T~-1 E NOVEMBER BULLE TIN 
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" I "\- f..VE EXULTANTLY OVER TH SCHOOTJ HO JSES QTi' THE LAND , FOR ~DU CATION I f, 'l'HE KEYSTONE OF THE NATI ON, AND THE SCHOOLROOM I S MY CITADEL '.' - THE Al\IER I CAN FLAG 
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Fll\G ET IQUE TTE - - ARM ISTi rE D.AY - - EDUCA TION WEEK 
GEC) RGI A STA TE DEPr\ I TV1 EN T 0 f ED UC A.TI0 N f'vi. D. COLLI NS STAT t SUP ER ! TENDENT O F SCHOOLS 
 
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D IVI~J (ll'i OF INI'OhtV'lA'I"ll.it> l, [~D PfJ i:li., IC , ,.'ll.J~l3 L. L. PE ~-i.l:. Y, DIRF~CTOE 193'/ 
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 F' 0 I'. E 1T 0 R D. 
 
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The month of ~~ov::!"lbe r has a rrivod r..nd with i t w .ny oppo rh.:J.iti c s r'o r va.r yin G 8.nd onrich in t., the :::chvol p r o grr~m . 
 
::'he ~:t-.to ._:Lr d o f Educc..ti cn ha.s autho r i z ed the is suance of a. public r.tion 
 
covorin t; the p r op~ r us:.-t;o :' f t ho r nited Stc.tos Fl o.g . Eo.sic muto ri c..l f o r this 
 
pu r pos e i 3 corltt~ir,:::d in this bulletin . A po.mphl ot will be i ssu0d by t ho ~toto 
 
f,epo.rtmvnt of ~~duc :::.. ti o .n , i n t he f o rn of a ? l:::.g c..nunl , C- pi o s Oi' ;.;hi e}: TI!i.LY b e 
 
had upon r e qu est . The mo.to ri ul cont ::-,inod i n thu fo ll ov.:..ng pu.g;os is <:tuthc:!'l.ic 
 
u.nd m::.y be us rJrl by tho scho o ls a.s r. t;ui('.o i:1 flo.g otiqu ctto 1 unti l r, m:;..YJ.1lt'.l i" uvai lr-.bl o . 
 
lun c r ic o.n ;~ d u c -:~tion ne ck , is spo::1so r od by tho 11nti on::.l fi'ic c of r:; du. c !:ttion , the .\m\.~ ri ct'.n Lq;i cn , tho T:.tion:-.1 Educ .tL1n Ass u ci C1.ti on 1 tho r~"tti on;.l 
C ngr css ... r Ptr onts :.m d "~' o  ~cho r :> . ii. brj;:; ' o~ the p r o~.r cm b ei ng s p(mso r o d 
f r 1937 is list e d h e r ein a.nd vro wouJ -:! 1.J.r g;c G<:.:orgia schools to utilize t his mcc.n s o f: promoti ~;. i nt 0r cs t in oducr. ti01: . ' bo or vtmc c of Educo.ti o , .'IrJ"Jc should pr c v o hv l p~u l to thv s c h(, c, ls  
 
.'.rmi sticc Da.y fo.lls vi tt~L1 Educ::,tion ~.-ro,)k c..:1d this b ul l otir1 c ont a ins a co l l o c t :i on of M~t c d. ~-1 , which ''JOUld pro ,.c he lpful to y ou in spom:o rin g e.n !.rmi::ticc nc~y procr ~Jn . 'Nr; Y:ot< l c' c. l so c!:ll  ovr (',tt ~.ntion os pc ci c~lJ.y to tho '.l bs c r:v:-~1c r; c f th ; ".:. r ae :) . :.-.r~. C.;r:..t o;:ni ::..l ['.r;, d t h e C m sti tution S cs q uic ~.mtonni rl l . r.:''tc \'80~: of J:.-n.uc. r y ?. , 1 S3c s ho ~..1. lC.:. bo obs u rvou cu:: the: Gnc !' l1dr ;d x1d l<' i f t i- 
eth 1...'.1.n i va rs c..ry of Gco r i c.. 1 s r r.ti fic'-tio u of th, Uni t t)d St c.t.:.. s Constitution . 
::Ole..;; r<.l.isir~ t c c- r crr,on~. . G shou l (; (_1. ; h J l d during this T.rc:'-' k , in th 0 e v e nt such p!"ogrP.nn h~.vo J ot bo1,n p r vli .c ..s l :f h ,Jld . J.rrn.ngerr.c!1ts shou ld be mc.do ourly Fur pt.blic p r ot; r c.J~ts h r.ving t o de.. vvi th the- Cc:~1st i ~~ut.i.o n . 
 
i. \to r i .cJ r c l C'. ti vo t c ':'hr.i:l:q;i"Vii"L 5.:.; not ~.nc J,ud o d i r; -!:. his b ull c t i 11 'but m.c.y b e fo.;n( rc ...dily ;-).VC~ ilL.blG 1)u ou[)1 th .:: vr.r iO '' S p r ofoss i m . :~l r..:J. c.zincs o.:nti thl'- t c xt bo . k::; . 
 
"'.ve r y r: hi ld i1 ; .'Jac ri.ca dto t: l ~. b e giYo:n nn o'?ror~- tmi ty t c st ud y v.nd t o l uP,r ll i c c.;x~ r .::ciato t h.:: C't:, lTir'- b spirit of' p :.t rioti c::m Yihi.::l~ i s clcv..) l opc: d throuch k.."1.oY;l (;c~t,... of .t~.mor ic rn l;0T:10cracy und thn d.g:lifi~~:n cc of '.'.'o rld Po~co . 
 
1 . L. fu r r y , ~ ir c ctor , 
Dhd..- j_on of Infor ;no.tion r..nci P tbHca.ti (ns . 
 
 COl~ TENTS 
 
l<' oreword 
1'he Star Spangled Banne r Resolution of the State Board of Education Mean inf!; of the Flag to the Schools       Preamble : The United States Constitution 
The Georgia Constitution The Ameri can Legion Constitution Meaning of the American Flag Old Flag Forever - - Frank L. Stanton History of the United States Flag 
TJ. s. Flag - 'rhe National Flag Conference 
Old Flag - - Hubbard Parker First Flag Flown Over School House 
U. s. Flag - Diagra.Tfl 
Old Glory -- Grantland Rice Code of the Flag -- Flag Conference Committee The Flag Speaks How to display the Flag Honors to the FlaG Tributes to the Flag Pledge to the Flag Our Flag -- Essay What America. Is The Geo r gia Flag Origin of the National Anthem Questions about Flat;s SuGgested Armistice Day Progr~1 The Viorld Wa.r History of the Nat iona l American Legion History of the Geo r gia American Legion The American Leg ion - "I'Vhy They Organized Legion Pro gr am of Edu cat ion The World War Symbol - The Red Poppy In Flanders Field -- John McCrae The .Answer - - Moina Michae l -~ericn -- Samuel Francis Smith The Old Rouses of Flanders - F'ord Mo.dox Ford Our Own Dear Lund - Viild.red H. .:vlunro The Red Cross Spirit Speaks - John Finley Sugtj E.i StJd Program for Education Week 
r.. a Si:x-Y.:-c r Old - Mac Knight Clo.rk 
.Americ:UJ L!;m:.Jo.ti oL Week 
Cha.raove ris tics of the l"odern School - Lester K. Histor-.f of 1duca.tion in Georc;ia. The Constitution~ of th0 State of Georgia 
 
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Ade 
 
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2 3 4 
0r. 
6 7 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 23 24 26 27 28 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 42 
 
 J.HE STAR-sPANGLED Bf~NNER 
By Francis Scott Key 
0 so.y , c an you see , by the de.w11 1s early light, What so proudly we hail' d at the twilight 1s lLt~Jt g 1 earrting? 
hhose broad stripes and bright :;tars, thro 1 the p'3::i l1ous fight, 
O' er the re.mpnrts we wa.tched wore so gallantly streaming .: 
And the rockt:ts 1 red glare, the bor:1bs burstiug in 1.ir , Gave proof thro 1 the night thu.t our f1 u.g was still 
there ! 0 s a y , does that sta.r - -sp.~ugJ.c..-d bc.!1n{.;r yet wave 
0 1 er th0 l c..nd of tho free a.nd the hor:v:::: of the brc.tve? 
On the shor \0 , dimly seen thro 1 the mist of the ouefJ, ~Jhere the foe I S ho.uehty hOGt in are.:_.d ~-ilence 
-rc;poo.:~e.s . 
hhat i :;; thu. t which the breeze; , o 1 er the "towc::ring s t.c:ep As it fi tfull:, blows , h<.lf co1:ceu1s , hnlf disclo:~ cs ~ 
how it catches Lh0 glea.rr, cf tho r. torning 1 s firs t be:""m. Iu full glory n;flected, now s hin0.s on tho strcmn- 
1 Tis the s tar-spc.nglca banner . 0 long m:-.y it v;avc U1 er the l anJ of tho free :..~.ncl the home cf the br:).VO ! 
ii.nd iNhere is th:.Lt b&nd ~vho so wlUntiue;l;)' cv1ore , Tlw.t tht: hu.voc of war and tb0 bu.ttle 1 s confusion , 
A hume <:t.-r1d a Country GhouJ.d l(;:l:l'Te us n o more? Their blood has H<:.;.S]lt)d out their foul footsteps ' pollution . 
No refugt: c ould so..v<~ the hirding <:.r,d slave From the tt:rror of flight, or tht~ gloom of the grave, 
J;nd tht: sta r-sp<Lngi.e:cl banner j_n triumph doth wave 0 1 er the land of the free ~i.f d the home of the bru ve . 
0 thus be it ever when fr j::emen shall stand Between their l oved homes and the war 1 s desol::; tion ! 
Blest witll vict ' ry and peace, nny the He[tV 1n-rcscued land 
Praise the Pov~er that hath ma.de O::LrHl prc~ervt::d us a nation ! 
Then conquer YJe mu~rL, when our c uu::>e i+, is just . i 1 .d this be cur motto , 11 In God is ou1 trust 11 - 
l~nd the: star-'"'pung led bannE;r in triumph s hall vt.ve 0 1er the lanci of t.he fre{; c.nd "Lhc home of the br:...ve . 
11 I woulci l.ike t0 insist up un the School Childr en of the St- te of Georgia being able to sing 'fhe Star-..':ipDngleu .d:.nne:r . 11 
11 1 wo.uld like to L sk "Lh-t ~ome sui tu.bJ.e provisioJ, be m;;...d e t c give ever~ cr.l.lu an GFJ')urtuni t:i' t<i expres s the spirit of Arneric & in song . 11 
w: . D. Cc,J.lins 
S"Lu.te .Su~,crinter..dent of Schools 
 
 TIE US E: OF T.liE AMERICAN FLAG lN GEOhGIR SChOuLJ 
Passed by State Board of Euucatio n 
l3e it resolved , by the Stu te Boi!.Lrd of Edu cation : That we require rcl1 s ~boob J uring -l..he time of' the ir 'lS:ing open fo .~ oper~tlon , ex c ~pt Nhen r<. it:lng , to fly he Ame r i can ft'lag , v, i th t he w.ccompany lng re:1i sing ~...nd 1owerinf,' ; ~ nd 
Be it further r e solved; That the Cu r riculum Committe e ami the l.Je1)a rtmen t of Education iJe ~!ut.horized t o p1o mulg ute o manua l for d i sp l <ty in~:. the flag . 
Reso lutio'n unanimously a  ovted the 11 h day of Augu st , 1337 . . 
 
 -1- 
MEittliNG OF TBE FL~tG TO Tl!E SChOOLS 
J, fl P.g iS f~I T more than 'l me re pi ece Of Cloth ,' . \~1 i th SOmethi ng printed on i t ; ~.nd eve:o..y f l r:!.> ' tht.t ho.:; ever wc..ved from the e.:,rliest time until now h u ; h~.d :. diff.'r.;r .3n t roe.:.:.ning . Tf..J fl ag o f Rome prim<rily m;;. c.nt powe r ; t he fl_t ..g of Cu rth r,gc , milita ry brllli :. ncy ; the fl t g of Atillc , rut hl e ss forc e t:nd l~ ing .te ~::ds ; .he f'L.g o f Ging his t\ c.hn, courc.ge , t e rror, de struction; tbe flt.g v;hicb w:::ves ovar our s choo l me L.ns something preci ou ... , he l 1Jful . on ( )<::triotic. 
Th8 fl,.g of the Union i s th o fl ag of the foun uers of t he Republic ; a nlJ. i.-L is our f l :.,.g tu (!ay . It h & 3 ne ver k nown de fe a t. It guh :nt ees U:J f reedo:n, justice , pro tec tion, equ a li ty, individu e li t y &nd l oc::o.l sG lfgovern:r.::nt . 
Tl e St <.r s c.nu Shipes , o :.r Ensign, i s the symbol of our .Uru o n '"nd of om h ;mor, our i d l~ .L; c:..nd our &S.Jir u. tions a::; & na tion . fl ny t nlng which t ..:: n ' ::1 t o n c ce nt uJ. t -. Lh i a symboli s m c:.n d to incre.::. se tL... respect ~md rev2 r ence f or our fl g is '" rcG1 cont-ributi on to the welf~; re o f our country , und is a pc.. tri o tic sarvic e . 
Pli 'f~UO'J'I~M i s more t hm1 c. s .mtlment; l cyc:.<l t,y is mo r e t hru-1 a.r, ex pression . The .J ne is tha ~:J c ccpt<::n c e of t he Juti t:.:a - , bsolutt.: a n d univ er:J~~ - which e v a ry oi.tizen owes h i s c.:ountry; th e o the r , is the sincere und unf c.l tering de t er mination t o pe r fo :m those du t i es irre spective of t h o ::>e.crific e .. "In sile n t grcl!lde ur t he fl ag float ::; ov:er the grn.v _s of '!;h e t" ei:lc' , ov.~r the h v.mes of tl1 s living , th;..J embl Gm of trutt t.:. nd ritihtevusne ss, ins )i ring me n ' s hearts o n tt'tr: l ~ml 1.1 nd on th e sen. wi th f L i th i:lncl hope , the sy:nbol .)f th e power , th ::J unity and the purpo;.;e of uur H<:::pnblic , now c:: n L< fur ever . 11 
J:, thcug htful wi nd , r.hen i t s ees a n <lti on ' s fl e.g , . s ae s  not the fl ng but t he no.tion i ~;c> lf; nnu wh1tov'er m&y be i ts symbols , its l.n s l gni t.:. , he r eHiG c.:l1i efly in he i l.... g the gc v ernr;1cnt, t ha princi pl e s , the tru th, . the 
hi rto.ry , .th<'-t e lum~ to thn n:..:.tL:m tl1t:. t St.:ts l t f o rt.!-': . 
"Let u s then t wi n 8ach thraad of the g.lJri()US t i ssu e of JUr c ou ntry' s f lc.g .bout uur h eo.::nt.:>tr.i.nga; t..nd 1 J~ inG u;>cn "our homes ;:;m: ct..tcl ing the spirit. t hc..t brocthc.s upor! u s from thl:) bu.ttlo fi e.ld s vf m~ f r. t h:_) rs , l e t us r ~ s o l .re , c ume \'ie C.l OY' wo cj , n.~ \<ill, i n lif e:: an.~ in deet. t h , no w ~n<.i fo reve r, st;;. n by tho SthrG and St:::- .Lpc o . 11 
 
1' Througl~ i.he b1 i l{1te s t pol' t .i..on v f my ....i ft:: I was ac custo mnd to see 
 
our f l"g , hi stori c arnbl em of Un i on, ~.-i se wi i.h the r .i. sine ,~nd f'Ll l.. with 
 
the s et ting sun . I l uJ c upon it now wi t h tl:e .:..ffe ctio n of e a.r ly love , 
 
it c:. n  s..:eK to preserve 
 
by ~' .5tr let c.~ hertmce t o th~ C.1. nsti tui.i OJ , fr om 
 
w.ich it hn u. .i. ts bir th a n...: by th e: nu ture of wl...ich its s tars lwvc co me 
 
so mu ch to outnumbc;.r its J r i g l m l st:::ip2s ."-- J effe .2 s on D~vis , 1850 . 
 
 1-A 
P_EAMBLE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST~TES 
OF AMERICA 
e, the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common Defence, promote the general 1 elf~re, and secure the Bl essings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and est~hlish this Constitution for the United States of America . 
PRE.tuVt BLE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE 
OF GF.Opn:IA 
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote thP interest and hap~iness of the citizens, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Al mighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution. 
PRFAMRLE CONSTITUTION OF Th'E A.MERICA!-T LEGION 
OF 
-1\.MEICA 
For God and Country, we associate ourselves together for the following purposes; to uphold an~ defend the Constitution of the United States of merica; to maint~in l aw and order; to f 'ster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americo.nism; to pr eserve the memories and incidents of our association in the Great ~ ar, to inculcate o. sense of .individual obli g~ tion to the Community, s t ate and nation; to combo.t the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the maste r of might ; to promote peace  llnd good will on earth; to safegua rd and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our Comr adeAhip y our devotion to mutua l he lpfulnes s . 
(Basil Stockbridge, At lant~, Georgia served on the committee who drew up the Preamble to the Constitltion of the American Legion.) 
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"If ever there was a cause, if ever t ere can be a co.use, wo r thy to be upheld hy all of toil or sacrifice tr.a t t he h~unf\n henrt cnn endure, it is the cause of education." 
From - "Thoughts from t he 1 ritings of Horace .fann." 
 
 2 
THE M~.JJHIJG OF THE Ar1lF..ICAl }'LAG 
By Edward S. Holden 
M any eloquent speeches have boen made that r ecite w11at the flag .should ::;tand for to u citi::;en of America . Among thJm onG is hen: 
selecL~d : 
" As at the -=arl~y dawn the st6.rs shine forth evsn while it groN1 light, c...nd th,n , as thtJ sun adv&nce ~> , tbat .l ight break.:- ilJto b::tn l<f> ona streaming lin ~S of cclor , the glov-ing red a nd intense wL i to f; tr-i.ving together a nd ribbing thu hor:Lon wi Lh IJ:...l 'J effulg6llt; <o, on the Ame:ric an fl ag , st-.rs and beams of m~:my t:: olor0.d Jight f3 hi ne out tog~r-.her ... 
"It i t- the bo.nnor of dG.\iTl . It mean s 1ib :rty; ~.nd the g 1.. lley ~; l '3. ve, ti'!e I;oor opprr_;~::;~::ct eor..Jcript, tho oown- t rodd8T< cr eature of for eign despotism, s~ es i n t.h t.: i~meric .'n fl:.:te that very p rol!li.S<~ u: i <.l produc t ion of 
God ~ ' The t-eoplc \i.~. icl :m t i r1 (.lf ,r l nen G, ~; ::w ;.. g rc -t light ; l nd to them 
which S' t in the l' ~~gion 8HU Shaci.rJ 'I Of de.:~.th, light iS Spru. g UjJ . 1 
"In I777, wl.t!;.ir ~ .. fe~,; d:;ys uf (1ne yuu .:-.f~or the Deel11ration of Iud.epon once , th(; ccmgresd of thro co.l oni tJr~ in thE:: con.fedr1 r ated t 1 tes asseml::lr;d .:.U1G or(J.<,~. 'L w::d. t}J:L:; gJ.or1ouc n:. tiun:.~l f lag vv.hic t we now hold and defend , .::mG. r.tu v.~o.J l coc.t i t fulL b.i.gh b efar(; God w.rJ.d EJ.ll meu <:.s the 
Fl&g of LibE:rty . l 'L wa~ .no holiw.:..v flag ~c.:rt;e m..t l':J.y ernblo.zor;(~d for 
g ayety or vanity . It. was a sol:;nrr, iJc: Lionnl symbol. 
"Our fJ ag c c-.rr.i.E!S Hmt:ric<1 n ide,.ts , American his t ory, ~knd Ameri.ccm feelings. Begim ing with t h<, coloni e s, h.no coming u uwn t o our time , in its sc...crcd herc.:.ldry , in it  glorious i ns igtJi:... , it hf-:.d ga the;;rr~cl an cl stored cLiefly t his :..up1c::r.J(; icea: DIVINE RIGET OF' 1.IBEHTY I N r.1A!J. Every color mear..) l il:: erty ; every t n cad. mcJnns liberty; every forr~ of star and bec.m ur :: t :l'ip:::: of light mt:<rtB lib E.;rt;y; !lOt l L.wlessn fJS S, :.wt license; but organii;0d , in stitutivm.l :Jibr;rty--liberty through l av;, and l aws for liberty ! 
11 It i s not a painted r ae . I t h ~:.. whole nationr...J. hL>tory . It i s the Consti t ution . It is thE. Government . It is the fr ee peo1:le thc.t stand. i1. the govE:rr.Hu:~nt on t he Con.,titu iot t . "--(F'rom t h-3 addres~; of t he Rev. Heury Beecher to m(:If.~)G!' S of the Fourt0t:nth (eginl{;nt of New York State Troops i n I 86I .) 
The s peeches u.f Sumn(;r' a nd of Bel:::chor show trw r~eulings thc.t e J. oc1uer t 1.1nd po.t riotic c:i v i.l.i~{JS flnd in the fl ag . Soldi (:rs show their dP.votir;tl to it i r: mure dir t~ Ct n.nc.J. imnedi<.:lte ways . Out of c1 1.!: nueand. i nc i dents tha t migr"t be tiuoteu f rom t he hi Btory of ",he wars of t he United Sta tes, 01 e ir. here ::;et '.:..cw1. . I t c:xt :i.bits :-he pr...ss i unnte d 'VO t ion of loyn.l soltlh.rf> t c.. t.hE: G :.-::.:.nd::.ru unde1 ;i:1ich they s ervo , Vihlc h i::; tu them the symbol uf the cu.u;:.e .:ncl the eC;untry thn.t they giVE; thelr li v us to def:;nd . 
In the year 1863 the Sixteenth Regiment of Cormect.icut volunteers , r1fter three d <.~.ys 1 hc..rd fig ht irg, wu.s forced to f;urrendcr with the rest of thf; Cv1'lli1t::.nd . Just before the enemy s w&rmed over the brea stworks that thC:y had u.ef !'1d<::d fl,r St.. ;_ung , t he ech;nel Gl' thr, regiment shvuted t<.: his 
men t c, suve 1:.he c c.,lors --no t to let the. f l1.1g f c:. ll i n to the h<:md s of tho enemy . I n ~1n i ns tc-Ln t the battle fl ags v;E:re stripped fr<.:m their poles an<.l 
 
 .. 
 
