PREFACE 
On May 11-12, 1961, city and county officials and local planning commissjon members from areas throughout the State met at Georgia Tech in Atlanta for a two-day workshop to explore ways and means of working together most effectively to further sound development of their communities, to identify some of the pressing problems that concern cities and counties, and to consider how these problems might best be solved. 
Sponsors of the workshop included the following: The Graduate City Planning Program, Georgia Institute of Technology; The Institute of Law and Government, University of Georgia; Georgia Municipal Association; Association County Commissioners of Georgia; Georgia Power Company; and Planning Division, Georgia Department of Commerce. 
Because of the high quality of the presentations made at the workshop and the subsequent numerous requests for copies of those presentations, the Planning Division of the Georgia Department of Commerce has prepared this booklet in which all availabl~ workshop papers have been reproduced. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
Preface      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 
 
"The Urban Versus The Industrial Revolution 
 
or Two Tales of The City".,     
 
1 
 
by Charles 1''. Palmer, President, 
 
Palmer, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia 
 
Panel: "How Can Cities and Counties Use Their 
 
Planning Connnissions Most Effective1?" 
 
"Planning In Rome and Floyd County"   
 
8 
 
byS. Leroy Hancock, Chairman, Rome 
 
City Connnission, Rome, Georgia 
 
"Planning In Gainesville"         10 by Clifford B. Martin, City Commissioner Gainesville, Georgia 
 
Panel: "How Can Planning Connnissions Perform Most 
 
. Effectively?" 
 
"Summary Statement" .         
 
13 
 
by Miss Mary C. Freeman, Member, 
 
Newnan-Coweta County Planning Connnission 
 
Panel: "Zoning in Georgia" 
 
"County Zoning in Rural Areas".      14 
 
by J. W. Fanning, Chairman, Division 
 
,of Agricultural Economics, University 
 
of Georgia 
 
"Zoning Along Interstate Highways, Their 
 
Interchanges and Access Roads"     
 
16 
 
by John C. Gould, Associate, Hammer 
 
and Company Associates, Atlanta 
 
Panel: "Land Subdivision Regulat ion in Georgia" 
 
"Basic Principles and Present Status of 
 
Land Subdivision Regulation in Georgia".. 22 
 
by Howard K. Menhinick, Regents' 
 
Professor of City Planning, Georgia 
 
Institute of Technology 
 
"Administration of Land Subdivision 
 
Regulations.II" .     .      
 
27 
 
by William M. Lundberg, Director of 
 
Planning, DeKalb County 
 
 Panel: "Construqtion and Hous:ing Codes and Their 
 
. Administration" 
 
"Construction Codes and Their 
 
Administration~  .  . .   .  .  . 
 
30 
 
by B. G. Hatfield, Columbus, Georgia 
 
Summary: "Highlights - 1961 Joint City-County Planning 
Workshop" . .  .  .   .  .  . . . 34 
by V. R. Stuebing, Jr;, Manager, P1ann:ing Division, Georgia Department 
of Commerce 
 
Appendix I: Roster of Registrants 
 
Appendix II: Roster of Program Particip$Dts 
 
 THE URBk~ VEHSUS THE: INDUSTRIAL. RE'VOLUTION 
or 
by Cha.rles F. Palmer, President, Palmer, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. 
The present Urban Revolution is i.e,:, catalytic for good, or for eVil, as was The Industrial Revoluti.on. 'To conuense such vast sub,jects into anything like manageable size, let is relate them to cities: good cities and bad cities. I'll tell some tales about both kinds, and try to sum up with a la so what". 
Cities Developed Originally a.s Centers of Culture~-G:r:ac-i.:;us~J~~.YJE~ 
In examining good cities, we find ttat up to The Industrial Revolution most ancient cities WerE! bea.utiful and well~planned, built to glorify their rulers and to attract visitors by their' beneficence. Venice led by its great merchant families, Rome,by the Caesa.rs, Paris ,by the Napoleons. 
The Roman planning influence e:x:tended to Lo::ldon. By the 18th Cent\1ry, the European movement found erprerssion in Latin .Al'l'1eric:a. Examples are Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, a.nd. Lima. rater, North America followed suit with Washington, D, C. .'8.Jntd Colu.m:bus,:2leorgia., by Pierre LU Enfant , a Frenchman, as well as SavannahJ Geo::r'gia, by Ogletho:xpe J an Englishman. 
This pre=Industr:tal Revolution e:c8. recognized. beauty, gracious living, generous siting of buildings j pa,:rks, opec:. spaces, and broad avenues. The dignity of man and aesthE,ti.~ 'c:ons ideraL:i ons transcended the commercial. 
 
All this changed with the advent of stea.m. Then the spoilsmen ran roughshod over the aer3thetes, Ttle money changers took over the temples. No 
longer was the cityc s purpoiSe to provide cu.lture and normal family life. Rather ,its purpose turned to greed. "The cities becalJlle grim with factori~s Spawning slums. Open spaces near those factories were gobbled up by real estate speculators who overcrmvded them with ~j'back=to_backi1 houses and "band-boxes". Into these they crammed humans at extortionate rents to man the machines. Whole 
families became automatons. From dawn to dusk, their energy was harnessed to 
machines as directly as water power or steam. no single factor in history 
so degraded men's lives. 
 
~e 
 
This rape of the cities came f'irst, and grew latter part of the 18th and early pa.rt of. the 
 
fastest, in England. 19th Centuries found 
 
all 
 
~ Britain becoming t:he workshop 0:[' the world. Her inventions, first of 
 
textile machines ann later of steam engines, created great mills beside streams 
 
for water power, followed. by ever great;er mill,s in cities nea.r coal deposits 
 
or steam power. 
 
 With this expansion, siting of mills quickly changed from sylvan areas, where labor was scarce, to urban areas where labor .m.s abundant. But these urban areas were actually collections of small villages. There was no effective local government. The ma.gnet of jobs ballooned these agglomerations so rapidly that the resulting towns and cities were unable to cope with their problems. Conditions became intolerable. 
Early British Mass HoUSing; Other Reforms Improve Worker Productivity 
With their customary pragmatic thoroughness, the British came to grips with the problem. Through the Reform and Factory Acts, they humanized shop methods and labor relations. New housing was provided. Education and health services gradually a.ssumed coherent shapes. So much better wo.,.kers result.ed and so much better products were produced that by the early 1890' s American industry found itself being outstrip~ed. 
Our industrialists were slow to catch on. Exploitation of the worker was still too deep-seated. But as the industrialists became rich and world travelers, they did bring back from Europe ideas for better cities. Thus they found ways to glorify business and increase their own influence. 
It is true that when Daniel Drew founded a seminary and named it for himself, he later took back the endowment when the going got rough for him in Wall Street. However, the Carnegie Libraries helped learning with their books and bettered cities with their classical bUildings. But the trend did take quaint turns. In Atlanta, Georgia, the open space before a railway station was embellished by a statue of the railway president. It still stands, or rather s its. 
The po~itician~ knew a good thing when they saw it, too. Vast public works, monumental buildings,a.:'ldlush city parks made work, garnered votes, and enriched the grafters. Sorry though the motive and excessive the then costs, New York would not have Central Park today, nor Chicago itF ample lakeshore lung of open space, but for the illegitimate profits gleaned by city officials who promoted the projects so long ago. 
Gleam of Future Beautiful U. S. 2Jties Seen at 1893 Chicago Fair 
The turning point came with the Chicago vlorld' s Fair in 1893. Ca.lled the White City, it reproduced much of the best seen abroad. Fountains, statuary, vast plazas, great colonnades,and majestic buildings properly sited were seen by hundreds of thousands who had never been to Europe. That the Site was a former slum also opened the eyes of the beholders. But no one 8eemed to care much what had happened to those who had been driven from their hovels to overcrowd other already congested slums. All they saw was the glory ~t the transformation. Here was proof that cities could be beautiful; that hey didn't have to be ugly. 
2 
 
 But neither the people of Chicago, nor those who returned to their own slum-infested dties, grappled with this problem of human misery which the machine and the metropolis lad created'. Ch::i,cago had grown bigger in one hundred years than Paris in two thousand. Its greatest growth was during the Ind.ustrial Revolut1.on y ::,ence Us brutal rawneiSS. 
 
Slum-Infested Ctti!!.i? . SpaWJg, Discontent 1 Revo~~..J!:!.~le.!'.2~'!;J~~f:l. 
From such a slum as Chicago i IS East Stde came H:J.tler. His way to get rid of that slum in MUnich was to get rid of the society that tolerated it. 
 
Hitler's opportunity with t.he malcontents, as ,Joseph Goebbels described it, was to "unchain volcanic passions, to set masses of men on the march, to organize hate and suspicionVl  Here 16 hov Hora~e Cayton., who today survives the slums of Chicago, puts it in his book ~1!,9~_~J;!~P2.!:1~".: 
 
Hitler kne'il his industrial slums, knew the brutalized millions trapped in them~knew their hungers, knew their humiliati,ons, knew the feveJr'ish long:i:ng of' their hearts (as does Cayton). Capitalists today :::J.ate Hitler for his wholesale, gratuitous murders, but they hate ,h1.7ll. for another subtler reason: T"ney hate him for reveall.ng the shaky, class founda.tion of thed.r' society, for reminding them of their sundered. consc:l-ow,nesz:, for flaunting their :nypocrisy, for sneering at their hei:>.l.t&.vionso Ga'a.g"r(;er of the human spirit though he was, Hitler organ:ized :into a brutal anAY the men who lived, in those areas of society that the Western World had neglected, ~ his deeqs were cl"imes~ but the hunger he exploited ~ was a vall.d hunger and i,8 still there. 
 
Hunger for City Beauty;,_~te. Worker Homes EX1'l..oited, b~!2P!l. 
 
Such is the hunger which J'uan &'1d Eva Peron, shUll. 'born, exploited in 
 
Argentina. In 1952, I found, them !~setti.ng masses on the march'Q from the 
 
alums as they "orga.nized hate and susp:icion". But E,rtta added a feminine 
touch to Hitler's methods. She placed a barrel or dead fish at the entrance 
 
of the world..famed ,Jockey Club to show her loathIng "0:" its wealthy members. 
 
Later she burned the Club, d\~stroying many of' the world i 15 greatest works of 
 
art. 
 
' 
 
Apparently as a correlative, the Senora promised homes for the poor, 
a. elaborate as those of the rich. '1'0 keep her prom1.se, , she levied on workers 
ana. Ca.pitalists until her l'''tu''ldacion E~ra Fe:x'on had more revenue than the gover:R- 
-nt. '!'he luxury apartments she built~ w:l.th a small portion of those funds for 
.. few of her "shirtless on~!3 if;; Buenos Aires, I saw in 1952. They had crystal ~d~liers in the reception and dining rooms. The baths were tiled from floor 
ceiling and as fully equipped, for every single purpose, as only the French 
PrOVide in their most luxurious hotels, 
 
3 
 
 Although the Senora prostituted public housing as shamefully as she prostituted herself, she roused the masses and "unchained volcanic passions". Slums served Evita's purpose in Argentina in the 1950's, served Hitler's pUrPOse in Gennany in the 1930 I S and are still, allover the world, ready to serve the purpose of the next demonic leader to come along, wherever he mAY be. 
As if to welcome some such Dictator, we are making .ol.1.r slums of the Urban Revolution worse than those of the Industrial Revolut.ion. 
 
U. S. Slum Problems Come to Fore as Motor Vehicles Spark Flight to Suburbia 
 
Early in the 20th Century, the problems which The Industrial Revolution brought, with water and steam power, were confounded by the addition of t~e internal combustion engine. In a few short years we, in AmeriCA" were on wheels. The automobile and paved roads hastened the flight to tpe surburbs from the grime and mass of our cities. This exodus Cif more than 12,000,000 people in a few years, the greatest group migration In b-istory, speeded the decline of metropolitan centers. Old problems at the core . and new problems in the suburbs, became so acute that a fresh look at the wi101e mess became imperative. 
 
Except for the Depression of the 1930 's, and RO()St",relt \S leadership, it is doubtful we would have moved. Even then, it; was the irnmi.nence of economic and civil chaos which forced action. The first slum clearance :in 1934 was not primarily to help slum dwellers. That was incidental.ts main object was to make work to prevent further riots by the illlf.,,:m:ployed. 
 
U. S. Slower Than British in Facing Up to Slum Problems, Refonn Methods 
 
Not until 1937 did our United States Housing Act; fashioned on British experience, point our National Policy toward provtd.ing lIdeeent, safe and 
sanitary housing" for those in need. Its workIng slowedJ. down as soon as the economy picked up. Those who make money from SlUlll'.S, a:nd they a:ce still legion, battled that Act mst effectively. Other citizens tJrnedthe other way, and do today. 
 
