjects including practice teaching.
4. Departments of Vocational Agricultural Education shall be established in connection with the University of Georgia.
5. The training of teachers for negro agricultural vocational schools or departments will be conducted for the present school year in the Qeorgia State Industrial Oollege for Colored Youths at Savannah and the Negro Normal, Industrial and Agricultural School at Albany. The institution at Savannah is the college which receives a proportion of the Federal Funds devoted to agricultural work. .Both institutions do agticultural work of equal grade.
The conditions given above under 1, 2, 3" and 4 will be followed, the only difference being that for admission to these schools four years of high school education will not for the present be required. For admission at the present time completion of the elementary school or its equivalent will be required~ As conditions will permit, the Georgia State Board for Voca-

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tional Education will raise the entrance requirements I
to these institutions; 6. Certification of Teachers.
1. Upon the completion of the four years' course in vocational agricultural education as prescribed herein a certificate will be granted by the State Board of Education.
IV. INDUSTRIAL-EDUCATION.
A. General Conditions. 1. Must be under public superVISIOn and controL 2. Controlling purpose is to fit for useful employment. 3. Less than college grade. 4. For persons over 14 years of age. 5. Every dollar of Federal funds to be matched by dollar of State or local money or both. 6. Money to be expended only for: a. Salaries of teachers of industrial subjects.
b. Maintenance of teachers training for teachers of
industrial subjects.
B. Division of Funds. 1. At least one-third to be spent in part time schools., 2. 20% to be spent for home economics.
C. Kinds of Schools: 1. All-day schooL 2. Part time schooL 3. Evening schooL 4. Teachers' training.
1. Day Schools. a. Term of at least nine months of four weeks each. b. At least thirty hours per week (60 min.). c. At least one-half time shop work. d. Plant and equipment. The plant of any school or class as approved by the

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State Board shall be adequate to carry out the purposes for which the school is established.

e. The amount expended for maintenance shall be

sufficient to secure reasonable standards of work

and to secure teachers prepared properly to do that

work.

f. Courses of study and method of instruction will

vary on account of the different trades and voca-

tions.

'

g. The technical courses will be given under stan-

dard shop conditions, as far as possible.

h. - It is recognized that for the present two types of teachers will be required in these all-day schools.

a. Teachers of shop subjects.

b. Teachers of related subjects.

a. For teachers of shop subjects, -an adequate trade experience will be required which will for the present consist of at least two years above

the period required to learn the trade and an elementary school education, or its equivalent.

b. Teachers of related subjects.

Graduation from high. school and two years'

trade ex.perience with the particular trade which the candidate desires to teach, or at least two years' ~ducationin a technical school of college grade and ~uccessful contact withthe trade or trades for which the candidate is to give in related subjects.

NOTE :--:-After 19,21 all candidates for positions as teachers of vocational subjects shall have

completed the courses as prescribed below in

the teacher training plan.

L Towns of less than 25,000 population will have length of term and courses of study of not less

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than twenty-five hours per week, half of 'which time will be in shop work.
2. Part Time Schools.
a. Not less than 144 hours a year.
b. Trade extension.
r. Part-time schools in centers like Atlanta, Au-
gusta and Columbus to aid the mill workers, also machinists, printers, auto repair workers and carpenters and other trade workers who have entered upon employment. 2. Part-time schools or classes for negro cooks, seamstresses, laundresses. c. Part-time courses may be given which will enlarge the civic and general intelligence of the worker. d. Boards will provide adequate equipment to carry out the purposes of the courses offered, and e. Provide maintenance to insure reasonable stand- . ards of work. f. The courses of ,study are planned to a. Provide training in work supplementary to the
practical work by the pupils in industry or to improve their civic and vocational intelligence. g. The attempt will be made to meet the individual demands of pupils in keeping with kinds of work in which they are engaged, or to increase their general intelligence. h. Qualifications of teachers. a. Teachers of subjects to enlarge civic or vocational intelligence of the worker must hold a legal certificate to teach in the public schools and present evidence of having had at least three years' successful experience as a teacher. b. For teachers of vocational subjects in part-time