', 
cut <-.nd torn i n r.c. sm::.~ll fr agr..ent~r. Every piec e v.as c:::.rcfull~ hidd on in Lh.u bwr. t L ?: ,v po ;-.s.L'ble . 
 
i'h<.; n,gj_~:H.m':. , ;. ornr..! five  hunar<l :;trong, Vi<..ts :>er!t to ;-' prison c:...mp l ilid'L !:. , ~;:., of t ii; lfl::n rcm<. ined . nr,:i.l ::.he closE: of thu \'1.' r  . E:ic h picc:t. 
of tll8 c:u Lor: > ~v,:; ::;.,...crt.'Cily preserved . hhen :. s0l u ier died. his p.i.r;c 8 
'd:J.:.3 i 11 t ru, ; 1~ca Lt a Gc,raro.<.lc . ~t t hd end of the \'iar the n :ar;,- pri;:; un ,:;.: ~.:; r C? turn uci. ~c ~ heir hor..~s , eac h br i ng ing i.1i ... bit cf :.:;tm or stri lt'' \,i tl :'lL :. r. } .l. + hL:PG \'I O L' t~ f ragiilt;fl t s .were pa tched t ogetht. r t:..ntl thu r cgi iac~ nLc l color s ' ll'r: r .lJ r..:ornpletc'' ;~ re nov; ..' t~S IJI'Ved il the St<:.tL ]feU;. (.. ~- t Hi.-rt- 
fvnl . 
 
r o dt...votion coulr1 bJ mor:f; sl!. ple , more resolute, mo . e ,_ b:.>olato , 
 
th:.m t tis.. 1~ nu tho:i r love of thl- f.J.ag wa:., not :..hov,n a loue uy Lheir 
 
will.i ngnes s t:.c tl :i.e for it on th o .fl.c-::ld of uction . 'l'hey 1iv~cl for i t 
 
tl~t'OUgh long y o t I.'S Of imprisonmon t , ana uY'OUl{ht i t b::..c k \'ihOl.C: tC: the 
 
t o St<J.t~:; t h;;.:t:. g [~V e it into t h i r hu.nr1.., 
 
hunor ru d .uef ~nu .. 
 
'I'!te .:.uven turcus _.'3a.i.Lors vf t i1-c Unitc'<l 0ta tLS hc.vc o.:Lsp:Laye<.l t he ~J.::1g ir~ every p<.:Lr.t of th world where c orrunP.r'ce c .s.lle<l. U em, f ror!t the Arctic to tht.; IndiGs . Our ni.tvy ha;, madE: it r ns pe:c teJ in pE:a c o urd in 
w&r . It lw.s b t:: eu planLe<i i n foreign CuUl tr:les by a rmoo fc rc, i n Trlpoli (t805 ), i11 i.iex:ico (I 846 ), i n iVlaniJ. r , Furtu Ri co ,  anc .Cub a (I 8~8 ) . 
 
The c:xpl or:i.ng (:!X~JE.>dition of Cuir:.mod ore i ilkc::s ca r:cietl it through Lhc: P.::. cific Oc~;<Jll und tc. the: Antarc t ic regior1s ( 1830) . Th~.: Arctic ex- perlitions of Ku w (IS.S0-:53 }, Ha;y-s (I860 ) , Hnll (I 87I ) , DE! Long (I879 ) , Greel,y- ( Hl8 I --83 ), Peary (I89I- 98 ) have u1 fu r l ed the flag aJaCJJg the icebergs of t he Gxtr em{,st North .  St.'J.nl ey ha s carrioo i t to ti10 hea rt uf _'rico. ( I 87I and l.:.tter ) . I t is re:-:>pec te<l evE:rywhere, u.nd e ver:;'Where it starids for AtJerieun fre ed om, enGrgy , vigor . 
** *~ ~ ~ *** *** 
OLD F'L1~G I"OREVJ!lt 
 
By rh 1k L. Gtw1ton 
 
Slle 1 ; . t p ther e, --Old G.Lor y , --\'there J.ightings c.~re s ped ; 
She uu. zzles the ~ ati on s with ripples of red ; 1 110 she ' 11 wa ve or us living, or c.Iroop o ' er us c e.s. , The f l ag ol our country forever ! She '  up tnere,-- Ol u G.Lory,--How b:l."i.ght the :3lars 
stream! And the stripes liko roo s~W.:Lls of light are agle:1m ! J1.nd we d~r E: for her ' living o'r drea m .the l n st area m' '!l eath the flag of OUr COUnt ry .foreVBr ! She 1 s .up then::, --Olu .G.Lory, --no tyrunt-den.l t sc::as, 
'of No blur on her br~ghtncG s , no s tl:..in on her star s ! 
't1c. brave bi.ood he:ro0s ho. th crimsone  her bars . Spc 1 s . t _he fiae. of our c ountry forever ! 
. , ; 
. 
 
 4 
.tiiHTORY OF THE UNITED STh'I'E:S FLAG 
The flag or t he Un j ted State s of r\merica is the th ird oldes t c)f tbe national t>"tr,;.ndards of the world ; oJ.d.er than t he Union J :1.ck of Gre<l i.. Brit ::..i n or the Tricolor of FrancE: . 
June 14 , 1775, tho Continental Congress p::.ss~J H resolu t ion that the flag of the Thi rteun Coloni es be thirteen stripes, al ternettirg r e': and 11hite, a nd that vvhitE< st~rs be plLLced i n a blue fielt.:l to rcprr:sEnt .the Col oni es in the Union . 
Gener.:1l V1a.shJ.ngton rmJ the e;omr. i t teG , wlli cr: was uppo JnLei to lo ok ufter the matte.c of trw flo.g , c:::.llcu at the lJomr:: of Betsy Ross. u young 
widm. of tv..-enty-four, ~;ho wa::, heroically str iving tc s upport her "' Plf ty co tinuing i n thf.; U};ho.lsto3ry bu~.:irw [> s of hfJT' l r1t e hu;:;bc.nct , young John Hoss , ;;. putriot \1\ho bafl cUed i: ser,;ic.:e for r:is country . Thi s commi tte -2 <iskeu Mrs . Ros::, 1f sh-~ could rr.a1w a f l0.g fro1 :1 Uw rough  rawing GE::ner:>.l \;a s hington ::>!to\,lKi her . Sht: repJ. i ed :3h:Jl:y th.c..t <:>he would try. he then notlco<.l tha t L.he ~:;tar- h~.:. h  J dr~Lv. n h<::.d si:x pc.d.J~T.s . 31 c informed the c >mmi tt cc that i:l. corr ~ctly uu:io st:Jr chcJu.lJ h.:.vG cn:Ly f i ve points . They answerc<.i. that :1 gr.,.:.t l,umb ,r :)f &t~n; Vl(jll.ld h e rB4u i red find tha t a star v1i th s i;. pcirn.s cc.uld be mN' b :;,,. :.;iJ~; rnr.de thc:Jt Ul(;; with fiVe . She~ res pen._ eJ. i n b. pr:.:.ctic<...l vay b:r" s.r.:illfu.Uy fc.Jling [, scrap of pt.per ; with c.. single clip cf ner ,-, c i ss0rs , Gbe c,ir,pl:J.~ cd a t rue , even five-pointed sta.r . 
Tht.: c mr:li t t<..e Hlis pl c,..s -d vi -L'-1 her st.:tr aud left the r<;ugh des ign 
fer her tc, use . ::e ;1c..s perwit t LK1 tG JP.ak1~ ;.. saiU.plo r :..a g a ccordine; t o 
her OY..'Tl i <.leas . 
Sor.~etime afterward, the fl n.g ;; ts pre sente :J. to Cuugress, ::u d tbe c orruni ttee had th~:: p.lcc.sure of tell Lng betsy Hoss t hat her f L.g '"'' s ac-ce pted a s the Nati on 1 s Banner . 
11The 1u.rc es  ;.ne rican flag ev<:~r r:tunui'a ctured uea - u~:-ea iJQx200 feet, cost t-2 , 500 and ~~as ord ered by ::.. l oading Detroi t r ep' rtn:.r.::nt store for ctispla;r over j ts f .:J.catl , during t he vorld 'vja:r.' Cll:.-s .    A.nu thD.t r e mi nr.ls u:s : The only t wo places >!here she flag l[~ pcr1:1i t ted by l aw tc be flo wn ~. t night durj_ng peace tiraes a re over the 1C:1pi tol a t ashington 
r:.nd ever the g.ruvc cf 1 The Sta.r- SpRng led Bu mer 1 .s cor.l}JOSer . Frh.ncis 
Scott 1\oy , i n r,Lr:; L~1ni . 11 
-~e&l O ' Har~ , i n The Atlanta J ournl . 
 
 -5- 
U.llTl~.[; S'.t'ATES FLAG 
"J'he Li ; .!.ng Symbol of Our Gr 0 at Re 1)ublic!! 
T!-:E IJATlu.ilJ.\.L FLAG :; NFh:Ri:::i CE. 
A \''Ode un<.. t.t&Ju_rrLe:l si ne e t!'lo begi.rilli.ng of the Ret->ubl.ic wa ::; t~.ken in he nd a nd c o m_ol ~t:.:d by the Na t. i ona l FL1.g Co nf e r <:nc c , compris ec. of tLa r~ pr\; s.nta~ i i.'.! d,. l <3[;r t,J ~:i of ::;ix t y-<; ight grt. ~' t na tional _? r..tr i.oti.c :: nd ,~ ivic ~ 8socb. ti 1)n ' C'OllV8 .!'ling in Mo mori:~l Contin en t t.l ht.ll , v;.:.::;l!lnr; ton , 
D. C. , J:m e 1<1 -Hl, e1 t t.L.:; in:> b.n c e cf your N:...tic n a l Arrr: r .Lco.nism C.) mmi::;si on . 
This C')unc:Ll, uncl.t:r  ~1c spO-Q- S\.>rsbl~ of The Ame riccm Legion , evolved a nd complet.,d L c:oncis ~' yet compr e h ensive code of civilian fl r.g us ag e . This coni'p.c;c?llC :J :. n d coo-.; h:...\ r.; t.i~ l-::::nou ~Jido n: ti n c.. l iJ.H c:r..:st :. !1(i :...ppro vcl , : r1d thr~ coue r.:.l" uttd~, il&. S unofficic.lly be on a cc ep t d by the peo.1le of the lJni C;d 0V, te~:; c. ::.; t,:1,; !ll'!: im~; te authori'L~' on tl1e m ~...ny r nd much dj.sput.:Jd :n~+.t.<: r s c: ~.mc ..;rnitJ; c l.'ri.lic..n honors du l thu n. ftg of thl~ ur~it...;ci ::;t<~tes . 
T!1c n.~.g .:!. S th.: l:!.v ing symbol of th.. A m (~ ricon R.E"~ 1 Jubli~, is e ntitled t o : 11 lJonr.J.:.- :..nd r .;;;l er:: 1, f1o !l1 every citi:.-:en . The AnK:!:cic:.P. 'iCO!Jle , putriotic r:. t h~:.~rt, ::_r ,3 willir1g v n~ ;.n::dous t.o p;:..y su ~: h h::JnO!'S o tlk:ir fl ug . I!ut tb e m:..!1nt:;;:r of b -; stOii ~- 1 of such hon:;rs h-:.ti nr.~ v e r b(~en d.E:fin :;..; ln the hundred .:..nd t'o: t.y- ..;evc-m ye:u' S of ou r Rz ptlblic . 
']'; m1t.8ly tbis n ~ . , Lh  r e he :! grown u 1:::. cDnfus0d mc.ss ol.' loco~ c1tst. ~m :.: nd in ~e fini:_.8 t n . .i t.L- n s , ~. i t~ou '" .:.: uth')ri ty :::md oft :; n n t conflict \A.'i th govd . l s ;:ge l.T l,,:h)l < t:.sto . Sucb ~.r :, Ji ti nn s S8 rvu in w;nor.:. l nly to C G nfus <:~ th~~ c i vi.il::.!l. r:l.lnd r eg:..r~U. n~ the fl~~g , u.nd v.;er8 CClnJ.tcl ve in the l:ng r :.m '!:-o .:::. r 9:i <; ssn ; ss .c. r:d utt, _. r c;l ::>L! J!:e ct . Thu r egul<.t.icns .J stablished by U c WC:l' ( ~ nd N; v, L<JpL rtm r.: n~. r.. :pll:?d t o th0 fl.::,g .) nly c.. s i t ,mt~r e J into 
th e c .:;remonL.:::; vf t >:, ;!lilit:.~ ry . nd r:.&YL l sc;rvicc: . They were no t designed i'or th: ci t L~r:n , c.nd the:r me t nt li ttL: t o i. he. ci t.iz e n . In th~ c.b ae ncc of 
~ uy 's surc d c l vi.li  n c 1d '" ' the~ fl&..g of the 'Jni ted 0td,t)S v;~:s co ming t o btl look ed u.p1n mor e :: n ' t tnure e s .:. tJi t t) f l;unt illg L'. j}t t;:> <>E:TVG -t.he pur.y;o scs Ji' c.dvt..::rti~iers Jr .Jf Je c o r c:.t u rD, .:..like in hull  of c uu nc.il ~; nd in street 
cer::1iv:~s . 
Ye t tLe  l <..b uf t !te Unit ed bt.'.t3S i G <.. -c..hiug t!:<. t mcm c.Jia f or , and l t L; ::. s :: cr ac.l thin,_; . .iJL;r .J :~pect .!:\n th .) fl <g sy;nbolizc>3 isre pc ct of l<..w :~ nri. ind iffe rt,nc'-' :: ucl ill iNi11 Lo; :.r d uur g rN.. t m .t..Lmc:.l e~;tr.blis hlllent Jf G lVGrmne nt <..n~ cuun'Lry . 
T ~ c 0rr~ct the He con li t i u n s the c o nf ~ r once w&G c ~ lled . D~l e gl t t e s were in ~tt e ndc,uce .. (o p:es::;nt;;.tive :.>f sixty- 'light g.r-e:>t o r g:mizatl.:ms vh.lsr, me mbe rship t vt: .ls .five milli,ms Df ci tiz;;ms . Th o c oni' orcmce wan 
pC)nE.:d in per::. n by the P:ce sid.;.mt of tbe United 6tr.tes , w.h.) delivered 1; 1\n ty-mi.nute o.' d r ess t .) the dnlot: t:. t e s . 
'Ih ! 'lirl::ctor ~r .~r .~ur l~ ~-ti .) n!.l ti.ID 8ric un L~m Comrnissi,)n w<.::: chos e n as chn irm'.:.n ,Jf t.hr, r:~ n fe .r )IlC L.. . ii:..:~tD rts :1e r e d oliv cred by vnrLlUS spet:kers ;)ll p~ o ctic t. l . L;~ :...11 J.lst>Utt.; U m:1. , r ::: o f fh .g usr.ge  .nd u pe rmc.nent oJrg.. ni .<~a ti..J n in fl ,._e t: s :..ge \:: s t:!S'ti.blisl:ir.)d . 
 
 - 6- 
OLD FLi~G 
By H:1bb..rd Pc rker- 
,h..t. s h<!.l I s.~.y to y ,m, Old Fh.g? l ., !'!'J S.) gr'. nd in e v ery f.1lJ, ::k- .Lim:r ~ d with m.i.ghty dee:is )f' ::>ld , 0 c.i ::te O:_,.. ed in b.Lvud wh .:, r~: h e ,:>G ;3 f t.:J.l , Sv t (; rn  nJ pi e :rc d by sh0t ,,nd :::.h-:;11 , 
Sv ~ul~ , s~ still , s c firm , s o true , 
f'ily thr.)c,t m~ e lls r~ t the sight. of y ~m , OJ.u Fb.g . 
V;L:..i, J t' tb ,-: :nl.:'n v.h.) lif'tec!. y.Ju. , OlJ l''l <~g , Up :.::n ~:n ,~up uf i:.>un!~er ' s !;i l l , 
.h:.) cr u.-;h; tr.c i.l r i iv n 1 s cruel will , 
1 11i '~ s'l'\,, c :\: !, n d ro&r ~..;nd. c r~-' sh :...n<i scrm.: t:r, i'J --_, cr,) [;;,~ a th e: IJE.l~. w:.~.r0 1 n f r::J.zen str(!r:.tn, ';.!:.-') ::: t .rvul , v.h. ) f ought , 1Jb 0 bloJ , v.h n d i ucl , Tt: t y ..;;;., m 2:ht fl vat in g l JrLJll::l p :;:id c; , 
Ol,i Flug ? 
~\ hut .jf th0 ,,J m\:n or<.riT ~: :.:..nJ rJ.e , Old Fl <.g , l.ho , v hi. l "' ti o: c.:: nn -. n thu.m'i L: ~~d \'iild , ::km t f ..; rtb ::.. lmsban r.i , l ov 0r, child , ~: t :;, Lb;,:::ec2 i n t.l'. J r'i ~ l d by Ll[-..y , V~h..; , ~11 Lbe nie.ht. l .Jng , kn .:l t to pr -:.y , ~~ n ('< tiuu.sLt th... t. Gu G g rc :1t :n Jr~y g~:.:.; :~ , If '-I Ul j' f r01:3ly y.m mi ght wGv r::; , 
Ol .:.i Fhg'? 
What :i.s y ..mr :n U; s i ._m nc,w, OlC ~-:.<:tg'? Wh~t ~ t to set vl l p 8~ p l o fr a~ , 'l'.:;, r i ll th~.~ ~~ c,rl J o f' mis e:ry, 'r.) gur, .,.d the rit:ht, <t' e ng e the WI' .)ng , .n d ge. tk~ Ln .mv j oy-ful t hr .: ~ .8o n .J:.. t!i y 1u:r f ol --s in cl JS8 L.: rui.n~ - c :. lclJ. burc.".:ned .:irh~, s c> f .JV ,~Y.-y l'< Cf-3 , 
Old Fl g . 
Right n :..; bly ' o :.r-.m le:...ct the \\"llY , Old Fl ~g Y.jal' st<..r ;_; shln"" .mt f \n lib.:.rLy , Y Jnr ;. b.it f~ stripes st~:.n d for f)urity, Y.:;,.lr crl: w... n clt,Lns tlw t C .)ur;,~t: high Fo1 ~L r::r r ' s st:..cc t 1 fig~t nnLi die. L ,! {.d ~ n ..f_:. ..i.nst thw <lie n shJr,d 
1te 1l l f.)llJw y; u e'en t :J D.."'!:...t.h ' s do .Jr , 
Old Fl<g ! 
 