As we contiIlued to ignore the problems our :r::ld'.lstrlal Bevolu-cion started 
 
and our Urban Revolution aggravated, the British were ge-tt:i.:2g on with both of 
 
those jobs, and facing up to their duties. The earlier Reform and Factory 
 
Acts had been up-dated. In 1932, the Town and Country Pl&"1oing Act for 
 
hal'Dlonj(>us development was passed. By 1945, there was the Distribution of 
J~us't\ries Act to bring about planned dispersion of fa.ctories, followed shortly the New Towns Act which set up public corporations, Elxchequer f:i.nanced, 
 
 
 
th complete lr Towns. 
 
administrative 
 
machinery 
 
for 
 
the 
 
construction 
 
and 
 
operation 
 
of 
 
4 
 
 Taken together, these sharp tools in British hands are cutting out the cancers of' their cities, are 'buIlding; factories where they should be built, are furnishing lasting employment in the: development areas where extractive industries or farm.s have peltered out, and are relieving the congestion or londor. and other IDetropoliBers throughout Great Brl.ta.~.n with many self'",contained, selt'=suf'ficjent, economically sound, modern New 'Powns 
In contrast, fJOW have we groped. along tJ1e way? In the 1940 i !'; .with the help of Senator' Robert Taft, we cleared the hUlrule of land cond.eruna"tion for resale to private owners for USE, in the publi c: l.nterest. Then the Act of 1949 accepted the fact that clties could not r.,build. without Federal help. So Uncle Sam picked up the t.;ab for a wr ite~down of two"thirds the 
cost. The legislation of 1954 and 1959 added powers wrd.eh ha:ve now produced 
more than two billion dollars of projects 1[1 about five hundred cities. 
 
But why do we falter while the British plow ahead? u,;ne reason is we don 't face reality. We condemn slums at the capitalIzatton of' thelr usurious earnings, while the British condemn. slums at their re=lJ.se value for public housing .~tell:1ng the 01mer he is lucky ~'1ot tt> be in jail f'o.r haVing :rented hovels so decayed they menaced public health. 
 
Nor do we capture the unearned increment; for society w:JJch created it, as do the Bl"iti.sh through their develowment enarges. Instead, we pay through the nose of the speculative owner who often de'lays proJe;cctsfor years through court actions.! 
 
Finally, we have no New brOWnS Act altho'Llgb. the BritIsh nave bad. theirs 
long enough to be c!ompleting twelve Ne;w 'IOwrl"LS in E;:ngland and Wales, plus 
three in Scotland. Not that our :pl"Ofessional leadeTshave not Glr'ied oui;. 
Clarence Stein, who built Radburn, wroCte me as long; ago as 1949 that 
"Unquestionably', the mll.lions wl11ha.w~ "Lei move out; of 'Y:ew York. It won It be because they are uncomfortablE in their cramped. quarte:B, IlOl:" because of the fear of' Atom bom'bs. The unit cost of our colossal (dti~~:B is going to break themIi 0 
 
The Harvard symposium of New (r~owns in 
 
found suetl leaders as 
 
Professor Whea.ton..' Al,benr"t l\1aye:r andL otl1ers irl a.g;:reel'!llen.t wlt~:h :Prof"eSBOr Ho'lmes 
 
Perkins that "Tw'Ohundred .New Tlowns :in the ne:Jt:t ten years could do mo:re for _rican Families than any other proposal yet made~10 
 
!!..uman Di~ity Demands More EffectIve 
~tack on UTbMand~:RU:r'al -sTUiI;"t~'~~"~' - ---"'-"""-_ _ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ , ~ = c . . . ~ , 
 
t Why, o~ Why: clon it we get '.' on wi.:th .. the job'? I't v is because we Ive got to Ie acquainted w.lth another polnt O:t'Y:l.E:W, No lcmgeJ can WE loa.k. the other ~. Slums must be cleared for other. reasons than to Keep down civil strife. ~y DIUst be cleared because no buman shotu.d live 1n them. The dignity of 
demands that the twenty~,two million Americans n(r~~T .in slum:s ~ more than; 
 
 on farms - be so housed that they, and their children, have some sort of: chance for decent l1ves. Slums have taken a back. seat too long. With a couple of million fewer farmers then slumites, our federal expenditures per farm family per year is $3,000 against $84 per slum family. 
 
President Kennedy capsuled the problem in his Inaugural Address, "If the free society cannot help the l'Ilany who are poor, it can never help the few who are rich". The response to the President I s Peace Corp proves we can grasp a new point of view. Service to mankind can replace greed here as well as abroad. 
 
But we must upgrade income for those who help others. Seeking men for 
industry, business pays Ph. D. graduates from the Georgia Institute of Technol~gy an average starting salary of $9,200 per year, ~gainst the $9,100 pay of a professor, while top graduates .from Columbia Theolc:g' cal Seminary get $4,700. In other words, the technician who helps us live w~th and help others, is paid one-half as much as the technician who helps us have things. 
 
This disparity has always eXisted, and undoubtedly will continue for a long time. But we can 't solve the slum problem with money alore. It takes men, and particularly women too, if we are going to save our cities. In them we find our greatest humap and dollar wealth; by far the largest, single tangible investment oflr Nation owns. Upon what we do with what we have depends whether we survive or perisll.. 
 
More Businessmen Must Dedicate Selves to Problem dr Face City Collapse 
 
The aim of this talk was a "so what" at its end. We have just explored what the Industrial Revolution did to good cities and why. We have sampled the reau!ting bad cities, getting worse through the Urban Revolution. As a constant throughout, we have found the growing menace of the slums popp~ng up, every now and theIl, to overthrow entire societies, with no assurance they won 't do it again. 
 
In our country, business is so scared it's beginning to furnish intelligent leadership and substantial capital, in partnership with government, to turn the tide. In Pittsburg we find the Mallons, in New York the Rock.efellers, rolling up their sleeves shoulder to shoulder with their business counterparts in Chicago, Cleveland, BaltiIlX>re , St. Louis, Atlanta, and scores of other places, SUch as Philadelphia and New Haven, led by their progressive Mayors Dillworth and Lee. These men are not bUilding statues of themselves. They're clearing 61UlDS and saVing lives, as well as property values. 
 
~VoluTthieoncsh,oiocer 
 
is to control the forces unleased by resign ourselves to total collapse. 
 
the Industrial and Urban We are beginning to catch 
 
on 
 
this alternative. Not yet willing to go as far as the British, we will 
 
eYentually. The ills let loose by such primitive energies as water 8l\d steam 
 
6 
 
 power are as notqing compared with the good, or evil, potentials of the Atom. We now have the power to abolish all forms of povertt, as well as all forms of human life. Knowing that the energies which gave birth to the Industrial-Urban Revolutions have nearly ruined us, let us not let that happen with the energy of the Atom. 
 
A wise man once said, nWhat man maketh and alters not for the better, 
 
time alters for the worsen. So what? So, let us alter for the better and 
 
here pledge to our troubled cities, as did the citizens of bea~lful Athens 
 
pledge to their beloved city? nWe will strive unceasingly to qUicken the 
 
public's sense of civic duty: this city, greater, better and 
 
that more 
 
thus in all these beautiful than it 
 
ways, we may transmit was transmitted to us. 
 
n 
 
7 
 
 PLANNJllG IN ROME AND FLOYD COUNTY 
by s. reroy Hancock, Chairman, 
Rome City Commission 
 
I q.eeply appreciate the honor and o:ppo:.'t;u.~ity of participating ll1. this panel of the Georgia Tech Joint City-~otL"'lty PI8.::.'1..'1.ing Workshop. 
 
We Americans are indeed fortunate that we live under aconstitutiona.l system of government of divided powers. I suppose that I have critisized the Federal Government as much as anyone, relative to its seeming encroachments upon the powers and rights of local governments. Yet, in all fairness, I am foreed to admit that we representatiyes in local government do not always do our jobs as we should, nor do we always exercise the leadership that we should. And when we do not do the thi:ag;"3 we sho':lld, a.t the local level, we cause a vacuum to form, and every-where tha.t we leave such a vacuum, the Federal Government flows right into tb.a.t vacuum. So, in the long run, we local repre.sentatives of the people hai\fe O:.1'l:y ourselYes to blame. 
 
So far as I know, we have the on.1;lr governme::lt where the sovereign power il:i vAsted in the people. We should, be awa..:"'('e of this fact and realize that good government should work from the lo\~a.l level upwa:cd. 
 
I do not know that all local governments :.:.-el,)resented here today have pla.rmi.~ commissions to do research and. plarmi:lg :eo:, your communities. If you do not, I feel in all sincerely the.t, you should h,9.ve such assista:.nce. 
 
We hare a most competent joint city a:::1c~ cou..."1ty pla..'IDing coomission in Rcme and Floyd County, and their ser'v'iees a...-e proving invaluable. We are extremely careful that we do notei::er't $;;::::1 political pressure on this cammi,ssion whatever, thus leaving them free to do :!'esea::ch a.:.l'1d planning wnich is in the best interest of all the people of (Y'-'X" community. 
 
As examples of recommendations on s1'ei::i:E'ic :pro'olema, our P1aJming 
 
Commission h-~s recommended that the City of Rome proV'ide for sewage treatmen't 
 
facilities. As a result, we have already signed a ~ont!'a.ct with a competent 
 
engineering firm to make a prelimine.:r.y study of proposed. work, and set up time 
 
tables~ proper procedures, and estimated costs. 
 
' 
 
A northwes't Georgia Trade and Tec:b.nic:a.l School is to be constructed in our community, and our Planning Commission was requested to find a proper site which would be most easily accessible to the northwest Georgia area. As Rome is growing to the west and as the western ps..rt of the city is in ~ ward, I might have wanted this school located in my section of the City. However, the Planning Commiss ion very wisely selected another part of the City Which Will be readily accessible to the entire a:cea. After all, Rome is only 19 miles from the Alabama line to the vrest:> and, this is to be a School for Georgians. Both the City and County Governments accepted the reCOIlIm.ended, site. It has been approved by the Sta;ce p..uthorities, and work has already been started. 
 
 At the last session of the General Assembly, an area near our new West Rome High School was annexed to our City. The Planning Commission made a thorough study of this area which had no improvements thereon. We enacted their proposed recommendations into law so as to provide proper future use of this area which would be in the public interest. 
Under our set-up, all requests for rez~ning and all new or revised subdivision plats are automatically referreaoy the City Commission to the Planning Commission for their study and recommendations. This is definitely in the best interest of all our people. 
Planning Commissions can be most effective in many ways, and I hope your questions will being out their importance and necessity. 
9 
 
 PLANNING IN GAINESVILLE 
by Clifford B. Martin, City Commissioner, Gainesville, Georgia 
 
You may be interested in some of the ways our city has used its 
Pl8nDing Commission very effectively. As you know, some of our cities in Georgia are now very actively engaged in an unusual program. They 
are busily wrecking some sections, clearing slums, and tearing down 
IUbstandard and dilapidated buildings wit.h a hope that through "pl anningll,  rebirth can takeplace- that traffic cong~stion can be relieved, parking taeilities can be provided, thru-traffic can be re-routed, and more business, JIC)1'e industry, and more recreation can be attracted so as to provide better Jobs and better living conditions for all their citizens. 
 
In our City of Gainesville, Georgia, we now have a population of 
approximately 16,500 people. Some twenty-five years ago our city was 
almost completely wrecked - not as a result of planning, but from a disastrous tornado. Most of the downtown area and much of the residential 
.ections, especially that along our main, thru-highwa.y was leveled. Nothing Deh was left except open, level land. Can you imagine what could have bappened to our city had we had a Planning Commission during this time? What if' a zoning ordinance has been in effect? What if business and industry 
had been required to provide off-street parlking before re-building? You 
can readily see that this terrible disaster could have been turned into 
a real ass~t. 
 
Needless to say: we did not have a Planning Commission and therefore our rapid growth during the years follOWing the destruction of our town brought about many of the same problems that practically every city has todq. It is conservatively estimated that our City of Gainesville could DOW be one of the most beautiful and best designed in the southeast and would 
have a population of not 16,500 but, in all probability, close to 35 or 40 
thousand. 
 
Yes, we do have a fine Planning Commission now and we are convinced that twenty-five years from now our city, as a result of lIp l anning", will be second to none according to its size. 
 
Why did we start a Planning Commission in the first place? What pro- 
 
;tded the spark that brought about its formation? Among other things we 
 
Wt eou~ nd otuorshealvveesneSwUdrdoeandlsy 
 
on the banks of (new approaches 
 
a 37,000 acre 
for the rural 
 
lake people 
 
Lake Lanier. to come to 
 
o~ and we were having rapid growth. In 1953 the size of the C:j..ty Limits 
 
broughinesville was almost quadrupled. The lake and the new annexed l:\.rea 
 
1000bot about so many problems so qUickly, that the only sqlution was for 
Cit dy to start some sort of a planning program. So, in 1955 a joint 
 
YCounty Planning Commission was created by special act of the legislature. 
 
10 
 
 Since a great percentage of the people in our county live just outside the City Limits, it was felt this joint city-county Planning Comm.ission would create better relations and cooperation between the two groups. 
 
The first thing the newly formed Planning Commission did was to 
t:r:V to cletermine what the most urgent needs were. It was found that we were having uncontrolled growth with no designated locations for schools, faeto:des, institutions, residential sections, new IRrks, etc. A zoning 
ordinance was recommended and adopted in 1956. 
 
