A GUIDE TO OCCUPATIONAL AREAS A Handbook for Seoondary School Administrators , Counselors , Instructors and Students By Herschel T. Lester, Jr. Director of Vocational Education Research College of Education University of Georgia and Division of Vocational Education State Department of Education September, 1965 - FOREWARD This publication is designed for secondary school administers, counselors, and teachers woo are interested in or concerned with present and/ or future problerrs as related to infonning students about occupations. While it may serve its primary purpose as a reference to the above mentioned persons, it should also be an aid for youth to use in becoming aware of the world of work. This publication is intended to supply individuals with quick reference about oca.tpations as related to (1) projected employrrent, (2) number of persons employed, and ( 3) expected yearly salary. The nost important theme of this publication, it appears to the author, is the type and anount of education needed for persons to enter certain occupational areas. Therefore, this publication is arranged in terms of the amount of education needed by indivi- dUals to enter specific occupational areas. 1\brds have been kept to a mininum, and every attempt has been made to report c:x:mcisely, factually, and objectively on those occupations included in the report. The limitations of this publication should not be overlooked. No detailed infonnation about any job or occupational area is included. The reader is referred to the u. s. Labor Departroont' s publication entitled Occupational Outlook Handbook for this purpose. It is hoped that this information will be of specific value to those seeking statistical data and that it will sti.nulate and assist the thinking of those in the process of choosing a career. Herschel T. Lester, Jr. - TABLE OF CXlNTOOS CHAPI'ER PAGE I. TO SECXlNDARY SCHOOL CXlUNSELORS, TEACHERS AND All-ITNISTRATORS 1 . . II. HOW TO USE THE BOOK 10 III. OCCUPATIONS ~ICH USUALLY REQUIRE A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA. PWS AREA VOCATION~TEOiNICAL SCHOOL, JUNIOR COLLEGE OR OTHER . . FOSI' HIGi SCIDOL TRAINING BEFORE ENI'RY 17 Aircraft, Missile and Spacecraft Manufacturing 18 Air Transportation Occupations - Pilots 20 Air Transportation Occupations Other than Pilots 21 Baking Industry 22 Banking Occupations 23 Clerical Occupations 24 Electronics Manufacturing C.Ccupations 26 Electric Light and Power Industyy 27 Engineering Technicians 29 . . . Insurance Business 30 Mechanics and Repairmen 31 Medical Technicians 33 Nurses 34 Petrolewn Production and Refining Occupations 35 Printing (Graphic Arts) Occupations 36 Pulp, Paper and Paper Pnxlucts Industry 37 Radio and Television Broadcasting 38 iv PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . Sales Occupations 39 Service Occupations 40 Telephone Occupations . . . 41 . . .Additional M:mual Occupations 42 IV. OCCUPATIONS WHiai USUALLY REQUIRE A HIGH SaiOOL DIPLOMA OR EQUIVALENT PWS APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING ProGRAM FOR ENTRY 43 . . . . . . . . . &lilding Trades 44 Forge Shop Occupations Iee e . . . . 46 . . . . . . Foundry Occupations 47 . . Iron and Steel Industry 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Machining Occupations . .. 49 Railroad Occupations 50 v. OCCUPATIONS WHIOi USUALLY ~UIRE A COLLEGE DEGREE FOR ENTRY 51 . . Agriculture 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biological Sciences . . . 54 Business Administration and Related Professions 55 Earth Sciences 56 lligineering 57 Health Services 58 Home Economics 59 Mathematics and Related 60 Medical and Other Similar f.reas 61 Nursing - Professional 62 Physical Sciences 63 Social Sciences 65 - v CHAPI'ER PAGE Teaching 66 Other Professional and Related Occupations 67 VI. OCCUPATIONS IN WHI
  • etent workers. Education with increased emphasis for the development of vocational skills and competencies will be everybody's best un~loyment insurance. Nationwide, employnent by 1970 is expected to increase 20 percent above the 1960 total. The following areas will grCM faster than the average employment growth rate: construction, finance, insurance, real estate, trades, government service and other service occupations. Manufacturing jobs are calculated to increase at just about average rate while occupational areas such as transportation, public .utilities and mining at below the average gra.rth rate. Farming opportunities will decline; however, occupations related to farming will increase, especially in service areas. The advancing economy will require a constantly changing labor force which should project many adjustments in general and vocational education curricula. The employment trend points an increased demand for persons with developed skills and years of experience while the demand for unskilled, untrained and inexperienced individuals steadily diminishes. In making these types of changes in an educatioo lies a major problem. Individuals within education nust be aware of many changing conditions. Teachers, administrators, and counselors must assist youth in making decisions regarding vocational-technical education careers. Youth nust become aware of many occupational areas. It is a well 3 established fact that occupations have wide differences in salaries, services rendered to mankind, arrount of preparation required for entry and occupational prestige. 1'-bst research establishes the fact that occupations which have to do with the welfare of the general public as well as those which required much specialized training are usually rated by individuals as verv high prestige occupations. Counselors, teachers and others with strong academic backgrounds emphasize these types of occupations ..;hile other occupations which requireless academic training are never fully explored. In fact, too often the assumption is made by many counselors and teachers that only "academic courses" will help a student in college. This is an unfounded assumption as the following few pages will account. In reviewing the studies of high school graduates and their success in college, rost researchers who have undertaken to conduct studies within this area are substantially in agreement regarding some findings. It is the purpose of this short summary to list the major conclusions seemingly in agreement by a majority of the researchers. In addition, conclusions reached by some but not specifically supp:>rted by others are also shown. Findings with which a majority of the researchers are in agreement: 1. A large number of studies have been conducted to ascertain the relationship of high school oourse patterns to achievement in college. The research reviewed indicated that success in college cannot be determined by the pattern of courses taken in high school. Over the years, it has been asswned by many educators and others that the "traditional college preparatory courses" make the best students for academic success in oollege. Research findings do not support this assumption. 