 ..., 
-{ - 
 
FI H~T FLAG FLO v~ OVER SC~OOL HOU0E 
 
! };~~~1,~:~~~iilf1~!~~-ii~j'; :"'"r ...,,... ., ,, , ;ro-,--r"""':""':'"::::--~::orrrr-:---,.,,t""&?'.V~ 
 
,.~ 
 
11/i, ;,. - 
 
.,,.  ~~-''' '~"rl'f .. .,.,.,.,_,. -;:I 
 
,:, ;~~~Ji~~~'~t:J~~~~;~~ :i~~~~~!~~~?~~-i ".: :~.' .: ._.:.:::'.h\.:tl>:Jii'D OVE:P. J> Pui3LIC .::iChOJL 'fAs :~x:'?~'f~ 
, : . ;, ::;: , ~:01~ li 10~ ct.?'YilDObtv i.IcC AJh/ 
 
.,,.~:.,. .,_;, . 
'!;g, .. 
(:t~ 1. 
 
::: 
Iti'ft:t~~~i:~~~ ~ /: t~ ~~D~ .;.;. _. '::'::;.!~'>;:;.;::-.=:::#t,:;:t:.::.';.:':f\:~:- .. ' 0 
 
: , :0.  '" .: 
 
. . ,\' 
 
t.i . .-t~?~- : . r .Ft::l o R11\JD\ bi1It='eE~ i t o  r;ots~sif:I'p'pJ{[''~'<;. 
 
.;}/ ~ 
 
;: 
. 
 
, :. 
i... l.. 
 
1',  
 
1,tn,':.l:lltlaJPI:'I 
 
t\ 
 
, . I II ' 1 j, 
 
~11J 
 
! 
I 
 
1 II11:1I,;it  
 
Tht~ first A::wric:c.n Flag Lo f ly ov-:Jr  pu blic school houso i n this cou n try vms flown ovGr <- log- 1ouse c-.:.t CD t~. mount Hllls , Mass:1cl usetts , .in t he year l 81 2 o t u bl"t no? .marks thG pl:lCe p;he];e t he littl e l og sc hool 
h o tlS0 S"t,OO A 
'I'od:q , t i1 lu<JeriCI-n Fl[_lg , by ::3t<.. t c l aws or by custom, waves "exult" ntly ov0r pr ;: ctic:dly &ll th..: school hou se s of t h0 l .Gnd , for E::iuc.~ .tion is the 
Key no~e of the Nt. t i on , 1:.r:J th<..: schoolroom is t he Ci tc de l of the Fl ag o" 
 
 8 
 
* 
 
* 
 
'""'" 
 
-~ 
 
-~ 
 
* 
 
* 
 
1~ 
 
* 
 
* 
 
-11- 
 
~~- 
 
* 
 
~~ 
 
i< 
 
11- 
 
* 
 
-:< 
 
-~C.. 
 
11- 
 
* 
 
i~- 
 
-~( 
 
* 
 
* 
 
* 
 
~'~- 
 
-~ 
 
* 
 
* 
 
~~ 
 
~.:- 
 
* * * .;;. * 
 
* * {{- 
 
* * * * -:} H ,'," 
 
-11- 
 
- 
-=.1J j I i . .I 
 
There .:tre forty-eight st~rs in the field of blue, each sta r represents a sta te. They a r e c..s follorts: 
 
First Row: 1, Deluware; 2, Pennsylvania; 3, Ne;1 Jersey ; 4, Georg i a ; 5, Connecticut; 6' j;Ja.SSCJ.Chusett~; 7' rflaryland ; 8 , South Carolina. . 
 
Second Row: 9, Ilev1 Hampshire; 10, Virginb; 11, New York; 12, r.:orth Ca roline ; 15, Rhode Island ; 14, Vermont; 15, Kentucky; 16, Tennessee. 
 
Third Row : 17, Ohio; 18, Louis i ana ; 19, India na; 20, Mississippi; 21, Illinois; 22, Alabama ; 23 , Maine ; 24, 1;iissiouri. 
 
fourth Row: 2:.5, J1rkc.nsas; 26, id c higan; 27, F'lori<ia; 28, Texas; 29, Im~a ; 30, ~d scon s in; 31, California ; 32, I1iinnesota. 
 
},ifth How: 33, Oregon; 54, Kt-.nsas; 35, lwst Virginia; 36, Ne \ada ; 57, Nebraska; 38, Colorado; 39, Harth Da.kota; 40, South Du.kota . 
 
Sixth Ro\'l : 41, i.lontunc. ; Utah; 46, Oklahoma ; 47, 
 
42, ~~ashing ton; Nmv Mexico; 41:3, 
 
4Ar5 ~1zoIndaa.h o ; 
 
44 , 
 
~~y a rn ing; 
 
45, 
 
Each of the forty- eight stars i n the flag r epr es:&nts a s t ate of the Union in the ord er of its admission to statehood. To find you r state reu.d the description under your state flag. DIRECTIC:NS FOR COLORING: The r e a r e seven alternute rea stripes, including the top and bottom stripe::; . The other six stripes a re v1hitc. 'l'he fi eld of sturs is blue:, the stars themselves are \.:hi t e . The s t~ff 11 o.y be color ed gol d . 
 
 l L"l.. uptt:d c.; t ::he N.3.tionn.l Flufi Co!i.fe r en ce, ,~ri shing tun , D. C. , Jun e 14-1..~, - 1923 , and R.evi~wd at the Second hnnuaJ. Flag Conference, May 15, 19.::::4 . 
;  1'hc lb.t i ona} .i:t'lug Ccuterence' c onvc;neq at the calJ. of thG ,:.meri c r:n Lq~ion in Memor.ic..l ConLinent.::.l Ha1l';t~ashingtorr, D. C., CJl, fl ag D.'l:J , Juno lt.b , 1~25 , COI!tpOf>ad orilelegc:;.tef; from th<~ principnl Nu t.ion.:J.l p::.. t riotic ,  frc...tcrn:,,_l , ec.u"r.t i onal 1.md civic orgc:.nh :ati on::;, udopts the fol- 
lowing Code and urgr~~. Uw.t every ci t i zcn be governed oy tHs Code i n 
the 'tis\.; ..:Yi'G c:-::ro of- t-he  l~lag of the Un ited Str~.tus . 
 
The Flag of th0 Urd.teu. Jta. tes symboli.zes  that fr e c.dor:1, oqu.:J.lity , jus t ic ::: a.nu . hurnc ni ty. for which smr forefathers r.;a. c rificetl th. i r livc s ;1nd personal fortu.:1cs . Tod:1y , tl' is fiag .represf~nts .:1 k~ tion of over .. one huncirecl million fr r3u people , i i,::.; Cons t. i tut i on t.:.nd ins t i tutlons , i ts u.c, i cvemc:;nts Wili C...SF i.r, :;.t i ons . 
 
,. +-~ ~ " ~~ ~~ "'{,i 
 
. . -~~ ~'" 
 
,. ~- -~- ~ 
 
--)} ~ -;~ ,. ;:- ..;;.. ..;~ 
 
Dt..:GCri:Ption of thr:: Flc..g . The F1ag of the United.  Stat8s hdr- 13 hori .:. Or:tal sti'i P'~s . - 7 .rE:.d aJ..d ?] wl1 i t:J - the red 
 
~~ 
!(.,\:. 
 
.:~ 
-h 
~ ~- 
 
i \ ;; 
 
1~ .:,:- 
 
-. * ,, .:- 
 
;} -;;. .. 
 
"* * - .:- "~~"'-.:j,, ;~ ..''-~-=--W-------- 
 
- -- 
 
- 
 
and wld.te stri1)e:; [,.1-LE:rne:.ting , and union which consists of white stars of fico poi nts on & blu e fit:.ld pl a ced i n the upp .r qm..rter next the 5taff 
 
r- - -_:______ _____________-t ancl extending . to : t he lower edg e of the 
 
1---------.-----------.,.,. - -- ----- - -- --------- ---- f ourth r ed stripe . frum .'the top . The r:umb01 of s ;;;.r ;.; i s t iK' s :1m~ l..tG the number of St.<'ttes i r, thG Union . Th  c: J.nton or u nion now cor t u. i ns 4U stars . arrd.nged in s i x hori z onL~..tl and e igbt  v ertica l ror1s , ea ch star wlth or.o point upwc.. rd . On the i:idrnission of' <:..! ~;tate into tho.: Un i on .;..J.." s t:.r wi l l to ~doed to tte un i on of the :F'l.<>..g , and . sucb addition w:i.ll tal~o Gfft;Ct on tho 4th O:f Jul. n0xt succ eedi ng "uch admiss i on .  'l'htJ prop ortion-S. of the flag, .-:..:o prer. cribed b;y E:x.c u t ive Order of Presit<(:mt; Ta.ft , Oct~,ber .29; 1912., ,, r< ' :.iB foJ.lc.ws : 
 
Hvist (wi dth ) of fl::.g - - - - - - -. - l . 
Fly (length )...,...-_______ 1.9  
 
Hoi st (width ) vf Union:..-_ _ _ _ _7/13 
 
Fly (lt::ngth) of t.mlor: 
 
. o ~-!76  
 
i'ddth u.f <::c..c }1 stripe 
 
1/15 
 
Diameter of each st<.r 
 
. 0616 
 
No to : By 11d i anwter11 of s t  r is rneur t tht , diamc:ter 0f tr.c. irftagin:<ry eir c.le Ln the Circura.f'erenc e vf ;1liich the poi ntS 0f t he Gt::tr t ie. 'l'he stu.r::;  rc. f ive pointecl vtith vne IJLJi nt directly upward . Tl e dBmensic..ns c,f 
the flag a re. f i :x.ed by <m Executive t:rcler is s ue-d May .26, 1~16 . 
 
. 
 
 lO 
Ar:ounJ the s ignc:l.l fires .nd cru:1ps , 11. sho.dow t r a ils the grount; , 
JhE: wn.r steells paw th~ earth aud chawp 'l'ho bi 'Ls which holci them bound ; 
'I'he 'iwa.r Godn as s abres c:Lo.ah , The r ed glo"'! lights the a ir, 
Dut prou~ly ocr thr:: cril!is on flash The St,C:J.L'S C).nd Stripes a r o there . 
1-'!"::<.,ce comes - and fields tho.t once rem r t:d l'li t h life- blood, now lie green ; 
No more ab ove the stricken dead 'rhe vulture h.aun ts the sc ~:;nc . 
rio lf.OI'E: the Vlb.I' uruml3 t hl'ills Lhe b old , t~ o more the bugles b l u.re - 
ut ~-i ::..ving proe1dly a.s of ol d 'I:nt..; Sta.r s and Stri pes a re tht:re . 
k i th hca.r t to hc9.rt - hi:!.nd c l a:.>pe<..: i r; h<::.nd , 'I'he  v u.li.,nt Blue and Gray 
From Ver~:-.ont to thE: Rio Gr:J.nde S:.~.-u te h er f olrls todo.y . 
v\hore 1 eT the sout her 1i sun h11s ki,.sed , Th~ north wind swept the a ir, 
Ou tli1 od ag f.tins t the ocean 1 s mist, The Star s ~n~ Stripes a rt; ther~ . 
Swords of the 8.-Jmurc..i r.:ay gleWtl In th~ arms of New J t.,_ I .:111 ; 
The LunrJ of the Ri '"' .ing Sun r.!1.y Circ::..m Of r:. wor J.d swept by her clan ; 
The bos ts o.f Nippon rush in bl.i nd, Their banzais fill the air - 
v,r;: w;.:.i t, well knowing they wi l.i. find 
Old Glory v;:.vi:lg ther e . 
F ag of th~ north c-.nu sot.. t h tod(.y  F'lc:.g of the e<:l.s t a nd \.est- 
F.L~tg c,f the st::~u nch :'.. nd bold -'ir r ay F.l<.<g of the s ore ui s t r e:WE>u- 
l<' .lr f l ung frcm th<J Pacific 1s rim 'l'o iVhine 1 ::; coa st , b leHk ::.nd ba re, 
J1bov ' the stirring Bat tly Hymn , Ole: Glory cl etot:.res tho a i.r. . 
~ill lus t till the Ete r nal Hills Ha ve crambl~ci into dust - 
U:n"Li l the r ivers a.nd the rills Arc dry bcne;_;:t h their c r ust . 
lll K.1 ~1hen tho fin<:.!.l t...-cl e is told , Ou tli.,ed aw.dnd tho gl.::.re , 
Of dying moon and fading sun, Old Glory ~ill be there . -Grantland Rice . 
 
   v 
 
-11- 
 
CODE Of THE f'LJ,G 
 
(Fur;mJ.l:....t ell by thi~ Fl ug Confe :r:-ence Co m'Ili t.tee) 
 
1. 
 
Ttw Fl::J.g shcul,: b;~ displ ay ed cmly f :rom sunrise to sunse t, or 
 
b :::t v,een s uc h hours r ;:; .ru!y bu d esignflted by prupe r authori t:y . It sh >uld 
 
bo hoistc v his :~l;y bu. t should be lowt:reu sl owly w n cGrc mo ni ously . 'l'hG 
 
Fl.g ::;hvul d kl ' i spl t;,;ye.l .:>n a ll n<"<ti on.il a nd sto.t e h,)liday.> am. ,;n ::usto rlc 
 
c.nJ. St)e CiE.l ;)cc.?.sl.m;5 , Hovmvt: r , being the e mbl a m of our c vunt ry , it o ug ht 
 
t~ fly ;'Jve r y f1 t:g1x l e ev;,;ry d ay thr,'"lug hvut t hr.: y ; t. r , we uth e r p :;rnlittinf_; . 
 
2. 
 
Wlwn c a r r i ot. i_n ~-. pr.Jc e s s iJn with .:.n .J tbe r flue or fl ug 8 , the Fl r:e 
 
of t.hr.J Uni t tJ Ci Str~ te s o f .<. n:e ric r::. sh:mlJ b e l~ i the r ~1 n th 8 ma rching ri;;ht - 
 
i. ..l ., t.l"JE; f l~:g ' s .;Vll ri~ ht- :)!' , v,he n thc r !) is a l i n (.; of oi.h :~ :c fl ag s , the 
 
F'l[.g vf t.h ~l United S t< tc G o f Am.;) rica rot ;)T b e ln f rvnt of the cent t:r uf tha t 
 
Hue . 
 
3. 
 
Wh e n d isf,l ;yo:l 1; i th ~n ::rL her fl 1:>{; ~:ga inst t:. wr,ll frv m c r u ssed str:ffs, 
 
t:,h:..: 1~1< (~ o r th :J Un.i. t:~J st ~ t e s o f Ame ric& s k;ul ~ b :: .J n t he :-igllt - the Flae Is 
 
own r i ght - a n.~ it :; 3t.1, "f s houl d h..:: in fr J nt :)f the ~V tff uf th.:: o ti18r fl <:ig . 
 
4. 
 
Wl!~:: n [. n u mber j f flc.-,g s ,) f stf, t(~ S 0r r. i t i e s .~ r i>mn:m t s of s Jci a ti d s 
 
:::.r c> Jr,.. pcJ <.nc': :li ::: ~l~_.;yed f ro m st:...ff s wi th t.h3 fl r_g of tJ: "' Unl t-.!cl Stt.t -:W 
 
of lcme r i c c., th ~ l , tt.-:1 s b0uld bt:! .<Jt. t h.3 c :-mte .c 0r ~. t t he n .i.{( r'h::l st pvint o f 
 
the f{I'..Jllp . 
 
5. 
 
When fl:.gs o f s t c.t 8 s or ci t. i ds o::- _p ennr-.uts of S :) ci et.i ~Js 'lre fl own 
 
on thu St-Ille h!lly<:< r ri ,\ l t h FL g .Ji' t he Unite d St c..t<]S o f !l.merica , the l tl tte r 
 
should .:.l v;::?.ys b t-: a t th e pc:,.k , Vih:m fLn. n fro.n a d j a c e nt st:.ff s the Fl a~ 
 
of th .' Unit.I"J<.i St 3 "'- t; S of 1~ rncric u s hGul ~ b o he; i.sted first .s.nrl l uv,a r e: d l a s t. 
 
No such fl a, o:r: 1'"J c nn:mt, flovm in th0 fDr:oer pusi tion , sho uld be pl .::. ced a bove, o r, in U~ e 1 .-tt.-:..; r p.:> s i t i on, to th .~ right o f the Flag J f the United 
 
Stc: t e s of A :uer lc [:~. - L e ., t o the ots( ~ rv c; r 1 s l oft . 
 
6. 
 
Whe n fltigs <J f tw::> or moxe n"".tL:ms o.r .= J is<Jl <.,; y .:.'lu , they shJ ul :l be 
 
fl own fr on. s e pt.tr t. t c sta ffs of the Sf.:.1 ne b .i g ht nnJ t!lG fh:gs should be of 
 
&p p r ox imr~t e l:y 8q u:.l Giz ~ . lnte rm tbrK:..l u s r g e forbi d s t he d l ~1 pl t .y of the 
 
fl t.g of :m e m: ti on ~.tbove thn t )f r~ nu 'Lh.:; r n&ti on in tl;ne of pe :;,ce . 
 
7. 
 
Whe n thr:.~ Flrg l;:; <' ispl ay oc.l frJ m r;. s 'tt. f f' p::':)j c eting no rizontu.lly or 
 
nt 5.n ungl e fr o1:. tl",;J >.inc':o w sill , b1.iJ.c ony or fr0nt J l' builu ine, the uni on 
 
of the Fh..g sh:Jultl g .) clus.r t ) tht.:J peD.k of the str.ff' unless the Fl ag is ut 
 
half sta ff . Whe n t .t1c l''lug is s uspcn d e u. ove r c. sic;ewc.lk fr .Jm a r up8 , e x- 
 
t e nding f r'):tl !i. h-:JlB e t.:> ~;. _i.)..zl ,) <. t the ed ge of thG siC.:cw a.lk , the Flag sh:>uld 
 
be h c> istt.:Jd ,JUt f1 :..>m ttc~ build ing to~c. rds the polo, uni.Jn flrs'L . 
 
8. 
 
When the Flug is CispL..;> -ecl in a mcnn0r other th:.:n by being fl own 
 
f r \..'ID :: st<...ff it s hv ul (, be diS _t)lt.:y ~:d flc.t whether indo or~; or out . ~hen 
 
displcyecJ ei thar heri z. t'mt:..lly or vertically c v,[.inst Q m.o.ll , the uni;,n 
 
should be u p pe rm) St .n d to thtl F'l ng'~ Jwn right- i. e ., to thtJ Jbse rver ' s 
 
left. V,l;J n dis~)lay.:Hi. in .s v:indow iL sh;ml:l b0 displc..yo cl the s :..m.:l wny - 
 
with t..hc uni on or blu ,~ field to the l eft of the obsvrv .; r in th.:; street . 
 
Whe n festo Jm:l , r J s e t t !.;s , or dr ;:.pings n r~ de s i r ed , bu nting of bluG , white 
 
::Jnd r ed should be us"'o , but nev e r the Flc:.g , 
 
 - 1 2- 
 
9. 
 
V'1hen d L:.; pl ~y<::.  ove r tl : ~; r.li e!Cll e of the str :'-: t , t .:.: l"l~..g ~; hou l .J be 
 
sus pen e ,;crtic.J lly v1i th thu un.irm to the no ~th ln ,_,n vt1s t ~ !C1 ~; s st 
 
str:;et, or to the m, st in & nortn <-.nC:~ south st .:..Gt . 
 