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schools, the same qualifications are demanded as given above for day schools.
NOTE :-The Georgia State Board for Vocational Education will follow Memo C, pages 39 and 4D in the conduct of their part-time schools.
3. Evening Schools. a. Pupils over 16 years of age. b. Instruction supplementary to day employment. c. Plant and equipment. Adequate equipment to carry out the purposes for which the school is established. d. The amounts expended will be sufficient to insure standards reasonable for the work undertaken. e. Courses of Study are planned to meet the special needs of certain groups of trade workers. Owing to the limited funds these will be confined to a few centers such as Atlanta, Columbus, Augusta and possibly two or three smaller cities. The courses offered will be approved by the State Board. f. The attempt will be made to give individual as well as group instruction. g. For qualification of teachers see statement under day schools given above.
4. Plans for Training Teachers. 1. Under supervision of State Board. 2. Proportion spent for teachers' salaries will be practically all of the fund allowed unless it may appea,r that 2 or 3% may be used for printing and supplies. 3. Only 2 or 3%. 4. Training through schools and classes. a. Kinds of schools and classes. This instruction will be given in the Georgia School , of Technology, Atlanta, Ga., in both residence work and extension work.

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NOTE :-It is understood that two different types of teachers for the present will be trained for service in T'rade and Industrial &hools and Departments.
1. The teacher of shop subjects.'
2. The teacher of related subjects.
1. The training of teachers of shop subjects, an instructor or instructors engaged in the Georgia School of Technology, will have charge of the training of persons with adequate trade experience for service in schools or departments giving instruction in trades and industries in the State. The duties of these instructors will be as follows:
a. The selection of persons who have had an adequate trade experience in the trade or industry which they propose to teach. It is understood that a portion of the instructors' salaries while engaged in the work of selection of suitable perso~s to be trained as shop teachers may be paid from the Federal funds granted the State for the training of trade and industrial teachers.
b. After a group of sufficient size has been recruited this instructor will organize evening or short courses either at the School of Technology or at the centers best suited for this instruction. This evening work will consist for the present of at least 30 nights of instruction of two hours per night and in this evening school instruction, attention will be given to the general theory of vocational education, the organization of vocational classes, under the Smith-Hughes and the State School laws, the general methods of teaching in vocational schools' and the analysis of the various trades represented in the school,with an attempt to formulate the course of study, etc.

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Supplementary to these 30 nights of instruction an opportunity will be given for practice teaching if possible.
c. The instructor will give a part of his time to the improvement of teachers already engaged in teaching in schools or departments organized under the provisions of the Smith-Hughes Act . or which reach the .standard provided for in this Act giving' instruction in the trades and industries. NOTE:-It is understood that while this instructor i_s giving instruction at centers away from the grounds of the School of Technology his traveling expenses may be paid from the joint Federal and State funds.
2. Teachers of Related Subjects. The School of Technology will organ~ze residence work in classes which will provide the opportunity for young men who have had an adequate experience either in the institution or in actual trade service to prepare themselves as teachers of related subjects in accordance with the provisions of the Smith-Hughes Act. Such classes will be organized separately from. the other classes of the institution and the work which is given in preparation 'for the teachers of related subjects will he devoted exclusively to this pu:r-
. pose. It is unde!,stood that in giving this w<?rk a part of the time of the teacher or instructor in the School of Technology may be given to this institutionl but only one-half of his salary when engaged in the specific instruction and preparation of related subject teachers can be paid from the Smith-Hughes fund.
NOTE: It is understood that persons prepared as above may be eligible for positions as .shop teachers