4 (a) When mental abilities are held constant between students who took vocational courses and those who did not take vocational oourses in high school, there is little, if any, difference between the groups as far as college accumulative grade-point avera~s are concerned. (b) Success in any high school curriculum favors success in oollege. (c) The type of high school curriculum follc:1Ned by students exserts an insignificant influence on their success in oollege as rreasured by grade averages. (d) Students who successfully take vocational subjects in high school are a good college risk. 2. The research reviewed indicates that vocational agriculture taken in high school is equal to that of other individual high school oourses as preparation for the College of Agriculture. Vocational agriculture makes a contribution at least equal to that of other high school courses. (a) There is no significant difference between students with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 years of high school vocational agriculture and their over-all grades nade in college as rreasured by grade-point averages. (b) There is little, if any, grade difference between students who took vocational agriculture in high school and those who did not in such college courses as mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and history. (c) Students who took vocational agriculture in high school 5 tend to have higher scholastic records in technical agriculture than those who did not. 3. High school rank in class has becorre a useful tool in predicting academic success in college for groups of students; however, as indicated by several studies, individual achieverrent cannot be predicted. Rank in class also might be used to identify students who may encounter difficulties in college subjects. In general, studies completed in this area tended to agree on these findings. Approximately the upper one-fourth of the high school class should prove to be good academic students in college; approximately the middle one-half of the class should pass college ~rk with some difficulty; approximately the lower one-fourth will experience much difficulty with college work. Most of the studies conducted were with high school graduating classes of 100 or m:>re. (a) Grades made in high school have been used by many researchers in attempting to predict subsequent academic achieverrent of college students. lbwever, rank in class was superior to high school grades in predictive value for college academic success in a majority of the studies. Academic success in college can be predicted by high school grades with sane degree of accuracy for groups. However, the findings of several studies irrlicated that individual student accaJl)lishment cannot be predicted. (b) Grades made in high school reflect a positive effect on success of students in college as measured by grade-point averages. 4. A large number of studies have been undertaken to find relationships between college completion and years of vocatiooal educatioo taken in high school. A large majority of the studies concluded that the differences 6 found in the studies were not signficant for or against students who had' taken vocational courses in high school in relation to oollege graduation or drop-outs. However, a majority of the studies show that college students with experience in high school vocational education tend to graduate in proportionately larger numbers than those without such training. In the light of the foregoing inforrra.t icn, rather than counsel students out of vocational education into science and mathematics in preparation for a college education, it would be best to develop a oombination of these experiences so that the courses beoorre oomplerrentary rather than competitive. Findings not agreed upon by researchers: l. Sorre disagreerrent exists in resean;h findings regarding college achieverrent of students who have graduated from different sizes of high schools. 2. Sorre disagreerrent exists in research findings on scholastic aptitude of students from different sizes of high schools. 3. Sorre disagreerrent exists in research findings on general aptitudes and achieverrent test scores in relation to success to college. A majority of the researchers found a positive correlation between the two, but much disagreerrent was found as to the predictive value of these test scores for individual students and their academic achieverrent in college. 2f Development Human Resoun;es Automaticn, an aggrandized labor force, and the need for ameliorated trained persons are eminent factors to oonsider in any attenpt to develop 7 and utilize human resources. In fact, nore effective and efficient developm=nt rmy have a positive correlation with levels of employrrent, underemploym=nt, and the demmd and supply of labor, including as complete as possible detailed and accurate accounting of present available manpYwer. Educational programs designed to develop hurran resources to m=et the changing needs of industry must be projected on a basic understanding of competencies necessary to perfonn specific jobs as well as how to adjust to an ever-changing complex society. New scientific approaches are needed to evaluate the present and projected rate of technological change, to indicate whether it is accelerating, and if so, where, hCYI'l rapidly, and with what oonsequences. In short, an enendated early warning system to emphasize technological transmogrifications to delineate and contemplate manpower needs. Public education and other training systems must be responsive to the future needs of the eoonomy if programs are to be developed that utilize human resources. Pn expanded program of technological outlook research should be based on intensive interviewing of protagonists in industry as well as circumstantial reviews of statistics, gover'I'lJOOnt, reports, and technical literature. It would appear that the conspectus circumscribed might help to provide methods of identifying the flexibility needed to adjust to and cope with problel'l\9 of industrial manpower changes. Exiguous efforts have been rmde in analyzing the occupations which will be declining in the near future. Ii::>wever, to adopt exercitation training concepts, much additional data is needed on the types of essential competencies required to perfonn in the present day technological society. Special errphasis should be focused by employing meticulous investigations that will establish changes as related 8 to the effects of automation upon current manpower training programs. It was reported in the ~Manpower Report of the President that migration often results in better employment opportunities for trained workers. Unfortunately this does not fully utilize all human resources for many workers also migrate to areas where there is little chance of employment. ~ Geographic Mobility Studies reports that in general the migration of workers is a most useful form of adjustment in a labor surplus situation. This study confirms the belief that well educated young people are the most mobile. The U. S. Labor Department has predicted that while the labor force in the United States will expand by 26 percent, the derrand for professional and technical workers will rise by twice as nuch, or 40 percent. On the other hand, demand for unskilled laborers will rerrain unchanged against a larger labor force. The basic cause retarding full utilization of human resources is of course, the lack of alacrity on part of educators, business leaders , and others to accept the importance of training vocationally skilled persons and/or technicians for occupations oriented toward a changing society. t-bst present secondary education programs accentuate only the phase known as "college preparatory" leaving approximately 60-70 percent of the students in academically originated courses. Subsequently, only 30-40 percent of the high school graduates enter college. Of the entering number only 15 to 25 percent ever graduate from a 4 year institution. Human resources are wasted, for in many cases, these youngsters have aptitudes and abilities outside of traditional college originated curricula. It might be incontrovertibly assurred that this large college loss rate may be retarded if many of these high school graduates had been encouraged to enroll in post secondary voca- 9 tional-technical courses. respite these haro facts, the parents of nearly 70 percent of all children under 18 expect their youngsters to go on to higher education. Educators have been offered the greatest challen~e and opportunity the people of the United States may grant. For this group has the responsibility to provide services for all people of all ages throughout