10 . 
 
t hLn useJ nn a s pa qk0 r 1 s pl~trorw , the Flt~ , if J ispl !tyc~ rl ~ t , 
 
dv.ll l -1 ba c.Uspl Ly J<., ,"nove Lnc; b ohlnz.~ the spo~.:-::or . I f f l own f rorrL a STA:.f f , 
 
i t should be in th,~ _;)OS i tion or honor, r.-t. tlJC up 8:...ker 1 3 r i r:,ht . It .J l'oul-1 
 
D')V..:1 h> usco to c ov<~r the s~13: l<:8r 1 s ues1'~ o::.' to drt..p.;; oH1r th_ L.:on:. of 
 
b .;; pl ' tform . 
 
11 . 
 
vh ;n USi:lc. in c.::mn~;; cti c n d .th U1 e nnn~ ll.i.r ti o f t . 51.,:. u 0 o r !il:mt<11:- nt, 
 
th .: FL.g ::; h ) ul n f orm t: ctistinctiv.:.- f c  . tu:::~-:: ..tu r i n,-; the c .-Jr;.,rJ.ony , bu t t.bi:! 
 
Fl '.g i ts0J.f Sh1.~ul d nc~VOr be USecl ClC the C -~VE! ring fur t :h ~ st14tue . 
 
1~  
 
\<",hen flo ' ll ; t ht. l f S t <. ff ' tb8 f l ;Ag SlJ..JUl...i l:H;:~ i:JJ i~; t~ G t o t lW P '3<.tk 
 
fo r t.n insti..Jlt < n.J t .hm luv,-:ne:l t,.) t11e b<.J1f-st: ff ii.J :.>it.i..Jn ; but be f ore 
l ow :ring t ha FL..g fo.r i..h :.: d.:..y i t r;h .:) ~ J. ' b :~ r~ J. :h .:.i , g1 .in t ') the- p:o ;.. k . 
 
By hr, lf- s':-::d'f is meLnt ,..:.tLling ,~o -m t ! c fl ~-e t ,1 .me-ht: lf the distL.nc o 
 
be t v.e r.:m the t op a w; ti1 c oott om uf the s t:,d'f . If J o c t!l cv n'.~.i t:Lon s r Jquire , 
 
di vergence fr om t.:::,i s .CJ:; sitLm is ,) -r.:rlis siblt::. Qn .Mr: rn:)r i '.J. D:.y , M:_y 30 th , 
 
.h e Flg is (l i .s;_)l Hye .:; <c t b,l.f-r; t...:. t'f f r J 'TI smr-i~ .: until nu J n .::: nd ::~ t full 
 
Dt ff fr o::t n .J,;n unUl suns ot, f ur t~l~: m .ti .Jn .liV.;;J , .nd the Fl. ,g is the 
 
symb-.:>1 of th;;; l .Lvin1:: ;wti >n . 
 
13. 
 
Flags flu~n fr~, m fi xs, st.r..ff s ::,r8 L-;l::c c~ ' .. t.t h' lf--stc..f f t v iniic a te 
 
mo urning . i~nen tl ~) Fl._g is ' i stL .y :lll. ::..n r_ ;.:lllull .:Jt;..f f u. s wben cc r r i ed in 
 
C tJI:.r: .dc , m,)urnlne L; ln1ic.:~ t:; : by ,::. t t~. cb.lnf' tv:e> ;:;t!c um:::rs ,)f bln ck cre J.) e 
 
tv the SJ? e ~r hew~ , t-. l lowi ng th'.! strc :-.m~.r.s tu f\~ll n: . tur.:.lly . 
 
CrepG is us~J ;Jn t~!tJ fl C"tgsta ff J nl. !"Jy t1 r .:i.cr vf the Pre s i d ent . 
 
14. 
 
t:he n used t o cover a CCJ s .:e t, tl e Flag s houl., be ~lc! ced so that t he 
 
union is 8t th e Lebd .~.nd over u~ e lef t s houl der- . The Flag should not be 
 
lowe red into th e g 1r.ve or al l ovn.:d. t o t ouch tho g rouna . The C <:~St<ct should 
 
be carried f oot first . 
 
15. V.hen the Flag l s d isf)lLy e r1 .i.n tha tod;y of th e church it should be from L. s t uff pl aceJ in tne pOs i t i on of iionor- ~t t h e co ng ,~eguti.)n ' s 
right <<G they f [!.ce tho cle rgym<: n . 'l h\.3 s t.: rvic l:! fL g , th :-: sta t .; fl ag or othe r fl ng sho uld be u t. the left of t l!e congr;~ g <: t.ion . If ln the chancel 
or on the pl i.tform, t h, . Fl<.:.g of th0 United ;)t.:.:. t r.:: s of itme r ic<.. should be i)l&ced <.t the cl e r gymLn 1 s right <~ she f c.c us the cong!c:;gc.tion , a n d the oth0r fl~s ::.t his l oft . 
 
~e-. 
 
~~htm the FL Lg- is .in such & co nJ i ti on t h c i.. l t i s no l ong e r o f:L tting 
 
e ll\bl e m for d is ph . y, it should not be c:...,st ;...si d~J o r u s ,Ju in r.ny wa y thc:.t 
 
might be viev,ecl l.:.S <i. i ;:;re spec t ful to t he n:... ti)n<.l colo rs, but sbould be 
 
destroyed .::,s u v.bolt?. , 1)r.iv  t e ly , _r)re f lJrL, ly by bunting or by somG oti1er metl!od in hLrmo ny 1:.i tb th~; r 0 V"er enc e t nd r ;)Sp c: ct ~;1..1 ov.c: to t hi:: e mbl e m 
 
r e prese nting our c ~ u.ntry . 
 
17. 
 
The F.la<S sh ~>ul be flo wn on c 'ery school groun d in Georg i a , during 
 
school hours, thro ul~Lout t he schoo l y ebr . ( Except when r ' ining .) 
 
 15 
hhen the National fnthem is pl:tyecl und 'Jhc Fl:l.g is no t dibplay 1d , - 11 present should s"~<.:tnd a nd .fa c e the music . Those i n Ul ti.fm, c hm, ld sulutE: :Jt the first note of tr,e HJltitem , reta.ining this po~: ition until the l a st note . . 11 othc;rs shcu1d st;.na 'l t r.ttenti oa - mer: r c movi nt; t ho ir h:..ts . :11hc:.n the Flc..g i s displD.yed, the rt..guJ, r " ~; lu te t rJ ;, jiO Flag " should oe g iver 
The ".St-ar - Spa ng led Bt:tnner'11 is now th.; l'b t i orH.l f,nthcrr: of t. h0 LH': i tu.1 st~.:.t.es of meric<1 . 
Bor n dur]ng the Nu.U nn ' s .il:.:.'nncy , I hc: ve grown v;ith it , r,v s t : r  
i n creasil,g in uumu .r a;, the evu n Lry h;::.s g row t ili s.i. ::. c ; t..h: uom<J in over which I wo.ve exp:~nd it g ur:til ~i1 e ~:un on ~ fJ.~ :i11g fcld:; now neve r sets . Fill 8o wi t h slgrificaGcc are: my f.!c.lo.r s of red , v.hitt.. , ,!Ul blue , i n t o which h~ vc be~n ovun the stn..;q~th nnd c ura e e or' .I:UJtcricu.li r.t<P.hoo , thG love .::.nu loya.lty of L>.J:teric <.n vWn< ~nho oJ . SLlrrJng '1I'c t },c Etorie :: of my stu.rs anu. str ipes . I symbr,lL.t-; the soul d' Mneric: a , t~n.Jify ing h e r i oe.:...l s u.nu. uspir tttions , her i n:::titu t i on::; :.nc: tr :;.uit.i..om3 . I r t.flcct th _ wei.ilth ana gra..rtaeur u.t' th i s gr ee; t L ..nd of Oi~portun i 'ty . I repr .sc,n t U s Dc..:cla r a - 
ti on of InocpenG.dlC:e . 1: ~t.<..n(;. fo r the Consti i.,ution of t hE:: Ut.itc<i :3t<..tf;5 . 
I cig n ify the L&v of t,1,~ Lr-,.nd . I tell the ot chicvemE:nt~ 5.r,d p rot;;re s ~ of t he H.mericar: people in urt UOL s~it-ncc , i l>Vt--riti on a nd commerc e . I wa ve cxul tu.ntly o v <~l the school-hoUSI:l;_j of tl e l j.nc ~ for ~L.uc-'. tion is tJ~f'l key note of the r <t tion <.tl1Ci T..h r~ sc1tool--room i my Ci t: teie.l . I r,m t h e beidge of t he N <~tion 1 s grc.:.:l t r,esc'. a nu t i .~ e.o~b l crr of its Los t iny . The s y mbol of a ll we hope to be , I h.m honorud CJ.r:0. r Vcr ecl by 11ll wh kr Ci : me.: . i:k lj e vi g i n me , wy people siug i n pro:-3 l: und po.;t ry trw t hi ne a for vhich I s Lnd . 
Ii SlJL'f ME , i,t D IviLLI OI~S ~~ ILL Sriti1;G TO MY DbF E.i. E ! 
1-i.Ml~lUC .~-~.1~ FkG ! 
 
 14 
-HOV-I -TO-D--IS-PL-AY-T-HE-F-LA-G 
{Not e -A s st a ted und er th e s ubj ect of Flag Laws, Canton VII, neither the Federal Government nor the States have enacted any la\"JS regar d i ng the manner of displaying or saluting the Flag . The onl y thing we _have to g o by in this respect is the Flag Code .which was adopted by the Nat ional Flag Conf erence held in Washi ngton , June 14 - 15, 1 923 , and composed of del egate s from the principal Nat ional patriot ic, fraternal, edu cat io nal a nd civic or ganizations . The text thc.t f ollows i s bused on this code ). 
1. Dis~lay from sutrrise to sun set. It is the univ ersa l custom t o displc.y the F l ue; only fro m sunr ise to suns et on building s and on stationary f l ag- staffs in the open. 
2. The fli:l.g :::hould be displc..yed on ~1Jat io m. l 2.nd State holidc.y s and on hist oric , nd speci~ l occa s io n s. I t is su3ge st od that the Fl-..g be lovJ n on the follovJing occ ns ions: 
First t';ondD.y in Septemb er. Lctbor D::.y . Octob er 12 . Co lumbu s De y. The first Tuosd:::y c.ftor the first Mondo.y i n Nov mbcr ev ery 
fourth yec..r - 1936 , 1940, et c. Pr es id entia l e l e ct ion . Nov ombor 11. Ar mi st ic e De y . Lc.st Thur sduy in iJ ovembor. Thc.nksgiving Dc.y . Je.nuc.ry 20, 1937 , und ov ory f ourth y et:.r tharcc.fter . Im.:.ug!J.ration 
of the PrGsidont of tho Un i ted Stc.tcs . GEORGIA DAY - FEBRUARY 12. F obru:::~ry 22 . Wc.shingt on' s Bir t hdc.y . Second Sunday in Me.y . -Aother' s Day. Juno 14 . Fl2.g Dc.y . 
-li * * * * 
TJ-lE LIVING FLAG 
~"lith ~ l c..r go body of childr en dressed in r od , whit e c,nd blue , "- m~ _rc hing exercis e cc:n be :--.r r ::-.ng e d in which tho childr en move in such c.. VJc.y ros to form thv strors "nd str i pes of tho f l c.g . 
 
 15 
HONORS TO THE FLAG Saluting the Flag 
Saluting the flag means showing it respect. rt  i s "wishing hea lth" to the flag, as the Latin word salutatio signifies . 
The s~lute to t he Union, one gun for . e~ch State , is fired at noon of the Fourth of July at every military post and on board comn issioned naval vessels belonging to the United .States. The n~tional salute of twenty-one guns is the salute for the national flag . Sa lutes are only fired between sunrise and sunset, and not on Sundays,  except in international courtesies . The national colors are always displayed at the time of saluting. The salute to the fla g is the only salute which is returned, and this must be done within twenty-four hours. 
Unite~ States vessels do not return the salute to the fl ag in the United Sbtes if there is a.nv fort or battery there to do it. Nor do United States vessels salute United States forts or posts. If there are several batteries or forts within sight or wi t hin six miles of each other, one of them is designated. q_s the sCJluting fort, and re turns all salutes of 'foreign men-of-war. 
st~nding at ~tte ntion, raise. and carry the right hand smnrtly to a point over the right eye, thumb 'lnd fingers eytended and joined, hs.nd at an angle of forty-five. degree's. Drop the h..nd smartly to the side . A goo~ form of salute for a boy not in uniform or engaged in military exercise is that. of rl3.ising the hat with the right hand and drawing the left arm to the left side. 
STA JD BY YOUR COLOPS 
DON'T be ashamed to stand and salute "Old Glory" when it is passing in pars. de . ~Then the band plays "Tr:e St<ii' Spangled Banner" rise, whe r eever you are, even if you rise and sts. nd a:lone. Let the world know that you r everence your flag . 
V\Then you see "Old Glory11 fioatirlg from the masts of ships in foreign 
seas rr from flagstaffs throu ghout our broad land, you rr>c'l-y choke, and 
tears may fill your eyes; do not be ashamed , but rather r ej oice that you are capable of so worthy an emotion. 
"Everything we do to bring t he flag into proper consideration by the citizenship of the Repub lic is entirely commendable and deserves to be cordially indorsen. Every sa l utat ion make s my conse cration to the Country and the Flag a little mor e secure . 11 W"l rren G. H9.rding. 
PROPER USE OF BUNT I NG 
Bunting ~rnational c~lors should be used for covering a speaker ' s desk , dr~ping over the front of s. pl at form and for decoration in gen eral. Bunting shoul d be arrange d with the blue above, the wh i te in the mitidle and the red below. 
 
 16 
And for your country, boy, and f or that flag, never dream a dream but of serving her, as she bids you, though the service carry you through a thousand hells, No-matter what happens to you, no matter who flatters you or who abuses you, never look at anothe:r flag ; never let a night pass but you pray God to bless that fl~g. Remember, boy, that behind all these men you have ~o do with, behi~d officers und gover1~ents, the people even, there is the country herself, your country, and that you belong to her, as you belong to your own mother. st~nd by her, boy, as you would st ~nd by your mother. 
- Edward Ever ett H( lc. 
PRESENTING FLAG TO A SCHOOL 
Dear Young Frionds: I bring tho greutest gift ho~ven ever gave the American people - the symbol of our liberty, tho gl orious Stars a nd Stripe s of American Ind evendence. Is there one of us who does not love its gallant folds, whose heart is not thrilled by every wo.ve of its bunting in the free breeze of heaven? Ho1 c ~n it bo otherwise when we rc~ember o.ll tha.t it has stood for, n.l.}. th:::.t i t has cost us in bloody battles and in fire, all that it means to every one of us American citiz ens? You, my young friends, c..re the futuro men r.nd wo1non of our nc..tion; int o your hands \Je place this glorious ba.nner; ir..to your c:::.ro wo pla ce its honor, its purity, and its strength. It is your hc.nd that VJill keep it unsullied, or that will des e crc.te it with st a ins of sh:::.mo. To.ke it into your cnr e reverently und prayerfully, resolving that no ~ct of yours shall ev er bring a shadow of di sgrace upon it, even though i t be soo.kcd wi th your lifo's blood. Pledge yo ur liv Gs to keep ing it and ~ ll it sta nds for unbl emished. So f~r, us lies wi thin you, uphold its principles of hono r and righteousness before the world. Remember, 
"There C'.r o many fla.gs in mc.ny lC'.nds, There nrc fl~gs of every huo; 
But there is no flc..g in a.ny L:.nd Like our own Red, White c.nd Blue." 
TnE FLAG 
This incid ent occurr ed in Chine. a. fev; yours c.go . At r.: Fourth of July dinner in Sh:J.nghc.i , the English consul in toC'.sting the British fl~.g sc.id: 
"Here is to the Union Jr.ck - tho flag of fbgs - the fb.g thc.t hc..s fl oated on every sec. for n thousa nd years - the flc.g on wh ich tho sun. never sots " 
It wc.s such c. strong sent iment tha.t the Americc.ns V!erc a. little ovcr'"'VJCd, until the American humorist, Eli Perk ins, vu:.cs ca ll ed t o toa.st the St ~ rs o.nd Stripes. Looking dir e ctly in tho faces of tho Englishmen, he sa.id: 
"Here is to tho Sta.rs o.nd Stripes of tho NoY! Republic; v;hcn the . setting sun lights up her st c.rs in Alaska., th o ri sing sun sc.lutos her on tho rock-bound coc.st of :Nn ino. It is tho fl ng of Liberty, never lowered to C'.ny foo, and the only flag that v1hipped tho flag on which the sun never sets." 
 
 17 
flF1XIE TO THE FLfi.G 
(PCS ITIOl~ l''OR WDIVIDUALS L1 UNIFOillflS MJD FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN OF AMERICA:) 
Stal'ld erect with the right hand over the right eye, left hand str.a:ight by the left side, heels together, toes held at a forty-five degree angle. 
 
V;11::m t.he word s " to 1!:18 Flag " a re repr;<J.t ed t ile r i ght hc.nd i:::: extenoed ovur the rif.'~ht Gye , p a l.nL .forwe:.r <l wi. th tl.ll upwu.rd tilt toVJ;:;.rt.i 'the flag . 1'his ror; i "L ion i:.:; htl d until th rJ end of the pl edg r.: . Aft-er the wordG "J us tic f o r i:.>.l.l11 have bcc~:.1 repe0.ted , drop the right h&.nu t o the s1ctt~ Gf the bcxJy . 
SF.LU '.i.'E 'l'~) TH FLLG 
Du.dng the l.! t"rer.:on;y ol' hoi s tL1e or lov ering thE Fl~ or whc:.n the .li'lc,g is fC::.Sfling in a p&rulc or i n .-.J revi<:~w , :;,J.J. i:Jl~rf:ons prescmt shou.li.l f';:..ce t he Fl u,-.,; , Jtu.n-.:. e: t :J. Lt.<.m t i on <:.~.nd Slllute . 'l'hose pr e sent i n uni f orm G!'!ou1d r cnucr th,.: r ight h<.: r..d s c.. lut e. ~;hfm not i :1 ~:n iforru , ILL.:n :J!,ou.L r(;IDOV"l the llC!.-..Lldr o;.;. s vdth t.!:.:: .r-igl't }u ncl a.nu hol(! i t a t t he left :houl<.: er , tb) lHaKt be ing o7er the hea r t. nomer. s!wu:.!..a c::!lute by .rlad ~ the r ight L~..nd over the he::...rt. The m...lu t c; to the Fl:.:o.g in che moving colui!Ul i & renc..cre:LI ~-t thE. r1or.wnt the Fl..g p<::::>scs . 
 