Yo~ ~a~ot imagine how many times this one ordinance along with 
our subdivision regulations has helped our town out of a bad situation. You m~y be interested to know that we had eight (8) poultry dressing ple,nts ir: Gainesville and this one fact caused our sewage problem to 
be equal to a city twenty times our size. 
 
In 1958 with very little warning the City of Gainesville faced a 
financial crisis that threatened to bring to a complete stop the entire 
operation of our local government. In a period of two short years the 
City, without planning, had spent its way from an operating surplus o~ $37J OOO to a $700,000 operating deficit. This was not bonded inde:'tedness. This money was over-drawn at the bank. Something had to be done, and it would require a lot of thought and, yes, a lot of plarmirJg. Whom did we call on? We found our Planning Commission and 
staff ready and Willing to help plan a workable budget and at the same time start repaying this huge overdraft. As a result, we are now operating 
in the black under our budget ordinance, our new purchasing policy, our !lew water line extension policy, some new sources of revenue, and many other progressive steps recommended to us by our Planning Commission and its staff. You may be interested to know that services have not been reduced &~d that we are operating at practically full strength and, with planning, we have reduced in about 33 months our $700,000 overdraft to approxima.tely $65,000. We have definite set plans to totally eliminate this overdraft in the shortest possible time. 
 
lhe last accomplishment that we have corr~leted as a result of pl8.'rl."ling is our brand new tax re-evaluation program or tax equalization. If aD~one here representing a governing body would like to bring about the most discussed program that you'll ever witness in your city or 
:::OU!lty, tax equalization is the answer. Let me say this, however; 
YOU'd better have your Planning Commission staff do a lot or research and a lot or re~l planning so that the new tax structure will go into effect and not break down because of pitfalls or errors. Our new tax 
progr&n is one of our most rewarding accomplishments. 
 
it What does the future hold for our Planning Commission? We believe 
 
bcan help us attract new industry. We believe it will help us have 
 
:~ereatgteerdsacihlyooalt 
 
system by tendance. 
 
locating school sites and projecting We believe it will save both public 
 
school and private 
 
1nn~y ~y giving reasonable guides to all types of cor.struction requests 
 
c Udl.ng business, industry, and institt'ttional. 
 
11 
 
 Our Planntng Commissi.on and staff have just helped us to pass and 
enforce a new Electrical Code, a Plumbing Code, Heating & Air Conditioning 
Code, and a Housing Code. They also, are p1.arming to undertake the 1170111 and urban renewal program in the very near future. We still have problems, but through proper planning we are making great strides and certainly recommend a Plarming Commission to any city or county that doesn't have one. 
12 
 
 SUMMARY STA:1'EMENT by Miss Mary C, Freeman, Member, Newnan-Coweta County Planning Commission 
L Maintain geod publi.c relations and rapport with both the City and County Officials. 
2. Remember the Pla'1ning Comn:isslon is WOr.Kl.ng for and with tr:.ese officials who are providing the Planning Commission r s funds. 
3. Present all findings and reco~~endations to the City and/or County 
Officials in writing after study on the p:r'o,ject involved has been completed. Offer to discuss the .J."eport \lrith the group 8..S altlhole or with any individua.l 
member. Be sure that this written report includes su... ficient finding.s and 
explanations to justify the conclusions presented. 
4. Do not hesitate to receive and to study suggestions made ax public 
hearings. Be sure to reply to eacb person who has made a suggestion and state, 
preferably in a persona-l letteT'.1 whet:t.er or not the suggestion was adopted and why the :preyailing conclusion 1tTas rea.ched. This "rill avoid hard feelings and further opposition from those weo paxticipate in discussior-s at public hearings. 
5. Respond will~ingl.y to :-equests by City or Co.mty Officials to tc9ke 
up studies not originally scheduled at the time t:r.e report is made. RC.1rrange your schedule so that these requests may be g:ca."1ted.. 
13 
 
 COUNTY ZONING IiI R;'THAT., AREiA..S 
(m;.tline) byJ. H. li'anrli:(l,?;, Chairman, Division of Agricultural Economics, University of Georgia. 
 
1. Zoning regulations are comnunity tools that may be used to attain certain Idnds of community object:ves. They should always be flexible - 
 
2. Before zoning, there must be a detennination of comnunity objectives - 
 
3. Zoning developed in crovrded cities. Hegt1.1ations were designed to 
facilitate and control urban growth - 
4. An urban-oriented society nas a tendency to consider agriculture a residual 
land use - 
5. We will become increasingly sensitive to the supply of and the use of land - 
6. Agriculture does not oppose well-planned necessary non-farm growth into 
presently rural uses - 
 
7. Urban sprm-rl is ilasteful of la,lcl - It :i8 a monument to the lack of planning - 
 
8. There are four basic land areas;-,o be planned - and for vrhich regulations 
are needed - 
a. Urban- 
 
b. Suburban- 
 
c. Farming lD transition - 
 
d. Fa:::ming exclus i IT,':': - 
9. To each of these tlJere "Fwt -~e 
zoning, namely - 
 
-; '~c:L the four tools provided through 
 
a. Use regu_lat:~on5 
 
b. BUilding dimensicn s 
 
c. BUilding-tract 
 
d. Population density 10. Use regulations involve cU.st::-ictj:n.g to certain uses - as for example - 
 
ReSidential Industrial 
 
Bllsir~ess 
COif.Jn.el"C ial 
 
Agricultural etc. 
 
 Within urban areas, uses become disti~ct ~~d recognizable Within surburbia, considerable land pollution has taken place - But uses can and should be established here to p~otect values and prevent overcrowding Farming to be permitted in these a~eas must be determined Within farming in transition, both farming and certain other carefully planned uses seem desirable - as for eXl3mple residential with 1:uilding-tract specifications - Under certain conditions, industry - business - commercial can be allowed - but these should be carefully planned - Wit hin farming altogether, all other uses should be excluded - However this is difficult in view of the developmen.ts in rural cormnunities. Here the purpose is to protect agriculteJ.re. 11. The application of regulations regarding building dimensions and population density must be carefully considered ~n those zoning district uses for agriculture only. It is not possible to apply the reguJ.at ions imposed upon the urban use districts to the agricultural use d.ist::-ict.z. But in both, all regulations sho''-Lld. be designed to bring about the most desirable use of land as well as i.ts mOI::t efficient use 12. Zoning of land use in a,gricultul"e "dill receive increased attention in coming years. Wisconsin is a pioneer :hi this field. Our Soil Conservation Districts can be given these powers "oy t~1.e people under p:esent laws - And in small watershed development., reguJ::3,tions of a Zoni:ng Nature are being applied at present. This, however, is an a:;'Aee, -wh.i.\~:~, must prc(~eed slowly and with conservatism With regulations developing out of r.:.o~?-ur'b<..ul situations to suit special needs. 
15 
 
 THE ZONING ALONG llilTERSTftrE HIG:s.'VIAYS, THEIR INTERCHANGES AND ACCgSS ROADS 
 
by John Gould, Associate, 
Rrurruer & Company Associates, 
At lar.:.ta., Georgia 
 
As I stand here this mo:tj:1i11g, i t oecu:...~s to rae that I have been coming out to Georgia Te(~h to theBe Illanr.>.:'.ng vorkflhops Mel have lleen talking about this same sUbj ect of Interstat,:; H:Lgj~ivl7.:rs foY.' ye8.i~S and yea:rs . Now, for the first t:ime, I can feel that I tun "':,.a:::_~dng allout a truly realistic undertaking,for we are beginning to see 3?X'0t,J;ress on the Interstate Highways throughout the state. Of course,> we have bD,d exp:r'I~SSW8,Ys here in Atlanta for several years but vie can har<IJ.:T re:!:'er to ti1.is as Progress. In fact, driving in to Tech thj.s morning, on a ra::"ny Fi~illa.y mornin g I was reminded of a Cluip that is attributed to Bob Hope who, in referring to one of the expressways in the Los Angeles e.rea, described it as the "f'astest parking lot in the' world". 
 
So we see here in Atlanta that the express'way is not the end-all 
 
to all the various problems that face Cf.~r CO!rll"tlWlities but, if proper;J.y 
 
integrated into the traffic and tra...'lSpo1'"cation net-dork in our cities, it 
 
can be a tremendous tool for serving pa:C't ()f our transportation needs and 
 
also as an instrument of stj.IT1l"Llating ne,V' J.and-'.lse development. Basically, 
 
-_. - there 
 
are 
 
five 
 
major 
 
ob<lectives 
 
of 
 
zOYJi.ng 
 
eJ...o...n....g..... the 
 
Interstate. .;;...;...;..,;,;,..;..;;. 
 
These include: 
 
1. Protection of the t:r'8,f:f:'i(~-moyj,ng e:ctic:i.ency of the expressway itself (this is a multi-billion-dollf-:l.:l:' program and the nation has a tremendous ilwesJ,:mei:rL :i.:n i'Theth(~:r: 0:::- no':; the expressway upon completion remains a 89,1;e, '~f:fj.c;ien.t facility for handling vehicular traffj.c). 
 
2. Protection of the tra:f:':c':i.emoY:i.ng effie:Lenc;r of the intersecting 
 
streets (in turn, t:Le loea2- cOllmlu.ni'':;y has a tremendous invest- 
 
ment a.nd interest in its exist:LYlg rna,jor streets and highways 
 
framework 8."1tl. should. be v:ic8,lJ.;y concerned. that the expressway 
 
does not se riously impecle -c~le efficient flow of local traffic 
 
volumes). 
 
- 
 
3. Protection of abutthlg lRJ:tQ values (of vital concern to individual 
property owners along the J~j_ght.of-1JaY), 
4. Service to the h:tg;hway use.. (~he interstate expressway would be 
of no value to the higl1i.\Tay use:r', or course, unless gas, food, and lodging can be obta:ined at reasonable intervals and at reasonable distances from the Intel~:3tate right-of-way). 
5. Maximization of the land develo];ment OP1)ortunities (here we are 
talking about both h"ighway"se:;.:"ving activities - gas, food, lodging, etc. - and related activities such as truck terminals, planned industrial dist:cicts, regiona.l sho:r?ping centers, apartment developments, entertai~~ent facilities a~d so forth, all of which might well be located vlith direct proximity and accessibility to the Interstate Highway). 
16 
 
 Because the highway ..se:rvJ'.ng development is prohibi.ted within the rightof-way of the Interstate itse:lf9 mOB~; of t:l problem with respect to zoning will occur ~:~:'J1e8..;.~tl?!..._~!~:~:::Z~~!.:"~{f,~.'..l'2J!~t~s.. With the limitation of access that will be uniformly applied on all Be::tions o:C the highway throughout the country, a location :fronting (:11rE~ctly on the interstate (but outside the right-of'~way) will be less sJ;nifJ'::ant :from a service or commercial standpoint where located several miles f:t"om ac. -Lrn:ercharlge than a location well off the right-of-way but within re'aso'ca'Jleproxh::lity ot' a major interchange. For most of this discussion, the ret'ore J WE' will be plJtt.ing heav:iest el1'.\Phasis on zoning in and around the interchange areas. 
Using police power measures as an instrument of land-use control around the interchanges, regulati(;lc1s Will, 0:.' eourse, have; to bear a substantial relation to considerations of eith("i:r" P:.tbHc Health, Saf'ety or General Welfare. This will not be difficult to do in most circumstances. The Safety tie-in with the highway is o:f course otv:cous" Anythi.ng that is done to diminish the hazard of vehicles entering or leavi!lg the expI-ess-way or the approach roads will meet the requirements of' Saf'ety. 'J'ihe Iknera,l W:lfare tIe-in is also easy. As stated above, the public has a tremend(.lus :i..r.nresG12'!.ent in highwBS'"s a:ad, in addition, highways have alread:r been estah.Li.t:~,erfJ asbel".lg il1Jrj9orcant to the national defense &IXi necessary to c:o:mJJ:Ierce a.D.cl t~ ei:xYl"lomd (~ and. socia~ progress. 
 
We think the zor.in,;r for the :'::::t~(:;;T'stat;e c:an best 'oe handled through establishaent of highway interd;.';;'.:'.i ::rt,ric:t,s. liV:th1:c', th'sse distr:i.cts development goals (arrived at through a cOID:pz'ehensivle; plarn:dl1.g process) would be based, at least in part, on highway transpo!-catt,:)::-! co;'csldf:J:"atlons. 1'here R.re five major purposes in sett ing up ardghway ir:,c;rcba,:ng\~ a::i "rtl~.;.et. These might be described as follows: 
 
1. To obtain a:3.eiS:lI'ablre lceatlc.'Yl for-heavy traffic generators. 
 
2. To encourage: bufTez' aui t:.::"li.usltto::: Z01.l<:;:S between incompatible land.. uses, 
 
3. To provide 1'0:[' aSLeq:'J.a.te J ,yt't-st:rH:t pa:r'klng and loadtng. 
4. To limit ac:ce$!S 0,,1 iJ!.te7'fSE:tting :x'oads t.o keep traffic 
flowi.n g s!llOotbly. 
 