the country who '.Vant, need, and nay profit from general and vocational education which rratch their interests and abilities. The waste of human resources within our present day industrial economy can no longer be tolerated. To overcome this waste, educational program; must be (1) made rrore flexible necessitating relinquishing routine education practices, (2) curriculums must be personalized, {3) continuous and constant individual counseling must be made available, and (4) personal help offered for problems which are only indirectly related to the school work. Intensification of the development of hunan resources must be forecoming by providing unlimited opportunities for youth and adults to gain the education, skills, and experience necessary to becoJOO full participants in our society and stable citizens in the years to coJOO. CHAPI'ER II HOW TO USE THE BOOK The purpose of this publication is to provide quick practical authoritative and curTent occupational information to young persons, counselors, and teachers. It is hoped the publication will be used by youth to become a little rrore familiar v~ith the world of work. This publication stresses: (1) the minimum education needed by individuals to enter and advance in the occupation, (2) projected employment outlook, (3) estimated number of persons employed in the occupation in 1964, (4) approximate yearly salary and ( 5) general remarks about specific duties, or education requirements are included. The salary scales shown in this publication are based upon averages and are often misleading. These scales vary widely from one section of the country to another with salaries being higher usually by 10 to 15 percent in the eastern and west coast states than the central and southwestern states. Therefore, the salaries included in this publication are only gross estimates and should be used only to ascertain a range scale for occupations and not a specific starting salary. Specific salaries may be obtained by corresponding with companies, business, and/or agencies within the irrmediate vicinity. For additional occupational informat~n expressed in more detail, it is suggested that the reader refer to the Occupational Outlook Handbook 1964-65 Edition prepared by the United States J:epartment of Labor. M.Jch information included in this report is based upon data that may be found in th~s publication; however, other nurrerous businesses, labor unions, educational and governmental sources have been used in compiling this informal 11 report. (See Bibliographical Listings) The organizational approach of this publication is based upon suggested kinds and anounts of education that is needed by individuals to enter and advance in given occupational areas. The following four general headings are used to divide the publication into specific parts: Part I Occupations Which Usually Require a High School Diploma Plus Vocational-Technical School, Junior College or Other Post High School Training for Entry. Part II Occupations Which Usually Require a High School Diploma or Equivalent plus Apprenticeship Program for Entry. Part III Occupations Which Usually Require a College Degree for Entry. Part IV Occupations in Which High School Iropouts May Fina ~loyment. This type of outline, it is hoped, will add enphasis that young persons need rrore and better educatioo and training in today' s vast and complex world of work. It should be easily seen by a young person that occupations which require rrore education and training usually have higher wage scales. In additioo, nest of these higher paying occupations offer better woncing oonditioos, a long-time e~loyrrent job outlook and better chances for advancement. 12 COLLECTING AND DISSEMINATING OCCUPATIONAL INFORMATION Much information should be made available before individuals attempt to make decisions about a choice of an occupation. Information about occupations may be obtained from actual work experiences, reading about jobs, films, exploratory courses, vocational courses, job try-outs, counseling, on-the-job training, and a number of other methods. Of course, the best method individuals may use is actual occupational experience. This ~s impossible due to the large number of jobs available. Therefore, as much information as feasible must be obtained by individuals who are engaging in providing planned educational experiences on a formal school basis . Even in the complex society in which we live individuals must continue to have the fundarrental right to select or choose an occupation. It is hoped young persons will base this freedom of choice upon current and accurate occupational information. However, it would appear that too many of today's young persons had no vocational information at all. Occupational choice should be based upon the individual's estimated assets and liabilities ascertained by the individual and based upon qualified professional evaluation and counsel. It is the business of the public high school and particularly of the vocational programs to provide current occupationalinformation and assistance. Individuals nust face this job selectioo problem from a realistic point of view by estimating (1) personal facts and, (2) facts about the job. The following few facts are listed for your informatioo as you evaluate yourself as corrpa.red to specific types of occupational information. Certain personal characteristics appear helpful in all occupations and a few of these characteristics are: 13 1. Good health (physical and mental) 2. Enduring interests 3. Necessary ability 4. Consideration of fellow workers s. General education achievement 6. Vocational training 7. Maturity a. ~A/illingness to make necessary sacrifices 9. Pleasing personality 10. Cooperative attitude 11. Ambition 12. Punctuality 13. Interested in doing a good job. 01aracteristics about jobs should also be evaluated by the young person. Opportunities and job requirements should be evaluated in terms of: 1. Job opportunities available 2. Opportunities for advancernent 3. Working conditions 4. Educational entrance requirements s. Expected salary 6. Working hours 7. Job turnover a. Number in employ 9. l.ocatioo of work 10. Union regulatialS 14 11. Initial skills required 12. Nature of work. The U. s. Departrrent of Labor, Bureau of labor Statistics. outlines the following major occupational categories: 1. Professional, which includes teaching, health services, engineering sciences, and business administration. 2. Clerical and Sales Occupations which includes stenographers, secretaries, office machine operators, salesrren and salesworren. 3. Service occupations which includes protective occupations, barbers , and beauty operators. 4. Agricultural, fishery and kindred occupations which include farmers, farrrer managers, buyers, credit, and other proprietors. s. Skilled occupations includes the building trades, printing, mechanics and repairmen, machining occupations, and other manual occupations. 6. Semi-skilled occupations includes apprentices, deliverymen, drivers, rootornen, hospital attendants, cooks, elevator operators and manufacturing industries employees such as automobile and electronics. 7. Unskilled includes i obs such as loading and unloading, or others which require rruch physical exercise. 'This publication does not follCYN in all cases, the above outlined classifications. 