I 
I 
I\'\\ 
 
 18 
Vfhat loyal American does not thrill as he repeats , "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation, indivisible, vJith liberty and justice to all?" 
Although this pledge is only an outward expression of our l ove for our country and the respe~t we have for its ideals, wheri \/ t- r eo.lly know v1hat our Fla g stands for, the sight of our beautiful Emblem car~not help but make us proud and happy . A poet expressed the feelin r; of loya l .Americans toward their flag and their country when he sJ.idJ 
"Here ' s to the l a nd Vihich ge.ve me birth, 
- - Her e ' s to the flag she flies; 
Hero ' s to her sono : the best on earth Hurc ' s to her smiling skicls ." 
When we g iv e the pledge of a ll eg i an c e to our Fl ag it is not mer ely a group of words to r epeat . It h~1. s a wondorfu l m oc~ ni1lg that m:~ny other groups of worcl s do not have . This pl e dg e is given to th~ Fl ag of our country, ~nd t o this fl ab is du e hi gh est honors, r:.nd r c. sp c ct . to tho full est extent . 
During tho oc..r ly da ys, ruc:ny of the colonies hc..d individw..'. l fl ag s, such Q S the Pine Tr ee Fhg , tho Rc..ttl nsn.'l.to Flag , .nd tho Blccck Buav er Flag . On Juno 1 4 , 1 7'77 Congress r e solv ed, "That the Flc..g o.l tlw Uni'tod Stc.t cs be:: Thirt ee n striFe s , ~~ lt orno.to r e d nnd ;Jhit e ; thc:c t ho union be thirteen st _.r s , v;hite in t'. blu e fi e ld , r e pr e senting c.. mm c onst..:;l l::-.tion . " Aft or that, ono s t :.:u r;c..s c.ddcd to tho f l o.g for cc..ch no\! sk~t o r:dded to tho Union . And so we se c tha t our Flc.g born in th o nat ion's i nfo.ncy , y;:"'. s liko c. flovJCr whoso se ed pl::. ntod iri 17 '7 7 c.1'ld sloVJly blos s omed int o c.. thing of b c~ut y nnd lovolinc ::; s . Its steers incr onoe.d in numb er c..s our c ou ntry incr oc..sod in s ize. The dom::-. in ov er v1h ich i t r.o.ves ox pc. nd ed u nti l now , t he sun never s ets on i ts fly ing folds . Filled v1ith sit,nificc.nc c. r.rc its c olors of r c;d 7 white , :~nd blu-e into v;hich f'.r c v;ov on th o st r e ngth c.. nd c ourc:go of Amoricc..n m.:..nhood ccnd thC; lov e ~ nd l oy:. lty of Amoric c..n Vlo:ar~nho od . It symbolizC;s the soul of Am oric o. , typifying her id enls ~nd o.spir o.t i ons , her institutions c.nd tr r:d itions . 
Not long r:g o, I sr1 thu pi ct ur 0 of t h o 1-lum:-. n Lib 01ty Bel l. It took 2!)00 n::cn t o ;-:Jctkc thi s p ictur e . ;v-:;1 1 ight t.'. pictur e of t his k ind be mr'.d o of "- rurn:.. n Flr'.f; , for i t took thous:"".nds of pc(.lpl ::; t o m:::kc it pocs ibl u fo r us t o enjoy the be.:-..uti1'ul Flo.t:; th:-.t i s our s to - J c..y. 
It is not tho mc.t cri Ll l f r om which c. fl:l.g i s m:.:do tlY.t g iv es it i ts v:.:luo or it s be~'u t y . A fl c.g i s sotnct:il i ng to r .J. ly r r~und, s :.et hi ng to strive f or, s omethinG to fi ght f or, s crnot hing t o d i e f or , and somot hi1e to live for . 
(c c!'ltinuc d on ne xt p:;.~~ c ) 
 
 19 
-TH-E-F-L-A-G 
Whr.t dp y ou s oc in the Flc.c; ? Tho St ::crs c:.nd st r ipe s , you s c.y? 
Oh , i s cu mt.:ch more t h:m th::tt , 
In our bcc.ut if ul Fl ::.g of to -d.c.y . 
Wl~,t do y ou s ao in tho Flc.g? I' l l tell you ~hnt I se e ; I sec ;the mr:ny me n who f ou ght To souI our c ountry f re e . 
Bccc.usc our f :,thor' s f ought, To s ot our country free, " Old G'l ory " is tho symbo l Of Am oric::tn Liber t y . 
And so to this r1 cndurfu l :n ::tg , I vill ov er be tru e ; . And I \ ill c. h l['..ys upheld Tho r od, wnito ~nd blu e . 
Esc.; y \:rittGn by Duell:: 1iJynn , 13 yo<J.rs old (now d ocot,_s od ) in 7th gr ::tdc , f ::. ll of 19 36 . The poem is or i g inc.l . 
~ **** *** ******** **** **~**~*** * **** 
Tho f llcwins is tho Ephebi c Onth tc.kcn by tho y oung ~on of At hens 'lflhcn they b vcc.mc of o.gG tc c.s sLu.e t h o full res po n s ibilit y of cit i zen sh ip: 
"Ue Yi i ll nev er br i ng disgr c~ cc t :> cur city by c. ny :--. ct of dish cnod y cr c.: owerdi co , nor acv c'r dcsurt our sufferi ng con;r c:.dcs in tho r .nks ; VI C will f i rht fur ou r i dcr. ls c.nd sc. cr od thing s cf ~ he city, both c.lone ~ nd with llli:'.ny ; n; i'Jill r ev er e c.nd obey tho c ity ' s l r,r;s :-.nd do ou r b est to incite ::. :!.ik(! r es pect c.nd r ovcr onc o i n those c.bout u.., i1l1o c.re: prone t o ::tnnu l  hen r:.nd s~t them c.t m:u:;.1t ; VJO uill st rive  u nc or.s ingly to qu ick en tho public ' s se n se of c i vic dut y; .'.nd thu~ in :.11 thcco ';;r...y s , \70 ;-; ill striv e t o t r c.ns1 it this city not only n ot l es s ut gr ~..::ttc r, b ettor c-. nd mo r e: boc~utifu l t k:.n i t v1c.s trnn smitt ed to us . " 
 I 
 
 20 
 
WHAT AMERICA IS 
 
- - - - - -- - - - 
 
AMER IC A 
1. America is the land of freedom; freedom to obey law, but not to defy it, 
2. America is the land of free speech; free to seek to convince othe rs but not to coerce t hem. 
3. Ame ri ca. is the land of equal opportunity, opportunity to work when and how you will, but not to prevent others fr om doing so. 
4. America is t he l and of the Squa r e De13.l , which me9.ns the ot he r fellow as well a s yourself. 
5. America is a Republic where representatives are chosen by the people. 
6. The Government can only be changed by amending the Constitution, or by Revolution . 
7. It is l awful to amend the Constitution , and you a re free to do so. It is unlav~ul to start a Revolution. You are not only not free to do so, but you will be punished if you do . 
s. Ame rica ha s the freest and best government in the world. The 
Government is not your enemy but your friend . It protects you . It is not your m~ste r, but your servant, contr olle d by your votes. 
Ame rica st ~nds for the Golden Rule in Government . 
10. Ame rica st'3.nds for law a.nd order under t r,e Constitution . 
The American Flag - Its Glory and Grandeur . 
 
 The day o.evotea to pC:ttriotism is the day of t.he Flag of Hmerica; for 
the .'F'lg.i's'.""the symhol'.~ o:t:':Oill~tne::.efkte:t..::v.ors~.:un.d: _sr;t.Gt..if_ic'(:) e: t~~~--~: ,_have come 
to ma ke the m.tion grea t . 
On any patriotic day let it be displayed whe:1ever possible . 
The--nag before our eyes is t_h9 concrete and constant reminuer of the .a tion th:tt afford::; us our privilet;.cs unc.l opportunities . Therefore , as the symbol 91' our twt ion, :we ml.:\st c~~ri s h it and C!o i t revereneo . 
!'we. great i':::..ctors in i\mcrica , with its great expar:se of terri tory , Sl>rVt to bind us to~e_ther-our l~:~.nguago ancl our flag . 
Tl!e eorrununi ty of thought :md [1 ction estub1ished by possession oi' the ::w.me l i:l.ng uage is tb,~. grea. t_guardim, of u ity . 
Our .flag is the symhcl of th o sp  rit of America . Our J.. neuage J.s the expn:ssion of the .spirit of i,rnericl.:1 . The two must bt; mair1tb.ir'1C:cl .if J,merica cnaurc::; . 
Our flag al:Jove ull the school$; one l angu1ge in c:.ll ,the schools; the fl ag o.nd the l3.nguage mst be thu Lnerican :iuoal . 
So. long as the fl ag i'li.es i'or the sign;J.l of uur cnu.;r vors, so long a s the onL: language is m.:.:.in t b.inod i'or t:1e expression of our ideas C<nd ideals, there dll be ~ f~trong unit i n our nation . 
There ure milliom; of:  r.1erica1: p,_rel ts who ha ve never t: ker1 the- time to ucqua int the childnn v,itll the flag, s o thi .s duty is .o.ntrusteJ to the t eo.ct t :r& . 
: ' he first Lurppca.r~ fl g phnted on t he ),estern Hemisphere, so f'ur as we l1ave historic a ccount , ova that broug ht by Columbus October 12, 1492 . Subse:l,_uently, when the coloniz tior: of the ;;me:.ic ~,n continent btgan, each 
ship went our, be1iJ.~ir ,g its re::.pec ti ve 1ationa l fl g; so oy t.he opening of 
the scvE::nteeth CE-ntury there h;.,u. b 0en pl.::..nto:l on our shores tho flags of EnglC<nJ , Frc.mce, Spain, Portuga l , Holl::..!1c, ..ustr.la, Dcnma.rk :.mel. Swede.n . 
THE GEORG In .i< 11' G 
.e ha ve c:tnothei' f:ag , the fl .:">g o... t he Jtutr:: of Gf-:orgi  , 3. state of g!'ce:.t dom:..tin, of unriv.::.l c--u clima te , of sph:ncli...; und nnmogene ous pe ople , of fer til(:; soil, 1d of m tchle s r. po::;sibi.lities. 
The flag, floating a :3 it does ab ove uur schools, h.:.>.s :1 pe ce-time significance . It speaks '!.. o us jus t <.s su:rely in :.hese ...ays of :pea ce as it c~i<l in t-he d '..J' S of v;~::. r , cul its mess&gt: is just :...."' important . The flag urge;,; us to be g ou...l cit.tzens , to bo true , j_mlusl,rious , uns(::lfish, und g e~'lerous . It urge s us to make the mast of our opportunities , to prep&:rc oursel vt:::> i'or thd highes t service to our fellow-men, our COUJitry, ancl to the vorl(L It tolls u :.; t o get a good e uc o. tion, to cor1s e rve he nl th , c~nti t0 br, temperi.-.t\, , l;,,llv-::..biuing , 1ublic SIJiriteo Md S  I'iOUS . 
 
 22 
aSCELLANEOUS I 1~0RMATION ABOUT GEORGIA 
Ge orgi a is the lar gest Stat e east of the Mississippi Rive r-a r ea, 59 , 265 square miles . 
Situated between the pa r a ll els 30-- 21 1 --2011 and 35 north latitud e . Is s a1ne distance fr om equato r as Morocco, Al gi er s , Tunis , Tripoli , North Et:;y-pt , Palestine , Arabia, pa.rts of Ind i a and China and southe rn Japan. 
Georgia's population, 2, 908 , 506 a ccording t o the last Fede r a l census; divided 30. 8 urban and 69 . 2 pe r cent r ure.l . 
Of the popul ation , 1, 836 , 974 or 63. 2% are white and 1,071,125 or 36 . 8% ar e color ed. 
Ther e a r e 159 C0U11t i es i n Georgi Q. G e org~ i a ' s off icial bird is the Rrov.rn Thro.sh0r. Motto is: "Wis don, Justic e , Mod.E;r ~o.ti e:h~" Ca,ll ed " The Empire State of the South." Found ed by Jam es Edwa rd Oglethorpe in 1733 . Named f or George , II , King of t:ngl and . 
GEORGIA STATE FLAG. The ve rtical b:md of the Georgi a Fl ag is blue next to the sta ff . It occupys on.,; - thi r d of tho entir e fl ag . The r emai nde r of s pace i s divided into thr ee horizonbl. l bands , t he upper and lowe r of which o.r e scnrl  t , and t he mi dnl e bru1d white. On the blue fi eld i s stamped t he co o.t of o.rms, which is outlined in gold or y e llow. The st a ff should be gold. 
I' 
GEORG IA STATE FLAG 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE t~AT ION liL llNTH M Franci D Scott Key 1779-1843 
Fra ncis Scot t Key wa s born in Fr ederick County , Mc.:.r yl and , ' August l , 177~ . He g r auuaced from Saint John ' s Law Colleee , .tlnnapoli s , M&ryland , .:-~Hd i n 1801 'beg~lr1 the prac:t:ice of law " t Frederick  town , Mo.ryln 1d . 
 
In 1814 , Je'' vi si t ed the Bri tish fle et :i.n Pataps c o Ri v.er , ~ .n a.rm 
of CheS{Lpeake t ay , in  n c.:.ttempt to secure th<; r ;l ec.:.se of s fri end who hLO' beeu c~;,pturec .  1\t thi s po rticul..r . t ime , the British troops ha u i n - 
v.:,.df.:ci ~i::s hir.gt..on. They seizGd and he l d a s n. prisoner Dr .  illia m Bea nes , 
a pla nt e r . Fru.nci.:, Sc ott Key and ,To.lm S . Skinne r were sent by Pr sident 
Ma d.ison wl tt <~ flc.g of truce t o the Brit i sh ger1er<: 1, Ross , to rcqu . t 
his r<~lt<c..s e . 
 
Their rnh;sion wv s successful . Tlw pa rty w:is det.::i neci , howt:;Ver , by the !j r:L t i s h COJJl!lll:l.nder, who ha~ prepn.red t o at taek Bal. t irnore . The a tt&c k Mi'.J.S mu.de on Fort . McHenry . Key and ~>ki m er  t c hcd the progr es u of the fi g h t t hroughout the long night from the Briti ::>h shi p . :x:i.ou.~ ly tr:.ey strained their ey~ s for a glimpse of the flG.g tha t would 1 s sure them tho t their conrr~tdcs :.:;till held the fo r' t . I magine the ir joy wben , ". in Lhe d r..\-'111 1s e.a rl light; 11 they s Dyv t he stur s ,,.nd stri pes ::; till i:srim:i;1h1.u t ly \.uvi &  
Uuder the s p t.ll of e mc;tion <irou~ ed by this thril~ ing s ight, Kc:y immcuiilt8ly vvrote :..he Stur "J.Jangloo Da nner . 'l'h i !:i pom ga ve vent to his fee ling , .s..nd irtsplr~:-'<1 the peopl0 of the Un i t ~d State s to grelte.r 1 ve for the f l ag c..nd n irlCrea se<.l <ie.s i re t o p1 edge .,llegi . nee to i t . 
 
~~l en the poem vms published it immerlla te1y becamo popul. r . It was l a t<..:r }JUt to music :.;nJ s ung to the tune , 11 Ana creon in HE;a ven ." 
 
; few ye&.r s l a ter , [\ey noved to ,,as hi ngton ;here he va s district 
c:.ttorney f or thrt.:e tcru: 1853-1134.1. lie ,;rot C' more pooms v:h.ic h were publis!"led in ].85 7' but none of them at trac ted a s much 'a t t ent ior" ::;. ~ the ll[)t::J.r 
Spar g l e d Bauner . 11 
 
Yea rs 'ol.go the :~rm;;. u.nd Navy ad opted this . fl:l.r.ious s ong &s t he nutionn.l antheJJ. , nne .'llthc.ugh i t i- a s JJot confir mt:J. by Cong ress until Ma rch 3 , 1931 , til'll a nd cus tom bvd <.l.l.r e '11 y _giv~n it this pbqe of bmror . 
 
Koy <.iieci in Ba ltimor  , M<:.r yl aru..i , J a nua r y 11 , 1843 . . A monument t o hirr was E. r e ctc0 i n 188'7 , i n uo1J en Gc.te P'..rk, S~n Frc.ncisco , by J a rnr,s Lick , :who g:..vc ~0 , 000 for thi s purpose . 
 
J.. s l ong as t.h e 11 Dte.r ''pa ngJ.er' BDnner~' \"l:J.ves Q\Ter tho }(. ct' of the fre1 
 
1na y. t h0 memcry of' i ts . tl'tr i l llng origin l i , .~ in tl1e hearts of /l!Ilt .ri ca ' s 
 
patriotic cit i z0ns ! 
 
' 
 
 24 
 
QUESTIO~&AIRE OF CANTON POST NO. 44 , ANffiR ICAN LEGION 
 
Campaign of Education on American Flag 
 
Name elf School 
Grade - - - - - -  Pupil ' s Name -  -  Addres~ - - - Teacher ' Name 
 
- - - - - - - - - - - -------------.~..-..--. -- 
 
These questions are inserted ns typical of those appropriate for . study on_ t~e part of pup i ls . Others c~n be added by teachers . Answers to the majority are found within this booklet , but students should be traine~ to search adnitionnl materi~ls for answers . 
 
1 . . When v~s the st~rs and Stripes adopted ~s the United States Flag? Ans . ~-- -  - - - - - - - - - - - - _____________ _ 
 
Quote the langua Ge of the resolution of the Continentnl Congress 
 
estab]ishing the United St qtes Flag . Ans . -  - - - - - - - - - - - 
 
3 . Dur ing what period in United States Histor y did t he United St~tes 
 
Flag consist of 
 
(a) Thirteen stripes and thirteen stars? Anl:l . - - - - 
 
.- 
 
(b) Fifteen. stripes and fif t een st11rs? Ans . - - - .- 
 
4 . How ~ny st~rs in our flag? Ans . - - - - - - - - Why? 
5. How many stripes in our flag? Ans . - - .- - - - - Why? 
 
6 . ~~a t is the color of the uppermost stripe? Ans . - - - - - - - - - 
 
Vfuat is the color of the lowes t stripe? Ans . - - - - - - - - - - 
 
7. When a United St ates Flag is suspended on a wall with the stripes 
 
vertical , is it in reality and legally the flag of the United 
 
States? Ans . - - - - - I f not , why not? Ans . - - -  - - - - 
a. How early Yo t e day and ho 1 late in the day should the flag be 
displayed fr.om a m:ast? Ans . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 . When a flag is suspended across a street between buil dings , _wha t 
should be the position of the star s? An~ . - - - - - - - - - - 10 . What date do we observe as the bi rthday to our flag? Ans .- - - 11 . What did General ~shington say relative to the colors and stars 
 
of t he ' new flag? Ans . - - - - - -- -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 . 11fuat are the proportions of the Nat ional Flag? Ans . - - - - . - - 13 . l~~en ,  bv whom an what manner were these proportions established 
 
offic i al l y? Ans . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 . How should a flag be raised and lowered? - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 . On what days e.nd occasions shoul d the flag be displayed? Ans . - 1~ . when v!Bs "()ld' Glory" first di-splayed in battle? 
 
. (a) On l and ? Ans . - - - - - - - - (h) On sea? Ans . - - - - - - - - 
1'7. How is the flag saluted: (n) By those :i.n military or no.val uniform? Ans. - - - - - - . - - (b) Civilians (Mil.les) ? Ans . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - .- - . - 
 
(c)" Females? An's." - - -  .- -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.. - - 18 . Wheh should the salute to the flag commence while it is passing 
iri str eet parade, and when should it end? Ans. - - - - - - - - - 19. 1~C.t 11re the best methods of displaying n fla g indoors? Ans . - - 20 . en a flag is di splayed on~ wall , who.t is the position of the 
 
Ans . - - -  - - - - - - - - - 'Nhy? Ans . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 
 
 25 
 
.. 
 
21 .  ~ a t is the e xce pt i~n to the gen era l r u l e t hat the f la g s h o u l~ not be 
 
use ~ a n ~rupe ry ? A n ~ . - - - - - ~y? Ans . - - - - - - - - - ~ - - ~-- 
 
2'2  . "'hn t  i s t\e --c orrect -mllnne r. of . d i sp.lo..ying the, n a g .011. Mem9ria l f l\_y ? . 
 
23 ~ 
 
 ' 
 
An s ~ ' \'ha t 
 
-is 
 
- - -meant- by 
 
-  - -ha l f 
 
.- ..- . ~ s.tn. ff ? 
 
- -.Ans . 
 
- 
 
~.-- ~-~-. ~.-. ~:-..:-~-~---~-.;,-:.;-----.;..'~..- 
 
-~--- 
 
24.  'Nh en -th e fla g- i s -.d i s pl8...ye t:1 at hnlf - s t a f; f , . a.s .on. Aemorin_i Day ,__ [l_o.v.r _is 
 
 th e flag  pl a c ed :i:n -i t s ..pos i t i on ? Ans . - ~ ~ ~- ~ - -  -:- ':' ~ - - '.- - - - 
 
25 . Row long s hould. it relTll?.in at half - sta f f on emor in l r'ny? An s . '- - - - 
 
26 . W1Ja t s h c ul d then be done? Ans . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. ;.. - - 27 . 'Yh e n ou r ~ lag i s f or ma lly r a i sed what shoul d. nll p r esent d o? ' Ans . - - 
28 . JI'bat s houl d. s p ectat ors d o i f walk i n g on the s t r~ et wh\3n the fl a g is pa s ging i n .pa r ade ? Ans . - - - - -  - - - -  - - - - - - ~ ~ ':' . - - - - - 
29 . Desc ri b e t he co rr ect manner f or p l ac i n g the f l a~ ~ ov er a c~ ske t? 
 
An s . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 . . h cJ ulri. the fl ag be lowe r ed int o a g r avP- o r be all owe d to tou ch the 
 
31 . 
 
gro Is 
 
und it 
 
p? ~ 
 
rnmsis. 
 
 s 
 
-i 
 
b -l 
 
e . 
 