5. To prOIr)te sepa:cat<'i.:m;).'L" traffic znaking a short-term gas or 
restaurart iStop f.ro':~. t.hat maJd nr<; a long-term, overnight or rest stop (put the s'":ori;-term closer to the highwBS'" wherever possible) . 
 
-aft If attention is gJye:: to the<>t~ C;DI~8ide:.C'atlor;.=. a cOIllIJrehensive plan for the 
 
thtlaected area" can be aevelop~6 t/Lat V'l.U 1""18."u2 ,Jgl~<wey operation to land-use and 
 
I'e1atirod.uce a mutually coxupat:1ble e:C17:t!'\)i'f~ent, The standards appropriate to this 
 
tlat 0 vely new zoning conr~ept mu:r:rt;be de'j(.;;:topedl., 
r1ginal plans "i:I.':. ~:r'E: rh:;~ceESa!:)f. 
 
testedj 
 
and modifications made in 
 
 Where appropriate, we might borrow from other development types~ ror example, shopping centers offer some use~u guides in their~ 1) set=back from the main approach street; 2} provision for parking and interior cir= 
culation; 3) limitation of access to carefully control~ed point; 4) unity 
of overall design of buildings and signing. 
We may eventually need to develop new landc..use cont rols also, but time is short and for the time being at least we must make do with those we already ha.ve. 
Interchange plalm:ing and development districts should be administered by a unit of the local ~oveEDmen~ wherever ~he local government has authority over areas surrounding the highway interchange. However, interchange planning and zoning should be adopted so as to ,fit~~the ov~rall comprehensive plan of the local area as well as to conform to uniform minimum standard.e set up by a state planning agency or the state highway departmento 
Where an interchange occurs in areas ,wher~_.Ep lo<:.al~ernment gas planning authority, we believe that the state should exercise some control and guidance. This is necessary for consistency, for public safety and to avoid future problems prior to establishment of local planning and zoning commissions. 
If a state agency is not given the responsibility for guiding development in the vicinity of the interchange, mini.mum standards should be developed and prescribed by a state agency. liThe 'statetsinterest-and responsibility should extend at least this far. Ii 
"Planned Unit Developmene' is a term borrowed from provisions in zoning ordinances of many cit ies (Chicago, Seattle, Denver, Shreveport) for unified development of an area and several related uses. This is the group develop.nt discussed by Malcolm Little prenriously and is similar in many respects to t~ community unit plan in the Atlanta zoning ordinance. The best example of Planned unit development that I can give is the provision of selected retail facUities such as drug store, barber and be:auty shop,and lounge as an integral P&rt of a high=rise apartment development 0 
The administration of planned unit development is similar in many respects to the application of hardship procedures in Zoning Boards of Appeal. Planning reqUirements for large~scale developments are set up and a review procedure is 
~liShed for granting exceptions to the zoning ordinance in cases where the 
r~"'!'UBed d~velopments meet the reqUirements. Among other things, thisg 
1. Pennits incorporation of subdivision regul,ations and other land,~use controls into the requirements for the planned unit development. 
2. Requires review and comment by the technical planning staff. 
1.8 
 
 3. Insulates the planning commission somewhat from special 
interest groups in the community by leaving final decision to Board of Zoning Appeal. 
4. Permits review of plans and solic:itation of comments from 
the State Highw~ Departm,ent. 
So far, these have been used primarily in housing developments but there is no reason why they could not be extended to industrial and mixed residentialcommercial uses. Hawver, t~he basic point to be remembered whether the planned unit development is employed, or not is that zon:ln,;r >' s not tJ:1!:...- only_!oo! a.t your disposal for achieving desirable development ir.:::"".S:'~~ou:r:,d ::1,ig'bway interche:1ges In addition to zoning, other land~use controls mi.g.l:lt oe ef!"ectively useu to guide development in your area. These land=use controls will vary from 
locality to locality and from state to state and tb.ey ma..v not be available in 
every section. But where they are avai.lable you should definitely consider the use of: 
1. Restrictive covenants for controlling abutting land use rexan-rple:-where thecovenant requires that the land be restricted to res idential use y. 
2. ~i9..~~~~~t.s (particularly where special use permits 
are available to discourage incompa.tible uses or uses develop~ ed below mi.:rdnwllll sta.ndards). 
3 
4. Excess condemnation vihereproperty is recomreyed subject 
to spec[li:i:f:restrictions on the use, 
5. Urban re;,.ne~ :'pro&!arr~ where tney occur in proximity to the 
Interstate may be used to guide developm.ent insofar as all development ITlQst take place according to a comprehensive plan, 
In the final sense, zoning along the Interstate must be tailored to the Particular needs of your pa.rticular city, county or a.rea. You must dec:ide for ~~Ul Be 11 ;.That type ~f' ..zoning. will. be most appropria.te ~n ~n~ ~round. these ~terChanges. Should the land go lnto hi.gnway~,servi~e f'acll1,tles? If so, ~OU1d the::( be for short.,term st;opp.ing (gas, meals, gifts, and so forth) or 
t'n/!.-term ,motels, trailer cou.rts J' camp ground., and so f'orth) or a combination ~ the two? Or should the land be put into a re:lated use that while not geaI"~d in1'ectly to the highway would beneFit from proxim:fty to it? These uses might 
anelUde provia i on for a planned industrial distri ct" a :regional shopping center, 
.. ~Partment development, an institutional office development, or the best use ~tdica~ed by Mr. Fanning from the standpoi2~t of ;you!.:..I:.~ticular communit;r 
be In putt.ing ttle land iLi>:, l.gr'icultural or wIlderness areas. 
 
 The second major question, and in a way the toughest one that you will face is~ how much area shouJdbe zoned for these hlg.hway.,related uses? There is no easy answer to this quest ion. It w~. ll de:pend on the use type and the circumstances in each individual situation. 
It will be necessary to determine whether t:t.E partIcular uses are such that can be tied into local demand as well as tliehi.ghway demand. For instance, restaurants, motels and gas stations will serve local customers as well as customers using the highway facIlity' 11:,se11". Then, there are a group of uses th~,t are purely highway-related, OT at least predominantly highwaymrelated <truck stop, souvenir stand, and so forth). The amount of land to be devoted to these uses will depend prim.arily on the volume of traffic flow on the expressway and on the ,'!-?:.tl_::.~::e.~~~9:....p...~t.:t~;:nof t~. 
With regard to t.nis last point, care must be exercised lest temporary travel peaks that are bound to occur as various .stage,s of this interstate program are completed are interprl,;,ted g,s being 0:,:' a continuous, permanent nature. You will want to be caref"ul that you don i t get teto the same bind as the people in RichIlhJnd and Petersburg, VJ.rgir.~la, whe:re great numbers of facilities for lodging, restaurants, and :rest stops we're established ,based on the old pattern of' Richm.ond and Pete:rsburgbelng approximately one-day's drive from New York Me:tropolitan Area. When the~lew Jersey Turnpike opened several years ago, this changed the entire pattern of trafficflow,and automobiles tha.t originated in the New York~N'ew Jersey metropolitan a.rea were reaching points much more dista':1t than th;;y had prior to the opening of the turnpike. As a reSUlt, there was a. new demand for overnigbt accommodations in the North. Carolina area wItt: w2;ry few facilities for accommodating this demand) at the same time that overn1.ght facilities in the bypassed Richmond area were going begging. 
In general, you may want to plan your faci1:lf,ies in terms of' accessibility to the Closest, major metropolitan centE;r-that might serve as a major originating or destining point for highway travelers, Using this approach, we were able to make what we cons Ide'It" to be reasonable estimates of the: resta.urant, motel and related servIces demand in and around Cordele 'based on Cordele IS being a four- or fivec-hour drive for traffic sou1:.hbcund ontti' expressway from Atlanta lunCh, ga.s, gifts, etc and an allcodiay'? 'S dXlve for traffTc northbound from the TampacoSt. Petersburg and Orla:l1dc aTea~ Oi:'?l~:rida. motels , dinner, gas, etc. Since we assumed completion of the (-:r.;;ice ~~nterstate facility to these Points, it Is u.nll.'kely that any delay or speedup :'Un timing for sections 
eorot the road beyond these points will affect the anticipated demand in the dele area. 
tnt In Closing, I would like to . say a word about 'the significance of' the e erstate Highways to overal,l planning ",= parlteularlyf'or tho'Se of y~u who 
o~ 1'r?m smaller communLties throughout; the statewnere you may .I1ave' Just one 
the wo lnterchanges connecting your community wittltt.e I:nterstate Highway. In thes~ connnunities, and to a lesser ex+..;ent for all cOlmrmnities large and small, the nterstate Highway should be viewed as your !1.t:~,,~."~!2'.?nt doo~'1 through which 
In ~:eat bUlk of the traf'fjc comi.ng into or out c:" your community wil.l pass. 
Il1ch a.ertaking your zoning around the major irr';ez"cr;anges of the Interstate 
way, YOU must constantly ask yourself, "',\\ha-;impression lsrny town going 
 
 to make on the visitor or the passerby whose first impression of the community 
will be largely set by the type of development that is encouraged and permitted 
at these interchange points?~ It could be, of course, that the visitor or passerby is an or out=ofo~,stateindustrialist businessman thinking about a new 
branch location somewhere in your area. No mattero what the purpose of his trip, however, it is important that the patron of your highway service facilities, the shopper at your shopping centers, the visitor to your inciustrial district, be accommodated in an expeditious, safe, and efficient manner in keeping with the high standards of the Interstate i tsel!. The prid.e of your own cit izens in 
seeing a job well done will demand no less. 
 
Notez 
 
For more detailed coverage of' the major points contained in this paper, 
 
the reader is referred to a paper entitled, HHighway Interchanges and 
 
Land Use Controls" presented at the Highway Research Board Annual Meeting 
 
in January 1961, by William H. Stanhagen, Chief', Laws Research Project, 
 
Highway and Land Administration Division, U. S. Department of Commerce, 
 
Bureau of Publi c Roads 
 
. 
 
 BABIC PHINCIPLES AND PRESElITT STA'D,,'TB OF LAND SUBDIVISION REGULATION IN::iECRJ.IA 
-by Havard K. Menb.inick) Eegentr-;' Professor of City Pl.an:r:.ir:g? )ecrgla Institute of Technology 
 
I am happy tj,i'2 C'tftern::.-on to have t'tepr:;vL~Ege cf discus'2ing with you "Basic: Princi:ples and Present Status of La:rld .su.bdlv.isinn Regulation in Georgia" because land subdiviS ion regulation is a most imp:.rt.ar.;t tool for the accomplisb= ment of sound urban development. 
 
Every time a nev! land subdivision vith its strEets J blocks, lc,t!3 public: building sit~s and pu.blic open spaces is plannedanc develcped, a plece of city planning andbuLl.ding ha:s been accomplished 0 W.cE:verpl9J1s a 8ubdivisl0n inevitably plans a. portion of aI" ur-ban c:ommunit~y. Strests and lots are among the most peI1T!Ement features of any community. 
 
Most of the errors in city development that r. a:lE': Be often occurred in tt,e 
past - streets too n8,rr01l or too sharplY' curved or too ;,:deep or improperl,y graded and Burfs.ced or not surf~tced. at ail;> s+~reE:-t: jog,s? bloc:ks too shalla",! or too deep, 10t2 tx :c\iS.X'row, and. utility' line:.; tb.at are too small or nOD,,exietent "" 
have resulted from the fact that the land subdi7::der WEi,S net a good city planner and the community did not properly regu'::",s:,te l,i,s rrd,3guided activities. Furthermore., no matter hOI,)' conscient:icus a, subd5.vidE;r may be J he c~nnot be expected to knnr the st8ndards of developm,ent t:~.,Ett thE'; city and county I~T:i.sh tc achieve unt j,1 they bB.,ve d.etermined thee,; s tar..d."rds a.'1.d published. t:rlem in the fom of land su'bd:.vis ion regulati ons. 
 
One may well as:k:,: "How wise is s.n u,tba:.'l c:onnmmity that spendto tren..endous 
alms of money 'co correct errors in city ,:.::tYOUT; t.':'lat have occurre:d in th.e pa-2t 
and, B.t the same timE-, permi tIS identica.:l, fJ!'T'):;'-:'S. t::;, 'be w.ad,e :1.n new J.."',,!,:.d e:lib. 
divisions that lie ei.t:her withi.n the city lirr:.its or beyond the city l':~r:i:ts in territory tha.t will eve:ntually become a part; of't.'.:.e city?" 
 
In the replanning ,s,nd rebuild,ing of c.itir;;;e) th,E'~ c:.~.Sl.oges that are eYide:ncE:d in the "before::" and liafter" situa,tions are spectacol:.,,=,,r :B.nd they command a.ttention. But the greate.st 'benefits from pla..'1:"i:.lg ~f,su.ltJ not from the correction of pa.st mietakes, but from the proper p2.21,::.~::.ing of new expaneirm. In city development, a,s in the other affairs of menl an ounce of prevention is WOrth a pound of cure. However J I should l.ike tG di,:,::us s la.nd subdivis ion standards anc1 --ontre:::'s., not as a negative me&,~')urE to .prevent mistakes, but as a Posit:ive toe.:. to secure good urban commJllity devsL:;pment. 
 