'This has come about due to the fact that occupational area classifications were used; therefore, sorre areas have several levels 15 of ..,rorkers. By using this rrethod it '"'as hoped that interested young persons could determine the levels of employment which were open. In short, it was believed that young persons could better understand occupational areas than the Dictionary of Occupational Titles ( IXJT). The DOl' is rruch nore detailed and lists each job by a number and classification level. For example, all skilled jobs will occur at one level and unskilled at another while in the occupational area type classification jobs at both levels would appear under one general heading. PREPARATION FOR AN OCCUPATIONAL ARFA There are several methods that one may use in preparing for an occupation: (1) In schools or colleges ( 2) Work-study programs ( 3) Apprenticeships The type of training and time period of course, ..,rill vary depending upon the occupation. Many types of vocational training are offered in varying types of schools such as: courses in high schools , technical institutes , area vocational-technical schools, junior oolleges, and special classes, under the Manpower Development Training Program. Under the 1963 Vocational Act training programs available to youth and adults have increased many times. The Act basically provides funds to develop the programs for the following types of persons: (l) Attending high scmol ( 2) Who have completed or left high school and who are available for full-time study in preparation for entering the labor market. 16 ( 3) Who need training or retraining to advance in errployment. (4) Who have academic, socio-economic, or other handicaps. Hany students obtain basic training by going to school and working on a job. Usually these programs are called work-study programs. These programs are most effective in providing academic study while at the same time giving the student an opportunity to earn wages. Over 100 occupations have apprenticeship programs that have been recognized by the Bureau of Apprenticeship of the u. S. Department of Labor. It is p,enerally agreed by rrost vocational educators that apprenticeship is the most effective way to train for the skilled occupations as well as many trades. Nearly all apprenticeship programs prefer high school graduates. GIAPI'ER II I OCCUPATIONS WHICH USUALLY REQUIRE A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA PLUS AREA VOCATION~ TECHNICAL SCHOOL, JUNIOR COLLEGE OR OTHER POST HIGH SCHOOL TRAINING BEFORE ENTRY I 18 OCCUPATIONS IN AIRCFAIT, MISSILE AND SPACECRAIT MANUFACTURING Hir.H SCHOOL DIPI.DMA PLUS ARD\ VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOL OR arHER POST HIGH SCHOOL TRAINING REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupatlonal Area tll\ployrrent Outlook 1. PRODUCING MISSILES Good and SPACECRAFT a. Assemblers Crrestic Fair b. International Fair c. Senior (Large Fair Aircraft) d. Senior (Jet Fair Aircraft) e. CoPilots Fair Domestic f. CoPilots Fair International 37,000 20,000 23,000 20,000 30,000 17,500 21,500 Graduation from a flying school approved by FAA plus 1000 hours flying tirre. Two years college is a minimum requirement. Hust be 5'7" tall to 6'4" and weigh 140-200---20/20 vision without the aid of glasses, outstanding sical stamina and no hpahnym- caps. Most begin as co- pilots. Onl~ a few hun~ s. oEenin~s tnrousnout tne U. eaCh year. 2. m'HER PILOTS (BUSINESS, CROPS DUSTING) 3. FLI(]IT' ENGINEER Fair New r.mployee 4. FLIGHI' ENGINEER Fair Skilled 20,000 23,000 6,600 19,200 Employment of pilots outside scheduled airlines is expected to increase at a rapid rate. AIR TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS - OTHER THAN PILOTS HIGi SOiOOL DIPL0!'1A PLUS SOME POST-Him SQiOOL TRAINING AND/OR SPECIAL TRATNING REQUIRED FOR lliTRY 5. STEHARDESSES Begirmin~ Good 11,300 4,680 6. AIRLINE MEOWiiCS Fair 69,200 6,960 Need oourses in math, physics , chemistry, and machine shop. (Continued on next page) 21 AIR TRANSMRTATION OCCUPATIONS - OTHER THAN PILOTS (Continued) - occupational Area Employrrent Outlook Niiri&r Employed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Rerrarks SalaJ:Y 7. AIRLINE DISPATCHER Fair a. ASST. DISPATCHER Fair 700 7,800 Must be 21 years of age and be able to speak clearly and precisely. 200 5,400 These men are usually pro- moted to airline dis- patcher. 9. AIRROUTE TRAFFIC Fair CONTROLLERS 18,000 8,400 2-3 years experience as an assistant is necessary 10. AIRPORT TMFFIC Fair CONTROLLERS 6,000 9,096 11. AIRLINE RADIO Fair OPERATORS 12. FEDERAL OCCUPA- Fair TIONS 8,000 46,000 159,400 4,656 Ability to type at least 40 wpm. Increasing number of women are being employed. Most of the occupations relate to directions of air traffic. ~pld increase ln occupational opportunities \vith the Federal and State \::Overnments. However, airline growth will be only rroderate. 22 OCCUPATIONS IN THE BAKING INUJSTRY HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA PLUS APPRENTICESHIP OR AREA VOCATIOtffiL-TECHNICAL TRAINING IS REQUIRED FOR DITRY Occupational Area flriP!oynent Outlook 59 1. Mixers Good 2. Dividerrren G::>od 3. Benchlren Good 4. Overuren Good s. leers &Decoraters Good 6. Wrapping Ma.chine Operators Good 7. Baking Forerren All-Round Baker Good NUrilber Employed 1964 385,000 385,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salill' 5,564 Applicants must be (l) 5, 720 between the ages of 18 5,668 and 25, and (2) have 5, 772 health certificate prov- 4,680 ing good health. M:Jst bakeries now require that 4,472 all their administrative 6,136 workers have a college degree in one of the ad- ministrative fields. Ma.ny thousands of job openings are projected for the next 10 years. - -- 23 BANKING OCCUPATIONS HIGf SCHOOL DIPLOMA REQUIRED FOR DITRY, FDST HIGH SCHOOL, BUSINESS AND/OR CLERICAL TRAININ~ HELPFUL Occupational Area 1. Routine File Clerks 2. Tellers 3. Clerk and/or Messenger 1+. Proof Machine Operators s. Comrrercial & Savings Tellers ~'1lployrrent Outlook Good Good Good Good NUiT&r Employed 1964 73s,Ool1 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 2,795 4, 719 3,016 Speed and accuracy are very important in all banking occupations. t'U.rrost 70% of all employees are t,.;rorren. General routine banking duties. 3,159 Most are prorroted from within the bank tomrrerc~ai Banks e~!oy 90% of all banking workers. About 75% of the employees preform clerical duties. Area Vocational Technical or other post high school training is beneficial for advancement. 24 CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS HIG-1 SCHOOL DIPLot1A. WITH BUSINESS EOOCATION (ONE OR MORE YEARS OF TRAINING HELPFUL) MfA VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOL REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area Th!Pioyrrent Outlook SECru:TARIES a. General Steno Excellent b. Experienced or personal secretary c. Starting Secretary Excellent Excellent d. Junior Typist Good e. Senior Typist Good MAOiiNE OPERATORS a. Bookkeeping Mach. Operator b. Acct. Clerks Excellent Excellent c. Billing Machine Operators d. Tab. Machine Operators Excellent Excellent e. Clerks and Excellent Mach. Operators f. Keypunch Operator Excellent Nuiriber Dnployed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 2 Million 300,000 200,000 3,926 4,888 3,500 3,302 3,926 Type 40 wpm and take dictation at 80 wpm for entry, Opportunities are best for those with post high school training. General office duties with typing and shorthand required. Should type at least 40 wpm to enter the occupation. Over 95% of all typists are worren. 300,000 3, 770 4,134 4,160 5,226 3, 770 Men in the sane position average $17.50 nore each week than wam=n. Usually employed by large companies. Over 65% of all v.orlod 4. Assembling Good Occupations 5 Inspecting Occupations 6. Testing Occupations NUillber Errployed 1964 300,000 1963-64 Yearly Renarks Salary 4,784 4,827 Area Vocational-Technical Schools offer excellent training in the electronic areas. Worren are entering this area in larger number each year. 550,000 4,940 4,035 5,021 4,469 The largest number of electronic plant workers Turn off end products such as, TV sets, radios, computers , radar, etc. Some inspectors nake repairs on defective components. Use various type instrurrents to test products. OtHER JOB tiTLES 1. Machinists 2. Processing Vbrkers 3. Sheet Metal vlorld 13. Appliance Repair- Good nen NUiilber Dnployed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 6,448 Serve as company agents where utility company does not have offices. 