- 
 
. ~ -to 
 
p 
 
l 
 
a 
 
ce 
 
- . - . - - .- .. - a nything upon 
 
-t he 
 
--------f l a g ? An s > - - - 
 
- 
 
--c 
 
~f sc, what ? Ans . - - - -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - 32 . 1-'Jh e n an~ h ow s hm:1.l d b lue , wh i te and re d b unting be us ert? A.n s . - - - 
 
33 . Shoul d our fl ag e ve r be ~raped or twisted int o r o s ett s ? An s.'  - 
 
. '3 1~ .. sh ou l"d t _he flag ever he wor n e.s a part or wh ol e of n co s+.ume ? 
 
  - -. ... ._ ! ~n s 
 
~ !f8 - - ... - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - . - - - - - - 
 
 35 .  ".'.fhen our fhg is... ca r -ri ed wi th oth er f -l ag s in a pa r a d e i t s h ou l d have 
 
 t he  p l a c e of h ono r . 1,11/1: e r,- e  i ~ that p l11 c e of honor ? An s . - - .o - - - 
 
  "36 . "What ceremoni a l Un i t eri. States Fl ag event oc cur ed duri ng the Worl d ""a r 
 
wh i ch mor e c l o.sel y un i ted he two Ang l o - S~J. x on na ti on s . . 
 
', 
 
~ns . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 . l;B t he ho i st ing of any othe r f -l ag ab ov e our flag permi tte rl ? '1\ns . 
 
3 8 .  lJThat i s the e y;c e pt i on to th:i,s r u l e ? An s  . - - - . - - - - - - - - 
 
3 9 . 11 en onl y  sho l d the f l a g be di splaye r1 wi th the st a r s r eve r sed (lr i n 
 
the l ow.e r l e:('t hand c 0:rn e r ? A.ns.. - - - - - - ~ - - - - ~ - .; - 
 
40 . l fl'",at i s t he Nat i ona l l a g called i n t he avy ? A.ns . - - .- - - - 
 
 4L ve r onl y wr A.t t h re e buil d i ngs in. 1\me ri ca i s t h e f l ag flown  ~~f f i c i - 
 
a lly cont i nuou sly cl'l r and n i gh t ? Ans  .- - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - 
 
4 2 . ''.'ha t  i s t he r u l e to be ob serve d .vrh en f l a g :; of more than one "n!;!. t i on 
 
e:r.e b~ i ng flown i n u n is on? .1\n s . ~ - - -: - . - - - - - - - . - - - - - . . "' 4 3 .  1flhe n  s. l\Um er of f l a g s ~f d iffe r e nt ~t ions a r e g r upe c). "i n a clus t e r 
 
wha t is the  p o s i t i on of t h e Un i ted States Flag? n s . - ~ - - ~---- 
 
4 4 . Whe n  the fl a g i s illustr ated 'in.. printe d. fo r m, what i s .t he p ~ sit ion of 
 the  st'lr s? An s .  - - - - - - - - - .- ~ - ;..  - ":' - . - - - .- - - . - 45 .  What i s t he ori gin of. t h e an t hem " The Star - S ~.~g1 e d Be. nne r""'? 
 
46 ~ 
 
An s . - - - - .- - - - - - - - - - - - -: ~ -- ~ ' Wh en , b:v. wh om and under wha t . c i rc.uins. Jn.nc e.s,:via s 
 
~ - .----- ~ th'c appe ll at lt"n 
 
" Oln 
 
Glory " g iven to th e Un i t e d Ste. t e s , F l a g?. An~ .  - - ,.. .-:. -. - - "'!' '!"' 
 
47 .  1"n1at i s t h e Uni ve r sa l t\ r a l - s a l ute to the f l ag ?. 1\m; . _- - . - -~  ----  
 
  48 . 'ifhy  a r e  we s n little. .info r med, :ab nut our  fle.g?: ~r,s_,. _ .-: - . .... - - - - - - 
 
49 .  Row can -th in  be ..remedi.e r\?. Ans ~ . ~ .- . - - . - . ~ - - ..: -~ - - .. - - - - - - 
 
50 .  What ot h e r q u e s t i on woul d y ou li ke to h~'ve answer ed, about t he. Unit ed 
 
Sta te~  p la~? - Ans; - 
 
. --- . 
 
--  
 
.. 
 
-. - .. 
 
.. . .. 
 
.,. .. . . 
 
 26 
 
SUGGESTED AR:UST ICE DA Y PFOGRAM NOVEMBER 11, 1937 
 
SONG- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - THE STAF SPAN.GLED BANNER . (see po.ge 13 for p roper sa. lute to t h e Nat iono. 1 Anthem. ) 
 
SALUTE TO THE FLAG 
 
SCRI PTURE READIN G 
 
PRAYER 
 
RFADING- - - - - - 
 
- 'lEAN I NG OF TPE FLAG TO Tl-TE SCHOOL. 
 
ESSAY- - - - - - - 
 
- - - - - l".fTJ'AT THE FL<\G ..ffiANS TO ffi . 
 
EXPLANAT ION AND DEvWNSTRATI ON OF- - - - - - -HO\~ AND '"FEN TO FLY THE FLAG . 
 
STORY- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - HIST ORY OF' THE FLAG . 
 
STORY - 
 
- - - HI STORY OF THE NAT I ONAL ANTHEM "- 
 
READI NG 
 
- - - - - - FACTS Ain .-ffiNORI LS TO T 'E FLAG. 
 
ESSAY - 
 
- - - TFF. WANING OF APMIST ICP. DAY. 
 
(1) HISTORY OF THE " ORLD WAR . 
 
(2) HISTORY OF THE AMERI CttN LEGI ON , NAT IO TAL AND STATE ORGANIZAT I ONS . 
 
READ I NG 
 
- I N FLANDERS FIELD . 
 
READI G 
 
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ANSU~R . 
 
SONG - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AMERI UA . 
 
EARLY HISTORY OF GEORGIA SCHOOLa 
 
THE UNITED S'l't~Tr::S COl ST.ITUTION 
 
HISTORY , 0 IGIN ArD PREAMBLE . 
 
THE GEOltQif., STATE CO ::>'1'I TUTIO - - - - - - HISTOR:t , ORIGIN ND PREAMBLE . 
 
 27 
A shot wa ::; fired on June 28, l'iH4, i a l'emotc v:Ll.l ~ ge i n t:.h fb .Lk,ns which wa s the clima x of ilJ. feeling in the history of 1;t..rO!J8 . 'llis Vii. ~ the beginning of the greatust cata strophe or. th.;; V"' g .:3 cf his t ory . 
The a.ssa:3si 1at:Lun of the ,u.,trir.m rchduke v10uld ,, ot i n itDi..lf ha ve c.:.used u. Vvorl<.l i(.ir , The funde.rr. nta l ca u es of thi g ig::. ntic stn ggl E: r tached f a r ba ck into the history of Europe . The o un....erl;yit g cf:l u sc s of i nterna tion<:.;.l ''trife must be und e rstood in order t o c.pprcci ::: tc ho  Lhcy led i nto !::1 YVorld 1 s V1 r . 
Th e fund~menta l C.J.Uccs of the ~wrld 11.::. r wer : 
l. Violation of the principl.e of na tionality . 
2 . Exc..ggera tion of tlle vriaciple of nationa l l t;y . 
b . Milit u.rism t:.r: the form;,tier of rnHitar:y 'll l i "TlCC:S , 
4 . I nternatio n.1l ''.na rchy . 
5 . EconoJ;ric riva l l'Y  
1hen new::; Cb.llrt- to thf-; Uni t;;;d S u. ttY " of the outb r :::i.t k ;-.f wa r i n }~ur opi~ , the immo<liu. t G rea ction v ~.; thu.t of n e:ut1~; lity . .oo ro.;: ilson, Pru "':i. dent of the United Sh. t es, is5u ~ ~. proci<.uil'...tlor , C<-<l ling u pur. Lhis c oun t ry to be 11heuLra l in f a ct ~.:. ::; v:ell ;:i-:.; in n r.n1e . 11 i~iL..ny p roble ms of tr;.:: de 'lnC: eom:-:lcrc c followed , yE.t the fedi ;g of the United ta t s vr :.; not compl ':"' t e ly c.. rous t.d w1til. on iVIi.l.y 7, 1 9:;.5  hm1 the Lusi t::J.r i n 'i& ., s ui k off t hr.; Irish 
g c o:1 st by G or.r:L~r:.y , without pro.~x. r ;a r n i l ric, th e uni t ed St:;. t e ;; . OnG t hou- 
sL. nd one hundr ed n i ne ty lives we re :!..ost ' .f ~~h0m ov~.-r une hu 1drecJ V1cr0 f...lilerica n cith;ens . 
Pr e sident h i l sou irumeul.. t:.ely c;;.lled upon G~rm:...ny t o r0 ud l q te Ht8 ~..ctiorl of the s ub4!ari e coram. r tiel' a 11d t o p<ty for tht L:; s s to H.mcr ica . Americ.::. r:.n t ea Germany to p:.1y for Lives ::.mu pro Jerty :tn11 to give :. , s ol c::mn p:1edg thr t such c.n outrag e woul<.l no t b e :rcp ~:::. ted . ie l Tu.'3.!1Y would rr ot Iltake a ny form of c ettlemcnt agr eed 1l on by the Ur;i Lud 't at 
h pril 2 , 191'7 ' the Pr t: "icl nt Gppe e; r d befurc a. j u i.. n t se~; 5 ion of congress a r d read hi-s hi:-toric Yva r l iessagc. Hi." messc.ee decl u.relJ. t .h::.t our purpose wa s "to vinJie  te t he princi ple s of peace m;a justice ' i1:1 tl"e life 0f the world as ug;iir,rst .::;e.lf.ish r.tnd <.cutoc r.~t_:j..c p_yw~r, ..:.nd to s et up a mqtg the r8...lly free a n s-elf-g overned poc..ple of th world ::;~ch a c:vn.c e rt of purpose un a ction a s will henceforth in~1:1r e obscrv; nc u of the.,c princi pl He asserted tha t " th(: wurld must e mc.:.Je "' :tfe fur <1 r-:mvcra cy . " He aavit.: d cc.-ngrt;SS to c.i ecl:_rc -wa r on Germ: ny . 
The Uni teci St ;:_tt:S f".ction:3 grE;:.. tly influenceu ot l:,~  cc,untrics vf Ce ni a ud South America . They l a ter declo red wHr ' g a ir s  e r r.1:1 1y or brci:e rel a t ium; vi t.h h~r . S<, ,n thirty L~ ti c n s e r!a me i n v l vt..t: l n thi s gig ntic v; orld struggle . Nin-tcen n::li. iltlS ~ere activuly eng g ..:, i n figh t ing , nlti ; eleven other 1 <o.Li(;ns decla red 'J.r but <d<.l nut pb.rtlci pi te hCtiv :ly in t h1 ~ili tLlry t..pf~r  tivn::> . 
 
 28 
Only nineteen n:.tirms  r on:.inod nc'.tt r "'..l. Six y million mon r!(;re in tho ~,rmi c,s of tho nin ,t oc:n m.tions :~ho VJcro :. ctuo.lly f i ghtinr~ . Ei eht million r1cr c. kill d . Tho prope rty l qss ca. us cd by the v1o.:- h<:::s be on o s - 
timc.tud a.:::: mor e tlc..r\ $36 ,ooo , ooo , ooo ~ nd the r.mount of rotmoy spvlit ;;<'s 
tho cmormcus sum . of $186,000 , 000,000. A l t:.rg (J p:.rt of this hue;v finr::.nci .'.l 0 :xpc.nd itur o Y 2-.s covorud by lo"'.us to te pc.ssed on , ns o. bur d on t o futuro t~:n1.1r:::ti ns . 
'Iht:: r.r1:1istico w...~s s i gned on Nov omocr 11 , 1916 , t hus <;:c:us in g tho ~u ns 
cf tho gr oc.to st Wc.r in ~ll history -to cac s 0 firing . 
Tho terms of tho Armi st ic o r;or c seve-r ... enough tr ir:sur o no r cHC\'J::-.1 of tho v:~r on t ho pc-.rt of r-.:"..y nc.t i on . Go r mony .m.. to oYa. cuc.t;~ o.t onc e ~ 1 1 in1~d c d r ogionc , including Al sc. c o - Lorrctinc - Gcrm".ny y;~~s t o rti"~hdra.w hor troopu r.c r oss -'vho Rhino <.. nd p~...:.c c YJ(~S t o pr c.,r,.,_il (,ne e r:gr.in . 
Tho first .rr,ec.tinf \'IC:S ca.l l cd i 1 F.'.r:l.s Fchrv c.ry , 15 , 1~19, r::.nd Liouton:::nt C olo n~l Th~udoro R ~ oscv .. lt, J~~i o r, f r r n the F ir st Divi bi on u:::s host ~nd sp nsorod tho mooting . Ho '. ::.s c L~ ct .~ d ~cu~IX: r :-.ry Ch .ir .:-.1<..n o.nd Li outonc.nt Col cno l Eric '{iocd, 88t 1 Division , \'IC.s olo ctod t crrtJ.",Or:lr y So cr ot c,r y . 'l.'hi mooting r.'~.s co.l lod b:r  t :1<; Gcnor ::-.1 P.r;uiqu::-.ri.; crs or' tho Amo r i c,:n Expoditionr.ry Forcoc in Fr c.ncG . Tho :..;pc cific pur p~ s ; cf this r.woting waG t c c-: nsider the condition of tho Amo:..i cc.n ooldicr s thun i ~1 Eur c pc . 
Tr.is moc.t i ng r esult ed ir:. tho c~~ :li1:..r; of ' c-::u cus , t c me et .'.t the Amoric::n Club in P""ri s , Fr c.nc o , o 1  J<..rch E , 16 :-.nd 17 , 1 919 . At thi s .oot ine; <.~ppr o x:il:10..t e ly one thL u nc.nd c-::lc g.:-.t os "..:!;tended, r opr cr o..t i::~g  .11 br c.nchu'"' of service __nd r ::nging fro :J priv ~t ... t  ,_, c,1or:... l. 
1-'r ou ider:t ~J ccdr v; iils on , then in FL ris, -:~ddrc..ss o d t_he mo oting . 
"Tho AmC;ric o.n Log i on" y;as th o nc: .,o r_-iv c n t.o the novJ,l }; cr gc.n i zod 'o dy; 'ut 
it w-.~r C'.Erc od th:::t n o stors b e t cdccn to f r r.: .-t pon:.nont rgc:.r iz;:-.t i on or to 
ndopt policies :::nd principle , u nt il tho::o wor v c.:ns id cr od c. nd r. cted u po n by thu othor momb rs ~ r t.hu ::.rmod for c e cf tho Un it 0J St:!t vP v;ho h:::d b oon r otc. incd in A:!l~ric , . 
On r.t. y 8 , ~ -.nd 10 , 1919 , r.bJUt t .(.; lVO humlr cd dc,l c.g.. toc, r <;pr o so ting e;vcry stc..t c in tht; U ~1i on ~ r.1ot i P St . L:Ju is , Mi c s c .a i . 'I'hoy ;;.11pr ov od tho n..,~o of tho nc:il crccn izc.tion - "The ."..r.H:.ric r; Lugi,,n" - They "..dc ptod [~ t cntc.. tivo Ccnstitution, nc..do. pL~tlS tc 'or 'c ct .:: n o r g~niz;t in in cc.c h sta.'L c , r. nd Eot the. dc..t o of the lirGt Nnti '-nt'.l c c. nv ..: ntion , l~vV V.:bc..r 11, 1919 . Tho -plc. c e of this first c vnv e;nt i on YJ::::. " Mi nnc:::poli s, ,(inncs .,t:;.. Fl::~ns VJd'0 dr n.Ym up ~or the c.doption of c. Ch::.rt or and  C'-~1-'l icL.ti on r::c-.d u tu th J C,JJ gre sf of tho Unitod St:--.tos f or thi s grc.nt . Thi s i k!JC\;n :-,s th~.- H ~. u< c., of R...; r c sOJ :t:::tiv s .L ill Nu! bcr 6808 . Tho Ch::~rtor oi' Thu Ar.tC;ric :;,n Lcgi c n \ :-:s gr c.nt .:-d 'y tho 66t h Congr es s , Sclt er.,bor 1 6 , l91C) c:.nd \'IL s s i g1 0d by tht, Fr cc idcnt f the Un itod Stn.tc s , \"loodro--1 1i ilson , Oct ober 16 , 191S. 
 
 29 
Colonel Alexander Lawton , J Hnior, of t>avannah, and Captain Lansing B. Lee of Aug-u:.;t a, wore pr esent at the Paris meeting and wE;re commiss ioned by the presiding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt , Junior, to  att end t o the forwa.tion of the American Legion in the State of Georgia. Upon thc:.:ir return t o the Unitec: States intervening dutie s prevented these ardors being carried out by Colonel Lawton and Captain Lee. 
Colonel Roosevelt then took the matter up with the Governor of the Stt.Cte of Goor g ia, his excellency, Hugh Dorsey. Governor Dorsc.y appointed tis brother, Colonel Roy Dors ey , Ma jor Tn::.mmel Scott, both of Atlanta , Colonel Lawton cf Savo.nnc.h and Capt a in Lee of Auguste., c.s o. comrnittcG to c.ttond to tho inauguration of the Legion in the Stc.tc . It f ell, howc..ver , to the lot of' !1c.j?r Trammell Scott to perfect a.rrc.ngoments for th is meeting . 
!Jic.,j or Scott. c::. lled ~-. mooting of tho votornns of th Vlorld \"/c~r c.nd their fri ends in 'I''""~t Hull (City Auditorium) , Sundc.y night , :ff.c.y 4 , l91S in Atl::mtc.., Ge or gia . Tho 2. i zns c.nd princi;>les of thv proposed orgo.niz"..tion oi' tho iiorld Wr.!..r v ct erc.ns wore disc ussed . Mo.ny fc.vor2.blo expressions wore v oiced by the men pre so t, soDa of whom , though not eligible to memborship, grr.d,l y fc.vor cd <:: nd d~f:.ircd to cupport the movement . 
An :~:r:pli c c.iion w:-.:.s r.mdu for o. Chart er. It rms issued Mo.y 24, 1919. 
THB Al.iERICAN LEQ];.Ql! 
"WHY THEY ORQ~NIZE~ 
'l'\'to lve hund.r ed Americ::tn ~iorld Wo.r Vut orc.ns ~~ttunded tho First Nc.tional Am ::ric['.l1 Leg ion Conv ention , in St . Lou is, Missouri, Mc.y, 1919. 
The members of this group took n w~rm liking to ec.ch othor. They wore r buut thu s2.r.1e a gu . They hcd o. ll s erv ed the nc~t ion in time of war , r..ll had bc.~:m honorably d.is chc..rgod , :.nd the y possessed c. :-:1utuo.l feeling, for thoy wcr ['.11 Am \-ric ~:-.m:. . v'ih~~t [my one..; i' th orn W':'..s, o.nd hr.~ d done r~s c. civilic.n, c,nd wh.".".t thoir r c s pc ct i vu rec ord ::; VJ or o , did not mc.tt Gr, sc J.on2; ::s thoy 1.'/Cro upright citizons :::.nd comr c.dos in Tho Amoricc.n Leg ion. Thc~JG members hc.d donned their uniforms with high i dc.ls , c.nd their s c.rvice hc..d ronde those id reach t! o hui r.}lt s. Whether th e y hc.d s erv ed " ovor there" , or " over hero ", i \7as thl Sf irit in wh ich they h~ .d served, n.nd the spirit in v1hich thoy wore continuin&; to S(;rV G tho.t c ounted 1aost . 
'.:'he::w mombor ~ 1;.-;d b~on roc.r-ed in diff erent sto.tos , thoy ho.d gone into service in tl iffor 0nt pn.1 s cf the country, c.nd hc.d net. nc cor.;sc..rily i!lCt one c.nothor until they c::u;;e to the convention . Their fund:cnjcnt2.l Amoricc.nism \: o.liko , hot ovvr, before the nar, [md tho~' cc.ug!'1t the 01"e imp el ling spirit wh serving . This lod to o.n orga.nizc.tion v1hi ch v ould offer them thv groc.tost rned iwn thrcug,h which they could p0rpotuc.tc thoir Gc..rvicos on n c ommon grcun in pOt:l.CC  
Ncthing bus ever boon written which so impressively, c.nd bccw.t if'ully presses the pur:r-os.:.. of the Americ ~~ n Legi on, in ether words tells ~;hy Le gi on nuiroc. e r e orgc.1 izf;d, ClS the Preambl;,; of the Constitution of tho Amoricc.n Legion which \'Jr.. s dr afted c.t tho First Nc.tiona.l Conv unt i on . 
 