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in general industrial schools in cities and towns of less than 25,000 population, provided they possess a sufficient experience in the trade or industrial subjects it is prop~osed to teach in such a general indus.:. trial schooL Staff proposed for Teacher Training Work.
A professor who is the head of the department of teacher training in trades and industries. This man shall have charge of all of the "teacher training work of the institution and in addition shall do at least one of the phases of the work indicated below: 1. An assistant professor who shall have charge of
the selection, preliminary training and training after entering" service of persons from the trailes who possesses the minimum qualifications given above under Day Schools. 2. An assistant professor who shall have charge of the theory of vocational education, special methods in vocational education, psychology and such other professional subjects' as it may be possible to organize for the persons who are in residence at the School of Technology. 3. An assistant professor who shall be known as co-ordinator, whose duty it shall be to provide an adequate contact with the' various trades for the persons who are doing residence work in preparation for teaching in vocational schools. NOTE:-It is understood that other persons may be employed for a part or the whole of their time as de~ mand may warrant and paid accordingly.
V. Home Economics.
A. General Conditions. 1. Must be under public supervision or controL

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2. Controlling purpose to fit the useful employment.
3. Less than college grade. 4. For persons over 14 years of age. 5. Every d?llar of Federal funds must be
matched by a dollar of State or local money or both. 6. Money to be expended only for:
a. Salaries of teachers of Home Economics.
b. Maintenance of- teachers training for teachers of home economics.

B. Kind of Schools. a. Day schools with tetm of ~t least nine months.

b. In cities over 25,000 at least 3'0 hours per

week; under 25,000, at least 25 hours per

week.

c. At least half time practical work.

d. Sufficient plant and equipment will be re-

quired to carryon satisfactor:y work. For

the larger cities at least $500, for the smaller

$250 properly housed and arranged.

e. The amount expended shall be sufficient to

secure adequate results.

f. Course of Study.

Half the time of instruction will be devoted

to such practical subjects as garment making,

foods and cooking, millinery, dressmaking

and home management.

,

The remaining time will be used for instruc-

tion in non-vocational subjects, like English,

History, General 8cience, Civics.

.

g. Methods of Instruction.

These will be such as to carry out the pur-

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poses of the law in better fitting pupils for trades and home-making.
h. Qualifications of Teachers. Smith-Hughes funds will be used in part payment of the salaries of home economics teachers who have completed in addition to the equivalent of high, school education a course of home economics in a State school or college which gives at least the two year course in home economics, and must also present evidence of having had successful experience of at least two years in the home.
C. Plan for Training Teachers.
1. Under supervision of State Board.
2. Kind of school and classes. 1. Georgia Normal and Industrial Oollege at Milledgeville, Ga. 2. State Normal School at Athens, Ga. 3. South Georgia Normal College at Valdosta.
3. Entrance Requirements. The entrance requirements for admission to the teacher training work in home economics will be graduation from a four year high school or' its equivalent.
4. Courses of Study. The two years work above the four year standard high school will consist of 50% technical subjects including practice work, 10% to pedagogical work and 40% non-vocational and allied subjects.
5. Graduation requirements will be at least two years training beyond the four year high school course, with one semester practice teaching.

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The applicant must have had, or acquired during the training, one year's practical experience in vocational home economics.
6. Graduates of the full course will be entitled to professional certificates, which will authorize the holders to teach, ho.me economics in any school in this State, organized under the SmithHughes Act. NOTE:-It is understood that the training of teachers for home economics will be given in separate and distinct departments of schools, the aim of which department will be solely to prepare teachers for home economics for schools or departments' which have standards
. required by Smith-Hughes Act and that the entire fund devoted to such teacher training shall be used in the maintenance for separate and distinct classes maintained for this purpose. It is also understood that some of the work maintained at these institutions may be taken by persons who are preparing specially to become home economic teachers as given above. For example, an educational course in cooking, sewing, chemistry, drawing, psychology, English, etc., may be taken in the regular classes, but this work may not be paid for from Federal funds unless in separate and distinct classes.
The above plans submitted by the State Vocatio.nal Board were among the first approved by the Federal Board. They indicate that the State and Federal governments are undertaking' a new and much needed form of service in Vocational Education, which is believed necessary to the public welfare. The Federal funds are not meant to supplement in any way the present State or local funds used

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for non-vocational education. Both the Federal and State

Vocational Boards appreciate fully the value of this kind

of education and they assume that other funds are being

provided to meet the needs of the people. The specific pur-

pose of this special training is the preparation for wage-

earning pursuits in the industries and arts. The practical

work requires atleast half of the pupil's time.