1 Reads rreters , collects overdue bills, connecting and disconnecting rreters, and making minor repairs. 6,760 Most skilled workers in customer relations. 6 ,136 Learns the trade from on-the-job training or from area-vocational technical shcool. 440,000 In general , workers provide electrical service to industry, businesses and hones by building and naintaining power lines and equiprrent. aTiiER JOB TITLES 1. Cable Splicers 2. Meter Installers 3 Meter Testers 4. Meter Readers 5. Helpers Uinenen) 6. District Representatives 29 ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS ONE-TWO YFARS OF FORMAL POST HIGH SCHOOL TRAINING IS REQUIRED FOR ENTRY - -)::cupational Area 1. ENGINEERING ThlPloymant Outlook NUmber Dnployed 1964 Average 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary Primarily Men a. Technicians C':OOd 535,000 $ 4,700 Earnings depend on geographic location, education, type of firm and responsibilities, b. Post Sec. School Excellent $ 6,500 Earnings increase as you gain experience. c. Engineers & Science Technicians Excellent $ 4,192 Almost 90\ of these employees are men. IlW'l'SMEN SURVEYORS Excellent Good 260,000 40,000 $ 5,160 $ s,sao Over 95\ of these employees are men. Prospects appear to be best for college graduates, 835,000 Training usually oonsists of a formal of technician courses available: Chmd.cal Technology Data Processing Technology ~ Technology Electrical Technology ~Eling and Design Technology T.~nxncs Technology ..M&~Btrial Technology t:.~tation Technology .._..._~PJ.ng Technology '-.o11Gillcal Technology -: llltali\.lr'gical Technology 30 OCCUPATIONS IN TI1E INSURAT\SCE BUSINESS HIGH SCliOOL DIPLOMA PLUS POST H!Gi SCHOOL,TRAINING ON-THE-JOB, COLLEGE OR MEAVOCATIONAL LEVEL RIDUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area EriiPioyrcent Outlook NUJ!iber Dnployed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 1. CLERICAL a. Office Girl (bod & Jr. File Clerk 500,000 b. Switchboard Fair-Good Operator c. Secretaries d Mach. Oper. 2. SALES (AGENTS , BROKERS, DIRECT SALES, ETC. ) Good 380,000 a. Life ea nllP!oyrrent Outlook : ! : : 1. Salesmen &Saleswo- Excellent men in Retail Stores 2 Wholesale Trade Cood Salesmen 3. Manufacturer's Salesmen rood ... Life Insurance Agents s. Real Estate Salesmen Good NUJilber 1963-64 Dnployed Yearly Remarks 1964 Salary : 2.5 M 5,250 Distributive education courses in high school are most beneficial to persons entering this occupational area. l'bst opportunities are in large cities and urban shopping centers. However, selling opportunities are available in all communities. 500,000 6,000 These persons sell to retail outlets for one or more manufacturers. Most wholesalemen begin as sales training clerks or etc. 500,000 200,000 200,000 6,800 Mbst of these salesmen have some college with many having college degrees 7,500 Mbst have some college training. Many part-tirre agents are employed. 7,500 l'bst opportunities are in large cities. Earnings are based upon sales commission usually 5% of the selling price. 3,600,000 ' 40 SERVICE OCCUPATIONS HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA PLUS SPECIAL TRAINING PROGRA!'1S ARE REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area 1. Firemen 2. Firechiefs 3. Patrolman 4. Police Chiefs 5. Barbers ThiPioyrrent Outlook Good Fair Good Good 6. Beauticians Good 7. Practical Nurses Excellent NUri'lber E.~loyed 1964 150,000 200,000 300,000 225,000 1963-64 Yearly Rerrarks Sala!:l 4,500 Thousands of man are voluntary without pay. 10,550 4,500 New York City employs more than 117 of all patrolman. 12,500 Retire at a younger age than most occupations. 5,200 9,230 3,055 t-bre than half of barbers a..m and operate their own shops. l'bre than 90% are wc::m:n. Nearly all are employed in hospitals. 1.1 Million In general, all these service occupations are expected to increase at a moderate rate; faster than the total labor fo~e. Many of these occupations hire only high school graduates. - 41 TELEPHONE OCCUPATIONS HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA PLUS ON-THE-JOB TAAINING REQUIRED FOR ENTRY occupational A:rea Errq>loyrrent Outlook Nuri&r Employed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Femarks Salary 1. Chief Operators Good 2. Experienced Tele- phone Operators Very Good 3. Operator Trainees Excellent ... Cable Splicers Good s. Cable Splicer's Good Helpers 6. Linenen Good 7. PBX Repairmen Good a. Telephone & PBX Q:)od Installers 9. Central Office Re- Good pairmen &Instal. 10. Testboardrren Good u. Equipment Install- Good ers (Inexp. ) ~ Job TJ.t!es Clerical Workers Maintenance and Building 220,000 6,240 Chief operators are promoted from experienced telephone operators. 18,000 3,000 16,000 15,000 68,000 71,000 18,000 690,000 3,952 3,244 6,344 4,680 5,595 6,510 6,344 6,156 6,344 3,473 Even with direct dialing we will still need assistance when using coin telephones, person-to-person calls, credit card, and reverse-charge calls. \>Jill be tens of thousands openings during the 1960's. Training periods last from 2-3 weeks. Knowledge of the basic principles of electricity are helpful. Physical dexterity is important. Manual dexterity and the ability to distinguish color is also important. Classroom training ineludes courses such as: principles of electricity and electronics. Install or maintains all control equipment. May advance to engineering assistant jobs. 3. Sales Personnel 4. Maintenance Workers 42 ADDITIONAL MANUAL OCCUPATIONS REQUIRES HIQi SCHOOL DIPLOMA PWS APPRENTICESHIP, OR ON-THE-JOB TRAINING, AND/OR MD\ VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOOL TRAINING REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area l. Boilerrrakers tmp!oyrrent Outlook Fair 2. Junkers Fbor 3. Optical Laboratory Fair-Good Mechanics 4. Electroplaters Fair-Good 5. Stationary Engi- Good neers 6. Welders Fair-Good 7. Gasoline Station Good Attendants 8. Gasoline Station Good Owners or Managers NUl'riber Employed 1964 25,000 25,000 21,000 250,000 370,000 320,000 200,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 5,928 4,550 5, 720 4,784 5,512 5,616 3,900 5,300 Best way to learn trade is to have 4 year apprenticeship training program, Few openings expected during the 60's. About 117 are ~rren requiring a 4-5 year formal program. Every 2 out of 3 work in independent shops. Must be between the ages of 18 and 25 and usually learn as informal on-the job training. Require long hours, sales ability helpful. 1,211,000 In general, these occupations require a 2-3 year training program. ManY learn these occupatialS as on-the-job training after beginning as a helper. OTHER JOB TITLES 1. Blacksmiths 2. Layout (Boilermakers) 3. Fituprren (Boilernakers) 4. Dispensing Optician s. Gas Welders 6. Ore Welders 7. Resistance Welders CliAPI'ER IV OCCUPATIONS WHICH USUALLY REQUIRE A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA OR EQUIVALENT PLUS APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING PROGRAM FOR ENTRY 44 BUILDING TRADES HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA HELPFUL---PLUS APPRENTICESHIP OR AREA VOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL SCHOQ TRAINING REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area EiiiPioymant OUtlook NUmber Employed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks 1. Joumeyrren Good 2. Helpers & Laborers Good 3. Carpenters Good 4. Painters & Paper Hangers Good 5. Plumbers & Pipe Fitters Good 6. Bricklayers Good 7. Shovel & Bulldozer Operators C"'::00d 8. Electricians 9. ConstNction Iron & Rodnen Vbrkers Good 10. Plasterers Good 11. Composition Roofer Good 12. Cerrent Masons Good 13. Sheet-Metal Vbrker Good 14. Asbesto Workers Good 15. Lathers Good 16. Terrazzo Workers Good 17. Marble Setters Good 18. Tile Setters Good 800,000 350,000 300,000 220,000 200,000 180,000 85,000 60,000 60,000 50,000 45,000 20,000 25,000 8,632 All job salaries listed 6,552 under BUILDING TRADS ~ 8,465 for experienced skilled workers I:ntry opportuni. 