 30 
The members were inspired by this great message , and felt that its meanipg would live in history as one of the noblest and most ir1spirational messages ever given to mankind . How could such a glorious pronouncement have sprung from the m;i..nds of an organization whose feelings v1ere torn by the emotions , shocks and horrors of conflict? They organized with their Constitution to guide and direct them . The flames of r1ar had died do\m, but the love for country still lived in them ; they were inspired by An1erican id eals and democratic principles . 
Tho Preamble of their Constitution is their symbol . Some oi' its members smiled skeptically when it nas mentioned as their sloijan for their organiza tion Some Legionnaires fe a red it v1ould b e difficult to live up to,  nd thc.t tho organization would be ombarrc.s eed for setting standards that YJould be too difficult to maintain. 
The ton clc-.uses in the FrOL'..mblo cover everything this nation has boon, is, c.nd hopes to be . They challo.nge not only all Lcg ionnc.ires, but ~ll other .Americans to gr oder fid elity to God :md to Country; they bring full r ec. lizn tion to every one of his duty o. nd r espon s ibility in tlm bottermont of m.::.nkind r.nd our comrnon:JOa. l th . 
Lcgion.."l.c.ir cs rc,c.liz c d. tha.t , c..ftor the com' licts of v;:-:.r, firm moc.suros would be noodod t o upho ld, <'. nd continuo to defend tho Constitution of the Unitod st ~tc::: . They ho. d tak f.> n oath to support it, they hc..d sacrificed c.nd suffered, and sane h~d died for it . They did not propose to lot it be shz,tt cr ed in cmy \"Jc:y . More ov er, th ey kno\J that in VIars , chc. os r:..nd destructive ele ments struck at tho Const itution fr om m::.ny c. ngles , c.nd t hey VJore detorr:Jined to koop the ship of stute on a stec,dy chc.rted course. 
The Al<leric r~n Legionnc-.iros saY/ pr oper oducc..tion o.G o. moc.ns c f World Fcc.ce . Thoy possessed a burning desire to lot t~o F~llan Ones sloop in pec. ce, "nd resolved they would co nt inuo t o hold high tho torch :1hich uou ld ruoc..n Peace ~nd Demccrc.cy to the Tihclo TIOrld . 
The Logicnnr'..ir os c u l d s oc , from tho pr'..gos of history, hov: all ..-:r.r:3 c.re r folloued by c. lot - down in th o obsorvc.nco of lm? [".lld order . Thinking people 
nrc stcndiod by tho situc.t ion \"l_ich ?c.r cr o~tes, but ~he unthinking ;;.nd irrGsponsiblc, ~re not. 
Violc..tions of let\"J nnd ord er ho.vo been numer ou s nnd lurid in th is c ountry sinco the Armistice, but thoro v1 ould ho..v o b ee n ma. ny more hJ.d it not b oon f or tho Legion . Le gi onna ir es c,ge in anc~ c.g, ,in r cr.lize th:-.t res pe ct for o.nd obedi ence to 1::-sJ is true pC'.tri ctism . 
Some people c ontend that, in the interest of pon ce, ".11 sr.vc tho nore uontion uf v;c..r should be expunged fror:1 hist ories, thc.t n c monunont s or mc~uri~ls shculd be built, thc.t tho minds of thu poop ~ should be kept from c.nything v;hich might tend t o glorify r:..rmod c cnflict . To thr:t? the Legion <'.nswcrs th2..t c. nLtion which c oc.sos to honor it s dufc.ndurs will lose its n=.tion~l spirit . 
Logicnnc;ires h_.te wa.r in tho c.lJstra.c~c b e ca use they know wh::-.t it is from o~pcrionco, but they right ly fool th.:t dishcnor is v1orsc thc;n \"!.::.r, o.nd t hc..t Sl.nce Ar<oricn hc.s o. l YJays fou ght fer honor, justic e a.nd froodcm, these principles oust not be ignored . 
 
 31 
Leg ionnaires feel that the more a per s on loves his community , the more he loves his state, and his nation . Thousands upon thousands of cormnunity s ervice J rojects have been put over by Legion posts - every one of which has bee n an act of good America nism . 
LEGION PROGRAM OF EDUCATION 
Le ~ :i.onnaires, with their well planned program of edu cation, are organizE::d that they may continue to serve their country as they were permitted to do in 1917 - 18 . By their interest in play grounds they have shown the ir broad vision of educution and how thi type of education develops b ett er cit iz ens . They proved their lov9 of country by offering their lives in its defens e . Their s ervices somehow fired our enthusiasm to st udy t he whol e subj e ct of peace - t ime patriotism. mh e ir furth er su ~ port of education, their sponsor s hi p of Junior Baseball, their Child V/olfure Program, their cooperation with tho Boy Scouts , th e ir Emerg ency Reli ef Plans, th e ir e~gor ness t o work \Jith ev erything const r uctive in America - a ll of t he ir projects and activit ies o.r G e duc ~ tiono. l in th e ir v ~ lue . 
Jov ember l l is t ho Birthdc.y of t ho Ar mistic e - who n we comrn0moro.te thos o who hav e mad e the cxist~nc e of the n:::tion :; ecure; it vlill t eL1 Ch citi zens of America., of todc.y c. nd t omorrow, that exa.ltod pa triotism rJhich rnc.kes America.ns pr c.y for poa c0 but willing to di e for honor . 
THE !{CRLD 'j1AR SYMB OL - THE RED POfPY 
Miss 1loinc. \h chc. cl of Ath(;n s , G or g i o. , originl:',ted the idea. of the red po ppy to b e v10rn r.s ~'.n omblom in commomor :1tion of t h o vc lor <.'.nd sa.crificec of our soldiers r. nd na.ilors of tho World Wa.r . 
This i deo. hc.s cr cc.t od c.. nov1 enterprise in th e Unit ed St a tes v1hich po culin.rly b on ofits not only Georgi~' in s &v er o. l \T '.. ys but s erv os the e ntire nc,t ion in t he sa me vmys on o. nc,tiomtl s ca l e . Th o sale of tho ~o p py on M0moric..l Dnys hro.s mc.C.e many millions of dollc.r s for r ehc.. bilitc.ti on, c.s well ns fu r nis b ing employme nt f o~ the d isa.blod s ervic e; mon. 
The Ha.ig ' s Leg ion of London , Englund, has o.dopt od lviiss Michael's Poppy 
idea. v1hich hc.s brought c. total to this Leg i on of ovor $3o,ooo,ooo . oo profit 
on foppy Dny sn l e s since 1921 for t he. purpos e of rehc.bilit c..tion vtork in the British Empir e . 
Geor g i;:-, VIet s not only the you nge st colony of Englc.nd but tho only or.c finc.ncod by tho Eng lish Fnrlic.mont, r e ceiving c..t ont- t irne in a lump sum the hundsO!!lG g ift of ton thousnr d p ou nds fr om Englo. nd ' s troo. sury . Now, two hundred yoo.rs l c.t er, wh.:;n tho Empir e most needs !'im: ncic>.l r..id for rw r c crvic men end the ir dep ond cnts, this P o!'PY ~t:cmoric l Idee. in 16 y uars hus yielded 
Engl a nd the mo.gni' ic nt r.rr.ount of $30 , 000,000 . 00 . , 
Wh en Col on e l 1-:icCro. e ' s f c,mous poem "In FL~ndcrs Fi (:) lds" "i/O.s published , Miss 1~~icha.c.l r cc.d c. nd r or oc.d t h e poem c..nd 7ro to c. n 2;nswor rJhich hns bt:.cn world fc.mod . 
 
 02 
 
In FLilNDF.Ri.) FIELD Lieutena.nt Colonel John McCrae 
 
In Flanders fields the poppies grow Between the crossen, row on rCJLv, 
That ma rk our pJ.ace; anu in the sk'; , The l a rks, still bravtly singing , fly, 
Scarce hcc..rd amid the gur:s below . 
Vve arc: the de d . Short <.lays ago Vie lived, f e1 t aawn , saw sunset glow, 
Loved and were loved ; a nd rov we lj(: In Flc...nucrs field . 
'Ia.ke up our quarrel with the foe ! To ;:r ou frcm f o.ilinB h11. 1ds, i'vt:l throw 
Tht~ torch, be yours t o l i f t it Lit;h . If ye bredc f i th with tno::,e ~ ho d i.e 
1e sh:~ll not s c:cp , tltoueh poppies blow I n Fla.ilucr:5 fields . 
 
THE nt~SII~"'.R 
to i n:.. Ml<.:hacl 
 
Oh you whu s leep i n FlarJers fields Sle .:~p sweet - to r i se :.n evi ! ~~ : caueht the torch you threw ' 
AnJ holding high we kept the f a i th 
hi th those bo d i e,d. 
 
Vje c heri sh , t oo , the p oppy red Thllt grows on fiE:lds w.berE: V ':J. or la"d; It seems to signu.l to the :.;k.i.E:s Tl t-Lt blood of heroc~ never d i es Bu t .lend s u lu.s t.~r to the r oo Of the f l ower t h::.t. bloom.'> a.b ove the dea.d 
I n Fl and el's fiel ds . 
 
1~nJ now the torch a J1d poppy red 
 
he ViE:a r i n hdl10r of our dead ; 
 
Fea r not t ha t yc have uieu f or n(~ught 
 
i 
 
l1c 1 ve lea.rned the l e :.; son tht:~.t ye t 1. ught 
 
In :F'l::md e1s fi eld s . 
 
 s~muel Francis SDith 
My country, ' tis of thee, Sweet l and of l-iberty, 
Of thee I sing : Land where my fa ther~> died, L;_J1d of the Pilgrims 1 pride , Fr om ev-ery mounta in-sidE:: 
Let fr<;edom ring . 
My na tive country _, thee, La nd of the noble fr~e, 
Thy n Jr,e I love; I lov: thy 1ocks a.nd rills, Thy woods :;.nd tempJ. erl hills ; M,y heart with n .._l)turo thrills, 
Like th11t ab ove . 
Le t music swell the bre eze, f~nd r ing from a ll the tn.:e s , 
Swe et freedom's song; Lnt morl:l.l t ongues aw:.::.ke , Ltn:. .'lll tha t bi:c ath pa rtake, 
The sound prolong . 
Our f a thers ' God , to thee , Author of liberty , 
'.C o thee I ~ -Lng ; Long may our lm1' be bright V..Lth freedom'.:> holy light; Protect us by thy might, 
Gre<t God, our King . 
 
 34 
 
THE OLD HOUSES OF FUNDERS 
The old houses of Fl-a-n-d--e-r-s-, ---- 
They watch by the high cathedrals ; They overtop the hi e;h town ha.ll s; 
They have e~res , mournful, tolerant and sardon i c , for 
ways of men 
In the high, whi te-tileC. gables. 
The r a i n and th e n i gh t have s e ttl ed dovm on F land e r s ; It i s a ll wet dar kness ; you can see nothing . 
 
0 Then t h os e old 
Look a t g r eat , 
 
eyes , mourn sudden, r ed 
 
f 
 
ul~l, 
 
httso,l 
 
e 
 
r 
 
an 
 
t 
 
and 
 
sa r donic, 
 
Look upon the s hades of th e cethed.ca ls; 
 
And tho golden r ods of the illumina ted r ain, For a second  
 
And thos e ol d oye s , 
Very old eye s tha t hr~v.., Wtltched the> wo.y s of men fo r many 
g ene r a tior.s , 
Clos e for uve r. 
 
The hi gh, white sh01lci.u rs of -:;hv ~r bles Slouch togu th~ r for a consult t ion, Sl ant nr unkenly over ia the loa. of tho fl smi ng cathed r a ls. They an. no mon:, the old hous es of Fl and e r s . 
F'o r c.l .Mc.dox Fo r d . 
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * OCR OWN D!!.AR L :n 
 
Our own de ur l a nd , A:n8ricu J Our soug we 'll ris e t o th t..o ! 
Thy ve rd ant hills when ce s pa rklin g: rills Leap forth exultantly: 
Thy mounta i ns towe ring to the skies Amid Al askan snow, 
Thy meads alonE the Ri o Gr ande 1ber e waving palm-trees g r ow. 
 
From muny l ands our fat he r s came Ac r os s the heuvil:g ma i n , 
From Bri tain ' s sho r es , "Treen Erin's moor s , Ita.lia ' s vi ne- clad pl a in : 
Fr om bays wherc::- ou t the Nors 1r1en sa il ed Befo r e Columbt.s saw, 
By f  i th , beyond the west r.: r n w:~ve Th ~ str a nd of India. . 
 
Fro.:1 smilinz; d ul e s i n SUlm Franc'-'  F' r orrJ. hills a l ong t he  in L. , 
1A'11L.r u cast l e s s till stand <-Htil,cl As i n tho ol d<...n t i m<! : 
From En.s tc. r n cl i wvs , fr or.1 Russian st.... ppcs , F' r om r e u. l ms of sun .c snow, 
1'hvy gc. t h.s r c.d h e N to shu r G thy ch0o r, Thu joys tha t fr ee men kn ow. Wild r E: d H. ,.unro. 
 
 35 
THE RED CROSS SPIRIJ' SPEAKS 
~ne rever war with its red woes , or flood, or fire , or famine goes , 
There , too , go I ; I'f earth in any quar ter quakes or pesti l ence its r avage makes , 
Thither I fly . 
I lmeel behind the soldier ' s t r ench, I walk ' mid shambles ' smear and stench, 
'l'he dead I mour n ; I bear the stretcher and I bend O' er F~itz and Pie r re and Jack to mend 
Vihat shells have torn. 
I go whe revGr men may dare , I go whe r eve r women ' s care 
And love can live , Wnereve r st r 8n~th and skill can bring Surcease to human suffering, 
Or sol ac e give . 
I helped upon naldora ' s shore ; With Hospitaller Knight s I bore 
The fi r st r ed cro s s ; I was the Lady of the Lamp; I saw in Solfe rino ' s crunp 
The crimson los s . 
I am your penni e s and you r pounds ; I am your bodi es on their r ounds 
Of pain afar; I am you, doinG what you woul d, I f you we; r e only whe re you could - 
Your avata r . 
The cross which on my arm I wea r , The fl ag which o ' e r my br ea s t I bea r, 
Is but tho sign Of what you ' d sacrifice for him Who suffe- r s on the hE> llish r i Ht 
Of war ' s red line . - John Finley. 
* * * * * * * * * * 
He r e Fr eedom stood by sl aught e r ed fri end and f oe , And, er e the wra th pal ed or tha t sunset died, 
Looked through the age s ; then , with ey es u.g low, Laid. them to wait tha t futur , side by side . - Alfr ed Hoyos . 
 
 36 
The nation - wide observance of .A.meric. Education week afforc'is an opportun ity t o focus the attcn~ion of parents , teachers, and all citizens upon t he impo r tan c e of _.unerican Democracy . It is a splen did opportunity for pc.rent s t o join with teachers in furthering the observance of "!;his important occa s i on t!rro ugh par t icipat ion in school and community J,-ro grmn . 
THEEE : "Edu cation and Our Nationa l Life ." 
Sundc.y - Can v1e Ed uc::::.te f or Pe-:-. ce? 
lviondo.y - Buying Educe..tionc.l Service . 
Tuesday - The Horace idu. nn CeY,tcnnic. l. 
'i/edne sdo.y - Our Amorico.n Youth Problem . 
Thursdc.y - Schools c.nd tho Const.it ution . 
Frid ~ y - School Cpe n House D~y . 
Sc.turd  y - Life Long Loc.rning . 
 ***  **** * * 
TO A SIX - YEAR OLD 
I s oc: you or. i.h:...t first glc.d dey of school Sitt ing , so frcs' ly scrubbed, in your small ch<::.ir ; Your oyes , up- turned to ;nine in eager str'.l~c, Cl oc.r c.s the w~tors in c qu i et poo l. They o.slod, by their oxpoct~n cy, a rule Of Lif e th::::t hc.d been t ried c.nd prov e n f c.ir ; A s~ining ~r mor , cour~gc - strong , to w o~r ; An d f or OQ Ch t ~ sk to co me , c. kccn - oJgcd to ol . 
Today I v;o.tch yo t: go . vih:1.t I gav e I wonder; but your gift to me I know: For <:'.S tj c \landeror kn .:.r:; l s bo:: l'orc a shrin o , Dny ;..ftor dr..y I shrive d myse lf :..:nm1 
o.. s e lfish ~hings and sn1. ll, thd I mi ght gro\1 
To ill(.,d those clcc.r oyos lift od up to mino . 
l~l2..o Knieht CL.rk . 
 
 37 
A ME R I C A N E D U C A T I 0 N WE E K 
NOVE~ffiER 7 - 1 3, 1937 
The first Ame ricaJl Educ::ttion Week wa s obs e rved in 1921. The idea of nation-wid v obs e rvc.nce of this vreelc gr ew out of e. seri es of confe r ences which began in 1919 beb .rec::n the offic ers and conunittee membe rs of the Nationa l Education Association, Ame rican Leg ion and the Offic e of Educat ion. 
This is an annual ccl ebrr. tion nd is now one of the most widely obGcrved spociul occa sion in the Un ited State s . Forty gove rnors issued .~e ric nn Education proclamation l ust y eo. r und it was obs e rved with sorr..e special cel ebration i n every stat e. 
This y our Educo.tior_ Vvc.e:k should b0 wide ly col ebr::tted for it ma rks the one hundredth unnive rso.ry of the progr ess in the history of the development of the _.!,mcrican Public School , and the Constitutiono.l Ses quic entennial , which is of nation wid e inte rest . 
LET US LISTE TO EDUCATION 
I AM EDUCATION. I beo. r the to rch tho.t enlight ens the wo rld, fir es the imagination of rr.an , f oods the fl ame of genius . I give wings to dreams and J i ght to ho.nd and bra in. 
From out the de ep shadows of the past I come , wea.ri:!'lg the s car s of struggle and the stripes of toil , but bearing in tri umph the wisdom of a ll a ge s . Man , becaus e of me , holds dominion over earth, air and sea; it is for him I leash the lightening, plumb the deep and shackle the ethe r. 
I am the parent of pr ogr e ss, creator of culture , molder of destiny . Philosophy, s ci enc e and a r t a r e the wo rks of my hand. I banish ignoranc e , discourage vic e, dis a rm anarchy. 
Thus have I becono fr eedom' s cita del , the arm of democracy , the hone of youth, the pride of adol e scence , the joy of age . Fo rtuntEJ the nati01:s and happy the homes that wdcomc mo . 
The school is ~~workshop; her e I otir ambitions , sti~ulate idea ls and forg e thu ke-ys that open the doo r t o opportunity. I am the source of ir1spirution and the aid of e.spirution. I am i rrestible power. 
- Bette r School League - 
 
 38 
 
On of the pri ncipal re -:~ors for tllc 5reo.tnm>s of the llr i i..ed St.;. tes i s i1o r spl endid sys tt::rn of educe..t ion . 
 
THE NV: EDUCfl'l'IOt 
 
Some Characteristics of the ti~(lueru School 
 
The modern school i s charact eri ~::.ec.l by an ini'on.tel.l, cheorful n:1d 
pleasa nt atmosphere, with ample opportm i ty .f'or sys-Lc 11atie, rk rwc,n iotl s, 
n<-~. t ul&l, &nd com 1)lc;t~ c..lc v e:!.. oplutm ~ of th ~; ivl ol e c hi l d . 
 
1. 
 
,..,. 
,::. , 
 
I'up.Ll jxnt.i.ci pa.ti on ;  
 
Re cog ni r.i or: of i r:d i '.Jldu ~i. J i ty . 
 
4. . The pro,j ec 'L method . 
 
irJ , Dis cussi on und cor.fe :cence . 
 
6 . Lc:&.l'nint. by sD.ti f.::~.c t o ry doing . 
 
7 . :J'Jvrk-study- pl uy plan . 
 