Wha.t k .'<: Land Subdivisio:c. Regulati!~s:.? 
 
a: est Wl-~: e l,a:rld subdivision re~a~i'.:lDs? L~,d ,,:,lbd,ivieion r,;,gulations 
lf1d~bht;h :stan,da:r~iS~ for new sUbdlvlSl?~S, su:~r., :~.s leng~n aLd wldtk1 of blo::l<:3 y 
 
re h a 
l~;re 
 
n 
 
d th 
 
d e 
 
esp~t,h"tldcit'\:.:1i.d:)_te2r't9o 
 
aYJ.d str 
~rade 
 
eet ar.d 
 
Wla.ttl, gnsd.1.ent 
surface ~t::'eE:t: 
 
a.nd ard 
 
curvature. They i:cstall water and 
 
may s:wE::- 
 
th or septlc tanks to Clty or county speclflc:atlcn,'2o They may also requIrs, ~reservation of' 19;r;d needed for schools)T other pUblicbuildings or for 
 
s and Playgrou.nds 0 
 
 L'1 1'I18...."1,Y ei.tie2) the land that lies ilitJ:tin the municipal boundaries is largely Bubdivided and developed and most neVI development is taking place outside the city limit (3. It is therefore important that land subdiv:Lsion regulations be adopted for at least that portion of the unincorporated area of the county surrounding growing citi.es. Sooner or later this territory is likely to become a part of the city. If its sta':ldards of development have been the same a.s those of the city) its incorpoYEitj_on into the city can be accomplished with a minimum of expense and change,. 
 
Land subdivision regulation by the cities and counties of C'lorgia. is 
authorized under the General Planning and Zoning Enabling Act of 1957 (Act 
No. 358) as amended), For effective control in any grO'ldng urban corrnnunity) 
both the city and the county should adopt and enforce either identical or 
similar land subdivision regulations. 
 
Some sta.tes authorize their cities to exercise land subdivision control for distances varying from one-half to ten mile;;; beyond their city l:imits. Georgia does not do this but depends upon the volunta,ry cooperation of city and county officials. In my opinion) this is prefera:ble, In a few situations where such cooperation does not exist and ca;:i.not be obtained) cities might refuse to make any of their services such as water supply or fire protection available to any new subdivisions tba,t do not meet the c.ityi s land subdivision standards. 
 
Benefits of Land Subdivision~gulation 
 
Good land subdivIsion regulations benefit t.'je city and county) the land subdivider) and the lot purchaser. 
 
To the Comrmmity. 
 
The benefits to the urba.n corrnnunity are many. TJ:_E: p:a~.s of a corrnnunity for future streets., wl.rks and playgrounds and sites for scho01s and other public "tn.:dldings car,. be incorporated into thepla:13 :for a Del{ subdivision and thus be accomplished. rrhe subdivider can be .requiTE,d to grade and surface streets and inistall reqUired utility lines at :n:L:' expe:r,SE:o This requirem2nt Will discourage premature and scatCered developments t:b,9,t add so much to the cost of govermnental operations. Streets that axe "Tell laid out and wel.l paved will require 8, mi.nimum amount of' maintenance. When land is properly Subdivided) property values are increased and made stahle 0 This adds to the city and c:ou.nty tax base. 
!2. the SUbdivider. 
 
t~ereRfeopruetawbelelcolmanedresausbodniavbidleersanwd ipshro:tpoerprsotadnu.cdeargdso 
 
odland cf deve 
 
subdivisio lopment as 
 
ns. a 
 
They valuab 
 
le 
 
l1~tection against unfair competition from shoddYl,and subdivision by fly-by~ 
 
to ht Operators. In the process of plat review, th.e plaone.r:s .are Qft,en able, 
 
suggest changes in the layout that will resu:'.t in 8.. red.netion in the l.ength 
 
23 
 
 of streets required and in the costs of gl~ading'3.1'ld oi' u.tility installations and, at the same time, produ.ce a more attra,ct ive land subdivision ,'lith better building sites. The required recording of' plat.s sim"9lif'ies subsequent deed preparation and reduces the chances of error. All of this add.s to ease of' sa.le and produces more profits for the subdivider 0 
 
To the ~Qrchasero 
 
Purchasers ()f lyr-:):perty subdivided under :proper :regJJ.a;+~ions benefit from the assurance tha:t th,e land they purchased is properly laid out and provided with essential publie utilities. Property I'u}xhase:'~8 do no+;, face the hazards of finding themselves saddled with a lot lacl<::ing a s,).tisfac~tory bUilding site or ,vith unexpected assessments for the insta12.atiori. of street improvements or utilities that w-ere not provided by the "",~bdiv::d.er bll.t are essential to make the lot useable. 
 
Furthermore, if the standards set forth in the .:'..a.rlci sl,l!;)division regulations meet the standards of the Federal Housing Adrrlinifi-c::'ati')n (as they s:10uld) the obtaining of FHA irsured loans yrill be greatly' faeilitated. 
 
With all of these potential gains tQ the city I:1z!;:'-~ C~0unty, to the subdivider,. and to the lot purchaser, it is difficult to f:L'16 any jlJ,stifiee;tion for failure to regulate la;nd su:b<Uvision development. 
 
Method of !xercising La:'1d Subdivisj,on Reg.n'~~~t?.2 
 
The Geo~rgi.a. F:"'a.:z:'ning and, Zoning Enabling Act T;:,,)'/ides tha,t 8. city 0:'" CUU!1ty ma;y exercise land subdblision reguJ.ation oDly 8,ite~:" t.\\ro ste:ps have 'been taken. 
 
The first of t:aese is the prepa:"~8.tion aIld &.C~'/t~t5.(){.:. 'cy t':18 Plam::d.ng CO!lmlission of at least the Ma.jor St:-eet portiol1 of a eor:::rr::::u:rdty ('~,f:,;;t,;:.l.o:pment plac"!c U:-.ctil 
SUch a pla.:1 has been prepared, the communityiB l:Lt,J;~J.e '~)etter able t':larJ t::le subdivider to determin.e how- the land subd.:iviflo::, Gt~('eetE sh:)"J.1.d. be laid out. 
 
The second. req'.::.::Lred ste'p is the prepari";;tio:'1 by t:,~.e PlaJ1rling Comm,ission and 
 
the ado-.J:n:" tl'o',"....L by tJ.-._E,,- 
 
:_ 'l,'+v y .u."" coun+'V,Tv go'"v<":.>..T...n..1"nr6y .8..,,',-'\.., +......h...,..\".."....1_._. ~~,y 
 
or' a- set s"b,n ,,~ 
 
t.., 
 
rrf' lc'nO' \_ ~._ 
 
..... ~J.. .... ""'- 
 
diVision regu~_LatJ l'ons0 
 
"""1d Tre~'r:> ...,.L i;;),-' '~eol-::;iu,.....- lat1i;, ~)r~1S ~et- ~.... ,J :[,",\-"'1'+~J".,-.." "->Y,.''"''~'Y.~.r1A.'''~'''',(.~''...L. 1'n-"-~o".'. ~e"et",L".l.r.e.'."r...... .....w.. ~ 
 
standards so t!:':'8;+; all subdivide:r's may- kncr,r ir~ Si>18;o~C'~ ~-i:1':'l:t tt,e requirement;? are 
 
and mavr have asmlra.nc:e that all land sube.i.vide:c3 'tfL::"1 c,e 'h'eaSE';d alike. 
 
The regulatL.1Ds ax'e enfoTcecl by ref\l:3ing th,~ right to record a plat that 
 
has not been approved by the P:ia.nning ComrnissioGo Ween cities and cO"c.1nties are 
 
enf0rcing Ja,.1.d subdivision regula.tions und.e"r the E,:lao lil1g Act of 1957? the Clerk 
 
Vof t.he Supe"'i Qr 1""'1'dde'" by ~"~();'Y' "ng "'n ."np~'c\ved I)lat. ..l. -.... 
 
('"".,.,+ .pr)' J 'w/ v1,.~_~, ,-1.' :,-J _'-" 
 
>.I 
 
...~....... 
 
l"",r c'{'}'y'o' V .. I 
 
v ..". ,L..1.. ......._~". _.. \,'", > _ .~  ,-,-J. '_-' '-v 
 
" r i ...... _Cl,,~ ._ 
 
J 
 
t arlQUS penalties and difficulties al'e enc::ou:TceTed 1Jy a subdivideI iVho elects 
 
o sell his lots 8lleCifically the 
 
Eb;vabmJ.ieDt.eEs~ 
 
and Aet 
 
'bounds Hit;:~~ou:; ,xl specifies the.t; 
 
8.i:;',:Y::'JVP.d. 
- ", 
 
8.,"1:3, 
 
recorded 
 
plat. 
 
8al 1. , Any owr~er or a,gent '(mO uses an unapl':!'cvec: a~:JduE~'ec()rded plat in the 
 
(aue ~f, s,,:-bdivider la:-J.d 
bdlVlSlOn is defined 
 
is as 
 
guilty of the divi.si 
 
a o 
 
nmiosdfem(a";2P:8'~.~o:(:~'e~.lanofd.' 
 
fiub;]ect to punishment. .J.and into tw-o or more 
 
 lots except for the following: (a) the combination or recombination of portions of previously platted lots where. the total number of lots is not increased and the resultant lots are equal to the standards of the community; and (b) the division of land into parcels of five acres or more where no new street is :i.nvolved. 
 
2. The local government is prohibited from accepting, improving, grading paving, or lighting any street and from laying or a.uthorizing the laJring of any Ivater mains, sewers, or other utilities in any street except an existing public street, a street shown on an approved and recorded land subdivision plat, or a street legally establj.shed by the local government. 
3. No building permit may be issued for any structure on a lot not 
fronting on one of the above types of approved streets. 
 
The inability to use a plat for reference in connect Lon ,dth lot sales, to obtain utilities or to secure a building permit are strong deterrents to subdividing without plat approval. 
 
The Planning Cormnission is normally the agency that reviews plats and approves them if they meet the standards set forth in the platting regulations that have been adopted by the local legislative body. 
 
The three steps follovTed are customarily first, a pre-application discussion bet'lveen the land subdivider and the Planning Commission staff; second, the presentation of a preliminary plan showing the proposed layout and other specified information, to which the Planning COlJ1.mission 1vill give tentative approval if the preliminary plan meets the established standards; and third, presentat ion of the final plat, "Thich is an !las built 11 plat. The final plat will be automatically approved if it conforms to the preliminary plat except for such minor departures as inevitably occur in the process of construction. 
 
Present Status of Land Subdivision. Hegulation in G-eorgia 
 
Unfortunately, a majority of the cities and counties of Georgia are not using at all or are not using effectively the land subdivision regulation POwers given to them by the General Assembly. 
 
Many are acting under obsolete platting acts rather than the comprehensive 
enabling act of 1957. Most of the former include only land surveying standards. 
 
Only a limited number of cities in the state and an even smaller number of Counties have adopted adequate land subdivision regulations. 
 
In a vast majority of the cities and counties, the city councilor county c01llIlliss ioners pass on the plats. It is much better pract ice to have the 
governing authority adopt the regulations and then have the Planning Commiss ion ::rove or disapprove the plats, depending on whether they meet the require- 
ts of the planning regulations. 
 
I~U~.b_s ePq ureanctt ipcuarlcl yh a sneo 
 
cities or counties are requlrlng the reservation for of land required for future school sites and parks and 
 
~grounds. 
 