7,883 ties for the next 10 8, 86 0 should be very good due 9,276 the increase of construe- 8,600 9,089 tion in the u. S. Serre construction work is veey dangerous , but the risk 8,923 lessened considerably 8,902 proper work practices 8,008 followed. 8,340 health is extrerrely 8,673 tant. Apprenticeship 8,694 8,840 quired for nearly all 8, 694 skilled trade occ:upicl'tl~~ 8,673 Most beginning or 8,569 courses are offered at (Continued on next page) - occupational Area - 19. Elevator Constructors 20. Stonemasons 21. Construction Laborers 45 BUILDING TRADES (Continued) Eiij)ioyrrent Outlook NuTllber Employed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 12,000 700,000 8,860 8,902 6, 572 3.1 Million State Area Vocational- Technical Schools. However, additional on the job training is required to complete the apprenticeship program. t-bst apprentice- ship programs last 3 to 6 years including attendance at the vocational school. High School graduates usually progress at a faster rate. Advancerrents to foreman or high positions usually gpes to those individuals with the most training. 46 FORGE SHOP OCCCUPATIONS HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA PLUS APPRENTICESHIP REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area 1. Die Sinkers Errploynent Outlook fair 2. Pnx:tuction Workers Fair 3. Hanmersmiths & Fair Pres smiths NUmber Employed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 7,280 5,980 7,800 Have to spend 4 to 5 years on the job training or formal apprenticeship. A slight rise in employment in the next 10 to 15 years is the trend. First start as a helper, and much on-the-job training. OTHER JOB TITLES 1. Drop harrrrer operator 2 Upsetternen 3. Heaters 4. Trirrrrers 70,000 These workers shape meta~ such as ; aluminum, brass, bronze, etc. Such items as wrenches , crankshafts for internal combustible engines, pliers, etc. 5. Chippers 6. Grinders 7. Sandblasters 8. Handerers or heat treaters 47 FOUNDRY OCCUPATIONS HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA HELPFUL--APPRENTICESHIP REQUIRED FOR ENTRY occupational Area - 1. !'blders 2. Olippers and Grinders Employrrent Outlook Good tmd 3. U>rerrakers ~. Patte:mmakers G:>od s. Melters and Pourers cmci 6. Laborers or Helpers Good Ol'HER JOB TITLES 1. M:iintenance personnel 2. Core-Oven Tender 3. Malter ... Chipper S. Sandblaster &. Heat Treaters NUiilber Employed 1964 50,000 35,000 25,000 20,000 18,000 85,000 375,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 6,032 5,500 5,200 7,696 6,321 Shapes and prepares molds to cast metals. Performs many operations at a faster speed than is possible by hand. Shapes sand prepared by sand mixers. Makes wood or rretal patterns. In general, these workers mold or cast parts out of metal for automobile blocks cooking utensils, plumbing fitting, bathtubs, aircraft and missile parts. 48 OCCUPATIONS IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY HIGH SO!OOL HELPFUL--tvDST ARE HIRED .AS UNSKILLED AND ADVANCE IN STEEL MAKING OCCUPATIONS BY LENGTH OF SERVICE WITH THE COMPANY Occupational Area El'I'q)ioynent Outlook 1. Processing Workers Good 2. Blast Furnaces ('jJod tionists 4,565 The Federal G:Jv' t employs many of these persons. 3. Vocational Agri- Good culture Instruct. 6,500 Most openings are for teaching youth on the secondary level. 4. ~iculture Agents Good s. Assistant Ag. Agent Good 6. Agriculture Busi- Excellent ness 7. Agricultural Che~ Excellent ists a. ~icultural Eco- Good nomists 9. Agricultural Engi- Excellent neers 10. Agricultural Fair Journalists These persons work prirrarily with adult farmers, s,soo Many opportunities in the areas of feed, fertilizer, farm implenents , seeds and other services to fanners. Most openings in managerrent and sales. 6,300 Most employed by large companies. 6,000 Most opportunities are ~ business and government; however, universities and colleges employ many for research and teaching. 6,500 Demand greatest in the areas of irrigation and farm power and s,ooo Employment opportunities will not as as in the (Continued on next page) 53 OCCUPATIONS RELATED TO AGRiaJLTURE (Continued) - Occupational Prea Dnployment Outlook NUmber 1963-64 Employed Yearly Rerrarks 1964 Salarv u. Anirral Husbandry G:>od 5,500 Feed industry, rnaat packing and allied trades offer many opportunities. 12. Dairy Science Fair 5,500 Service areas offer the best opportunities. 13. Entorrology Good l!J. Fisheries &Wild- Fair life Conservation Good opportunities with insecticide copanies in area of sales. s,ooo Most opportunities are with State and Federal governrrents. 15. Food Processing & Excellent Technologv 16. Poultry Science C-ood 5,500 Fast expanding industry for agriculture graduates. s,soo Many opportunities in the service areas. 300,000 In general, the number of farmers is decreasing; however, employment opportunities in service occupations to farrrers is increasing. There is a large demand for college graduates with an agriculture major in all areas. 54 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES COLLEGE DEGREE Occupational Area Employrrent Outlook 1. Biological Scientist 2. Biological Scientist 1 Yr. Grad. Study 3. Biological Scientist 2 Yrs. Gr-ad. Study 4. Biological Scientist Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent NUT!lber ~loyed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 5,052 6,675 6,792 t-bst individuals must have 1 or more years of advanced college training for advancement. Many persons use this background in teaching. About 90% of these persons are nen. 8,760 100,000 In general, one-half of the persons errployed in this occupational area are by colleges and universities. These persons study living organisms as related to their surround- ings. Types of Biological Scientists 1. Agronomists 2. Anatomists 3. Botanists 4. Bio-Olemists or Rlysicists 5. Entomologists 6. Horticulturists 7. Husbandry Specialists 8. Pharamacologists 55 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND RELATED PROFESSIONS COLLEGE DEGREE REOUIRED FOR ENTRY - Occupational h'ea - DT\p!oyment Outlook NUmber Employed 1964 !963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 1. Advertising Workers Good 125,000 6,550 Few chances for advancemant unless you are a college graduate. 2. Accountants 450,000 6,000 Almost one-half are e~ ployed by businesses and industries. 3. Marketing Research- Fair ers 15,000 4,950 Determines facts for business. A relatively small field with competition being very keen. 4, Personnel Managers Fair s. Public Relations 100,000 50,000 5,500 These persons assist in hiring workers for industry and business. Only a moderate number of e~ ployment opportunities are expected within the immediate future. 6,000 Only a moderate number of openings in coming years are expected. Dnployroont opportunities are best with large companies and in large cities. 6, Purchasing Agents Good 100,000 11,850 These individuals purchase the necessary items to perform the business operation. Most are employed by rranufacturing companies. 840,000 In general, the field of business is an expanding area. In the mid 60's there were about 4 million persons e~loyed in salary raanagerial positians. Nearly all of these required persons with at t a 56 EARTH SCIENCES COLLEGE DEGREE REQUIRED FOR ENTRY---GRADUATE STUDY BENEFICIAL Occupational .Area Dnployrrent Outlook 1. GEOLOGISTS a. Beginning Excellent b. ftJith 2 Years Grad. Excellent Study Number Dnployed 1964 15,000 c. With Experience Plus Degree 2. GEOPHYSICISTS a. Beginning Excellent Fair 6,000 b. With 2 Years Grad. Fair Study c. Hith Experience Plus Advanced Degree Fair-GOod 3. METEOROLOGISTS a. Beginning Excellent b. With 2 Years Grad. Excellent Studv c. With Experience Plus Mvanced Degree Excellent 4. OCEANGRAPHERS a. Beginning Gocx:i b. With Experience Plus Mvanced Excellent 3,000 2,500 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 5,750 6,750 Opportunities are good; however, the competition is keen. 9,500 About 75% 'NOrk for private industry. 