No part of the cost of instruction supplementary to the

vocational education, that is the non-vocational instruction,

can be borne out of the Federal appropriations, except the

salaries of teachers in part-time schools who may include instruction in any subject given to enlarge the civic and

vocational intelligence of the wage earners.

Both the State Board through its inspectors and the Fed-

eral Board through its inspectors will endeavor to see that the funds are _used strictly in conformity to the plans sub-

mitted and approved. Where a teacher's time is divided

between vocational and non-vocational subjects the salary

must be pro-rated according to the number of hours in the

whole school day devoted to the two kinds of work.

The State Board will submit to the schools blanks for re-

ports covering all the details necessary for a full under-

standing of the organization of the school and necessary to

make its report to the Federal Board. The secretary of

the treasury pays. quarterly to each State treasurer. The

first allotment is for the year ending June 30, 1918. The

Federal money is paid to the local communities only after their work has been approved by the State Board on the

basis of the Federal Act and the principles and policies

adopted in the State plan. Allotments may be withheld if

provisions of the Federal Act are not complied with. The.

provisions of the Act are open to both boys and girls over

fourteen years of age and in some cases men and women

seeking vocational education or training supplementary to

their trade.

.

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How to Start an Evening School.
As outlined by Mr. C. A. Prosser, now with the Federal Vocational Board, the best results are secured in organizing an evening industrial school, when the following steps are taken:
(1) A preliminary search for industries and occupations for which the school could give help.
(2) Help from practical men in finding outwhat kinds of knowledge or skill are needed in the industry or OCCl1pation.
(3) Organization of unit courses as described above. (4) The length of course has nothing to do with the matter. A course might be one night, tEm nights or fifty nights in length. It. should always give a definite thing which the workers want. A series of courses of this kind might well be compared to a continuous vaudeville performance, each worker coming in and getting what he wants and leaving when he gets it.
(5) Experienced teachers of recognized trade standing may be secured who can command the respect of the workers and give them what they lack.
(6) Adequate equipment of room, teachers and ma, chines, if necessary, must be provided.
(7) Advisory committee of employers and employees who have had actual experience in the occupations taught to give advice and suggestions to the school authorities in carrying on each such evening school or center.
(8) Listing and publication of all possible lines of training offered in the evening school with a foreword announcing the willingness of the school authorities to give any other courses for which there is a demand on the part of not less than ten workers. The distribution of these circulars in every place where men congregate in shops, Y. M. C. A. 's, recreation centers, etc.

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(9) Week of preliminary registration during which teachers are ready to consult with workers about what they should take in the school. They should give the worker what he wants as much as possible rather than what they think he ought to want. The organization, at the- close of the week, of such courses as are justified in the light of the demand on the part of the workers.
ALL DAY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
This school, as the term implies, is a school which is held during the day for the benefit of those pupils who can spend from one to four years in order to prepare for some occupation before entering it. It will be notic~d that these all-day schools must have a longer session than the ordinary public school,one-half of the work must be given to trade and industries, agriculture, home making or field work in agriculture.
The practical work requires at least half of the pupil's time. The products of the shop must have a commercial value. Drawing, science, and mathematics are closely related to the practical work and are given at the time when needed. Experience of other ,states goes to show that the most effective shop work in these schools is done on a commercial basis for outside customers. Work may be done for the equipment of the school. The general atmosphere, systems, standards, practice and administration of the school should he that of a good industrial shop: In order to secure this each school should adopt some approved office and shop system covering the ahove provisions~
The Part-Time school or class is a vocational class for persons giving a part of their working time to profitable employment and receiving in the part-time school instruction complementary to the practical work carried on in such employment. It will be noticed that the instruction in these schools covers a wide range of subjects under the Fed-