 The most perplexing problem, and the one most often cited as troublesome by cities and counties of Georgia, is the requirement that the subdivider pay for street improvements and for the installatj.on of water and sewer line:;;. 
There is little disagreement between local governments and responsible land subdividers that the subdivider should be required to provide the site improvements that are necessary for the creatio~ of useable lots from raw land. Good modern practice requires provision by the subdivider of such street improvement as street gradj.ng aD.d surfacing, curbs, gutters, and sidewalks; and of such utilities as sanitary and storm-water sewer lines, water lines and septic tanks. It is almost universal practice to specify that the required improvements meet appropriate engineering standards and specifications. 
The cost of these improvements is invariably aided by the subdivider to the price of the lots. It is, therefore, important that the standards be reasonable and realistic so that they do not, in effect, result in the production of lots that are out of the price range of their intended purchasers. Subdividers sometimes object to the requirements for improvements on the ground that they increase the subdivider's required operating capital. It is true that they do this. In so doing, however, they may retard speculative land subdivision activity in advance of the real need for lots. This is an important by-product advantage of such requirements. 
However, the real advantage of requirements for the provision of improvements is the assurance that the lot purchaser will have a useable lot with required facilities and services andvl:LJ.l not be faced later with "hidden" expenditures that are necessary to me.ke the lot useable. All of the costs of a usea"ble lot in an approved land subdivi.sion 'trill. be included in the purchaser 1 s in1t 1a.l financir~g. Im:90rt antly, the provision of impro"lrements by the subdivider reduces the cost to the city of street improvements and utility installations. 
Subdividers sometimes argQe that most of the present residents of the city had their streets and utility improvements paid. for by the city at large. This may be true, but if the past i.s to -:::'e :f.'o:>.:>e;rer the controlling factor, no changes or e~vances can ever be made. Furt~ermore, the presentday subdivider is the beneficiary of large capital expenditures made in the past for connecting streets and utilities, for utility }):ants and for other community facilities and services. Therefore, site improvements by the developer do not appear inequitable. 
Many cities find their requirements for -che provlslOD of street improvements and utilities one of the most valuable features of land subdivision control. 
I hope that as time goes on an increasing number of ':}eorgia cities and Counties will adopt and enforce good land subdivision regulations. They will prevent seri.ous and costly mistakes in urban deve1.opm.ent. Properly drafted and properly enforced,they will benefit the cities and c01mties, the land SUbdividers, and the lot purchasers. 
26 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF LAND SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS 
by William M. Lundberg, Director of Planning, DeKalb County 
Before I discuss the administration of subdivision regulations by summarizing our procedures in DeKalb County, I want to emphasize two important ideas, each of which is basic to subdivision regulation. 
Subdivisions are almost indestructible. When lots are recorded and sold off and streets are dedicated,the basic framework within which buildings must be constructed and activities carried on for decades has been established. The original buildings may be destroyed and replaced several times; traffic may change from horse-drawn vehicles to powerful trucks and automobiles, but the original lot and street dimensions, proportions, and alignments remain. If mistakes are made in subdividing property, they will be with us a long time and will be very difficult and expensive to correct, if not impossible. 
Secondly, the creation of a subdivision and the sale of lots within it is not just a bargain between the seller and buyers. There is an unseen third party to this bargain with a vital interest in it. Local government, either city or county or both, is responsible ~or providing services such as police and fire protection and garbage col.lection and for providing such facilities as schools, parks, and libraries to the new lot owners as well as for maintaining the streets and utilities installed 'by the seller or the buyers. Therefore, local government has a direct fi,nancial stake in every new subdivision. 
I hope that the following account will give you an adeCluate summary of our procedures for processing subdivisions: 
Developers consult With Planning Department to o'btain information affecting proposed development such as zone reCluirements,proposed street connections, park locations, school locations, pedestrian access, etc. 
Developers submit application and copies of preliminary subdivision plans shOWing topography, street layout and lot layout to Subdivision Administrator in DeIartment of Planning. If development is to be served by septic tanks, developer submits sewer feasibility report, soil data records and subdivision analysis records to health engineer. Preliminary subdivision plans are forwarded by the Planning Department to the following people for review and comments: 
Director - Water Department 
Road Engineer and Subdivision Lot Engineer in Public Works Department for street and lot grade and drainage review. 
27 
 
 Direct.or - Sewer Department 
Health Engineer, if no sewer is available. 
Assistant Superintendent of School Department. 
All of these departments return the preliminary plans to the Subdivision Administrator in Department of Plw..ning, recormnending tentative approval with changes, if any, or recommending denial and reasons for such. 
Subdivision Administrator checks plans for zoning re~uirements, compliance with the official thoroughfare plan, park plan, and school plan, and reviews comments from other departments. 
If in order, tentat i ve approval is given to preliminary plan with all comments and changes noted. One copy is returned to developer and one copy is filed in Department of Planning. If proposed subdivision is not in order, plans are scheduled for hearing before Plannir~ Commission for approval or denial. 
Upon receiving tentative approval, developer may grade and stake any portion of development and submit a linen of final subdivision plat to Subdivision Administrator. A fee coyer ing engineering and. inspection of 
$5.00 per lot is submitted with plat. The final plat must be an engineered 
drawing and show all dimensions, drainage easements, sewer trunks, etc. The final plat is checked against the provisional plat on file by the Subdivision Administrator and, if in compliance with the zoning re~uirements, the final plat is processed through the following departments in this order: 
Water Department - at which time contract is made with said depa.rtment for proper installation of water mains,; 
Sewer Depa.rtment - at which timE: sewer profile plans are submitted for approval, OR 
Health Department - at which time the individual lots are inspected in the field for approval; 
Subdivision Lot Engineer - at which time each individual lot is inspected in the field for floor elevation and drainage approval; 
Road Engineer - at which time street grade and drainage plans and profiles are submitted and checked in the field for approval; 
Director of Public Works - g,t "I{hich time performance bond for curbing and paving is submitted for approvaL 
28 
 
 In each department the final plat is held until all requirements have been accepted by the engineer involved, at which time it is cleared and returned to the Subdivision Administrator who forvTards it to the next in line. The final plat is finally cleared by the Director of Planning and Chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Roads and Revenues, at which time the Subdivision Administrator records the plat and provides copies of the development to all departments affected. 
Any changes or revisions in a final pJat previously recorded are processed by the Subdivision Engineer in the same procedures stated above. 
All linens are returned to developer. 
When individual bUilding site plans are required by the Subdivision Lot Engineer or Health Engineer because of poor drainage or difficult topography, six copies of each are provided by the developer. One is filed in the Planning Department, one in Public Works Department, three in the Health Department and one in Building Inspect ion Department. When a builder files for building permit, "site pla:n required" is noted on application by clerk in Planning Department. BUilding inspector pulls file and makes field inspection for compli~~ce. 
The administration of subdivision regQlations should aim to secure compliance with the standards of both design and improvements set forth in the subdivision ordinance, compliance with good design, and compliance with a comprehensive plan for the best development of the city or county. 
Perhaps the most important unsolved problem facing American communities in the field of the administration of subdivision regulations is how to persuade or effectively encour age developers and la..."'1.d owners to create new subdivisions on acreage already served by conmrunity facilities such as water, sewer, streets, schools, garbage collection, public tr~sit, etc., and to dissuade or effectively discourage them from creating new subdivisions where these" conmrunity facilities are lacking and can only be supplied at much greater expense than in the already built-up or developed inlying areas. 
29 
 
 CONSTRUCI'ION CODES AND THEIR ADMINISTRATION 
by B. G. Hatfield, Columbus, Georgia 
It is indeed a privilege for me to have this opportunity to participate in your Workshop Program. A similar workshop program was conducted here last year for building officials througrDut ~he State of Georgia. This workshop wa.s sponsored by the Building Officials Association of Georgia. It was a very rewarding experience for the building officials to have an opportunity to exchange ideas and find sorne 8.-YJ.swers to the problems which they encounter in code enforcement. I have learned a great deal about planning and zoning from your Workshop Program, and I want to thank you for this opportunity to participate on your Program. 
Planning and zoning are effective means for guiding, controlling and encouraging sound growth and redevelopment and community renewal. Construction codes are the tools used to co-ordina.te community safety in the program of planning. Construction codes are an important tool in the growth and development of our cities and communities. 
Construction codes are not new in our civilization. Many centuries ago a famous king and la.w maker of Babylon wrote what was probably the first bUilding code. This code was known as the Code of Hammurabi. It consisted of a single sentence. This code stated that in the case of collapse of a defective building, the architect is to 'be put to death if the owner is killed by the accid,ent; and the architect 's son if the son of the owner loses his life. For forty' centuries the safety of bUi.lding con.struction has been a matter of public concern in civilized countries ancient and modern. Around this objective h&ve grown up the rules and regul~tions we call 'building codes. 
Construction codes todS({ are ra.ther co~plex. inst1"".:unents . Generally, they consist of four separate regulations each of which we regard as a separate trade. We classify these as building} plumbing, gas and electric codes. When combined these regulations set forth the requirements for every building and structure which we erect todS({. l' m sure that many of you have at one t:ime or another wondered why certain requirements are in puilding codes or why certain materials were not permitted to be used. 
I would like to try to explain "briefly how building codes axe organized. Let me say first of all that we have in the United States todS({ three nationally accepted building codes, They are the Southern Standard Building Code, the National. Building Code and the Uniform Building Code which is the west coast building code, These three code agenci~s are the result of regional and climatic conditions in our country. The National Building Code was for many years the only recognized code in our country. Many cities adopted their own code based on a modification of the National 
Building Code, In 1945 the Southern Building Code was organized as a 
regional code particularly adapted to the southeastern area of the United States. This code has been Widely accepted throughout the south and is basically the same code provisions as the National and Uniform Building 
30 
 
 Code with the exception of the modifications for climatic conditions. All of these codes are in a constant process of revision in an effort to keep up with the changing technological trends in construction and the new products resulting from industry research programs. Tod~ it would be impractical for a city to attempt to wx'ite their own construction code. No city could possibly employ enough bUilding officials to work with each provision of the code. The complexity of the undertaking makes the promulgation and maintenance of a building code an imPossibility as a single-handed provision of an individual city. No city would have a budget large enough to p~ for the research that must go into the writing and revision of a set of building laws. Therefore, tod~ we are dependent on code organizations to provide for us a modern construction code. 
These code organizations are very thorough in their preparation of codes. Once a year an annual meeting is held in which building officials and other city officials and county officials attend for the purpose of hearing proposed amendments and revisions to these codes. Generally, material must be submitted to a code engineering committee which makes a study of any proposal for new materials or in the rewriting of any provision of the code which might a?fect any of the structural conditions of a bUilding. After a thorough engineering study by this connnittee a report is made to the research and revision connnittee of the code congress. This connnittee then holds an open hearing in which industry representatives, city and county officials, building officials, engineers and architects present their views on the proposed amendments. Then open debates of the proponents and opponents of the provisions of the code are an excellent means by which an official can have an opportunity to learn of the problems that might be encountered in revis ing and including a new material in his code. On the other hand~ this is an excellent opportunity to upiate building codes to include 'materials and structural elements in nis code with the assurance that they are safe materials. Another important aspect of these code conferences is the opportunity afforded the building officials is confronted with provisions of a code which seems to be a stumbling block "\-lith certain types of buildings in his city. It is understandable that written regulations are sometimes very difficult to interpret and apply to a given situatj.on. This is especially true in construction codes because there are so many problems that arise in the design of a building for a given function. Codes must be made flexible enough to cover many different situations and still maintain the element of minimum safety. 
Construction codes should be in a language that is easily understood by the layman. Contractors must be able to interpret codes; architects and engineers must follow code provisionsin the design of their bUildings. It is easy to see, then, unless we have a very carefully ~ganized code it would be difficult to apply these regulations. to any building or structure. Building codes then should follow a pattern of organization so that they malf be readily interpreted. 
31 
 
 Very briefly and simply, codes are orga"1ized in chapters each of which applies to a specific element of the buildir~. First of 13.11,13. code sets fo:rth the types of occupancy uses. They' are generally, r.esidential, businesses, schools., .institution8,~ ass~l'lbly, stor~ industrial and hazardous. Following the occupancy classi,fications the code defines the type of structures. T:::ley a.re usually classified as fireproof, fire resistive, ~eavy timber, non-combusti~le frame, ordinary and wood frame. These are the two major items that must be determined in-apply"ing all of' the regulatioTls')f the code. First, we must know 'What the occupa.'l'lcy use will be and t'hen what type of structure the bUilding will be. Having made this determination, lore can then apply the other provisions of the code. We Crol determine the maximum height and area that the building can be; we k..'YJ.o'W what the interior 
partitions, floors, walls ann ceiling must be; we know how they must 
be constructed and wha.t assemblies of materials can be used. We know the kind of plumbing system they will instal.1 in the bUilding; what will be required on the electrical wiri~ng, etc. This, of course, is the primary purpose of construct ion codes to maintain minimum life safety and health safety in buildings of a gi.vE;n oecupancy use and a particular type of construction. 
The administration of these codes is sorr~etimes a very difficult job. I think that to properly administer constrllc:tion codes, the enforcing agent must ha:ve three things. First, he must have the support of his city government. He must have the coo:peration of the architects, engineers and cor~tractors. Third, he must hewe the su.pport of the ci ti,zens of the c i.ty or community. All of these depend to a great extent on the m.8JIDer in which construc~tion codes 8.:r'e enforced. From past experience, I have found that public relations is one of the most important fa.ctors in the enfol'cement and adl71in:istr<;:,;tion of construct ion codes. JX!any' problems arise in the administratio:c,~ and it i.s often neeesse.::-y for the administrator of' these codes to reje~t an application for a bUilding permit. In some cases denying a pe:rmit "because of some code regulation causes much. resentment on the part of' the individual. Not be:ing familiar with tlle construction codes they often feel that the regulation is 1nrposed on them by the ailm.ini=;b:a.tor. Usually~ these individuals will aceept these code provisions as beir..g in the best interest of the COjj,iIll1..l,nity if you can expla.in to them why eertain provisions are in the code. Sometimes this takes a lot of explaining and there are times wren no matter how much you explain the i)Gdividual is never satisfied. These individuals are firm 'believers in the generally accepted concept of American law that a man's home is his own castle, and I'll do as I will since it is mine. It is o':'vious t.hat such a concept would be excellent if an individual were livil"lg alone and completely Selfsufficient. But in a civilization in 'Which many people must live together and be dependent on each other, they must a.ccept the principle of law known as the police power which properly sai'egJ.sxds the life, health and morals of the general public. It is elementary to a,ssu.TJ1e that the larger, more compact and dense that a community becomes, the more complex are the problems arld the cOITbroversies. By comparison, the smaller community 
32 
 
 may not have the munerl)us problems, but there is the c~18.1:u.~nge oX' 
 
opportv'nit.:r.l't,l7r:O"L<[? enfo::"cemerlt of' the constTUGt:ton eocm:; to have a PS2:'t 
 
in L:m. 0:.:'(1e:::-.1..J' g:cc)\,r-th crt' the town. All large c~.t'i0.S l,rer'e O!1(;e smal~:. 
 
towns, but 'nan~r of thei.r problems ste:rrnned :tn thE~ ;))).i:n, bef::n~e a ~:!S:~~:, 
 
enf'OJ:>~eabJ.e cod.e. A1.l of' you \oli.l1 agree wjth rO.e, Il m 8'",u'e.l' that 
 
a- yes+ '" -neg1 e"'te,q IT".r.\i..i_Q-d-~;y;;;.Z:;)-:;:':;::,:.1;,:(-)"~-'~)~l.e..r,,l.~...'.' .-.y..1_'! 
 