6,780 Research is the major activity of these individuals. 6,877 9,025 Chances are greater with Ph. D. 6,087 Largest number is employed by the Federal Government. 6,887 Have to be energetic and excellent health. 9,025 Only 13 Graduates in 1961f with Doctor's Degree. 6,087 Only 2,500 employed. 9,025 employed in this area engaged in research or teaching at college or vers level. 57 ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEGREE REQUIRED FOR ENTRY---ADDITIONAL YEARS OF STUDY ARE BENEFICIAL - occupational Area Employroont Outlook NUiilber Dnployed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary l. Engineers Beginning Excellent 2. Engineers with 1 Year Grad. Study Excellent 3. Engineers with 2 Excellent Years Grad. Study 4. Engineers Excellent 6,925 Largest professional occupation for men. 6,887 More than 1/2 of all engineers are employed in manufacturing. 7,700 Most of these individuals will conduct research in private industry or colleges. 11,100 Opportunity greater with the Doctorate Degree . Scme Types of Engineers: Aeronautical Agricultural Ceramic Chemical Civil 925,000 In general, the number of engineers needed will increase greatly within the coming 10 year period. Interested persons should obtain gpod background in mathematics and sciences while enrolled in secondary schools. 6. Electrical 7. Industrial 8. Mechanical 9. Metallurgical 10. Mining 58 HEALTH SERVICES ffiLLEGE DEGREE Occupational Area EiiiPioynent Outlook l. Medical Record librarian 2. Hospital Mministrator Excellent Excellent 3. DietitiansNutritionist Excellent Nuri'lber Employed 1964 3,000 7,000 26,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 6,250 15,000 6,600 About 3I 4 are employed in hospitals. Almost 2/3 are in nonprofit and private hospitals. Many are employed by hospitals ; however, others find employnent in schools 4. Medical Social \abrker s. Medical Technolo- gists Excellent Excellent 6. Occupational Therapists Excellent 7. Lab Technician (Inexperienced) Excellent 8. Lab Technician (Experienced) Excellent 9. Hygenists Excellent 10. Hygenists Excellent Federal Government s,ooo s,ooo 25,000 10,000 87,000 5,600 5,750 5,160 2,990 5,980 Nearly all are employed in cc:mriercial laboratorille s,ooo 4,337 Nearly 1/6 are in ArDed Sexvices. increase. 59 OCCUPATIONS RELATED TO HOME ECONOMICS COLLEGE DEGREE REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area rJiipioyment Outlook 1. Vocational Home Excellent Economics Teachers 2. 01ild Development & Familv Life C~ 3. Clothing & Textile G:x>d 4. Asst. I-bme Agent ('~d 5. lbme Agent Cbod 6. Food & Nutrition 7. lbme M:ma.gernent & Family Economics Number 1963-64 Employed Yearly Remarks 1964 Salary 5,500 These individuals teach youth on a secondary level. 4,500 Most opportunities are in areas of teaching, directors of nursery schools and/or youth programs. 4,500 Largest area of employment is in the field of retailinp:. 4,700 ?rirnarily work with adult homemakers. 9,000 4,500 Major opportunities in food service as supervisors or dietitians of hospitals, educational or other institutions. 4,500 Large demand for service workers to help the hornerraker. In general, opportunities for employment in the field of Horne Economics is excellent. This is due partly to the large turnover of workers in this area. 60 MA'IHD1ATICS .AND RELATED COLLEGE DEGREE FOR ENTRY--GRADUATE STUDY BENEFICIAL EiriPioyrnent Number 1963-64 - Occupational Area Outlook Dnployed 1964 Yearly Remarks Salary - 1. Mathematicians Excellent 61,000 6,000 Women have great opportunity in this field. 2. Mathematicians Excellent 12,500 Alrrost 50% are in researd! and development. 3. Statisticians Excellent 38,000 5,250 These persons collect and interpret data. 4. Statisticians Excellent 6,050 l-bst are employed to design experiments , plan surveys or other researd! undertakings. 5. Statisticians Excellent 9,025 Nearly 1/3 are women. 6. Actuaries Excellent 21,000 5,500 Over 80% work in life insurance companies. 7. Actuaries Executives Excellent 2,000 21,500 On-the-job performance is rrost irrportant. 122,000 In general , employrrent opportunities have in- creased rapidly these last few years. OpportunitieS are readily available in the computer field. r 61 t1EDICAL AND OTHER SIMilAR AFJ'.PS COLLEGE DEGREE PWS ONE TO FIVE ADDITIONAL YEARS OF TRAINING Occupational hea Employrrent Outlook 1. Interns Excellent 2. Family Physician Excellent 3. Oliropractor Excellent 1+. Dentists Excellent s. Optomatrists Excellent 6. Veterinarians Excellent 7. Veterinarians Excellent u. S. Agriculture a. Veterinarians Arned Forces 9, Osteopathic Excellent Excellent 10. Osteopathic Specialist 11. Podiatrists-- Chiropodists Excellent Excellent Pharnacists Excellent Nuri'lber Errployed 1964 34,000 175,000 25,000 90,000 17,000 15,000 2,200 800 13,500 8,000 103,000 400,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 2,640 22,607 ApproxirMtely 34,000 are presently training. Approximately 1/3 are family physicians. 12,000 13,000 13,500 13,255 5,540 6,300 Approximately 40% are located in California. Only about one-half of the applicants are accepted. Opportunities are best in the Sout:h. Alm::>st 40% are general practitioners. Over 1/4 are with the U. S. Departrrent of Agriculture. 15,400 23,100 Less than 5% held salaried positions. 10,364 7,800 Nearly all of the 8,000 are engaged in private practice. Practically all work ill retail pharmacies. 62 NURSING -PROFESSIONAL REQUIRING BACHELOR'S DEGREE Occupational Area Employnent Outlook l. Administrative and Educative Excellent 2. Public Health Agencies Excellent 3. Teachers in Hospi- Excellent tal schools 4. Teachers in Col- Excellent legiate Schools 5. Nurse Officers Excellent NUJllber Employed 1964 22,000 35,000 25,000 5,000 8,500 1963-64 Yearly Rerrarks Salary 5,150 4,902 Teach students skills and principles. Also engage in research. 5,035 5,820 Competence in Science and Math. 4,625 In Arrred Services 85,500 In general, only about 15 percent of the nurses have a 4 year college degree. The Bachelor's degree is required for mst supervisory and ad- ministrative positions. 63 ffiYSICAL SCIENCES COLLEGE DEGREE REQUIRED FOR ENTRY---GRAWATE STUDY BENEFICIAL Qccupational /tr'ea 1. OIEMISTS a. Beginning b. With 2 Years Gr-ad. Study c. With Experience Plus A::ivanced Degree 2. FHYSICISTS a. Beginning b. With 2 Years Graduate Study c. With Experience Plus A::ivanced Degree 3. ASTRONOMER:> a. Beginning b. With 2 Years GNd. Study EJij)ioyrrent Outlook Excellent NUJlll5er Drployed 1964 120,000 Excellent Excellent Excellent 35,000 Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent 1,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks :::,alary 6,300 Industry employs many beginning chemists to analyze and test products. 7,400 About 5% of chemists are wonen. 10,200 About 1/2 are employed in research and development. 6,250 Alm:>st one-third are employed in private industry. The others are employed by colleges or universities. Most of these individuals conduct research. 7,000 11,250 With PhD. have JIUCh greater chance of advancement. 6,870 Fewer persons are employed in this area than any other science field. 6,887 Only research and technical assistants under graduate study. (Continued on next page) Occupational PJ:oea c. With Experience Plus Mvanced Degree 64 PHYSICAL SCIENCES (Continued) ffiployment Outlook Excellent NWiber Employed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 9,025 An individual needs a PhD. for rapid advancement. Only a few openings each year, however, only a few persons train in this field. 