8 . 1 r e.,l j unior s ec om.:iar y s c i.ool - 6-3-3 org:miz.:,,ti on . 
 
9 . Te&.cher :.~ eu.i cle of pupils I activ-iti es 0 
 
1 0. Formal i ns t r uc t ion only w:nen pu pils feel need for i i.. . 
 
11. MotiVF- tion , in trins ic r.:~ther than e:xl.r i rls ic. 
 
12 . Effort basG-.J on intore:; t . 
 
15 . Psych ologic.:..l .ca ther t han loBical ap!)ror.:.c:l:l . 
 
14 . Almost no coercion . 
 
15 . bx:Lr .::.t- cl :..:::;:~ a c t hti ti us , entra - curricu l a r . 
 
16 , C; rr:L c'l; lun , Cl. series 0 [' ex perif.J[J CE:S , 
 
17 . 1 ..;e t he: ItED\j LTS of i ntclligonco tests . 
 
lU , USt.: 1 Cu S \',!'cm<.:n L SC0.l c~s  . 
 
l~ . F11uc :...tj m; 11 .OUGH voeat l orJ u.nJ NOT F'OR vocati on . 
 
20 . Ji.n ~151C)nt of sociali z J.t ior. . 
 
---DF.. LES'l'EH K. ADE 
 
 39 
HISTORY OF EDUCATION !N GEORGIA 
King George granted in 1732 to James Edward Oglethorpe and his nineteen associates, the territory lying between the Savannah and Altamapa Rivers and extending westward to "The South Sea" (Pc.cific Ocean). The trustees directed that l c. nd be set aside for the support of a minister and two "Schoolmasters" in each town that might be laid out in the colony. 
Georgia was the one of the thirteen colonies in which the Parliament of England supported schools. The plan of setting aside land in each town for tho support of schools was continued when Georgia became a Crovm Colony in 1754. 
Georgia was tho third of the five states which mentions provision for education in first Stat e Constitution. "Schools shn.ll be erected in ovory county of the State a nd supported at tho gemorc. l expense of tho State ns the Legislature smll hereafter direct" - Constitution of 1777 
The teachers soloctod by the trust ees were, as a clcss, incompetent. Charl e s Del n motte t/as an exception to the rule. Ho was a competent nnn who wa s moved by o.ltruistic motiVOtl He cc. me to Georgi:J. to do missionary work among tho I ndia ns, but f ound it impracticable to reach them at that time. He turned to the t eaching of little children of Sc.vannah, ~nd soon had a clc.s s of thirty or forty. Theso he taught to r eo. d, write, and "cast accounts". He gave the childr e n religious instruction, establishing, in conjunction with the Wesleys, the first Sundc, y School in Amoricc. . 
Dclamotte came to Geor g ~ to serve without sa lary. A small part of his expense uas paid by the tru st ees; but he should er ed the gr outer part and donated his time. 
Jame s Hc.. borshc.m, tho a s sistant of the Rev. Ge orge Whitfield, tnught first in &o.va.nnah in a house l eas ed by Whitfie ld, o. nd later in t ho ('rphnnnge o.t Bethecdo.. The schoG l in Sa va.nnah was the one t hat Delamott o had started. The scho ol was not co1uincd to those who were r e sidents of tho or phan's homo; it wa s open to c.ll tho chilc: r e n of the province, whether er phn.ns or not. No charge was mc.do to a ny or phan, ~ nd t ho poorer pa r ents wer e allowed to s end their childre n fr e e, whil e th ose \Jho wer e abl e to po.y tuition wore charged a. rca s ono.blo r~to. Thus tho idea of the ch::.rity scholar wa u i ntroduced into Ge or gia. at c. n oarly dc.t c . 
Whon the orpoonag e \/o. s moved fr om Sct vc.nm h t o Bethesda. in 1740, it wns thought nec es sary by tho trust e es to have <. r ogulc.r teacher in tho town. John Debell had bee n ~ s s istant both t o Dc~nott e o.nd ~ bcr s hnm, a.nd he took charge t emporarily. Lat er he was g iven tho plo.ce a s regular toucher. He was nnd e regi st er of the pr ovince, al s o, in or der to na.ke his snla.ry sufficient to live on . It wo.~ o.rrunged t r~t tho Rev. Christopher Orton, who had curried on the educa tio11t1 l io'/ork "i;hilo Dobcll \'IU S i n Englc.. nd, should supervise the work even after Dobell t c ok chc.r g o. 
Upon the osta.blishoent of tho schoo l in So.vannnh, it ..:1us intended that it bo fr ee to tho s e who wer e unable to pay tuition; but tho schoolmstor was supposed to coll e ct f o ~s fr om those who wer e a.ble t o ~~y. This o.rra.ngeoent was nev er setisfactory, for it wa s a difficult cx:..ttor to determine who should pay tuition a.nd who should be exempt. June 14, 1742, Schoolnaster Debell 
 
 10 
petitioned the head and assistants of the colony to act with the minis t er in making out a list of those who should have f r ee educo.tion. They accepted the r esponsibility; but they found the task about as difficult as the school maste r had done , The question was r eferred to the t r ustees , 
John Dobell evidently felt that the colonists had been given evc.r:J opportunit-y for educational advantages . He f elt that he had gone out of hi.s way to be of service , The Conunon Council did not particularly SYJ.lpathize with the attitude of the colonists as the charity scholar was conuaon in England , In a l etter, Debell wrote : "Such a spirit of pride r ei gns h~ re thnt s eve ral who , ' tis well known, want br oad thr ough pove r ty; occo.sionod by sloth, choose to ke c; p the ir child r .::m in ignorance end wickedne ss , r ather than go to Mr . Stephens fo r an order." To get r id of this matte r , howeve r , they pnssed a r esolution, Apr il 18, 1 743 , that the schools should be fre e to "till the childr en of the colony i rr espe ctive- of the ir A.liility to pay . " To covor o.ny loss es to tho schoolmn.st e r , they doubl ed his salary . If Debell had not -r esigned lat e r and moved to Charl eston , the life of the first f r ee school in Georgia might have been long~ r . 
Compa ratively littl 8 is law..-m of education in the days of the Royal Pr ovinc e ; the r e is e vid enc e , how~ vo r , of a fund s et aside for school purpo s es whi ch indicate s that the colonists und e r the Royal Gove rnors early showed an inte r est in the subj ect of education, 
It may be s r..id that in the state there we re four s e pa r a te brc.nches of educa tion during the period, 1783 to 1860 : - tho acad vmy to supply s e condary, o.nd oft en el ementary , education for the we: ll - to - do; the old fi eld school to supply e lomenta~' educ o.t i on for tho s o in out- lying districts; the tmive rsi ty system fo r those who r eached the top ; o.nd the poo r school fund for the childr en of tho indigont scatte r ed th r oughout th o stut ~ . 
None of thos e we r e stat e -suppor t ed or state -controll ed , The stat e, howove r , encouraged the growth of ouch. Gr utuiti es of l c.nd and money vmr e contribut ed to the unive rsi~r and to the a cademy system. 
So fa r as physical appear~~ce was concerned , the early academy diff ered slightly , if at all , f r om the old field school . Both we r e simpl e lo b structures with cr ude fu r nitur e . But whether "Acac emy" or "Old Fi eld School ", it was the teache r who detennined the quality of work done - it wa s the teo.cher who made the school . Outsto.nding examples of noted acad emies we r e Mt . Carmel and Sunbury. 
To a conside r able extent, the academy in Geoq;ia was espoused by some r eligious denomination, and was tho r esult of s ectarian prid e , 
Toward the middle of the nineteenth century ther e was less of the r eli gious domination by the churches . The gene r a l principl e was evolved that s ectar ianism and denominatioztalism should not be a po.rt of school instruction. On the othe r hand , tho id~ o. was developed that tho broad and f\mdam ental as pe cts of r eligion should b str e ss ed fully and earnes tly . 
In the constitution of Geo r gia , 1877, the peopl e, possibly influenced by the idea of tho goverrunent - ussistec schools of colon ial days , put into their constitution this provision : "Scho0ls shall be erected in each county, and supported at the gener al expens e of the state as the legislatur e she.ll he r eaft e r point out o.nd dir ect ." This mar ked the beg innin,~ of public 
 
 41 
education in the utate, and gave authority for the establishment of a school in each county. 
In response to a ::uessage of Govorn9r Lymnn Eall (1783), a bill provided for t he "first two rungs of the educationn.l ladder~' - tho common sc hoo ls and the aOt\d cmy. The fir::;t was r epr esented in the logisla.tliro that provided for a "fr ee school for the town of Vbshington in Wilkes Count y". Washingt on w:::. s granted one thousand acres for the u se of a "fr ee scho ol". On tho same occasion the l eg isla ture passed an a.ct granti ng to ooch county on ~1. pp lication, one thous.nnd ncros of va. cr.:. nt ln. nd within its borders for fre e schools. In this. curly period a.ll fr ee schools on paper beca me academics in a. ctuo. lity. The fr oo school in the town of Was hi ngton was one of tho first to be tran:::formed i n this way. 
June 7, 1785, t he Commissioners of Wilk os County olocted So.muol Blackburn to begin his v;ork .Jc.nuo.ry, 1786; he V/o. s the first tcu. chor to be elected in Wo. ro hington , Go cr giu , under tho first Fr oo Public School System. 
Governor Gilmor so.y s of him~ " :iiis fin o v oic e , expre ss iv e features, noble per son , perf ect solf-pos so s '' ion, k oon wit c.nd f orcible l ungu<:.ge, dir e cted by a well cultivat ed o.nd powerful i nte ll e ct, m.:, d c, him Gnc of the most eloquent men of any r..go". 
Geor ge M'ltthcws bccc..mo t he next Gov er nor of Ge or gi a. . He was o. friend of education. In 1786 Governor Matt hews bought f or the fr ee public schoo l at Washi ngto n "forty Lo.tt cn Bo cks and eight Copperplat e s ." These wore bought f or u sc of the children of Wilko s County Fr e e Public Scho ols. They cost t went yfour dol l ars . The "Lattcn Eco ks " were spel l i ng mc..nu s crip-t. . 
The Cor.illli ssionor s of Wilkes County . l at er ord ered t ho Gov ornor reimburs ed. 
Richmond Aco.deny , in Augustn , Georgia. , i s sa i d t o be tho old e st stutechart or cd h i gh schc ol fc.r boy s c ontinuously oper u.t ed under tho sumo no.P.le at t he SUP.lO plQco. Cha r ter ed by the Genera l Assembly of Gocr g i o. , 1785. 
We sloyc:m Gallego , l.C. con, Georgia. \7C..S tho first c ollce;o in the v;orld to gro.nt degr e es to \J0::1en. It was chc.rtcr od in 1836. 
Tho M:lsonic orgo. ni zo.tion hn.s dono ouch t o pr o!:lot o educ:J.tio:u i n Geor g ia. 
Tho Method i st F or:r~ l o College o.t Ccv i hc;t on , Ge or gi<':, v:c..s er ected by t ho people of Newton County, 1 851. The county trc.. nsforr od i t to the Gro. nd Lodge of the l'.ho onic Fraternity in Goo:rgia. A now clu rt or wa.u obtained and tho numo wa s ch:mged to Southern Husonic Fomlo Coll ege . J uno 's Handb ook.:' Published in 1876', says t ha.t the Grand Lod ge of tho Stnt e appointed tho Boarcl of Trust0os for t he college , of \ihich the Gro.nd lnstor was Pre s ident, and that it vro.s tho solu pro perty -of the f rat ernity. It vro.s fou nded for the purpose of educo.ting t :w F'er.u lo ' Orpho.:t1s fran Mnscnic hor.1es; it wo.s, however, patr onize d by studoat s VJho were not moLJbors of J\~sorlic fw .:ilios. In 1882, tho institution passed int o the possess ion of t he Hothod ist ::; and beco.no the Ge or gia ~.iothod i st Fom. lc Coll ege . 
 
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Georgia }a~> had fuu r constit.u U ous 'ilbi.::h w0re true :md VLtlid, :md t wo whi ch were 1.ot . They 'll'e known a::; t!"le cmt s tlw t ior ;_; of 1 77'7 , 1780, 1798 , 1865 , 1868 , and 1877 . The cor!stitutior, of 1877 is t he on e under which the S t.ate now lj v0s , but of cours e thu nume rou  ':llftel!d ntcnts t o thaL constituti on are pa.rts of it . I t i s t h us [ie e n tiv_t G e-orgi~ 1 s f:ir}~t con:Jti tution a nd. her l a s t .cons t itution were 8X'.1 Ctly one hundred y0  rs apart . The two ~~ o-c::: lled con s t.i t u LJ u; ,i:'.. v,l ich were not genninc were those of 186<:~ '.il d 1868. Th..:: cons ti tu t:i. o.of 1877 wc.:.s l a rg e ly a dopted to got rid of the orte uf 186 8 wh ic h W'..LS 'Lut a continua tion of t he one forced on t he St:tte i n 1.865 : fj 'lll ::.ti't8r- 
at h of the 1&r Between tho 8t&tcs . 
G.=Jorgia 1 s fir ;.;_t_ consti tu tic! (1 ','77 ) wa f; :.J.CiOJ.YLed us t h e fund~., ..en tal l a w o.f 11 i..iOpl ~.; wh .i.ch ho.d cca 3 .d L o c. a colony <.J.nd ha d becurn~ a ~> t a te ; i t VI r;..;.; e :.; te.;> }'i:~ hed the ttf:X t J' e ur :- fter tlH:! Lccl a r ution of I n - 
dependence :.1.1 a ;.c..s t hu s t e n -e.:..r~ o1J v.:(Jcfl tlw Con s t i. tu t ivn of t he Uni LE>Q St.:..t,-;s w:~s f or1neJ (1 '18 7). ~l ' .v;~nn-:i. h wa ::; t he C'J.pi t a l wben our 
fi rs t cc n .:.; t itu tion w:1.s mad  . j'Jue t o the up 1eav;~ l c:..tu s ed by the J",.mari c &.n I\e vulutiot. , i n which our " t u.t e touk i.:.rt :Lmport;;.t.nt purt , " more applic EL Jl.e cc,nnti t.ution Wf.LS rct{uirE.;d , a.n<i i n .L789 t he sec on con s titution of the St:~ t 8 H LS .L' orrrh.!Cl .d; Augu t :... , th c.;n tht.: Stc.-..tu c a pitr: l. TL e first Un ion of ~h e hm ri e .:trt Sta t c:s ( L11e first llni t txi S-r,: tt:: s) vias then in e xi  tenC\; , h~1 vJng bec(,ffiD opcr:.ttivo :l.r: 1781 when Ua r~,-1. ntl I' '~tified t h o Ar t iclus of Conficdero.tion., vlh.ieh h:.td b ceu drnMJ u p in 17?7 . 'The third Sta te cons t itu t j.un (l?U8 ) w::t~; (ttlop:~ed ctt Loui :.> vil lc.: , ,hieh had b e come thE: capitc l of t.l e .:;L:,te . 
The s o-called f.itr.t.r~ con::; t:L t u t ion of 1865 Vlfl.S c..clo}!ted u.t fJiillorlgcvillo,-Lhcn tlw S ta t,c c r..pitn.J ; anr th on0 of 186 8 b.t P.tJ.t; n ta. whic h h::1d Lc:: cn mad ::; the C.<:tpit d. . Ncit her of these con::.;tit u tJons ;;a s r ::;cogniz;t!d b y our t<'tt e exc ~:.:pt u lu.-ur th,.. t com}Ju J.sion to wilic h we' had b e en s ub j e c;;t ed . ivla ny ci Liz;cns madt-: n v open protest; m ny d i . TJ:,ey wer e A.d optcd by the vote s of' Feder:~ l solc.lie.c f3 who were not cH.i:.; cns of tl e State , of n egro e ::. wl1o coul(i 11 ot lega lly vote at c.ll , :,nd. of sella . -~tcw ::..l ci ti ~cns who were ariven in t o a pc..rtic::ipc.:.ti on . 'l"h8 con s t i t uti uns o.;.' 1 86 S and 18G8 , as th<::y ho.v~ b "en Cf_l.l cd, were 11rccons t':ru c t ion 11 con s ti t uti c ns, or ccn s t i t u Liens ~be St i.:l.te was co.u03llecl to suh wi t tu by ~ radic J. Fell~r;..tl t; Ve ruLK:nt . They h 1vc be e n r..!allcd th e f vurth ar~d fifth cvns ti tution . 
The ct~te CCiiS ti. t utic.;n of 1877 , ( or tho s: xt h con sli nti,,n if v;c.: 
c unt t.huse of 1 86!) :.Lnti 18G!j ) wc:..s ado ~ted i n At ' :u t.a , V1llicl1 t L t Jea.r, b e c o ta0 t he lq:, ::~.l e t. ri't;,.l of th e Stc... t e u.G a }Jhr t ui' t he wc.rk ol' the c c.n v e ll t i on >;L.ic.:t, f:r _:,H:.a t he ct,ns t i t u t icn uf 18 77 . This .Ls th .. pr t: St-!r t CGu s tl t uti . r. , a l Lhcugh tlw < meudment::; t o it sln ce 18 ?7 c.re of gr e&t E:r ex t.c:nt th :.. t th e: rig.i.nr..l U.oc:urot;nt . 'l'hcrc v1ere t wenty-six nme ndmcm t s t o it i.:td.CJ!tu.: '"' t AlC U .rno , :in 1 37 . ,lu mervuf> (t h.) r ::; hacl a lre::.dy b een a.d c.rJt,eu. :1r.u ir:ct, r'Pl>r:~t  cc~ int c tr.is orga nic l .'t\\ Jf th:: St ate . 
;-. ww .-.t:, t.e c vristit:.t ti\~ l> ,  :~b r .:::.cing :.il l t iw ruut tc.T r3~:~.uir ed , i s toU <:J b rjlng 111i_,Jc l;v urgc.'U . .St& t , c: c-r.s t i t ut i cn::;, ulJCl .:J.ll ::;.mendmen t s the ret o , f..Lll5t . L , r .:: t.i.f:i. ctl uy the pe vpl0 J L t he }'Cills bd 'urc:: t l ey a re clecla r 1-<:l tv be i n t:f J'cc t . 
 
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l. SAV"~lNAH, f c,un<.i ed ii1 173.3; the only co. onio.l s<nt of f!,0Vern - 
 
r:h.:-n t or c'"-1-'i tu.l; a nli tL1f: first St:'"te c r~pi tal~ 1776, the;; y(;ar. Georr;i a bc ~ l:.c ;;;. Str; te . 
 
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2 . AUGUSTA , des ignated a.s tho c :1pita.l ln 17'18 whcm the) g cJve r u!ttcn t wa::; furcea Lc nave f r om S;:,.vannab by Briti sh i nv::.:s ion ; 3.nJ. a ctually tl:e C J ~rL tal i r, 1779 . 
 
3 . HEAIID ' S FORT , I n i'1ilkes County, 17o0, tnmpor.:::.ri.l;y the soo.t of Sta tc govermnE;n t wht.:n the Assembl y wa:J compollud by the lkvoluti on to mo ve from t\up,ustu . 'Iht) RG Semb1y actu~~ lly convened at the ort . 
 
4 . _,UGUSTJ~ , Conti.nued as the c.::t.pi t a l i n 1781, U]JO!l t!H; r. essG.t i on of British occupatl on of that place . 
 
5 . LCUISVILlli, dl:.:s ignaLed u:J the: capito l i n 178!3 b:; "'-n a ct of the hSSc-mbly ; 1:1lso so des ignai~cd in 1795 by m: amenC.mcmt Lo th e St:~te con- 
s i bJ tion; l.illd actud. l.J the ce.pital i n 1796 . 
6 . illiLL1.i:IJUEVILLE 1 .'m thori~cd i n 1803 by ~ .n a ct of th e Assembly when a site for <:. new c:a pitG.l was ordered to b s.;lectetl; an<.:t ..c t uo.lly th-E: capitc,l it~ 1807 vhc:;n the Stc te goverument begw: functioning there . 
7. i~TL ..N'l' ._. Jocla rcd t he C&JJi t.:.z.l by Federal force i n 186 0 ; ~1nd so uecl rcu by the c cnsent and vote of the pe p:i..e vf Georgi.Lt in 1877. 
 
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