~,r' ,"'~. vl,,o;.:..1"."l,.'L"J,,;:....l 
 
~ ':'J. 0 - t ..~ 
 
"-4"C. )!':rJ..Ir;'!t'Y-'~\."+'.;T,_"l"...."'.L' ';-)'~l"p,.. 1C..') 11 G 
 
Most; cit ies of 8J."Yj" s:i.ze have set up the m.8.~h:i.:Qery for enc:'0J:'c~.ng reg;.llatio::l:3s,8 respe(;ts new construction, and. thc~ q:.la.l.ity of j,:t1spe(~tion and nence the cOLstr..wtion improves yearb;y- year. :3ut new 'brdldings constj:tute only half the problem. They are general.ly de~>irped aro.d built for a r'iefi,nlte use O~.~ class of use. Ch,anges 5.n oeeupan.cy ean be 
expec;teG. to occJ.r as time goes on and build..ings m.ay C:)!),!f; to -be used. for 
purposes their original design did net cm1.temI-\lal~e. S':t~h (~har'.ges may 'Vitally affect the health and safety of many people 'oy :Lntl'oduci.ng fire 
hazalus and health hazards. In m&lY cities a few special oceupar.cies, 
most commonly public assemblies and public g8~8~es, are closely watched, &ld may -be establis:hecl only in bUildil1gS wl:.ieh c0nfOl"7.~ essential.l.y to the req,uirements for ne,,, constru.ction. Otherwise., control over importal1t occupaney changes i13 often i.1e.pnazard en.d i:o.coznpJ.ete. Whe:J. St.!."ll.cture..l alterat:LonG are :I.Dyolved a -building pe:rm:Lt is )1eCe~;;:'3c':..l.jT, In:rc 1tl.hel'E': no such remodelirJ.g is dDne the buiJ.r:'ing inspe(.:tc)::"~ me.y -be e:c.tireJ.,Y una';.ra:."('(~ of "That is ts:.~,:tng :gJE'.ce. 
 
Va:cious Gteps can be taken to :cemeo.;y" this si.tuai;io:.':.,. i:.'1 a m.armer more or 1e[38 al11~omat.ic:. Zordng restrictions, or centre1 of la.:r::.d uses, are recognized. a.s a1'1 essential function of municipt3':'L goyerrmeIlt.. Th""y are pl~J.marily cor:cernecl with occupancy rat.her than eons-;~r..lction. By the sim:;,)Ie expe(l:I.errc of ha'ving permits requi1~ed. by '~l1.e Z.:Xt'lEg laW'S passed UP0j,1 aJ.~d. approved by the bUilding b.spect()~t' befoi~e the perinits aTe issued" this ;):f'ficial has the o:PPO~~'tUl1it.;jr of' f'o::.'est.a.lling 3...1'1;{ d.istinctl,y D.a.zal"d01lJ;\ or i."nproper u.se of' an eXisting st:;:'1J.cture. 
 
No DUila.ing eod.e carl ",.le cO:lsiderea. a cOillpJ..eta and. finished. document for any long period. of time. General priDcip12E- I~e.rl 'be er:rt:'?'i1lished 'but new materials, met~10ds of COJlBt:r-u.ction a.nd t;~cr.niq.u.(:-~s 0:;':' p:t.~0"!:;ect:toi.1 must be recogr'.ized. 8,S they d.evelop. Tb.ere has beer.. a:b'.illc::'arlt evid';;n,~e of imr;:ccovement i.:'::\, lrU:Liding desig:.'l, const~ru.(.~tj.011 8.:..:,0- equ.:i.}?!:le!~::. 07er those of' a gene:c.ation ago. There is no ree.son to a.~.:;sur~le t~1a.~~ t.J:Ll-S e.dvance will not continue. We do not lack examples o'f.' :nociern ho::nes., eomme:::cial bUildings and factories of the highest ty;e to sbo'tr ':'18 what can be accomplished in the way of eomfort.l' healti:l" safetJ and effic~ier.lcy; it remai)'J.s f'o::: those irrt,e:rested in the sound. a.eveJ.oprnent of Ou::' cities to apply the S8...'T.le gene::.~al principles toward raising tile ge";:le:re.l :i.evel of eonstr:.lction through adequate anli modern constructIon. eodes. 
 
33 
 
 HIGHLIGHTS - 1961 JOINT CITY - COUNTY PLANNING WORKSHOP 
by V. R. Stuebing, Jr., Manager, 
Planning Division, Georgia Department of Commerce 
In the spring of this year local planning commission members and city and county officials from almost all sections of the State met at Georgia Tech in Atlanta for two days to explore ways and means of working together most effectively to further the sound development of the ir communities, and to identify some of the pressing problems that concern cities and counties and to consider how these problems might best be solved. 
From the welcome and opening remarks of Professor Howard Menhinick and Malcolm Little of the Georgia Tech City Planning Program to the conclusion of the workshop, two principal themes recurred throughout the meeting. They were (1) that planning has been accepted in Georgia as an important and integral part of government, and (2) trmt to be effective, planning must be a continuing process. 
In his keynote address, Mr. Charles F. Palmer, President of Palmer, 
Inc., and a pioneer in slum-clearance activities, compared the conseCluences of the Industrial Revolution with those of the present-day Urban Revolution. He reviewed the change in the city's purpose - from the ancient one of providing culture and a normal family life to a purpose of greed as cities became grim with the factories and spawning slums of the Industrial Revolution. But., the excesses of the Industrial. Revolution were soon to be compounded by the Urban Revolution, as early in the 20th Century the internal combustion engine provided the means for a mass flight to the suburbs - leaving the old problems at the core and creating new ones on the fringes. 
In stressing the importance of an awakening to the problems of urban areas, Mr. Palmer stated that in the United States there are two million more people liVing in slums than on farms, and that the Federal expenditure 
per farm family per year is $6,000 as compared with $84 per slum family. 
In a panel discussion - "How Can Cities arid Counties Use Their Planning Commissions Most Effehtively?" Dr. M.W. H. Collins, Jr., Director, Institute of Law and Government, University of Georgia, stated that elected public officials should assist their local planning commissions by (1) setting goals, (2) giving a priority order to projects, (3) establishing a fra,mework for the planning commission to 9perate in, and (4) u.tilizing the planning commission as the research arm of local government. 
Mr. Leroy Hancock, Chairman of the Rome City Commission, observed 
that under 'our system of government the sovereign power is vested in the 
 
 people and that good government should work from the local level upward. He stated that when local government fails to exercise the leadership that it should and to do the things that it should, a vacuum is formed into which the Federal Government flows. 
Chairman Hancock also reported that in Rome and Floyd County their joint planning commission has rendered valuable services to the community in presenting excel1ent)/ and later executed 1 recommendations dealing with sewage treatment facilities, the location of an area trade and techincal school, annexation, and zoning and subdivision development. 
Mr. H. Bo Lovvoron, City Manager of Brunswick~ stressed the importance of government officials supplying funds for an adequate planning staff, and of permitting and insisting that the planning CODmlJ.ssion carry-out an assigned program. 
Gainesville's planning experience was reviewed by Mr. Clifford B. Martin, City Commissioner of Gainesville, who reviewed his city's missed opportunity in not being prepared to rebuild their community in accordance with a comprehensive plan after the devestatingtornado of 1936. However, some years later - sparked by construction of 37,OOO-acre Lake Lanier, population increases, reed. :/Dr determining the proper location for additional roads)/ schools, parks, residential areas, and industrial areas - a joint Gainesville-Hall County Planning Commission was established, which is assisting the City and County government in guiding the growth and development of the area. 
Specific projects in which the Gainesville-RaJ.l County Planning Comm.ission and its staff have assisted include, in addition to the more common planning commission projects J preparation of a city budgeting program, a new pnrch.~.s ing policy, a new water line extens ion policy, and a tax re-evaluation program. 
DeKa~b County Commission Chairman Charles 00 Emmerich said that public officials need to develop a new concept - one of' planning - where their communities are going and hO,wthey are goi,ng to get there. Chairman Emmerich offered several specific suggestions or ideas for city and county, 
officj,als in developing this concept and in utiliz..ing it. They included these: 
knowing their communities, cammunicatiml and education~ the necessity of' citizen participat'ion in planning, the need for capital 'budgeting, the need for comprehensive planning, and the need for developing a concrete relationship between the planning staff and the government. 
Mr. Emmerich underlined the necessity of' planning in his county by the pointing to the facts that DeKalb has an average population increase of 1500 people per month and reqUires a new classroom. every week. 
The panel discussion - "How Can Planning Commissions Perform Most Effectively?" - was led by MroG1enn Eo Bennett)/ Executive Director, Atlanta Region Metropolitan Planning Commissiono Miss Mary C. Freeman, Member of the Newnan-Coweta County Planning CoIl'lhission, said that their 
35 
 
 planning commission had followed the practice of alternating the chairmanship between a city and a county representative each year. She stressed the impoI'callce of good public relations on the part of the planning commission and of its being ready, willing, and able to undertake projects and prepare recommendations, with their justifications, which will be of genuine assistance to city and county governing authorities. 
Mr. Chester Roush, Chairman of the Carrollton-Carroll County Planning 
Commission, supplied much good, sound advice for local planning commissions. His suggestions included the following: 
1. Operate in a businesslike manner, 
2. Make recommendations in writing to government officials, with copies to the press and the public, 
3. Stay non-political, 
4. Win the opposition by bringing them into positions of 
respons ibility, 
5. Accept and welcome controversial problems and thus be valuable to local government officials, 
6. Act as coordinator between the Library Board, Housing Authority, 
and other local groups - but don't get involved in making their decisions, 
7. Avoid the word "zoning" in the early stages of establishing a planning program, 
8. Utilize women's organiz.ations in selling ideas and getting things done, 
9. Utilize tenants, not landlords, 
10. Establish good public relations - keep the public informed; be straight-forward and simple. 
Mr. T. Harley Harper, Chairman of the Rome-Floyd County Planning Commission, 
stressed the importance of haVing good communications, of having members who are well-known, respected, and influential, and who are Willing ~~d able to fight for their recommendations, and of having a definite program of work. 
Mr. Stanley Smith, Chairman of the Perry City Planning Commission 
reemphasized many of the points discussed by previous speakers on the panel and also suggested that by undertaking to solve problems that are already Widely apparent in the community, the planning commission can sell its value initially and gain community support. 
 