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eral Act. The periods during which the instructions are to be given in part-time schools may vary. Two or more hours a day per week or the half time plan may be adopted whereby alternate weeks are given to the school and shop or farm. This will vary with the local conditions and the co-operation that can be secured on the part of the employer and pupils to be served.
It will be noted that the ordinary evening school, as now established in Georgia, would not meet the demands of the Vocational Board. In order to receive money from this Federal fund the persons mllst be over sixteen years of age, employed during the day, find the instruction must deal with the subject matter of the day employment. A milliner, for instance, would not be eligible to instruction in typewriting, or a carpenter would not be' eligible to a class in painting.
. Agricultttre. The State Board will receive applications from district
agricultural schools and consolidated county schools or those located in towns and villages convenient to neighboring farms. In the latter case the' school should be equipped with library, laboratory and furnish half the salary of the instructor in agricultural education, who must give his entire time to the jnstruction of pupils in agriculture and to the supervision of practical farm work, either regular farm occupations or specific projects on the home farm of the pupil or other farms, for at least one-half year. . In such schools the first and second year pupils could be under the' agricultural instructor for half the day in the morning, and the third and fourth year pupils under his instruction in the afternoon, pupils thus alternating daily their work in vocational and the other subjects selected from the non-vocational departments of the school. The agricultural instructor is not supposed to teach non-agricultural subjects.

-31THE PROJEOT IN AGRIOULTURE.

The project in connection with the vocational school

work is the practical application of the principles studied

in the class room. It is through the project that the six

months of practice is done. The project is a definite piece

. of work carefully planned and studied in the classroom and

carried out to a definite conclusion. The project, therefore,

is intended to give the student the opportunity to. demon-

strate his ability in. adaptation of principles, enables him

to l~arn methods of practice, and gives the teacher a chance

to check up on the student's work.

.

The project may be a crop that is commonly grown in the locality; it may be the care of an animal or several animals; or it may be a problem in farm management. The extent or scope of the project depends upon the student's ability and upon the length of time that the student has been in school. The first year the project should be of an elementary nature,dealing with the fundamental problems in agri- _ culture and of the project crop. As the course advances the project ghould become more extended until it deals with problems in farm management. Not only. should the project be larger in a material way but should involve those larger problems in the husbandry of the farm.

In order to make clear what is meant by the above paragraph the following example is given. The project the first year might be the growing of an acre of corn. This would include the testing of seed, mixing the fertilizer, planting, care of and harvesting the crop. The second year the student might deal with the problem of soil fertility in connection with the growing of the corn crop. The third year the project might well be in connection with live stock and the food value of corn. The fourth year the work could very easily include work in connection with all the general crops on the farm, their place in the rotation, di-

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viding the labor in connection with the same, and problems

of marketing. Where Horne Econornics departments are established un-

der the Vocational Board at least one-half of the time of instruction shall be devoted to practical a~d related sub-

jects in home economics, such as garment making, foods and

cookery, sanitation and home nursing, house planning and

house furnishing, textiles, millinery, dressmaking and home

management. This will leave the remaining time for in-

struetion in non-vocational subjects; such as drawing and

de.sign, general scienee, physiology, chemistry, physics, Eng-

lish; civics, history and elementary economics.

.In cities of over 25,000 population 180 minutes daily is

assigned to the vocational and related subjects, of whieh

not more than 60 minutes for instruction in related subjects

,

"

.

to

will be allowed, and in cities of less than 25,000 at least

150 minutes daily will be devoted to the vocational and re~

lated subjects.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR NEGROES
A valuable opportunity is offered by the Federal Vocational Act to give technical training to the negro population of the State. For women or those over sixteen years of~age, for instance, evening schools could be organized for instruction in cooking, laundrying, eleaning and pressing, nursin~, dressmaking and in serving. Other courses might be offered for males over sixteen in the leading industries engaged in by them in a given community.