156,000 In general, universities employ these individuals to teach or conduct research. Some jobs in research are also available in industry. The following are a few types of chemists : 1. Organic Chemists 2. Inorganic 3. Physical 4. Analytical 5. Agricultural 6. Food 65 SOCIAL SCIENCES COLLEGE DEGREE - GRAWATE STUDY REQUIRED FOR ADVANCEMENT Occupational Area 1. Social Scientist EmPloyment Outlook Excellent NuTT\ber fmployed 1964 50,000 2. Economists Excellent 20,000 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 5,750 People with Doctorate have a much greater opportunity. 10,300 Considerable competition with only Bachelor's I:egree. 70,000 In general, these type scientists study human society---past, present and future. Many are employed by colleges and universities in teaching and research. The employment outlook for the next ten year period is excellent. Types of Scientists 1. Anthropologists 2. Econanists 3. Historians ... Political S. Sociologists 66 TEAOfiNG COLLEGE DEGREE Occupational Area 1. Elerrentary F1I$1oynent Outlook Excellent 2. Secondary Excellent 3. College and Univer- Excellent sity a. Instructors Excellent b. Asst. Professor Excellent c. Assoc. Professor Excellent d. Full Professor Excellent 4. School Counselors Excellent 5. Rehabilitation Counselors Excellent 6. Vocational Coun- Excellent selors NUIIIber Drployed 1964 1963-64 Yearly Remarks Salary 1.2 Million 5,560 700,000 5,995 350,000 36,000 3,000 7,680 5,580 6,750 7,980 10,320 6,500 5,400 3,000 4,760 Over 50% of all teachers are elementary. They are in ~eat demand. More than 80,000 new teachers are needed yearly, About 80% of college teachers are male. Chance of advancement nuch greater with Master's. Intensive training in Psychology, Social Sciences. etc. Opportunity great in local and state enployrent offices. 2, 3 Million This area offers the greatest number of enploy- rent opportunities for woman than any other pro- fessional field. In general, all teaching levels will have excell~ opportunities for both Jill and woman during the ~ rnainder of the 60's and early 70's. 67 arHER PROFESSIONAL AND RELATED OCCUPATICl'lS COLLEGE DEGREE REQUIRED FOR ENTRY Occupational Area ~loyment Outlook NUJT\15er 1963-64 E."llployed Yearly Rerrarks 1964 Salary 1. FBI Agents Fair 2. Foresters Good 3. Geographers Good IJ. Industrial Designer Good s. Architects Good 6, lawyers Good 7, Librarians Excellent 8, Newspaper Reporters Good ~ PrograJ'II'I'ers Psychologists Excellent Excellent 6,000 20,000 27,000 250,000 60,000 300,000 7,290 Must be 23 years of aRe and not rrore than 40. Capable of physical exertion and willing to travel in the u. S. and Puerto Rico is a prirrary requirerrent. Persons with a college degree are preferred. 5,052 8,775 Almost 10% are women-about 65% are employed by colleges and universities in teaching. 9,000 Employment in this field is growing rapidly. 25,000 About 1/ 3 are ellq)loye.d by government agencies. 6,550 Limited profession for women. It requires 5-10 years to establish a practice. 5,365 Nearly 85% are worren. 7,228 Most are employed by large daily newspapers. 8,000 This area offers rrany opportunities for women. 10,000 More than 1/ 3 employed by colleges and universities f or research. (continued on next page) 68 OI'HER PROFESSIONAL AND RElATED OCCUPATIONS (Continued) Occupational Area Dnployment Outlook 11. SOCIAL WORKERS a. Psychiatric Excellent b. ~dical Excellent c. Family Excellent d. Child Welfare Excellent e. C'..orm1unity Excellent f. Gl'oup W:>rk Excellent g. Public Assistant Excellent 12. Art Directors, De- Excellent signers, Executives Well known free- lancers NUITber 1963-64 Employed Yearly Rerrarks 1964 Salary 125,000 5,500 5,150 Nearly 60% are employed by 5,330 city, county, and state 4,980 government. Nearly all 4,520 are hired on the basis 4,320 of being a college gradu4,620 ate. 15,000 853,500 od 2. Experienced Cooks G::>od 3. Chefs Fair 4, Restaurant Mana- Good gers Nliii&r B63-64 Employed Yearly Remarks 1964 Salary 60,000 300,000 270,000 2,600 Turnover very high, salary depends very much on the amount of tips, 3,536 May take as long as 15 to 20 years to becorre a cook. 15,000 Chefs usually come from experienced cooks after 15-20 years of experience. 7,500 Poise, self-confidence, and the ability to get along with people are important. 630,000 In general, these unskilled jobs require onthe-job training. 74 HIGH SQ-100L DROP-OUTS t1f\Y BE EMPLOYED Occupational Area 1. Bellmen Employment Outlook Fair-Good 2. Maids Fair-Good 3. Elevator Operators Fair-Good NU11lber 1963-64 Employed Yearly Remarks 1964 Salary 1,794 Salary depends greatly on the tips that they receive and requires little education 2,080 Some short term training programs are available for maids and other hotel workers. 2,766 No training necessary. A rroderate ~ncrease m employment is likely in this industry during the next few years. BIBLIOGAAPHY Benjamin, Harold. Principles and Practices of Vocational Education. McGrawHill Book CoTI'pany, Inc. New York, 1948. Boi"Q'v.T, Henry and robert V. Lindsey. Vocational Planning for College Students. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1959. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook. U. S. Departrrent of Labor. Washington, D. C., 1963-64. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook H:mdbook. U. S. Departrrent of Lal::or. Washington, D. C. , 1961. Committee on Education and Labor. rouse of Representatives. Eighty-Eighth Congress. Second Session. Poverty in the United States. U. S. Goverrurent Printing Office. Washington, D. C. ,""T90C Ful.Jrer, John L. and Robert E. Green. ~ ~ill Stl~t. Georgia Departirent of Labor. ~loyrrent Security Ag~h 15, 3. Gage, N. L. Handbook of Research on Teach~. The Arrerican Educational Research & Association. Rarik~Na11y Company. icago, 1963. Greenleaf, Walter Janes. Ocl3njions and Careers McGraw-Hill Book CoTI'pany, Inc. New York, Toronto, on, lffi". Kasper, S. H. Job Glide. Public Affairs Press. Arrerican Council on Public Affairs. Washmgton, D. C. , 1945. ~ster, He~chel T., Jr. Summary. of Studies in Relation to Hi(l School Students and the~r Subse1uent Success ~n College. -cbllege of Eaucat~on, Uhivers~ty or-Georg~a, 196 fi>rris, M:!.rl<. Career Opportunities. Progress Press. Washington, D. C., 1946. Knowles , M3.lcolm S. The A:lult Education l'bverrent in the United States. Iblt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. New York, 1962. - - - Preparing Students for E'.z!J'lo~t . in Agriculture - 19 65 Worksho ReE!rt. Agr~cu1turai OCcupat~ons~~tute. Oklahoma State Onivers~ty, 965. Puchaski, Ben S. What You Can Earn in 250 Different Careers. Chilton Company, New York, 1959:- - - - - - Shartle, Carroll L. Occu~ational Information. Prentice-Hall, Inc. New York, 1952 (Edition l and 2 amazoo, Smith, Harold T. Education and Tr~ng~r the World of Work. H. E. ~john Institute for Emp1oyrrent~sea Mich1g~uly, 1963. Thole, Henry c. Shortages of Skilled Kanper. w. E. Upjohn Institute for Collli1Uli1ity Resea~h. January, 19 5 U. S. Manpower Review. Job Glide. Public Affairs Press. American Council on Public Affairs. tra.Shmgton, D. c. , 1945. Wirtz, w. Willard. Manp<:Mer rrent and Traintat:Act of u. . Research and Trainin~ Under the Manpower Ievelo~ 1962. A Report by t e Secretary orLab0r. Departi!ent of r,Ma"rc~965. Wirtz, W. Willard. Manpower Research and Training Under the ManPtJ:er Ievelop- Irent and Training kt. A Report by-the secretary of IdE"or. S. ffipartrrent ~' Mai"Ch, 1'9b4. Wood, Norman J. Occupational Trends in Georgia. Bureau of Business Rese~h and the Institute of COmrrUIUty ana.Area Developrrent. University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia. The Job Ahead. Occupations Research Project. College of Mateo. San Mateo, --- ~ifornia, 1964.