 In a discussion of "Zoning In Georgia" Professor Malcolm G. Little reviewed "Basic Principles of Zoning in Georgia" and emphasized that zoning is a tool to carry out a Comprehensive plan. On the one hand, this tool deSignates districts in which various types of uses may be located; and on ,the other hand, it sets standards - area, yards, parking, etc. - which these uses must meet. Professor Little stressed the limitations of zoning in that it is in itself a control; not a positive program for development. He also warned against some of the pitfalls of zoning, such as spot-zoning and premature zoning. 
In discussing "County Zoning in Rural Areas", Dr. J. W. Fanning, .Chairman of the Division of Agricultural Economics of the University of Georgia cautioned agains't undertaking zoning prior to a comprehensive determination of community objectives which the zoning is to fulfill. He stated that an urban-oriented society has a tendency to consider agriculture as a residual land use, but that pr:J.me agricultural land should be preserved for agricultural use. Agriculture does not oppose well-planned necessary non-farm growth into presently rural us~s, but promiscuous urban sprawl is wasteful of land and a monument to lack of planning. Dr. Fanning discussed four basic land areas to be planned and for which regulations are needed. These areas are urban, suburban, farming-in-transition, and farming-exclusive. He concluded that zoning :fbr land use in agriculture will receive increased attention in coming years. 
Mr. John C. Gould, Associate of Hanmer and Company of Atlanta, discussed "Zoning Along Interstate HighwBiYs, Their Interchanges, and Access Roads". Mr. Gould stated that land-use controls along the interstate highwBiY, and particularly at the critical interchange areas are 
essential if the public investment of from 1 to 5 million dollars per 
mile in these highwBiYs is to be protected. He listed five basic purposes of interstate highway zoning as follows: 
1. Protection of traffic-moving effi~iency on the interstate highwBiY itself, 
2. Protection of traffic-moving efficiency on the intersecting . streets, 
3. Protection of values of abutting land, 
4. Servicing of the highwBiY user, 
5. Affording the opportunity to local bodies for maximizing 
land develo:Plllent in the best possible wBiYS. 
Mr. Gould suggested the establishment of "Highway Interchange Districts" which would have the following basic o~jectives: 
1. Provide suitable sites for heavy traffic generators, 
2. Establish buffer or transitional land uses between incompatible activities, 
37 
 
 3. Provide adequate offstreet parking and loading areas, 
4. Establish access limitations on intersecting streets, 
5. Promote segregation of short and long term users. 
Mr. Gould als 0 emphasized that ". interchange planning and development districts should be administered by a unit of local government wherever the local government has authority over areas surrounding the highwalf interchange. However, interchange planning and zoning should be adopted so as to fit into the overall comprehensive plan of the local area as well as to conform to uniform minimum standards set up bye. state planning agency or the state highwalf department. 
"Where an interchange occurs in areas where no local government has planning authority, we believe that the state should exercise some control and guidance. This is necessary for consistency, for public safety, and to avoid future problems prior to establishment of local planning and zoning commissions. 
"If a state agency is not given the responsibility for guiding development in the vicinity of the interchange, minimum standards should be developed and prescribed by a state agency. 'The state's interest and responsibility should extend at least this far.'" 
Mr. Frank Hood, Assistant Manager of the Area Development Division of the Georgia Power Company, led a discussion of "Land Subdivision Regulation in Georgia". 
Professor Howard K. Menhinick presented the IlBasic Principles and Present Status of Land Subdivision Regulation in Georgia". He stated the need for reasonable and realistic subdivision regulations which would prevent development of costly improper subdivisions and promote proper ones as follows: 
"Every time a new" subdivision with its streets, "blocks, lots, public building sites and public open spaces is planned and d~velo:ped, a piece of city planning and building has been accomplished. Whoever plans a subdiVision inevitably plans a portion of an urban commlli~ity. Streets and lots are among the most permanent features of any community." 
However, the majority of Georgia cities and courrties are not using at all or are not using effectively the land subdivision regulation powers given them by the General Assembly. It is unfortunate and lh~wise that this "o1lllce of prevention" is not being employed, particularly when many communities are spending trememdous sums of money to correct errors in city layout that have occurred in the past. 
Mr. William Lundberg, Planning Director of DeKalb County, prefaced his discussion of "Administration of Land Subdivision Regulations" by pointing out that subdivisions are a.1most indestructible. Origi...'1.al bUildings malf 
'18 
 
 be destroyed and replaced, but the original lot and street dimensions, proportions, and alignments remain. He also observed that the 11  C!'I"ation of a subdivision and the sale of lots within it is not jus:t a bargain between the seller and buyers. There is an unseen third party to this bargain with a vital interest in it. Local government, either city or county or both, is responsible for prOViding services such as police and fire protection and garbage collection, and for providing such facilities as schools, parks, and libraries to the new lot owners, as well as for maintaining the streets and utilities installed by the seller or the buyers. Therefore, local government has a direct finenc:iaJ.. 3take in every new subdivision." 
 
After reviewing the procedures for processing subdivision plats as followed in DeKalb County, Mr. Lundberg stated that "  perhaps the most important unsolved problem facing American communities in the field of the administration of subdivision regulations is how to persuade or effectively encourage developers and land owners to create new subdivisions on acreage already served by community facilities, such as water, sewer, streets, schools, garbage collection, public transit, etc., and to dissuade or effectively discourage them from creating new subdivisions where these community facilities are lacking and can only be supplied at nmch greater expense then in the already bullt-up or developed inlying 
areas. " 
 
In the concluding workshop session, Mr. Cecil A. Alexander, Architect 
 
of Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothschild and Paschal of Atlanta, led' a 
 
discussion 
 
of 
 
"Construction 
 
and 
 
Housing 
 
Codes 
 
and 
 
Their 
, 
 
Administrationll  
 
Mr. Benjamin R. Ross, Codes and Rehabilitation Specialist of the Housing and Home Finance Agency in discussing, "Housing Codes and Their 
Administration", noted that housing codes establish minimum requirements 
for such things as sanitation, light, air, room size and ingress which are necessary for decent living conditions and that J unlike construction codes, housing code, requirements are retroactive. 
 
Mr. B. G. Hatfield of Columbus, Georgia, dis~ussed "Construction Codes and Their Administration". He reviewed the history of construction codes from ancient times to the present and stressed the important interrelatiopships between construction codes and planning regulations such as zoning and subdivision standards in preserving and improving our communities. 
 
39 
 
 Appendix I 
 
ROSTER OF REGISTRANTS JOINT CITY-COUNTY PLANNlEG WORKSHOP 
Georgi~ Institute of Technology May 11-12, 1961 
 
Cary W. Anderson, Commissioner Chatham County Commission Post Office Box 161 Savannah, Georgia 
 
Raymond R. Copeland, Sales Mgr, R. F. Strickland Co., Inc. 702 So. Green Street Thomaston, Georgia 
 
E. P. Austin, Owner E. P. Austin Construction Co. Dallas, Georgia 
 
John L. Cromartic City of Gainesville Gainesville, Georgia 
 
Burton J. Bell, Chai~n Calhoun-Gordon County Planning Commission 414 Belmont Drive Calhoun, Georgia 
Mrs. Louise Brown, SecretaT.Y Baxley Planning Commission 320 Holmesville Avenue Baxley, Georgia 
 
Charles Cunningham, Planning Dir. Gainesville-Hall Co. Planning Com. Gainesville, Georgia 
Cnarles C. Davis, Jr. City Engineer City of Marietta City Hall Marietta, Georgia 
 
V. J. Brown, Field Editor R. H. Donnelly Corp., Gillette Group 22 W. Maple Street Chicago 10, Illinois 
 
Neal Fepdig, Sec. & Asst. Treas. Fendig Outdoor Adv. Co. P. O. Box 497 St. Simon's Island, Georgia 
 
Carey C. Burnett, City Manager City of Albany, Georgia City Hall Albany, Georgia 
Merrill T. Butler Machine Tool Technician TuInpane Co., Inc. 305 Waterman Marietta, Georgia 
Miss Mary A. Callaway Secretary to Inspector Clayton County Jonesboro, Georgia 
 
Mr. Opal M. Fincher 
Secretary to Planning & Zoning 
Clayton County FayetteYille Road Jonesboro, Georgia 
R. A. Freeman, City Supt. City of Thomaston Thomaston, Georgia 
Eucle George, Chairman Planning Board Houston County Health Dept. 220 Kingswa Warner Robins, Georgia 
 
Miss Sherry M. Cole Executive Secretary Whitfield Co. Commission of 
Roads and Revenue Dalton, Georgia 
 
J. W. Gooden, Manager Perry Chamber of Commerce 
Perry, Georgia 
 
40 
 
 Mr. J. C. Gordon City of Columbus Columbus, Georgia 
Max W. Harrall, Director of Planning Waycross-Ware County Planning Comm. 201 State Street Waycross, Georgia 
Mrs. Frank Hay, Chairman Paulding County Municipal 
Planning Commission Dallas, Georgia 
Sam P. Hensley, Vice-President Hensley & Associates, Inc. 321 Washington Avenue Marietta,Georgia 
Hugh Humphries City of Forest'Park Planning Comm. City of Forest Park, Georgia 1045 Central Avenue Forest Park, Georgia 
Harry Howe City of Forest Park Planning Comm. City of Forest Park, Georgia 1045 Central Avenue Forest Park, Georgia 
Wright Izlar Planning Commissioner Waycross-Ware County Planning Comm. 201 State Street Waycross, Georgia 
R. R. Jaeger Executive Vice-President Cobb County Chamber of Commerce 1401 Roswell Street Marietta, Georgia 
Albert S. Jenkins, Chairman Baxley Planning Commission The Baxley News Banner 
409 Thomas Street 
Baxley, Georgia 
 
Joseph E. Lambright, Clerk Chatha..."1. County Post Office Box 161 Savannah, Georgia 
Craig W. Linde low, Plannirg Director Valdosta-Lowndes Co. Planning Comm. Post Office Box 102 Valdosta, Georgia 
Joseph A. Logan, Engineer Chatham County Commission Post Office Box 161 Savannah, Georgia 
P. D. Loucks Director of Bldg. & Planning City of NeIman Newnan, Georgia 
Jesse McSwain, Clerk Board of Commissioners Upson County 
Box 849 
Thomaston, Georgia 
Ben J. Miller, Owner 
Miller Mortgage &Realty Co. 
Richland, Georgia 
George Morris, Ass't. to Vice-Pres. Georgia Power Company 1330 Broadway Columbus, Geo rgia 
A. H. (Andy) Muzio Member, Newnan-Coweta Planning Comm. Newnan, Georgia 
Troy Norris District Engineer Southern Clay Pipe Institute 1401 Peachtree Street Atlanta, Georgia 
 
41 
 
 A. G. Overman, Chairman Planning Commission City of Hinesville 
105 Gen. Stewart Road 
Hinesville, Georgia 
William I. Roberts Building Inspector Clayton County Bldg. Inspection Dept. 325 I'lest Avenue Jonesboro, Georgia 
Howard Schretter, City Planner City of Athens Athens, Georgia 
Howard J. Sears County Administrator GlYnn County 2007 Elm Circle Brunswick, Georgia 
John Q. Sineath, Jr. Planning Commissioner Valdosta-Lowndes County Planning Comm. 
P. O. Box 102 
Valdosta, Georgia 
David A. Singletary Planner II Plro1ning Division Georgia Department of Commerce 
7 HQDter Street, S.W. 
Atlanta 3, Georgia 
S. B. Slack DeKalb County Planning Board 
455 Clairmont 
Decatur, Georgia 
Bernard Storey, Vice-Chairman Rome-Floyd County Planning Comm. S.I. Storey Lumber Company Route 1 Armuchee, Georgia 
R. C. Stribling Teacher (Retired) City of Buchanan Box 264 Buchanan, Georgia 
42 
 
R. B. Symonette, Area Dev. Rep. Georgia Power Company 270 Peachtree BUilding Atlanta 3, Georgia 
J. W. Talley, Jr., Area Dev. Rep. Georgia Power Company 270 Peachtree Building Atlanta 3, Georgia 
Albert J. Twiggs Sydney Carter Planning Consultant 
914 Telfair Street 
Augusta, Georgia 
Manse Waldrop City of Forest Park Planning Comm. 
1045 Central Avenue 
Forest Park, Georgia 
Arthur 'Vrner, Plant Manager Filtered Rosin Products Co. 226 Holmesville Baxley, Georgia 
E. K. Wilcox, Manager-Partner Wilcox Outdoor Adversiting Co. 701 W. Hill Avenue Valdosta, Georgia 
Miriam T. Williams, Owner Urban-Rural Planners 1152 Spring Street, N. W. Atlanta 9, Georgia 
James A. Wright, Director Metropolitan Planning Commission 
Room 404, CB & T Bldg. 
Columbus, Georgia 
H. M. Yarbrough, Area Dev. Rep. Georgia Power Company 270 Peachtree Building Atlanta 3, Georgia 
 
 Appendix II 
 
ROSTER JOINT CItIfY-COUNTY PLANNmG WORKSHOP 
PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 
 
Cecil A. Alexander, Architect Finch, Alexander, Barnes, Rothchild 
and Paschal Atlanta, Georgia 
Glenn E. Bennett Executive Director Executive Director Atlanta Region Metropolitan 
Planning Commission 
M. W. H. Collins, Jr. Director Institute of Law & Government University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 
Charles O. Emmerich, Chairman DeKalb County Board of Commissioners 
J. W. Fanning, Chairman Div. of Agricultural Economics University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 
W Elmer George Executive Director Georgia MUnicipal Association 
John C. Gould, Associate 
Hamner & Company Associates 
Atlanta, Georgia 
 
Frank Hood, Assistant Manager Area Development Division Georgia Power Company 
Vincent Jones Assistant Director Georgia Department of Commerce 
Malcolm G. Little, Jr. Associate Professor of City Planning Georgia Institute of Technology 
H. B. Lovvorn, City Manager Brunswick, Georgia 
William M. Lundberg Director of Planning DeKalb County Planning Department 
Cliff Martin, City Commissioner Gainesville, Georgia 
Howard K, . Menhinick 
Regents Professor of City Planning Georgia Institute of Technology 
Charles F. Palmer, President Palmer, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia 
Carl E. Pruett, President Georgia MUnicipal Association 
 
LeRoy Hancock, Chairman Rome City Commission 
Harley H~er, Chairman Rome-Floyd County Planning Commission 
B. G. Hatfield Columbus, Georgia 
Hill R. Healan Executive Director Association County Commissioners 
of Georgia 
43 
 
Benjamin R. Ross 
Codes & Rehabilitation Specialist Housing & Home Finance Agency 
Chester Roush, Chairman Carrollton-Carroll County Planning 
Commission 
Stanley Smith, Member Perry City Planning Commission 
V. R. Stuebing, Jr. , Manager Planning Division Georgia Department of Cozmnerce